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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an arrangement for automatically changing clamping jaws of the chuck of a machine tool having a turning carriage and a cross-slide rest, with a clamping jaw magazine which has guides for the clamping jaws stored therein which may be aligned with the clamping jaw guides of the chuck and with a transfer device having a transfer element which is movable in the direction of the aligning guides. Such an arrangement is known from the German Offenlegungsschrift No. 26 24 775. In the case of the known arrangement, the clamping jaw magazine may be rotated about the chuck axis by means of its own drive. The transfer device also has a separate drive by means of which the transfer element may be displaced. An important object of the invention is to produce an arrangement of the initially described type which is distinguished by low expenditure on machine elements and/or drive means. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the invention the object stated above is achieved by providing the transfer element on the cross-slide rest. The solution according to the invention uses the cross-slide rest drive, which is present in any case, for sliding the clamping jaws from the magazine into the chuck and vice versa. A separate drive for the transfer device is therefore unnecessary. The transfer element consists advantageously of a carrier bolt which is fixed in place of a tool in a tool-holder clamped on the cross-slide rest. The clamping jaws must then be provided at their clamping side with recesses for the engagement of the carrier bolt. The recess may be designed as bores. However, it is also possible for the recesses to consist of grooves running transversely to the direction of displacement of the clamping jaws. Proceeding from the latter possibility, a specific embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention, in which the guides in the magazine run, as known, radially and perpendicularly to the chuck axis, may consist in the magazine being fixed and in the guides in the magazine with the displacement direction of the cross-slide rest forming so small an angle that the carrier bolt within its displacement range required for changing the clamping jaws still remains in the groove. With this specific embodiment it is possible for the magazine to have two guides on opposite sides of the chuck, the angle formed by these guides being bisected by a parallel line extending perpendicularly and radially to the chuck axis. In a second specific embodiment of the arrangement according to the invention provided, as known, with a drum magazine which is rotatable about a drum axis extending radially and perpendicularly to the chuck axis, the rotary axis of the drum magazine may extend parallel to the displacement direction of the cross-slide rest. In a further advantageous development several clamping jaws may be stored one behind the other in each guide of the magazine, the clamping jaws in the magazine may be prestressed in the direction of the chuck by a spring mechanism and at its end facing the store, each guide of the magazine may have a stopping mechanism which prevents the clamping jaws being ejected unintentionally from the guide as a result of the spring mechanism, but which allows the clamping jaws to be displaced by the transfer element. If the arrangement according to the invention is provided, as known, with a magazine which is rotatable about the chuck axis and whose guides extend radially and perpendicularly to the chuck axis, then a third specific embodiment may be characterised by a coupling mechanism between the chuck and magazine. Although the magazine is rotatable here, it does not need its own drive for the rotation. It is rather possible, when the coupling mechanism is connected in, for the magazine to corotate with the chuck. The known arrangement, too, has an indexing mechanism for accurate alignment of the chuck and magazine in the changing position. This consists here of hydraulically displaceable indexing bolts. As an alternative to this, a development of the invention proposes that a backwardly directed toothed ring be provided in each case on the outer periphery of the rear of the chuck and the inner periphery of the rear of the magazine and that a coupling toothed ring, which is displaceable parallel to the chuck axis, be arranged opposite the two toothed rings. With the same number of storage places in the magazine, an indexing mechanism constructed in this manner is less expensive. An indexing mechanism of this type is used to particular advantage when the magazine is rotatable about the chuck axis. In this case, the indexing mechanism may also simultaneously form the coupling mechanism, if the coupling toothed ring is displaceable by means of a ring piston which preferably is operated hydraulically. Compared with the known indexing bolt, the ring piston has the advantage of being not only displaceable in the direction of the chuck axis, but also of being rotatable about this. Exemplary embodiments of the invention are described in the following with reference to the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS In the drawings: FIG. 1 is a side view of a turning machine with a clamping jaw magazine annularly enclosing the chuck. FIG. 2 is a view in vertical-section through the chuck and the ring magazine in FIG. 1 and illustrates the transfer device. FIG. 3 is an enlarged fragmentary view in elevation of the most important components of a further embodiment of the invention with a drum magazine. FIG. 4 is a view in section taken along the line IV--IV in FIG. 3. FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 3 of the most important components of a third embodiment of the invention with a rod magazine. FIG. 6 is a view in section taken along the line VI--VI through FIG. 5. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a turning machine. The headstock is designated by 1. A turning carriage 2 bearing a cross-slide rest 3 which may be displaced perpendicularly thereto is arranged displaceably on an inclined base. The drive for displacing the cross-slide rest 3 in the direction of the arrow is designated by 4. A tool revolver 5 is located on the cross-slide rest. Two tool-holders 13 are fixed to the tool revolver 5. One of the tool-holders 13 carries a turning tool 6. The other tool-holder 13 bears a carrier bolt 7. The turning chuck designated by 8 is enclosed by a ring magazine 9. The ring magazine contains a number of storage places for clamping jaws 11. The clamping jaws 11 are arranged in the ring magazine 9 so as to be radially displaceable in guides 12. The clamping jaw guides of the turning chuck 8 are designated by 10. When the cross-slide rest 3 is displaced, the carrier bolt 7 moves radially and perpendicularly to the chuck axis. The clamping jaws 11 are provided with holes 16 into which the carrier bolt 7 may be inserted by displacement of the turning carriage 2. The subsequent displacement of the cross-slide rest 3 enables the change of clamping jaws between the magazine 9 and the chuck 11 to take place, if the corresponding guides 10 and 12 of the chuck 8 and magazine 9 are in alignment. The magazine 9 may be rotated about the chuck axis, but it does not have its own drive. As described in connection with FIG. 2, it is turned into the suitable position for the change by the drive of the chuck 8. As will be seen from FIG. 2, the chuck axis 17 is mounted by means of a bearing 18 in a component 22 which is fixed to the machine. The component of the chuck 8 provided with guides 10 is securely connected to the chuck axis 17 via an intermediate ring 33. An annular holding component 27 is fixed on the headstock 1 by rubber buffers 24. Rotatably mounted thereon by means of a swivelling ball bearing 26 is an annular component 25 which is securely connected to the magazine ring 9 containing the clamping jaw guides 12. Seals 28 and 29 ensure that the swivelling ball bearing 26 does not become dirty. A toothed ring 31 having backwardly directed teeth 35 is disposed on the inner rear periphery of the magazine ring 9. There is also a toothed ring 32 with teeth 36 also pointing to the rear on the rearward outer periphery of the chuck body bearing the guides 10. A ring cylinder body 21, in which a ring piston 23 is rotatably mounted so as to be axially displaceable, is fixed to the headstock 1. The cylinder chamber may be acted upon by hydraulic fluid via a line 38. The ring piston 23 is constructed simultaneously as a toothed ring whose teeth 34 are directed towards the front and when the ring piston 23 is displaced to the right, these may engage with the teeth 35 and 36 of the toothed rings 31, 32. A sealing ring 30 ensures that the teeth 34, 35, 36 remain clean. On the other side a ring seal 37 ensures that no dirt reaches the teeth 34, 35, 36. A spring 20 presses the ring piston 23 back from the toothed rings 31, 32 if the cylinder chamber is pressureless. If the magazine ring 9 is to be moved into another changing position, hydraulic fluid is supplied to the pressure line 38. In this way the teeth 34, 35,36 engage with each other. The chuck is now slowly rotated until the magazine ring 9 has reached the required changing position. The teeth 34, 35, 36 remain engaged during the changing process. Their purpose is not only to turn the magazine ring 9 with the chuck 8, but they also have an indexing function, i.e., they should ensure that the guides 10 of the chuck 8 and the guides 12 of the magazine ring 9 are in exact alignment. If another changing position is to be used between the magazine ring 9 and the chuck 8, the cylinder chamber is emptied so that the ring cylinder 23 may move back. The teeth 34, 35, 36 then disengage. Other guides 10 and 12 may then be aligned with each other in each case by rotating the chuck 8 relative to the magazine ring 9. For exact alignment, the teeth 34, 35, 36 are then brought to engage again. It is necessary for the changing process for the magazine ring 9 and the chuck 8 to be brought into a rotating position in which the guides 10 and 12, between which the displacement of the relevant clamping jaws 11 is to be effected, are aligned exactly parallel to the direction of displacement of the cross-slide rest 3. FIG. 2 shows how the tool-holder 13, which carries the carrier bolt 7, is secured to the tool revolver 5. The tool revolver 5 is provided with a clamp piston 14 which engages in an undercut groove 15 of the tool-holder 13. The clamp piston 14 thus pulls the tool-holder 13 against the tool revolver 5. In the embodiment represented in FIGS. 3 and 4, the turning carriage is designated by 102 and the cross-slide rest by 103. The drive for the cross-slide rest 103 is designated by 104. A tool revolver 105 which carries two tool-holders 113 is located on the cross-slide rest 103. A turning tool 106 is located on one of the tool-holders 113. The other tool-holder 113 carries a carrier bolt 107 directed towards the chuck 108. The clamping jaws 111 are provided here with grooves 116, into which the carrier bolt 107 can engage, extending transversely to the direction of displacement. In the case of the embodiment according to FIGS. 3 and 4, bores (such as 16 in FIG. 2) could also be provided in place of the grooves. A holding plate 140 for a drum magazine 109 is fixed to the headstock by means of rubber buffers 124. The drum magazine 109 is rotatable about the drum axis by means of a rotary drive 141. The drum magazine has four guides 112 for the clamping jaws 111. Several clamping jaws 111 are arranged one behind the other in the guides 112. The drum axis extends perpendicularly and radially to the chuck axis. By means of the suitable rotation of the drum magazine one guide 112 can be brought into alignment in each case with a corresponding guide 110 of the chuck 108. For the changing procedure the carrier bolt 107 is brought by means of the displacement of the turning carriage 102 into the corresponding groove 116 of the clamping jaws 111 of the drum magazine 109 which are positioned next to the chuck 108. Then, by means of the displacement of the cross-slide rest 103 in the direction of the chuck 108, the clamping jaws 111 are inserted into the guide 110 of the chuck 108. The clamping jaws 111 in the drum magazine 109 are prestressed in the direction of the chuck 108 by springs 143. A pressure component 142, on which the spring 143 bears, rests on those clamping jaws 111 lying the furthest away from the chuck 108. A separate spring mechanism is provided for each guide 112. The indexing is also effected by means of a ring piston 123 in the case of the embodiment shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. The ring piston 123 consists of a toothed ring having teeth 134 pointing towards the front. A further toothed ring 131 with teeth 135 pointing towards the rear is arranged, so as to be secured to the machine, on the holding plate 140. A further toothed ring 132, similarly with teeth 136 pointing towards the rear, is fixed to the rearward, outer periphery of the chuck 108. When the ring piston 123 is actuated, the teeth 134, 135, 136 engage and fix the chuck 108 so that the selected guide 110 aligns exactly with the guide 112 of the drum magazine 109 which has been brought to the changing position. In FIG. 5 the cross-slide rest 203 is arranged on the turning carriage 202 so as to be displaceable by means of a drive 204. The cross-slide rest carries a tool revolver 205 with two tool-holders 213. Each tool-holder contains a carrier bolt 207a, 207b. A two-part rod magazine 209 is arranged on both sides of the chuck 208. Each part of the rod magazine 209 has two guides 212 which together form a pointed angle. The angle bisector of this angle extends parallel to the direction of displacement of the cross-slide rest 203. Each guide 212 contains several clamping jaws 212 arranged one behind the other with receiving grooves 216 for the carrier bolts 207a, 207b, extending transversely to the direction of displacement. Each guide 212 is provided with a spring mechanism. This consists of a spring 243 which bears on a pressure part 242. The clamping jaws 211 lying next to the chuck 208 are securely fixed in each groove 212 by a stopping mechanism which prevents the clamping jaws 211 being pushed out of the guide 212 by the spring mechanism. The stopping mechanism consists of a stopping bolt 244 which is pressed against the relevant clamping jaws by a spring 245. The clamping jaws have a lateral stopping recess 246 for this purpose. The guide 210 of the chuck 208 in which the change is to take place or from which clamping jaws 211 are to be exchanged, must be brought into alignment with the relevant guide 212 of the rod magazine 209 by rotating the chuck 208. By displacing the turning carriage 202 the relevant carrier bolt 207a, 207b is then inserted into the groove 216 of the clamping jaws lying next to the chuck 208. In the present case, this is the carrier bolt 207a. This is co-ordinated with the left guide 212. The carrier bolt 207b is co-ordinated with the right guide 212. As the two guides 212 do not run parallel to the displacement direction of the cross-slide rest 203, the carrier bolt 207a, 207b displaces when the cross-slide rest 203 in the relevant groove 216 of the chuck 211 is displaced. It will be seen from FIG. 6 that the rod magazine 209 is fixed to the machine by means of rubber buffers 224. The indexing mechanism here is similar to that of the embodiment of FIGS. 3 and 4. A toothed ring 232 whose teeth 236 point towards the rear is fixed to the rearward periphery of the chuck 208. A further toothed ring 231 having teeth 235 which also point towards the rear is attached to the rod magazine 209. A ring cylinder 223 is arranged so as to be displaceable parallel to the chuck axis, in an annular cylinder component fixed to the machine. The ring cylinder 223 is constructed as a toothed ring having teeth 234 pointing to the front. If the cylinder chamber is acted upon with pressure fluid, the teeth 234 engage in the teeth 235 and 236, producing indexing. A spring 239 ensures that the annular cylinder 223 is pressed back again when the cylinder chamber is relieved of pressure. A sealing ring 230 prevents the teeth 234, 235, 236 becoming dirty. To those skilled in the art to which this invention relates, these and many other such changes in construction and widely differing embodiments and applications of the invention will suggest themselves without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The disclosures and the descriptions herein are purely illustrative and are not intended to be in any sense limiting.

4y

TECHNICAL FIELD [0001] The present invention generally relates to rack-and-pinion steering for motor vehicles. More particularly, this invention relates to the so-called “push line” device, or more simply a “pusher” for such steering, the function of which is to keep the rack meshing with the steering pinion while offsetting the toothing defects, this device also serving to facilitate the mounting of the pinion in the casing of the rack-and-pinion steering system. Also more particularly, the invention relates to a so-called “off-center” pusher, which is provided with a system for automatically compensating for the clearance between the pinion and the rack. BRIEF SUMMARY OF RELATED ART [0002] In a motor vehicle rack-and-pinion steering system, a steering pinion is rotatably connected to a steering column, maneuvered using the steering wheel of the vehicle, often with the help of a hydraulic or electric assistance system. The steering pinion is engaged with a rack, slidingly mounted in the longitudinal direction in a steering gear-box. The two ends of the rack, outside the box, are respectively coupled to two tie rods, which in turn are respectively associated with the left and right steering wheels of the vehicle. In this way, the rotation of the wheel in one direction or the other, transmitted by the steering column to the pinion, is converted into a corresponding translational movement of the rack which, via the rods, causes the orientation of the steering wheels for steering right or steering left. [0003] In such a steering system, the rack-and-pinion mechanism, connected to the front wheels of the vehicle via rods, is subject to the transfer of loads, shocks and vibrations, depending on the road traveled by the vehicle. Due to the angle formed by the rods with the rack, a load may then be produced on the rack, which risks moving it away from the pinion. For that reason, the rack is usually continuously pressed against the pinion by a so-called “pusher” device, acting elastically on the back of the rack in the region of the pinion to strongly press the toothing of that rack against the pinion. Owing to such a pusher, the meshing defects of the rack with the pinion are offset, and said pusher also ensures the guiding of the rack, while controlling the sliding force of that rack in the steering gear-box. [0004] In its most common embodiment, the pusher device comprises the pusher strictly speaking, which is a rigid piece translationally mounted in a direction substantially perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rack, and which is stressed toward the back of the rack by elastic means, so as to press on the back of the rack by an end portion with a suitable shape, in particular a concave profile, generally made up of a friction pad making it possible to have a low coefficient of friction between said pad and the rack. The elastic means can be made up of a spiral spring alone or a metal or elastomer elastic washer, or by associating such elastic elements. These elastic means bear on an adjusting screw, which makes it possible to adjust the withdrawal of the pusher and thus embodies the end-of-travel stop of the pusher. [0005] As previously indicated, such a device makes it possible to obtain permanent contact between the pinion and the rack, while offsetting the flaws in the toothings of these components. The elastic means, due to their action between the adjusting screw and the pusher, also make it possible to offset the wear during operation of the pinion, the rack and the friction pad, but in that case the withdrawal, i.e. the gap between the pusher and its stop formed by the adjusting screw, is increased by a value equal to the cumulative wear of these three components. [0006] The main drawbacks of such a pusher, and the effect of increasing the withdrawal that is not offset, are a probability of the appearance of noise in case of rolling of the vehicle on a deteriorated roadway, and an increase in the bending momentum in the contact zone of the gear teeth of the pinion and the rack, in particular in case of operation at a full load. Another drawback of this pusher device is that it requires an expensive adjustment on an assembly line. [0007] Pusher devices are also known with a different design, called “off-center” pushers, as for example described in patents U.S. Pat. No. 6,247,375 B1, FR 2219868, EP 0770538 A2 and US 2008/0190229 A1. In such a device, a rotary pad comprises an off-center part that pushes the rack toward the pinion, the rotary pad being mounted rotating in a casing, around an axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of the rack. The inner periphery of this pad is off-centered relative to the outer periphery thereof, such that, when it rotates in the casing, its off-centered part forms a step that is pressed against the back of the rack and pushes the latter toward the gear teeth of the pinion, so as to keep them engaged. [0008] In one particular embodiment of an off-center pusher, described in French patent application 08.06207, filed on Nov. 6, 2008 in the Applicant's name, published on May 7, 2010 under number FR 2938034, the rotary pad is mounted rotating on a support housing, which in turn is slidingly mounted in the steering gear-box, in a direction parallel to the plane of the toothing of the rack and orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of that rack. An elastic element such as a compression spring is positioned between the wall of the sliding housing and the rotary pad, to stress that pad in rotation in a predefined direction. Another elastic element such as an O-ring is positioned between the sliding housing and a stationary part, such as the steering gear-box. The pad comprises a radial arm, on which the force of the compression spring is exerted. The pad has a bowed “corner” shape that allows the device to be particularly compact. [0009] However, the current off-center pusher devices generally do not have a robust and irreversible system, allowing, however, slight operating clearance, to absorb the clearance of the gear teeth. BRIEF SUMMARY [0010] The present invention therefore aims to provide an improved embodiment of an off-center pusher, which in particular has an automatic clearance compensating function, with controlled withdrawal. [0011] To that end, the invention relates to an off-center push device for the rack-and-pinion steering of a motor vehicle, the push device comprising a bowed pad whereof the inner periphery is off-centered relative to the outer periphery, the pad being rotated in one direction by spring means and being provided to be pressed by its off-centered inner periphery against the rear of the rack to push the latter back toward the gear teeth of the steering pinion, the pad being rotatably mounted on a support and the spring means, arranged at the support, preferably acting in a plane parallel to the toothing of the rack on a radial arm secured to the pad, said off-center push device being characterized in that it comprises a clearance compensation mechanism including a thrust member translationally mounted on the support, but immobilized in rotation relative to said support, and pressed against the radial arm of the pad by a compression spring inserted between said thrust member and the support or an element secured to the support, whereas a movable stop is rotatably mounted, coaxially to the compression spring, relative to the support or the element secured to the support, the movable stop being provided, at the end thereof closest to the pad, with at least one toothing with staggered gear teeth cooperating with at least one notch formed on the thrust member, or vice versa, the movable stop being connected via a torsion spring to the support or to the element secured to the support, so that the notch(es) can successively cooperate with the staggered gear teeth of the or each toothing. [0012] Advantageously, the movable stop is provided with at least two toothings with staggered gear teeth, arranged on as many sectors, for example two diametrically opposite toothings each occupying a sector of 180°, and the thrust member comprises the same number of notches cooperating with those toothings, so as to stabilize the mechanism. [0013] The thrust member can comprise two diametrically opposite longitudinal grooves, which cooperate with two corresponding ribs provided on opposite surfaces of the support, to ensure translational guiding and rotational immobilization of this thrust member. [0014] The off-center pusher is thus provided with a clearance compensation mechanism, which operates by “thresholds” going from one tooth to the other of the staggered gear teeth of the movable stop, which makes it possible to reduce the operating clearance. The components of this mechanism also ensure the basic operation of the off-center pusher: the thrust member is the part that transmits the thrust exerted by the compression spring to the pad, the compression spring in turn bearing against said thrust member, to generate the force that keeps the rack in contact with the pinion. [0015] In normal operation, between two clearance adjustments, the mechanism is in a configuration where the notches of the thrust member are in contact against the gear teeth of the movable stop, the contact being maintained by the torsion spring. When, after wear, and under the action of the compression spring, the clearance exceeds a certain value with the result that there is no longer any contact between the notches of the thrust member and the gear teeth of the toothings of the movable stop, the torsion spring rotates said movable stop until a new contact is created, made between the notches of the thrust member and the gear teeth along the toothings of the movable stop. The clearance is thus reduced to a smaller value, and so forth. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] The invention will be better understood upon reading the following description, in reference to the appended diagrammatic drawing showing, as an example, one embodiment of this off-center push device. [0017] FIG. 1 is an outside view of a power-assisted steering system, equipped with the off-center push device according to the present invention; [0018] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view along II-II of FIG. 1 , i.e. along a plane perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the rack and passing through the off-center push device; [0019] FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of this push device; [0020] FIG. 4 shows, in exploded perspective view, the clearance compensation mechanism of the push device, with its various components; [0021] FIG. 5 is a perspective view, on a larger scale, of the movable stop of the clearance compensation mechanism; [0022] FIG. 6 is another perspective view of the movable stop, showing the end thereof opposite the toothings; [0023] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the bearing member of the clearance compensation mechanism; [0024] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the thrust member of said mechanism; [0025] FIGS. 9 and 10 are diagrams illustrating the operation of the clearance compensation mechanism; [0026] FIG. 11 is a diagram similar to the preceding figures, showing an alternative relative to the toothings of the movable stop. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0027] FIG. 1 shows a power-assisted steering system for a motor vehicle, with an assistance system acting at the steering pinion. The steering system comprises a steering gear-box 2 , which extends along a longitudinal axis A. Slidingly mounted in the steering gear-box 2 is a rack 3 , the ends of which leave the ends of the casing 2 and are coupled to tie rods (not shown here). A power assistance motor 4 is coupled, via a speed reduction gear, to a steering pinion 5 that is engaged with the toothing 6 of the rack 3 (see also FIG. 2 ). Reference 7 indicates the input shaft, which is connected to the steering pinion 5 and to which the steering column (not shown) is coupled, maneuvered using the steering wheel of the vehicle. [0028] A push device, designated overall by reference 8 , is provided near the steering pinion 5 , to press the toothing 6 of the rack 3 against the pinion 5 , the push device 8 being shown in detail in FIGS. 2 and following. [0029] The push device 8 is placed on the rear side 9 of the rack 3 , in other words opposite the toothing 6 of that rack 3 and also opposite the pinion 5 , this push device 8 being housed in a corresponding part of the steering gear-box 2 . [0030] The push device 8 , of the “off-center” type, comprises a pad 10 as main component, which is a part with a rounded profile, and, more particularly, an arched part with a “corner” shape. The pad 10 has an inner periphery 11 in an arc of circle that is off-centered relative to its outer periphery 12 , which is also in an arc of circle. The inner periphery 11 , thus off-centered, of the pad 10 forms a step pressed against the rear 9 of the rack 3 . [0031] The pad 10 is mounted and guided on a support 13 , which in turn is mounted in the considered part of the steering gear-box 2 , the configuration of the support 13 being clearly visible in FIG. 3 . This support 13 comprises a cradle 14 with a bowed shape, on which the outer periphery 12 of the pad 10 bears slidingly. At one end, the support 13 has an oblong protuberance 15 , engaged in a corresponding recess 16 of the concerned casing portion. [0032] The pad 10 is shown as a monolithic piece, but it can also be made in two or more parts from separate materials, adapted for sliding contact with the rack 3 on the one hand and with the support 13 on the other hand. Various methods of guiding the pad 10 on the cradle 14 of the support 13 can be considered, to produce the rotational connection between the pad 10 and the support 13 . [0033] The pad 10 is set in rotation relative to the support 13 by applying thrust, exerted by a clearance compensation mechanism 17 on a radial arm 18 comprised by the pad 10 . The details of the clearance compensation mechanism 17 are shown in FIG. 2 , as well as FIGS. 4 and following. [0034] The clearance compensation mechanism 17 is made up of five main elements, i.e.: a thrust member 19 , a compression spring 20 , a movable stop 21 , a torsion spring 22 , and a bearing member 23 , all arranged coaxially. [0035] The bearing member 23 , shown only in FIG. 7 , is connected to the support 13 in the part thereof opposite the protuberance 15 , so that there is no relative movement between the bearing member 23 and the support 13 during operation. [0036] The movable stop 21 , generally cylindrical and hollow in the center thereof (see FIG. 5 ), is mounted rotating relative to the bearing member 23 , in which it fits. At its end spaced away from the bearing member 23 , the movable stop 21 has two staggered toothings 24 , which respectively extend over two 180 ° sectors. Each toothing 24 comprises a series of gear teeth 25 . [0037] At its end opposite the toothings 24 (see FIG. 6 ), the movable stop 21 has a housing 26 provided to receive one end of the torsion spring 22 . The other end of the torsion spring 22 is received in a fastening zone 27 provided on the bearing member 23 (see FIG. 7 ). [0038] The thrust member 19 , shown only in FIG. 8 , is generally cylindrical. It comprises two diametrically opposite longitudinal grooves 28 , which cooperate with ribs 29 provided on opposite surfaces of the support 13 (see also FIG. 2 ), to guide the translation of said thrust member 19 while immobilizing it in rotation. In the mounted position, the thrust member 19 is pressed against the radial arm 18 of the pad 10 . The thrust member 19 also comprises two diametrically opposite notches 30 , which are provided each to cooperate with one of the gear teeth 25 of the toothings 24 of the movable stop 21 . [0039] In the mounted position of the clearance compensation mechanism 17 , in the illustrated example, the compression spring 20 is situated outside the movable stop 21 . One end of the compression spring 20 bears on the bearing member 23 , while the other end thereof bears against the thrust member 21 . The torsion spring 22 is housed in the central recess of the movable stop 21 ; this torsion spring 22 is hooked by one end to said movable stop 21 , in the housing 26 , while the other end thereof is fastened to the bearing member 23 , in the fastening zone 27 . [0040] During normal operation, as illustrated in FIG. 9 , the clearance compensation mechanism 17 is in a configuration for which each notch 30 of the thrust member 19 is in contact against a wall of a gear tooth 25 of a toothing 24 of the movable stop 18 , the contact being maintained by the torsion spring 22 , which acts in the direction of arrow F 1 . The thrust from the compression spring 20 , acting in the axial direction of the arrow F 2 , is exerted on the thrust member 19 , which transmits it to the pad 10 , so that the rack 3 is kept in contact with the steering pinion 5 . This operating state is maintained for any clearance J comprised between a minimum clearance value J 1 and a maximum clearance value J 2 . [0041] When the clearance J exceeds the maximum clearance value J 2 , due to wear that has become relatively significant, the contact between the notches 30 of the thrust member 19 and the gear teeth 25 of the movable stop 21 no longer exists (see FIG. 10 ). At that time, the torsion spring 22 rotates the movable stop 21 , until a new contact occurs between each notch 30 of the thrust member 19 and the following gear teeth 25 of the toothings 24 of the movable stop 21 . The clearance J has thus been reduced to the minimum clearance value J 1 , the clearance compensation mechanism 17 being brought back into the configuration of FIG. 9 , but with contact on the following, “higher” gear tooth 25 of each staggered toothing 24 . [0042] As also shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 , the gear teeth 25 of at least one staggered toothing 24 advantageously have a globally triangular profile. Owing to such a configuration, during the rotation of the movable stop 21 , a slight withdrawal of the pad 10 is authorized in the idle position, which makes it possible to obtain clearance between the rack 3 and the steering pinion 5 , to absorb the toothing defects of those elements. [0043] FIG. 11 shows an alternative form of the gear teeth 25 of the staggered toothings 24 . Keeping a triangular appearance, the gear teeth 25 here comprise asperities and/or notches 31 , which are provided for embedding of the notches 30 , so as to stabilize the movable stop 21 in the idle position. [0044] Lastly, in a manner not shown, the support 13 can be mounted in the corresponding casing portion with the interposition of one or more seals capable of absorbing noises and vibrations. [0045] It would not be beyond the scope of the invention, as defined in the appended claims, to: Modify the details of the toothings of the movable stop; Use any equivalent arrangements, in particular in the clearance compensation mechanism where the position of the parts can be inverted, for example with a torsion spring having a larger diameter placed outside the movable stop, and a compression spring having a smaller diameter placed inside the movable stop, or with other staggered toothings formed on the thrust member and notches provided on the movable stop; Use this type of push device for all types of steering systems: manual steering, power-assisted steering, hydraulically-assisted steering.

4y

CROSS REFERENCES None. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS None. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the field of weapons and tactical arms, and more particularly, to the need to quickly access a weapon from a holstered position to an active position. For example, usually in a police or tactical squad situation, the armed officer uses at least two weapons; (1) a handheld weapon such as a pistol that is holstered either at the user's waist or across his upper torso, and (2) a long weapon that is ordinarily carried with a traditional sling attached at two points on the long weapon. A shotgun is desirable because it is effective at close-range but is not traditionally effective at long range and this characteristic lessens the risk of injury to innocent by-standers. Ordinary handheld weapon holsters seemingly satisfy the balance between reliable holstering and the user's need for quick access. It is only a relatively minor problem to re-holster the handheld weapon, depending upon the safety features associated with the holster such as additional security straps. However, large, unresolved problems occur when a user such as a police officer needs to quickly access a long weapon such as a shotgun or military-style rifle, and even larger problems occur when the user needs to re-holster the long weapon. It is known in the field to use holsters in connection with small arms such as pistols. It is also known in the field to use a holster that is capable of adjusting alongside the belt as worn by the user to facilitate easy accessibility. For example, holsters that switch between a right-hand access and a left-hand access provide a moderate level of flexibility in holster design. The goal and utility of these prior holsters rests in the ease of withdrawal or un-holstering of the weapon. It is also known in the field of tactical arms and police tactical accessories to use shotguns to minimize risk to potential third parties or innocent bystanders. It is less known in the industry to use holsters in connection with the long weapons such as shotguns. However, the few holsters known in the field are generally static, inflexible and are only minimally adaptable to situations where an officer or individual user must quickly access a weapon. The concept of ease of access has been a goal of holsters for weapons; however, this goal has not been reached for long, cumbersome weapons. More importantly, the goal of returning quickly any sized weapon to a safe holstered position has not been adequately addressed, until now. Of the few static holsters that are available for long weapons, they generally consist of a cumbersome receiving clip for the front grip or barrel portion of the weapon. This receiving clip is generally connected to the user at the user's waist, and it is further used in conjunction with a complete wrap-around or wrap-over fastening material to fully secure the front-stock portion of the long weapon to the user's waist. Indeed, one primary goal of this traditional complete “wrap” system is to prevent release of the long weapon. Because the wrap system described above completely surrounds the front grip area or barrel portion of a long weapon, the butt-stock portion remains ignored. As an afterthought, the butt-stock ordinarily is retained around or near the user's upper torso by a traditional sling placed around the neck or upper torso of the user. Thus, the prior art concerning long weapons relates to and concerns either an inconvenient sling worn around the user's neck or a cumbersome wrap configuration, or both. Because the dual sling and wrap configuration traditionally used with long weapons introduces two distinctly different variables into the user's access to the long weapon, any number of errors or complications may result; accordingly, the risk of using such combination may outweigh any benefit associated with carrying the weapon. However, the present invention addresses and resolves these issues, and more. The present invention can be used in conjunction with either handguns or with long weapons. SUMMARY It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a method of quickly accessing a weapon such as a handgun, a shotgun or military style rifle whereby a user can move the weapon from a securely holstered position to a free position without complex or risky maneuvers. The present invention contemplates and facilitates a one-handed operation when either holstering, un-holstering, or re-holstering the weapon. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method to selectively or automatically retract the butt-stock portion of a weapon close to the body of the user when the weapon is not in active use, thereby minimizing the interference of the butt-stock with the user and facilitating a safe holstering of the weapon. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method that facilitates a complete retention system of a weapon on both the butt-stock portion and the front-stock portion, adding stability and security to a holstered weapon. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method of keeping a weapon in a holstered position so as to minimize or eliminate interference with movement of the user and to allow the user to have both hands free and unrestricted when a weapon is properly holstered and secured. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method of accessing a weapon from a holstered position to a free position without the requirement that the user change focus or divert attention from the overall task or mission underway. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method of securing a weapon near and convenient to other tactical items such as ammunition, bullet-proof gear, storage pockets, flashlights, and handcuffs, i.e., to facilitate a complete tactical package. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method of securing the front-stock portion of the weapon in a manner that is within comfortable reach of the user's dominant hand. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a method of securing safely the front-stock portion of the weapon in a manner that contemplates one-hand operation yet prevents accidental release of the front-stock portion. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a butt-stock retention apparatus that has intrinsic tendency to retract the butt-stock portion of the weapon towards and close to the body of the user. It is still further object of the present invention to provide a front-stock holster apparatus that has intrinsic tendency to accept and substantially grip the front-stock portion of the weapon without the need for straps to keep the front-stock portion contained within the holster. Towards the fulfillment of these and other objects and advantages, the present invention contemplates a method of securing a weapon in a first, holstered position whereby the butt-stock is connected to and secured near the body of the user with a retraction means, and whereby the front-stock is secured to the body of the user within a front-stock holster. The method further contemplates a user moving the weapon from a first, holstered position to a second, free position whereby the butt-stock is still retractably connected to the user but the front-stock is no longer secured in the front-stock holster. In this second step, the user may, without substantial restriction, utilize the weapon for tactical purposes, including sighting and firing the weapon. The method then contemplates a user returning the weapon back to a first, holstered position by returning the front-stock portion of the weapon back into the front-stock holster with one hand, and the retraction means selectively or automatically returning the butt-stock portion to a secured position near the body of the user. The method described above further contemplates that the first step of securing the weapon will also comprise the front-stock holster being adaptably configured and molded to substantially envelope at least a portion of the exterior surface of the front-stock, in order to facilitate a suitable grip or retention of the front-stock within the front-stock holster. The method described above further contemplates that the first step of securing the weapon will also comprise the butt-stock retraction means utilizing a retraction cord that is attached to the butt-stock portion of the weapon. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings where: FIG. 1 . is a perspective view that represents the first step whereby a long weapon is in a first, holstered position. In this figure, the weapon, 1 , has a butt-stock, 2 , and a front stock, 3 . The butt-stock, 2 , is connected to a retractable cord, 5 , which is housed within a protective sleeve, 7 . The protective sleeve, 7 , is attached to a vest, 9 . The front stock, 3 , is secured within a front-stock holster, 11 . The front-stock holster, 11 , is secured to the body of the user with a belt attachment, 13 . The front-stock, 3 , is substantially surrounded by a front-stock holster, 11 , and the weapon is secure in the first, holstered position. FIG. 2 is a perspective view of one embodiment available to the front-stock holster, 11 , further depicting the belt attachment, 13 , and one or more tension bolts, 15 . The external side of the front-stock holster, 17 , has one or more outwardly curved regions, 19 , and the internal side of the front-stock holster, 21 , is generally flanged toward the body of the user. The internal side of the front-stock holster, 21 , has a retaining strap, 25 , that connects to an attachment region, 27 , located on the external side of the front-stock holster, 11 . FIG. 3 is a perspective view of one embodiment available to the butt-stock retention means. In this figure, the butt-stock, 2 , is connected to a retractable cord, 5 , using a connection, 6 . The retractable cord, 5 , is shown in this figure as a plurality of cords. The retractable cord, 5 , is housed within a protective sleeve, 7 . The protective sleeve, 7 , is shown with an opening, 8 , through which the cord may retract and extend within the protective sleeve, 7 . FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of the front-stock holster, 11 , further depicting a tension bolt, 15 . The external side of the front-stock holster, 17 , has one or more outwardly curved regions, 19 , and the internal side of the front-stock holster, 21 , is generally flanged toward the body of the user, shown at 22 . The interior portion of the front-stock holster, 24 , is generally shaped to accept a semi-rounded front-stock portion of a weapon. The internal side of the front-stock holster, 21 , has a retaining strap, 25 , that connects to an attachment region, 27 . The interior portion of the front-stock holster, 24 , is further depicted to have a compressible gripping element. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In a first preferred embodiment, a user such as a police officer desires to use the method in connection with a long weapon such as a shotgun to minimize the range that a shot pellet will travel, and accordingly, decrease the risk that innocent bystanders will be injured by stray shot pellet. In this first preferred embodiment, a user begins at a first step, the holstered position, as is substantially illustrated and represented as FIG. 1 . To further illustrate the details of the first preferred embodiment, the user would place a long weapon is in a first, holstered position whereby the weapon, 1 , has a butt-stock, 2 , and a front stock, 3 . The butt-stock, 2 , is connected to a retractable cord, 5 , which can be constructed of multi-ply elastic cording material. The retractable cord, 5 , is housed within a protective sleeve, 7 , to keep the multi-ply elastic cording material from becoming entangled with other objects and also to retain the integrity of the multi-ply elastic cording material. The protective sleeve, 7 , is attached to a vest, 9 , substantially along the back of the user such that the cord has a tendency to pull the butt-stock towards the under-arm region of the user. A benefit of this arrangement is that the butt-stock is readily accessible at all times to the user and is within easy reach. The front stock, 3 , is secured within a front-stock holster, 11 . The front-stock holster, 11 , is secured to the body of the user with a belt attachment, 13 . The front-stock, 3 , is substantially surrounded by a front-stock holster, 11 , by virtue of the corresponding mimic design of the front-stock holster in relation to the exterior shape of the front-stock. The front-stock holster, 11 , has and the weapon is secure in the first, holstered position. FIG. 2 better illustrates the first preferred embodiment available to the front-stock holster, 11 , which is connected to the user with a corresponding belt attachment. The front-stock holster is located a comfortable distance below the user's waist, to minimize unnecessary arm movement. The external side of the front-stock holster, 17 , which is the side facing away from the leg of the user, has one or more outwardly curved regions, 19 to facilitate and permit the user to easily find and locate the front-stock holster without looking down or away from the mission underway. In this first preferred embodiment, the internal side of the front-stock holster, 21 , which is the side facing towards the leg of the user, is generally flanged toward the body of the user. The internal side of the front-stock holster, 21 , has a retaining strap, 25 , that can be used to cover and thereby secure the front-stock at an attachment region, 27 , located on the external side of the front-stock holster, 17 . Generally, a retaining strap may use traditional hook-and-loop technology to secure the retaining strap, 25 , to the attachment region, 27 . FIG. 3 helps illustrate the first preferred embodiment available to the butt-stock retention means. In this figure, the butt-stock, 2 , is connected to a retractable cord, 5 , using a connection, 6 . In many circumstances, the type of connection is immaterial; however, in this first preferred embodiment, the connection, 6 , comprises a dual swivel to prevent the retractable cord, 5 , from becoming twisted. The retractable cord, 5 , is shown in this figure as a plurality of cords or in a multi-ply assembly. In many instances, it is desirable to use an external covering to properly assemble and maintain the plurality of cords or multi-ply cord assembly. The retractable cord, 5 , is housed within a protective sleeve, 7 . The protective sleeve, 7 , is shown in FIG. 3 with an opening, 8 , through which the cord may retract and extend within the protective sleeve, 7 . In this first preferred embodiment, FIG. 4 represents a cross-sectional view of the front-stock holster, 11 . It is apparent from FIG. 4 that the overall shape of the front-stock holster gains function from mimicking the overall relative shape of the front-stock such that the front-stock holster grips the front-stock substantially and conforms to the front-stock. The interior portion of the front-stock holster, 23 , is generally shaped to accept a semi-rounded front-stock. To expand on this grip function, it has been useful to use a tension bolt, 15 , to retain the gripping ability of the front-stock holster. While more than one tension bolt may be suitable to keep a grip on the front-stock, no set number is contemplated in this first preferred embodiment. To further expand on this grip function, the interior portion of the front-stock holster, 24 , is further depicted to have a compressible gripping element. In this first preferred embodiment, the compressible gripping element comprises a soft rubber coating or an insertion of neoprene rubber material coated with a soft fabric. The first preferred embodiment of the method further contemplates a user moving the weapon from a first, holstered position to a second, free position whereby the butt-stock is still retractably connected to the user but the front-stock is no longer secured in the front-stock holster. In this second step, the user may, without substantial restriction, utilize the weapon for tactical purposes, including sighting and firing the weapon. To further illustrate the second step, the user may, without looking down, locate the front-stock holster by feeling for one or more outwardly curved regions, 19 , on the external side of the front-stock holster, 17 , with his right hand. Reference to the right hand is made not as a limitation but; instead, to properly illustrate the ease of operation of this method. The user would then remove, with the same right hand, the retaining strap, 25 , from the attachment region, 27 , which is located on the external side of the front-stock holster, 17 . In this first preferred embodiment, the retaining strap employs traditional hook-and-loop technology, and this movement remains fluid, without complicating or distracting interruption. Because the overall shape of the front-stock holster gains function from mimicking the overall relative shape of a generic front-stock such that the front-stock holster grips substantially the front-stock and conforms to the front-stock, the weapon remains holstered until the user decides to actively remove the weapon from the front-stock holster with his right hand. Even when the user removes the front-stock from the front-stock holster, the weapon is still attached to the user because the butt-stock, 2 , remains connected to a retractable cord, 5 , properly housed within a protective sleeve, 7 , attached to the user with a vest, 9 . The protective sleeve, 7 , is shown in FIG. 3 with an opening, 8 , through which the cord may suitably retract and extend within the protective sleeve, 7 . As a continuation of this second step, the user may grasp the front-stock area of the weapon with his right hand to remove the front-stock from the front-stock holster and also controllably extend the retraction cord thereby moving the butt-stock away from his body and away from the first, holstered position, to afford him opportunity to grasp the butt stock or a grip region with his left hand. This swift, fluid movement facilitates quick and unobstructed access to the weapon and further obviates the need for the user to switch hands to do a single operation. As a third step to this first preferred embodiment, the user may elect to return the weapon to the first, holstered position by releasing his left hand grasp from the butt-stock or the grip region and controllably returning with his right hand the front-stock portion of the weapon back into the front-stock holster, thereby permitting the retraction cord to retract and return the butt-stock portion to a first, holstered and secured position near the body of the user. The user may leave the front-stock in the front-stock holster without the additional security of the retaining strap, 25 , or the user may elect to secure the front-stock with his right hand by placing the retaining strap, 25 , over the front-stock and connecting to the attachment region, 27 , properly located in this first preferred embodiment between the one or more outwardly curved regions, 19 , on the external side of the front-stock holster, 17 . In a second preferred embodiment, a user may elect to use the method in connection with smaller, handheld weapons. In this instance, the terms butt-stock and front-stock are used, not as terms of limitation, but merely as terms of reference. Typically, a traditional handheld weapon such as a pistol does not have a front-stock; however, it does have a front barrel portion that will be considered analogous or homologous to a front-stock and the front barrel portion will be referred to as a front-stock in this embodiment and for purposes of the present specification or claims. Also, the term butt-stock is applied to handheld weapons such as pistols to comprise the grip of a traditional pistol, but the term butt-stock will be used for purposes of the present specification or claims. In the second preferred embodiment, the method contemplates a user moving the handheld weapon from a first, holstered position to a second, free position whereby the butt-stock is still retractably connected to the user but the front-stock is no longer secured in the front-stock holster. In this first step, the front-stock holster may comprise a traditional enveloping structure that covers substantially most of the front-stock region as is common to the industry, or it may comprise instead only a semi-enveloping structure that employs a magnet to substantially retain the position of the front-stock within or abutted next to, the front-stock holster. In this second step, the user may, without substantial restriction, utilize the weapon for tactical purposes, including sighting and firing the weapon. However, in the second preferred embodiment, the user need only grasp the butt-stock of the handheld weapon to release or withdraw the front-stock from the front-stock holster and simultaneously or subsequently controllably extend the retraction cord thereby moving the butt-stock away from his body and away from the first, holstered position, to afford him opportunity to sight or fire the handheld weapon. The method then contemplates a user returning the handheld weapon back to a first, holstered position by returning the front-stock portion of the weapon back into the front-stock holster with one hand, and the retraction means selectively or automatically returning the butt-stock portion to a secured position near the body of the user. It is understood that there is a high degree of flexibility in the design of the retention means or retractable cord. The type of retractable cord, namely, the material used, is not the only element of flexibility in design. Importantly, the ability to selectively retract the butt-stock is specifically contemplated, either by use of a mechanical actuator or a voice-recognition or sound controlled system whereby the user would audibly or physically command the retraction means to selectively retract the weapon back to a holstered position, i.e., verbal command or push-button. It is also understood that there is a high degree of flexibility in the design of the retraction cord connection to the butt-stock. This connection may be fixedly connected to the weapon or it may be releaseably connected to the weapon at the butt-stock region. While the drawings herein depict the connection occurring at the terminus of the butt-stock, this is for illustration only and is not intended as a limitation since the connection may suitably work in a variety of locations on the weapon, although, the principal advantage of the present invention is best achieved with the attachment or connection occurring in close proximity to the butt-stock or grip area. It is also understood that there is a high degree of flexibility in the design of the front-stock holster. While a general effort to mimic and surround the outside shape and structure of the front-stock to facilitate adequate gripping is contemplated, the invention specifically contemplates designing front-stock holsters that substantially mirror certain weapon designs. Indeed, where the front-stock holster is used in connection with a handheld weapon, the front-stock holster will gain significant function in substantially mimicking the overall shape of the handheld weapon. Use of magnetic elements to further enhance the gripping-ability of the front-stock holster to a front-stock is specifically contemplated. Indeed, use of this technology may reduce or alleviate the need for the front-stock holster to substantially envelope the front-stock. For example, the present invention specifically contemplates a front-stock holster that serves to retain the front-stock not through gripping and tension as is disclosed in the first preferred embodiment, but instead through magnetic attraction such that the front-stock holster may serve purely as a highly-magnetized place or area to secure the weapon instead of a traditional holster. Other modifications, changes and substitutions are intended in the foregoing, and in some instances, some features of the invention will be employed without a corresponding use of the other features. For example, a retention means or retractable cord that is not attached to a vest is contemplated such that the retention means is used in connection with a holster strap otherwise fastened to the user's body, i.e., across the user's chest, back, waist, or leg. In addition, it may not be necessary for a front stock retaining strap to be used, or it may prove beneficial to use retaining straps that offer a higher degree of security than does a traditional hook-and-loop fastening system. The advantages to the present invention are discussed in previous sections; namely, that the present invention brings together the field of tactical arms and ease of use.

4y

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF INVENTION The development of automated counters for counting red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets, together with the increased demand for quality control in the clinical laboratory, produced a need for stabilized cellular components of blood to assess the reproducibility and accuracy of counters. A large number of compounds have been employed to increase the rigidity of the cell membrane of these cellular components so that the cells do not lyse on aging. Examples of these agents: formaldehyde, tannic acid, glutaraldehyde, and pyruvic aldehyde have been used for this purpose. Platelet reference controls are commercially available from both human and equine platelets. The platelets are removed from the blood by centrifugation, washed with buffered saline and then "fixed" with glutaraldehyde. The final platelet reference control product has a shelf life of at least 6 months at room temperature. The platelet reference control is used in the following manner: 1. It is mixed well to insure uniformity. 2. A micro-pipet is used to remove 5 ul (microliter) of platelets. The 5 ul is placed in 15.0 ml of an isotonic diluent. The exact formula of the diluent differs from company to company, but usually contains sodium chloride, potassium chloride, and a phosphate buffer to maintain the pH at 7.3. 3. The container for the dilution is usually made of polystyrene-disposable plastic with a polyethylene snap-on lid. After adding the PLATELETS TO THE DILUENT THE CONTAINER IS GENTLY INVERTED 2-3 TIMES AND THE PLATELET MIXTURE IS COUNTED. The platelet count under these circumstances is very reproducible (±2%). However, if the container is agitated vigorously or is allowed to stand for 30 minutes, a decrease in count is observed. For example, counts of 8400-8900 are achieved by gentle inversion while counts of 5600-6700 result from vigorous shaking. Even just setting for 30 minutes will reduce a count from 11,200-11,500 to 10,000-10,100. The foregoing data is typical of data obtained from samples allowed to set or samples that are vigorously shaken, however, considerable variation of the decrease in platelet count occurs particularly in the samples that are shaken because of the difficulty of calibrating the manner of shaking. It was postulated that the decrease in platelet counts on shaking or standing was due to adsorption of the platelets on the polystyrene surface. Therefore, glass and silicon coated glass were tested in the same manner as the polystyrene containers and were also found to decrease the platelet counts with time and upon shaking. Next, an alternative was considered consisting of treatment of the plastic containers with organic solvents such as chloroform, acetone or methylene chloride. This treatment has to be a quick rinse since the solvents, if left in contact with the styrene container, would dissolve it. However, these treatments increased the adsorption of the platelets, viz., a decrease in count. The increased adsorption following treatment with the solvent suggested that the organic solvent was removing the mold release agent, which is found on the surface of the polystyrene container. Release agents are sprayed on the mold at intervals to assist in obtaining release of the plastic container from the mold. Varying amounts are present on the plastic containers. To pursue this idea further, several mold release agents were sprayed on the interior of the polystyrene-plastic containers used for counting the platelets; the containers were then filled with diluent and platelets and then shook. It was felt that if the release agent were responsible for the variation in counts found from one container to another and for the more rapid decrease in counts after treatment with organic solvents, then, following spraying of the release agent on the container, there should be no decrease in platelet count. It was found that a container once rinsed with trichloro-methane and dried thereafter did not achieve the desired stability, the count dropping from 9900 after gentle inversion to 6300 when shaken vigorously 6 times. However, a mold release agent MS-122 consisting of a fluorocarbon telomer available from Miller-Stephenson Chemical Co., Inc. of Danbury, Conn. produced 10,239 counts after gentle inversion and 10,182 counts after 6 vigorous shakes. After discussion with several manufacturers of mold release agent, I finally concluded that it might be the surfactant properties of the mold release agents that prevented the adsorption of platelets to the polystyrene surface. For this reason, I examined a variety of cationic, anionic and nonionic surfactants. The cationic surfactants invariably caused aggregation of the platelets. Most of the nonionic and anionic surfactants prevented the decrease in counts that occur on standing or agitation of the platelets. Although the solution to our problem appeared to be at hand, an examination of the size of the surfactant treated platelets in a Coulter ZBI, an instrument which is used for size analysis of particles such as platelets and white blood cells, indicated that there was a large decrease in the size of the platelet. However, when the platelets were examined under the microscope with an ocular-micrometer, no change in size of the platelet could be determined. The principle of the Coulter Counter is that it measures changes in conductivity; the surfactants alter the conductivity and thus make the platelet appear smaller to the instrument. All of the surfactants tested up to this point produced this apparent change in size. The decrease in apparent size is an unacceptable change since most instruments used to count platelets would count them inaccurately under these circumstances. I thereupon tried a series of polyethylene glycols of which there are several. There is polyethylene glycol 400, polyethylene glycol 4000, polyethylene glycol 6000, polyethylene glycol 20,000. The number following polyethylene glycol is the approximate molecular weight of the polyethylene glycol. Polyethylene glycols are polymers of ethylene oxide with the generalized formula HOCH 2 (CH 2 OCH 2 )n CH 2 OH, n represents the average number of oxyethylene groups. All of the polyethylene glycols decrease surface tension. The liquid polyethylene glycols (200, 300, 400) when added to platelet suspensions did not prevent adsorption of the platelets, that is, a decrease in count still occurs. The PEG-4000, 6000 and 20,000 all were effective in preventing the decrease in counts upon shaking. This was puzzling since the effect on surface tension is similar for all PEG products. Both liquid and solid PEGs in aqueous solutions have surface tensions of about 70 dynes per centimeter at 25° C. at low concentrations and drop to 45-50 dynes/cm at 30-70%. By the use of a minor amount of solid polyethylene glycol (0.1-0.5 grams) per liter of the platelet reference control dilution, it is possible to stabilize the control against count decrease on either standing or vigorous agitation and without apparent decrease in size which would result in a false low count in instrument counters. Following the discovery that the minor amounts of polyethylene glycol would stabilize the platelet reference control a search of the art was undertaken to determine how polyethylene glycols had been used previously in conjunction with blood generally and platelets in particular. The search revealed the use of surface active substances such as "Pluronics". These are poly (oxypropylene) poly (oxyethylene) condensates with molecular weights in the range 1,000-15,000 and are produced by BASF Wyandotte. The use of these was reported in Bibliothica Anatomica, No. 12, pages 208-212 (1973). Although the addition of the Pluronics to the platelet reference controls prevented aggregation or freezing and adsorption to the container, however, within 10 minutes after addition of the Pluronic to the platelets, the apparent shape started to decrease. It was surprising since the close relationship of Pluronics and polyethylene glycol suggested that the Pluronics might also be satisfactory. Another prior art reference uncovered in the search also had to do with Cryopreservation Techniques, Transfusion May-June, 1975, Volume 15, No. 3, pages 219-225. This also had to do with the use of additives to platelets for freezing purposes and indicated that dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) would be useful with the DMSO being superior. However, the DMSO failed to stabilize the platelets. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The invention is described in conjunction with the accompanying drawing in which: FIG. 1 represents two Coulter scans of platelets fortified with PEG-6000 approximately three weeks apart; and FIG. 2 represents two Coulter scans of platelets fortified with a commercial surfactant approximately four days apart. A typical formulation according to the invention where the solid PEG is added to the platelet suspension includes the following for 100 ml of platelet suspension: 2.0 ml of 25% glutaraldehyde 1.5 grams of Na 2 HPO 4 10-20 grams of PEG 6000 or PEG 4000 The pH is adjusted to 7.4 and 3.3 ul of the platelet suspension was added to 20 ml of diluent and counted. This formulation was shaken vigorously without any change in platelet count. The same results were obtained when 6.6 ul were added to 20 ml of diluent. Alternatively, the PEG was added directly to the diluent, according to the following formulation: 0.3 g per liter potassium chloride 7.8 g per liter sodium chloride 2.4 g per liter dibasic sodium phosphate (pH 7.4) 0.1-0.5 g per liter of PEG 4000 or PEG-6000 Platelets added to this diluent do not adsorb, nor is there any decrease in count upon standing in containers. Most important, if the PEG-600 is added to the platelets in the previously mentioned formulation, there is no decrease in apparent size of the platelets. Shown in FIG. 1 is the scan of platelets in PEG-6000 initially, and after 3 weeks at 40° showing the lack of alteration in apparent shape. Further, the invention can be advantageously practiced with fresh platelets, i.e., those that have not been fixed. Fresh human platelets fortified with solid PEG had a 22.564 count and 22,258 after vigorous shaking. On the other hand, the same platelets without PEG had a count of 22,565 before shaking and a 16,817 count after shaking. Unacceptable Surfactants The following surfactants have been tested without the beneficial results of the invention: Fluorochemical Surfactants FC-128, FC-134, FC-170 Manufactured by the 3M Company El-620, el-719, nonionic surfactants from GAF Corporation, being polyoxylated vegetable oils. Dow corning 190 surfactant-a silicone-glycol polymer Dow corning 193 surfactant silicon profoamer--aA silicon-polyoxyalkylene copolymer All the following from GAF Corporation, Linden, N.J. Gafac RP-710: acid ester Gafac RE-610: acid ester Gafco LO-529: Partial sodium salt of phosphate ester Antarox BL-225: Modified linear aliphatic polyether Antarox BL-240: Modified linear aliphatic polyether Emulphor EL-620: Polyoxyethylated vegetable oil Emulphor EL-719: Polyoxyethylated vegetable oil Dupont Fluorosurfactants Zonyl FSB--amphoteric Zonyl FSN--nonionic Zonyl FSC--cationic Zonyl FSV--anionic Zonyl FSP--anionic Zonyl FSA--anionic All except FSC prevented the decrease in platelet count on shaking. Each surfactant was tested by adding it to the platelet suspension. Platelet suspension (6.6 ul) was then pipeted into 20 ml of saline diluent for cell counting. The amount required to prevent the decrease in platelet count was between 0.1-0.5 ml added to 20 ml of platelet suspension. Of the surfactants, the one which produced the least change in platelet conductivity or "apparent" size was FSN which is nonionic. An example of the use of FSN in platelet suspension is as follows: 0.1 ml FSN/20 ml of platelet suspension. 6.6 ul of the surfactant-containing platelet suspension was pipeted into 20 ml of diluent. The platelet containing diluent was then counted and the initial count was 9358. After shaking vigorously six times, the count decreased to 7526. 0.5 ml Zonyl FSN/20 ml of platelet suspension was added. Platelet count after gentle inversion was 7622. After shaking for 30 minutes in a polystyrene container, the count was 7670. It is apparent from this that when an appropriate amount of FSN is used the adsorption phenomenon disappears. As a control the non-treated platelet suspension was added (6.6 ul into 20 ml of diluent) count when gently inverted was 10,643, and when shaken vigorously six times, the count decreased to 5,800. The Zonyl preparation used is 50% solids in isopropanol/water. Stability tests were then set up in which 0.5 ml of Zonyl FSN was added to 20 ml of platelet suspension and placed in a sealed container at 40°, 25° and 5° C. The initial tests on the platelets, in addition to counting them, was to measure the size of the platelets on the Coulter ZBI. This was repeated at intervals of 3 days to determine if any changes occurred in either the count, or in the size of the platelets with time. After 3 days, the ZBI indicated that the platelet size had changed. As indicated above, there was not, in fact, a change in the physical dimensions of the platelets as seen under the microscope. In FIG. 2, the two scans are seen to be quite different and the difference was even more pronounced when using an increased concentration of FSN. The use of glass and silicon coated glass as mentioned above also did not yield the benefits of the invention as can be seen from the following summary: ______________________________________Silicon coated glass Glass______________________________________9800 gentle inversion 10,100 mixed 3 times gently7780 6 times vigorously 7,719 shake vigorously 6 times7300 6 times vigorously 7,401 shake vigorously 6 times______________________________________ While in the foregoing specification, a detailed description of the invention has been set down for the purpose of illustration, many variations in the details hereingiven may be made by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This non-provisional patent application is based on and herein claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) from its Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/635,315, filed Apr. 19, 2012, entitled “Mobile Boration System,” by the same inventors. BACKGROUND [0002] 1. Field [0003] This invention relates to supplying borated water to commercial nuclear power plants. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] Commercial nuclear power plant operators are exploring solutions to eliminate and/or mitigate damages caused by natural and/or man-made disasters, such as the tsunami that recently damaged the Fukishima nuclear power plant in Japan, including not only the reactors but many other supply systems permanently built on site, with substantial footprint. One system that is being examined is the water supply system. The boration of supply water is usually considered necessary to provide a neutron poison liquid to help maintain the reactor as subcritical. [0006] Useful boric acid solutions in nuclear reactors is taught early on, for example, by Panson in U.S. Pat. No. 4,764,337, which states that: the use of boric acid for preventing or at least inhibiting carbon steel corrosion in the secondary water systems of nuclear steam generators has been known for some time. In particular, boric acid has been utilized to minimize the phenomena known as denting at the tube/-tube support plate interface in nuclear steam generators. While boric acid alone has been found to be highly useful for inhibiting carbon steel corrosion of the type which results in denting, nuclear applications require a continuous search for improved systems and increased reliabilities. Diol boric acid compounds which are more strongly acidic than boric acid alone are known . . . . There appears to be a reaction between boric acid and diol compounds to activate boric acid by producing diol boric acid complexes which have more acidic characteristics than does boric acid itself. However there is no suggestion . . . that such diol boric acid complexes are capable of inhibiting corrosion. And even more so there is no disclosure that diol boric acid complexes might be useful for inhibiting carbon steel corrosion in nuclear steam generator applications. [0009] Importantly, it was later found that boric acid can be used as a moderator to suppress some neutron flux, as taught by U.S. Pat. Nos. 8,233,581 and 5,171,515 (Connor et al. and Panson et al., respectively). In another area, Brown et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,225,390 shows the level of complexity for boron control systems for nuclear power plants. [0010] Boration supply systems currently in operation utilize a completely on-site, permanent batching tank of substantial size, requiring major auxiliaries to keep it “on site useful,” to blend the desired concentration of boric acid and water to provide an appropriate solution prior to injection into the coolant water used within the reactor coolant system of a nuclear reactor. [0011] The major disadvantage of current boration supply systems is that they require a very large permanent batching tank with attached components including a permanent motorized agitator and a heating system for mixing and maintaining relatively high concentrations of boric acid in solution. As such, current boration supply systems are a problem in that they require a large amount of space, that is, a large footprint, and a major amount of power. These requirements do not conceive of current boration supply systems to be transportable or mobile, and are permanently on site. Thus, there is a need to mimic nuclear power plant boration systems with a system that provides a smaller in-place footprint, is easily transportable, and make more efficient use of energy and resources during events when the installed plant equipment is not operable or is not desirable for use. SUMMARY [0012] The above problems are solved and needs supplied by providing a mobile boration apparatus providing nuclear reactor systems with borated coolant that can mix components on site, to provide borated water, the mobile apparatus comprising a) a mobile transportation means containing b) a water source, c) a H 2 BO 3 powder or other water soluble boron source, d) a heater to heat the water, e) a pump to provide a motive force to move water to a desired location, f) a mixer to allow metered mixing of the water and H 2 BO 3 powder or other water soluble boron source to provide a metered appropriate concentration of initial water/boric acid slurry that is desired, which slurry during continued mixing provides a borated/boric acid water solution, g) an optional heater, h) a fluid exit for boric acid solution, and i) transporting the solution to a nuclear reactor system, eliminating major storage of the solution. [0013] A continuous flow of transport apparatus by road, rail or sea can provide complete supply and auxiliary safe supply without building a massive series of structures next to the nuclear facility which would be subject to a wide variety of catastrophic events. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0014] In order to better understand the invention more clearly, convenient embodiments will now be described, by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: [0015] FIG. 1 shows one embodiment of the flow of the components on the transportation means; and [0016] FIG. 2 illustrates one possible mobile flat bed truck transporter carrying the appropriate equipment components set out in FIG. 1 , to provide a mobile boric acid solution platform which can be driven directly in to the nuclear complex for delivery of the boric acid solution to one of a plurality of optional stationary water tanks, the combination of which provides a minor footprint on the nuclear plant area. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0017] The boration supply system according to the present invention overcomes the limitation of current systems and provides a solution for eliminating and/or mitigating damages to a commercial nuclear power plant. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a mobile boration supply system is provided capable, for example, to refill the refueling water storage tank. This system must be easily stored and transportable. Because of its mobility by sea, land or air transport, the boration supply system of the present invention is capable of being centrally deployed and transportable to any nearby site that may require boration. This is a vast improvement over the design characteristics of prior art boration supply systems employed to batch boric acid in power plants. The boration supply system of the present invention is designed to use a minimum number of required pieces of equipment, one or more of which are selected for minimal size and power consumption requirements. As such, the system is ideal for mobile applications via truck, train or sea. The relative small size of the system also makes it suitable to other possible permanent applications. [0018] FIG. 1 illustrates a boration supply system 60 according to one embodiment of the present invention. As seen in FIG. 1 , the system includes: a water pump, such as a positive displacement pump or centrifugal pump, with a flow control device to provide a metered source of fluid; a slurry funnel and eductor system with a screw feed hopper to directly handle powered boric acid and eliminate the need for large batching tanks; and a mechanical mixing device to allow sufficient time and provide sufficient mechanical agitation to ensure boric acid goes into solution. In the current embodiment, the mechanical mixing device reduces the possibility of entraining air, less than 1 vol. %, in the downstream flow, which would be undesirable. The mechanical mixing device can incorporate an optional upstream orifice/valve to tune the flow distribution. A metering screw takes the H 2 BO 3 powder, or other source of boron that is water soluble, from the hopper and can provide a controlled volume flow with a relatively high accuracy (0.5%). The mixing device may also incorporate a “screw speed to ppm” correlation if possible. In the current embodiment, the mass flow rate of the H 2 BO 3 powder is about 23 lb/min. [0019] In other embodiments, the boration supply system of the present invention can incorporate an optional heater and chemical additive tank to provide the required solvent temperature and chemistry to facilitate driving boric acid into solution. [0020] As shown in FIG. 1 (and FIG. 2 ), an optional water source 10 ( 32 ), which may be outside the boundary of the device if a local water source is available, is pumped, by optional pump 11 ( 34 ), into a heat exchanger 12 ( 41 ). The heated water 13 ( 45 ) is passed to a wash-down funnel 16 or the like 42 and metered with feed granular H 2 BO 3 powder 14 ( 36 ) to provide an aqueous H 2 BO 3 slurry. Pump 11 may not be needed. There may be a pump near a water source, municipal water supply, river, lake, etc. This slurry is fed into an eductor 18 which sucks the slurry, plus additional heated water 13 which is mixed to provide a homogeneous slurry and further heated in mixing device 20 ( 44 ). Boron concentration is checked on detector 22 to provide a desired boron concentration solution. Flow element 24 meters flow rate of the solution. Some sludge slurry can be passed to collector 26 ( 36 ′) via valve 28 and finally to optional hold-up feed tank 30 ( 50 ) for the reactor. It may be pumped directly into the nuclear system. [0021] FIG. 2 , based completely on FIG. 1 , shows a possible delivery platform such as a truck flatbed, or other transportation means 40 , or such as a railroad car. The transport 40 can contain a hold-up water tank 32 , granular powder tank/supply 36 , screw powder feed 38 , water pump 34 , water heater 41 , water metering system 42 , valve 43 , mixer 44 , waste water slurry tank 36 ′, high aqueous slurry heater 46 , to provide boric acid solution 48 fed into optional storage tank 50 and through valve 52 to boric acid feed 54 through valve 69 . This feed 54 flows into optional minimal storage tank 70 . Optional additive tank is shown as 56 . Also shown are optional heater/air conditioner 58 , power control function system 66 and additional monitors 64 as well as truck cover structure 68 . [0022] The versatility of this supply means, while requiring a semi-constant supply of transported borated water is not only vastly safer but financially more sound than vulnerable on-site storage. [0023] While the invention has been described in terms of preferred embodiment, various changes, additions and modifications may be made without departing from the steps of the invention. Having described the presently preferred embodiments, it is to be understood that the invention may be otherwise embodied within the scope of the appended claims.

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This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 60/204,951 filed May 17, 2000. This invention relates to improvements to the positive fluid displacement device (PFDD) with a removable fluid displacement module (FDM) which is the subject of U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,030 issued Dec. 19, 2000, incorporated herein by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to positive fluid displacement devices and more particularly to devices of the piston type for precision fluid delivery. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION U.S. Pat. No. 6,162,030 describes a Positive Fluid Displacement Device (PFDD) which is the basis of the current invention. The object of the current invention is to improve the design of the patented device. The improved design described herein provides better performance, includes a broader range of applications, improves manufacturability, broadens tolerances, eliminates parts, eases assembly and lowers cost. However, the principles of operation of the PFDD are unchanged and since those principles are fully described in FIGS. 1A-1D of the referenced patent, they are not repeated herein. The design has been improved by replacing separate metal parts with single parts using metal or plastic material. The coupling of some components has been modified to allow significantly greater variation in tolerances without reduction in accuracy of fluid delivery and performance of the PFDD. Pliable members are used to position parts with respect to each other for quieter operation, easier assembly and broadening of the tolerances. The configuration of the seals has been modified to eliminate metal parts and to allow the use of different sealing materials in order to meet chemical compatibility requirements with a minimum of changes. The use of glass and ceramic material as wetted parts in the device requires careful mounting since those parts cannot be made to the same degree of accuracy as can plastic and metal parts. Therefore, a design which allows significant tolerance in the dimensions of the wetted parts eliminates secondary machining or grinding, thus producing a lower cost device. Design improvements in the manifold permit variation in the internal configuration of the manifold passageways to meet different customer requirements, without change in the basic PFDD configuration. Improved mounts for motor connection permit different types of motors to be used, and provides improved rigidity in a minimum amount of space. The inclusion of an optional gearbox permits the use of a smaller motor by increasing the torque available from the motor. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of this invention involves the replacement of the multi-part four-piston assembly of the Fluid Displacement Module (FDM) described in the referenced patent with two single parts, each acting as a double-headed piston. Each part is such that it can nest into another identical part, thus providing four pistons in the same plane but oriented approximately 90° apart. The two double-headed pistons are rotatably connected together in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the crankshaft. They are mounted concentrically around the crankpin, so the 90° separation of the pistons is not established by the pistons, but rather by the position of two cylinder carriages. The position of the carriages is defined by grooves in the housing of the PFDD. Each piston head also acts as a piston seal and each seal is secured directly to the end of the piston. The double-headed piston slides through the carriage for ease of assembly. Like the patented device, each one has a protrusion to fit inside the port in the cylinder head to reduce dead volume. A second aspect of this invention involves a cushioned support for holding the port plate that floats along an axis perpendicular to the axis of the crankshaft. The port plate is captivated to the housing by pliable members such as elastomeric cords which are embedded into the housing. This allows micromotion of the port plate inside the housing, without any part of the port plate directly in contact with the housing. This eliminates rubbing of the port plate directly against the housing, and provides for wide tolerance in the machining of the housing and the port plate. It also provides a spring action on the port plate against the manifold, thus insuring good sealing contact on seals located between the manifold and port plate without preventing the port plate from floating against the cylinder head. A third aspect of this invention also relates to cushioning the cylinder heads as they act against the manifold. The cylinder heads are slidably mounted on plastic rails that are also slidably mounted into grooves machined into the housing of the PFDD. Behind the rails, embedded inside the bottom of the grooves, is a pliable buffering member which acts as a spring pushing the cylinder heads against the manifold. The intimate and continuous contact of the cylinder heads against the manifold provides a silent operation without the need to machine the depth of the grooves and the width of the cylinder heads to high precision. A fourth aspect of this invention is to provide controlled pressure on the port plate toward the cylinder head in order to maintain zero leakage. This is accomplished by providing a resilient urging member between the housing and the port plate to urge the port plate against the cylinder head. The urging member, may be an elastomeric material or a spring. If a spring is used, the port plates are provided with a groove on the surface opposite the surface sliding against the cylinder head. The groove captivates a metal spring that applies pressure to the center of the port plate. The length and thickness of the spring precisely controls its force against the port plate. The two opposite ends of the spring react against the internal surface of the housing. This design reduces clearance between the top of the port plate and the external surface of the housing to near zero, thus reducing overall dimensions of the housing. A fifth aspect of this invention is to provide a cushioned mounting for essentially brittle ceramic or glass cylinders which are loosely mounted inside the cylinder head and the carriage. At the cylinder head, a compliant sealing member provides a seal between cylinder and the cylinder head that acts in a direction parallel to the sliding surface of the cylinder head, thereby avoiding pressure on the cylinder head in a direction perpendicular to the sliding surface. In that manner, distortion of the flatness of the sliding surface of the cylinder head is prevented since there is no contact pressure between the cylinder and the cylinder head, except through the sealing member. The sealing member, which may be an O-ring, also acts to center the cylinder inside the counterbore of the cylinder head. At the other end of the cylinder, a compliant washer, made of Teflon for example, is interposed between the cylinder and the carriage to prevent direct contact between the cylinder and the carriage, thereby avoiding stressing the glass or ceramic cylinder when the cylinder head is assembled to the carriage. Additionally, the area of the end surfaces of the carriage in contact with the cylinder head are reduced by providing recesses. The reduction of the contact surface area allows them to be machined and lapped to a flatness of better than two light bands. A sixth aspect of this invention is to provide a double-layer manifold that is fastened against the PFDD housing. A first layer of a two-layer manifold has a surface, opposite to the surface in contact with the housing, with fluid passageways grooved therein. The second layer of the two-layer manifold is pressed against the first layer and seals all the grooved passageways. Connection to the fluid supply and to devices using the PFDD is done through inlet and outlet ports on the second layer. The advantage of this design is the elimination of drilling long holes in the manifold and the use of smaller cross section passageways than can be done with a long hole design. The tightness of the fluid passageways is insured between the surfaces of the manifolds by lapping them to a flatness of better than two light bands. A seventh aspect of this invention is to directly mount the motor to the back of the PFDD, without couplings, and to have, as an option, a torque-increasing gearbox interposed between the motor and the PFDD. The above mentioned and other features and objects of this invention and the manner of obtaining them will become more apparent, and the invention itself will best be understood by reference to the following description of embodiments of the invention taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, a description of which follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a two piston fluid displacement module showing a double-ended single piece piston. FIG. 2 is an exploded view of a four piston fluid displacement device showing two fluid displacement modules each with a double-ended single piece piston which are designed to nest together in the PFDD. FIG. 3 shows two fluid displacement modules nested together in assembly. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view showing the seal configuration between the cylinder head and cylinder. It also shows the piston seal. FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view showing the captivation of the port plate inside the PFDD housing in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the crankshaft. FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view showing the captivation of the port plate inside the housing of the PFDD in a plane parallel to the axis of the crankshaft. FIG. 7 is a partial view of the cylinder carriage showing four contact surfaces which are machined and lapped for contact with the cylinder head. FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional view showing a metal spring located in a groove in a floating port plate to react with the housing and provide force on the floating port plate. FIG. 9 shows one piece of a two piece manifold with grooves and ports machined into the piece shown. FIG. 10 is a cross-sectional view of the two piece manifold. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the PFDD showing a motor mounted to the PFDD. FIG. 12 is an exploded view of a motor mounting with a torque increaser. DETAILED DESCRIPTION When reference is made to the drawing, like numerals indicate like parts and structural features in the various figures. FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a fluid displacement module (FDM) showing a double-ended single piece piston 2 . Piston 2 has an end 9 having an opening 6 for holding a stem 8 of a single piece piston head 7 . A second piston head is held in the opposite end of piston 2 . In assembly, the piston heads are joined to the piston by pins 10 . Each piston head 7 has a protrusion 5 for filling openings 20 in cylinder heads 12 at top dead center. Hereafter, one piston/cylinder combination with associated elements is described since each combination is identical to the other in configuration although diameter of cylinders can vary. The piston and piston head assembly fits into a cylinder 11 . Cylinder 11 has a groove 15 on an end 16 providing for the location of a compliant sealing member 14 such as an O-ring. The end 16 of cylinder 11 fits into counterbore 13 of cylinder head 12 . In assembly with the cylinder head, the cylinder 11 is not pressed against the bottom 17 of counterbore 13 as shown in FIG. 4 . In assembly, the bottom surface 25 of cylinder 11 is cushioned from contact with cylinder carriage 19 by a compliant washer 26 interposed between the two parts. Cylinder head 12 has a sliding surface 23 which is machined and lapped for sliding against a port plate, not shown in FIG. 1 . Opposite surface 23 is a surface 18 of cylinder head 12 which mates with small contact surfaces 22 on cylinder carriage 19 . There are four contact surfaces 22 on each end of cylinder carriage 19 to mate with surface 18 . The four small contact surfaces are provided by locating four recesses 21 in the end of cylinder carriage 19 . A crankshaft, not shown, drives piston 2 through a bearing 3 . FIG. 2 is an exploded view of two fluid displacement modules showing how one can be nested in assembly with another around the crankshaft bearing 3 . Cylinder carriage 19 and cylinder carriage 19 A carry pistons 2 and 2 A, respectively, with bearing 3 passing through the openings 30 and 30 A in the pistons. FIG. 3 shows two fluid displacement modules 31 and 32 in assembly. When in assembly the device is a four-piston fluid displacement device and the two modules 31 and 32 are then sometimes referred to as one fluid displacement module. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line 4 — 4 of FIG. 3 . It shows the cylinder, cylinder head, piston head and piston in assembly. Cylinder head 12 has an opening 20 which is emptied of fluid by protrusion 5 on piston head 7 at top dead center of piston travel. In assembly, cylinder 11 is spaced from cylinder head 12 by clearance space 24 . The bottom end of cylinder 11 is located on a compliant washer 26 which is interposed between cylinder 11 and cylinder carriage 19 and is intended to reduce clearance space 24 to near zero. Cylinder 11 is shown assembled within counterbore 13 with compliant sealing member 14 located between the cylinder and the cylinder head to provide sealing engagement therebetween. Piston 2 is assembled with piston head 7 through pin 10 . A seal between piston head 7 and cylinder 11 is provided by a sealing lip 4 which is integral with piston head 7 . Lip 4 is backed by an elastomeric element 27 which may be an O-ring. FIG. 5 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the assembly of floating port plate 33 with the cylinder/piston combination. An urging member 37 , which may be of elastomeric material, is interposed between the top surface of port plate 33 and the housing 34 of the PFDD. Pliable members 35 and 35 A, which may be made of elastomeric material, are interposed between the left and right surfaces of port plate 33 and the housing 34 . FIG. 5 shows displacement chamber 39 within cylinder 11 . Chamber 39 receives and discharges fluid through opening 20 in cylinder head 12 . FIG. 6 also shows the captivation of the port plate 33 within the housing 34 and shows another pliable buffering member 40 interposed between the back side of port plate 33 and the housing 34 . Together FIGS. 5 and 6 show that the port plate 33 does not come into direct mechanical contact with the housing 34 . Pliable seal 41 , which may be an O-ring, provides a seal between manifold 42 and port plate 33 . Rail 44 is located within a groove 43 in the housing 34 and provides support for the cylinder head 12 which slides within the rail 44 . A resilient member 45 is located between rail 44 and housing 34 providing compliance to the arrangement of rail and housing. FIG. 7 is a partial perspective view of cylinder carriage 19 and shows four recesses 21 in the end surface of cylinder 19 . Recesses 21 provide four small contact surfaces 22 which are machined and lapped to close tolerance for connection to cylinder head 12 . These four surfaces as well as surfaces 18 and 23 of cylinder head 12 (FIG. 4) are machined and lapped to a flatness of better than two light bands. FIG. 8 is a partial cross-sectional view showing the pliable member 37 as a spring 46 interposed between the housing 34 and port plate 33 . Spring 46 is located in a groove 47 in port plate 33 with the ends 48 of spring 46 bearing against the housing 34 . The spring applies pressure in the center of the port plate achieving superior control with a reduction in the clearance between the port plate and the housing compared to the elastomeric embodiment of FIG. 5 . FIGS. 9 and 10 show a two-layer manifold with a first layer 42 directly adjacent to the port plate 33 and a second layer 49 on the opposite side of layer 42 . Layer 49 has inlet and outlet ports 50 and 51 to supply fluid to the PFDD and an outlet connection to components outside the PFDD. FIG. 9 shows layer 42 with grooves 61 and 63 cut into the surface of layer 42 extending from and to ports 60 and 62 . Grooves 61 and 63 are machined into the surface of layer 42 and are sealed by layer 49 when the manifold is assembled to create passageways for fluid to communicate with ports 60 and 62 . Ports 60 A and 62 A may be the inlet and outlet ports in communication with corresponding ports in the port plate of a first piston/cylinder assembly. Ports 60 B and 62 B are for a second piston/cylinder assembly, ports 60 C and 62 C are for a third such assembly, and ports 60 D and 62 D are for a fourth such assembly. FIG. 11 is a cross-sectional view of the PFDD in assembly with motor 64 . Drive shaft 70 is directly connected to crankshaft 67 through a pin 66 . Bearing 68 carries the crankshaft 67 and is interposed between adapter 69 and the housing 34 of the PFDD. Crankpin 65 is connected with a centerline offset from the centerline of crankshaft 67 in order to provide an orbital motion to piston 2 mounted on the crankpin. Diameter of piston movement is equal to twice the eccentricity of crankpin 65 . This design achieves a small PFDD/motor package and provides direct connection of the motor driveshaft to the PFDD crankshaft. FIG. 12 is an exploded view showing another motor 78 with its shaft modified to accommodate a pinion 76 . The pinion meshes with gear 72 to drive crankshaft 74 through disk 73 and achieve torque requirements. The pinion 76 is secured with the pin 77 to the motor driveshaft. Disk 73 is secured to crankshaft 74 . Location of the disk 73 is accurately controlled and provides precise meshing of the pinion and the ring gear. The motor is bolted to the adapter 69 via an eccentric ring 71 that provides support for the bearing 75 . In operation of the PFDD, and with respect to FIG. 4, fluid enters the displacement chamber 39 through opening 20 in the cylinder head and fills the displacement chamber. The fluid contacts piston seal 4 but never comes into contact with the piston 2 . The 5 fluid is also dispelled from the displacement chamber through opening 20 and on through the port plate 33 and the passageways and ports in the manifold to using devices exterior to the PFDD. Note that the cylinder 11 fits inside the cylinder head 12 into the counterbore 13 with a seal which is a compliant sealing member 14 . The end 16 of cylinder 11 does not come into pressurized mechanical contact with the bottom 17 of the counterbore 13 and therefore axial forces are not placed on the cylinder 15 (nor on the cylinder head.) The sealing pressure of member 14 , which may be an O-ring, is exerted radially in a plane parallel to the large surface 18 of the cylinder head. Sealing pressure from member 14 is along line A—A as shown in FIG. 4 . The presence of the small clearance space 24 prevents any possibility of axial pressure on the cylinder head or the cylinder when the two are assembled. Note that the other end 25 of cylinder 11 is restrained on the cylinder carriage by a washer 26 made out of a semi-compliant material such as teflon. As a result the cylinder, which is often made of glass or ceramic material, is not stressed under axial forces when the PFDD is assembled and in use. Also, the arrangement avoids pressure on the cylinder head in a direction perpendicular to sliding surface 23 and therefore distortions of the surface sliding against the port plate are prevented. FIG. 2, an exploded view of fluid displacement modules, shows the construction which enables a nesting of the cylinder carriages within each other. It shows two double-ended pistons which are connected together around a bearing sleeve 3 . Since the pistons are connected around a bearing sleeve, the 90° angle between the two double-ended pistons is not defined by the pistons but rather by the position of the cylinder heads sliding within the rails 44 . Rails 44 are in turn held inside grooves 43 in the PFDD housing. As a consequence, no binding occurs and precision in establishing the angularity of the pistons is not required. Note that the carriages 19 and 19 A are of the same basic construction with the center of each carriage cut or milled out to allow the nesting of the carriages into each other. In that manner the axis of the two double-ended pistons are in the same plane, perpendicular to the axis of the crankshaft. FIG. 3 shows the two double-ended pistons and the carriages nested together to form a four piston fluid displacement module. As mentioned above, FIGS. 5 and 6 show that the port plate 33 does not come into direct mechanical contact with housing 34 . The port plate is urged against the cylinder head by pliable member 37 which may be, for example, an elastomer or a spring, and is held away from housing 34 by pliable members 35 , 35 A, 37 and 40 . Forces exerted on the port plate by resilient members 40 are balanced by the pliable seal 41 located between the manifold 42 and the port plate. The port plate is never in direct mechanical contact with either the housing 34 or the manifold 42 , thus avoiding any abrasion which would be caused by micromotion of the hard material port plate (ceramic, sapphire, hardened steel, etc.) with the housing or manifold. The only direct contact of surfaces on the port plate with another part is the surface-to-surface contact with surface 23 of cylinder head 12 . Because of manufacturing tolerance, the cylinder head sliding in the rails 44 of the housing is not kept in a constant geometric location. Therefore, the surface of port plate 33 in contact with surface 23 of cylinder head 12 , which surface must always be in intimate contact with the cylinder head 12 , must be allowed to float and follow the geometric location of the cylinder head. As a result, a constant micromotion of the port plate results and can be very destructive to other surfaces of the port plate if they are in direct mechanical contact with the housing or manifold. The use of pliable members between those surfaces allows micromotion of the port plate to follow the cylinder head with no damage. FIG. 6 shows a groove 43 cut into the housing 34 . The purpose of the groove is to hold rail 34 along which the cylinder head slides. A resilient member 45 is located at the bottom of groove 43 and urges the cylinder head toward the manifold 42 . This arrangement eliminates clearance between the two large longitudinal sliding surfaces of the cylinder head, that is, surfaces which slide against the rail and the manifold. This assures a quiet operation and eliminates the requirement of precision manufacturing tolerances on the cylinder head and in the depth of the groove 43 . FIGS. 9 and 10 show the two-layer manifold which has grooves cut into the surface of the first manifold layer in order to provide communication between the ports 60 and 62 . The grooves may be cut in the same manufacturing setup in which the surface of manifold layer 42 is machined. The grooves are sealed by a second manifold layer 49 to provide passageways for conducting fluid through the manifold. The surfaces between the two layers are lapped to a flatness of better than two light bands to insure leak tightness without the need for using a gasket. Inlet and outlet ports on the second manifold layer 49 are connected to the passageways in the first manifold layer 42 . For applications where very low flow is required and minimum volume in the pump is a requirement, the passageways can be very small yet accessible and easy to clean. While the invention has been shown and described with reference to preferred embodiments thereof, it should be understood that changes in the form and details of the invention may be made therein without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a cyanoethyl group-containing graft polymer. In particular, the present invention relates to a graft polymer comprising hydrocarbon polymer backbones to which cyanoethyl group-containing side chains are grafted, which has a high dielectric constant and a high ionic conductivity. Such a graft polymer is useful as a binder resin for positive and negative electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries or for organic dispersion type electroluminescent (EL) devices. 2. Prior Art Binder resins for electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries should have good ionic conductivity and also good resistance to a polar solvent (e.g. ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, etc.) which is a main component of an electrolyte (hereinafter referred to as "polar solvent resistance" and high adhesion to metal surfaces of electrode collectors. However, it is difficult for binder resins to have all of such required properties. Thus, fluororesins such as polyvinylidene fluoride resins are unavoidably used. Such resins have low ionic conductivity and poor adhesion to the metal surfaces of collectors, although they have good polar solvent resistance. The ionic conductivity has a large influence on the internal resistance of batteries. Therefore, it is desired to decrease the internal resistance as much as possible to improve the large current discharge properties of the lithium ion secondary batteries and to decrease discharge loss. However, the lithium ion batteries have a larger internal resistance than other secondary batteries such as nickel-cadmium secondary batteries or nickel-hydrogen secondary batteries. This is one of the disadvantages of the lithium ion secondary batteries. It is desirable for binder resins to have a molecular structure with high polarity, and a high dielectric constant to impart good ionic conductivity to the binder resins for electrodes, but polymers having high polarity have in general low polar solvent resistance. For example, conventional polymers comprising polyoxyethylene backbones or having cyanoethyl groups, which are known to have good ionic conductivity, have very low polar solvent resistance, and thus cannot be used practically. Accordingly, the ionic conductivity and polar solvent resistance are directly opposed properties, and are less compatible. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention to provide a graft polymer which has good polar solvent resistance and ionic conductivity. Another object of the present invention is to provide a binder resin suitable for electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries, for organic dispersion type electroluminescent devices, or for capacitors. Accordingly, the present invention provides a cyanoethyl group-containing graft polymer comprising a hydrocarbon polymer backbone comprising butadiene units, to which a cyanoethylated (meth)acrylate monomer of the formula: CH.sub.2 ═CR.sub.1 --COO--R.sub.2 --(OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CN).sub.m(I) wherein R 1 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl group; R 2 is a residue derived from a (m+1)-valent polyhydroxyl compound by the removal of all the hydroxyl groups; and m is an integer of at least 1. This monomer of the formula (I) will be referred to as "cyanoethyl monomer"). DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The hydrocarbon polymers constituting the backbones of the graft polymers of the present invention comprise butadiene monomeric units. That is, the hydrocarbon polymers are a homopolymer of butadiene, and copolymers of butadiene with at least one copolymerizable monomer (e.g. styrene, etc.). The copolymers may be random or block copolymers. Preferably, the polymer molecules consist of hydrocarbons, although they may partly contain non-hydrocarbon monomeric units. Preferable examples of such hydrocarbon polymers are polybutadiene, styrene-butadiene copolymers, styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymers, styrene-butadiene block copolymers, and the like. The monomeric units derived from butadiene may be 1,2-bonding or 1,4-bonding ones. The hydrocarbon polymers include rubbery elastic polymers having a molecular weight of several ten thousand to several million, and thermoplastic resins. It may be contemplated to use polymers comprising monomeric units derived from monomers having conjugated double bonds such as isoprene, chloroprene, and the like, except for the butadiene monomeric units. In this case, the graft degree of the above cyanoethyl monomer (I) tends to decrease. Thus, copolymerization of other monomers having conjugated double bonds is less preferable. The cyanoethyl monomer (I) used in the present invention may be prepared by addition reacting one mole of a (m+1)-valent polyhydroxyl compound of the formula (II): R.sub.2 --(OH).sub.m+1 (II) wherein R 2 and m are the same as defined above, with m moles of acrylonitrile to obtain a cyanoethyl compound of the formula (III): HO--R.sub.2 --(OCH.sub.2 CH.sub.2 CN).sub.m (III) wherein R 2 and m are the same as defined above, through the Michael addition reaction, and then esterifying the cyanoethyl compound of the formula (III) with one mole of acrylic or methacrylic acid or its chloride. Alternatively, the cyanoethyl monomer (I) may be prepared by esterifying one mole of the polyhydroxyl compound (II) with one mole of acrylic or methacrylic acid or its chloride, and then reacting the ester with m moles of acrylonitrile thought the Michael addition reaction. The polyhydroxyl compound (II) may be any compound having at least two hydroxyl groups, preferably 2 to 6 hydroxyl groups. That is, m is at least 1, preferably from 1 to 5. Examples of the polyhydroxyl compound (II) are ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol, propylene glycol, dipropylene glycol, tripropylene glycol, tetramethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, glycerol, diglycerol, triglycerol, trimethylolpropane, hexanetriol, erythritol, pentaerythritol, dipentaerythritol, xylitol, inositol, mannitol, sorbitol, and the like. Furthermore, compounds having polyoxyethylene chains prepared by the addition of 10 moles or less of ethylene oxide per one hydroxyl group to these polyhydroxyl compounds can be used. The cyanoethyl group-containing graft polymer according to the present invention may be prepared by graft polymerizing the cyanoethyl monomer (I) onto the above hydrocarbon polymer by any conventional method. For example, the cyanoethyl monomer (I) is radically polymerized in the presence of the hydrocarbon polymer optionally in the presence of organic solvents or other liquid mediums, by heat polymerization using radical polymerization initiators, or photopolymerization with radiation (e.g. γ-ray, electron beams, UV light, etc.). The amount of the cyanoethyl monomer (I) used in the graft polymerization depends on the application of the obtained graft polymers. For example, the amount of the cyanoethyl monomer (I) is between 10 and 60 wt. %, preferably between 15 and 50 wt. % based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon polymer and cyanoethyl monomer (I), when the graft polymers are used as binder reins for the positive or negative electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries. When the amount of the cyanoethyl monomer (I) is less than 10 wt. %, sufficient ionic conductivity is not attained. When this amount exceeds 60 wt. %, the polar solvent resistance of the graft polymer tends to deteriorate. The amount of the cyanoethyl monomer (I) is between 40 and 90 wt. %, preferably between 60 and 70 wt. % based on the total weight of the hydrocarbon polymer and cyanoethyl monomer (I), when the graft polymers are used as binder reins for organic dispersion type EL devices. In this case, no polar solvent resistance is required. The organic solvent or other liquid medium may be any conventionally used ones other than those having adverse effects on the graft polymerization, for example, solvents having a very large chain transfer constant such as chlorohydrocarbons (e.g. carbon tetrachloride, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, etc.) or compounds having a mercapto group. In particular, solvents in which both the hydrocarbon polymer and cyanoethyl monomer (I) are dissolved, for example, aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. xylene, toluene, etc.) are preferable for the uniform graft polymerization. Examples of the radical polymerization initiators are peroxides (e.g. benzoyl peroxide, dicumyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, dilauroyl peroxide, tert.-butyl hydroperoxide, etc.) and azo compounds (e.g. 2,2'-azobisbutyronitrile, 2,2'-azobis(4-methoxy-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile, etc.), which are widely used for radical polymerization. The radical polymerization initiator is selected from these initiators according to the polymerization temperature, kind of the used organic solvent, and the like. It is possible to use polymerization initiators having specific functional groups (e.g. a trimethoxysilyl group, a hydroxyl group, etc.), or polymeric initiators. In this case, graft polymers having such functional groups, or graft block polymers can be prepared. In the case of the photopolymerization with radiation, the polymerization initiators may be benzoin ether type, benzophenone type, benzoin type, ketal type, acetophenone type, or thioxanthone type polymerization initiators, when UV light is used. The polymerization initiators are not always used, when the electron beam and γ-ray are used as the radiation, and the graft polymerization proceeds easily. However, the electron beam and γ-ray require costly equipments. In the graft polymerization, mercaptans (e.g. n-butylmercaptan, dodecylmercaptan, cyclohexylmercaptan, etc.) may be used for the adjustment of a molecular weight or the suppression of side reactions such as crosslinking. In this case, graft polymers having specific functional groups can be prepared like in the case of the polymerization initiators having the specific functional groups. The graft polymerization of the cyanoethyl monomer (I) onto the hydrocarbon polymers can afford good ionic conductivity and give the graft polymers having good polar solvent resistance. If necessary, other copolymerizable monomers may be used in addition to the cyanoethyl monomer (I). The amount of the copolymerizable monomer(s) should be 50 wt. % or less of the total amount of the cyanoethyl monomer (I) and copolymerizable monomer(s). Specific examples of such copolymerizable monomers are acrylate esters (e.g. methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, n-butyl acrylate, cyclohexyl acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, etc.), methacrylate esters (e.g. methyl methacrylate, ethyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, lauryl methacrylate, 2-methoxyethyl methacrylate, etc.), aromatic vinyl compounds, (e.g. styrene, vinyltoluene, vinylalkylphenols. etc.), (meth)acrylates of alicyclic and aromatic alcohols (e.g. dicyclopentenyl (meth)acrylate, tricyclodecanyl (meth)acrylate, isobornyl (meth)acrylate, etc.), fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylates (e.g. 2,2,2-trifluoroethyl (meth)acrylate, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, 1,1,3,3,3-pentafluoropropyl (meth)acrylate, etc.), (meth)acrylates of monoalkoxypolyalkylene glycols (e.g. diethylene glycol monomethyl ether (meth)acrylate, tetraethylene glycol monomethyl ether (meth)acrylate, tripropylene glycol monobutyl ether (meth)acrylate, etc.), (meth)acrylamide, (meth)acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, dialkyl maleates, dialkyl itaconates, vinyl alkyl ethers, and the like. When the copolymerizable monomers are used, graft polymers having the specific functional group can be obtained by the use of monomers having the specific functional groups such as glycidyl methacrylate, allyl glycidyl ether, γ-methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, γ-methacryloxypropylmethyldimethoxysilane, 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, (meth)acroyl isocyanate, and the like. Also, graft polymers having the specific polymeric side chains can be obtained by the use of so-called macromonomers such as methacrylates having polystyrene side chanis or polymethyl methacrylate chains. Such monomers or macromonomers may be used according to the various properties of the graft polymers (e.g. mechanical strength, heat resistance, adhesion properties, polar solvent resistance, etc.). When the cyanoethyl group-containing graft polymer of the present invention is used in the lithium ion secondary batteries, the graft polymer is compounded with positive electrode active materials (e.g. LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2 , etc.), or negative electrode active materials (e.g. lithium ion-occlusion materials, for example, carbon materials such as graphite, carbon fiber, calcined carbon of pitch, and the like), and optionally viscosity modifiers, colorants, anti-aging agents and the like to prepare paste compositions, and then positive or negative electrodes are produced from the paste compositions. In addition, the graft polymer of the present invention can be used as a binder resin for organic dispersion type EL devices, electrochromic devices, capacitors, solic polymer electrolytes, and the like. EXAMPLES The present invention will be illustrated by the following examples. Examples 1-5 (1) Preparation of Cyanoethyl Monomer A 2 wt. % aqueous solution of NaOH (204 g), pentaerythritol (68.0 g, 0.5 mole) and methylene chloride (136 ml, 184.7 g) were charged in a three-neck flask. Then, acrylonitrile (84.9 g, 1.6 moles) was dropwise added over 4 hours with vigorous stirring and refluxing (internal temperature of 35 to 40° C.), followed by the reaction at the same temperature for 3 hours while stirring. After the reaction, the reaction mixture was kept standing, and separated into two layers (upper layer: aqueous layer, lower layer: methylene chloride layer). The aqueous layer was discarded, and the methylene chloride layer was washed with water until its alkalinity disappeared. After that, water and methylene chloride were evaporated off with a rotary pump under reduced pressure, and tricyanoethylated pentaerythritol was obtained. Then, methacrylic acid (52 g, 0.6 mole), p-toluenesulfonic acid (3.2 g), hydroquinone (0.03 g) (a polymerization inhibitor) and benzene (200 g) were added to the tricyanoethylated pentaerythritol (59 g, 0.2 mole), and reacted for 8 hours under refluxing while removing generated water, followed by the removal of excessive methacrylic acid with water, and tricyanoethylated pentaerythritol methacrylate (a cyanoethyl monomer) was obtained. The IR spectrum of this cyanoethyl monomer confirmed the presence of the --CN groups and double bonds. The purity of this monomer was 96.9% according to the GC analysis. (2) Preparation of Cyanoethyl Group-containing Graft Polymer Components shown in Table 1 were charged in a separable flask in amounts (wt. parts) as shown in Table 1, and polymerized at 80° C. for 3 hours while introducing nitrogen gas in the flask. Thus, the slightly milky-white semitransparent solution of the graft polymer was obtained. The mixture of methanol and water (weight ratio of 1:1) was added to the polymer solution to precipitate the graft polymer, which was washed and dried for purification. The obtained polymer of each Example was a milky-white solid and had rubbery properties. The IR spectrum of the polymer had the absorption peaks assigned to the --CN groups and >C═O groups. (3) Evaluation of Properties The ionic conductivity, dielectric constant, dielectric dissipation factor (tan δ) and polar solvent resistance of the graft polymers were measured and evaluated as follows: Ionic conductivity (except Example 5) To the 20 wt. % solution of the graft polymer in toluene, the 10 wt. % solution of LiBF 4 in ethylene glycol monoethyl ether was added so that the amount of LiBF 4 reached 1.0 wt. % of the graft polymer, and the obtained mixed solution was coated on an aluminum plate so that a dry thickness became about 100 μm, and dried at 120° C. for 60 minutes. Then, aluminum was vacuum deposited on the dried layer to form electrodes for measurement, and an ionic conductivity (S/cm) was measured with a LCZ meter at the frequency of 1 KHz at room temperature. Dielectric constant and dielectric dissipation factor A test sample was prepared in the same manner as in the measurement of the ionic conductivity except that no LiBF 4 was added to the graft polymer, and then the dielectric constant and dielectric dissipation factor were measured with a LCZ meter at the frequency of 1 KHz at room temperature. Polar solvent resistance (except Example 5) A test sample prepared in the same manner as in the measurement of the dielectric constant and dielectric dissipation factor was dipped in propylene carbonate at 40° C. for 48 hours, and then swelling of the graft polymer was observed. The results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1______________________________________Example No.1 2 3 4 5______________________________________KX-405CP 100 100 -- -- 100KX-65 -- -- 100 -- --BR-45 -- -- -- 100 --Cyanoethyl 20 60 40 30 120monomer (I)BPO 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5Toluene 400 400 400 400 400Ionic 3.4 × 10.sup.-6 6.6 × 10.sup.-5 4.8 × 10.sup.-6 5.6 × 10.sup.-6 --conductivity(S/cm)Dielectric 5.62 9.23 7.59 6.61 12.20constantDielectric 0.002 0.004 0.005 0.003 0.008dissipationfactorPolar solvent No No No No --resistance swelling swelling swelling swelling______________________________________ Notes: KX405CP and KX65: Styrenebutadiene-styrene (SBS) copolymers (Kryto D grades, both available from Shell Chemical Co., Ltd.). BR454: Polybutadiene rubber (available from Asahi Chemical Co., Ltd.). BPO: Benzoyl peroxide. Comparative Examples 1 and 2 The properties of a hydrocarbon polymer on which no cyanoethyl monomer (I) had been graft polymerized (Comparative Example 1) or a polyvinylidene fluoride which is widely used as a binder resin for electrodes (Comparative Example 2) were measured in the same manner as in Examples 1-5. The results are shown in Table 2. The hydrocarbon polymer used in Comparative Example 1 was a SBS copolymer (Kryton D KX-405CP) in the form of a 20 wt. % solution in toluene, and polyvinylidene fluoride in Comparative Example 2 was used in the form of a 15 wt. % solution in methypyrrolidone. For the measurement of the ionic conductivity, the 10 wt. % solution of LiBF 4 in ethylene glycol monoethyl ether was added so that the amount of LiBF 4 reached 1.0 wt. % of the polymer like in Examples. TABLE 2______________________________________ Comp. Ex. 1 Comp. Ex. 2______________________________________Ionic conductivity 4.5 × 10.sup.-12 8.6 × 10.sup.-12(S/cm)Dielectric constant 2.65 9.67Dielectric dissipation 0.002 0.003factorPolar solvent No swelling No swellingresistance______________________________________ As seen from the results in Tables 1 and 2, the graft polymers of the present invention have good properties suitable as binder resins for the electrodes of lithium ion secondary batteries (Examples 1-4) and as binder resins with a high dielectric constant for the organic dispersion type EL devices.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to an aboveground storage tank for various liquids, such as combustible, flammable liquids like motor fuel, and to methods for fabricating such tanks. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION For many years, underground storage tanks have been widely used in many industries to store chemicals and flammable or combustible liquids. One common use has been storage tanks for dispensing motor fuel and other petroleum products directly into motor vehicles. The earth surrounding such underground storage tanks has been viewed as providing a natural protective barrier for the tank, providing protection against interference from the surface environment and from natural and man-made occurrences and activities. Substantial technology for fabricating underground storage tanks has been developed over the years. As one example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,640,439 to Palazzo concerns a double wall storage tank for liquids that has been commercially utilized. More recently, environmental concerns due to the possibility of leaking fuel seeping into the soil or aquifers has resulted in altered requirements for such underground storage tanks by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). EPA's underground storage tank program that has evolved since then, provides generally accepted benchmarks for the safe, reliable underground storage of petroleum and hazardous liquid products. Since this federal program began, remediation costs have skyrocketed as a result of the need to clean up leaking tank and pipe sites, backfill and surrounding soil or groundwater. Partly as a result, market demand has shifted toward the use of aboveground storage tanks. An increasing trend toward the use of factory-fabricated aboveground storage tanks has thus resulted in the past few years. However, using aboveground storage tanks for dispensing liquid petroleum products required that the tank design satisfy the applicable fire codes. These fire codes were relatively restrictive as regards the use of such aboveground storage tanks for dispensing motor fuel and the like directly into motor vehicles. Further, all tanks storing flammable or combustible liquids, including tanks used for non-fueling purposes, required spill control. A dike structure surrounding tanks is one approach which satisfies the spill control requirement of various codes. In general, aboveground tanks for fuel dispensing systems were permitted in areas to which the public did not have access when installed in a special enclosure constructed in accordance with particular requirements. One modification that was eventually adopted was to define "special enclosure" to include six inches of concrete enclosing a fuel-dispensing aboveground storage tank. U.S. Pat. No. 4,826,644 to Lindquist et al. is one example of an aboveground steel storage tank entombed in a concrete vault structure. Even the various specifications and tests that had to be met by fuel-dispensing aboveground storage tanks were influenced by this concrete vault structure. Indeed, even currently, and although it is not particularly germane to a tank structure having an outer wall constructed of steel, one such test which is still required for aboveground fuel-dispensing tanks involves spraying water on the storage tank to determine, under certain conditions, whether the insulation (e.g., concrete) remains intact to spalls, as might occur with a concrete outer wall. Such concrete vault structures suffered from various drawbacks. Thus, one drawback was weight. The relatively heavy concrete vault structure limited the size of the storage tank if the desire was to fabricate the structure at one location and then ship to another location to be placed in service. Such heavier structures thus required more complicated transportation techniques and were also relatively costly. Quite recently, some fire codes have allowed aboveground storage tanks for fuel dispensing systems that are protected by a tested and approved tank enclosure assembly providing fire resistance protection of not less than 2 hours from exposure to a flammable liquid pool fire, provided that specific approval was obtained. An approved listing was that of Underwriters Laboratory Inc. (UL) or other equivalent third party testing laboratories. UL subject 2085, extensively sets forth the specifications, requirements, dimensions, as well as the performance, manufacturing and production tests that are necessary for fire protected aboveground tanks for fuel dispensing systems. The insulated tanks circumscribed are double wall storage tanks comprising a primary containment tank for the fuel and a secondary containment tank for containing the primary containment tank. Primary containment tanks are defined by their actual capacity with, for example, the primary containment horizontal cylindrical tanks having maximum diameters as well as minimum steel thickness, depending upon whether the steel is carbon or stainless steel. The minimum steel thickness specification, of course, increases with the increasing actual capacity of the primary containment tank. UL 2085 requires that the insulation system encase the primary containment tank, except that fittings and tank connections may protrude through the insulation system. In addition, the insulation system cannot interfere with the intended operation of the required means provided for emergency relief venting of the interstitial space between the primary and the secondary containment tank. Additionally, during a hydrocarbon pool fire test, the temperatures recorded on the primary tank and structural support any time during or after the two hour fire exposure cannot exceed a particular average maximum temperature rise (two criteria being set forth). Additional requirements dictate overfill prevention equipment, dispensers, spill control, and the like. Thus, the type, and even the positioning of valves and tank openings, are largely dictated by the respective standards. Because both industry and code authorities requested UL to develop a program to test a tank with insulation surrounding it, the UL 2085 subject utilizes the UL 142 tank as the basis for the primary containment tank. The secondary containment tank, which must also satisfy UL 142, was included to address concerns of primary containment tank leakage so as to prevent escape of the fuel or the like into a navigable stream or the creation of a petroleum spill pollution incident, or create or fuel a nearby fire. The double wall tanks thus provided in UL 2085 have the ability to use conventional double wall tank structures as have been used for a wide variety of liquids, chemicals and the like. Insulated structures such as cryogenic tanks and insulated heavy oil tanks while somewhat different structurally have also been available for many years. Among the several patents which have resulted as companies followed the evolving fire codes is U.S. Pat. No. 5,081,761 to Rinehart et al. which illustrates a lightweight, double wall tank. Two conventional cylindrical steel tanks spaced from one another are provided with a cementitious, curable insulating material, such as the commercially available Pyrocrete™ insulating material positioned in the interstitial space between the two tanks. The Pyrocrete™ material identified in the '761 patent has been commercially available for use in the fire protection of, among other applications, structural steel and LPG vessels since at least 1980's. As described in the '761 patent, when used as a fireproofing material between the two sealed tanks, rather than as an external coat exposed to the atmosphere, cured Pyrocrete™ retains a fixed amount of additional moisture. The slow evaporation of the additional moisture during an external fire condition is said to prolong the fireproofing function of the resultant tank structure to at least two-plus hours. Additionally, the Rinehart et al. patent applies the cementitious insulating material, mixed with water, in a conventional concrete or mortar mixture. The insulating material, in a viscous, plastic state, is pumped by a conventional mortar pump through a hose upwardly into all of the space between the interior and exterior tanks. Pumping the insulation material upwardly and filling the space between the bottom is said to eliminate air pockets and enable the dissemination of the material into all of the spaces between the tanks. With the double wall tank having any of a wide variety of insulating materials being positioned in the space being known in this field, the '761 patent concerns a method of fabricating a double wall storage tank of that type. However, there still exists the need for a method of fabricating a double wall storage tank in a manner more amenable to commercial use than is described in the '761 Rinehart et al. patent, as well as such a tank so fabricated that satisfies the UL 2085 requirement. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The above objectives and the short comings of the prior art are addressed in accordance with the present invention which provides for a novel double wall storage tank and method of fabrication. The present invention is directed to a lightweight double-wall storage tank which contains a lightweight insulation material within the interstice or space between the primary and secondary tanks. The insulation material is porous which allows a liquid leak from the storage tank to flow or migrate through the interstice to a monitoring point. More specifically, the double-wall tank comprises an assembly which includes an inner primary storage tank and a surrounding outer containment tank with the storage and containment tanks defining a substantially uniform space therebetween. The space between the tanks is filled with a cured lightweight porous monolithic material which comprises perlite, cement and water, and in the original slurry prior to curing, includes an air entrainment agent which provides for added porosity to the cured insulation material. The porosity of the cured monolithic structure is sufficient to allow liquid and vapors to flow through the structure, and in the case of a liquid leak, to allow its presence to be detected at a predetermined monitoring point or points within approximately 24 hours following the leakage of the liquid from the storage tank. A further advantage of the present invention is that the porous monolithic insulating structure which comprises cured cement and perlite, also contains both excess water and bound hydrated water which provides for added protection to the storage tank during an external fire. When subjected to an external fire, the external steel tank surface temperature rises relatively quickly to 2000° F., probably within the first half hour. At this point, a number of things happen. The first is that, due to the relatively high thermal conductivity of the insulation, the insulation material, and the interior tank, are heated to 212° F., the boiling point of water. The temperature in the insulation does not exceed 212° F. because this temperature cannot be exceeded until the free water has been boiled away. As the water boils from the insulation material, a thermal front is formed and all of the water boils at the surface of this front. Toward the inside of the tank from this front, the temperature is 212° F. and there is no boiling. Toward the outside of the insulation, relative to the front, the temperature is greater than 212° F. and all of the free water has been driven off. The rate of boiling drops off very quickly as this front moves from the outer surface to the inner surface of the insulation material. This is because insulation material which has its water removed is a good thermal insulator, much better than the insulation with its water. This effect tends to keep the temperature of the inner storage tank at a low level, and otherwise extends the fire insulating function of the assembly with respect to the storage tank. In addition to the above, the porosity of the insulating material is such that in the event that the insulating material is saturated with motor fuel and then the tank is subjected to a hydrocarbon pool fire, the insulating material is porous enough to allow the motor fuel to evaporate and burn off safely without the tank exploding or otherwise harming people, property or the environment. Also, as light weight and porous as the insulating material is, used in this unique way the resultant insulated tank is strong enough to stand up to a UL Vehicle Impact Test. In addition to the above, the tank structure of the present invention, does not require any internal support structure between the walls of the tank. In the event of an external fire, this structure provides for greater insulation for the internal storage tank in that there are minimal connecting metal contacts from the outside containment tank to the inside storage tank which would contribute to increasing the temperature of the storage tank during a fire. Another advantage of the insulating material of the present invention relates to corrosion. It is essential that the insulating material not create a leak through corrosion of the steel. Since perlite is a form of natural glass, it is considered chemically inert and has a pH of about 7. These properties of perlite does not contribute to any corrosion problem which could be associated with other insulating material of the prior art. The present invention provides a lightweight double wall tank of simple construction which satisfies both the UL 2085 and UL 142 requirements with respect to the 2-hour fire and secondary containment standards. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a horizontal cylindrical tank according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a side sectional view of the tank illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 3 is an end sectional view of the tank illustrated in FIG. 1. FIG. 3A is a partial enlarged sectional view of the tank side wall of FIG. 3. FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a rectangular tank design of the present invention. FIG. 5 is a side sectional view of the tank illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 6 is an end sectional view of the tank illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 6A is a partial enlarged sectional view of the tank side wall of FIG. 6. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to the drawings, FIG. 1 illustrates a perspective view of a cylindrical double wall tank 10 illustrating one embodiment of the present invention. The double wall tank 10 is disposed horizontally and comprises an outer containment tank 11 having a continuous, outer side wall or shell 12 and two end walls or heads 14 and 16, respectively. The double wall tank is typically supported on a pair of supports or saddles 18 and 20, respectively. FIGS. 2 and 3 illustrate cross-sectional side and end views, respectively, and illustrate the double wall construction of the present invention in which the wall 12 of containment tank 11 and the side wall or shell 22 of inner storage tank 13 forms a gap or interstitial space 24 which is filled with the monolithic porous insulating material 26 of the present invention, which is more specifically defined hereinafter (see also FIG. 3A). The thickness of the gap or interstice between the walls of the tank can range from about 21/2 to 6 inches. The double wall tank 10 is provided with conventional fittings, vents, and monitoring hardware illustrated by reference characters 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40. More specifically, the tank contains four-pipe fittings common to motor fuel storage tank systems 28. One of the fittings functions as an inlet to pour liquid into the tank and another to pump fuel from the tank for dispensing fuels to vehicles. The third fitting is typically used to monitor the liquid level in the tank and the fourth fitting is typically used for vapor recovery. The tank further contains secondary tank and primary tank emergency vents 30 and 38, respectively and a monitoring pipe 32 which is described in more detail hereinafter which functions to monitor leaks from the inner storage tank 13. The tank also may contain two upper fittings 34 and may contain a lower fitting 36 which are used to install the insulation material 26 and also contains a normal conventional vent 40. FIG. 4 illustrates a perspective view of a double wall rectangular tank 50 illustrating a second embodiment of the present invention. The double wall tank comprises an outer containment tank 52 (see FIGS. 5 and 6) having side walls 54 and 56, a top 58 and bottom 60, and two end walls 60 and 62, respectively The tank is supported on a pair of supports 64. FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate cross-sectional side and end view, respectively, and illustrate the double wall construction of the tank. The walls of the containment tank 52 and the walls of inner storage tank 70 form a gap or interstitial space 24 which is filled with the monolithic porous insulating material 26 of the present invention (see also FIG. 6a). The tank is provided with the same conventional fittings, vents and monitoring hardware illustrated by reference characters, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38 and 40 for cylindrical tank 10. The walls of the double wall tank are typically made of carbon steel as specified in UL 142 which is welded together by conventional techniques well known to the art. The wall thickness for these tanks range from about 0.093 to 0.375 inches depending upon tank capacity which can range from about 175 to 50,000 gallons for a cylindrical tank. All of the tank components are also welded together by conventional techniques well known to the art. For certain applications, the tank may be made of other metals or alloys such as, for example, stainless steel. In fabricating the double wall cylindrical tank, storage tank 13 may be positioned concentrically within the outer containment tank 11 on two pair of metal spacers 42 (spacer 66 for the rectangular tank) positioned near each end of the tank as shown in FIG. 3. The purpose of the spacers is to accurately position inner tank 13 within outer tank 11 in order to provide a uniform gap or interstitial space 24 between the two tanks. In forming the double wall cylindrical tank, the outer containment tank would have at least one open end, with for example, head or end wall 14 & 16 unattached. In one embodiment, the four metal spacers 42 are welded to the inner tank and the inner tank typically lifted with a crane and move horizontally for placement within the outer tank. The four spacers 42 ensure that a uniform concentric space 24 is maintained between the two tank walls. The spacers are configured to transfer only a minimum amount of heat from the outer tank to the storage tank in the event of an external fire. Following placement of the inner tank, end wall or head 14 or 16 is then welded in place. The various fittings, vents, and monitoring equipment, elements 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, and 40 are then fixed in place by techniques well known to the art. The material which fills space 24 is an insulating material which comprises perlite, cement, an air entrainment agent and water. Optionally, a small amount of plasticizer may also be used to control the viscosity of the mixture. The ingredients are mixed together with water in the appropriate proportions and poured or pumped into the space between the tanks, until the insulation is no more than approximately one inch from the top of the outer tank. The insulation may be applied from the top of the tank or through the bottom of the tank through ports 34 or 36. This aqueous mixture is allowed to cure, and sets to a compressive strength within the range of about 25 psi to 150 psi, depending upon the formulation and materials used. A compressive strength in this range has been found to be sufficient to support the tank structure without any internal support structure. The porosity of the cured insulation material must be sufficient to allow liquid or vapor to pass through it. Typically porosity should be in the range of about 40 to 80% by volume. This porosity range which provides for the necessary compressive strength of the cured insulation material. Perlite suitable for use in the present invention should typically have a density of about 4 lb/ft 3 to -10 lb/ft 3 and a sieve size of about 15%+8 to 50%+100. Perlite meeting these requirements can be purchased to specification from Strong-Lite Corp., of Pine Bluff, Ark. or Silbrico Corp. Hodgkins Ill. Perlite is a naturally occurring silicious rock or volcanic glass. The distinguishing feature which sets perlite apart from other similar minerals and volcanic glasses is that when heated to a suitable point in its softening range, it expands from four to twenty times its original volume. This expansion is due to the presence of two to six percent combined water in the crude perlite rock. When quickly heated to above 1600° F. (871° C.), the perlite rock pops in a manner similar to popcorn as the combined water vaporizes and creates countless tiny bubbles or voids which account for the light weight and other exceptional physical properties of expanded perlite, which is the type used in the present invention. Perlite is a form of natural glass. It is classified as chemically inert and has a pH of approximately 7. The cement used in the aqueous mixture is conventional Portland cement. The use of an air entrainment agent is an essential component in the formulation of the insulation material of the present invention in that it produces air bubbles in the aqueous mixture which reduces the density by increasing the void space in the cured insulating material. Suitable air entrainment agents include vinsol resins, available from Master Builders, of Cleveland, Ohio and from W.R. Grace Chemical Co. of Cambridge Mass. under the tradename Daravair-R. The porosity of the insulation material of the present invention is essential for two reasons. First, it is necessary to monitor the interstitial space, or gap, between the two walls of the double wall tank, for leaks from the primary storage tank. Fluid leaking from the primary tank flows through the porous insulation forming a pool at the bottom of the secondary tank. In one embodiment, the monitoring is done by providing the tank with a monitoring pipe located between the two walls of the tank. In this embodiment, the pipe is placed through the insulation material. The pipe, typically is 11/2 inches in diameter and is placed through the top of the secondary or containment tank, next to the head of the tank, all the way down to the bottom of the secondary tank. The bottom of the pipe or its cover is slotted or perforated to allow the liquid to run into the pipe. Leaks are detected by either placing a dip-stick into the monitoring pipe to detect the liquid, or by the use of any conventional leak detection device sold on the market. Porosity is also necessary to allow vapors to be released from the secondary containment tank in the event of a fire. These vapors are generated in the interstice and may be from either the product stored in the inner storage tank if there had been a undetected leak into the secondary containment area before the fire, or it may be water vapor being released from the insulation material itself. The vapors travel through the insulation material out through an emergency vent located near the top center of the tank. In addition to the size and density of the perlite, other factors which influence the porosity of the cured insulation material include the ratio of water to cement, and ratio of perlite to cement which preferably is about 8:1 by volume. Other factors which effect porosity include how much the material has been allowed to dry, the quantity of air entrainment agents used, and if other additives are used such as plasticizers. In filling the interstice of the tank the aqueous mixture is poured or pumped into the interstice between the tank walls and is allowed to cure and harden into a porous material capable of insulating the inner tank to meet the requirements of UL 2085 or other third party testing lab. The cured insulating material hardens into a porous monolithic structure. Water is added in sufficient quantities to enable the material to be poured. The quantity of water and air entrainment agent need to be carefully controlled to maintain the correct combination of compressive strength and porosity. Generally, the lighter the end product, the lower the compressive strength. The more air in the mix, the lighter the end product. The quantity of air entrained is dependent on the quantity of air entrainment additive used, length of mix time, and the size and density of perlite used. A ratio of 1/4 pint of air entrainment agent to every 2 gallons of water has been found to be satisfactory. The following material specifications illustrate one embodiment of a formulation suitable for use in making insulation layers of the present invention. Material Specifications Perlite grade size: Minimum 50% † 100 Mesh; Maximum 15% † 8 Mesh. Perlite density: 4-10 lbs per cubic foot Cement: Portland Cement Air Entrainment Agent: vinsol resin Formula 1.75-2.25 gallons water 1 cubic foot perlite 11.8 lbs cement 1/4 pint Air Entrainment Agent Wet density of the above mix should range from 28-40 lbs. per cubic foot A suitable ratio of perlite to cement to water to air entrainment agent by volume=8:1:2:0.03 The following example illustrates a suitable procedure for formulating, pouring, and curing the insulating material of the present invention. EXAMPLE Add air entrainment agent to water in mixer. Mix until frothy. Add cement and mix for 1-2 minutes, or until well blended. Add perlite and mix for a minimum amount of time. Check the wet density of the mix. Continue mixing, if necessary, to achieve the desired wet density of the mix. If mixture is to be pumped, place hose to the bottom of the tank through an opening port on the top of the tank, or, connect hose to a fitting at the bottom of the tank. Pump mixture into the interstice and measure the wet density periodically. Continue batches until the insulation is no more than approximately one inch from the top of the outer tank. Allow mixture to cure and harden for 24 hours at above 70° F. At temperatures between 40°-70° F. the curing should be a minimum of 48 hours. The double wall steel tank of the present invention provides the following advantages over tanks currently being used in the field. 1. The outer steel shell of the containment tank provides a physical and environmental protection to the porous insulation. 2. The outer wall has as its primary purpose to provide secondary containment so that in the event of a leak in the primary tank, product is confined by the outer wall. It also serves as the insulation form, providing an easy method of forming the porous monolithic insulation layer. 3. The outer wall provides physical protection for the insulating against collisions. Collisions with the tank can occur during a fire if a structural beam or other object falls on the tank or by vehicular impact. If the steel were not present, the monolithic insulation could be broken, causing it to fall away from the tank which would result in total or partial loss of insulation around portions of the primary tank. Because of the presence of the steel wall, even if the insulation is fractured, the outer steel wall keeps the insulation in place. 4. Because of the outer steel wall, it is not necessary for the insulation to have a high compressive strength. The steel shell contains the insulation and prevents it from moving in the event the monolith is fractured. 5. The inner tank is kept cool because of the actions of the monolithic insulation acting as an insulator, by heat being absorbed by vaporizing both bound and excess water contained in the insulation, and by heat being absorbed in heating steam and product vapor from their boiling points to their temperature when they leave the tank system. It is believed that the outer shell of the present invention increases the residence time of the steam and product vapor by forcing them to flow through the insulating to the tank vents. Because of the longer residence time, these vapors will be hotter and will have absorbed more heat than would be the case if they could freely leave the insulation at any point on its surface. In summary, the double wall structure of the present invention provides for a light weight storage tank having a porous insulation material which is designed to support the weight of the inner storage tank without any significant internal support structure. Furthermore, the tank of the present invention satisfies both UL 2085 and UL142 and UFC 79-4 requirements with respect to the 2-hour fire and secondary containment standards. Although the description of the invention has included a description of a preferred embodiment and modifications and variations, other modifications and variations of the invention can also be used, the invention being defined by the appended claims.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] None. STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0002] None. REFERENCE TO A “SEQUENCE LISTING” [0003] None. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0004] 1. Field of the Invention [0005] The present invention relates generally to a solar powered light and more particularly to a solar powered light for providing an alternative or additional light source in a light fixture. [0006] 2. Description of Related Art [0007] Over recent years, there has been volatility in the price of electricity. In addition to price volatility, the use of certain fuels has been found to be harmful to the environment. For example, when electricity is generated from coal, large amounts of carbon dioxide are emitted into the environment, which contributes to poor air quality and global warming. As a result, many are interested in using alternative energy sources which are less expensive and more environmentally friendly. One type of alternative energy source that is becoming increasingly popular is solar power. Solar power is a renewable power source that produces power at a fuel cost of zero and can be used in a variety of settings, including but not limited to residential, municipal and commercial property settings. [0008] A problem with solar power, however, is that there is a significant upfront cost associated with obtaining the equipment and components necessary to utilize a solar power system. Thus, although many individuals are interested in utilizing solar power, the upfront expense of switching from the electric power grid to solar power is prohibitively expensive. [0009] What is needed then is a solar powered light that can be integrated with or attached to light fixtures connected to the electric grid. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] Certain embodiments of the present invention are directed to a solar powered light for providing an additional or alternative lighting source in a light fixture and provide one or more benefits and advantages not previously offered in the art, including but not limited to a solar powered light that can be added to an existing light fixture. Another advantage of the present invention is that it provides a solar powered lighting option to individuals that do not want to make the initial investment of transferring from the electric grid to solar power. Further, the present invention includes a light fixture having lights powered from multiple power sources. [0011] In one configuration, the present invention comprises a light assembly comprising a globe having a lighting element powered by the electric grid and a solar powered lighting element. A solar panel is coupled to the solar powered lighting element and collects light to generate power for the solar powered lighting element. A rechargeable power source is coupled to the solar panel and the solar powered lighting element for storing the power generated by the solar panel and powering the solar powered lighting element. The present invention can include a sensor for detecting an ambient light level. The solar powered lighting element is then activated when the ambient light level is below a desired ambient light level. The present invention can also include an additional sensor for detecting output levels of the solar powered lighting element. The lighting element powered by the electric grid is then activated when the output level of the solar powered lighting element is below a desired output level and when the ambient light level is below a desired ambient light level. [0012] The present invention also includes a method of retrofitting a light fixture with a solar powered light comprising attaching a solar powered lighting element to a globe of a light fixture, the light fixture having at least one lighting element connected to an electrical grid power source. Light is collected with a solar panel coupled to the solar powered lighting element and power is generated from the collected sun light. The power generated from the sun light is stored with a rechargeable power source. The ambient light level may be sensed by a sensor and the solar powered lighting element may be illuminated with the power from the rechargeable power source when an ambient light level is lower than a pre-determined ambient light level. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWING(S) [0013] The foregoing features of this invention, as well as the invention itself, may be more fully understood from the following description of the drawings in which: [0014] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a light fixture having an electrical grid powered light and a solar powered light coupled to a solar panel mounted to a separate structure. [0015] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of the light fixture having an electrical grid powered light and a solar powered light coupled to a solar panel mounted to the light fixture. [0016] FIG. 3 is a bottom perspective view of the light fixture showing an electrical grid powered light and a solar powered light. [0017] FIG. 4 is a top perspective view of the light fixture which is capable of being mounted to an electrical grid power source. [0018] FIG. 5 is a bottom perspective view of the light fixture showing an electrical grid powered light, a solar powered light, and an additional solar panel positioned to collect light from the electrical grid powered light. [0019] FIG. 6 is perspective view of a free standing light fixture showing an electrical grid powered light and a solar powered light. [0020] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a free standing light showing an electrical grid powered light, a solar powered light and an additional solar panel positioned to collect light from the electrical grid powered light. [0021] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary control circuit for controlling the operation of the various components of an exemplary embodiment of the invention. [0022] FIG. 9 is a flow diagram depicting an embodiment of a method of retrofitting a light fixture with a solar powered light. [0023] FIG. 10 is a continuation of the flow diagram of FIG. 9 depicting an embodiment of a method of retrofitting a light fixture with a solar powered light. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0024] At the outset, it should be appreciated that like drawing numbers on different drawing views identify identical structural elements of the invention. While the present invention is described with respect to what is presently considered to be the preferred embodiment, it is understood that the invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment. [0025] Furthermore, it is understood that the invention is not limited to the particular methodology, materials, and modifications described and as such may vary. It is also understood that the terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular elements only, and is not intended to limit the scope of the present invention, which is limited only by the appended claims. [0026] Referring to the Figures, FIGS. 1-5 show a light fixture 10 having a housing 12 , a globe 14 , and lighting element 16 disposed within the globe 14 . The light fixture 10 is connected to an electric grid power source 18 . The light fixture 10 further includes a solar powered lighting element 20 disposed within the globe 14 and connected to a solar power source. That is, lighting element 20 is connected to a solar panel 22 and to a rechargeable power source 24 as discussed in further detail below. The solar powered lighting element 20 provides an alternative or additional lighting source to the lighting element 16 in the light fixture 10 . A sensor 26 is connected to the solar powered lighting element 20 to detect the ambient light levels and activates the solar powered lighting element 20 when the ambient light levels are below a certain desired level. In one configuration, a second sensor 28 is connected to the lighting element 16 and activates the lighting element 16 when the ambient light level is below the desired level and when the solar powered lighting element 20 is lower than a desired minimum light output level. [0027] The light fixture 10 can be any type of configuration wherein a lighting element 16 is contained within a globe 14 . By globe 14 , it is meant that the light fixture includes a portion that at least partially covers the lighting element 16 and is coupled to a single electric grid power source. For example, the globe 14 may be any type of shade, jar, can, diffuser, or any other type of glass, plastic, metal light housing that is coupled to a single electric grid power source. In one configuration, the light fixture 10 is an outdoor light for residential, municipal, or commercial purposes. For example, the light fixture may be an outdoor porch light, recreational light, or free standing light. Alternatively, the light fixture 10 can be located within a naturally-lit indoor area. Typically, the electrical grid powered light fixture 10 is connected to the electrical grid by wires to receive power. The electrical grid powered lighting element 16 can be operated by a switch, for example, a wall switch, to turn the lighting element 16 on and off. The lighting element 16 is preferably an incandescent light, fluorescent light, including but not limited to compact fluorescent lights and linear fluorescent lights, high intensity discharge lights, halogen light, or light emitting diode (LED) light. It should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that the lighting element 16 may include just one light bulb or a plurality of light bulbs. [0028] As shown in the figures, the lighting element 20 is preferably a solar powered light that is self-powered by the solar panel 22 . The solar panel 22 comprises a plurality of electrically connected photovoltaic cells. A plurality of solar panels 22 can also be used. The solar panel 22 can be mounted proximate to the light fixture, for example on the building structure itself, as shown in FIG. 1 . In another configuration, as shown in FIG. 2 , the solar panel 22 is contained within a housing 12 of the light fixture 10 . It should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that additional solar panels can be used and these modifications are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention as claimed. For example, as shown in FIG. 5 , an additional solar panel 22 can be mounted within the globe 14 to collect light from the lighting element 16 powered by the electrical grid. Thus, if the lighting element 16 is illuminated by power from the electric grid, solar power can be generated from the lighting element 16 . [0029] The rechargeable power source 24 is preferably one or more rechargeable batteries of a conventional design, which are capable of storing power that is generated by the solar panel 22 so that it can be used at a later time to power the lighting element 20 . The lighting element 20 is preferably an LED since LED lights are energy efficient and long lasting. However, other types of light elements can be used including, but not limited to, incandescent, halogen, fluorescent and high intensity discharge lights. In an embodiment of the invention, at least one mirror 32 can be operatively positioned within the housing 12 of the light fixture 10 to focus and reflect the light in a preferred direction. [0030] The sensor 26 monitors the ambient light levels. The sensor 26 determines whether the transition from day to night has occurred. When the sensor 26 determines that the light level is lower than a pre-determined light level, for example, dusk, the sensor 26 will switch on the solar powered lighting element 20 . When the sensor 26 determines that the ambient light level is greater or equal to the pre-determined light level, the sensor will switch off the solar powered lighting element. [0031] The sensor 28 simultaneously monitors the light output level of the lighting element 20 . The sensor 28 determines whether the light output level of the lighting element 20 is lower than a minimum light output level. If the light output level of the lighting element 20 is lower than the minimum light output level, then the sensor will switch on the lighting element 16 . However, the lighting element 20 will only be switched on if the sensor 26 has determined that the ambient light level is lower than a pre-determined light level. [0032] It should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that additional components may be used to increase the light output level of the lighting element 20 as the ambient light level decreases and this modification is intended to be within the scope of the invention as claimed. Further timers or manual switches may also be used to switch on and off the lighting elements 16 , 20 . [0033] The configuration in FIG. 4 shows that the light fixture 10 can be attached to a pre-existing electrical grid power source for a light fixture to provide a retro-fit light fixture. The light element 20 in this configuration is integral to the light fixture 10 . [0034] As shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 , a pre-existing light fixture 10 can be retro-fit with a solar powered lighting element 20 contained within a housing 30 , wherein the solar panel 22 is disposed on a top portion 32 of the housing 30 and the lighting element 20 is coupled to the bottom portion 34 of the housing 30 . The lighting element 20 , therefore, is positioned within the globe 14 . To attach the housing 30 to the pre-existing light fixture 10 , a hole can be drilled through the housing 12 of the light fixture 10 and the top portion 32 of the housing 30 is disposed on top of the housing 12 of the light fixture 10 and over hole. In a configuration of the invention, one pre-existing light fixture 10 can include multiple housings 30 having the lighting element 20 and solar panel 22 . It should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill that the housing 30 can further include certain other components for powering the lighting element 20 disclosed herein, including but not limited to a rechargeable battery 24 , sensors 26 , 28 and controller 21 . As shown in FIG. 7 , at least one additional solar panel 22 can be installed within the globe 14 to collect power from the lighting element 16 when illuminated. Further, it should be appreciated that the housing 12 of the original light fixture 10 can be removed and replaced with a retro-fitted housing 12 having the solar panel(s) 22 , lighting element 20 , battery 24 , sensors 26 , 28 and controller 21 integrated therein. [0035] FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of an exemplary control circuit 19 for controlling the operation of the various components of an exemplary embodiment of the invention. The control circuit 19 shown in FIG. 8 controls the operation of various components as will be described in more detail below. [0036] While control circuit 19 contemplates a standard 120 volt AC electric grid power source 18 , it should be appreciated by those having ordinary skill in the art that other arrangements that function in substantially the same way may also be employed using either higher or lower voltages, AC or DC, logic levels or the like, as long as the function or functions provided by the circuit of FIG. 8 are carried out. [0037] As shown in FIG. 8 , the lighting element 16 is connected to the electrical grid power source 18 while the lighting element 20 is connected to the battery 24 which is rechargeable by the solar panel 22 . The lighting elements 16 and 20 are both contained within the globe 14 . [0038] The ambient light sensor 26 detects ambient light levels and controls switches 25 and 27 . When the sensor 26 is in an ambient light level that is below a pre-determined ambient light level, the switch 25 is switched to the on position and power flows from the rechargeable battery 24 to illuminate the lighting element 20 . Pre-determined ambient light levels may be, for example, when the sensor 26 is in darkness or at dusk light levels. Sensor 28 detects the output level of the lighting element 20 powered by solar panel 22 and also controls switches 25 and 27 . If the battery 24 does not have enough power stored to power lighting element 20 to illuminate the lighting element 20 to a minimum output level, and if the ambient light sensor 26 determines that the ambient light level is below a pre-determined ambient light level, then switch 27 is switched to the on position and power flows from the electric grid 18 to illuminate the lighting element 16 . Typically, the switch 25 is then switched to the off position. Once the ambient light sensor 26 is no longer below the pre-determined ambient light level, switch 25 and/or switch 27 are switched to the off position. In one configuration, the battery 24 can be at least partially recharged when the solar panel 22 collects light from the lighting element 16 . A charge controller 21 is preferably wired between the solar panel(s) 22 and the battery 24 to monitor and control the current from the solar panel(s) 22 and to shut the power off when the battery 24 is fully charged to prevent over-charging and damage to the battery 24 . In one configuration, a resistor 23 limits the amount of current directed to the lighting element 20 and controls the brightness of the lighting element 20 . The amount of light produced by the lighting element 20 can be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the amount of current used to power the lighting element 20 . An additional solar panel may be added such that one solar panel collects light from the sun light and another solar panel collects light from the lighting element 16 when lighting element 16 is illuminated. [0039] Referring to FIGS. 9 and 10 , an embodiment of a method of retrofitting a light fixture with a solar powered light is depicted. Generally, according to step 100 , the solar powered lighting element 20 is attached to the light fixture 10 that has at least one lighting element 16 , which lighting element 16 is connected to the electrical grid power source 18 . Then, a solar panel 22 , which is connected to the lighting element 20 and the rechargeable power source 24 collects light according to step 102 . Power is generated from the sun light by the solar panel 22 as set forth in step 104 . The rechargeable power source 24 is used to store the power generated by the solar panel 22 , as set forth in step 106 . According to step 108 , the sensor 26 senses the ambient light level and, as set forth in step 110 , determines whether the ambient light level is lower than a predetermined ambient light level. If the ambient light level is lower than a pre-determined ambient light level, the solar powered lighting element 20 is illuminated as set forth in step 114 . As set forth in step 112 , if the ambient light level not lower than a pre-determined ambient light level, the solar powered lighting element 20 then the solar powered lighting element 20 is not illuminated. [0040] According to step 116 , an output light level of the solar powered lighting element 20 is also sensed by a sensor 28 . As set forth in step 118 , the sensor determines whether the output light level of the solar powered lighting element 20 is lower than a predetermined minimum output level. If the output light level of the solar powered lighting element 20 is not lower than a predetermined minimum output level, then the lighting element 16 connected to the electrical grid power is not illuminated as set forth in step 120 . If the output light level of the solar powered lighting element 30 is lower than a predetermined minimum output level, and the ambient light level is lower than a pre-determined ambient light level as previously determined in step 110 , then the lighting element 16 connected to the electrical power grid 18 is illuminated. [0041] Although the present invention has been described in terms of particular embodiments, it is not limited to these embodiments. Alternative embodiments, configurations or modifications which will be encompassed by the invention can be made by those skilled in the embodiments, configurations, modifications or equivalents may be included in the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the appended claims.

4y

REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of my copending application Ser. No. 07/372,839, filed on June 29, 1989. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A. Field of the Invention. The present invention relates to apparatus for preventing unauthorized entry into buildings via window openings. More particularly, the invention relates to a portable apparatus which may be installed in a window opening to permit air and light to enter a building, while preventing persons from entering the building through the window opening. B. Discussion of Background Art. It is an unfortunate fact that the crime rate in our country is on the increase. Thus, many individuals who because of their geographic location, away from high crime rate areas, or for other reasons, felt themselves immune from the crime problem, must now confront one manifestation of that problem; namely the ever-increasing rate of business and residential burglaries. Most rational individuals would not wish the material fruits of their labors to be stolen from them by burglars. More importantly, most people are genuinely concerned that those criminals who would break into their dwelling places or residences to steal their possessions often are the type of individuals who would just as soon kill or injure the owner or his loved ones, should they be present during the course of a burglary. As a result of their concern for the protection of their property, and the lives of themselves and their loved ones, a substantial percentage of the population have begun to take measures to protect themselves from burglars. For example, many homeowners and business owners have installed more secure door locks, and burglar alarms in their homes and shops. Another form of protection which has found increasing favor are security bar devices which, when installed over window openings or doorways, provide a very effective barrier to unauthorized entry through the protected opening. Such security bar devices generally take the form of a grill comprising a parallel array, or lattice array of heavy metal bars which are spaced closely enough to prevent passage through the array by a person. Security bar devices of the type described above generally provide an effective means of preventing undesired entry to buildings through the protected areas. However, most such security bar device suffer from one or more disadvantages which limit their wider usage. For example, many older security bar devices are not equipped with a safety mechanism which permits escape of the building occupants in the case of fire or other accidents within the building, or the entrance of firemen or other emergency personnel. Unfortunately, the absence of such a safety release provision in some security bar devices has resulted in the tragic loss of life. Although there are now available security bar devices that are provided with safety release mechanisms, these as well as the older type security bar devices have an inherent feature which limits their more widespread usage. Specifically, most available security bar devices are relatively heavy and costly, and are intended for relatively permanent, and correspondingly costly, installation. Accordingly, such security bar devices are generally unsuitable for people who rent, or have limited incomes. Some devices have been disclosed which would seem to address the problem of providing a security bar device which might be usable in non-permanent installation applications. Typical of such disclosures are those contained in the following U.S. Pat. Nos.: Iyersen, 4,757,465, Mar. 18, 1986, Security Grill Apparatus for Doors and Windows. Zilkha, 4,624,072, Nov. 25, 1986, Adjustable Security Window Gates. Merklingen, et al., 4,671,012, June 9, 1987, Security Barrier. Jokel, 4,680,890, July 21, 1987, Window Intrusion Barrier. The present invention was conceived of to provide a security grill apparatus which is highly portable and useable in window openings of various dimensions. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a portable security grill apparatus which may be readily installed in a window opening, while providing an effective bar to entrance by individuals through the window opening. Another object of the invention is to provide a portable security grill apparatus for windows which is readily adjustable to fit within various height spaces between a window sill and the bottom of a raised window. Another object of the invention is to provide a portable security grill apparatus for windows which may be quickly and securely clamped into a compressively locking contact between parallel structural members, such as the lower surface of a raised window and the upper surface of a window sill. Another object of the invention is to provide a portable security grill apparatus for windows which may be optionally secured in locking position with a key lock, after being compressively locked into position. Another object of the invention is to provide a portable security grill apparatus for window openings which may be quickly unlocked and removed from a window opening. Various other objects and advantages of the present invention, and its most novel features, will become apparent to those skilled in the art by perusing the accompanying specification, drawings and claims. It is to be understood that although the invention disclosed herein is fully capable of achieving the objects and providing the advantages described, the characteristics of the invention described herein are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiment. Accordingly, I do not intend that the scope of my exclusive rights and privileges in the invention be limited to details of the embodiments described. I do intend that equivalents, adaptations and modifications of the invention, reasonably inferable from the description contained herein be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly stated, the present invention comprehends a portable security grill apparatus for removable installation in openings in the walls of structures such as shops, industrial buildings, and dwelling places such as homes and apartments. The apparatus according to the present invention is particularly well adapted to removable installation in window frames with the window slid to an open upper or side position. The apparatus prevents unauthorized entrance through the window opening, while allowing the window to be open for ventilation purposes, and allowing light to enter the room protected. The portable security grill apparatus according to the present invention includes a grill comprising a plurality of regularly spaced horizontally disposed rigid metal bars, welded to a plurality of vertically disposed, hollow rigid metal bars. The lower ends of the vertical bars are fastened to a horizontally disposed, flat lower beam adapted to seat firmly against the upper surface of a window sill. The upper ends of each of the hollow vertical bars slidably contains a shorter steel bar. Each of the upper ends of the shorter steel bars is in turn attached to the bottom of a horizontally disposed, flat upper beam adapted to seat firmly against the lower surface of an open window, or window frame. At least one toggle clamp mechanism is connected between a slidable steel bar and the hollow steel bar in which it is positioned. When the toggle clamp mechanism is compressed into its closed position, the slidable steel bar is forced upwards with respect to the hollow steel tube to which it is joined by the toggle clamp mechanism. Thus, closing the toggle clamp forces a slidable steel bar to move telescopically upwards, moving the upper beam upwards. Means are included within the toggle clamp mechanism to adjust the amount of upward travel of the upper beam. Also, the toggle clamp mechanism is so constructed as to have a substantial mechanical force advantage. Therefore, a substantial compressive force may be exerted between the upper and lower window frame members when the toggle clamp is closed. That force is sufficiently large to preclude pulling the security bar apparatus from the window frame, without releasing the toggle clamp operating lever. Since this lever is located inside the structure protected, it is not accessible to an intruder. In the preferred embodiment of the apparatus, a key lock is attached to the toggle clamp, permitting release cf the toggle clamp lever only by first inserting a key and turning the key lock to an unlocked position. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an inside elevation view of the security grill apparatus according to the present invention, showing the apparatus installed in a window opening. FIG. 2 is a fragmentary side elevation view of the apparatus of FIG. 1, on a somewhat enlarged scale, showing the apparatus in a retracted position. FIG. 3 is a view similar to FIG. 2, but showing the apparatus in an extended position. FIG. 4 is a fragmentary side elevation view of the apparatus of FIG. 1, showing the toggle clamp mechanism in a closed and locked position. FIG. 5 is a fragmentary front elevation view of the apparatus of FIG. 4, showing the lever of a toggle clamp forming part of the apparatus pivoted into an upward position. FIG. 6 is a fragmentary side elevation view of the apparatus showing a variation in the mechanism permitting expansion of the apparatus to fit varied window spans. FIG. 7 is another fragmentary side elevation view showing the adjustment capability of the embodiment of FIG. 6. FIG. 8 an enlarged view of the area within line 8-8' of FIG. 7. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 5, a portable security grill apparatus 10 is shown. As shown in FIG. 1, the apparatus 10 is vertically positioned for installation in a window frame with a vertically slidable window in its upper position. However, the apparatus may also be horizontally oriented for installation in a window frame having a horizontally slidable window. As shown in FIG. 1, the security grill apparatus includes a grill 11 having a plurality of elongated straight rigid metal bars 12. Bars 12 are arranged in vertically disposed parallel positions, at regular horizontal intervals, and all lie in a common plane. As may be seen best by referring to FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, at least the upper end of each of the bars 12 contains a hollow coaxial bore 13 extending longitudinally inward some distance from the upper transverse face 14 of the bar 12. Preferably, bars 12 are fabricated from square cross-section, hollow steel tubes. When so fabricated, bore 13 has a square cross-sectional shape, and extends through the entire length of a bar 12. The lower transverse ends 15 of bars 12 are welded or otherwise secured to a flat, elongated rectangular base plate 16 made of steel or other rigid material. The lower surface of base plate 16 is fastened in flush contact with a flat, elongated rectangular wooden base beam 17. Base beam 17 has a flat bottom, and is of approximately the same width as, but of slightly greater depth than, base plate 16. Base beam 17 is secured to base plate 16 by screws, adhesive, or any other suitable means. As may be seen best by referring to FIG. 1, grill 11 of security grill apparatus 10 includes a plurality of elongated, straight rigid metal cross bars 18, such as upper bar 18A and lower bar 18B. Cross bars 18 are arranged in horizontally disposed parallel positions, at regular vertical intervals. The cross bars 18 are welded to the front, or inner surface of vertical bars 12, thus forming therewith a rigid, planar grill structure. Cross bars 18 may be fabricated from the same type of steel tubing as vertical bars 12, if desired. As may be seen best by referring to FIG. 1, grill 11 of security bar apparatus 10 includes an upper section 19 of smaller height than the lower section 20 described above. Upper section 19 is vertically telescopable with respect to lower section 20 of the grill 11, in a manner which will now be described. As shown in FIGS. 1, 2 and 3, the vertically telescopable upper section 19 of grill 11 includes an upper elongated rectangular flat steel roof plate 21, which is substantially identical to base plate 16, and is positioned in a parallel, overlying position with respect to the base plate. Also, upper section 19 of grill 11 includes an elongated, flat rectangular wooden roof beam 22, which is substantially identical to base beam 17. In a construction exactly similar to that of base beam 17 and base plate 16, roof beam 22 is attached to the upper surface of roof plate 21. As may be seen best by referring to FIG. 1, upper telescopable section 19 of grill 11 includes a plurality of straight, relative short metal bars 23. Short metal bars 23 are fastened to steel roof plate 21, and extend perpendicularly downwards from the roof plate. The short metal bars 23 have smaller outer cross-sectional dimensions than the corresponding dimensions of the bores 13 in long vertical bars 12. Also, the horizontal spacing and positioning of short bars 23 are of the proper dimensions to permit the upper section 19 of grill 11 to move up and down vertically with respect to lower section 20 while maintaining the upper and lower sections in secure horizontal positions relative to one another, with the upper roof beam 22 in parallel alignment with the lower base beam 17. As shown in FIG. 1, at least one toggle clamp mechanism 24 is operatively interconnected between the upper portion of a hollow vertical tube 12 and a short vertical bar 23 which is telescopically slidably located within the bore 13 of the vertical bar 12. Preferably, security bar apparatus 10 includes two such toggle clamp mechanisms 24, spaced at equidistant intervals from the lateral sides of the grill 11. The structure and operation of toggle clamp mechanism 24 may be best understood by referring to FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5. FIG. 2 illustrates the toggle clamp mechanism 24 in an open position, in which the short metal bars 23 are in a downward, retracted relationship relative to the lower vertical bars 12. In this position, with the lower surface of base beam 17 resting on the upper surface A of a window frame, the upper surface 25 of roof beam 22 is positioned below the lower surface D of a raised window C. As shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, the toggle clamp mechanism 24 includes a channel frame section 26 which is fastened to an outer vertical surface of a lower rigid vertical bar 12. The toggle clamp mechanism 24 also includes a multi-component lever mechanism 27 which is vertically slidably attached to the channel frame section 26, and pivotally attached to a short vertically disposed, metal upper bar 23, the latter being vertically slidable within the bore 13 of lower tubular bar 12. As shown in FIGS. 2, 3, 4 and 5, the lever mechanism 27 of toggle clamp mechanism 24 includes a base plate 28, an operating arm 39, and an engagement lug 30. The base plate 28 of lever mechanism 27 is vertically slidably supported within channel frame section 26, as will now be described. Channel frame section 26 has a tubular lower end 31 of relatively short length, t@e major, upper portion of the channel frame section 26 having the shape of a vertically elongated, open U-shaped channel 32. The opposite upper edges of the side walls of channel 32 flare inward to form opposed laterally spaced-apart, longitudinally disposed parallel flanges 33 (see FIG. 5). Base plate 28 has a generally uniform thickness, and has in elevation view the approximate shape of a vertically elongated trapezoid. The inner vertical surface 34 of base plate 28 is flat and adapted to move slidably on the bottom surface 35 of channel 32 of channel frame section 26. Near the bottom end of base plate 28, are rounded bosses 36 (see FIG. 5) which project perpendicularly outward from the front and rear vertical surfaces 37 and 38, respectively, of base plate 28. The lateral distance between the outer surfaces of bosses 36 is greater than the distance between the inner facing wall surfaces of flanges 33 of channel frame section 26. Thus, base plate 28 is vertically slidable within channel 32 in channel frame section 26, but prevented from moving laterally out of the channel by contact of bosses 36 with flanges 33. As shown in FIGS. 1 through 5, the lever mechanism 27 of toggle clamp mechanism 24 includes an outer lever arm 39. Lever arm 39 is an elongated member having an upper channel-shaped portion 40 having front and rear side walls 41 and 42 (see FIG. 5) formed therein. The lateral spacing between the inner surfaces of front and rear side walls 41 and 42 of upper channel section 40 of lever arm 39 is slightly larger than the thickness of base plate 28 of lever mechanism 27. This difference permits the upper end of base plate 28 to reside pivotally within channel section 40 of lever arm 39. The pivotal joint between base plate 28 and lever arm 39 consists of a pivot pin 43 which extends through registered holes and in the front and rear sidewalls 41 and 42, respectively, of upper channel section 40 of the lever arm. Pivot pin 43 is located about one-fifth of the longitudinal distance between the upper and lower ends of the lever arm 39. The upper end of lever arm 39 includes a generally trapezoidal or triangular shaped lug 47 of generally uniform thickness, pivotally held between the front and rear walls 41 and 42 of the lever arm. The inner, smaller vertex or base of lug 47 is pivotally attached within the upper channel section 40 of lever arm 34 by means of a pivot pin 48 fastened in holes 49 and 5d in the front and rear walls, and passing through a clearance hole 51 through the lug. The larger, base section 52 of lug 47 is positioned within a mating slot 53 in the upper end of slidable upper vertical bar 23. The lower end of lever arm 39 has a generally flat plate-like handle section 54. Plate-like handle section 54 has a flat outer lateral surface 55. Plate-like handle section has a generally rectangular plan-view shape and is joined near its upper end to the lower ends of front and rear side walls 41 and 42 of upper channel section 40 of the lever arm 39, perpendicular thereto. A generally uniform-thickness locking tab 56 having a generally triangular-shaped plan-view is fastened to the inner wall surface of the lower end of front side wall 41 of upper channel section 40. Locking tab 56 lies in a vertical plane and extends perpendicularly inward from the inner wall surface 57 of plate-like lower handle section 54. As may be seen best by referring to FIGS. 2 and 3, lever arm 39 may be pivoted in a vertical plane with respect to channel frame section 26 of toggle clamp mechanism 24, about intermediate pivot pin 43. As shown in FIG. 3, downward and inward pivotal motion of lever arm 39 relative to channel frame section 26 and attached lower tubular vertical bar 12 moves lug 47 upwards. This in turn moves upper vertical bar 23, which is engaged by lug 47 via the slot 53 in the upper vertical bar 23, upwards with respect to the lower tubular 12. Thus, as shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, base beam 17 and roof beam 22 are spread apart vertically, allowing a compressive force to be exerted on window frame A and window C. Owing to the fact that the ratio of the distance between the lower end of handle section 54 and intermediate pivot pin 43 on the one hand, and the distance between the intermediate pin 43 and upper pivot pin 48, on the other, is about 5 to 1, a substantial, locking compressive force may be exerted which requires only a modest closing force on handle section 54. This force can be sufficiently great to render the removal of the security bar apparatus 10 from a window frame a virtual impossibility unless the window and/or frame are destroyed. As shown in FIGS. 2 through 5, a threaded stud 58 is contained in a threaded bore 59 in lower tubular end 31 of channel frame section 26. The upper end 60 (see FIG. 5) of the threaded stud abuts the lower end 61 of base plate 28 of lever mechanism 27, thus permitting the lower limit of motion of the base plate to be adjusted to a desired value. Thus, turning threaded stud 58 permits adjusting the locked and unlocked vertical extension of security bar apparatus 10 to fit various size window openings. As shown in FIG. 2, the lower end of base plate 28 and locking tab 56 are provided with through holes 62 and 63, respectively. Holes 62 and 63 are equal distances from intermediate pivot pin 43. Thus, with the toggle clamp mechanism 24 in a locked position, as shown in FIG. 3, holes 62 and 63 are in a registered position, permitting a locking member, such as the hasp of a conventional combination or key lock, to be inserted through the holes. As may be seen best by referring to FIGS. 1 and 4, the upper portion of each toggle clamp mechanism 24 is preferably concealed by means of a U-channel-shaped cover 71 which is fastened to the outer wall of upper channel-shaped portion 40 of lever arm 39 by any convenient means. Referring now to FIGS. 6 through 8, an embodiment of the invention is shown with an alternative adjustable mechanism. The security device is substantially as previously described, and identical elements are identified with the same numbers as previously applied to FIGS. 1-5. At its upper end, the vertical bar 23A is telescopably received within bore 13 of bar 12. The vertical bar 23A has a plurality of notches 51 with angled forward edges, and a second plurality of notches 53 with angled rear edges. The lug 47A which is pivotally attached to the upper end of lever arm 39 fixedly supports a short square bar 50, which can be welded to the lug 47A. The bar 50 has a set screw 54 threaded into its wall at its lower end. As shown in FIG. 6, when the set screw 54 is retracted, the bar 23A can be slid along the bar 50, thereby permitting adjustability in the span of the security grill device, since the bar 23A can be extended out of or retracted into the bar 12. As shown in FIG. 7, the set screw 54 can be extended into bearing contact with the rear edge of the bar 23A, thereby tilting the bar 50 and firmly seating it in the lowermost set of notches 51 and 53 of the bar 23A. As shown in FIG. 8, a recess 60 is preferably provided adjacent to each notch in the forward edge of bar 23A, and the set screw 54 seats in a recess 60. Also shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 are a preferred base plate 16A and a preferred roof plate 21A. These plates preferably include fixedly dependent channels 57 along one longitudinal edge of each plate. The channels are useful for securing the device to metal frames which frequently have a metal rib along the sill and upper rail of each window. Preferably, the base beam 17A and the roof beam 22A are formed of durable elastomers, such as rubber which most preferably have a roughened or textured surface 59 for firm gripping to the window frame members.

4y

FIELD OF INVENTION This invention relates generally to mixing devices, and more particularly to processing tool attachments for a hand-held blender for mixing foodstuffs and to a container for use with a hand-held blender. BACKGROUND Hand-held blenders are popular kitchen appliances for use with various foodstuffs. They provide an easy and convenient way of folding, stirring, mixing, combining, blending, whipping, emulsifying, homogenizing and beating various substances. Relatively small hand-held blenders do not consume valuable counter space and are conveniently employed on crowded kitchen counters. Battery operated hand-held blenders that do not require proximity to electric sockets and do not have interfering electric cords further facilitate the preparation of foods whether it be at home, office, or restaurant. In addition to making cooking more enjoyable, the ability to pull out a hand held blender to mix some protein powder into a beverage, for example, or to foam milk into a fluffy yet firm foam for a perfect cup of cappuccino, makes it possible to enjoy favorites more often. A typical hand-held blender includes an elongated, tubular housing shaped to comfortably fit in a person's hand. The blender includes a processing tool having a working shaft. The working shaft is connected to and rotatably driven by an electric motor located within the housing that is activated by the push of a actuator on the housing. Some blenders have multiple buttons that correspond with different rotational speeds of the motor. Sometimes the perfect consistency for a particular beverage begs for a particular processing tool. Processing tools that are detachable from the housing allow the user to interchange processing tools for the specialized processing of foodstuffs. A particular processing tool is sometimes more suitable for a particular food processing function and the required consistency. Particular processing tools having unique designs help realize the perfect processing function and the required consistency for a variety of recipes. Also, a removable processing tool is desirably attached to the driving motor in a manner such that the tool does not separate from the motor when the two are coupled either at high rotational speed, or after prolonged rotation. Typically, the shaft of the processing tool is inserted into a chuck that is firmly attached to the motor shaft. It is desirable that such a tool be insertable and removable quickly and easily without undue worry about its proper securement. An attachment mechanism securely attaches a removable and interchangeable processing tool to the housing portion of a hand-held blender. SUMMARY OF INVENTION In accordance with one aspect of the invention, there is provided a blender comprising a processing tool having a shaft and a body. The body includes a motor and a collet configured to couple the processing tool to the motor. The collet is connected to the motor at a first end. The collet includes a collet body and at least two extensions forming a shaft-receiving portion at a second end. The shaft of the processing tool is received within the shaft-receiving portion forming a friction-fit engagement to secure the processing tool. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a processing tool comprising a shaft configured to couple to a blender at a first end and a body connected to the shaft at a second end. The body includes a working portion. The working portion has a top surface and a bottom surface interconnected by a sidewall. The working portion includes at least a first opening extending between the top surface and the bottom surface. The first opening includes a leading end interconnected to a trailing end. At least a portion of the trailing end forms an angle with the bottom surface that is less than 90 degrees. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a processing tool for a blender comprising a shaft configured to couple to a blender at a first end and a body connected to the shaft at a second end. The body includes a working portion. The working portion includes a wire frame having an upper portion and a lower portion. The upper portion is closer to the first end than the second portion. The wire frame defines a cross-sectional area at the upper portion that is smaller than the cross-sectional area defined by the wire frame at the lower portion. In accordance with another aspect of the invention, there is provided a container for use with a hand-held blender that has a processing tool attached thereto. The container includes a sidewall interconnected to a base. The sidewall and base define an interior and an opening. A lid is adapted to be received in the opening. The lid includes a blender opening configured to insert the hand-held blender therethrough and into the container interior. The container is adapted to rest the blender against the lid at the blender opening such that the processing tool of the blender is spaced from the base. In accordance with another aspect of the invention there is provided a blender comprising a processing tool, a housing and a motor located within the housing. The processing tool is coupled to the motor to be rotatably driven by the motor. The motor includes a first motor terminal and a second motor terminal. The blender also includes a battery cartridge located within the housing. The battery cartridge is adapted to receive at least one battery. The battery cartridge has a first end and a second end. The battery cartridge includes a first cartridge terminal and a second cartridge terminal at the second end. An actuator coupled to the first end of the battery cartridge. The blender further includes a circuit board located between the motor and the battery cartridge. The circuit board is adapted to electrically connect to the at least one battery to power the motor. The circuit board includes a resilient first contact, a resilient second contact, a third contact, and at least one resistor. The resilient first contact is electrically connected to the first motor terminal through the resistor. The resilient second contact is electrically connected to the second motor terminal. The third contact is electrically connected to the first motor terminal. The resilient first contact is located above the third contact. The blender further includes a first spring attached to the battery cartridge. The first spring extends from the second end of the battery cartridge. The battery cartridge is spaced from the circuit board by the first spring such that the blender is not activated. Depressing the actuator compresses the first spring to a first position in which the first cartridge terminal and the second cartridge terminal are in contact with the resilient first contact and resilient second contact, respectively, to activate the motor to rotate the processing tool at a first speed. Depressing the actuator further compresses the first spring further to a second position in which the first resilient contact is flexed to contact the third contact to activate the motor to rotate the processing tool at a second speed. The second speed is greater than the first speed due to the resistor being shunted out of the circuit when the resilient first contact contacts the third contact. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will become apparent upon reading the following detailed description and upon reference to the drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a cross-section view of an example blender; FIG. 2 is a side elevation view of an example collet; FIG. 3 is a bottom plan view collet of the FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a side cross-section view of the collet and shaft; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an example processing tool; FIG. 6 is a bottom plan view of the processing tool of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 is a top plan view of the processing tool of FIG. 5; FIG. 8 is a cross-section view taken along line 8 — 8 of FIG. 7 of the processing tool of FIG. 5; FIG. 9 is a cross-section view taken along line 9 — 9 of FIG. 7 of the processing tool; FIG. 10A is a top plan view of a second example of a processing tool; FIG. 10B is a bottom plan view of the processing tool of FIG. 10A; FIG. 10C is a partial cross-section view taken along line C—C of FIG. 10A of the processing tool of FIG. 10A; FIG. 11A is a top plan view of a third example of a processing tool; FIG. 11B is a bottom plan view of the processing tool of FIG. 11A; FIG. 11C is a partial cross-section view taken along line C—C of FIG. 11A of the processing tool of FIG. 11A; FIG. 12 is a side elevation view of a fourth example of a processing tool; FIG. 13 is a top plan view of the processing tool of FIG. 12; FIG. 14 is a bottom plan view of the processing tool of FIG. 12; FIG. 15 is a cross-section view of the fourth example processing tool taken along line 15 — 15 of FIG. 12 of the processing tool; FIG. 16 is a cross-section view of the fourth example processing tool taken along line 16 — 16 of FIG. 12 of the processing tool; FIG. 17 is a cross-section view of the fourth example processing tool taken along line 17 — 17 of FIG. 12 of the processing tool; FIG. 18 is a side elevation view of an example blender and processing bowl system; FIG. 19 is a side elevation view of the processing bowl of the FIG. 18 system; FIG. 20 is a top plan view of the lid of the processing bowl of the FIG. 18 system; FIG. 21 is a side elevation view of the lid of the processing bowl of the FIG. 18 system; FIG. 22 is a partial cross-section view of a portion of the blender of the FIG. 18 system; FIG. 23A is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating an off configuration of an example two-speed activation mechanism; FIG. 23B is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating a low-speed configuration of the example two-speed activation mechanism; and FIG. 23C is an equivalent circuit diagram illustrating a high-speed configuration of the example two-speed activation mechanism. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring now to FIG. 1, there is shown a hand-held blender 10 . The blender 10 includes a body 12 coupled to a processing tool 14 . The body 12 includes an elongated, tubular housing 16 shaped to comfortably fit in a person's hand. A motor 15 is located within the housing 16 . The motor 15 is powered by batteries 17 also located within the housing 16 . Alternatively, the motor is powered by an alternating current via an electric cord. The motor 15 is manually actuated by a button or actuator 18 conveniently located at the top of the housing 16 that sets the motor 15 into operation at one of at least one speed. The blender according to the invention further includes a collet 20 . The collet 20 is adapted to receive one end of the processing tool 14 . The collet 20 couples the processing tool 14 to the motor 15 that rotatably drives the collet 20 and processing tool 14 . The collet 20 is shown in FIGS. 2-4 and will now be described. With particular reference to FIGS. 1-4, the collet 20 includes a body 22 at least two fingers or extensions 24 and a spring 30 . The variation shown here includes three extensions 24 . The body 22 of the collet 20 includes a bore 23 configured to receive a drive shaft 25 of the motor 15 . The fingers or extensions 24 extend from the body 22 to form a shaft-receiving portion 26 that is adapted to grip a shaft 28 of a processing tool 14 . The inner surface of each finger 24 is shaped to substantially conform to the outer surface of the shaft 28 such that the three fingers 24 in conjunction with one another substantially encompass the shaft 28 . Each of the fingers 24 has an end portion 32 . The end portion 32 is tapered and includes a shoulder 34 . The collet 20 firmly secures the processing tool 14 and transfers to the processing tool 14 the rotational torque generated by the motor shaft 25 which is firmly located in the bore 23 of the collet 20 . The three fingers 24 of the collet 20 are stressed in an inwardly radial direction by the spring 30 . The spring 30 is made of a metal wire wound in a helical fashion. The relaxed diameter of the spring 30 is smaller than the outer diameter of the collet 20 on which the spring 30 is seated. When the spring 30 is forcefully pushed into its place on the collet 20 , the three collet fingers 24 are forced to move inwardly in a radial direction. When the shaft 28 of the processing tool 14 is inserted into the collet 20 , the shaft 28 pushes the fingers 24 outwardly against the force of the spring 30 . The expanded spring 30 applies a radial force on the fingers 24 which in turn transfer that force to the shaft 28 thereby creating a friction fit engagement that maintains the shaft 28 in alignment with the collet 20 and the motor shaft 25 . Additionally, the friction fit generates sufficient frictional force to transfer the motor torque to the processing tool 14 . Referring now to FIGS. 5-9, there is depicted a processing tool 40 having a first end 42 and a second end 44 . The processing tool 40 includes a shaft 46 and a body 48 . The body 48 is attached to the shaft 46 at the second end 44 . The first end 42 is adapted for engagement with a collet 20 of the type described above, although the invention is not so limited. The body 48 includes a shaft-receiving portion 50 integrally formed with a working portion 70 . The working portion 70 is approximately 0.080 inches to 0.150 inches in thickness and includes a top surface 76 and a bottom surface 78 interconnected by a sidewall 74 . The top surface 76 is substantially parallel to the bottom surface 78 . The working portion 70 is substantially circular in shape and has a diameter of approximately 0.750 inches to approximately 1.250 inches. The shaft 46 is attached to the body 48 by being received in the shaft-receiving portion 50 and affixed therein with, for example, an adhesive, a friction fit, or by insert molding. The body 48 is preferably made from a plastic material such as Polyamid. As can be seen in FIGS. 5-9, the working portion 70 is a substantially circular disc having a pair of openings—a first opening 82 and a second opening 84 . Both openings 82 and 84 are located substantially opposite from each other. Since the openings 82 and 84 are substantially identical, only one will be described in detail. Although the working portion 70 is depicted with two openings, the invention is not so limited and any number of openings is possible such that at least one opening is employed. The processing tool 40 is adapted to rotate in the direction shown by the arrow in FIGS. 6 and 7 when activated. Still referencing FIGS. 5-9, each opening includes a leading end 85 and a trailing end 87 with respect to the direction of rotation. At least a portion of the leading end 85 is sloped to form an angle with respect to the top surface 76 that is less than 90 degrees. At least a portion of the trailing end 87 is sloped to form an angle with respect to the bottom surface 78 that is less than 90 degrees. The portion of the trailing end 87 that is sloped to be less than 90 degrees with respect to the bottom surface forms a vane portion or impeller that directs foodstuffs and air adjacent to the top surface 76 to the other side and adjacent the bottom surface 78 when the processing tool 40 is activated to rotate. Similarly, the portion of the leading end 85 that is angled less than 90 degrees with respect to the top surface 76 aids in directing foodstuffs and air downwardly from adjacent the top surface 76 to adjacent the bottom surface 78 . This impeller action of the processing tool 40 is accomplished by a various types openings having different shapes and sizes as will be made clear hereinbelow. In the variation shown in FIGS. 5-9, the opening 82 includes a first end 86 and a second end 88 interconnected by an outer side 90 and an inner side 92 . The first end 86 is curved and extends between the top surface 76 and the bottom surface 78 at an angle θ with respect to the top surface 76 . The angle θ is defined between the top surface 76 and the surface 77 that is interior to the opening 82 . As can be seen in FIG. 8, the angle θ that the first end 86 forms with respect to the top surface 76 is less than 90 degrees, and preferably approximately from 30 and 60 degrees. In one variation, the angle θ is not constant along the entire first end 86 but varies from approximately 30 and 90 degrees. The first end 86 serves as the leading end 85 in the rotation. The outer side 90 of opening 82 is curved. When viewed from the top surface 76 or the bottom surface 78 , the outer side 90 is substantially parallel with respect to the sidewall 74 as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. In one variation, the outer side 90 extends between the top surface 76 and the bottom surface 78 such that the outer side 90 is substantially perpendicular with respect to either the top surface 76 or bottom surface 78 . In another variation, the outer side 90 extends between the top surface 76 and the bottom surface 78 at an angle α with respect to the bottom surface 78 as shown in FIG. 8 . The angle α is defined between the bottom surface 78 and the surface that opens to the interior of the opening. In one variation, angle α is less than 90 degrees, and preferably approximately from 80 degrees and 85 degrees. In one variation, the angle α is not constant along the entire length of the outer side 90 but varies from approximately 80 degrees and 90 degrees along the length of the outer side 90 such that the angle α is approximately 90 degrees at the first end 86 and transitions to approximately 80 degrees at the second end 88 . The inner side 92 of opening 82 is curved. In one variation, the inner side 92 extends between the top surface 76 and the bottom surface 78 such that the inner side 90 is substantially perpendicular with respect to either the top surface 76 or bottom surface 78 . In another variation, the inner side 92 extends between the top surface 76 and the bottom surface 78 at an angle β with respect to the bottom surface 78 as shown in FIG. 9 . In one variation, angle β is less than 90 degrees, and preferably approximately from 60 degrees and 90 degrees. In one variation, the angle β is not constant along the entire length of the inner side 92 but varies from approximately 60 degrees and 90 degrees such that the angle β is approximately 90 degrees at the first end 86 and transitions to approximately 60 degrees at the second end 88 . Generally, the opening 82 is wider at the first end 86 and narrows towards the second end 88 . Together the outer side 90 and inner side 92 include at least a portion that is angled less than 90 degrees with respect to the bottom surface 78 . In this variation both the outer side 90 and the inner side 92 form the trailing end 87 that acts as a V-shaped vane that opens to at the bottom surface 78 as can be seen in FIG. 6 . With respect to FIGS. 5-9, the shape of the openings 82 , 84 may be generally described as being a curved tear-drop or a paisley shape. Together, the pair of openings 82 , 84 form a design commonly known as the “yin-yang” symbol to invoke the feeling of harmony. When the processing tool is attached to the motor and the processing tool is immersed into liquid, the motor is engaged and the shaft rotates. The processing tool is adapted for rotation such that the first end of each of the openings leads in the rotation and the first end of the first opening trails the second end of the second opening. This direction of rotation is illustrated by the directional arrow in FIGS. 6 and 7. When the processing tool rotates, the working portion 70 creates a vortex such that when the vortex is completely established, at least a portion of the top surface 76 is contact with air. The first end 86 is shaped so that it acts like a vane, scooping air at the top surface 76 and discharging it on the bottom surface 78 , thereby mixing the air with the liquid. Therefore, the working portion 70 serves as an impeller. This type of design for the working portion 70 is particularly effective for frothing or foaming chilled milk, creating a froth or foam that is firm and fluffy and commonly suitable for various coffee-type beverages. Although, the openings 82 , 84 of the working portion 70 are illustrated to have tear-drop or paisley shapes, other examples have other shapes. The impeller action of the working portion 70 can be accomplished by openings having a variety of shapes as mentioned above. For example, referring now to FIGS. 10A, 10 B and 10 C, there is depicted one variation of a working portion 91 having openings 93 that are substantially circular in shape. Each opening 93 includes a leading end 94 and a trailing end 54 . At least a portion of the leading end 94 is at an angle λ that is less than 90 degrees with respect to the top surface 95 and preferably approximately between 30 and 60 degrees as shown in FIG. 10 C. In one variation, the angle is not constant along the entire length of the leading end 94 but varies to create a smooth transition. The working portion 91 rotates in the direction shown by the arrow in FIG. 10A such that the leading end 94 is the leading edge in the rotation. Referring to FIG. 10B, there is shown a bottom plan view of the working portion 91 . At least a portion of the trailing end 54 is at an angle δ that is less than 90 degrees with respect to the bottom surface 55 as shown in FIG. 10 C. When rotating, the working portion 91 acts as an impeller that directs foodstuffs and air adjacent to the top surface 95 downwardly through the openings 93 to thoroughly mix the foodstuffs and to thrust air into the mixture. Referring now to FIGS. 11A, 11 B, and 11 C, there is shown another example of a working portion 96 having openings 97 that are substantially triangular in shape. Each opening 97 includes a leading end 98 and a trailing end 58 . At least a portion of the leading end 98 is at an angle λ that is less than 90 degrees with respect to the top surface 99 and preferably approximately between 30 and 60 degrees. In one variation, the angle is not constant along the entire length of the leading end 98 but varies to create a smooth transition. The working portion 91 rotates in the direction shown by the arrow in FIG. 11A such that the leading end 98 leads in the rotation. Referring to FIG. 11B, there is shown a bottom plan view of the working portion 96 . As shown in FIGS. 11B and 11C, at least a portion of the trailing end 58 is at an angle δ that is less than 90 degrees with respect to the bottom surface 59 . When rotating, the working portion 96 acts as an impeller that directs foodstuffs and air adjacent to the top surface 99 downwardly through the openings 97 to thoroughly mix the foodstuffs and to thrust air into the mixture. Therefore, as illustrated, the openings having a variety of shapes are within the scope of the invention such that at least a portion of the leading end is angled less than 90 degrees with respect to the top surface and at least a portion of the trailing end is angled less than 90 degrees with respect to the bottom surface. In yet another variation, the opening includes only an angled trailing end. Referring now to FIGS. 12-17, there is depicted a processing tool 100 having a first end 102 and a second end 104 . The processing tool 100 includes a shaft 106 and a body 108 . The body 108 is attached to the shaft 106 at the second end 104 . The first end 102 of the processing tool 100 is adapted to engage with a collet of the type described above, although the invention is not so limited. The body 108 includes a shaft-receiving portion 110 integral with a wire-receiving portion 111 . The shaft 106 is attached to the body 108 by being received in the shaft-receiving portion 110 and affixed therein with, for example, an adhesive, friction fit, or by insert molding. The body 108 is preferably made from a plastic material such as Polyamid. The working portion 112 is preferably made from a stainless steel wire and is secured in the wire-receiving portion 111 . The wire-receiving portion 111 includes, for example, four elongated cylindrical openings (not shown) configured to receive four wires of the working portion 112 . The working portion 112 is a wire-frame wisk that is approximately 0.900inches to 1.250 inches in length. The working portion 112 includes a first wire 114 and a second wire 116 . The first wire 114 includes a first end 118 and a second end 120 that are connected to the shaft-receiving portion 110 . Similarly, the second wire 116 includes a first end 122 and a second end (not shown) that are connected to the wire-receiving portion 111 of the body 108 . Together, the first wire 114 and the second wire 116 are shaped such that the working portion 112 includes an upper portion 124 , a waist portion 126 , and a lower portion 128 . In one variation, the working portion 112 includes only a waist portion and a lower portion. The length of the upper portion 124 is approximately 0.150 inches, the length of the waist portion 126 is approximately 0.600 inches, and the length of the lower portion 128 is approximately 0.450 inches. A cross-section of the upper portion 124 is depicted in FIG. 15 . It can be seen that the spacing between the wires is kept relatively small. As mentioned above, the portion of the wisk is designed to be connected to the wire-receiving portion 111 . Since it is desirable to keep the wire-receiving portion 111 as slim as possible in order to not interfere with the operation of the wisk, the distance between the wires in the upper portion 124 is minimized as much as possible. A cross-section of the waist portion 126 is depicted in FIG. 16 . This cross-section of FIG. 16 illustrates an area B that is encompassed and defined by the virtual circle formed by the first and second wires 114 , 116 at the waist portion 126 as they rotate. Area B is substantially constant along the length of the waist portion 126 . Area B is approximately 0.057 inches 2 to approximately 0.060 inches 2 . A cross-section of the lower portion 128 is depicted in FIG. 17 . The cross-section of FIG. 17 illustrates an area C that is encompassed and defined by the virtual circle formed by first and second wires 114 , 116 at the lower portion 128 as they rotate. As can be seen in FIG. 12, the lower portion 128 does not have a constant area C. Instead, area C increases with distance towards the second end 104 . The lower portion 128 of first and second wires 114 , 116 are formed in a trapeze shape with lateral angles 107 such that the wire frame of the lower portion 128 is similar to a truncated pyramid in shape. The area C at the widest point of the pyramid is approximately 0.48 inches 2 to approximately 0.50 inches 2 . As can be seen in FIGS. 16-17, the area B of the waist portion 126 is smaller relative to the area C of the lower portion 128 . In one variation of the working portion 112 , there is only a waist portion 126 and a lower portion 128 such that the waist portion 126 directly fits into the wire-receiving portion 111 of the body 108 . The working portion 112 provides a wire frame that is useful for frothing warm milk. When at least partially immersed into a liquid product, the processing tool 100 , when rotatingly engaged induces air into the liquid. Air is induced into the liquid by the working portion 112 . In particular, air and foodstuffs is channeled from the waist portion 126 downwardly into the lower portion 128 . The virtual cylinder of cross-section B along the length of the waist portion 126 acts as an airshaft communicating with the virtual truncated cone of varying cross-section C of the lower portion 128 . This working portion 112 is particularly advantageous because the induction of air into the liquid is accomplished with minimal spinning of the liquid because of the wire frame construction. Furthermore, frothing or foaming of the liquid takes place at the lowest possible point of immersion without dragging the entire body of milk along with the rotating processing tool 100 . It should be noted that the diameter of the wires is approximately 0.03 inches. These small diameter wires slice through the liquid with relatively minimal drag force, thereby, leaving the body of milk relatively stationary. This action permits the warm milk to foam. If the warm milk were to rotate along with the wisk, then the foam would have been reabsorbed in to the liquid milk due to it being warm. The result would not have been satisfactory, namely very little foam, if any, would have remained. Referring now to FIGS. 18-21, there is depicted a blender and processing bowl system 150 . The blender and processing bowl system 150 includes a hand-held blender 152 and a processing bowl or container 154 . The blender 152 includes a body 156 coupled to a processing tool 158 . The body 156 includes an elongated, tubular housing shaped to comfortably fit in a person's hand. A motor (not shown) is located inside the body 156 . The motor is manually actuated by a actuator 160 conveniently located at the top of the body 156 . The processing tool 158 includes a shaft 162 and is removably attached to the body 156 . The processing tool 158 includes a working portion 164 . The container 154 includes a sidewall 170 interconnected to a base 174 , and a lid 168 . The sidewall 170 and base 174 define an interior 172 and an opening 176 of the container 154 . The container 154 further includes a stand 153 spout 178 having a spout opening 180 . The base 174 of the container 154 is concave with respect to the interior 172 of the container 154 . The container 154 further includes markings 179 denoting graduations of fluid volume. For example, markings 179 denoting the number of cups, tablespoons, ounces, pints, teaspoons and milliliters can all be included on the container 154 . The lid 168 is adapted to mate with the container 154 at the opening 176 to substantially cover the opening 176 . The lid 168 includes a blender opening 182 and a lip 184 as shown in FIGS. 20-21. The blender opening 182 is adapted to receive a blender 152 as shown in FIG. 18 . The lip 184 is adapted to cover the spout opening 180 . The blender and processing bowl system 150 is employed such that foodstuffs are entered into the container 154 via opening 176 . Also, the processing bowl 154 is adapted such that foodstuffs can be entered via the blender opening 182 when with the lid 168 is in place on the container 154 . Additionally, foodstuffs can be entered via the spout opening 180 . In one variation, to enter food via the spout opening 180 , the lid 168 is rotated so that the lip 184 does not cover the spout opening 180 . The quantity of foodstuffs placed inside the container is measured via the markings 179 on the sidewall 170 . The lid 168 is movable with respect to the container 154 such that the user navigates the lip 184 of the lid 168 into a position in which the lip 184 covers the spout opening 180 if so desired. In the variation in which the lid 168 is substantially circular, the lid 168 rotates with respect to the container 154 . Thereby, the lip 184 serves to close the spout opening 180 to prevent foodstuffs from escaping the container 154 via the spout 178 especially when the blender 152 is engaged and the processing tool 158 is rotating and mixing the contents of the processing bowl 154 . A blender 152 is inserted into the processing bowl 154 through the blender opening 182 . The blender opening 182 is adapted to receive the blender 152 such that the body 156 of the blender 152 rests against the lid 168 at the blender opening 182 . With the blender 152 resting against the lid 168 at the blender opening 182 , the user is free let go of the blender 152 . The blender and processing bowl system 150 is adapted such that the blender and processing bowl system 150 will not tip-over when the user leaves the blender 152 unattended. Also, the user does not have to worry about the blender 152 falling or slipping deeper into the processing bowl 154 . The lid 168 keeps the blender 152 in place. In fact, the blender and processing bowl system 150 is adapted such that, with the blender 152 resting against the lid 168 at the blender opening 182 , the blender 152 is ideally positioned within the processing bowl 154 such that the working portion 164 of the processing tool 158 is spaced from the base 174 by an operable distance of approximately 0.100 inches to approximately 0.200 inches. The user does not have to worry about keeping the blender 152 a particular distance from the base 174 to keep the processing tool 158 in an operable location. Furthermore, in one variation, at least a portion of the processing tool 158 is positioned within the concavity of the base 174 when the blender 152 rests against the lid 168 at the blender opening 182 . In this position, the rotating processing tool 158 in conjunction with the concavity of the base 174 direct foodstuffs upwardly and away from the base 174 to enhance mixing. In one variation, the processing bowl 154 is adapted such that the lip 184 partially covers the spout opening 180 allowing small amounts of foodstuffs to be entered into the processing bowl 154 via the spout opening 180 . In yet another use of the blender and processing bowl system 150 , the lid 186 may be rotated away from the spout 178 such that the lip 184 does not cover the spout opening 180 , thereby, permitting foodstuffs to be entered into the processing bowl 154 . Whether or not the lip 184 is adapted to completely or partially cover the spout opening 180 , the blender and processing bowl system 150 permits entry of foodstuff via the spout opening 180 during the blending process with the blender 152 engaged without necessitating the halting or removal of the blender 152 . For example, oil or other foodstuffs can be slowly drizzled into the processing bowl 154 via the spout 178 and spout opening 180 while continuing to mix the ingredients in the container 154 . The spout 178 serves as a catchment large enough for the entry of foodstuffs. Also, with the blender 152 resting against at least a portion of the lid 168 , one can engage the blender 152 with one hand without manually adjusting the height of the blender 152 with respect to the base 174 . Hence, the user's other hand is freed to enter ingredients or perform other kitchen tasks. With reference to FIGS. 1, 22 , 23 A, 23 B and 23 C, a mechanism 200 for two-speed operation in a battery-operated hand-held blender will now be discussed. The mechanism 200 includes a battery cartridge 202 configured to receive batteries 204 . The battery cartridge includes a first end 201 and a second end 203 . The battery cartridge 202 , for example, is designed to receive four AA-sized batteries 204 having 1.5 volts each; however, the invention is not so limited. The batteries 204 are internally wired to produce a direct current having a total voltage of approximately six volts. The battery cartridge 202 further includes terminals 206 and 208 at the second end 203 . The terminals 206 , 208 extend outwardly from the second end 203 of the battery cartridge 202 . The battery cartridge 202 is removably received inside the housing 16 . The battery cartridge 202 further includes a protrusion 210 that is encompassed by a collar 212 . The protrusion 210 and collar 212 are integrally molded with the battery cartridge 202 . The cylindrically shaped protrusions 210 and collar 212 define a spring-receiving portion 214 that is also cylindrical in shape. The spring-receiving portion 214 is adapted to receive a helical first spring 216 . The first spring 216 is sized such that when the first spring 216 is inserted into the spring-receiving portion 214 , the first spring 216 is retained therein in a friction fit engagement. Other means such as adhesives or a catch may be employed to affix the first spring 216 to the battery cartridge 202 . The mechanism 200 includes a second spring 218 . The second spring 218 is mounted on the exterior surface of the collar 212 . The second spring 218 is sized to be slightly smaller than the outer surface of the collar 212 such that when the second spring 218 is mounted on the collar 212 , the second spring 218 is slightly expanded to create a biasing force against the collar 212 to engage the exterior surface of the collar 212 and to be retained thereto in a friction-fit engagement. As described above, the housing 16 includes a motor 15 that rotatably drives the collet 20 and the processing tool 14 attached thereto. The blender 10 includes motor locating ribs 219 that hold the motor 15 in place. A circuit board 221 that is electrically connected to the motor 15 is located between the motor 15 and the battery cartridge 202 and is centered about the motor bearing cap 220 . The circuit board 221 includes a resilient first contact 222 , a resilient second contact 223 , a third contact 224 and at least one resistor 225 . First resilient contact 222 is located above third contact 224 as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23. The battery cartridge 202 is fitted with the first spring 216 by tightly wedging it into the spring-receiving portion 214 . The second spring 218 is then mounted to the exterior surface of the collar 212 . Batteries 204 are then inserted into the cartridge 202 . With the top of the blender housing 16 removed, the battery cartridge 202 is inserted into the housing 16 . The first spring 216 contacts the motor housing 220 spacing the battery cartridge 202 such that the cartridge terminals 206 , 208 do not contact the first contact 222 and the second contact 223 as shown in FIG. 23 A. The actuator 18 is captured within a retainer ring 19 to close the housing 16 in a snap-fit engagement. The battery cartridge 202 is thereby secured inside the housing 16 . To activate the blender 10 , the actuator 18 is depressed. Depressing the actuator 18 pushes the battery cartridge 202 downwardly to a first position in which the first spring 216 is compressed and the terminals 206 , 208 contact the first and second resilient contacts 222 and 223 , respectively, as shown in FIG. 23 C. Power is thereby delivered to the motor 15 when such contact is made and the motor 15 is actuated. Resilient first contact 222 is electrically connected to a first motor terminal 227 through a resistor 225 . Resilient second contact 223 is electrically connected to a second motor terminal 229 . When the battery terminals 206 , 208 make contact with first contacts 222 , 223 , a voltage equal to the battery voltage less the voltage drop across the resistor 225 is delivered to the motor 15 as illustrated by the equation V motor =V battery −(R resistor ×I motor ). Therefore, less than the full battery voltage is delivered to the motor and the motor operates at a lower speed setting while the battery cartridge 202 is in the first position. To operate the blender 10 at higher speeds, the actuator 18 is further depressed. Depressing the actuator 18 further downwardly, pushes the battery cartridge 202 further downwardly. Because the resilient contact 222 is resilient, it will flex back and forth like a spring. When flexed downwardly, resilient contact 222 contacts the third contact 224 to define a second position. When the first resilient contact 222 contacts the third contact 224 , the resistor 225 is shunted out of the circuit and the full battery voltage is delivered to the motor 15 resulting in the motor 15 running at a higher speed than when a lower voltage was delivered to the motor 15 when the resistor 225 was in the circuit with the battery cartridge 202 in the first position. The second contact 223 being resilient also flexes downwardly and springs back upwardly as shown in FIG. 23 . In a variation in which the second contact 223 does not flex, the second cartridge terminal 208 would have to be sufficiently flexible such that terminal 208 would contact second contact 223 throughout the first and second positions. In order to make it more obvious to the user that the operation shifts from low speed to high speed, the second spring 218 is engaged when the battery cartridge 202 is pushed beyond the first position. The first spring 216 is longer than the second spring 218 as shown in FIG. 22 . However, the invention is not so limited and the first spring 216 need only extend a greater distance from the second end 203 of the battery cartridge 202 relative to the second spring 218 . The user will notice that additional force is required to press actuator 18 past the first position. This additional force due to the resistance provided by the second spring 218 indicates shifting of the rotational speed of the motor. A light emitting diode 226 is also connected, physically and electrically to the printed circuit board 221 . The light emitting diode 226 is activated when the battery terminals 206 , 208 make electrical contact with the printed circuit contacts 222 , 223 . Alternatively, the light emitting diode 226 is activated when the high speed is chosen. Releasing pressure on the actuator 18 allows the spring forces generated by first and second springs 216 , 218 to push the battery cartridge 202 upwardly away from the motor 15 and circuit board 221 . Since contact 222 is resilient, it will flex back towards a relaxed position away from the third contact 224 and current will flow through the resistor 225 in this first position wherein the resulting rotational speed of the motor is slower due less voltage being delivered to the motor 15 . In this way, the user can conveniently operate the blender 10 between the two speeds, pressing and releasing the actuator 18 between the first and second positions to achieve the variation in speed. Further relaxation of actuator 18 , will drive the battery cartridge 202 further upwardly via the spring force from the first spring 216 until the terminals 206 and 208 no longer contact the contacts 222 , 223 , thereby, cutting-off current from the motor. While the present invention has been described with reference to one or more particular variations, those skilled in the art will recognize that many changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Each of these embodiments and obvious variations thereof are contemplated as falling within the spirit and scope of the claimed invention, which is set forth in the following claims.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) This application is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/494,195 filed on Jul. 27, 2006 the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. STATEMENT OF GOVERNMENT RIGHTS This invention was made with Government support under N66001-05-C-8043 awarded by Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). The Government has certain rights in this invention. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to use of nanotechnology in photovoltaics, and more particularly, to nanostructure-based photovoltaic devices. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Photovoltaic devices, such as photocells, are an important energy source that has thus far remained underutilized for widespread energy production due to undesirable efficiency and/or production cost factors. For example, conventional photocells comprise a silicon-based substrate that includes a large-area p-n junction. Crystalline semiconductor substrates, such as silicon, are expensive, making production of photocells cost prohibitive for many applications. Further, photocells generate electrical energy by converting photons from a light source into electricity (e.g., by freeing electron-hole pairs). Conventional photocells typically provide a light-to-electricity conversion efficiency of only up to about 25%. This low conversion efficiency similarly makes photocells an undesirable option for many applications. Attempts have been made to increase photocell energy conversion efficiency. Some of the attempts have employed nanotechnology as a tool. See, for example, U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0009224 filed by Yang et al., entitled “Nanowire Array and Nanowire Solar Cells and Methods for Forming the Same” (wherein nanowire oxides are used in conjunction with a charge transport medium in optoelectronic devices); U.S. Patent Application No. 2005/0214967 filed by Scher et al., entitled “Nanostructure and Nanocomposite Based Compositions and Photovoltaic Devices” (wherein nanostructures, such as core-shell nanocrystals, are used in photovoltaic devices oriented horizontally along the plane of the electrodes); and Kayes et al., Comparison of the Device Physics Principles of Planar and Radial p - n Junction Nanorod Solar Cells, 97 J. A PPL . P HYS. 114302 (2005) (wherein radial p-n junction nanorod solar cells are described). As these references show, nanotechnology can be employed in photovoltaics. However, improved techniques for combining these technologies to cost-effectively produce more efficient photovoltaic devices are needed. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides techniques for combining nanotechnology with photovoltaics. In one aspect of the invention, a method of forming a photovoltaic device is provided comprising the following steps. A plurality of nanowires are formed on a substrate, wherein the plurality of nanowires attached to the substrate comprises a nanowire forest. In the presence of a first doping agent and a first volatile precursor, a first doped semiconductor layer is conformally deposited over at least a portion of the nanowire forest. In the presence of a second doping agent and a second volatile precursor, a second doped semiconductor layer is conformally deposited over at least a portion of the first doped layer. The first doping agent comprises one of an n-type doping agent and a p-type doping agent and the second doping agent comprises a different one of the n-type doping agent and the p-type doping agent from the first doping agent. A transparent electrode layer is deposited over at least a portion of the second doped semiconductor layer. In another aspect of the invention, a method of forming a photovoltaic device is provided comprising the following steps. In the presence of a first doping agent and a first volatile precursor, a plurality of nanowires are formed on a substrate, wherein the plurality of nanowires attached to the substrate comprises a nanowire forest. In the presence of a second doping agent and a second volatile precursor, a doped semiconductor layer is conformally deposited over at least a portion of the nanowire forest. The first doping agent comprises one of an n-type doping agent and a p-type doping agent and the second doping agent comprises a different one of the n-type doping agent and the p-type doping agent from the first doping agent. A transparent electrode layer is deposited over at least a portion of the doped semiconductor layer. In yet another aspect of the invention, a photovoltaic device is provided. The photovoltaic device comprises a substrate; a plurality of nanowires on the substrate, wherein the plurality of nanowires attached to the substrate comprises a nanowire forest; a first doped semiconductor layer disposed conformally over at least a portion of the nanowire forest, the first doped semiconductor layer comprising a first doping agent; a second doped semiconductor layer disposed conformally over at least a portion of the first doped semiconductor layer, the second doped semiconductor layer comprising a second doping agent, wherein the first doping agent comprises one of an n-type doping agent and a p-type doping agent and the second doping agent comprises a different one of the n-type doping agent and the p-type doping agent from the first doping agent; and a transparent electrode layer disposed over at least a portion of the second doped semiconductor layer. In still another aspect of the invention, a photovoltaic device is provided. The photovoltaic device comprises a substrate; a plurality of nanowires on the substrate, the nanowires comprising a first doping agent and wherein the plurality of nanowires attached to the substrate comprises a nanowire forest; a doped semiconductor layer disposed conformally over at least a portion of the nanowire forest, the doped semiconductor layer comprising a second doping agent, wherein the first doping agent comprises one of an n-type doping agent and a p-type doping agent and the second doping agent comprises a different one of the n-type doping agent and the p-type doping agent from the first doping agent; and a transparent electrode layer disposed over at least a portion of the doped semiconductor layer. A more complete understanding of the present invention, as well as further features and advantages of the present invention, will be obtained by reference to the following detailed description and drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary methodology for growing a nanowire forest according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a scanning electron micrograph image of an exemplary nanowire forest according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary methodology for forming a photovoltaic device according to an embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating another exemplary methodology for forming a photovoltaic device according to an embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating an exemplary photocell according to an embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 is a diagram illustrating exemplary methodology 100 for growing a nanowire forest. The term “nanowire forest,” as used herein, refers to a plurality of nanowires attached to a substrate. As will be described in detail below, the growth of the nanowire forest is conducted in a chemical vapor environment. Nanowires are highly-anisotropic, rod-like crystals with diameters d of between about ten nanometers (nm) and about 70 nm and lengths L of between about 0.1 micrometers (μm) and about 100 μm. Due to the nanowires having large L to d ratios, the surface area of the substrate is increased by a factor (4L/d)f, wherein f denotes the fraction of the substrate area covered by nanowires. By way of example only, for a five percent substrate areal coverage, nanowires of diameter d=40 nm and length L=five μm will provide a surface area that is 25 times greater than that of the substrate alone. While the present description is directed to nanowires being a preferred nanostructure for use herein, any other suitable nanostructures may be similarly employed. Other suitable nanostructures include, but are not limited to, nanoparticles, quantum dots and other nanoscale materials. In step 102 of FIG. 1 , at least a portion of substrate 110 is coated with a catalyst metal to form catalyst layer (film) 112 . Catalyst layer 112 can be deposited on substrate 110 using chemical vapor deposition (CVD) techniques. Substrate 110 can comprise any suitable substrate material, including, but not limited to, one or more of glass, quartz and a semiconductor material, such as silicon (Si) or germanium (Ge). Optionally, when substrate 110 comprises a semiconductor material, substrate 110 can be doped with either an n-type or a p-type doping agent, so as to be conductive. Suitable doping agents include, but are not limited to, diborane (B 2 H 6 ) (a p-type doping agent) and phosphine (PH 3 ) (an n-type doping agent). According to an exemplary embodiment, substrate 110 comprises Si and is doped with an n-type doping agent. Catalyst layer 112 deposited onto substrate 110 , can comprise any suitable catalyst metal, including, but not limited to, one or more of gold (Au), gallium (Ga) and indium (In). According to one exemplary embodiment, catalyst layer 112 comprises Au and is deposited on substrate 110 to a thickness of up to about ten Angstroms (Å). In step 104 , substrate 110 is annealed to cause catalyst layer 112 to form small droplets 114 . According to an exemplary embodiment, substrate 110 is annealed at a temperature of between about 400 degrees Celsius (° C.) and about 500° C. to form droplets 114 having diameters of between about ten nm and about 30 nm. Further, as shown in FIG. 1 , droplets 114 of varying diameters are typically formed by the annealing process. In step 106 , substrate 110 is exposed to an ambient of one or more volatile precursors 116 . Suitable precursors include, but are not limited to, one or more of silane (SiH 4 ) and germane (GeH 4 ). The specific precursor used will dictate the nanowire composition. For example, if SiH 4 is employed as the precursor, then Si nanowire growth (as described in step 108 , below) will result. Similarly, if GeH 4 is employed as the precursor, then Ge nanowire growth (as described in step 108 , below) will result. A combination of SiH 4 and GeH 4 will result in SiGe nanowire growth, wherein the relative concentration of Si and Ge will depend on the ratio of partial pressures of SiH 4 and GeH 4 in the growth ambient, as well as, on the growth temperature. Suitable partial pressures of the precursor(s) and temperature parameters are provided below. By way of example only, suitable growth conditions for Si nanowires include a temperature of between about 400° C. and about 500° C. and a partial pressure of the precursor of between about 0.1 torr and about 100 torr. Suitable growth conditions for Ge nanowires include a temperature of between about 250° C. and about 300° C. and a partial pressure of the precursor of between about 0.1 torr and about 100 torr. Optionally, an n-type and/or a p-type doping agent may be introduced to the ambient during nanowire growth. For example, some embodiments, described below, include n-type and/or p-type doped nanowires. Suitable doping agents include, but are not limited to, B 2 H 6 and PH 3 . By way of example only, if substrate 110 is exposed to an ambient of GeH 4 and B 2 H 6 , boron-doped (B-doped), p-type Ge nanowire growth will result. Similarly, if substrate 110 is exposed to an ambient of GeH 4 and PH 3 , phosphorous-doped (P-doped), n-type Ge nanowire growth will result. In step 108 , droplets 114 will mediate CVD growth of crystals, namely nanowires 118 . According to an exemplary embodiment, when droplets 114 comprise Au as the catalyst metal, and the growth conditions outlined above are employed, highly anisotropic Si or Ge nanowires are produced. The diameters of the nanowires produced are determined by the diameters (i.e., sizes) of the respective droplets 114 . The lengths of the nanowires produced are determined by the growth time and growth pressure. For example, at a partial pressure of GeH 4 in the CVD reactor of 0.5 ton and a temperature of 285° C., the longitudinal growth rate for Ge nanowires is about five μm/hour. At constant temperature, e.g., 285° C., the nanowire growth rate depends linearly on the partial pressure of GeH 4 in the growth ambient. At constant pressure, the growth rate depends exponentially on the temperature (i.e., in a limited temperature window, because at higher temperatures the nanowire growth can be complicated by conformal growth). As described above, the nanowires produced can have diameters of between about ten nm and about 70 nm and lengths of between about 0.1 μm and about 100 μm. For example, the nanowires produced can have diameters of between about 20 nm and about 50 nm and lengths of between about one μm and about ten μm. FIG. 2 is scanning electron micrograph image 200 of exemplary nanowire forest 202 , e.g., produced according to methodology 100 , described in conjunction with the description of FIG. 1 , above. Nanowire forest 202 comprises Ge nanowires grown predominately in a vertical direction. The substrate employed is an n-type doped Si wafer. As will be described in detail below, the nanowire forests possess a very high absorption coefficient of incident, visible electromagnetic waves (light). According to the present techniques, these high light-absorptive properties can be utilized by incorporating the nanowire forests into photovoltaic devices, such as photocells, to convert light into electricity with enhanced efficiency and to reduce the overall size of the devices to minimize use of costly production materials. FIG. 3 is a diagram illustrating exemplary methodology 300 for forming a photovoltaic device. As will be described in detail below, the photovoltaic device is formed using CVD growth techniques. In step 302 , the starting structure for the photocell is a nanowire forest formed in accordance with exemplary methodology 100 , described above, and comprises nanowires 301 on substrate 303 . Substrate 303 comprises a semiconductor material doped with a doping agent, so as to be conductive. The doping of a semiconductor substrate material is described, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIG. 1 , above. According to one exemplary embodiment, substrate 303 comprises an n-type doped Si wafer and nanowires 301 comprise Ge. The use of Ge nanowires, in particular, significantly decreases reflectivity (e.g., to below 10 −4 across the whole visible light spectrum), i.e., rendering the nanowire forest a black body, and thus enhances the desirable light absorptive properties of the nanowire forest. In step 304 , doped semiconductor layer 310 , which may comprise either a p-type or an n-type doped layer, is formed over the nanowire forest by conformal CVD growth (so as to have the same relative shape as the underlying structure, i.e., the nanowire forest). According to one exemplary embodiment, wherein doped semiconductor layer 310 comprises a p-type doped layer, doped semiconductor layer 310 is formed by exposing the nanowire forest to an ambient of GeH 4 and B 2 H 6 . This results in B-doped, p-type Ge layer growth. At a temperature of about 350° C., a GeH 4 partial pressure of about 0.33 torr and a B 2 H 6 /GeH 4 ratio of about 0.0001, the growth rate of a p-type doped semiconductor layer 310 will be on the order of about 200 nm/hour, with a doping concentration of about 10 18 cm− 3 . According to another exemplary embodiment, wherein doped semiconductor layer 310 comprises an n-type doped layer, doped semiconductor layer 310 is formed by exposing the nanowire forest to an ambient of GeH 4 and PH 3 . This results in P-doped, n-type Ge layer growth. At a temperature of about 350° C., a GeH 4 partial pressure of about 0.33 ton and a PH 3 /GeH 4 ratio of about 0.0001, the growth rate of an n-type doped semiconductor layer 310 will be on the order of about 210 nm/hour, with a doping concentration of about 10 18 cm− 3 . The growth rates and doping concentrations given can vary based on temperature and gas flow ratios, and therefore are merely exemplary. In step 306 , doped semiconductor layer 312 , which may comprise either a p-type or an n-type doped layer, is formed over doped semiconductor layer 310 by conformal CVD growth. The doping of doped semiconductor layer 310 has to be different from the doping of doped semiconductor layer 312 . Namely, if doped semiconductor layer 310 comprises a p-type doped layer, then doped semiconductor layer 312 must comprise an n-type doped layer. Similarly, if doped semiconductor layer 310 comprises an n-type doped layer, then doped semiconductor layer 312 must comprise a p-type doped layer. According to one exemplary embodiment, wherein doped semiconductor layer 312 comprises a p-type doped layer, doped semiconductor layer 312 is formed by exposing the nanowire forest/doped semiconductor layer 310 structure to an ambient of GeH 4 and B 2 H 6 . As described above, this results in B-doped, p-type Ge layer growth. At a temperature of about 350° C., a GeH 4 partial pressure of about 0.33 torr and a B 2 H 6 /GeH 4 ratio of about 0.0001, the growth rate of a p-type doped semiconductor layer 312 will be on the order of about 200 nm/hour, with a doping concentration of about 10 18 cm− 3 . According to another exemplary embodiment, wherein doped semiconductor layer 312 comprises an n-type doped layer, doped semiconductor layer 312 is formed by exposing the nanowire forest/doped semiconductor layer 310 structure to an ambient of GeH 4 and PH 3 . As described above, this results in P-doped, n-type Ge layer growth. At a temperature of about 350° C., a GeH 4 partial pressure of about 0.33 torr and a PH 3 /GeH 4 ratio of about 0.0001, the growth rate of n-type doped semiconductor layer 312 will be on the order of about 210 nm/hour, with a doping concentration of about 10 18 cm− 3 . The growth rate and doping concentration given can vary based on temperature and gas flow ratios, and therefore are merely exemplary. In step 308 , the nanowire forest/doped semiconductor layer 310 /doped semiconductor layer 312 structure is capped with transparent electrode layer 314 . Transparent electrode layer 314 may be disposed using CVD. According to an exemplary embodiment, transparent electrode layer 314 comprises indium tin oxide (ITO). As a result of methodology 300 , a p-n junction is formed over the nanowire forest. As will be described, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIG. 5 , below, the resulting structure can be used as a photocell. FIG. 4 is a diagram illustrating exemplary methodology 400 for forming a photovoltaic device. As will be described in detail below, the photovoltaic device is formed using CVD growth techniques. In step 402 , the starting structure for the photovoltaic device is a nanowire forest formed in accordance with exemplary methodology 100 , described above, and comprises nanowires 401 on substrate 403 . Substrate 403 comprises a semiconductor material and is doped with a doping agent, so as to be conductive. The doping of a semiconductor substrate material is described, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIG. 1 , above. According to one exemplary embodiment, substrate 403 comprises an n-type doped Si wafer. Nanowires 401 are doped with either a p-type or an n-type doping agent and thus are conductive. Namely, nanowires 401 may comprise either p-type or n-type doped nanowires. According to one exemplary embodiment, nanowires 401 comprise p-type or n-type doped Ge nanowires. The doping of nanowires is described, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIG. 1 , above. In step 404 , doped semiconductor layer 410 , which may comprise either a p-type or an n-type doped layer, is formed over the nanowire forest by conformal CVD growth (so as to have the same relative shape as the underlying structure, i.e., the nanowire forest). The doping of doped semiconductor layer 410 has to be different from the doping of nanowires 401 . Namely, if nanowires 401 comprise p-type doped nanowires, then doped semiconductor layer 410 must comprise an n-type doped layer. Similarly, if nanowires 401 comprise n-type doped nanowires, then doped semiconductor layer 410 must comprise a p-type doped layer. According to one exemplary embodiment, wherein doped semiconductor layer 410 comprises a p-type doped layer, doped semiconductor layer 410 is formed by exposing the nanowire forest to an ambient of GeH 4 and B 2 H 6 . This results in B-doped, p-type Ge layer growth. At a temperature of about 350° C., a GeH 4 partial pressure of about 0.33 torr and a B 2 H 6 /GeH 4 ratio of about 0.0001, the growth rate of a p-type doped semiconductor layer 410 will be on the order of about 200 nm/hour, with a doping concentration of about 10 18 cm− 3 . According to another exemplary embodiment, wherein doped semiconductor layer 410 comprises an n-type doped layer, doped semiconductor layer 410 is formed by exposing the nanowire forest to an ambient of GeH 4 and PH 3 . This results in P-doped, n-type Ge layer growth. At a temperature of about 350° C., a GeH 4 partial pressure of about 0.33 torr and a PH 3 /GeH 4 ratio of about 0.0001, the growth rate of an n-type doped semiconductor layer 410 will be on the order of about 210 nm/hour, with a doping concentration of about 10 18 cm− 3 . The growth rates and doping concentrations given can vary based on temperature and gas flow ratios, and therefore are merely exemplary. In step 406 , the nanowire forest/doped semiconductor layer 410 structure is capped with transparent electrode layer 414 . Transparent electrode layer 414 may be disposed using CVD. According to an exemplary embodiment, transparent electrode layer 414 comprises ITO. As a result of methodology 400 , a p-n junction is formed with the doped nanowires. As will be described, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIG. 5 , below, the resulting structure can be used as a photocell. FIG. 5 is a diagram illustrating exemplary photocell 502 . Photocell 502 comprises, e.g., n-type, doped substrate 504 , nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 and transparent electrode layer 508 . The use of nanowire-based p-n junctions in a photocell increases the surface area of the p-n junctions, which is beneficial in enhancing light absorption. Further, the use of nanowire-based p-n junctions in a photocell takes advantage of the single crystal structure of a nanowire. Namely, the performance of a photocell can be degraded if the underlying material has defects. For example, grain boundaries enhance minority carrier recombination, thus reducing carrier lifetime and increasing the dark current. The grain boundaries also reduce majority carrier mobility and increase the series resistance of the photocell. See, for example, H. C. Card et al., Electronic Processes At Grain Boundaries in Polycrystalline Semiconductors Under Optical Illumination , IEEE T RANS . E LECTRON D EVICES ED-24, 397-402 (1977), the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein. As such, single crystal structures, such as nanowires, can minimize or eliminate the presence of material defects and the decrease in performance associated therewith. Photocell 502 may be fabricated using either methodology 300 or methodology 400 described, for example, in conjunction with the description of FIGS. 3 and 4 , respectively, above. Thus, for example, if photocell 502 is fabricated using methodology 300 , then nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 comprise two doped semiconductor layers formed, i.e., disposed conformally, over a nanowire forest. Similarly, if photocell 502 is fabricated using methodology 400 , then nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 comprise a single doped semiconductor layer formed, i.e., disposed conformally, over a doped nanowire forest. One of the challenges in photovoltaic device, i.e., photocell, applications is to maximize solar light absorption. The design of photocell 502 incorporating a plurality of nanowire-based p-n junctions is based on the discovery that a plurality of nanowires enables very high light absorption. Specifically, the absorption spectrum of various films of Ge nanowires have been measured, and showed 99 percent absorption over most of the relevant spectral range. Photocell 502 can be configured to optimize the absorption of incoming light. One way to achieve this is by employing an irregular configuration of nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 . Such an irregular configuration is shown in FIG. 5 , wherein some of nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 are oriented perpendicular to substrate 504 , e.g., at an angle θ 1 between about 75 degrees to about 90 degrees relative to substrate 504 , and others of nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 are oriented nearly parallel to substrate 504 , e.g., at an angle θ 2 up to about 45 degrees relative to substrate 504 . This irregular configuration helps optimize the orientations of nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 with respect to the angles of incoming light. For example, the nanowire-based p-n junctions 506 oriented nearly parallel to substrate 504 enhance absorption by aligning with the electric field vectors of the incoming light. An irregular nanowire configuration can be produced using either a non-crystalline substrate, or a crystalline substrate with a rough, faceted surface (i.e., a crystalline Si substrate with a rough, faceted surface). A certain degree of irregularity is typically observed due to the ubiquitous imperfections of the substrate surface. However, according to an exemplary embodiment, the substrate surface is intentionally roughened or rendered non-crystalline (for example, by ion treatment) to increase irregular nanowire growth. Preferably, the spatial wavelengths of the surface roughness are smaller than the wavelength of the absorbed light (the wavelengths of absorbed light can be, e.g., between about 400 nm and about 800 nm). Further, while most of the enhanced light absorption is caused by “roughness” of the nanowire film (see, for example, H. Kaplan, Black Coatings Are Critical In Optical Design, 31 P HOTON . S PECTRA 48-50 (1997) and C. Amra, From Light Scattering to the Microstructure of Thin Film Multilayers, 32 A PPL . O PT. 5481-5491 (1993), the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein) a plurality of nanowires also show altered absorption/reflection properties due to coupling between the nanowires, which is not found with individual nanowires. These coupling modes can be further exploited for optimum light absorption. For example, the optical properties of a plurality of nanowires (or clusters of nanowires) can be governed by dipole-dipole interactions. For example, the individual nanowires can interact as “quasi-antennas” with the incident electrical field. The radiation field from these antennas will interact with other nanowires, thus altering the collective optical properties of the nanowire film. Further, the wavefunction of nanowires can overlap (couple quantum mechanically), which will alter the optical properties of nanowire films. In addition, the dielectric constants can be a function of the size, e.g., length and/or diameter, of the nanowire. Although illustrative embodiments of the present invention have been described herein, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited to those precise embodiments, and that various other changes and modifications may be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the scope of the invention.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to methods for sealing leaks in pipe joints. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The most common type of joint in pipes carrying natural gas is known as a lead/yarn joint. This joint consists of a bell-shaped end region on one section of the pipe which receives into it an end region of the adjacent section of the pipe. The annular void between the end regions of the two sections is packed with a hemp material to form a gasket. Over this is provided a lead O-ring which extends between the gasket and the region external of the pipe. The lead O-ring is applied to provide mechanical strength to the seal in the joint. The hemp used as a gasket contains about 75% to 80% water which gradually evaporates therefrom. This causes the gasket to shrink and decay. In addition, movement of the ground causes the lead O-ring to distort. This results in the escape of gas. In view of the fact that much of this piping was laid at the turn of the Century, many of the gaskets in the pipe sections have decayed to allow gas to escape. Several methods are used in order to seal leaking pipes. One method involves the application of a steel mould around the joint into which a curable resin is injected and allowed to set. Unfortunately, a disadvantage of such systems is that the steel moulds are expensive, and it is often difficult to remove them after the leak has been repaired. Another method involves attaching an elongate member of C-shaped profile around the leaking joint, such that the member extends from one pipe section to the other. The member is provided with a socket to allow the escape of gas, and is secured to the pipe sections at the joint by means of resin or other suitable material. A plug is screwed into the socket to seal the leak. Unfortunately, the efficiency cannot be guaranteed, because ground movement can often cause the repair to fail. A third method involves the injection of an acrylic material into the gasket. This requires complete saturation of the gasket in order for the seal to be effective. Unfortunately, the complete saturation of the gasket cannot be guaranteed and the repairs are often ineffective. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to a first aspect of this invention there is provided a method for repairing a leak in a pipe joint between first and second pipes having a gasket at said joint, the method comprising forming a passage through the wall of the first pipe, forming a space in said gasket communicating with said passage, and thereafter injecting a sealant into said space via said passage, whereby the fluid can repair the leak The passage may be formed by drilling. In one embodiment the aperture may be formed at an angle between tangential and perpendicular to the pipe wall. Preferably, the angle is between 20° and 70° to a line perpendicular to the pipe wall, more preferably between 30° and 60° to said line. The step of forming the space in the gasket may include forming a second passage which may extend substantially circumferentially around the gasket. The first and second passages may be formed to extend to a region beyond said leak, preferably substantially wholly around the pipe. In one embodiment, the step of forming said space in the gasket may further include inserting a space forming member into the pipe, preferably via said first passage, and applying a force thereto. The force may be a rotational force applied transverse to the intended direction of movement of the space forming member into the seal. The space forming member may comprise an end piece, adapted to drill into said gasket, and elongate drive means extending from the end piece, whereby rotation of the drive means can cause rotation of the end piece, thereby causing the end piece to drill into said gasket. The end piece may be a drill bit which may be helical in configuration. The drive means may be a flexible member, for example a flexible cable. In one embodiment, the flexible cable may be arranged within a tubular member. An urging means may act to urge the cable towards on of the walls of the pipe sections, preferably an outer wall. The urging means is preferably elongate and may extend from one end region to the other end region of the tubular member. Preferably, the urging means is fixed at said one end region of the tubular member adjacent the end piece. The urging means may be in the form of a flexible tape, suitably formed of a material more rigid than the drive means or the tubular member, for example, steel. The urging means may be adapted to push on the cable in a direction transverse to the direction of motion thereof as the cable passes through the gasket. Preferably, the second passage is so formed that rotation of the end piece causes said end piece to move around the periphery of the gasket. The end piece may be so shaped the rotation thereof causes it to move in a desired direction, suitably towards the adjacent end of the pipe section. Where the pipe joint includes an end member adjacent the gasket, the step of forming said pathway may include forming said pathway adjacent the end member, preferably between said end member and the gasket. The end member may be an O-ring. In another embodiment, the step of forming said pathway may include injecting a solution into the first pipe, the solution being suitable for dissolving at least some of said gasket. The solution may comprise an organic solution capable of dissolving at least some of the gasket. The organic solution may be selected from a solution of micro-organisms, a solution of exacted enzyme powders, and a solution comprising a mixture of micro-organisms and extracted enzyme powders. The micro-organisms are advantageously capable of dissolving at least some of the gasket by digesting at least some of the gasket. The micro-organisms may be selected from one or more of cellulase, hemicellulase, drielase and other suitable micro-organisms. Means may also be provided for deactivating the abovementioned solution to halt the dissolving of the gasket. Said controlling means may comprise a deactivating solution to deactivate said solution. The deactivating solution may comprise one or more acids, one or more alkalis and/or one or more chemical inhibitors adapted to disable micro-organisms. Means for directing sealant flow may also be provided. Said directing means may be adapted to direct said first mentioned solution before the sealant is injected, whereby the first mentioned solution is directed to form a path in a desired direction. Alternatively, the directing means may be adapted to direct the sealant. Where the directing means is adapted to direct the first mentioned solution, the directing means may comprise magnetic means. In one embodiments the magnetic means may apply a magnetic field, whereby the micro-organisms can align themselves with said magnetic field to be directed in a desired direction preferably to form a path. Where the directing means is to be applied to the sealant, the directing means may include a magnetic material in the sealant, said material being capable of being acted on by a magnetic field by said magnetic means. The injection of said sealant may be by injection means, for example a static mixer and a syringe. The sealant may comprise a first component comprising a curable sealing material, and a second component comprising a curing agent. The components may be injected through the mixer to the pipe via said aperture. At least one of the first or second components may be adapted such that the sealant cures after a pre-selected period has elapsed. This has the advantage in the preferred embodiment of eliminating or mitigating the reliance upon internal pipe conditions assisting the cure. This also provides the advantage in the preferred embodiment that the delay allows time for the injected sealant to flow to the leak. Materials suitable for use as sealants are two part thermosetting methacrylate materials. According to a second aspect of this invention, there is provided a method for sealing a pipe, comprising applying sealing means externally of the pipe across the joint. The sealing means may be in the form of a putty, for example a polyurethane putty. The sealing means may comprise a first component in the form of a curable material, and a second component comprising a curing agent. The sealing means may be applied around the pipe. After said sealing means has been applied to the pipe, compression means may be applied over the sealant to compress the sealing means. The compressing means may be in the form of a plastic film, which may be applied under tension to the pipe. The plastic film may be adapted to change colour when appropriate tension has been applied thereto. Desirably the film may change from clear to white when the appropriate tension has been applied. An example of a suitable sealant is one sold under the trade mark POLYFORM by M W Polymers Limited. An example of a film which can be used is one sold by M W Polymer Products Limited under the trade mark POLYFORM wrapping film. This second aspect of the invention may be provided as a secondary seal after the above first mentioned aspect has been carried out. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiments of the invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 is a perspective sectional view of a joint in the pipe showing means for forming a space in the joint; FIG. 2 is a sectional side view showing part of a pipe joint with a drill guide being secured thereto; FIG. 2A shows the drill guide with fastening means extending therethrough to fasten the drill holder to the pipe; FIG. 3 is a sectional side view of a space forming member; FIG. 3A is an external view of the space forming member of FIG. 3; FIG. 4 is a diagrammatic section view of part of a pipe joint showing the space forming member of FIG. 3 in use; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional side view of the pipe shown in FIG. 1, showing means for injecting a sealant into the joint; FIG. 6 is a perspective sectional view of a pipe joint showing magnetic means arranged around the joint; FIG. 7 is a sectional view of part of the joint shown in FIG. 6 showing the injection of a fluid; and FIG. 8 is a cross-sectional side view of the pipe shown in FIGS. 1 and 4, showing an external seal applied thereto. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Referring to the drawings, a pipe 10 comprises first and second pipe sections 12 , 14 . A joint 16 connects the two pipe sections 12 , 14 . The joint 16 is provided by a bell-shaped end region 18 of the pipe section 14 which is of larger inner diameter than the outer diameter of an end region 20 of the pipe section 12 , so that the end region 20 is received within the end region 18 . An annular gasket 22 is provided between the bell-shaped end region 18 of the pipe section 14 and the end region 20 of the pipe section 12 . The gasket 22 is of an annular configuration, and can be formed of hemp. At the outer end 24 of the bell-shaped region 18 there is provided a lead O-ring 26 . This construction of pipe joint is common in many pipes. The hemp forming the gasket 22 is prone to decay over time. Moreover, ground movement can distort the lead O-ring 26 . Consequently, the joints can leak. A preferred embodiment of the present invention for repairing such leaks involves attaching around the bell-shaped end region 18 a drill guide 28 . FIG. 2 shows how the drill guide 28 is secured to the end region 18 . The drill guide 28 comprises a holding member 30 defining a through guide aperture 31 through which a space forming member can extend, as explained below. The drill guide 28 comprises four through holes 32 extending through the holding member 30 transverse to the guide aperture 31 . The through holes 32 receive fastening means in the form of bolts 33 which are screwed into holes drilled into the pipe by a drill 34 . The holding member 30 is arranged on the region 18 of the pipe section 18 and the through holes 32 are used as guides for drilling into the circumferentially extending region of the wall of the pipe section 14 . A collar 34 A restricts the depth to which the holes are drilled in the pipe wall. Four such holes are drilled, each corresponding to a respective one of the through holes 32 . Bolts 33 are then inserted through the holes 32 and screwed into the pipe wall (see FIG. 2 A). As can be seen, the through aperture 31 extends at an angle ∝ to an imaginary line designated 36 , the line 36 being perpendicular to the wall of the end region 18 of the pipe 14 . The angle ∝ is preferably between 30° and 60°. When the drill guide 28 has been attached around the end region 18 of the pipe 16 , a drill is inserted to drill an aperture 35 through the wall of the end region 18 which, as can be seen from FIG. 1, is at the same angle as the guide aperture 34 . The aperture 35 is drilled through the circumferentially extending region of the pipe wall to the gasket 22 inside. After the drilling is completed, a space forming member 38 is inserted through the aperture 31 and the aperture 35 drilled in the wall of the pipe at the end region 18 . Referring to FIGS. 3 and 3A, the space forming member 38 comprises elongate drive means in the form of a flexible cable 39 , an elongate tubular member of casing 40 through which the cable 39 extends and a helical drill bit 41 . An urging means in the form of an elongate steel tape 42 also extends through the tubular casing 40 . The drill bit 41 is fixedly attached to the flexible cable 39 at one end thereof. The drill bit 41 and the cable 39 can rotate about the cable 39 . The steel tape 42 is fixedly attached to a ferrule 42 A which in turn is fixedly attached to the end of the casing 40 adjacent the drill bit 41 . The steel tape 42 acts to guide the cable 39 and the drill bit 41 around the inside of the pipe joint and prevents the drill bit 41 deviating from its path. The steel tape 42 exerts a force as indicated by the arrow A on the cable 39 to push the cable 39 against the outer wall of the pipe joint and against the O-ring. Thus a path can be formed in the gasket 22 around the inside of the gas pipe joint. By rotating the cable 39 about its longitudinal axis, as indicated by the arrow A the drill bit 41 is rotated. This rotation of the drill bit 41 by the drill 34 causes the drill bit 41 to drill into the gasket 22 thereby creating a path 43 therethrough (see FIG. 1 ). This is continued until the drill bit 41 reaches the site of the leak. In such a situation, the positioning of the drill holder 28 on the end region 18 has to be such to ensure that the path forming member 38 reaches the site of the leak. Alternatively, the position of the drill holder 28 , and the shape and size of the drill bit 41 are selected such that upon rotation of the cable 39 , the drill bit 41 drills through the gasket 22 against the lead O-ring 26 . The drill bit 42 creates a path between the O-ring 26 and the remainder of the gasket 22 until it has drilled all the way around the end region 18 . Thus, in this embodiment, an annular path 43 is defined all the way around the gasket 22 adjacent the lead O-ring. When the path 43 has been formed by the space forming member 38 either to the site of the leak or substantially wholly around the end of the pipe section 14 , the path joining member is removed by, for example, rotating it in the opposite direction and puling it out of the pipe section 14 . The next step of the method for repairing the leak is shown in FIG. 5, in which injection means 50 is provided to inject a sealant via the aperture dulled in the wall of the end region 18 and into the path defined by the path forming member 38 . The injection means 50 comprises a nozzle 52 inserted into the aperture 35 drilled into the wall of the pipe 14 at the end region 18 . The nozzle 52 is connected to a length of piping 54 which, at its opposite end is connected to a static mixer 56 by a clip 57 . The static mixer 56 is adapted to receive the two components of a sealant from an injection gun 58 . Prior to injection, the piping 54 is crimped by a clip 59 to prevent leakage of gas along the piping 54 . The static mixer 56 comprises an array of alternating left and right-hand helices 60 arranged at 90° to one another and extending lengthwise of the mixer 56 . The injection gun 58 comprises first and second compartments 62 , 64 , the compartment 62 being adapted to receive a sealing material, and the compartment 64 being adapted to receive a curing agent to cure the sealing material. The injection gun 58 is attached to the static mixer 56 via a retaining nut 66 . Pistons 68 , 70 are arranged respectively in the compartments 62 , 64 , and the pistons 68 , 70 are acted on by respective plungers 72 , 74 which are connected together. In order to inject the sealant, the clip 57 is removed and the plungers 72 , 74 are pushed in the direction indicated by the arrow B. This moves the pistons 68 , 70 in the same direction and pushes the materials in the compartments 62 , 64 through the static mixer thereby ensuring full mixing of the materials. The mixture then passes down the piping 54 , and enters the path 43 defined by the space forming member 38 via the aperture 35 . The mixture then passes around the path 43 either to the site 44 of the leak to seal the site on curing. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2, if the path 43 extends wholly around the gasket 22 the mixture will also extend wholly therearound to form an annular seal adjacent the lead O-ring, on curing As can be seen from FIG. 2, the cured sealant forms an annular seal 76 adjacent the pipe wall and the lead O-ring 26 . This would be suitable for sealing a leak at a site adjacent the side wall and the lead O-ring 26 . However, if desired, the annular seal 76 could extend between the side wall of the pipe section 14 and the side wall of the pipe section 12 . For an example of such a seal, see FIG. 3 . Materials suitable for use as sealants are two part thermosetting methacrylate materials. In an alternative embodiment, the use of the space forming member 38 , as described above, is replaced by the injection of a gasket dissolving solution capable of dissolving, for example by digesting, the hemp material forming the gasket. The gasket dissolving solution may comprise exacted enzyme powders and/or micro-organisms. The micro-organisms can be one or more of cellulase, hemicellulase and drielase. An example of such a solution consists of cellulose at a concentration of substantially 2 g/dm 3 , hemicellulase at a concentration of substantially 4 g/dm 3 and driselase at a concentration of 2 g/dm 3 , prepared using distilled water. On the injection of the gasket dissolving solution through the aperture in the wall of the pipe 14 , the hemp material formed in the gasket is dissolved or digested. The means for injecting the gasket dissolving solution may be the same as that shown in FIG. 5, and described above for injecting he sealant, but differing in that the static mixer 56 and the double barrelled injection gear 58 are hot required, these being replaced by a suitable single barrelled injector (not shown). In order to control the gasket dissolving solution, magnetic means can be employed to apply a magnetic field around the end region 18 of the pipe 14 (see below). The micro-organisms align themselves with the magnetic field and thereby can be directed to desired regions in the gasket thereby creating a path for the injection of sealing fluid, as described above. It will be appreciated that, since the direction of flow of the gasket dissolving solution is controlled by the use of magnetism, the age at which the hole is drilled into the wall of the pipe 14 at the end region 18 is of less significance than in the embodiment described above using the space forming member 38 . Means are also provided to deactivate the gasket dissolving solution when the desired region of the gasket has been digested to form the pathway. This is done by flushing an appropriate deactivating solution into the gasket via the aperture in the pipe wall to deactivate the micro-organisms. An example of such a deactivating solution is a solution of acids, alkalis and chemical inhibitors. When the above step has been completed, the step of injecting the sealant, as described above, can then be carried out. It may also be necessary, in some embodiments, to direct the flow of the sealant through the path 43 formed either by the space fog member 38 , or by the micro-organisms. This can be done by incorporating a magnetic attracting material into the sealant and thereby applying a magnetic field around the end region 18 of the pipe 14 . Referring to FIGS. 6 and 7, there is shown magnetic means for controlling the flow of the gasket dissolving solution or the sealant. The magnetic means comprises a plurality of rods 78 each having magnetic tips 80 at one end thereof. A plurality of holes 82 are drilled around the joint 16 such that each hole 82 extends through the O-ring 26 into the gasket 22 . The rods 78 are inserted into the holes 82 such that the tips 80 are inserted first. A magnetic field is thereby created in the gasket 22 . The magnetic field attracts either the gasket dissolving solution or the sealant, or both depending on the embodiment being used. In the embodiment shown in FIGS. 6 and 7 a gasket dissolving solution is being injected. A leak 84 has formed around the gasket 22 and between the O-ring 26 and the wall of the end section 18 . Gas is leaking as shown by the arrows X. Injection means 50 , which may or may not be mounted on the pipe adjacent the leak 84 injects the gasket dissolving solution. The magnetic tips 80 of the rods 78 create a magnetic field which attracts the micro-organisms in the gasket dissolving solution which causes the micro-organisms to digest the hemp forming the gasket 22 thereby creating a path through the gasket 22 either substantially wholly around the inside of the joint 16 or to the leak 84 . When this path has been created a deactivating solution can be injected to deactivate the micro-organisms. Thereafter a sealant containing a magnetic material can be injected as described with reference to FIG. 5 . The magnetic field created by the tips 80 of the rods 78 attracts the sealant material ensuring it is directed along the path so formed to form the seal. Referring to FIG. 3, when the seal 76 has been formed, either after the space forming member 38 has been used or after the seal dissolving solution has been used, it may then be necessary to form an external seal 78 between the end region 18 of the pipe section 14 and the end region 20 of the pipe section 12 . Such an external seal 78 is formed by the use of a putty material. First the surfaces of the end regions 18 , 20 of the two pipe sections 12 , 14 on which the putty material is to be applied are cleaned and abraded to remove dirt and paint from the pipe so that the metal is exposed. The putty is a two component mixture comprising a sealant and a curing agent, and a suitable such putty is sold by M W Polymers Limited under the trade mark POLYFORM. The two components are mixed together and the putty material is then applied to the pipe 10 around the joint 16 such that the putty material extends between the pipe section 12 and the end region 18 of the pipe section 14 . Compression means in the form of a tape 80 is then applied over the putty material and tensioned to ensure that the putty material is maintained under pressure. A preferred embodiment of the tape 80 is an aromatic polyester PUR clear film, for example, being substantially 25 μm thick. This tape has a tensile strength of 47N/mm 2 and a yield strength of approximately 32 m 2 /kg; such tape has the advantage of changing colour from clear to white when the correct tension is applied. These properties have the effect that when put under tension by hand, the film approaches 100% of its modulus of elasticity which causes the colour change from clear to white. The tape 80 is wrapped around the joint 16 between the pipe sections 12 , 14 under tension to compress the putty material. On curing the cured putty and the tape form the seal 78 . Various modifications can be made without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, different suitable materials can be used. In addition, the above described methods are suitable for use with pipes carrying, for example, natural gas. It may also be used for pipes carrying different products, for example water or chemicals. In the case of pipes carrying water, the sealant would need to be insoluble to water, and in other cases, the sealants would need to be resistant to the chemicals and, in many cases resistant to heat. In the case of high temperature products in the pipe, the sealants preferably comprise alginates. More preferably the sealants would include alginates and gelatine. The application of a secondary seal, as described in the second aspect of the invention may also be provided in the case of pipes carrying other than natural gas. In such cases, the sealant for applying the eternal seal may be selected from one or more of hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC), polystyrene, and cellulose diacetate. In the case of HPMC, the sealant may be prepared by partially dissolving the HPMC in water. Such partial solution is in the form of a putty-like material which can be applied around a pipe joint. When the solvent evaporates, the HPMC may be precipitated as hard resinous material. A binder may be used around the partially dissolved HPMC when applied to the pipe, for example a hemp binder may be so applied. Alternatively, the partially dissolved HPMC could be initially applied to the surface of the binder which can then be applied to the pipe such that the HPMC covers the pipe joint. The advantage of the use of HPMC in the above embodiment is that it is partially dissolved in water which renders it non-hazardous. However, HPMC is not so resistant to high temperatures as polystyrene or cellulose diacetate. Moreover, the fact that it is at least partially soluble in water means that it is not very effective at sealing water pipes. In the case of high temperatures and/or water pipes, polystyrene and/or cellulose diacetate may be used as the secondary sealant. In the case of polystyrene and cellulose diacetate, the solvent may be acetone. The final resins produced by the sealant in these embodiments have the advantage of being hard without being brittle. In addition, they can withstand high pressures and the pressure which the resin can stand is proportional to the thickness of the resin. Whilst endeavoring in the foregoing specification to draw attention to those features of the invention believed to be of particular importance it should be understood that the Applicant claims protection in respect of any patentable feature or combination of features hereinbefore referred to and/or shown in the drawings whether or not particular emphases has been placed thereon.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/644,520 filed on Oct. 4, 2012, entitled “MECHANICALLY INITIATED SPEED-BASED LATCH DEVICE,” the entire contents of which are incorporated by reference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention generally relates to a door latch system for motor vehicles, and specifically to a door latch that does not release unless the handle is pulled open slowly. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Various types of vehicle door latches and handles have been developed. The latch and handle assembly may include a handle that can be pulled outwardly by a user to release a door latch, thereby permitting the door to open. However, if a vehicle is subject to a lateral acceleration, the acceleration may cause the handle to shift outwardly due to its own mass, thereby causing the latch to release. Various counterweights and inertia locks have been developed to prevent inadvertent unlatching of a door latch during lateral acceleration of the vehicle. [0004] With reference to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a prior art latch release mechanism 5 includes an outside release lever 6 having an end 8 that is operably connected to an outside door handle (not shown) of a motor vehicle. An intermediate link 10 is pivotably connected to outside release lever 6 at a pin or pivot 12 , such that rotation of outside release lever 6 from a rest position to an actuated position causes link 10 to shift longitudinally as indicated by the arrow “A.” End 14 of link 10 includes a step or notch 16 having a push surface 18 that is configured to engage a surface 20 of a pawl lifter 22 . Pawl lifter 22 is rotatably connected to a door structure by a rotatable connector 24 which may comprise a boss, pin, shaft, or the like for movement. Link 10 is rotatably biased into engagement with pawl lifter 22 by a torsion spring (not shown) at pivot 12 . The torsion spring biases link 10 in a counter clockwise direction ( FIGS. 1 and 2 ), such that longitudinally extending surface 26 of link 10 slidably engages end surface 28 of pawl lifter 22 as link 10 moves in the direction of the arrow “A.” Thus, when assembled and in operation, surface 26 of link 10 always remains engaged with end surface 28 of pawl lifter 22 , regardless of the position and velocity of link 10 . It will be understood that, in FIG. 1 , link 10 is shown in a rotated position solely to show surface 26 . When latch release mechanism 5 is assembled, surface 26 of link 10 always contacts/engages surface 28 of pawl lifter 22 as shown in FIG. 2 due to rotational bias (torsion spring) acting at pivot 12 . [0005] If an exterior force tending to rotate outside release lever 6 in the direction of the arrow A 1 is applied to an outside door handle, link 10 shifts longitudinally in the direction of the arrow A with surfaces 26 and 28 slidably engaging each other initially. Surfaces 18 and 20 come into contact and abuttingly engage one another to thereby rotate pawl lifter 22 in the direction of the arrow “A 2 ” from its unlatched position to its latched position. Thus, in operation, movement of outside release lever 6 from its rest position to its actuated position always causes surface 18 of link 10 to contact surface 20 of pawl lifter 22 and always rotates pawl lifter 22 from its unlatched position to its latched position and always unlatches the vehicle door latch, regardless of the velocity at which outside release lever 6 is moved from its rest position to its actuated position. Thus, the prior art latch mechanism 5 is not capable of providing velocity-based release, and the prior art linkage is not capable of selectively interconnecting a movable input member (e.g. outside release lever 6 ) and a movable pawl member (e.g. pawl lifter 32 ) such that movement of the movable input member at a first velocity causes the movable pawl to shift to an unlatched position, and movement of the movable input member at a second velocity that is substantially greater than the first velocity does not cause the movable pawl to shift to its unlatched position, such that the movable pawl member remains in its latched position. The pawl (not shown) is directly connected to pawl lifter 22 , such that rotation of pawl lifter 22 from its unlocked position to its locked position causes the pawl to shift from the latched position to the unlatched position, thereby unlatching the vehicle door latch. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] One aspect of the present invention is a vehicle door including a device for controlling actuation of a pawl of a vehicle door latch mechanism based on a rate of movement of an exterior vehicle door handle. The vehicle door includes a door structure, and an outside door handle movably mounted to the door structure. The door also includes an outside release member that is movably mounted to the door structure. The outside release member is operably connected to the outside door handle such that movement of the outside door handle causes movement of the outside release lever from a first position to an actuated position. The vehicle door further includes a latch mechanism mounted to the door structure. The latch mechanism includes a movable latch member and a movable pawl. The movable pawl selectively retains the latch member in a latched position when the pawl is in a latched position, and permits movement of the latch when the pawl is in a unlatched position. The vehicle door still further includes an intermediate link that selectively interconnects the outside release member to the pawl lifter when the intermediate link is in an engaged configuration. The intermediate link is biased from a first disengaged configuration towards the engaged configuration. The intermediate link further defines a second disengaged position, and the intermediate link includes a first pawl-engaging surface. The movable pawl has a first link-engaging surface that engages the first pawl-engaging surface of the intermediate link when the intermediate link is in the engaged configuration to thereby cause movement of the pawl from its latched position to its unlatched position upon movement of the outside release member from its first position to its actuated position. The intermediate link includes a second pawl-engaging surface and the movable pawl has a second link-engaging surface that selectively engages a second pawl-engaging surface to retain the link in a disengaged configuration when the outside release member is in the first position. Shifting of the outside release member from the first position to the actuated position at a first velocity causes the link to shift to engaged configuration and engage the pawl and move the pawl from its latched position to its unlatched position. Shifting of the outside release member from the first position to the actuated position at a second velocity causes the link to shift from its first disengaged position to its second disengaged position without moving the pawl to its unlatched position if the second velocity is significantly greater than the first velocity. [0007] Another aspect of the present invention is a pawl actuation device including a pawl selectively locking a door latch in an engaged position when the pawl is in a latched position. The device further includes a movable input member that shifts from a first position to an actuated position. The pawl actuation device also includes linkage that selectively interconnects the movable input member and the pawl such that movement of the movable input member at a first velocity causes the pawl to shift to an latched position, and movement of the movable input member at a second velocity that is substantially greater than the first velocity does not cause the pawl to shift to its unlatched position such that pawl remains in its latched position. [0008] These and other aspects, objects, and features of the present invention will be understood and appreciated by those skilled in the art upon studying the following specification, claims, and appended drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0009] In the drawings: [0010] FIG. 1 is an isometric view of a prior art door latch release assembly; [0011] FIG. 2 is a schematic view of the prior art door latch release assembly of FIG. 1 ; [0012] FIG. 3 is a partially schematic view of a latch device according to one aspect of the present invention wherein the door handle is in a closed position; [0013] FIG. 4 is a partially schematic view of a latch device according to one aspect of the present invention wherein the linkage is engaged as a result of a relatively slow outward pull of the handle; [0014] FIG. 5 is a partially schematic view of the latch device of FIG. 4 showing the link being reset to the configuration of FIG. 3 after release of a door handle; and [0015] FIG. 6 is a partially schematic view of the linkage device showing the link shifted to a disengaged position due to relatively rapid opening of the door handle. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0016] For purposes of description herein, the terms “upper,” “lower,” “right,” “left,” “rear,” “front,” “vertical,” “horizontal,” and derivatives thereof shall relate to the invention as oriented in FIG. 3 . However, it is to be understood that the invention may assume various alternative orientations and step sequences, except where expressly specified to the contrary. It is also to be understood that the specific devices and processes illustrated in the attached drawings, and described in the following specification, are simply exemplary embodiments of the inventive concepts defined in the appended claims. Hence, specific dimensions and other physical characteristics relating to the embodiments disclosed herein are not to be considered as limiting, unless the claims expressly state otherwise. [0017] With reference to FIG. 3 , a latch mechanism 30 according to one aspect of the present invention includes an outside release member such as release lever 6 A that is operably connected to an outside door handle 7 by a known linkage 9 . Movement of handle 7 causes outside release lever 6 A to rotate about pin or pivot 11 . Latch mechanism 30 also includes a link 10 A, and a pawl lifter 22 A that is operably connected to a pawl 23 of a conventional latch mechanism 25 . Outside release lever 6 A is rotatably connected to a door structure 1 by pin or pivot 11 . Link 10 A includes a step 16 defined by transverse surfaces 18 and 26 . Pawl lifter 22 A includes surfaces 20 and 28 that engage surfaces 18 and 26 , respectively, of link 10 A. Pawl lifter 22 A includes a prong or extension 32 having an end surface 34 . (See also FIG. 4 ). Link 10 A includes a block or extension 38 defining a surface 36 that engages end surface 34 of prong 32 of pawl lifter 22 A when the mechanism 30 is in the configuration of FIG. 3 . FIG. 3 shows a configuration in which the door is closed and latched, and the outside door handle is in a non-actuated or rest position. [0018] If the outside door handle 7 is pulled open slowly in the direction of arrow B 3 towards the position 7 A, link 10 A shifts in the direction of the arrow B ( FIG. 4 ), and surface 36 of link 10 A slides along surface 34 of prong 32 of pawl lifter 22 A until the surfaces 36 and 34 disengage from one another, resulting in counterclockwise rotation of link 10 A. Once the surfaces 34 and 36 disengage, the counterclockwise bias acting on link 10 A initially causes link 10 A to rotate, bringing surfaces 26 and 28 of link 10 A and pawl lifter 22 A, respectively, into contact with one another. As handle 7 and outside release lever 6 A are further rotated, link 10 A shifts longitudinally in the direction of the arrow B. Surfaces 18 and 20 of link 10 A and pawl lifter 22 A, respectively, then come into contact/engagement with each other. Further rotation of handle 7 and outside release lever 6 A further shifts the link 10 A in the direction of the arrow B, thereby rotating pawl lifter 22 A in the direction of the arrow B 2 . Rotation of pawl lifter 22 A releases the pawl 23 of the latch mechanism 25 , thereby unlatching the latch mechanism 25 and permitting the vehicle door to open. [0019] With further reference to FIG. 5 , a spring of a known type (not shown) biases lever 6 A and handle 7 in directions opposite arrows B 1 and B 3 , respectively. Thus, after a user releases the handle 7 the handle 7 rotates in a direction that is opposite arrow B 3 , and lever 6 A rotates in the direction opposite the arrow B 1 . Rotation of lever 6 A causes link 10 A to shift in a direction opposite the arrow B. As the link 10 A shifts in a direction opposite the arrow B, a corner surface 40 of block 38 of link 10 A slides along surface 42 of prong 32 of pawl lifter 22 A, and surfaces 26 and 28 of link 10 A and pawl lifter 22 A, respectively, disengage from one another. As the link 10 A continues to shift in a direction opposite the arrow “B”, the link 10 A and pawl lifter 22 A rotate in a clockwise direction, and return to the configuration shown in FIG. 3 , thereby resetting the latch mechanism 30 to its initial or rest position. [0020] In the event the latch mechanism 30 is in the rest or initial position of FIG. 3 , and if outside release lever 6 A is rotated in the direction of the arrow B 1 at a relatively high velocity, the link 10 A will shift in the direction of the arrow B as shown in FIG. 6 , and surface 44 of link 10 A will slidably engage end surface 28 of pawl lifter 22 A as shown in FIG. 6 . High velocity rotation of release lever 6 A causes outside corner 46 of link 10 A to slide past outside corner 48 of pawl lifter 22 A, resulting in sliding engagement between surface 44 of link 10 A and end surface 28 of pawl lifter 22 A. However, this sliding engagement does not generate sufficient force to rotate pawl lifter 22 A in the direction of the arrow B 2 . As discussed above, link 10 A is rotatably biased in a counterclockwise direction ( FIG. 6 ). However, if the link 10 A is shifted in the direction of the arrow B quickly enough, the link 10 A will not rotate to the engaged position of FIG. 4 , but rather will shift to the disengaged configuration of FIG. 6 . Because push surface 18 of link 10 A does not engage surface 20 of pawl lifter 22 A when the latch mechanism 30 is in a configuration of FIG. 6 , further rotation of outside release lever 6 A due to outward movement of the vehicle door handle will not result in rotation of pawl lifter 22 A. Pawl lifter 22 A may be rotationally biased in a direction opposite arrow B 2 to prevent movement of pawl lifter 22 A due to sliding contact between surfaces 26 and 28 of link 10 A and pawl lifter 22 A, respectively. [0021] It has been found that a user will typically move a door handle (e.g. handle 7 ) at 300 mm/s or less when opening a vehicle door. However, the handle 7 will typically move at 2500 mm/s or more in the event a vehicle is subject to a side impact event. Accordingly, in the illustrated example, the latch mechanism 30 is configured such that movement of the handle at 300 mm/s or less will result in the link 10 A shifting to the engaged position of FIG. 4 , thereby resulting in rotation of pawl lifter 22 A and movement of the pawl to an unlatched position. However, if the outside handle is moved at 2500 mm/s or more, the outside corner 46 of link 10 A slides past outside corner 48 pawl lifter 22 A as shown in FIG. 6 , such that pawl lifter 22 A does not rotate, and the pawl of the door latch is not shifted to an unlatched position. [0022] It is to be understood that variations and modifications can be made on the aforementioned structure without departing from the concepts of the present invention, and further it is to be understood that such concepts are intended to be covered by the following claims unless these claims by their language expressly state otherwise.

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TECHNICAL FIELD The present application relates to a method for manufacturing optoelectronic devices, and more particularly to form a light-emitting device and a solar cell device by using a common growth substrate. BACKGROUND The light radiation theory of light-emitting device is to generate light from the energy released by the electrons moving between the n-type semiconductor layer and the p-type semiconductor layer. Because the light radiation theory of light-emitting device is different from the incandescent light which heats the filament, the light-emitting device is called a “cold” light source. The light-emitting device mentioned above may be mounted with the substrate upside down onto a submount via a solder bump or a glue material to form a light-emitting apparatus. Besides, the submount further comprises one circuit layout electrically connected to the electrode of the light-emitting device via an electrical conductive structure such as a metal wire. Moreover, the light-emitting device is more sustainable, longevous, light and handy, and less power consumption, therefore it is considered as a new light source for the illumination market. The light-emitting device applies to various applications like the traffic signal, backlight module, street light and medical instruments, and is gradually replacing the traditional lighting sources. SUMMARY The present application provides a method for manufacturing optoelectronic devices comprising the steps of: providing a common growth substrate, wherein the common growth substrate having a first surface and a second surface; forming a light-emitting epitaxy structure on the first surface of the common growth substrate; forming a stripping layer on the second surface of the common growth substrate; forming a solar cell epitaxy structure on the stripping layer opposite to the common growth substrate; forming an adhesive layer on the solar cell epitaxy structure opposite to the stripping layer; proving a solar cell permanent substrate on the adhesive layer opposite to the solar cell epitaxy structure; and removing the stripping layer to form a light-emitting device and a solar cell device separately. The present application provides a method for manufacturing optoelectronic devices comprising the steps of: providing a common growth substrate; forming a light-emitting epitaxy structure on the common growth substrate; forming a stripping layer on the light-emitting epitaxy structure; forming a solar cell epitaxy structure on the stripping layer; forming an adhesive layer on the solar cell epitaxy structure; proving a solar cell permanent substrate on the adhesive layer; and removing the stripping layer to form a light-emitting device and a solar cell device separately. The present application provides a method for manufacturing optoelectronic devices comprising the steps of: providing a common growth substrate; forming a solar cell epitaxy structure on the common growth substrate; forming a stripping layer on the solar cell epitaxy structure; forming a light-emitting epitaxy structure on the stripping layer; forming an adhesive layer on the light-emitting epitaxy structure; proving a light-emitting device permanent substrate on the adhesive layer; and removing the stripping layer to form a light-emitting device and a solar cell device separately. The present application provides a method for manufacturing optoelectronic devices comprising the steps of: providing a common growth substrate, wherein the common growth substrate having a first surface and a second surface; forming a stripping layer on the first surface of the common growth substrate; forming a light-emitting epitaxy structure on the stripping layer; forming an adhesive layer on the light-emitting epitaxy structure; proving a light-emitting device permanent substrate on the adhesive layer; forming a solar cell epitaxy structure on the second surface of the common growth substrate; and removing the stripping layer to form a light-emitting device and a solar cell device separately. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The foregoing aspects and many of the attendant advantages of this application are more readily appreciated as the same become better understood by reference to the following detailed description, when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1A through FIG. 1H are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present application; FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 in accordance with a second embodiment of the present application; FIG. 3A through FIG. 3H are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 in accordance with a third embodiment of the present application; FIG. 4A through FIG. 4D are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present application; FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the temperature for growing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present application; FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram of a backlight module device 600 in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present application; FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram of an illumination device 700 in accordance with a seventh embodiment of the present application; and FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram of a solar cell module 800 in accordance with an eighth embodiment of the present application. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present application discloses a method for manufacturing optoelectronic devices. In order to make the illustration of the present application more explicit, the following description is stated with reference to FIG. 1 through FIG. 8 . FIG. 1A through FIG. 1D are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting structure 10 and a solar cell structure 20 in accordance with a first embodiment of the present application. As FIG. 1A shows, a common growth substrate 110 is provided for the epitaxial growth of epitaxial materials formed thereon, wherein the common growth substrate 110 having a first surface 110 a and a second surface 110 b . The material of the common growth substrate 110 may be GaAs or Ge. A light-emitting epitaxy structure 120 is grown on the first surface 110 a of the common growth substrate 110 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the light-emitting epitaxy structure 120 comprises a first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer (not shown) stacked on the first surface 110 a of the common growth substrate 110 . For example, the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is n-type AlGaInP series material, the active layer is AlGaInP series material, and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is p-type AlGaInP series material. A stripping layer 130 is grown on the second surface 110 b of the common growth substrate 110 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The material of the stripping layer 130 may be AlAs or AlGaAs. A solar cell epitaxy structure 140 is grown on the stripping layer 130 opposite to the common growth substrate 110 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the solar cell epitaxy structure 140 may be a multiple junction solar cell epitaxy structure, which is a serial connection of three cells of GaInP/GaAs/Ge. A tunnel junction structure is disposed between two neighboring cells wherein every cell is formed of III-V group compound semiconductor (not shown). As FIG. 1B shows, an adhesive layer 150 is formed on the solar cell epitaxy structure 140 opposite to the stripping layer 130 , wherein the material of the adhesive layer 150 may be Al, Au, Pt, Zn, Ag, Ni, Ge, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cu, Pd, or alloys of the aforementioned metals. In another embodiment, the material of the adhesive layer 150 may be silver glue, spontaneous conductive polymer, polymer materials mixed with conductive materials, or anisotropic conductive film (ACF). A solar cell permanent substrate 160 is provided on the adhesive layer 150 opposite to the solar cell epitaxy structure 140 , wherein the material of the solar cell permanent substrate 160 may be germanium (Ge), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten copper (CuW), silicon aluminum (SiAl), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) or diamond-like carbon (DLC). A wet etching solution containing hydrofluoric acid or citric acid is used for removing the stripping layer 130 , then a light-emitting structure 10 as shown in FIG. 1C and a solar cell structure 20 as shown in FIG. 1D are formed separately. FIG. 1E through FIG. 1H are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 in accordance with the above mentioned embodiments of the present application. As FIG. 1E shows, a transparent conductive layer 121 is formed on the light-emitting epitaxy structure 120 , and a first electrode 122 is formed on the transparent conductive layer 121 . A second electrode 111 is formed on the second surface 110 b of the common growth substrate 110 . Finally, dicing the transparent conductive layer 121 , the light-emitting epitaxy structure 120 , the common growth substrate 110 , and the second electrode 111 along a cutting line 170 to form a light-emitting device 100 as shown in FIG. 1F . As FIG. 1G shows, an anti-reflective layer 142 is formed on a portion of the solar cell epitaxy structure 140 , and a first electrode 141 is formed on the remained portion of the solar cell epitaxy structure 140 . A second electrode 161 is formed on the solar cell permanent substrate 160 opposite to the adhesive layer 150 . Finally, dicing the anti-reflective layer 142 , the solar cell epitaxy structure 140 , the adhesive layer 150 , the solar cell permanent substrate 160 , and the second electrode 161 along a cutting line 170 to form a solar cell device 200 as shown in FIG. 1H . FIG. 2A through FIG. 2D are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting structure 10 and a solar cell structure 20 in accordance with a second embodiment of the present application. As FIG. 2A shows, a common growth substrate 210 is provided for the epitaxial growth of epitaxial materials formed thereon. The material of the common growth substrate 210 may be GaAs or Ge. A light-emitting epitaxy structure 220 is grown on the common growth substrate 210 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the light-emitting epitaxy structure 220 comprises a first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer (not shown) stacked on the common growth substrate 210 . For example, the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is n-type AlGaInP series material, the active layer is AlGaInP series material, and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is p-type AlGaInP series material. A stripping layer 230 is grown on the light-emitting epitaxy structure 220 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The material of the stripping layer 230 may be AlAs or AlGaAs. A solar cell epitaxy structure 240 is grown on the stripping layer 230 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the solar cell epitaxy structure 240 may be a multiple junction solar cell epitaxy structure, which is a serial connection of three cells of GaInP/GaAs/Ge. A tunnel junction structure is disposed between two neighboring cells wherein every cell is formed of III-V group compound semiconductor (not shown). As FIG. 2B shows, an adhesive layer 250 is formed on the solar cell epitaxy structure 240 , wherein the material of the adhesive layer 250 may be Al, Au, Pt, Zn, Ag, Ni, Ge, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cu, Pd, or alloys of the aforementioned metals. In another embodiment, the material of the adhesive layer 250 may be silver glue, spontaneous conductive polymer, polymer materials mixed with conductive materials, or anisotropic conductive film (ACF). A solar cell permanent substrate 260 is provided on the adhesive layer 250 , wherein the material of the solar cell permanent substrate 260 may be germanium (Ge), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten copper (CuW), silicon aluminum (SiAl), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) or diamond-like carbon (DLC). A wet etching solution containing hydrofluoric acid or citric acid is used for removing the stripping layer 230 , then a light-emitting structure 10 as shown in FIG. 2C and a solar cell structure 20 as shown in FIG. 2D are formed separately. The light-emitting structure 10 and the solar cell structure 20 are manufactured by the same process in FIG. 1E through FIG. 1H to form a light-emitting device 100 and a solar cell device 200 respectively (not shown). FIG. 3A through FIG. 3D are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting structure 10 and a solar cell structure 20 in accordance with a third embodiment of the present application. As FIG. 3A shows, a common growth substrate 310 is provided for the epitaxial growth of epitaxial materials formed thereon. The material of the common growth substrate 310 may be GaAs or Ge. A solar cell epitaxy structure 340 is grown on the common growth substrate 310 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the solar cell epitaxy structure 340 may be a multiple junction solar cell epitaxy structure, which is a serial connection of three cells of GaInP/GaAs/Ge. A tunnel junction structure is disposed between two neighboring cells wherein every cell is formed of III-V group compound semiconductor (not shown). A stripping layer 330 is grown on the solar cell epitaxy structure 340 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The material of the stripping layer 330 may be AlAs or AlGaAs. A light-emitting epitaxy structure 320 is formed on the stripping layer 330 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the light-emitting epitaxy structure 320 comprises a first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer stacked on the stripping layer 330 (not shown). For example, the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is n-type AlGaInP series material, the active layer is AlGaInP series material, and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is p-type AlGaInP series material. As FIG. 3B shows, an adhesive layer 350 is formed on the light-emitting epitaxy structure 320 , wherein the material of the adhesive layer 350 may be Al, Au, Pt, Zn, Ag, Ni, Ge, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cu, Pd, or alloys of the aforementioned metals. In another embodiment, the material of the adhesive layer 350 may be silver glue, spontaneous conductive polymer, polymer materials mixed with conductive materials, or anisotropic conductive film (ACF). A light-emitting device permanent substrate 380 is provided on the adhesive layer 350 , wherein the material of the light-emitting device permanent substrate 380 may be germanium (Ge), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten copper (CuW), silicon aluminum (SiAl), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) or diamond-like carbon (DLC). A wet etching solution containing hydrofluoric acid or citric acid is used for removing the stripping layer 330 , then solar cell structure 20 as shown in FIG. 3C and a light-emitting structure 10 as shown in FIG. 3D are formed separately. FIG. 3E through FIG. 3H are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting device 100 and a solar device 200 in accordance with the above mentioned embodiments of the present application. As FIG. 3E shows, a transparent conductive layer 321 is formed on the light-emitting epitaxy structure 320 , and a first electrode 322 is formed on the transparent conductive layer 321 . A second electrode 381 is formed under the light-emitting device permanent substrate 380 opposite to the adhesive layer 350 . Finally, dicing the transparent conductive layer 321 , the light-emitting epitaxy structure 320 , the adhesive layer 350 , the light-emitting device permanent substrate 380 , and the second electrode 381 along a cutting line 370 to form a light-emitting device 100 as shown in FIG. 3F . As FIG. 3G shows, an anti-reflective layer 342 is formed on a portion of the solar cell epitaxy structure 340 , and a first electrode 341 is formed on the remained portion of the solar cell epitaxy structure 340 . A second electrode 312 is formed under the common growth substrate 310 opposite to the solar cell epitaxy structure 340 . Finally, dicing the anti-reflective layer 342 , the solar cell epitaxy structure 340 , the common growth substrate 310 , and the second electrode 312 along a cutting line 370 to form a solar cell device 200 as shown in FIG. 3H . FIG. 4A through FIG. 4D are schematic diagrams showing the process flow for manufacturing a light-emitting structure 10 and a solar cell structure 20 in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the present application. As FIG. 4A shows, a common growth substrate 410 is provided for the epitaxial growth of epitaxial materials formed thereon, wherein the common growth substrate 410 having a first surface 410 a and a second surface 410 b . The material of the common growth substrate 410 may be GaAs or Ge. A stripping layer 430 is grown on the first surface 410 a of the common growth substrate 410 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The material of the stripping layer 430 may be AlAs or AlGaAs. A light-emitting epitaxy structure 420 is grown on the stripping layer 430 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the light-emitting epitaxy structure 420 comprises a first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer (not shown) stacked on the stripping layer 430 . For example, the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is n-type AlGaInP series material, the active layer is AlGaInP series material, and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is p-type AlGaInP series material. A solar cell epitaxy structure 440 is grown on the second surface 410 b the common growth substrate 410 by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the solar cell epitaxy structure 440 may be a multiple junction solar cell epitaxy structure, which is a serial connection of three cells of GaInP/GaAs/Ge. A tunnel junction structure is disposed between two neighboring cells wherein every cell is formed of III-V group compound semiconductor (not shown). As FIG. 4B shows, an adhesive layer 450 is formed on the light-emitting epitaxy structure 420 , wherein the material of the adhesive layer 450 may be Al, Au, Pt, Zn, Ag, Ni, Ge, In, Sn, Ti, Pb, Cu, Pd, or alloys of the aforementioned metals. In another embodiment, the material of the adhesive layer 450 may be silver glue, spontaneous conductive polymer, polymer materials mixed with conductive materials, or anisotropic conductive film (ACF). A light-emitting device permanent substrate 480 is provided on the adhesive layer 450 , wherein the material of the light-emitting device permanent substrate 480 may be germanium (Ge), copper (Cu), aluminum (Al), molybdenum (Mo), tungsten copper (CuW), silicon aluminum (SiAl), gallium arsenide (GaAs), indium phosphide (InP), silicon carbide (SiC), silicon (Si), gallium nitride (GaN), aluminum nitride (AlN) or diamond-like carbon (DLC). A wet etching solution containing hydrofluoric acid or citric acid is used for removing the stripping layer 430 , then a solar cell structure 20 as shown in FIG. 4C and a light-emitting structure 10 as shown in FIG. 4D are formed separately. FIG. 5 shows the growth temperatures for growing a light-emitting epitaxy structure and a solar cell epitaxy structure in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the present application. A common growth substrate Ge is provided for the epitaxial growth of epitaxial materials formed thereon. A solar cell epitaxy structure is grown on the common growth substrate by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the solar cell epitaxy structure may be a multiple junction solar cell epitaxy structure, which is a serial connection of three cells of GaInP/GaAs/Ge (layer 5/layer 3/layer 1). A tunnel junction structure is (layer 2, layer 4) disposed between two neighboring cells wherein every cell is formed of III-V group compound semiconductor. The growth temperature of the these layers is 600° C. A stripping layer (layer 6) is grown on the solar cell epitaxy structure by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. The growth temperature of the stripping layer is 650° C. A light-emitting epitaxy structure is formed on the stripping layer by, for example, metal organic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) method, liquid phase deposition (LPD) method, or molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) method. In the embodiment, the light-emitting epitaxy structure comprises a first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer, an active layer, and a second conductivity type III-V group compound (layer 7-layer 9). The growth temperature of the these layers is 700° C. FIG. 6 shows a schematic diagram of a backlight module device 600 in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the present application. The backlight module device 600 comprises a light source device 610 having the light-emitting device 100 in one of the above mentioned embodiments, an optics device 620 deposited on the light extraction pathway of the light source device 610 , and a power supplement 630 which provides a predetermined power to the light source device 610 . FIG. 7 shows a schematic diagram of an illumination device 700 in accordance with a seventh embodiment of the present application. The illumination device 700 can be automobile lamps, street lights, flashlights, indicator lights and so forth. The illumination device 700 comprises a light source device 710 having the light-emitting device 100 in one of the above mentioned embodiments, a power supplement 720 which provides a predetermined power to the light source device 710 , and a control element 730 which controls the current driven into the light source device 710 . FIG. 8 shows a schematic diagram of a solar cell module 800 in accordance with an eighth embodiment of the present application. The solar cell module 800 comprises a heat sink 860 which provides the heat dissipation, a receiver 850 on the heat sink 860 , a solar cell device 200 in one of the above mentioned embodiments on the receiver 850 wherein the solar cell device electrically connects with the receiver 850 by wire 840 , a secondary optic lens 820 on the solar cell device 200 , and a first optic lens 810 on the secondary optic lens 820 wherein the first optic lens 810 and the secondary optic lens 820 are used for focusing the sunlight. In accordance with the embodiments in the application, the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer of the light-emitting epitaxy structure are two single-layer structures or two multiple layers structure (“multiple layers” means two or more than two layers) having different electrical properties, polarities, dopants for providing electrons or holes respectively. If the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer are composed of the semiconductor materials, the conductivity type can be any two of p-type, n-type, and i-type. The active layer disposed between the first conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer and the second conductivity type III-V group compound semiconductor layer is a region where the light energy and the electrical energy could transfer or could be induced to transfer. In another embodiment of this application, the light emission spectrum of the light-emitting device 100 after transferring can be adjusted by changing the physical or chemical arrangement of one layer or more layers in the active layer. The material of the active layer can be AlGaInP or AlGaInN. The structure of the active layer can be a single heterostructure (SH), a double heterostructure (DH), a double-side double heterostructure (DDH), or a multi-quantum well (MQW) structure. Besides, the wavelength of the emitted light could also be adjusted by changing the number of the pairs of the quantum well in a MQW structure. In one embodiment of this application, a buffer layer (not shown) could be optionally formed between the common growth substrate and the light-emitting epitaxy structure. The buffer layer between two material systems can be used as a buffer system. For the structure of the light-emitting device, the buffer layer is used to reduce the lattice mismatch between two material systems. On the other hand, the buffer layer could also be a single layer, multiple layers, or a structure to combine two materials or two separated structures where the material of the buffer layer can be organic, inorganic, metal, semiconductor, and so on, and the function of the buffer layer can be as a reflection layer, a heat conduction layer, an electrical conduction layer, an ohmic contact layer, an anti-deformation layer, a stress release layer, a stress adjustment layer, a bonding layer, a wavelength converting layer, a mechanical fixing structure, and so on. The material of the buffer layer can be AlN, GaN, or other suitable materials. The fabricating method of the buffer layer can be sputter or atomic layer deposition (ALD). A contact layer (not shown) can also be optionally formed on the light-emitting epitaxy structure. The contact layer is disposed on the second conductivity group type III-V compound semiconductor layer opposite to the active layer. Specifically speaking, the contact layer could be an optical layer, an electrical layer, or the combination of the two. An optical layer can change the electromagnetic radiation or the light from or entering the active layer. The term “change” here means to change at least one optical property of the electromagnetic radiation or the light. The above mentioned property includes but is not limited to frequency, wavelength, intensity, flux, efficiency, color temperature, rendering index, light field, and angle of view. An electrical layer can change or be induced to change the value, density, or distribution of at least one of the voltage, resistance, current, or capacitance between any pair of the opposite sides of the contact layer. The composition material of the contact layer includes at least one of oxide, conductive oxide, transparent oxide, oxide with 50% or higher transmittance, metal, relatively transparent metal, metal with 50% or higher transmittance, organic material, inorganic material, fluorescent material, phosphorescent material, ceramic, semiconductor, doped semiconductor, and undoped semiconductor. In certain applications, the material of the contact layer is at least one of indium tin oxide (ITO), cadmium tin oxide (CTO), antimony tin oxide, indium zinc oxide, zinc aluminum oxide, and zinc tin oxide. If the material is relatively transparent metal, the thickness is about 0.005 μm-0.6 μm. It will be apparent to those having ordinary skill in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the devices in accordance with the present application without departing from the scope or spirit of the disclosure. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present application covers modifications and variations of this disclosure provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents. Although the drawings and the illustrations above are corresponding to the specific embodiments individually, the element, the practicing method, the designing principle, and the technical theory can be referred, exchanged, incorporated, collocated, coordinated except they are conflicted, incompatible, or hard to be put into practice together. Although the present application has been explained above, it is not the limitation of the range, the sequence in practice, the material in practice, or the method in practice. Any modification or decoration for present application is not detached from the spirit and the range of such.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention generally relates to illuminated decorative figures. More particularly, the present invention relates to an illuminated decorative figure having a recessed lamp socket system which protects the socket and its electrical connection from damage and moisture. 2. State of the Art Illuminated decorative figures are well known in the art. They typically simulate a holiday character or object such as a pumpkin, a ghost, a rabbit, Santa Claus, etc. and are often placed outdoors as a decoration to celebrate a holiday. Such figures are usually made of translucent blow molded plastic and fitted with a small lamp socket. The lamp socket is mounted through an opening in a wall of the molded plastic (usually the middle of a back wall) so that the lamp is located inside the figure. When the lamp is lit, the decorative figure is illuminated from within. It is known to choose the size and location of the lamp so that heat from the lamp does not melt the plastic figure. Despite their long known popularity, illuminated decorative figures still have many disadvantages. The lamp socket typically protrudes from a wall (usually rear) of the figure where it is exposed to rain, snow, and physical damage during shipping and storage. The electrical cord connected to the lamp socket is usually too short to reach an electrical outlet; particularly when the figure is used outside. As a result, the electrical cord provided must be connected to an extension cord. The resulting connection to the extension cord either dangles from the lamp socket where the weight of the extension cord can pull the socket out of the figure, or it lies on the ground where it is exposed to snow, rain, and other environmental elements. In either case, the arrangement provides a significant electrical hazard. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the invention to provide a lamp socket system for an illuminated decorative figure which is protected from rain, snow, and other environmental elements. It is also an object of the invention to provide a lamp socket system for an illuminated decorative figure which is protected from damage during shipping and storage. It is another object of the invention to provide a lamp socket system for an illuminated decorative figure which connects to an extension cord in a secure safe manner and where the connection is protected from rain, snow, and other environmental elements. It is still another object of the invention to provide a lamp socket system for an illuminated decorative figure which is less expensive to manufacture than the presently used lamp socket systems. In accord with these objects which will be discussed in detail below, the lamp socket system for an illuminated decorative figure of the present invention includes a lamp socket with an integral male electrical plug and a flange for mounting the socket in a hole in the decorative figure. The decorative figure is provided with a cup-like recess surrounding a hole in which the socket is mounted. The cup-like recess is large enough to accommodate the female end connector of an extension cord. When the socket is installed in the hole in the figure and an extension cord is connected to the integral male plug on the socket, the electrical connection between the extension cord and the socket is sheltered by the cup-like recess. The cup-like recess protects the electrical connection from rain, snow, and other environmental elements. It also supports the weight of the female end connector of the extension cord so that the socket is not pulled out of the figure. Since the socket is installed at the interior end of the cup-like recess, it does not protrude from the outer surface of the figure. The socket is thereby protected from damage during shipping and storage of the decorative figure. By manufacturing the socket with an integral male electrical plug, it is less expensive than known socket systems which include a short electrical cord between the socket and the male electrical plug. Preferred aspects of the invention include: providing the lamp socket with an integral fuse, providing the integral male electrical plug with a partial shroud, and forming the cup-like recess in the decorative figure with oblong extensions to accommodate the female end connector of a multiple outlet extension cord. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the combination of a cup-like recess in the figure and the integral male electrical plug on the socket results in the several synergistic advantages. The decorative figures can be manufactured using conventional molding techniques to provide the cup-like recess for receiving the socket. The socket can be insert molded with inserted conductive prongs, or can be assembled from several pieces. Additional objects and advantages of the invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art upon reference to the detailed description taken in conjunction with the provided figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a first embodiment of the socket of the invention; FIG. 1a is a top view of the socket of FIG. 1; FIG. 1b is a bottom view of the socket of FIG. 1; FIG. 1c is a cross section along line 1c--1c in FIG. 1a; FIG. 1d is a view similar to FIG. 1c of an alternate first embodiment of the socket of the invention having an integral fuse; FIGS. 1e and 1f are views similar to FIGS. 1 and 1b of another alternate first embodiment of the socket of the invention having a partial shroud surrounding the plug; FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1, but of a first part of a second embodiment of the socket of the invention; FIG. 2a is a top view of the socket of FIG. 2; FIG. 2b is a bottom view of the socket of FIG. 2; FIG. 2c is a cross section along line 2c--2c in FIG. 2a; FIG. 2d is a side elevation view of a second part of the second embodiment of the socket of the invention; FIG. 2e is a top view of the second part of the second embodiment of the socket of the invention; FIG. 2f is a side elevation view of a lamp; FIG. 2g is a view similar to FIG. 2c of an alternate second embodiment of the socket of the invention having an integral fuse; FIGS. 2h and 2i are views similar to FIGS. 2 and 2b of another alternate second embodiment of the socket of the invention having a partial shroud surrounding the plug; FIG. 3 is a transparent side view of a first embodiment of an illuminated decorative figure according to the invention; FIG. 3a is a rear view of the cup-like recess in the illuminated decorative figure of FIG. 3 without the socket and lamp installed; FIG. 3b is a transparent side view of a second embodiment of an illuminated decorative figure according to the invention; FIG. 3c is a rear view of the cup-like recess in the illuminated decorative figure of FIG. 3b without the socket and lamp installed; FIG. 3d is an enlarged rear view of the cup-like recess in the illuminated decorative figure of FIG. 3 with the socket of FIG. 1 installed; FIG. 3e is an enlarged rear view of the cup-like recess in the illuminated decorative figure of FIG. 3 with the socket of FIG. 2 installed; FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 3 of a second embodiment of an illuminated decorative figure according to the invention; FIG. 4a is a view similar to FIG. 3a of the embodiment of FIG. 4; and FIG. 4b is a broken side elevation view the female end connector of an extension cord accommodated by the recess shown in FIGS. 4 and 4a. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring now to FIGS. 1 through 1c, a first embodiment of the lamp socket 10 used in the system of the invention generally comprises a cylindrical lamp receiving portion 12, a mounting flange portion 14, and a plug holding portion 16 having a pair of male electrical connector blades or prongs 18, 19 extending therefrom. The lamp socket 10 is preferably manufactured by molding the cylindrical lamp receiving portion 12, the mounting flange portion 14, and the plug holding portion 16 as a single unit with the prongs 18, 19 and contacts 20, 21 inserted in the mold. The lamp receiving cylindrical portion 12 of lamp socket 10 is provided with internal threads 13, a base contact 20, and a side contact 21. As seen best in FIGS. 1a and 1c, the base contact 20 is formed as a narrow bent extension of the connector blade or prong 18, and the side contact 21 is formed as a narrow curved extension of the connector blade or prong 19. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when a conventional lamp such as the one shown in FIG. 2f is screwed into the lamp receiving portion 12 of socket 10, proper electrical contact is made to couple the filament of the lamp to the connector blades 18, 19. The mounting flange portion 14 has a base 24 and a sleeve 26. Base 24 has a diameter larger than the diameter of the cylindrical lamp receiving portion 12. Sleeve 26 is provided with two or more ribs 28 and a pair of radially extending anchors 27, 29. Anchors 27, 29 have upper inclined faces 27a, 29a and lower parallel faces 27b, 29b. The lower faces 27b, 29b are parallel to and spaced apart from the base 24 as seen best in FIGS. 1 and 1c. As will be described in detail hereinafter, such an arrangement permits the mounting flange portion 14 to lockingly mount in the cup-like recess or well of the decorative figure of the invention. Alternate first embodiments of the first embodiment of the lamp socket are shown in FIGS. 1d, 1e, and 1f. FIG. 1d, for example, shows a lamp socket 110 which is substantially the same as the lamp socket 10 shown in FIG. 1c but with the addition of an internal fuse 117. As shown in FIG. 1d, the fuse 117 is coupled in series between the connector blade 118 and the base contact 120. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the fuse 117 may be removable or fixed within the plug holding portion 116 of the socket 110. In the latter case, when the fuse blows, the entire lamp socket will be replaced. This may be less expensive than providing the lamp socket with means for accessing the fuse to replace it. FIGS. 1e and 1f show side and bottom views of another alternate first embodiment of a lamp socket 210. This embodiment is substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1 and 1b, but with the addition of a non-conductive partial shroud 228, 229 flanking the connector blades 218, 219. The partial shroud is formed of two arcuate extensions 228, 229 which extend downward from the plug holding portion 216 and which may be formed as an integral part of the plug holding portion 216. The first arcuate extension 228 is spaced outward from connector blade 218 and the second arcuate extension 229 is spaced outward from connector blade 219. The arcuate extensions 228, 229 preferably extend further from the plug holding portion 216 than do the connector blades 218, 219 as shown best in FIG. 1e. The purpose of the arcuate extensions are to provide a safe finger gripping portions for the lamp socket when connecting the female end connector of an extension cord. Consequently, the space between the arcuate extensions is sufficiently wide to accommodate the female connector end of an extension cord such as shown in FIGS. 4a and 4b which are described in detail below. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that when connecting the female connector end of the extension cord to the plug portion of the lamp socket 10 in FIG. 1, there is the danger that fingers will slip onto the connector blades 18, 19 after initial electrical contact with the extension cord has been made. In order to prevent this, the partial shroud is provided in the form of the two arcuate extensions 228, 229 shown in FIGS. 1e and 1f. Although the shroud is pictured in the drawings as a pair of relatively rigid arcuate members, those skilled in the art will appreciate that other configurations could be used. For example, the shroud could be formed as a cylindrical or rectangular flexible bellows member which collapses when the blades or prongs 18, 19 are inserted into the female end connector of an extension cord. FIGS. 2 through 2e show a second embodiment of lamp socket 30 which is assembled from six pieces: a first socket half 32; a second socket half 34; a first electrical contact 36; a second electrical contact 38; a screw 40; and a removable molded flange portion 42. The first socket half 32 is provided with a screw receiving threaded portion 32a, a first electrical contact receiving portion 32b, a second electrical contact receiving portion 32c, and an internally threaded semi-cylindrical portion 32d. The second socket half 34 is similarly provided with a screw receiving hole 34a, a first electrical contact receiving portion 34b, a second electrical contact receiving portion 34c, and an internally threaded semi-cylindrical portion 34d. The first five parts (all but the flange 42) are assembled by placing the electrical contacts 36, 38 in the contact receiving portions 32b, 32c of the first socket half 32 (FIG. 2c), aligning the second socket half 34 with the first socket half (FIG. 2b) and connecting the socket halves with screw 40 (FIG. 2). The resulting assemblage is a socket having a cylindrical lamp receiving portion 30a and a plug holding portion 30b. Comparing FIGS. 1 and 2, it will be appreciated that socket 30 is substantially the same as the socket 10 described above, but without the flange portion. A molded removable flange 42 (FIGS. 2d and 2e) is provided with a base 44 and a sleeve 46. Base 44 has a diameter larger than the diameter of cylindrical lamp receiving portion 30a. Sleeve 46 is provided with two or more outer ribs 48 and a pair of radially outward extending anchors 47, 49. Anchors 47, 49 have upper inclined faces 47a, 49a and lower parallel faces 47b, 49b. The lower faces 47b, 49b are parallel to and spaced apart from the base 44 as seen best in FIG. 2d. The upper faces 47a, 49a may be rounded or flat and the anchors can be molded as semihemispheres as shown in FIG. 2e. In order to facilitate molding, corresponding openings 47c, 49c may be provided in the base 44 below the anchors 47, 49. Sleeve 46 is also provided with a pair of radially inward extending protrusions 46a, 46b which can be formed as semi-hemispheres like the anchors described above. As seen best in FIG. 2e, the base 44 of flange 42 is provided with a circular opening 44a having a scalloped inner edge 44b. Opening 44a is substantially coaxial with sleeve 46 and has an inner diameter slightly smaller than the diameter of the cylindrical lamp receiving portion 30a of the socket 30. Flange 42 is interrupted by a radial cut 42a through the base 44 and collar 46. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that the radial cut 42a provides diametrical resiliency allowing the diameter of the flange 42 to be adjusted through tension and compression. The flange 42 is attached to the socket 30 by inserting the cylindrical lamp receiving portion 30a of socket 30 into the circular opening 44a as suggested by the relative placement of FIGS. 2c and 2d. The radial cut 42a allows the flange to be stretched slightly and the scalloped edge 44b of opening 44a provides a frictional engagement with the cylindrical lamp receiving portion 30a of socket 30. It will also be appreciated that the plug holding portion 30b of the socket 30 prevents the flange from sliding off the socket toward the plug blades 36, 38. It will also be appreciated that when an appropriately sized lamp such as the one shown in FIG. 2f is installed in the cylindrical lamp receiving portion 30a, the flange is prevented from sliding off the socket toward the lamp. FIG. 2g shows a first alternate of the second embodiment of a lamp socket 130. This embodiment is substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 through 2e, but with the addition of an internal fuse 117. As seen in FIG. 2g, the fuse 117 is connected in series between connector blade 136 and the base contact 136a which extends into the base of the lamp receiving portion 132d. In this embodiment, as compared to the embodiment described above with reference to FIG. 1d, replacement of the fuse may be easily effected by removing a screw 140 from the threaded portion 132a, and separating the socket halves 132, 134 as described above with reference to FIGS. 2 through 2e. A second alternate of the second embodiment of a lamp socket 230 is shown in FIGS. 2h and 2i. This embodiment is substantially the same as the embodiment shown in FIGS. 2 through 2e but with the addition of partial shroud 336, 338 flanking connector blades 236, 238. The partial shroud in this embodiment is substantially the same as the partial shroud shown and described above with reference to FIGS. 1e and 1f. Those skilled in the art will appreciate that in this embodiment, the lamp socket is formed from two halves 232, 234 connected by screw 240. Therefore, the arcuate extensions 336, 338 forming the partial shroud will be segmented accordingly as seen best in FIG. 2i. Otherwise, the partial shroud serves the same purpose and operates in the same manner as the partial shroud described above with reference to FIGS. 1e and 1f. FIGS. 3 and 3a show one embodiment of the cup-like recess or well 52 and socket receiving hole 54 in a blow molded decorative FIG. 50. The recess 52 and the receiving hole 54 are, in this embodiment, located in a rear wall of the molded FIG. 50 substantially above the base 51 of the FIG. 50. Socket 10 (30) is installed in the socket receiving hole 54 as described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 3d and 3e. The cup-like recess 52 is large enough to accommodate the female end 56 of an extension cord 58. As can be seen in FIG. 3, the cup-like recess 52 is also deep enough so that the entire female end 56 of the extension cord 58 is sheltered by the recess on five sides: front; two sides; top; and bottom. In other words, the connection is protected on all sides but the back. FIGS. 3b and 3c show a second embodiment of the well 62 and socket receiving hole 64 in a molded decorative FIG. 60. Recess 62 and receiving hole 64 are, in this embodiment, located in a rear wall of the molded FIG. 60 adjacent the base 61 of the FIG. 60. The socket 10 (30) is installed in the socket receiving hole 64 as described in detail below with reference to FIGS. 3d and 3e. The cup-like recess 62 is large enough to accommodate the female end 56 of an extension cord 58. As can be seen in FIG. 3b, the cup-like recess 62 is also deep enough so that the entire female end 56 of the extension cord 58 is sheltered by the recess on four sides; front; two sides; and top. In other words, the connection is protected on all sides but the back and the bottom. It should be noted, however, that the bottom of the cup-like recess 62 is offered shelter by the surface on which the FIG. 60 is placed. While the embodiment of FIG. 3 is preferred, the embodiment of FIG. 3b still offers substantial advantages, particularly when it is otherwise desirable to place the lamp as close as possible to the base of the figure. With the above descriptions of the preferred sockets of the invention, and the preferred socket receiving hole of the invention, those skilled in the art will appreciate how the socket is installed in the hole. FIG. 3d shows a rear view of socket 10 installed in the socket receiving hole 54 at the interior end of the well 52 of the illuminated decorative FIG. 50 of FIG. 3. It will be seen that the base 24 of the flange portion 14 of the socket 10 remains outside the hole while the anchors 27, 29 of the flange portion 14 remain inside the hole. Since the molded FIG. 50 and the socket 10 are both plastic, some resilient deformation is possible while the socket 10 is pushed into the hole 54. In particular, the inclined surfaces 27a, 29a (FIG. 1) of the anchors 27, 29 urge resiliency between the hole 54 and the anchors 27, 29. Upon insertion of the socket into the hole, ribs 28 on the collar 26 of the flange 14 frictionally engage the inner edge of the hole 54 to minimize rotation of the socket in the hole. The lower faces 27b, 29b (FIG. 1) of the anchors 27, 29 prevent the socket from being removed from the hole absent substantial force being applied. In this regard, it will be appreciated that the distance between the lower faces 27b, 29b (FIG. 1) of the anchors 27, 29 and the upper surface of the base 24 should be sufficient to allow a snug fit with the wall of the decorative figure. FIG. 3e shows a rear view of the socket 30 and flange 42 installed in the socket receiving hole 54 of the illuminated decorative FIG. 50 of FIG. 3. It will be seen that the base 44 of the flange 42 remains outside the hole while the anchors 47, 49 remain inside the hole. In this embodiment, the flange 42 is made diametrically resilient with the aid of radial cut 42a. It will be appreciated that upon installation of the socket in the hole, the inner scalloped edge 44b of the opening 44a in the flange 42 frictionally engage the outer surface of the cylindrical portion 30a of the socket 30. In addition, the inward protrusions 46a, 46b of the sleeve 46 also engage the cylindrical portion 30a. Anchors 47, 49 and ribs 48 operate in substantially the same manner as described above with reference to FIG. 3d. FIGS. 4 and 4a show an alternate embodiment of the cup-like 16 recess or well 452 in a blow molded decorative FIG. 450. The configuration of this recess 452 is particularly suited for use with a female end connector 456 of an extension cord 458 shown in FIGS. 4 and 4b. As those skilled in the art will appreciate, a typical extension cord 458 terminates in a female end connector 456 which is oblong and is provided with a pair of spaced apart sockets 456a, 456b. In order to properly accommodate an end connector of this shape, the recess or well 452 is provided with one or more oblong extensions 452a, 452b which extend radially outward from an inner circular recess 452c. As seen in FIG. 4, one of these oblong extensions 452b receives a portion of the oblong end connector 456 when the end connector is attached to the lamp socket 230. This arrangement provides the added advantage that the engagement of the end connector 456 within the oblong extension 452b prevents the lamp socket 230 from rotation within the receiving hole 454 further stabilizing the seating of the lamp socket in the receiving hole. There have been described and illustrated herein several embodiments of a recessed lamp socket system for illuminated decorative figures. While particular embodiments of the invention have been described, it is not intended that the invention be limited thereto, as it is intended that the invention be as broad in scope as the art will allow and that the specification be read likewise. Thus, while particular flange and anchor arrangements have been disclosed, it will be appreciated that other arrangements could be utilized. Also, while specific constructions of a lamp socket with integral male electrical connector have been shown, it will be recognized that other types of lamp sockets with integral male connectors could be used with similar results obtained. While the lamp socket has been shown in one embodiment with an optional integral fuse and in another embodiment with an optional partial protective shroud, it will be understood that these features may be combined in other embodiments to provide all or some of the features disclosed. Moreover, while the decorative figure has been disclosed as being a blow molded plastic, it will be appreciated that the concepts of the invention could be applied to other types of decorative figures as well. Furthermore, while the cup- like recess has been shown in the figures as being substantially cylindrical and substantially cylindrical with oblong extensions, it will be understood that other configurations could be used with similar results obtained. It will therefore be appreciated by those skilled in the art that yet other modifications could be made to the provided invention without deviating from its spirit and scope as so claimed.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to structural fasteners that quickly and seamlessly join or non-destructively disconnect (uncouple) structural framing members, beams, panels, prefabricated structures and ready-to-assemble components such as equipment, tools, furniture, scaffolding and fencing. 2. Description of the Prior Art Fasteners are selected in accordance with their capability to perform a particular task, especially in terms of strength, ease of installation (or in some instances, the ease of unfastening), and their appearance in the finished job. Mechanical fastening means such as nails, screws, bolts, staples, anchors, toggle bolts, molly bolts, strap toggles, eye bolts, U-bolts, hook bolts, thumb screws, turnbuckles, joist hangers, framing clips, beam clips, truss clips, bridge clips, mending plates, corrugated fasteners, and rivets are typical of the diverse fasteners devised to perform a multitude of fastening and connecting tasks. These fastening means are typically quite visible after installation thus requiring the utilization of additional resources to hide them from sight. In addition, although many fastening tasks require joining objects along their longitudinal axis, many of the above mentioned fasteners operate in a plane perpendicular to, or oblique to, this longitudinal axis; thus requiring the additional of straps, plates or the like to perform the fastening task. In contrast to fasteners that operate in a plane perpendicular to a load, the Structural Fastener of the present invention distributes the load longitudinally along the entire surface of an inclined plane formed by an internal coupler shaft whose one end is threaded into a mating female socket. Thus the load is distributed and carried longitudinally in the Structural Fastener of the present invention. The prior art which may be relevant to this invention is described hereinafter. U.S. Pat. No. 1,101,805 to Lewis discloses a reinforcing drill tool joint comprising a drill rod portion that has wrench faces and a conical threaded pin at one end that threads into mating internal threads on a drill rod box. After threading the drill rod and the drill rod box together, semi-circular segments (17) are placed around interrupted segments (15 & 16) and then a sleeve (18) is slid up and over these segments and threaded onto the box (8) thus securing and locking the joint. This disclosure uses a rod with a threaded male end to securely couple to a mating internally threaded socket in a second rod. U.S. Pat. No. 2,059,175 to Myracle discloses a coupling device that provides a releasable connection between a string of pump rods and the moveable member of a well pump. This device comprises a lower coupling with an internal right-handed threaded socket at its lower end for connecting to a pump and a left-handed threaded stud with a hole through it at its other end. This stud is threaded into a mating female socket in the upper coupling and is locked in place by a shear pin inserted into holes in the upper coupling and the hole in the lower coupling's stud. The upper coupling connects to a pump rod via a right-handed threaded stud. This disclosure shows a mechanism for threading two shafts together via a stud and socket arrangement. U.S. Pat. No. 4,120,596 to Kunkle discloses a valve actuator coupling that applies a limited force to a valve stem with a valve actuator to ensure proper backseating without damaging the valve. The coupling comprises a fitting (16) mounted on a rod (20). This fitting has an internal cavity (34) and internal threads (42). The stem of a valve connects to a 2nd fitting (22) that fits into the cavity (34) and is held in this cavity by a threaded collar (44). A spring (49) mounted between a collar (44) and the fitting (22) applies sufficient force to maintain the surface (38) of the valve stem and the surface (48) of the valve actuator together with a minimal degree of outside force acting on the stem (26) and rod (20). This disclosure uses a spring to force a stem into contact with another surface. U.S. Pat. No. 4,311,435 to Bergero discloses a balanced power transmission device wherein a windmill propeller drives a bevel gear (30) that rotates two coupling bevel gears (32 & 34). One bevel gear (32) is free to rotate around a shaft (36) while the second bevel gear (34) can freely rotate around a sleeve (38). Two pawls (40 & 44) individually engage these bevel gears (32 & 34) so that these gears will drive the shaft (36) and the sleeve (38), respectively. This rotational energy is transmitted to a lower transmission box where bevel gears (52 & 54) are fixedly attached to the sleeve (38) and the shaft (36) and these gears transfer this rotational energy via a coupling bevel gear to a driving shaft (22) connected to a motor. This device cancels all torque in the vertical drive shaft thereby eliminating the need for a yaw control device to maintain the propeller blades facing into the wind. This disclosure uses bevel gears to transfer rotational movement from one axis to another and thereby rotate a shaft perpendicular to the input rotational motion. U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,561 to Ewing discloses a rod assembly designed to resist breakage at the junction of the threaded and unthreaded portion of the rod by providing structural reinforcement and a seal to prevent corrosive fluids from reaching the threads. The assembly comprises a connector with a threaded pin end (26), a tool receiving shank (14) and a socket (20) with a threaded portion and a flange (24). A threaded rod (10) is threaded into the socket and then an extruding tool is used to extrude the flange so that it deforms around the rod (10) above the threads and thus form both a structural reinforcement and a seal. This disclosure shows that a threaded stud can be coupled securely with a threaded socket to form a rod that will withstand high tensile stress. U.S. Pat. No. 4,500,224 to Ewing discloses a coupling mechanism similar to the coupling described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,406,561 to Ewing. In this disclosure, the end of a rod is upset to form a head (14) of enlarged diameter. This head is threaded and mates with a partially threaded socket (24) in a connector (22). Once engaged, the threads of the rod (10) terminate next to the outer end of the threaded portion of the socket (24). A flange 28 is cold formed using an extruding die against the tapered shoulder (16) of the rod (10). This extrusion clamps the flange around the rod and tapered shoulder throughout the unthreaded portion of the socket and the head of the rod. This disclosure shows that a threaded stud can be coupled securely with a threaded socket to form a rod that will withstand high tensile stress. U.S. Pat. No. 4,582,347 to Wilcox et al discloses a threaded quick disconnect coupling wherein the male coupler can be connected to a female coupler regardless of whether the female coupler has a threaded connection or a detent connection to secure the two couplers. A universal male coupler (18) mates with a female coupler (14) when the closed end (26) of the female coupler is inserted in the end portion (29) of the male coupler (18) until stopped by a spring-loaded check valve (35). This action moves a spring-loaded valve (24) in the female coupler to its open position and uncovers ports (23) in the female coupler. To secure the connection, a detent holder (60) mounted on the female coupler is slid onto the male coupler or a threaded wingnut (49) mounted on the female coupler is threaded onto the male coupler. U.S. Pat. No. 4,642,837 to Nichols et al discloses a broom assembly with replaceable components. This disclosure shows a broom handle with a threaded end (15) that screws into a socket cap (5) that in turn attaches by clipping in to plastic fingers (31) with teeth that are attached to a shroud (7) that encompasses a block of broom bristles. This disclosure connects a threaded rod to an internally threaded socket by rotating the rod. U.S. Pat. No. 5,308,184 to Bernard discloses a means of connecting concrete reinforcing rods with rotational immobility. The end of each of the reinforcing rods to be connected are upset and threaded. A threaded sleeve is then passed over the rod to be added, the threaded ends are butted together and then the threaded sleeve is rotated/threaded directly onto the threaded end of the second rod thus joining both rods without the need to rotate either rod. U.S. Pat. No. 5,385,420 to Newman discloses a threaded snap-fit coupling assembly for hand held tools. This assembly comprises a coupling (12) with a free end (18) that can attach to a handle and a threaded male end (16) with a hex-shaped head (22)and a ridge (24) that snaps into an adapter (10) that has a male fastening and a threaded end for attaching to a hand tool. The coupling (12) snaps into a receptacle (26) of the adapter (10) and its ridge (24) locks into a mating groove (36) in the adapter. The present invention overcomes many of the drawbacks and deficiencies of prior art fasteners and provides a unique fastener that is easy to install into structural or non-structural members to be joined and which enables quick and seamless assembly and disassembly of these members. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a fastener that mates with a threaded socket mounted in or integral to a structural member, a structural beam, a structural panel or any beam or panel with sufficient thickness to support a mating threaded socket. When the fastener is aligned to a threaded socket in the mating beam or panel, a spring loaded coupler shaft in the fastener presses against the mating socket threads. Rotating a tool-driven (hex wrench, screwdriver, or the like) gear rotates the coupler shaft that engages and threads into the mating socket until the two members are securely mated. A principle object of the present invention is to provide a rigid fastener that will support large load bearing members at comparatively large spans. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fastener that can quickly and easily couple, or non-destructively uncouple, structural or non-structural members such as beams; panels; pre-formed wall, floor, ceiling or window units; ready-to-assemble structures; and other applications such as ready-to-assemble equipment, scaffolding, tools, fencing and furniture. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a fastener that can provide seamless joints or invisible joints. A further object of the present invention is to provide a fastener that couples along an axis of the structural member so as to provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners such as nails, pins, welds, screws, bolts and rivets. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fastener that apply a precise torque to sealed or gasketed members so as to form an air and/or water tight seal between said members. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a fastener that provides reliable joining. A further object of the present invention is to provide a scaleable fastener in both size and composition that can support large structural loads such as ceiling panels, wall panels, floor panels or window panels. Still another object of the present invention is to reduce the labor required to assemble the framing for an addition to a house, to add a Florida-style room, to add a greenhouse; or to erect a garage, a pool enclosure, a utility building or similar structure. Yet another object of the present invention is to provide a Structural Fastener that will support dense and heavy glass panels such as used in Florida rooms, greenhouses and skyscrapers. Still another object of the present invention is to increase the length of a load-bearing span by using high-load bearing Structural Fasteners. Another object of the present invention is to provide a scaleable Structural Fastener that can handle the load-bearing requirements of structural members used in any building project from the erection of a utility shed to the erection of a skyscraper. A further object of the present invention is to enable manufacturers to produce shorter load-bearing members that can be assembled in a quick and efficient manner into long spans using Structural Fasteners and simple tools and thus reduce shipping and labor costs. Yet another object of the present invention is to use the Structural Fastener to rapidly assemble or disassemble saw horses, portable work benches, scaffolding, patio, yard and other furniture using only simple hand tools. Still another object of the present invention is to use the Structural Fastener to assemble and install long fencing units comprised of short hand-carried sizes thus reducing labor costs and the number of supporting posts required. Other objects and advantages will be apparent from the following description of the invention, and the novel features of the invention will be particularly pointed out hereinafter in the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention is illustrated in the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 shows an exploded view of a single-drive Structural Fastener. FIG. 2 shows an exploded view of a dual-drive Structural Fastener. FIG. 3 shows an exploded view of a dual-drive Structural Fastener modified to accept a coupler shaft restraining pin. FIG. 4 shows a sectional view taken along line 4--4 of FIG. 1 of an assembled single-drive Structural Fastener. FIG. 5 shows a sectional view taken along line 5--5 of FIG. 2 of an assembled dual-drive Structural Fastener with the coupler shaft fully extended. FIG. 6 shows a sectional view taken along line 6--6 of FIG. 2 of an assembled dual-drive Structural Fastener with the coupler shaft partially retracted and about to be threaded into a mating socket. FIG. 7 shows a sectional view taken along line 7--7 of FIG. 2 of an assembled dual-drive Structural Fastener with the coupler shaft threaded into a mating socket. FIG. 8 shows a sectional view taken along line 8--8 of FIG. 3 of an assembled Structural Fastener with a restraining pin. FIG. 9 shows a sectional view of a Structural Fastener modified to be driven by a worm drive. FIG. 10 shows a sectional view taken along line 10--10 of FIG. 9 showing the interaction between the worm drive, the worm gear and the coupler shaft. FIG. 11 shows a top sectional view of a right-angle housing for two assembled Structural Fasteners. FIG. 12 shows a schematic view of various Structural Fastener housings used in a structural frame. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The Structural Fastener 1 of FIG. 1 is an internal longitudinal, reversible, gear-driven interlocking screw assembly and coupling device. The Structural Fastener comprises a spring-loaded, bevel-gear assembly driven coupler shaft with a threaded stud that mates with a female threaded socket so as to form an invisible joint that is easily decoupled. The Structural Fastener incorporates a spring loaded coupler shaft that overcomes the inherent problem of precisely gearing direct drive coupling fasteners wherein the driven gear's rotational velocity must be precisely translated into a rate of rise of the threaded coupler shaft that matches the rate of rise (pitch) of the thread on the mating female section. The application of the Structural Fastener is independent of its structural housing. That is, the Structural Fastener housing can be a cylindrical tube, a rectangular tube, a box, a regular, symmetrically-shaped housing, an irregularly shaped housing, or any other shaped housing that may be required for a particular coupling application. The Structural Fastener can be arranged in polar or linear arrays to increase its load-bearing capabilities, its air or water tight sealing capabilities or for redundancy. The Structural Fastener provides a longitudinal coupling of members in contrast to current methods of fastening with fasteners such as nails, screws, bolts, pins and rivets which are applied perpendicular to the members joined or fastened. The Structural Fastener is reversible, reusable and scaleable thus making it an ideal fastener for a broad range of products and applications. The Structural Fastener makes a rigid, reliable coupling between coupled members and forms a smooth external splice with no protrusions, sleeves or other fastening aids that would protrude from the original load-bearing member. The coupled joint of a finished structural member could be virtually invisible. The addition of an O-ring or sealing gasket to the Structural Fastener or placed between the joined members can provide an air or water-tight seal. A torque wrench can be used to obtain a precise coupling force between coupled members. Many modifications and variations of the Structural Fastener invention may be made without departing from the scope and spirit of the variations set forth herein. For ease of referencing, the variations of the Structural Fastener set forth below will be referred to as a single-drive Structural Fastener, a dual-drive Structural Fastener, a pinned Structural Fastener and a worm-drive Structural Fastener. As will be apparent from the description of the various embodiments wherein common functional elements are shared, these elements are not to be construed in a limiting sense as applying to only a single embodiment. Single-Drive Structural Fastener The single-drive Structural Fastener 1 of FIG. 1 comprises: a ring gear housing 110 of FIG. 1; a ring gear drive unit 120 of FIG. 1 with a keyslot 122 of FIG. 1; a helical spring 140 of FIG. 1; a coupler shaft 10 of FIG. 1; a pinion gear 150 of FIG. 1; and a front support 190 of FIG. 1; all enclosed in a suitable housing, not shown in FIG. 1. The assembled Structural Fastener of FIG. 1 is shown in cross-section in FIG. 4 enclosed in a housing 70. The ring gear housing 110 of FIG. 1 functions as a rear stop for the components of the Structural Fastener, a support housing for the coupler shaft 10 and the ring gear drive unit 120, and provides a spring stop surface 114 of FIG. 4 upon which the bottom end 140B of FIG. 1 of spring 140 rests. The ring gear housing 110 comprises a longitudinal object with a bottom section 113 of FIG. 4, a circular bottom aperture 112 of FIG. 4 that passes through this bottom section 113, said bottom aperture 112 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of an end segment 20 of FIG. 4 of coupler shaft 10, longitudinal walls 110W of FIG. 4 with a length equal to or greater than the length of a ring gear extension 124 of FIGS. 1 and 4, and a top aperture 116 of FIG. 1 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the ring gear extension 124 of FIG. 1, said aperture 116 extending a length equal to or greater than the length of the ring gear extension 124 of FIG. 1. The external shape of the ring gear housing 110 can be cylindrical as shown in FIG. 1, rectangular, polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 10 and the ring gear drive unit 120. The ring gear drive unit 120 of FIG. 1 interacts with pinion gear 150 and coupler shaft 10 so as to rotate and drive a threaded end 52 of FIGS. 1 and 4 into a mating female threaded socket 80 of FIG. 1. This gear can use a modified off-the-shelf bevel-type gear such as Boston Gear part No. L148Y-G! in some variations and comprises: a cylindrical ring gear extension 124 of FIGS. 1 and 4 with an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of the top aperture 116 and a length less than the length of the wall 110W of the ring gear housing 110; a gear teeth section 128 of FIG. 1 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity, size, and spacing to mesh with the pinion gear teeth 158 of FIG. 1, the ratio of pinion gear teeth 158 to gear teeth 128 being one-to-one, one-to-two, or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture, the sizing of the Structural Fastener, or the application; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section 128 sized to cause the gear teeth 128 of FIGS. 1 and 4 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 158 of the pinion gear 150; a central, cylindrical aperture 126 of FIG. 1 that extends along the longitudinal axis of the ring gear drive unit 120, from end-to-end, and whose inside diameter is greater than the outside diameter of a keyed segment 30 of FIGS. 1 and 4 of coupler shaft 10; a keyslot 122 of FIG. 1 located in the cylindrical wall of aperture 126, this keyslot extending longitudinally from end-to-end, and the width and depth of this keyslot being greater than the width and depth of a mating key 12 of FIG. 1 when said key is mounted in a retainer slot 32 of FIG. 1 of coupler shaft 10; a circular top surface 120T of FIG. 1 that extends from the cylindrical wall of aperture 126 to the base of the gear tooth section 128 and that provides a rear stop for a collar 40 of coupler shaft 10. The helical spring 140 of FIGS. 1 and 4 provides a compressive force on coupler shaft 10 that forces the threaded end 52 to extend pass a top end 190T of FIG. 4 and pass an outside edge 72 of housing 70 so as to be available to be threaded into a mating female threaded socket 80 of FIG. 1 when the coupler shaft 10 is rotated. The spring 140 is positioned to encircle the end segment 20 of the coupler shaft 10, the top end 140T of FIG. 1 of spring 140 butts into a bottom end 30B of FIG. 4 of keyed segment 30, and the spring's bottom end 140B of FIG. 1 sits on the spring stop surface 114 of FIG. 4 of the ring gear housing 110. When the Structural Fastener is assembled, the spring is compressed between the bottom end 30B of the keyed segment and the spring stop surface 114 of FIG. 4. The inside diameter of spring 140 is greater than the outside diameter of the end segment 20 of coupler shaft 10, the outside diameter is less than the inside diameter of aperture 126 of the ring gear drive unit 120, and the length is selected to provide a compressive force on coupler shaft 10 in an assembled Structural Fastener. Spring 140 can be an off-the-shelf compressive spring sized to fit the scale of the Structural Fastener or it can be custom manufactured to suit a particular application. The coupler shaft 10 of FIG. 1 provides a threaded end that couples with a mating female threaded socket thus providing a longitudinal coupling that can provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners and virtually seamless joining. The coupler shaft 10 is an integrated, multi-segmented, multi-sized shaft comprising: a cylindrical end segment 20 of FIGS. 1 and 4 that penetrates the bottom aperture 112 of FIG. 4, that is supported by the ring gear housing 110, that is encircled in part by helical spring 140, and that has an outer diameter that is less than the inside diameter of the bottom aperture 112; a keyed segment 30 of FIGS. 1 and 4 that has an outside diameter greater than or equal to the outside diameter of helical spring 140 and less than the inside diameter of aperture 126, that has a bottom end 30B of FIG. 4 that provides a stop for the top end 140T of spring 140, that has a length extending from the bottom end 30B of FIG. 4 to the bottom end 40B of collar 40, said length being greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 120, and that provides a longitudinal retainer slot 32 for key 12 of FIGS. 1 and 4, said slot sized and shaped to accept key 12; a key 12 that mounts in retainer slot 32, is shaped to mate with and be free to move longitudinally in keyslot 122 of the ring gear drive unit 120, and with a length greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 120; a cylindrical collar 40 of FIGS. 1 and 4 that limits the longitudinal distance traversed by the coupler shaft 10 from the top end 120T of the ring gear drive unit 120 to the bottom end 190B of the front support 190 and that has an outside diameter greater than the inside diameter of aperture 126 of ring gear drive unit 120 and greater than the inside diameter of an aperture 192 of FIG. 1 of the front support 190; a cylindrical coupling segment 50 of FIGS. 1 and 4 that comprises a longitudinal shaft with an unthreaded segment and a threaded end 52, said threaded end 52 sized and threaded to threadedly penetrate the female threaded socket 80 of FIG. 1 to a depth that provides a secure fastening and/or a reliable load carrying connection, the length of said threaded end 52 being scaleable so as to meet the requirements of different connecting and load supporting applications. A large pitch thread with deep threads provides a solid and secure coupling with little risk of thread cross-over or thread stripping when the coupler shaft is under coupled loading. In some variations of the Structural Fastener, a 3/4-10 thread on a 1/2 inch diameter shaft with a thread run of about 1.5 to 2 times the shaft diameter should provide a solid and secure coupling to a mating female socket. The length of the coupler shaft 10 defines the length of an assembled Structural Fastener. The coupler shaft 10 extends from, and/or beyond, the bottom aperture 112 of the ring gear housing 110 to beyond the top end 190T of FIG. 4 and the outside edge 72 of the housing. The coupler shaft 10 can be pressed back along its axis and restrained so that it does not extend beyond the top end 190T of the front support 190. Any such restraint is removed to allow the coupling segment 50 to be forced against the mating socket 80. The coupler shaft 10 can be solid or hollow. A hollow coupler shaft 10 provides cabling or piping pass-through access between joined members and can thus reduce the number of cabling or piping openings in the joined members. The pinion gear 150 of FIGS. 1 and 4 is manually rotated by a hand or power-driven tool. This pinion gear transfers its rotational motion perpendicularly into rotation of the ring gear drive unit 120 that in turn rotates and drives coupler shaft 10. This pinion gear can use an unmodified, off-the-shelf bevel-type gear such as Boston Gear part No. L148Y-P! in some variations and comprises: a cylindrical pinion gear extension 152 of FIGS. 1 and 4 that has an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of a housing aperture 74 and that has a tool-receiving receptacle sized and shaped to accept the driving element of a hand or power-driven tool such as a screwdriver, hex or Allen-style wrench, ratchet wrench, torque wrench or tools of a like type; and a gear teeth section 158 of FIG. 1 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity, size, and spacing to mesh with the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120, the ratio of pinion gear teeth 158 to gear teeth 128 being one-to-one, one-to-two, or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture, the sizing of the Structural Fastener, or the application; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section 158 sized to cause the gear teeth 158 of FIGS. 1 and 4 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120; The pinion gear extension 152 of pinion gear 150 of FIG. 4 is positioned in housing aperture 74 and is free to rotate. The pinion gear is retained in this aperture in an assembled Structural Fastener by the presence of the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120 which are positioned perpendicular to and in contact with the pinion gear teeth 158. The front support 190 of FIGS. 1 and 4 functions as a front stop for the components of the Structural Fastener and a support housing for the coupler shaft 10. The front support 190 comprises a longitudinal hollow object with a bottom end 190B, a circular aperture 192 of FIG. 1 that extends longitudinally through the front support, said aperture 192 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the coupling segment 50 of coupler shaft 10, and a depth selected in accordance with the needs of a particular application or so as to provide specific load support capabilities. The bottom section 190B of FIG. 4 provides a front stop for the collar 40 of coupler shaft 10. The external shape of the front support 190 can be cylindrical as shown in FIG. 1, rectangular, polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 10. The housing 70 of FIG. 4 encases and supports an assembled Structural Fastener 1. A method of assembling the Structural Fastener into a housing 70, said housing comprising a longitudinal cylindrical polygon with an aperture sized to receive the pinion gear extension 152, comprises (see generally FIG. 1 and 4): mounting pinion gear 150 into housing aperture 74 by inserting pinion gear extension 152 of FIG. 4 into housing aperture 74; combining ring gear drive unit 120 and ring gear housing 110 by placing the ring gear extension 124 of FIG. 1 into the ring gear housing top aperture 116 until the bottom end 120B of the ring gear drive unit contacts and is stopped by the top surface 110T of the ring gear housing 110; inserting said combined ring gear housing 110 and ring gear drive unit 120 into housing 70 until the gear teeth 128 of the ring gear drive unit 120 contact and mesh with the pinion gear teeth 158 of FIG. 4; securing the ring gear housing 110 in the housing 70 by mechanical means such as a flat-spring, a C-shaped retaining ring; a ring lock, welding; pins, bolts, or screws inserted through the housing 70; or like mechanisms, or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy, adhesive glue or the like attaches the ring gear housing 110 to housing 70; placing spring 140 on end segment 20 of coupler shaft 10 of FIG. 4; inserting said spring 20 and end segment 20 into ring gear aperture 126; continuing to insert coupler shaft 10 into ring gear aperture 126 and rotating coupler shaft 10 until the key 12 mounted on the keyed segment 30 of coupler shaft 10 aligns with keyslot 122; continuing to insert coupler shaft 10 into ring gear aperture 126 until end segment 20 passes into and through the bottom aperture 112 of FIG. 4 of the ring gear housing 110 and a return force (bounce) is applied to the coupler shaft 10 by the compression of spring 140 between the spring stop 114 of the ring gear housing 110 and the bottom end 30B of the keyed segment 30 of the coupler shaft 10; sliding front support 190 onto the coupling segment 50 of FIGS. 1 and 4 until the bottom end 190B contacts the top end 40T of the collar 40; applying pressure to the front support 190 along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft 10 so as to continue to slide the front support 190 into the housing 70 until the bottom end 190B is distanced from the outer edge of the pinion gear teeth 158 in accordance with the needs of the application; securing the front support 190 to the housing 70 by mechanical means such as a flat-spring, a C-shaped retaining ring; a ring lock, welding; pins, bolts, or screws inserted through the housing 70; or like mechanisms, or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy, adhesive glue or the like attaches the front support 190 to housing 70. This method of assembling the basic Structural Fastener may be readily modified to accommodate various means of manufacture or to fit the needs of various applications. The assembled components of a Structural Fastener mounted in a housing interact as follows: the longitudinal axis 10L of FIG. 1 of the coupler shaft 10 is aligned to the longitudinal axis of the female socket 80; the helical spring 140, being compressed between the spring stop 114 of FIG. 4 and the bottom end 30B of the keyed segment 30, exerts a compressive force on coupler shaft 10 that forces the threaded end 52 to extend pass the front support's top end 190T and pass the outside edge 72 of housing 70; the Structural Fastener is positioned such that the outside edge 72 of the housing or the top end 190 of the front support contacts the entry wall 80W of FIG. 1; this positioning forces the coupler shaft rearward into the fastener and further compresses the spring 140; pinion gear 150 is rotated by a tool inserted into the pinion gear tool receiving receptacle 154 of FIG. 4; the rotational motion of the pinion gear 150 is translated via pinion gear teeth 158 and ring gear drive unit teeth 128 into rotation of ring gear drive unit 120; the rotation of ring gear drive unit 120 is translated via key 12 and keyslot 122 into rotation of coupler shaft 10 and thus rotation of the threaded end 52; the rotation of threaded end 52 combined with the forward thrust provided by the compressed spring 140 causes the threaded end 52 to thread itself into the mating female threaded socket 80 of FIG. 1; as the threaded end 52 threadedly enters socket 80, the collar 40 of coupler shaft 10 advances until said collar contacts the bottom end 190B of the front support 190; continued rotation of the pinion gear 150 causes the threaded end 52 to thread deeper into socket 80, thus further advancing collar 40, said collar transmitting a force via the front support that moves the Structural Fastener and/or its housing into contact with entry wall 80W; further rotational torque applied to pinion gear 150 increases the torque applied to the threaded end (stud) and socket connection but will not result in any further rotation of the coupler shaft 10; the Structural Fastener is now connected to the socket 80. Non-destructive decoupling is similar to the above. Rotation of the pinion gear 150 in a direction opposite that of the rotation used to threadedly connect the coupler shaft 10 to the socket 80 causes: the ring gear drive unit 120 to rotate the coupler shaft 10 in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction; this opposite rotation is conveyed via keyslot 122 and key 12 to the coupler shaft 10; coupler shaft 10 then rotates in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction; this opposite rotation causes the threaded end 52 to unthread out of socket 80; when threaded end 52 withdraws from the threaded portion of socket 80, coupler shaft 10 is uncoupled; A disconnected coupler shaft 10 continues to maintain the threaded end in an extended position due to the force applied along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft by spring 140. Dual-Drive Structural Fastener The dual-drive Structural Fastener 2 of FIG. 2 comprises: a ring gear housing 310 of FIGS. 2 and 5; a ring gear bushing 330 of FIGS. 2 and 5; a ring gear drive unit 320 of FIGS. 2 and 5 with keyslots 322 and 322D; a helical spring 340 of FIGS. 2 and 5; a coupler shaft 210 of FIGS. 2 and 5; a first and a second pinion gear 350 and 350D, respectively, of FIGS. 2 and 5; a first and a second pinion gear bushing 360 and 360D, respectively, of FIGS. 2 and 5; an idler gear 370 of FIGS. 2 and 5; an idler gear bushing 380 of FIGS. 2 and 5; and a front support 390 of FIGS. 2 and 5; all enclosed in a suitable housing such as shown in FIG. 5 and retained in said housing by a rear retaining ring 276 of FIGS. 2 and 5 and a front retaining ring 278. The assembled Structural Fastener of FIG. 2 is shown in cross-section in FIG. 5 enclosed in a housing 270. The rear retaining ring 276 of FIGS. 2 and 5 operates in conjunction with the front retaining ring 278 to provide a rear stop and a front stop, respectively, for holding an assembled Structural Fastener in a housing such as shown in FIG. 5. These rings comprise a flat-spring formed into a C-shape that can be compressed and inserted into a grove in the housing enclosure. The ring gear housing 310 of FIGS. 2 and 5 functions as a rear stop for the components of the Structural Fastener; a support housing for the coupler shaft 210, ring gear bushing 330 and the ring gear drive unit 320; and provides a spring stop surface 314 of FIG. 5 upon which the bottom end 340B of FIG. 2 of spring 340 rests. The ring gear housing 310 comprises a longitudinal object with a bottom section 313 of FIG. 5, a circular bottom aperture 312 of FIG. 5 that passes through this bottom section 313, said bottom aperture 312 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of an end segment 220 of FIG. 5 of coupler shaft 210, longitudinal walls 310W of FIG. 5 with a length equal to or greater than the length of ring gear extension 324 of FIGS. 2 and 5, and a top aperture 316 of FIG. 2 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of a ring gear bushing extension 332 of FIG. 2, said aperture 316 extending a length equal to or greater than the length of the ring gear extension 324 of FIG. 2. The external shape of the ring gear housing 310 can be cylindrical as shown in FIG. 2, rectangular, polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 210 and the ring gear drive unit 320. The ring gear bushing 330 of FIGS. 2 and 5 mounts into the top aperture 316 of the ring gear housing and provides a low-friction support for the ring gear drive unit. This bushing is made of a durable, low friction material such as brass, bronze, 660 bronze, or the like. This bushing can be an unmodified off-the shelf bushing for some variations of the Structural Fastener. Bushing 330 comprises a cylindrical top collar 334 of FIG. 2, the cylindrical extension 332 and an aperture 336 extending longitudinally from end-to-end and with an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of a ring gear drive unit extension 324 of FIG. 2. The ring gear drive unit 320 of FIGS. 2 and 5 interacts with pinion gears 350 and 350D and with coupler shaft 210 so as to rotate and drive a threaded end 252 of FIGS. 2 and 5 into a mating female threaded socket 280 of FIGS. 2 and 5. This gear can use a modified off-the-shelf bevel-type gear such as Boston Gear part No. L148Y-G! in some variations and comprises: a cylindrical ring gear extension 324 of FIGS. 2 and 5 with an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of the aperture 336 and a length less than the length of the wall 310W of the ring gear housing 310; a gear teeth section 328 of FIG. 2 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity, size, and spacing to mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358D of FIG. 2, the ratio of said pinion gear teeth to gear teeth 328 being one-to-one, one-to-two, or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture, the sizing of the Structural Fastener, or the application; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section sized to cause the gear teeth 328 of FIGS. 2 and 5 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 358 and 358D of the pinion gears 350 and 350D, respectively; a central, cylindrical aperture 326 of FIG. 2 that extends along the longitudinal axis of the ring gear drive unit 320, from end-to-end, and whose inside diameter is greater than the outside diameter of a keyed segment 230 of FIGS. 2 and 5 of coupler shaft 210; keyslots 322 and 322D of FIG. 1 located in the cylindrical wall of aperture 326, these keyslots being positioned 180 degrees apart or at any convenient spatial separation, these keyslots extending longitudinally from end-to-end, and the width and depth of these keyslots being greater than the width and depth of mating keys 212 and 212D of FIGS. 2 and 5 when said keys are mounted in retainer slots 232 and 232D, respectively, of FIG. 2 of coupler shaft 210; a circular top surface 320T of FIGS. 2 and 5 that extends from the cylindrical wall of aperture 326 to the base of the gear tooth section 328 and that provides a rear stop for the collar 240 of coupler shaft 210. The helical spring 340 of FIGS. 2 and 5 provides a compressive force on coupler shaft 210 that forces the threaded end 252 to extend pass a top end 390T of FIG. 5, through the front retaining ring 278, and pass an outside edge 272 of housing 270 so as to be available to be threaded into a mating female threaded socket 280 of FIGS. 2 and 5 when the coupler shaft 210 is rotated. The spring 340 is positioned to encircle the end segment 220 of the coupler shaft 210, the top end 340T of FIG. 2 of spring 340 butts into a bottom end 230B of FIG. 5 of keyed segment 230, and the spring's bottom end 340B of FIG. 2 sits on the spring stop surface 314 of FIG. 5 of the ring gear housing 310. When the Structural Fastener is assembled, the spring is compressed between the bottom end 230B of the keyed segment and the spring stop surface 314 of FIG. 5. The inside diameter of spring 340 is greater than the outside diameter of the end segment 220 of coupler shaft 210, the outside diameter is less than the inside diameter of aperture 336 of the ring gear bushing 330, and the length is selected to provide a compressive force on coupler shaft 210 in an assembled Structural Fastener. Spring 340 can be an off-the-shelf helical spring sized to fit the scale of the Structural Fastener or it can be custom manufactured to suit a particular application. The coupler shaft 210 of FIG. 2 provides a threaded end that couples with a mating female threaded socket thus providing a longitudinal coupling that can provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners and virtually seamless joining. The coupler shaft 210 is an integrated, multi-segmented, multi-sized shaft comprising: a cylindrical end segment 220 of FIGS. 2 and 5 that penetrates the bottom aperture 312 of FIG. 5, that is supported by the ring gear housing 310, that is encircled in part by spring 340, and that has an outer diameter that is less than the inside diameter of the bottom aperture 312; a dual keyed segment 230 of FIGS. 2 and 5 that has an outside diameter greater than or equal to the outside diameter of helical spring 340 and less than the inside diameter of aperture 326, that has a bottom end 230B of FIG. 5 that provides a stop for the top end 340T of spring 140, that has a length extending from the bottom end 230B of FIG. 5 to the bottom end 240B of collar 240, said length being greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 320, and that provides longitudinal retainer slots 232 and 232D for keys 212 and 212D, respectively, of FIGS. 1 and 5, said slots sized and shaped to accept said keys; keys 212 and 212D of FIGS. 1 and 5 that mount in retainer slots 232 and 232D, respectively, said keys shaped to mate with and be free to move longitudinally in keyslots 322 and 322D, respectively, of the ring gear drive unit 320, and with a length greater than the length of the ring gear drive unit 320; a cylindrical collar 240 of FIGS. 2 and 5 that limits the longitudinal distance traversed by the coupler shaft 210 from the top end 320T of the ring gear drive unit 320 to the bottom end 370B of the idler gear 370 of FIG. 5 and that has an outside diameter greater than the inside diameter of aperture 326 of ring gear drive unit 320 and greater than the inside diameter of an aperture 376 of FIG. 2 of the idler gear 370; a cylindrical coupling segment 250 of FIGS. 2 and 5 that comprises a longitudinal shaft with an unthreaded segment and a threaded end 252, said threaded end 252 sized and threaded to threadedly penetrate the female threaded socket 280 of FIGS. 2 and 5 to a depth that provides a secure fastening and/or a reliable load carrying connection, the length of said threaded end 252 being scaleable so as to meet the requirements of different connecting and load supporting applications. A large pitch thread with deep threads provides a solid and secure coupling with little risk of thread cross-over or thread stripping when the coupler shaft is under coupled loading. In some variations of the Structural Fastener, a 3/4-10 thread on a 1/2 inch diameter shaft with a thread run of about 1.5 to 2 times the shaft diameter should provide a solid and secure coupling to a mating female socket. The length of the coupler shaft 210 defines the length of an assembled Structural Fastener. The coupler shaft 210 extends from, and/or beyond, the bottom aperture 312 of the ring gear housing 310 to beyond the top end 390T of FIG. 5 and the outside edge 272 of the housing. The coupler shaft 210 can be pressed back along its axis and restrained so that it does not extend beyond the top end 390T of the front support 390. Any such restraint is removed to allow the coupling segment 250 to be forced against the mating socket 280. The coupler shaft 210 can be solid or hollow. A hollow coupler shaft 210 provides cabling or piping pass-through access between joined members and can thus reduce the number of cabling or piping openings in the joined members. Either pinion gear 350 or 350D of FIGS. 2 and 5 is manually rotated by a hand or power-driven tool. Said pinion gear transfers its rotational motion perpendicularly into rotation of the ring gear drive unit 320 that in turn rotates and drives coupler shaft 210. These pinion gears can use unmodified, off-the-shelf bevel-type gears such as Boston Gear part No. L148Y-P! in some variations. Each pinion gear 350 or 350D comprises: a cylindrical pinion gear extension 352 or 352D of FIGS. 2 and 5 that has an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of a housing aperture 274 and that has a tool-receiving receptacle sized and shaped to accept the driving element of a hand or power-driven tool such as a screwdriver, hex or Allen-style wrench, ratchet wrench, torque wrench or tools of a like type; and gear teeth 358 or 358D of FIG. 2 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity, size, and spacing to mesh with the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320, the ratio of pinion gear teeth to gear teeth 328 being one-to-one, one-to-two, or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture, the sizing of the Structural Fastener, or the application; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section sized to cause the gear teeth 358 and 358D of FIGS. 2 and 5 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320; The pinion gear extension 352 of pinion gear 350 of FIG. 5 is positioned in pinion gear bushing 360 which is fixedly mounted in housing aperture 274; the pinion gear being free to rotate. The pinion gear extension 352D of pinion gear 350D of FIG. 5 is positioned in pinion gear bushing 360D which is fixedly mounted in housing aperture 274D; the pinion gear being free to rotate. The pinion gears are retained in the housing apertures in an assembled Structural Fastener by the presence of the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320 and by the presence of the gear teeth 378 of the idler gear 370, both of which are positioned perpendicular to and in contact with the pinion gear teeth. Pinion gear bushings 360 and 360D of FIGS. 2 and 5 mount into housing apertures 274 and 274D, respectively, and provide a low-friction support for the pinion gears 350 and 350D, respectively. These bushings are made of a durable, low friction material such as brass, bronze, 660 bronze, or the like. These bushings can be an unmodified off-the shelf bushing for some variations of the Structural Fastener. Bushings 350 and 350D comprise a cylindrical bottom collar 364 and 364D, respectively, of FIG. 2, a cylindrical extension 362 and 362D, respectively, and an aperture 368 and 368D, respectively, extending longitudinally from end-to-end and with an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the pinion gear extension 352 of 352D, respectively, of FIG. 2. The idler gear 370 of FIGS. 2 and 5 functions as a front stop for the collar 240 of the coupler shaft 210, provides a stabilizing support for pinion gears 350 and 350D and reduces the torque that tends to bind the coupler shaft in a single-drive Structural Fastener. This gear can use a unmodified off-the-shelf bevel-type gear such as Boston Gear part No. L148Y-G! in some variations and comprises: a cylindrical ring gear extension 372 of FIG. 2 with an outside diameter less than the inside diameter of a front support aperture 392; gear teeth 378 of FIGS. 2 and 5 whose teeth are selected in terms of quantity, size, and spacing to mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358D, the ratio of pinion gear teeth to gear teeth 328 being one-to-one, one-to-two, or any convenient ratio as suits the ease of manufacture, the sizing of the Structural Fastener, or the application; and an outside diameter of this gear teeth section sized to cause the gear teeth 378 of FIGS. 2 and 5 to overlap and mesh with the gear teeth 358 and 358D of the pinion gears 350 and 350D, respectively; a central, cylindrical aperture 376 of FIG. 2 that extends along the longitudinlal axis of the idler gear 370, from end-to-end, and whose inside diameter is greater than the outside diameter of the coupling segment 250 of coupler shaft 210; The idler gear bushing 380 of FIGS. 2 and 5 mounts into the aperture 392 of the front support 390 and provides a low-friction support for the idler gear. This bushing is made of a durable, low friction material such as brass, bronze, 660 bronze, or the like. This bushing can be an unmodified off-the shelf bushing for some variations of the Structural Fastener. Bushing 380 comprises a cylindrical top collar 384 of FIG. 2, a cylindrical extension 382 and an aperture 386 extending longitudinally from end-to-end and with an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the idler gear extension 372 of FIG. 2. The front support 390 of FIGS. 2 and 5 functions as a front stop for the components of the Structural Fastener and as a support housing for the coupler shaft 210, idler gear bushing 380 and idler gear 370. The front support 390 comprises a longitudinal hollow object with a bottom end 390B, a circular aperture 392 of FIG. 2 that extends longitudinally through the front support, said aperture 392 having an inside diameter greater than the outside diameter of the idler gear bushing extension 372, and a depth selected in accordance with the needs of a particular application or so as to provide specific load support capabilities. The bottom section 390B of FIG. 5 provides a stop for the bushing 380 and idler gear 370. The external shape of the front support 390 can be cylindrical as shown in FIG. 2, rectangular, polygonal or any shape required by a specific application that accommodates internal circular apertures to support the coupler shaft 210. The housing 270 of FIG. 5 encases and supports an assembled Structural Fastener. A method of assembling the Structural Fastener into a housing 270, said housing comprising a longitudinal cylindrical polygon with apertures sized to receive pinion gear bushings 360 and 360D and circular slots cut into the interior of said housing, said slots sized and spaced so as to form front and rear retaining slots when C-shaped, flat spring retaining rings are installed, comprises (see generally FIGS. 2 and 5): fixedly mounting pinion gear bushing 360 in housing aperture 274; fixedly mounting pinion gear bushing 360D in housing aperture 274D; mounting pinion gear 350 into pinion gear bushing 360 by inserting pinion gear extension 352 of FIG. 2 into the bushing aperture 368; mounting pinion gear 350D into pinion gear bushing 360D by inserting pinion gear extension 352D of FIG. 2 into the bushing aperture 368D; assembling ring gear drive unit 320, ring gear bushing 330 and ring gear housing 310 into a rear combined unit by placing the ring gear bushing extension 332 of FIG. 2 into the ring gear housing top aperture 316 until the bushing collar 334 contacts and is stopped by the top surface 310T of the ring gear housing 310; then placing the ring gear drive unit extension 324 into the ring gear bushing aperture 336 until the bottom end 320B of the ring gear drive unit contacts and is stopped by the bushing collar 334; inserting said rear combined unit into housing 270 until the gear teeth 328 of the ring gear drive unit 320 contact and mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358D of FIGS. 2 and 5; securing said rear combined unit in the housing 270 by mounting the rear retaining ring 276 into a mating rear slot in the housing 270; or by other mechanical means such as welding; pins, bolts, or screws inserted through the housing; or like mechanisms, or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy, adhesive glue or the like attaches the ring gear housing 310 of the rear combined unit to the housing; placing spring 340 on end segment 220 of coupler shaft 210; inserting said spring 220 and end segment 220 into ring gear aperture 326 of FIG. 2; continuing to insert coupler shaft 210 into ring gear aperture 326 and rotating coupler shaft 210 until the keys 212 and 212D mounted on the keyed segment 230 of coupler shaft 210 align with keyslots 322 and 322D; continuing to insert coupler shaft 210 into ring gear aperture 326 until end segment 220 passes into and through the bottom aperture 312 of FIG. 5 of the ring gear housing 310 and a return force (bounce) is applied to the coupler shaft 210 by the compression of spring 340 between the spring stop 314 of the ring gear housing 310 and the bottom end 230B of the keyed segment 230 of the coupler shaft 210; assembling idler gear 370, idler gear bushing 380 and the front support 390 into a front support unit by placing the idler gear bushing extension 380 into the front support aperture 392 until the bushing collar 384 contacts and is stopped by the bottom end 390B of the front support, then placing the idler gear extension 372 into the idler gear bushing aperture 386 until the top end 370T of the idler gear 370 contacts and is stopped by the bushing collar 384; sliding said front support unit onto the coupling segment 250 of FIGS. 2 and 5, while applying pressure along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft, until the gear teeth 378 of the idler gear 370 contact and mesh with the pinion gear teeth 358 and 358D; securing said front support unit to the housing 270 by mounting the front retaining ring 278 into a mating front slot in the housing 270; by other mechanical means such as welding; pins, bolts, or screws inserted through the housing; or like mechanisms, or by adhesive means whereby an epoxy, adhesive glue or the like attaches the front support 390 of the front support unit to the housing. This method of assembling the Structural Fastener may be readily modified to accommodate various means of manufacture or to fit the needs of various applications. The assembled components of a dual-drive Structural Fastener mounted in a housing interact as follows: the longitudinal axis 210L of FIG. 2 of the coupler shaft 210 is aligned to the longitudinal axis of the female socket 280; the helical spring 340, being compressed between the spring stop 314 of FIG. 5 and the bottom end 230B of the keyed segment 230, exerts a compressive force on coupler shaft 210 that forces the threaded end 252 to extend pass the front support's top end 390T and pass the outside edge 272 of housing 270; the Structural Fastener is positioned such that the outside edge 272 of the housing contacts the entry wall 280W of FIG. 6; this positioning forces the coupler shaft 210 of FIG. 6 rearward into the fastener and further compresses the spring 340; pinion gear 350 or 350D is rotated by a tool inserted into the pinion gear tool receiving receptacle 354 or 354D, respectively, of FIG. 6; the rotational motion of said pinion gear is translated via pinion gear teeth 358 or 358D and ring gear drive unit teeth 328 into rotation of ring gear drive unit 320; the rotation of ring gear drive unit 320 is translated via keys 212, 212D and keyslots 322, 322D into rotation of coupler shaft 210 and thus rotation of the threaded end 252 of FIG. 6; the rotation of threaded end 252 combined with the forward thrust provided by the compressed spring 340 causes the threaded end 252 to thread itself into the mating female threaded socket 280 of FIG. 6; as the threaded end 252 threadedly enters into socket 280 of FIG. 7, the collar 240 of coupler shaft 210 advances until said collar contacts the bottom end 370B of the idler gear 370 of FIG. 7; continued rotation of said pinion gear causes the threaded end 252 to thread deeper into socket 280 of FIG. 7, thus advancing collar 240, said collar transmitting a force via the idler gear 370 that moves the Structural Fastener or its housing into contact with entry wall 280W; further rotational torque applied to said pinion gear increases the torque applied to the threaded end (stud) and socket connection but will not result in any further rotation of the coupler shaft 210; the Structural Fastener is now connected to the socket 280. Non-destructive decoupling is similar to the above. Rotation of the pinion gear 350 or 350D of FIG. 7 in a direction opposite that of the rotation used to threadedly connect the coupler shaft 210 to the socket 280 causes: the ring gear drive unit 320 of FIG. 7 to rotate the coupler shaft 210 in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction; this opposite rotation is conveyed via keyslots 322, 322D and keys 212, 212D to the coupler shaft 210; coupler shaft 210 then rotates in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction; this opposite rotation causes the threaded end 252 to unthread out of socket 280; when threaded end 252 withdraws from the threaded portion of socket 280, coupler shaft 210 is uncoupled; A disconnected coupler shaft 210 continues to maintain the threaded end in an extended position due to the force applied along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft by spring 340. Pinned Structural Fastener Another variation of the Structural Fastener of this invention is to incorporate a means of restraining the spring-loaded coupler shaft so that the threaded end of said shaft does not protrude pass the front retaining ring or the outside edge of the housing. A means of restraining said coupler shaft using a restraining pin 401 of FIGS. 3 and 8 is described below using a modified dual-drive structural fastener as hereinbefore described. Although, not described, this variation applies in a like manner to the single-drive Structural Fastener hereinbefore described. Many other variations and modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and this particular embodiment is not to be construed in the limiting sense. The pinned Structural Fastener is ideally suited for applications wherein prefabricated sections, panels, beams, supports, or like members without edge protrusions are mated to presized openings such as when a polygonal window unit is slid into a presized frame with integrated threaded sockets spaced around said frame. The pinned Structural Fastener 4 of FIG. 3 embodiment comprises a Structural Fastener modified to accept a restraining pin. This modification comprises boring holes with a diameter greater than the diameter of the restraining pin 401 through: a coupler shaft 410H wherein a cylindrical bore 405H of FIG. 3 passes through a coupling segment 450H; a first pinion gear 550 of FIGS. 3 and 8 wherein a cylindrical bore 550H of FIG. 8 passes through the center of said pinion gear and through the center of the tool receiving receptacle 554; and a second pinion gear 550D of FIGS. 3 and 8 wherein a cylindrical bore 550HD of FIGS. 3 and 8 passes through the center of said pinion gear and through the center of the tool receiving receptacle 554D. To retract and restrain the threaded end 452H of FIGS. 3 and 8 so that it does not protrude beyond the outside edge 272 of FIG. 8 of housing 270, said threaded end is manually pushed rearward into the Structural Fastener until collar 440H contacts the rear stop provided by rear gear drive unit 320; said threaded end is rotated until bore 405H aligns with the bores 550H and 550DH of FIG. 8; and then restraining pin 401 is inserted through these bores, thus restraining the forward thrust of coupler shaft 410H. The longitudinal position of the bore 405H in the coupling segment 450H varies in accordance with the spatial relationships of a particular Structural Fastener. Worm-Drive Structural Fastener Another embodiment of the Structural Fastener of this invention is to use a worm drive instead of pinion gears to drive the coupler shaft. Many other variations and modifications to the drive mechanism will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and this particular embodiment is not to be construed in the limiting sense. A worm-drive Structural Fastener 6 of FIG. 9 comprises many of the components as hereinbefore described and these components are incorporated by reference to the hereinbefore description. The assembled worm-drive Structural Fastener 6 of FIG. 9 comprises: a rear retaining ring 676 compressed and mounted in a grove in the housing enclosure 670; a rear gear housing 710 of FIG. 9 that functions as a rear stop for the components of the Structural Fastener, a support housing for the coupler shaft 610, rear bushing 730 and the worm gear 720, and provides a rear spring stop for spring 740; a rear bushing 730 of FIG. 9 that mounts into the top aperture of the rear gear housing 710 and provides a low-friction support for the worm gear 720; the worm gear 720 of FIGS. 9 and 10 with a keyslot 722, said worm gear interacting with a worm drive 750 so as to rotate and drive a threaded end 652 of a coupler shaft 610; a helical spring 740 of FIG. 9 that encircles the end segment 620 of the coupler shaft and that provides a compressive force on said coupler shaft that forces the threaded end 652 to extend pass an outside edge 672 of housing 670 so as to be available to be threaded into a mating female threaded socket when said coupler shaft is rotated; the coupler shaft 610 of FIGS. 9 and 10 provides the threaded end 652 that couples with a mating female threaded socket thus providing a longitudinal coupling that can provide greater load distribution than currently used fasteners and virtually seamless joining; the worm drive 750 of FIGS. 9 and 10 that is manually rotated by a hand or power-driven tool and transfers its rotational motion via worm 758 into rotation of the worm gear 720 that in turn interacts via keyslot 722 with a key 612 mounted in retainer slot 632 of a keyed segment 630 to rotate coupler shaft 610; a front bushing 780 of FIG. 9 that mounts into the aperture of a front support 790 and provides a low-friction support for the worm gear 720; the front support 790 of FIG. 9 that functions as a front stop for the components of the Structural Fastener and as a support housing for the coupler shaft 610 and front bushing 780; a front retaining ring 678 of FIG. 9 compressed and mounted in a grove in the housing enclosure 670; all enclosed in a housing 670 of FIG. 9. The housing 670 of FIG. 9, comprises a longitudinal cylindrical polygon with apertures 674 and 674D of FIG. 10 that receive worm gear bushings 760 and 760D, respectively, said bushings providing a low-friction support for a shaft 752 of worm 758 and circular slots cut into the interior of said housing, said slots sized and spaced to receive front and rear retaining rings 678 and 676, respectively. The assembled components of a worm-drive Structural Fastener mounted in an appropriate housing interact as follows: the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft 610 is aligned to the longitudinal axis of a female threaded socket; the helical spring 740 of FIG. 9, being compressed between the rear gear housing 710 and the collar 640, exerts a compressive force on coupler shaft 610 that forces the threaded end 652 to extend pass the outside edge 672 of housing 670; the Structural Fastener is positioned such that the outside edge 672 of the housing contacts the entry wall of said female threaded socket; this positioning forces the coupler shaft 610 rearward into the fastener and further compresses the spring 740; worm 758 of FIGS. 9 and 10 is rotated by a tool inserted into the tool receiving receptacle 754 or 754D of FIG. 10; the rotational motion of said worm is translated into rotation of worm gear 720; the rotation of worm gear 720 is translated via keyslot 722, key 612 and keyslot 632 into rotation of coupler shaft 610 and thus rotation of the threaded end 652 of FIG. 9; the rotation of threaded end 652 combined with the forward thrust provided by the compressed spring 740 causes the threaded end 652 to thread itself into the mating female threaded socket; as the threaded end 652 threadedly enters into said socket, the collar 640 of coupler shaft 610 advances until said collar contacts the bottom end of the worm gear 720; continued rotation of said worm causes the threaded end 652 to thread deeper into said socket, thus advancing collar 640, said collar transmitting a force via the worm gear 720 that moves the Structural Fastener or its housing into contact with said entry wall; further rotational torque applied to worm 758 increases the torque applied to the threaded end (stud) and socket connection but will not result in any further rotation of the coupler shaft 610; the Structural Fastener is now connected to the socket. Non-destructive decoupling is similar to the above. Rotation of the worm drive 750 of FIGS. 9 and 10 in a direction opposite that of the rotation used to threadedly connect the coupler shaft 610 to the socket causes: the worm gear 720 of FIG. 10 to rotate the coupler shaft 610 in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction; this opposite rotation is conveyed via keyslot 722, key 612 and keyslot 632 to the coupler shaft 610; coupler shaft 610 then rotates in a direction opposite to the coupling rotational direction; this opposite rotation causes the threaded end 652 to unthread out of the socket; when threaded end 652 withdraws from the threaded portion of said socket, coupler shaft 610 is uncoupled; A disconnected coupler shaft 610 continues to maintain the threaded end in an extended position due to the force applied along the longitudinal axis of the coupler shaft by spring 740. Structural Fastener Housing Configurations The Structural Fastener is designed to be housed in various ready-to-use configurations so that structural framing members, beams, panels, prefabricated structures and ready-to-assembly components such as equipment, tools, furniture, scaffolding and fencing, can be quickly and seamlessly joined or non-destructively disconnected (uncoupled). Several configurations for housing Structural Fasteners are illustrated in FIGS. 11 and 12. Many other variations and modifications will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art and these particular embodiments are not to be construed in the limiting sense. Assembled Structural Fasteners 2 of FIG. 11 are shown mounted in a right-angle housing 910 such as used for corner fastening of a framework, a roof apex 910 of FIG. 12, or wherever right-angle joining is desired. The tool receiving receptacle 352 is accessible through an aperture located on an exposed face of the housing, thus provide quick and easy access. FIG. 12 shows several 2-dimensional aspects of Structural Fastener housings that can be used to quickly assemble (or disassemble) the frame for a structure such as a house, pool enclosure, Florida room, or the like. The extension of this framework into 3-dimensional space is readily accomplished by incorporating mating female sockets and/or Structural Fasteners at the desired angle to the housings described. Beam 902 of FIG. 12 comprises a Structural Fastener 2 mounted in the bottom end of said beam, a length of structural material and a female threaded socket 280 mounted in the top end of said beam. Beams 902 are coupled to female threaded sockets 280 set into concrete footings to form a first level of vertical supports for the structural frame. A T-housing 920 of FIG. 12, comprised of three Structural Fasteners 2 mounted in a tee-shaped housing, is connected to socket 280 mounted in the top end of the leftmost beam 902 and a second T-housing 920 is connected to socket 280 mounted in the top end of the rightmost beam 902. A X-housing 930 of FIG. 12, comprised of four Structural Fasteners 2 mounted in a perpendicular cross-shaped housing, is connected to socket 280 mounted in the top end of the center beam 902. A dual-socketed beam 904 with female threaded sockets 280 mounted in opposing ends is connected between the leftmost T-housing 920 and the center X-housing 930 to form a leftmost horizontal support. A second dual-socketed beam 904 is connected between the rightmost T-housing 920 and the center X-housing 930 to form a rightmost horizontal support. A second level of vertical supports is incorporated into this structural frame by connecting dual-socketed beams 904 to the leftmost and rightmost T-housings and to the center X-housing. An oblique T-housing 922 of FIG. 12 comprised of two Structural Fasteners perpendicular to each other and a third Structural Fastener at an acute angle is used to connect the vertical support to the roof member. A leftmost oblique T-housing 922 connects to the leftmost vertical dual-socketed beam 904 and a rightmost oblique T-housing 922 connects to the rightmost vertical dual-socketed beam 904. A T-housing connects to the center dual-socketed beam 904. A leftmost dual-socketed beam 904 is connected between the leftmost oblique T-housing 922 and the center T-housing 920 to form a leftmost horizontal support. A second dual-socketed beam 904 is connected between the rightmost oblique T-housing 922 and the center T-housing 920 to form a rightmost horizontal support. A large-span, dual-socket beam 908 of FIG. 12 with female threaded sockets 280 mounted in opposing ends is connected to the leftmost oblique T-housing 922 and to a right-angle housing 910 that functions as the apex of the structure. A second large-span, dual-socket beam 908 is connected to the rightmost oblique T-housing 922 and to the apex right-angle housing 910. While only a few embodiments have been illustrated and described, many variations may be made in the design and configuration without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

4y

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/150,138 filed Aug. 20, 1999. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to the field of disc drive data storage devices, and more particularly, but not by way of limitation, to an automated assembly of a head-disc assembly of a disc drive, which includes a head stack assembly installation system. BACKGROUND Modern hard disc drives are commonly used in a multitude of computer environments, ranging from super computers through notebook computers, to store large amounts of data in a form that can be made readily available to a user. Typically, a disc drive comprises one or more magnetic discs that are rotated by a spindle motor at a constant high speed. The surface of each disc is a data recording surface divided into a series of generally concentric recording tracks radially spaced across a band having an inner diameter and an outer diameter. The data tracks extend around the disc and store data within the tracks on the disc surfaces in the form of magnetic flux transitions. The flux transitions are induced by an array of transducers, otherwise commonly called read/write heads. Typically, each data track is divided into a number of data sectors that store fixed sized data blocks. The read/write head includes an interactive element such as a magnetic transducer, which senses the magnetic transitions on a selected data track to read the data stored on the track. Alternatively, the read/write head transmits an electrical signal that induces magnetic transitions on the selected data track to write data to the track. As is known in the art, each read/write head is mounted to a rotary actuator arm and is selectively positionable by the actuator arm over a selected data track of the disc to either read data from or write data to the selected data track. The read/write head includes a slider assembly having an air-bearing surface that causes the read/write head to fly above the disc surface. The air bearing is developed as a result of load forces applied to the read/write head by a load arm interacting with air currents that are produced by rotation of the disc. Typically, a plurality of open-center discs and open-centered spacer rings are alternately stacked on the hub of a spindle motor, followed by the attachment of a clampring to form a disc pack or disc stack. The hub, defining the core of the stack. serves to align the discs and spacer rings around a common centerline. Movement of the discs and spacer rings is typically constrained by a compressive load maintained by the clampring. The read/write heads mounted on a complementary stack of actuator arms, which compose an actuator assembly, commonly called an E-block, accesses the surfaces of the stacked discs of the disc pack. The E-block also generally includes read/write head wires which conduct electrical signals from the read/write heads to a flex circuit which, in turn, conducts the electrical signals to a printed circuit board assembly (PCB). When the E-block is merged with the disc pack into a base deck and a cover is attached to the base deck a head-disc assembly (HDA) is formed. For a general discussion of E-block assembly techniques, see U.S. Pat. No. 5,404,636 entitled METHOD OF ASSEMBLING A DISC DRIVE ACTUATOR issued Apr. 11, 1995 to Stefansky et al., assigned to the assignee of the present invention. The head-disc assembly (HDA) of a disc drive is typically assembled in a clean room environment. The need for maintaining a clean room environment (free of contaminants of about 0.3 micron and larger) is to ensure the head-disc interface remains unencumbered and damage free. The slightest damage to the surface of a disc or read/write head can result in a catastrophic failure of the disc drive. The primary causes of catastrophic failure, particularly read/write head crashes (a non-recoverable, catastrophic failure of the disc drive), are generally characterized as contamination, exposure to mechanically induced shock, and non-shock induced damage. The source of non-shock induced damage is typically traced to the assembly process, and generally stems from handling damage sustained by the disc drive during the assembly process. Several factors that bear particularly on the problem of assembly process induced damage are the physical size of the disc drive, the spacing of the components, the recording densities sought to be achieved and the level of precision to be maintained during the assembly process. The high levels of precision required by the assembly process are necessary to attain the operational tolerances required by the disc drive. The rigorous operational tolerances are in response to market demands that have driven the need to decrease the physical size of disc drive while simultaneously increasing disc drive storage capacity and performance characteristics. Demands on disc drive mechanical components and assembly procedures have become increasingly more critical in order to support capability and size in the face of these new market demands. Part-to-part variation in critical functional attributes in the magnitude of a micro-inch can result in disc drive failures. Additionally, as disc drive designs continue to decrease in size, smaller read/write heads, thinner substrates, longer and thinner actuator arms, and thinner gimbal assemblies will continue to be incorporated into the drives. This trend significantly increases the need to improve the assembly processes to protect the read/write heads and discs from damage resulting from incidental contact between mating components. The aforementioned factors resultantly increase the difficulty of assembling disc drives. As the assembly process becomes more difficult, the need to invent new tools, methods and control systems to deal with the emerging complexities presents unique problems in need of solutions. Coupled with the size and performance improvement demands is the factor of further market driven requirements for ever increasing fault free performance. The progression of continually decreasing disc thickness and disc spacing, together with increasing track density and increasing numbers of discs in the disc pack, has resulted in a demand for tools, methods and control systems of ever increasing sophistication. A result of the growth in demand for sophisticated assembling equipment has been a decreasing number of assembly tasks involving direct operator intervention. Many of the tasks involved in modem assembly methods are beyond the capability of operators to reliably and repeatedly perform, further driving the need for automation equipment and tools. In addition to the difficulties faced in assembling modem disc drives of high capacity and complex, physical product performance requirements have dictated the need to develop new process technologies to ensure compliance with operating specifications. The primary factors driving more stringent demands on the mechanical components and the assembly process are the continually increasing areal densities and data transfer rates of the disc drives. The continuing trend in the disc drive industry is to develop products with ever increasing areal densities, decreasing access times and increasing rotational speeds. The combination of these factors, place greater demands on the ability of modern servo systems to control the position of read/write heads relative to data tracks. The ability to assemble HDAs nominally free from the effects caused by unequal load forces on the read/write heads, disc pack imbalance or one of the components of runout, velocity and acceleration (commonly referred to as RVA) possess a significant challenge as track densities increase. The components of RVA are: disc runout (a measure of the motion of the disc along the longitudinal axis of the motor as it rotates); velocity (a measure of variations in linear speed of the disc pack across the surface of the disc); and acceleration (a measure of the relative flatness of the discs in the disc pack). One cause of unequal load forces on the read/write heads stems from misalignment of the head stack assembly during assembly of the HDA. Misalignment of the head stack assembly causes the fly-height of the individual read/write heads to deviate from optimum, causing an increase in the distance between the disc the head for some surfaces and decreasing the distance for others the deviation is substantial, head/disc contact occurs that can lead to head crashes. For less severe deviations in fly heights, soft read errors often develop. If the soft errors are detected in the test process, the HDA is returned to the clean room for rework, exposing the HDA to handling damage. If the soft errors go undetected during the test process and develop during operation in the field, disc drive performance denigrates, write faults may be reported and reliability of the disc drive suffers. The ability to control the alignment of the head stack assembly derives from the ability to precisely control the installation of the head stack assembly into the HDA. By design, a disc drive typically has a discreet threshold level of resistance to withstand rotationally induced noise and instability, below which the servo system is not impaired. Also, a fixed range of load forces must be maintained on the read/write head to ensure proper fly height for data exchange. The operating performance of the disc drive servo system is affected by mechanical factors beyond the effects of mechanically induced read/write head oscillation from disc surface anomalies. Errors are traceable to disc pack imbalance and RVA noise sources. Even with improved approaches to the generation of position error signals in the disc drive servo system, the ability of the system to deal with such issues is finite. The limits of the servo system capability to reliably control the position of the read/write head relative to the data track must not be consumed by the noise present in the HDA resulting from the assembly process. Consumption of the available margin by the assembly process leaves no margin in the system to accommodate changes in the disc drive attributes over the life of the product. An inability to accommodate changes in the disc drive attributes leads to field failures and an overall loss in product reliability, a detrimental impact to product market position. Thus, in general, there is a need for an improved approach to disc drive-assembling technology to minimize the potential of damage during assembly, to produce product that is design compliant and reliable, and to minimize mechanically induced system noise. More particularly, there is a need for a head stack assembly installation system controlling the installation of the head stack assembly into an HDA of a disc drive. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a head stack assembly installation system with a head stack installation tool electronically communicating with a computer that has an active installation software program directing and controlling process steps enacted by the head stack installation tool to install a head stack assembly into a head disc assembly of a disc drive. The head stack installation tool provides a nesting position for aligning and staging the head stack assembly prior to installation into the head disc assembly, an installation position for locating in securing the head disc assembly while awaiting installation of the head stack assembly, a robotic assembly and a measurement assembly. The robotic assembly picks and places the head stack assembly into the head disc and the measurement assembly collects and communicates process position and force parameters to the computer for use by the computer in calculating distance and force data. The active installation software program directs and controls enactment of process steps followed by the head stack installation tool by directing the computer to execute installation software program steps based on the position and force data calculated by the computer. These and other features and advantages which characterize the present invention will be apparent from a reading of the following detailed description and a review of the associated drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partially cutaway top view of a disc drive of the type assembled by the head stack assembly installation system of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a partially cutaway top view of a basedeck assembly for the disc drive of FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 is an elevational view of the flex connector body with attached flex circuit and actuator assembly serial number for the disc drive of FIG. 1 . FIG. 4 is a partial cutaway elevational and partial cross-sectional view of the disc drive of FIG. 1 . FIG. 5 is a plan view of the actuator assembly of the disc drive of FIG. 1 . FIG. 6 is a partial cutaway elevational view of the actuator assembly of the disc drive of FIG. 1 . FIG. 7 is a partial cutaway perspective view of the head stack assembly installation system of the present invention. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of an end effector assembly of the head stack assembly installation system of FIG. 7 . FIG. 9 is a cross-sectional, partial cutaway view of radially disposed positionable gripper sections of the end effector of FIG. 8 . FIG. 10 is a flow chart of system hardware communication for the head stack assembly installation system of FIG. 7 . FIG. 11 is a flow chart for logic of main process steps of an installation software program of the head stack assembly installation system of FIG. 7 . FIG. 12 is a flow chart for logic of head stack assembly installation process steps of the installation software program of the head stack assembly installation system of FIG. 7 . FIG. 13 is a flow chart for logic of head stack assembly installation analysis process steps of the installation software program of the head stack assembly installation system of FIG. 7 . FIG. 14 is a diagram showing an a family of empirically derived mechanical resistance thresholds. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to the drawings in general, and more particularly to FIG. 1 , shown therein is a top view of a disc drive 100 constructed in accordance with the present invention. The disc drive 100 includes a basedeck 102 that has several fastener receptacles 104 , the basedeck 102 supporting various disc drive components, and a top cover 106 (shown in part), with several mounting apertures (not separately shown), secured to the basedeck 102 by top cover fasteners 108 . The installed top cover 106 together with the basedeck 102 provides a sealed internal environment for the disc drive 100 . Numerous details of and variations for the construction of the disc drive 100 are not included in the following description as such are well known to those skilled in the art and are believed to be unnecessary for the purpose of describing the present invention. Mounted to the basedeck 102 is a ramp load snubber assembly 110 secured to the basedeck 102 by a fastener 112 , and a spindle motor 114 with a top cover attachment aperture 116 . The spindle motor 114 supports several discs 118 for rotation at a constant high speed, the discs 118 mounted on a spindle motor hub 120 that are secured by a clampring 122 with clampring fasteners 124 . In addition to providing support for the stacked discs 118 , the spindle motor hub 120 also provides a timing mark 126 used during the assembly process to reference the angular location of a source of rotational imbalance. Adjacent the discs 118 is an actuator assembly 128 (also referred to as an “E-block” or a head stack assembly (HSA)) which pivots about a bearing assembly 130 in a rotary fashion. The bearing assembly supports a beveled pick and place member 132 that serves as a tooling grip during assembly operations. The HSA 128 includes actuator arms 134 (only one shown) that support load arms 136 . Each load arm 136 in turn supports read/write heads 138 , with each of the read/write heads 138 corresponding to a surface of one of the discs 118 . As mentioned, each of the discs 118 has a data recording surface divided into concentric circular data tracks 140 (only one shown), and the read/write heads 138 are positionably located over data tracks to read data from, or write data to, the tracks. The HSA 128 is controllably positioned by a voice coil motor assembly (VCM) 142 , comprising an actuator coil 144 immersed in the magnetic field generated by a magnet assembly 146 . A magnetically permeable flux path is provided by a steel plate 148 (also called a top pole piece) mounted above the actuator coil 144 to complete the magnetic circuit of the VCM 142 . When controlled DC current is passed through the actuator coil 144 , an electromagnetic field is setup, which interacts with the magnetic circuit of the VCM 142 to cause the actuator coil 144 to move relative to the magnet assembly 146 in accordance with the well-known Lorentz relationship. As the actuator coil 144 moves, the HSA 128 pivots about the bearing assembly 130 , causing the heads 138 to move over the surfaces of the discs 118 thereby allowing the heads 138 to interact with the data tracks 140 of the discs 118 . When the disc drive 100 is turned off, the VCM 142 parks the HSA 128 on the ramp load snubber assembly 110 to avoid shock induced contact between the read/write heads 138 and the discs 118 . To provide the requisite electrical conduction paths between the read/write heads 138 and disc drive read/write circuitry (not shown), read/write head wires (not shown) are affixed to a read/write flex circuit 150 . Next the read/write flex 150 is routed from the load arms 136 along the actuator arms 134 and into a flex circuit containment channel 152 and on to a flex connector body 154 . The flex connector body 154 supports the flex circuit 150 during passage of the read/write flex circuit 150 through the basedeck 102 and into electrical communication a disc drive printed circuit board assembly (PCBA) (not shown) mounted to the underside of the basedeck 102 . The flex circuit containment channel 152 also supports read/write signal circuitry 156 used to condition read/write signals passed between the read/write circuitry (not shown) and the read/write heads 138 . The disc drive PC BA provides the disc drive read/write circuitry, which controls the operation of the heads 138 , as well as other interface and control circuitry for the disc drive 100 . To maintain the sealed internal environment for the disc drive 100 , a seal gasket 158 is molded on to the top cover 106 . Top cover 106 has a multitude of gasket attachment apertures 160 through, which gasket material flows during the gasket molding process. A continuum of symmetrically formed gasket material is disposed on both the top and bottom surfaces of the top cover 106 and injected through the apertures 160 . During the cure process, the gasket material injected into the gasket attachment apertures 160 bonds the portion of the seal gasket adjacent the top surface of the top cover 106 to the portion of the seal gasket adjacent the bottom portion of the top cover 106 , thereby sealing the gasket attachment apertures 160 and forming the seal gasket 158 . A gasket material found to be useful for this application is “Fluorel” by the 3M Company, and more specifically, 3M “Fluorel”, FE-5621Q. The disc drive 100 has two primary assemblies, the PCBA (not shown) and a head disc assembly (HDA) 162 attached to the PCBA. The HDA 162 typically contains the mechanically active assemblies and components of the disc drive 100 . Typically included within the HDA 162 are the HSA 128 , the VCM 142 and a disc stack 164 sustained within the sealed environment created when the top cover 106 supporting the seal gasket 158 is secured to the basedeck 102 by fasteners 108 . The disc stack 164 is formed by stacking discs 118 , interleaved with spacer rings (not shown), on the spindle hub 120 of the spindle motor 114 and securing the stack with the clampring 122 and fasteners 124 . During operation of the disc drive 100 , spinning discs 118 generate airflow consistent with the direction of rotation of the spinning discs 118 . To reduce chances of a catastrophic failure of the disc drive 100 caused by particulate contamination internal to the HDA 162 , an air filter 166 is provided internal to the HDA 162 to trap airborne particulate either present following assembly or generated during operation of the disc drive 100 . FIG. 2 shows a basedeck assembly 168 to include the basedeck 102 , the disc pack assembly 168 , the air filter 166 , a bottom pole piece 170 supporting a rare earth magnet 172 and a head stack assembly post 174 supporting a removably attached tolerance ring 176 . The bottom pole piece 170 , with the rare earth magnet 172 , together with the top pole pieces 148 , supporting a second rare earth magnet (not shown), form the magnet assembly 146 and the actuator coil 144 collectively form the VCM 142 . The basedeck assembly 168 together with an installed HSA 128 , magnet assembly 146 and top cover 106 combined to form the HDA 162 of FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 shows the flex connector body 154 with the attached flex circuit 150 supporting a machine-readable head stack assembly serial number 178 . In a preferred embodiment machine-readable head stack assembly serial number 178 is a barcode but could also be characters capable of being optically recognized using optical character recognition software (OCR) or other comparable coding methodologies. The serial number 178 represents the physical characteristics for a particular HSA 128 that includes information such as the number and type of read/write heads 138 the HSA 128 contains, the type of bearing assembly 130 or the type of actuator coil 144 supported by the HSA 128 . FIG. 4 shows the disc drive 100 with a machine-readable head disc assembly serial number 180 . Also shown by FIG. 4 is the mechanical interface between the bearing assembly 130 of the HSA 128 and the tolerance ring 176 removably attached to the head stack assembly post 172 . The bearing assembly 130 includes the beveled pick and place member 132 , and an inner race 182 separated by a bearing 184 from an outer race 186 . During installation of the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 the inner race 182 of the bearing assembly 130 forcefully engages the tolerance ring 176 as the HSA 128 is pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 through application of a compressive load on the HSA 128 . FIG. 5 shows a tooling hole 188 provided in the actuator arms 134 to supporting the load arms 136 . Typically, the load arms 136 are affixed to the actuator arms 134 through a process referred to as swaging. The swaging process normally involves alignment of the load arms 136 with the actuator arms 134 and passage of a swage tool through the tooling hole 188 . A tooling hole 190 is provided to facilitate alignment and containment of an actuator body 192 during assembly of the HSA 128 , including the swaging process. Actuator coil support arms 194 support the actuator coil 144 of the HSA 128 and serve as reference surfaces, along with tooling hole 190 , for alignment of the HSA 128 in preparation for installation of the HSA 128 into head disc assembly 162 . Additionally, FIG. 5 shows actuator coil leads 196 electrically communicating with the read/write flex circuit 150 , the actuator coil leads 196 conduct current from the read/write flex circuit 150 to the actuator coil 144 , facilitating operation of the VCM 142 . To initiate the process of installing the HSA 128 onto the tolerance ring 176 , an operator completes a series of inspection and preparation steps. The operator first checks the flex connections (not separately shown) and the bearing assembly 130 to assure the HSA 128 is intact. Next the operator manually removes a shipping constraint (not shown), used to protect the HSA 128 during shipment, and adjusts the head stack assembly installation comb 198 to complete the preparation and inspection steps. FIG. 6 shows the relationship between the various members and components of the HSA 128 . The majority of mass of the HSA 128 is concentrated around the axis of rotation of the bearing assembly 130 and is made up by the actuator body 192 and the bearing assembly 130 . The actuator body 192 supports the actuator coil support arms 194 , the actuator arms 134 and bearing assembly 130 . The beveled pick and place member 132 is supported by the bearing assembly 130 and protrudes about the top plain of the actuator body 192 . The beveled pick and place member 132 provides a grip for handling the HSA 128 during installation of the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 of the HDA 162 of the disc drive 100 . FIG. 7 shows a head stack assembly installation system 200 with a frame 202 supporting a head stack assembly installation tool 204 and a computer 206 . For a preferred embodiment, the computer 206 is shown adjacent the head stack assembly installation tool 204 and supported by the frame 202 . However, the head stack assembly installation tool 204 and the computer 206 need not be proximately located, one to the other. Electronic communication between the head stack assembly installation tool 204 and the computer 206 is sufficient to operate the head stack assembly installation tool 204 during installation of the HSA 128 into the HDA 162 . The computer 206 is a host for an installation software program (not shown) that has installation software program steps. The computer 206 is used to calculate position and force data from position and force parameter measurements gathered by the head stack assembly installation tool 204 during the process of installing the actuator assembly 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 of the HDA 162 . The installation software program directs and controls process steps executed by the head stack assembly installation tool 204 , based on the position and force data calculated by the computer 206 from the position and force parameter measurements gathered by the head stack assembly installation tool 204 . The head stack installation tool 204 has a main plate 208 that provides a nesting position 210 , an installation position 212 and a robotic assembly 214 . The nesting position 210 provides a tooling pin 216 that communicates with the tooling hole 190 of the HSA 128 ; a connector nest 218 , which cradles and aligns the flex connector body 154 of the HSA 128 with the actuator body 192 for installation of the HSA 128 into the HDA 162 ; and head stack assembly alignment pins 220 that interface with the actuator coil support arms 194 to maintain the HSA 128 in a predetermined position prior to installation of the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 . The installation position 212 aligns the basedeck assembly 168 of the HDA 162 for installation of the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 . Adjacent the installation position 212 is a lift and locate assembly 222 that lifts the basedeck assembly 168 from a conveyor (not shown) and locates the basedeck assembly 168 within the installation position 212 . Additionally, the main plate 208 supports a head stack assembly scanner head 224 adjacent the nesting position 210 to read the machine readable head stack assembly serial number 178 ; a head disc assembly scanner head 226 adjacent the installation position 212 to read the machine readable head disc assembly serial number 180 ; a head stack assembly present sensor 228 adjacent the head stack assembly alignment pins 220 to detect the presence of HSA 128 in the nesting position 210 ; and a head disc assembly present sensor 230 adjacent the installation position 212 to detect the presence of the basedeck assembly 168 within the installation position 212 . The robotic assembly 214 has an end effector assembly 232 supported by a vertical slide assembly 234 , which in turn is supported by a horizontal slide assembly 236 that is directly supported by the main plate 208 . The position of the vertical slide assembly 234 during the operation of the head stack assembly installation system 200 is reported to the computer 206 by a vertical slide digital sensor 238 located adjacent the vertical slide 234 . The position of the horizontal slide assembly 236 , during the operation of the head stack assembly installation system 200 , is reported to the computer 206 by a horizontal slide digital sensor 240 positioned adjacent the horizontal slide 236 . The end effector assembly 232 uses the beveled pick and place member 132 of the HSA 128 to grip the HSA 128 for installation onto the tolerance ring 176 . The end effector assembly 232 also has a pair of opposing positionable flex connector grippers 242 configured to communicate with the flex connector body 154 . A pair of opposing positionable flex connector grippers 242 maintain alignment of the flex connector body 154 in relation to the actuator body 192 while the robotic assembly 214 is pressing the HSA 128 onto the tolerance ring 176 during the process of installing the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 of the HDA 162 . A pneumatic cylinder housing 244 supports the pair of opposing positionable flex connector grippers 242 as well as supporting a pneumatic cylinder (not shown) used to operate the pair of opposing positionable flex connector grippers 242 . As shown in FIG. 7 , a communication interface electronics assembly 246 is mounted internal to the computer to 206 . However, like the computer 206 itself, the communication interface electronics assembly 246 need not be proximately located to the computer 206 , but rather, electronic communication between the communication interface electronics assembly 246 and the computer 206 is sufficient to operate the head stack assembly installation tool 204 during installation of the HSA 128 into the HDA 162 . The communication interface electronics assembly 246 cooperates with a measurement assembly 247 that includes a radial displacement potentiometer 248 , a linear variable differential transformer 250 (LVDT), and a load cell 252 . The radial displacement potentiometer 248 is supported by the end effector assembly 232 and electronically communicates with the communication interface electronics assembly 246 during the process of installing the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 . The radial displacement potentiometer 248 measures position parameters of the gripping action of the end effector assembly 232 during installation process, and reports the measurements to the computer 206 through the communications interface electronics assembly 246 . The LVDT 250 is supported by the vertical slide assembly 234 and electronically communicates with the communication interface electronics assembly 246 during the installation process. The LVDT 250 measures parameters of vertical distance traveled by the vertical slide 234 relative to the head stack assembly post 174 and reports the measured parameters to the computer 206 . The load cell 252 is supported by the end effector assembly 232 and electronically communicates with the communication interface electronics assembly 246 during the HSA 128 to HDA 162 installation process. The load cell 252 measures parameters of mechanical resistance between the tolerance ring 176 and HSA 128 , while the HSA 128 is being pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 to install the HSA 128 into the HDA 162 . FIG. 8 shows a gripper 254 of the end effector 232 . Included in the gripper 254 is a radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 linked to operate in unison and attached to a gripper housing 260 . Each gripper section 258 supports a gripper finger 262 that is shaped to conform to the slope of the external surface of the beveled pick and place member 132 . Each of the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 is coupled to the potentiometer 248 by a potentiometer coupling arm 264 . A push pad (also referred to as a “centering post”) 266 is attached to the gripper housing 260 and circumvented by the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 . The radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 move toward the push pad 266 contacting beveled pick and place member 132 to align the HSA 128 to the end effector assembly 232 . Alignment of the HSA 128 to the end effector assembly 232 includes alignment of the top inner race 182 to the push pad 266 . During the installation process the gripper fingers 262 remain in contact with the beveled pick and place member 132 until contact is established between the HSA 128 and the head stack assembly post 174 . Upon measurement of initial contact between the HSA 128 and the HDA 162 , and reporting of that measured contact to the computer 206 by the load cell 252 , the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 disengage contact with the beveled pick and place member 132 . The push pad 266 remains in contact with the inner race of the bearing assembly 130 to transfer the compressive load delivered by the end effector assembly 232 to the HSA 128 during the process of pressing the HSA 128 onto the tolerance ring 176 of the HDA 162 . Retracting the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 958 front contact with the beveled pick and place member 132 during the process of pressing the HSA 128 into position reduces the chances of the bearing 184 being damaged during installation process. FIG. 9 shows the interaction between the gripper fingers 262 , the push pad 266 and the beveled pick and place member 132 . The gripper fingers 262 provide a slope surface 268 that conforms to the slope of the outer surface of the beveled pick and place member 132 while the push pad 266 provides a shouldered outer diameter 270 that is inserted into the inner race of the pick and place member 132 . When activated to engage the HSA 128 , the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 contact the outer surface of the bevel pick and place member 132 and align the HSA 128 to the end effector assembly 232 by positioning the inner surface of the pick and place member 132 into contact with the outer diameter 270 of the push pad 266 . FIG. 10 shows a central processing unit 272 (CPU) electronically communicating with recordable media 274 . The recordable media 274 holds an installation software program (not separately shown) that has installation software program steps to carry out the assembly herein described. The term electronically communicating or in electronic communication does not necessarily mean that the two devices engaging in the communication are physically connected. The term includes devices that are physically connected and devices that are electronically connected via networking links such as infrared communication, radio-frequency communication or through the internet via satellite communication. For example, the recordable media 274 may located in one country, for example the United States, and the CPU 272 could be located in a different country, for example Ireland. The two devices, the CPU 272 and the recordable media 274 , are each elements of the head stack assembly installation system 200 , dependent on each other for the functioning of the head stack assembly installation system 200 , but neither is in direct physical contact with the other. They are however, linked, one to the other, electronically as portions of the head stack assembly installation station 200 . FIG. also shows the central processing unit 272 in electronic communication with a volatile memory 276 (also referred to herewithin as random access memory or RAM), a head stack assembly serial number data base 278 and a head disc assembly serial number data base 280 . The central processing unit 272 electronically communicates with the recordable media 274 to upload the installation software program into the RAM 276 prior to execution of the installation process. During the installation process the installation software operates out of the RAM 276 . In addition to containing an active version of the installation software program the RAM 276 also temporarily stores information communicated to the computer 206 from the communication interface electronics assembly 246 . The stored information includes a head stack present signal (not shown), detected by the head stack digital sensor 228 , a head disc present signal (not shown), detected by the head disc assembly present digital sensor 230 , a value (not shown) representing the head stack assembly serial number 178 , provided by the head stack assembly scanner head 224 and a value (not shown) presenting the head disc assembly serial number 180 , provided by the head disc assembly scanner head 226 . During operation of the head stack assembly installation system 200 additional data regarding position and force parameters encountered by the HSA 128 during the installation process as well as position data for the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 , the vertical slide assembly 234 and the horizontal slide assembly 236 are gathered and written to the RAM 276 on a real-time basis. The position of the horizontal slide assembly 236 is monitored and reported to the communication interface electronics 246 by the linear horizontal slide digital sensor 240 , the position of the vertical slide assembly 234 is monitored and reported to the communication interface electronics 246 by the linear vertical slide digital sensor 238 , while position data for the gripper sections 258 is continually monitored by the radial displacement potentiometer 248 . The position and force parameter measurements encountered by the HSA 128 while being pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 are made and supplied to the RAM 267 by the linear variable differential transformer 250 and the load cell 252 respectively. Two additional elements of the head stack installation system 200 are shown by FIG. 10 . In electronic communication with the CPU 272 are the HSA serial number data base 278 and the HDA serial number data base 280 , the HSA serial number data base 278 containing the physical characteristics of each HSA 128 available for installation into each HDA 164 , while the HDA serial number data base 280 contains the physical characteristics of each HDA 164 available for receipt of the HSA 128 . Prior to joining each available HSA 128 with each available HDA 164 , the installation software program instructs the CPU 272 to read the serial number 178 of the HSA 128 from RAM 276 , query the HSA serial number data base 278 and retrieve the physical characteristics information contained within the HSA serial number data base 278 for the HSA 128 serial number read from the RAM 276 . The installation software program then instructs the CPU 272 to read the serial number 180 from RAM 276 , query the HDA serial number data base 280 and retrieve the physical characteristics information contained within the HDA serial number data base 280 for the HDA 164 serial number read from the RAM 276 . The software installation program then instructs the CPU 272 to compare the physical characteristics of the HDA 164 and the HSA 128 to one another, to ensure compatibility prior to proceeding with the installation of the HSA 128 into the HDA 164 . FIG. 11 shows a main process decision flow 300 utilized by the installation software program to grip the HSA 128 in preparation for installation of the HSA 128 into the HDA 164 of the disc drive 100 . Once a start step 302 , of the installation software program steps is initialized, three decision steps follow. The first decision step, HDA in position 304 , verify the presence of the HDA 164 within the installation position 212 of the main plate 208 . The second decision step, HSA positioned in the nest 306 , verifies the presence of HSA 128 in the nesting position 212 of the main plate 208 and the third decision step, HSA serial number entered 308 , verifies the presence of the serial number 178 within the RAM 276 . The main process decision flow 300 shows the installation software program instructs the robotic assembly 214 to grip the HSA 128 and proceed to predefined process steps install HSA decision flow 320 (of FIG. 12 ), provided responses of the three decision steps are affirmative along with an affirmative response from a decision step HSA and HDA compatible 310 . In addition to the specifically identified decision steps, the main process decision flow 300 shows the decision loops entered into by the installation software program if a non affirmative response is encountered from one of the specifically identified decision steps. The software installation program remains in the decision loop until the installation software program, from that decision loop, receives an affirmative response. FIG. 12 shows the install HSA decision flow 320 of the installation software program utilized by the installation software program to engage the tolerance ring 176 with the HSA 128 . A start step 322 is the first installation software program step of the install HSA decision flow 320 . There are two primary decision steps involved in the install HSA decision flow 320 . The first, a HSA engaged post 324 , initiates step 326 upon successful engagement of the head stack assembly post 174 with the HSA 128 . Installation software program step 326 directs the actions of; releasing the radially disposed positionable gripper sections 258 from contact with the beveled pick and place member 132 , applying a compressive load on the HSA 128 with the robotic assembly 214 , and collecting force and distance parameters from the load cell 252 and the LVDT 250 respectively. Upon successful completion of the second decision step, slide stopped moving 328 , the installation software program initiates step 330 , an action of raising the vertical slide 234 to discontinue application of the compressive load on the HSA 128 and to proceed to an analyze force and position data—decision flow 340 (of FIG. 13 ), another predefined sequence of process steps of the installation software program. The install HSA decision flow 320 shows the decision loops entered into by the installation software program should a non affirmative response be a result of one of the decision steps. The software installation program remains in a decision loop until the installation software program receives, from either of the decision steps 324 or 328 , an affirmative response. However, should the software installation program receive an affirmative response from a slide not moving 332 decision step, the installation software program directs the robotic assembly 214 to return the HSA 128 to the nest position 210 and displays a message on a display 334 for the operator to resolve the conflict and restart the process at main decision flow 300 . FIG. 13 shows the analyze force and position data—decision flow 340 of the installation software program utilized by the installation software program to measure and analyze forces and positions encountered by the HSA 128 while engaging the tolerance ring 176 , as the robotic assembly presses the HSA 128 into the basedeck assembly 168 . A start step 342 is the first installation software program step of the analyze force and position data—decision flow 340 . The software installation program incorporates a force to distance ratio equation 344 to monitor installation of the HSA 128 onto the tolerance ring. During the installation process, process parameter measurements representing force and distance are gathered by the head stack installation tool 204 (of FIG. 7 ) and electronically communicated to the computer 206 (of FIG. 7 ). The computer 206 manipulates the measurements by converting the measurements into values and substituting those values into equation 344 . The resulting calculated value, a slope, is compared to predetermined value dynamic slope V of decision step 348 . Turning to FIG. 14 , the predetermined value V is empirically derived for forces typically encountered by the HSA 128 while being pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 at specific increments of distance encountered by the HSA 128 while traveled along the tolerance ring 176 and found to have a maximum value of 600, 358 . The software also monitors mechanical resistance encounter during the process at time intervals of about every 50 milliseconds over the distance traveled by the HSA 128 while traveled along the tolerance ring 176 . Empirically gathered mechanical resistance data yielded a mechanical resistance as a function of position (f(p)) curve 360 . The mechanical resistance as a function of position curve 360 was arrived at through normal curve fitting techniques, relating the mechanical resistance encountered by the HSA 128 while being pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 to a point representing the distance covered by the head stack assembly at the point in time the mechanical resistance was encountered. A tolerance of about plus and minus 5% of the mechanical resistance encountered by the HSA 128 in any region of the tolerance ring 176 was elected and applied to the force curve resulting in a family of values representing dynamic force thresholds 362 against which actual measured process data can be dynamically compared. Forces encountered that fall outside the dynamic, either insufficient or excessive, trigger the head stack assembly installation station to abort the process. Returning to FIG. 13 , the equation (F=f(p) +/−x) and slop<V of 348 is interpreted to mean; should the force (F) measured as encountered by the HSA 128 at a position (p) while being pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 fall outside the empirically derived force as a function of position (f(p)) curve, plus or minus (x), about 5% of the force empirically found to be encountered at position (p) along the tolerance ring 176 during the mating process, the process will be aborted. And, should the force (F) measured as encountered by the HSA 128 at a position (p) while being pressed onto the tolerance ring 176 fall within the empirically derived mechanical resistance as a function of position (f(p)) curve 360 (of FIG. 14 ), plus or minus (x), about 5% of the mechanical resistance empirically found to be encountered at position (p) along the tolerance ring 176 during the mating process, but the slop exceeds a predetermined value, empirically found to be about 600 the process will be aborted. Or, if the resultant calculated value falls outside the predetermined value V, the installation software program instructs the head stack installation tool 204 to abort the process, return the HSA 128 to the nest position 210 (of FIG. 7 ), and display a message on the display 334 reporting the status of the process and instructing the operator to remove the HSA 128 from the nest position 112 , place the next HSA 128 into the nest position 112 and restart the process at process step 300 . However, typically the software installation program remains in decision loops until the installation software program receives, from either of the installation software program steps 346 or 348 , an affirmative response. Upon receipt of an affirmative response from either installation software program steps 346 or 348 , the installation software program proceeds to evaluate a course of action to be followed by the head stack installation tool 204 , based on decision steps represented by installation software program steps 350 , 352 , 354 and 356 . In each of the four installation software program steps 350 , 352 , 354 and 356 the installation software program checks process end points for specific values of force or distance encountered by the HSA 128 during the installation process. If the process end point values for the amount of force encountered by the HSA 128 is less than 11.34 kilograms, but greater than 0.363 kilograms, and the distance traveled by the HSA 128 after encountering the head stack assembly post 174 (of FIG. 4 ) is greater than Z minus 0.0254 centimeters, but less than Z plus 0.0254 centimeters (where Z is typically between 1.203 centimeters and 3.094 centimeters), the head stack installation tool 204 has successfully installed the HSA 128 into the HDA 162 (of FIG. 1 ). If the process end point values for the amount of force encountered by the HSA 128 or the distance traveled by the HSA 128 after encountering the head stack assembly post 174 falls outside those parameters, the installation software program instructs the head stack installation tool 204 to abort the installation process attempt, directs the robotic assembly 214 to return the HSA 128 to the nest position 210 and displays a message on a display 334 for the operator to resolve the conflict and restart the process at main decision flow 300 . The present invention provides a head stack assembly installation system (such as 200 ) with a head stack installation tool (such as 204 ) electronically communicating with a computer (such as 206 ) that has an active installation software program directing and controlling process steps enacted by head stack installation tool to install a head stack assembly (such as 128 ) into a head disc assembly of a disc drive (such as 100 ). The head stack installation tool provides a nesting position (such as 210 ) for aligning in staging head stack assembly prior to installation into the head disc assembly, an installation position (such as 212 ) for locating in securing the head disc assembly while awaiting installation of the head stack assembly, a robotic assembly (such as 214 ) the robotic assembly includes an end effector assembly (such as 232 ) supported by a vertical slide assembly (such as 234 ), which is in turn supported by a horizontal slide assembly (such as 236 ) that attaches to a main plate (such as 208 ). A measurement assembly made up of a communications interface electronics assembly (such as 246 ) electronically communicating with a radial displacement potentiometer (such as 248 ), a linear variable differential transformer (such as 250 ), and a load cell (such as 252 ). The robotic assembly picks and places the head stack assembly into the head disc and the measurement assembly collects and communicates process position and force parameters to the computer for use by the computer in calculating distance and force data. The active installation software program directs and controls enactment of process steps followed by the head stack installation tool by directing the computer to execute installation software program steps based on the position and force data calculated by the computer. It is clear that the present invention is well adapted to attain the ends and advantages mentioned as well as those inherent therein. While a presently preferred embodiment of the invention has been described for purposes of the disclosure, it will be understood that numerous changes can be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art. Such changes are encompassed within the spirit of the invention disclosed and as defined in the appended claims.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application is based upon and claims the benefit of priority of the prior Japanese Patent Application No. 2015-215112, filed on Oct. 30, 2015, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference. FIELD [0002] The embodiments discussed herein are related to a microwave irradiation apparatus and an exhaust gas purification apparatus. BACKGROUND [0003] Currently, an exhaust gas purification apparatus in which a diesel particulate filter (DPF) is used is practically used as an apparatus that collects fine particles such as particulate matter (PM) contained in the exhaust gas. Since, in such an exhaust gas purification apparatus, fine particles such as PM are deposited on the DPF through use thereof, regeneration of the DPF is demanded. As a method for regenerating the DPF, for example, a method is disclosed in which a high-frequency electromagnetic wave such as a microwave irradiated from a microwave irradiation apparatus is used. In particular, according to the method, regeneration of the DPF is performed by irradiating an electromagnetic wave such as a microwave on the DPF to heat and combust fine particles such as PM deposited on the DPF. [0004] A microwave irradiation apparatus is used also in a food heating apparatus for heating food, a chemical reaction apparatus or the like. [0005] In the exhaust gas purification apparatus described above, regeneration of a DPF is performed by irradiating an electromagnetic wave such as a microwave on the DPF to dielectrically heat fine particles such as PM to oxidize and decompress the fine particles such as PM. However, it is difficult to irradiate a microwave, which is to be irradiated on the DPF, with a uniform intensity in the DPF, and a high intensity region and a low intensity region of the microwave appear in the DPF, resulting in unevenness of the temperature in the DPF. Therefore, fine particles such as PM are removed in some region while fine particles are not removed very much in another region in the DPF, and the DPF is not regenerated sufficiently. The phenomenon that a region which the intensity of an irradiated microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the irradiated microwave is low appear in this manner similarly occurs also with a food heating apparatus, a chemical reaction apparatus and so forth. [0006] Therefore, a microwave irradiation apparatus is demanded in which a region in which the intensity of an irradiated microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the irradiated microwave is low are less likely to appear and a heating target may be heated uniformly. [0007] The followings are a reference documents. [Document 1] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2006-140063 [Document 2] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 4-179817 [Document 3] Japanese Patent No. 4995351 [Document 4] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 05-202733 [Document 5] Japanese Laid-open Patent Publication No. 2014-175122 SUMMARY [0008] According to an aspect of the embodiments, a microwave irradiation apparatus includes: an annular microwave transmission path; a first microwave generation circuit that is coupled with the microwave transmission path and generates a first microwave; and a second microwave generation circuit that is coupled with the microwave transmission path and generates a second microwave; wherein the first microwave and the second microwave have frequencies equal to each other but have phases different from each other. [0009] The object and advantages of the invention will be realized and attained by means of the elements and combinations particularly pointed out in the claims. [0010] It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary and explanatory and are not restrictive of the invention, as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS [0011] FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic views depicting a structure of a microwave irradiation apparatus according to a first embodiment; [0012] FIG. 2 is a schematic view illustrating a standing wave generated in a circular ring waveguide according to the first embodiment; [0013] FIG. 3 is a schematic view depicting a structure of a microwave irradiation apparatus in which one microwave generation unit is coupled with a circular ring waveguide; [0014] FIGS. 4A and 4B are intensity distribution diagrams of a microwave in the microwave irradiation apparatus depicted in FIG. 3 ; [0015] FIGS. 5A and 5B are intensity distribution diagrams of a microwave in the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the first embodiment; [0016] FIG. 6 is a schematic view depicting a structure (1) of a microwave irradiation apparatus according to a second embodiment; and [0017] FIG. 7 is a schematic view depicting another structure (2) of the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the second embodiment. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS [0018] In the following, embodiments for carrying out the technology are described. It is to be noted that like elements and so forth are denoted by like reference symbols and description of them is omitted herein. [0019] As an example of a filter regeneration apparatus for an internal combustion engine, a filter regeneration apparatus of a structure is available in which a peripheral region of a DPF that is a heating target is covered with a waveguide and a microwave is supplied to the waveguide such that the microwave leaks from holes provided at the inner side of the waveguide and is irradiated on the DPF. However, in a filter regeneration apparatus of such a structure as just described, since a standing wave is formed in the waveguide by the microwave supplied to the waveguide, bellies and knots by the standing wave are formed. Therefore, a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low appear. It is to be noted that, in the present application, the phenomenon that a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low appear is referred to sometimes as an intensity distribution of the microwave appears. First Embodiment [0020] Now, a microwave irradiation apparatus according to a first embodiment is described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B . FIGS. 1A and 1B depict an exhaust gas purification apparatus to which the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment is attached. [0021] FIGS. 1A and 1B are schematic views of a structure of the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment. In particular, FIG. 1A is a perspective view of part of the exhaust gas purification apparatus to which the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment is attached, and FIG. 1B is a sectional view taken along a direction in which exhaust gas flows in the exhaust gas purification apparatus. The exhaust gas purification apparatus includes a fine particle collection unit 10 , a housing 20 , a first microwave generation unit 41 , a second microwave generation unit 42 , a controller 60 and so forth. A circular ring waveguide 30 that is a ring-formed microwave transmission path is provided around the cylindrical housing 20 , and holes or the like not depicted are formed on the circular ring waveguide 30 at the housing 20 side that is an inner side of the circular ring waveguide 30 such that the microwave leaks to inside of the housing 20 and is irradiated on the fine particle collection unit 10 . [0022] The fine particle collection unit 10 is formed from a DPF or the like. The DPF is formed in a honeycomb structure in which vents adjacent each other are closed alternately, and exhaust gas is exhausted from vents different from vents that serve as entrances. [0023] The housing 20 is formed from a metal material such as stainless steel, and includes a housing main portion 20 a that covers the periphery of the fine particle collection unit 10 , and an intake port 20 b and a discharge port 20 c coupled with the housing main portion 20 a. In the exhaust gas purification apparatus according to the present embodiment, exhaust gas such as exhaust gas from an engine or the like is purified when it enters the housing 20 from the intake port 20 b in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark A and passes the fine particle collection unit 10 installed in the housing main portion 20 a. Thereafter, the exhaust gas purified in the fine particle collection unit 10 is exhausted in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark B from the discharge port 20 c. [0024] The first microwave generation unit 41 is coupled with the circular ring waveguide 30 by a first coupling waveguide 51 , and the second microwave generation unit 42 is coupled with the circular ring waveguide 30 by a second coupling waveguide 52 . A microwave generated by the first microwave generation unit 41 propagates in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark C in the first coupling waveguide 51 and is supplied into the circular ring waveguide 30 . Meanwhile, a microwave generated by the second microwave generation unit 42 propagates in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark D in the second coupling waveguide 52 and is supplied into the circular ring waveguide 30 . [0025] It is to be noted that the frequency of the microwave generated by the first microwave generation unit 41 and the frequency of the microwave generated by the second microwave generation unit 42 are equal to each other. The microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment includes the circular ring waveguide 30 , the first microwave generation unit 41 , the second microwave generation unit 42 , the first coupling waveguide 51 , the second coupling waveguide 52 , and the controller 60 . [0026] A distance L between a center 51 a of the coupling portion between the circular ring waveguide 30 and the first coupling waveguide 51 and a center 52 a of the coupling portion between the circular ring waveguide 30 and the second coupling waveguide 52 is formed so as to be equal to (2N−1)×λ/4. It is to be noted that λ is a wavelength of the microwave supplied to the circular ring waveguide 30 and N is a positive integer. Since preferably the distance L is not too long, it is preferable to set the distance L to λ/4, 3λ/4, 5λ/4, or 7λ/4. [0027] Further, the microwave supplied from the first microwave generation unit 41 to the circular ring waveguide 30 through the first coupling waveguide 51 and the microwave supplied from the second microwave generation unit 42 to the circular ring waveguide 30 through the second coupling waveguide 52 are displaced by π/2, namely, by λ/4, in phase from each other. Consequently, as depicted in FIG. 2 , standing waves W 1 and W 2 are generated by the microwave generated by the first microwave generation unit 41 and the microwave generated by the second microwave generation unit 42 in the circular ring waveguide 30 . It is to be noted that FIG. 2 is a sectional view taken along an alternate long and short dash line 1 A- 1 B in FIG. 1B , and is a schematic view illustrating a standing wave generated in the circular ring waveguide according to the first embodiment. [0028] In the present embodiment, the standing wave W 1 generated by the microwave from the first microwave generation unit 41 and the standing wave W 2 generated by the microwave from the second microwave generation unit 42 are displaced by π/2 in phase from each other. Accordingly, bellies of the standing wave W 1 generated by the microwave from the first microwave generation unit 41 correspond to knots of the standing wave W 2 generated by the microwave from the second microwave generation unit 42 . Similarly, knots of the standing wave W 1 generated by the microwave from the first microwave generation unit 41 correspond to bellies of the standing wave W 2 generated by the microwave from the second microwave generation unit 42 . Consequently, since the position of a knot of one of the standing waves corresponds to the position of a belly of the other one of the standing waves and the standing waves complement each other, an intensity distribution of the microwaves can be suppressed from appearing in the circular ring waveguide 30 . In other words, such a situation may be suppressed that a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low appear in the circular ring waveguide 30 . The microwaves in the circular ring waveguide 30 leak from the holes not depicted provided on the circular ring waveguide 30 at the fine particle collection unit 10 side that is the inner side of the circular ring waveguide 30 and is irradiated on the fine particle collection unit 10 . Accordingly, in the present embodiment, since the intensity of the microwave irradiated on the fine particle collection unit 10 may be substantially uniformized, the fine particle collection unit 10 may be heated uniformly. [0029] Further, in the present embodiment, the center 51 a of the coupling portion between the circular ring waveguide 30 and the first coupling waveguide 51 functions as a knot of the standing wave W 2 generated by the microwave from the second microwave generation unit 42 . Therefore, the microwave from the second microwave generation unit 42 does not advance into the first coupling waveguide 51 . Similarly, the center 52 a of the coupling portion between the circular ring waveguide 30 and the second coupling waveguide 52 functions as a knot of the standing wave W 1 generated by the microwave from the first microwave generation unit 41 . Therefore, the microwave from the first microwave generation unit 41 does not advance into the first coupling waveguide 51 . [0030] The microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment may generate the microwaves at the same time from the first microwave generation unit 41 and the second microwave generation unit 42 , or may generate the microwaves alternately. The control where the microwaves are alternately generated by the first microwave generation unit 41 and the second microwave generation unit 42 is performed by the controller 60 . [0031] Now, intensity distributions of the microwave in the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment depicted in FIG. 1 and a microwave irradiation apparatus that is depicted in FIG. 3 and includes a single microwave generation unit are described. The microwave irradiation apparatus depicted in FIG. 3 and including a single microwave generation unit includes a fine particle collection unit 10 , a housing 20 , a microwave generation unit 941 and so forth. The circular ring waveguide 30 is provided around the cylindrical housing 20 , and a microwave generation unit 941 is coupled with the circular ring waveguide 30 by a coupling waveguide 951 . In particular, the microwave irradiation apparatus depicted in FIG. 3 is structured such that the single microwave generation unit 941 is coupled with the circular ring waveguide 30 by the coupling waveguide 951 . [0032] A microwave generated by the microwave generation unit 941 propagates in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark E in the coupling waveguide 951 and is supplied into the circular ring waveguide 30 . The microwave supplied into the circular ring waveguide 30 forms a standing wave in the circular ring waveguide 30 and is irradiated on the fine particle collection unit 10 . [0033] FIGS. 4A and 4B depict intensity distribution of the microwave irradiated by the microwave irradiation apparatus depicted in FIG. 3 and including the single microwave generation unit. In particular, FIG. 4A depicts an intensity distribution of the microwave of the fine particle collection unit 10 in a direction perpendicular to a flowing direction of exhaust gas, and FIG. 4B depicts an intensity distribution of the microwave of the fine particle collection unit 10 in the flowing direction of exhaust gas indicated by a broken line arrow mark F. Further, FIGS. 5A and 5B depict intensity distribution of the microwave irradiated by the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment. In particular, FIG. 5A depicts an intensity distribution of the microwave of the fine particle collection unit 10 in a direction perpendicular to a flowing direction of exhaust gas, and FIG. 5B depicts an intensity distribution of the microwave of the fine particle collection unit 10 in the flowing direction of exhaust gas indicated by a broken line arrow mark G. [0034] In the microwave irradiation apparatus depicted in FIG. 3 and including a single microwave generation unit, the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low is great as depicted in FIGS. 4A and 4B . In this manner, if the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low is great, then temperature unevenness occurs in the fine particle collection unit 10 . Therefore, a region in which fine particles such as PM are removed and another region in which fine particles are not removed very much appear and regeneration of the fine particle collection unit 10 may not be performed sufficiently. [0035] The reason why the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low is great in this manner is that a single microwave is supplied to the circular ring waveguide 30 and an intensity distribution of the microwave appears in response to bellies and knots of the standing wave generated by the supplied microwave. [0036] In contrast, as depicted in FIGS. 5A and 5B , in the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment, the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low is reduced. Where the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low is small in this manner, in the fine particle collection unit 10 , little temperature unevenness appears and heating is performed substantially uniformly. Consequently, removal of fine particles such as PM in the fine particle collection unit 10 may be performed uniformly and regeneration of the fine particle collection unit 10 may be performed sufficiently. [0037] The reason why the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low is reduced in the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment in this manner is that two microwaves whose phases are displayed by π/2 from each other are supplied to the circular ring waveguide 30 . Consequently, in the circular ring waveguide 30 , knots of the standing wave generated by one of the microwaves correspond to bellies of the standing wave generated by the other one of the microwaves while knots of the standing wave generated by the other one of the microwaves correspond to bellies of the standing wave generated by one of the microwaves. In the present embodiment, the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low may be reduced as described above, and the fine particle collection unit 10 may be heated substantially uniformly by the irradiated microwaves. [0038] It is to be noted that the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment may be applied not only for regeneration of the fine particle collection unit 10 but also to a heating apparatus that heats food or the like by a microwave, a chemical reaction apparatus and so forth. Second Embodiment [0039] Now, a second embodiment is described. FIG. 6 is a schematic view depicting a structure (1) of a microwave irradiation apparatus according to the second embodiment. The microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment includes, as depicted in FIG. 6 , a microwave transmission path 130 , a first microwave generation unit 41 , a second microwave generation unit 42 , a first coupling waveguide 51 , a second coupling waveguide 52 , and a controller 60 . [0040] The microwave transmission path 130 is formed in a tubular shape having a quadrangular cross section and has reflection walls 131 a and 131 b provided at the opposite ends thereof such that they reflect a microwave. A plurality of opening holes 132 for radiating a microwave there through are provided in a wall of the tubular portion between the reflection wall 131 a and the reflection wall 131 b. [0041] The first microwave generation unit 41 is coupled with the microwave transmission path 130 by the first coupling waveguide 51 , and the second microwave generation unit 42 is coupled with the microwave transmission path 130 by the second coupling waveguide 52 . A distance L between a center 51 a of the coupling portion between the microwave transmission path 130 and the first coupling waveguide 51 and a center 52 a of the coupling portion between the microwave transmission path 130 and the second coupling waveguide 52 is formed so as to be equal to (2N−1)×λ/4. It is to be noted that λ is a wavelength of the microwave supplied to the microwave transmission path 130 and N is a positive integer. Since preferably the distance L is not too long, preferably the distance L is set to λ/4, 3λ/4, 5λ/4, or 7λ/4. [0042] The microwave generated by the first microwave generation unit 41 propagates in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark H in the first coupling waveguide 51 and is supplied into the microwave transmission path 130 . Meanwhile, the microwave generated by the second microwave generation unit 42 propagates in the second coupling waveguide 52 in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark I and is supplied into the microwave transmission path 130 . [0043] In the present embodiment, the microwave supplied from the first microwave generation unit 41 to the microwave transmission path 130 through the first coupling waveguide 51 is reflected by the reflection wall 131 a and the reflection wall 131 b of the microwave transmission path 130 to form a standing wave. Similarly, the microwave supplied from the second microwave generation unit 42 to the microwave transmission path 130 through the second coupling waveguide 52 is reflected by the reflection wall 131 a and the reflection wall 131 b of the microwave transmission path 130 to form a standing wave. Since the microwave supplied from the first microwave generation unit 41 and the microwave supplied from the second microwave generation unit 42 are displaced by π/2, namely, by λ/4, in phase from each other, also the phases of the two standing waves generated in the microwave transmission path 130 are displaced by π/2 from each other. [0044] Accordingly, in the microwave transmission path 130 , knots of the standing wave generated by one of the microwaves correspond to bellies of the standing wave generated by the other one of the microwaves while knots of the standing wave generated by the other one of the microwaves correspond to bellies of the standing wave generated by the one of the microwaves. Consequently, the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the present embodiment may reduce the difference between a region in which the intensity of the microwave is high and another region in which the intensity of the microwave is low and may irradiate the microwave having a substantially uniform intensity in a direction indicated by a broken line arrow mark J through the opening holes 132 . Therefore, a heating target placed in the direction indicated by the broken line arrow mark J may be heated substantially uniformly. [0045] FIG. 7 is a schematic view depicting another structure (2) of the microwave irradiation apparatus according to the second embodiment. As described in FIG. 7 , the microwave irradiation apparatus structured such that a plurality of microwave irradiation units, each of which may be the microwave irradiation apparatus of FIG. 6 except the controller, are juxtaposed such that they may heat substantially uniformly over a wide area. In particular, the microwave irradiation units are installed in in a juxtaposed relationship in a lateral direction such that the orientations of opening portions in a plurality of microwave transmission paths 130 a, 130 b, 130 c, and 130 d are same as each other. Thus, the microwave irradiation units may heat a heating target 200 , which has a wide area and is placed at the side of the opening portions, substantially uniformly. [0046] It is to be noted that, in the microwave irradiation apparatus of FIG. 7 , a first microwave generation unit 41 a and a second microwave generation unit 42 a are coupled with the microwave transmission path 130 a, and another first microwave generation unit 41 b and another second microwave generation unit 42 b are coupled with the microwave transmission path 130 b. Further, a first microwave generation unit 41 c and a second microwave generation unit 42 c are coupled with the microwave transmission path 130 c, and another first microwave generation unit 41 d and another second microwave generation unit 42 d are coupled with the microwave transmission path 130 d. It is to be noted that the first microwave generation units 41 a, 41 b, 41 c, and 41 d and the second microwave generation unit 42 a, 42 b, 42 c, and 42 d are coupled with the controller 60 . [0047] It is to be noted that the configuration of the other part of the microwave irradiation apparatus is similar to that of the first embodiment. [0048] All examples and conditional language recited herein are intended for pedagogical purposes to aid the reader in understanding the invention and the concepts contributed by the inventor to furthering the art, and are to be construed as being without limitation to such specifically recited examples and conditions, nor does the organization of such examples in the specification relate to a showing of the superiority and inferiority of the invention. Although the embodiments of the present invention have been described in detail, it should be understood that the various changes, substitutions, and alterations could be made hereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an aerodynamically contoured filter which removes foreign particles from a fluid, and more particularly, to a filter using surface filtration to remove contaminants from air, as air laden with particulates and aerosols is circulated through the filter. 2. Background Art Pollutants, pollen, dust particles, and other foreign particles are often introduced in the air supply of closed rooms, such as the passenger compartments of vehicles. The problem with air pollutants in vehicles is particularly acute in high traffic densities, or in severe climates with high contents of dust, smog, fog, industrial effluents, or the like. Many attempts have been made to remove pollutants, pollen, dust paticles, and other foreign particles from the air by using filtration systems. Conventionally, filtration devices which pass the air through filter media such as mats or screens are inserted in the intake channel of the vehicle cabins to filter out these contaminants. To effectively filter out small particles, the mesh of the screen must be small. The small mesh often becomes blocked after a short period of time, and it is necessary to frequently clean or change the filter element. The small mesh also produces a pressure drop, which is the major limiting factor involved in applying a filter in the intake duct of a ventilation system for a vehicle. PCT Application PCT/De87/00489 describes a foraminous, multi-layered filter, impregnated with glycerine. The filter includes numerous apertures, such that the apertures of one layer are offset with respect to the apertures of the adjacent layers. However, such a filter is inadequate for vehicles equipped with air conditioning, since there exists too great a pressure drop across the filter. The problems enumerated above have prevented the application of an ultra-fine particle filter in the ventilation system of a vehicle. All vehicles are critically dependent upon an adequate supply of fresh air to enable proper defrosting and defogging. It is also imperative that people with chronic allergic and asthmatic conditions have continual supply of fresh air in all driving environments. accordingly, the inability to supply the vehicle cabin with an adequate supply of fresh air can be a distinct health and safety hazard. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The filter of the present invention overcomes the deficiencies in the prior art, and is designed using the principles of aerodynamics to streamline the flow of fluid therethrough. The filter hereof is defined by a multi-layered body which comprises an inlet surface and an outlet surface, walls which define a plurality of passages which extend from the inlet surface to the outlet surface, and means for removing the impurities from the fluid. The filter preferably can be subdivided into a plurality of layers, including an inlet layer, one or more intermediate layers, and an outlet layer. The fluid approaches the inlet layer, progresses through the intermediate layers, and departs from the filter through the outlet layer. Each layer includes a plurality of cells, havig cell walls with a generally curvilinear shape. Each cell wall has a fluid inlet portion and a fluid outlet portion. The fluid outlet portion of a cell disposed on the inlet layer is in fluid communication with the fluid inlet portion of a contiguous cell disposed on the adjacent intermediate layer. The fluid outlet portion of a cell disposed on an intermediate layer is in fluid communication with the fluid inlet portion of a contiguous cell disposed on the outlet layer. The cell walls combine to define a plurality of passages, which extend from the inlet surface to the outlet surface. A plurality of the passages are preferably in fluid communication with a plurality of other passages. The means for removing the impurities from the fluid flowing through the passages is disposed along the walls. The impurities are retained within the removing means, as the removing means enable fluid to flow through the passages essentially unrestricted even when the removing means is saturated with impurities. The removing means is a surface filtration media which may be either wet or dry. If the media is wet, it is preferred that an open-faced foam be used, such as polyurethane, which is commonly impregnated with a non-toxic, non-reactive viscous solution. The wet media treats the incoming fluid that is heavily laden with dust particles, pollutants, pollen, and other foreign particles. If the media is dry, charged fibers are affixed to the side walls of the filter. The airborne particles are attracted to the surface of the fiber, and are trapped by a magnetic-like action the the fiber. For a more complete understanding of the aerodynamic filter of the present invention, reference is made to the following detailed description and accompanying drawings in which the presently preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated by way of example. It is expressly understood, however, that the drawings are for purposes of illustration and description only, and are not intended as a definition of the limits of the invention. Throughout the following description and drawings, identical reference numbers refer to the same component throughout the several views. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the filter of the present invention, depicting a plurality of cells disposed on each of a series of layers, and each layer being spaced apart from each adjacent layer to illustrate the cell structure, and the stuctural interrelationship being contiguous cells; FIG. 2 is a computer-generated skeletal perspective view of a portion of the filter of FIG. 1, depicting a cell disposed on a first intermediate layer and the four cells disposed on an adjacent intermediate layer; FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a portion of the filter of FIG. 1, depicting a first pair of cells disposed on the inlet surface or layer, portions of a second pair of contiguous cells aligned on a first intermediate layer, and portions of a third pair of contiguous cells aligned on a second intemediate layer; FIG. 4 is a perspective view of a partially-sectioned cell disposed on the inlet surface of the filter of FIG. 1; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of partially-sectioned cell of the filter of FIG. 1 is disposed on an intermediate layer; FIG. 6 is a bottom view of the cell of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 is a top view of the filter of FIG. 1, the view depicting the symmetry of the top layer and the second layer, the placement of the contiguous cells on the second layer being depicted as hidden lines; and FIG. 8 is a computer-generated skeletal perspective view of a portion of the filter of FIG. 1, depicting four cells each being disposed upon four adjacent layers, the fluid passage being highlighted for purposes of illustration. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring now to the drawings, FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the filter 10 of the present invention. The filter 10 is preferably an open-celled foam material, such as foamed polyethylene, polyurethane, or the like. The filter 10 comprises an inlet surface 12 and an outlet surface 14, walls 30 which define a plurality of passages 40 extend from the inlet surface 12 to the outlet surface 14, and filtration means 60 for removing the impurities from the fluid. The inlet surface 12, walls 30, and a plurality of protruding members 70 which extend into the passages 40, are preferably areodynamically designed and contoured to streamline the flow of the fluid through the filter 10. The walls 30 define a labryinth of curvilinear passages 40, each passage 40 extending from the inlet surface 12 to the outlet surface 14. Each passage 40A is in fluid communication with a series of other curvilinear passages 40B. Each pasage 40 has a generally symmetrical configuration. Fluid entering each passage 40A is routed into a series of adjacent passages 40B, and the fluid in passages 40A is rejoined by fluid from other adjacent passages 40B (see FIG. 8). Although the diameter of the walls 30 vary throughout the passages 40, the surface area about the passages 40 remains substantially the same throughout the length of the passages 40. The walls 30 surrounding the passages 40 comprise a plurality of cells 50. Each cell 50 has a chute 52 extending therethrough, which is in fluid communication with a portion of an associated cell 50 disposed on an adjacent layer 20. More particularly, and as shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, each cell 50 is defined by a toroidal portion 54 and a chute 52 integrally formed therewith. In accordance with this construction, each cell 50 is, thus, divided into a plurality of sections 55. Each section 55, thus, is in fluid communication with a plurality of cells 50 contiguously disposed. As shown in these drawings, any one cell 50, thus, is placed in fluid communication with four cells 50, since there is depicted therein, four section 55 in association with each cell 50. It is understood that the number of sections 55 into which each cell 50 is divided is dictated by flow requirements, but optimally the cell 50 is divided into a least three and, preferably four sections 55. The filter 10 formed from the foam material, preferably is divisible into a plurality of layers 20, including the inlet surface layer 12, at least one intermediate layer 22, and an outlet layer 14. The fluid approaches the inlet layer 12, progresses through the intermediate layer 22, and departs from the filter through the outlet layer 14. Each cell 50 is preferably disposed along a layer 20. Each of the cells 50 on the same layer 20 are similar in shape. In the preferred embodiment of the filter 10 of the present invention, there are three basic cell configurations. A cell 50A disposed on the inlet layer 12 is depicted in FIG. 4. A cell 50B disposed on any of the intermediate layers is depicted in FIG. 5. A cell 50C disposed on the outlet layer 14 is similar to the cell depicted in FIG. 4, except that there is no protruding member 70 within the cell 50C. The layer 20 of each cell 50 is generally normal to the axis 59 of the cell 50. The cells 50 are generally evenly spaced on each of several layers 30. In the preferred embodiment of the present invention, all of the cells 50 are disposed on four layers 20, as shown in FIG. 1. The walls 30 of the filter 10 have a generally curvilinear shape. A cell wall 30 disposed on the inlet layer 12 has an inlet portion 53 and an outlet portion 56. The inlet portion 53 is tapered inwardly, and the outlet portion 56 is tapered outwardly. For cells 50B disposed downstream of the inlet surface 12, the inlet portion 53 is co-extensive with the outlet poriton 56 of the upstream cell. FIG. 2 depicts a first pair of cells 50A disposed on the inlet surface 12, portions of a second pair of contiguous cells 50B aligned on a first intermediate layer 20A, and portions of a third pair of contiguous cells 50B aligned on a second intermediate layer 20B. The cells 50A disposed on the inlet surface 12 have both an inlet portion 53A and an outlet portion 56A, whereas the downstream cells have an inlet portion 55B which is coextensive with the outlet portion 56A of the upstream contiguous cell 50A. FIG. 3 depicts a cell 50A disposed on the inlet layer 12 and a contiguous cell 50B disposed on an intermediate layer 20B. Each cell 50 is in fluid communication with preferably either three, four, or six cells 50 contiguously disposed along an adjacent layer 20, although all of the drawings depict a cell 50A adjoining four contiguous cells 50B. The filter 10 preferably has a 36% porosity and 0.35 inch layer spacing. Preferably, the filter 10 has four layers, the inlet surface layer 12, the intermediate layer 13 and the outlet surface layer; being substantially of the same thickness, and the filter 10 having a total thickness of between one and one-and-a-half inches. A chute 52 extends through each cell 50, and a central axis 59 extends through each chute 52. The axis 59 of each cell is preferably normal to the inlet surface 12 and the outlet surface 14, enabling a tangential flow of air through each of the passages 40. Each cell 50, except for those cells 50C disposed on the outlet layer, has a contoured protruding member 70 extending therein. The protruding member 70 is generally symmetrical about the cell axis 59. The tip 74 of the protruding member 70 extends into the proximate center of the cell 50. As shown in FIG. 4, the cell wall 30 has a generally curvilinear cross-section. Since each cell 50A feeds four contiguous cells 50B, the protruding member 70 is formed by four edges 72 which divide the chute 52 into four quadrants which peak at the center of the cell 50. The protruding member 70 deflects the fluid through the outlet portion 56A of the cell 50A, and into the inlet portion 55B of the contiguous cells 50B. FIG. 7 is a top view of the filter 10, the view depicting the symmetry of the inlet layer 12 and an adjacent intermediate layer 20A, the placement of the contiguous cells 50 on the intermediate layer 20A being depicted as hidden lines. The filtration means 60 for removing the impurities from the fluid flowing through the passages 40 is disposed along the walls 30. The impurities are retained within the filtration means 60, as the filtration means 60 enables fluid to flow through the passages 40 essentially unrestrited even with the filtration means 60 is saturated with impurities. The filtration means 60 is a surface filtration media which may be either wet or dry If the media is wet, it is preferred that an open-faced foam be used, such a polyurethane, which is commonly impregnated with a non-toxic, non-reactive viscous solution. The wet media treats the incoming fluid that is heavily laden with dust particles, pollutants, pollen, and other foreign particles. If the media is dry, charged fibers are affixed to the side walls of the filtration means 60. The airborne particles are attracted to the surface of the fiber, and are trapped by a magnetic-like action to the fiber. The function of the filtration means 60 is to capture the contaminants and not allow them to rebound back into the fluid stream after striking the media. Most of the filtration occurs between the outlet portion 56A of one cell 50 and the inlet portion 55B of a contiguous cell 50. The contoured wall 30 of cell 50 guides the flow of air into the contoured inlet portion of the contiguous cells. The air tends to cling to the contoured cell walls 30 of each cell, much as juice clings to the surface of a pitcher as it is poured therefrom. This phoenomenon is well known in avionics as the Coanda Effect. Hence, the contoured cell walls 30 guide the fluid through the passages 40. The filter 10 does not pass the fluid through the media, as "surface filtration" is more dominant than "depth filtration". The primary mechanisms involved in the filtration through the filter of the subject invention are "inertial impaction", "flowline interception", "diffusion deposition", "electrostatic deposition", and "London-van der Waals deposition", all of which are well-known phenomena to one skilled in the art. "Inertial impaction"is caused by the fluid changing flow direction, which results in a curvature of the streamlines. The inertia of the particles prevents the particles from passing through the passages 40 unimpeded. The inertia thrusts the particles into the contoured walls 30, where the particles are deposited. The intensity of this mechanism increases with increasing paticle size and increasing flow rates. Particles are also collected by "flowing interception". The particle may follow the streamline of the fluid and be collected without "inertial impaction" if the streamline is within close proximity to the collecting body. The trajectories of individual small particles do not coincide with the streamlines of the fluid because of "Brownian motion". With decreasing particle size the intensity of "Brownian motion" increases and, as a consequence, so does the intensity of "diffusion deposition". Aerosol particles and the fibers of a filtration media 60 generally carry electrostatic charges that considerably influence particle deposition. Charged fibers and particles influence the filtration process by altering particle trajectories and by alternating particle adherence to filter media surfaces. When the distance between a particle and the collecting body is small, deposition is influenced by London-van der Waals intermolecular forces. If the media is wet, it is preferred that an open-faced foam be used, such as polyurethane, which is commonly impregnated with a non-toxic, non-reactive viscous solution such as glycerine, petrolatum, grease, ethylene glycols, or edible oils. The wet media treats the incoming fluid, preferably air, that is heavily laden with dust particles, pollutants, pollen, an other foreign particles. To trap smaller particles from the fluid stream, silicon dioxide, aluminum oxide, zeolite, diatomaceous earth may be added to the viscous solution. Chemisorption masses like citric acid, tartaric acid, calcium chlrodie, sodium carbonate may also be added to remove odors and harmful acidic and alkaline contaminants. The preferred dry media is fibers which have positive and negative embedded charges. The preferred fibrous material if Filtrete.sub.®, which is a registered trademark of the 3M Company. The fibrous material may be sprayed or molded onto the contoured side walls. Airborne particles under 5 microns are naturally attracted to the surface of the fiber, and are trapped by a magnetic-like action to the fiber. The filter 10 is a laminated structure, which may be precision molded, or formed by any other similar manner. The layers 20 are secured together by any of a variety of chemical adhesives that are well known in the art. The cells 50 disposed on each layer 20 would require a separate mold. Alternate layers 20A are out of phase with adjacent layers 20B (see FIG. 6), and the alternate layers can be formed by the same molds. Typically, air approaches the filter 10 at a flow rate of about 20 to 30 feet per second, and the air leaves the filter 10 at from 50 to 70 feet per second. The pressure loss through the filter 10 is independent of the number of layers 20, but is primarily dependent upon the velocity of the air departing from the filter 10. The number of layers 20 is not limited by pressure drop, but is limited by the space for the filter 10 in the fluid line, and the duration that the filter 10 is to remain in the line until it will be replaced. The tangential flow through the cells 50 serves to accelerate the air. Typical pressure drop through the filter 10 varies from 2 to 3 percent. The impurities are retained within the filter 10, and purified air flows out from the outlet surface 14 of the filter 10. While the aerodynamic filter 10 has been described in conjunction with a specific embodiment, it is evident that many alternatives, modifications, and variations will be apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the disclosure herein. It is intended that all such alternatives, modifications, and variations are included herein that fall within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

4y

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a divisional application of application Ser. No. 09/172,140, filed Oct. 14, 1998, issued on Nov. 14, 2000 as U.S. Pat. No. 6,146,492 which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety for all purposes. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a plasma process apparatus with in situ monitoring, a method for monitoring using the apparatus, and a method for cleaning a chamber used in the apparatus. More particularly, the present invention relates to in situ monitoring a plasma chamber using a sampling manifold connected to the chamber and a gas analyzer connected to the manifold, and includes a method for in situ monitoring a plasma process and a method for cleaning the plasma chamber after etching. In addition, the present invention relates to an optimized in situ cleaning method for removing residues inside a plasma chamber after etching polysilicon. DESCRIPTION OF THE RELATED ART Generally, semiconductor device fabrication processes are carried out in processing chambers in which specific processing conditions, such as temperature and pressure, are preset and processing environments are created. In particular, a plasma process, such as a plasma etching process and a plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) process, generates many by-products. These by-products react with gas, photoresist, or other materials present inside the processing chamber to create polymer materials. The polymer becomes attached to the wafer surface and the inside surfaces of the processing chamber, causing the processing parameters to deviate from the pre-set values, and generating particles. Particles cause wafer defects which result in a decrease in the productive yield of a semiconductor fabrication facility. In order to reduce defects, preventive maintenance (PM) for the processing chamber is carried out on a certain schedule. Because the equipment can not be operated during PM, productivity is also reduced by frequent PM. FIG. 1 shows the PM process for the conventional processing chamber. Equipment for a specific process of semiconductor fabrication, with a chamber requiring PM, is removed from operation, is powered off, has its vacuum released, and is allowed to cool down. When the processing chamber is sufficiently cooled down, the components of the processing chamber are disassembled. In the case of chambers used in plasma processes, the surfaces of each of the disassembled components are wet-etched to remove the by-products of plasma processing. The wet-etch normally uses chemicals in the hydrogen fluoride (HF) series in order to remove the polysilicon film or silicon nitride film. Then, after re-assembling the components, a vacuum pump is again operated to reestablish a vacuum, the power is turned on, and the equipment is brought on line. Test wafers are then loaded into the processing chamber of the equipment, and an aging process ensues. After aging, the test wafers are examined during Process Recertification, in order to check whether the processing chamber is ready for operational use. However, the PM method described has some drawbacks. The method is expensive, wastes energy and takes a long time (over 24 hours). In order to overcome the time problem, a plasma etch can be carried out using nitrogen trifluoride (NF 3 ), or carbon tetrafluoride (CF 4 ) instead of the wet etch. Alternatively, Thermal Shock Technology is employed to remove, by means of thermal stress, the films formed inside the chamber. In another alternative, a dry etch is performed using chlorine trifluoride (ClF 3 ), or bromine pentafluoride (BrF 5 ). Even with this alternative, the removal, the disassembly and the assembly are still required thereby resulting in the same economic losses and power waste. In situ cleaning, without disassembly and assembly, for the processing chamber using dry etch gas has been introduced. However, it is difficult to measure the cleaning reaction precisely as it is being carried out and to determine the most efficient cleaning conditions. Thus, proper utilization of the in situ cleaning function is difficult, and optical utilization is unlikely. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to an apparatus and methods which substantially overcomes one or more problems due to the limitations and the disadvantages of the related art. An object of the present invention is to provide an apparatus and method for performing a plasma process with in situ monitoring, including performing a plasma etch process for the formation of polysilicon storage electrodes on a semiconductor wafer. It is another object to provide an in situ cleaning process for a plasma chamber of the apparatus after the plasma etch process. It is another object to optimize an in situ cleaning process based on results from monitoring a cleaning process in a plasma chamber. To achieve these and other objects and advantages in accordance with the present invention, a plasma process apparatus with in situ monitoring includes a plasma chamber and a process gas supply in flow communication with the plasma chamber, for supplying a process gas to the plasma chamber. A waste gas discharge assembly is in flow communication with the plasma chamber for removing a waste gas resulting from a process performed in the plasma chamber, and includes a discharge pump. A sampling manifold is in flow communication with the plasma chamber. A sampling pump, in flow communication with the sampling manifold, induces flow of a sample gas from the plasma chamber through the manifold. A gas analyzer in flow communication with the manifold analyzes the sample gas flowing through the sampling manifold. In another aspect of the present invention, the gas analyzer is a Residual Gas Analyzer-Quadropole Mass Spectrometer (RGA-QMS). In another aspect of the present invention, an in situ monitoring method includes monitoring an initial gas in the plasma chamber, including inducing flow of the initial gas into the sampling manifold and analyzing the initial gas with the gas analyzer to measure background amounts of constituents. If the background amounts of the constituents exceed a contamination level, the plasma chamber and sampling manifold are baked to cause outgassing, and, after baking, the initial gas is again analyzed with the gas analyzer. A wafer is processed in the plasma chamber by supplying a process gas from the gas supply and a process reaction gas is produced. A process reaction is monitored by inducing flow of a process sample gas (which may include the process gas, the process reaction gas, or both) from the plasma chamber into the sampling manifold and analyzing the process sample gas with the gas analyzer. After the wafer is processed, it is unloaded, and a waste gas from the plasma chamber is discharged using the waste gas discharge assembly. The plasma chamber undergoes in situ cleaning in which a cleaning gas is supplied from the gas supply to the plasma chamber and a cleaning reaction gas is produced. A cleaning reaction is monitored by inducing flow of a cleaning sample gas (which may include the cleaning gas, the cleaning reaction gas, or both) from the plasma chamber into the sampling manifold and analyzing the cleaning sample gas with the gas analyzer. In another aspect of the invention, an in situ cleaning method includes unloading the wafer after performing plasma etching of a polysilicon layer on a wafer in a plasma chamber. A cleaning gas is supplied from the gas supply to the plasma chamber at a set cleaning pressure and a set cleaning temperature. The cleaning gas includes a mixture of sulfur hexafluoride (SF 6 ) gas and chlorine (Cl 2 ) gas. The cleaning gas is supplied to separate, from inside the plasma chamber, a residue from the plasma process. The residue separated from the plasma chamber is then pumped out of the plasma chamber. In another aspect of the invention, the cleaning method determines an optimized end point for the cleaning process. The cleaning pressure and cleaning temperature are reset to different values, after determining a cleaning process end point. Then a combination of the cleaning temperature and the cleaning pressure associated with a minimum cleaning process end point is identified. Then the next wafer is plasma etched, and thus the process is repeated. After several repetitions, the combination provides conditions for optimal cleaning. Therefore, according to the present invention, a plasma etch process for the formation of polysilicon storage electrodes of semiconductor capacitors is monitored using the sampling manifold and the gas analyzer, and the cleaning process is also precisely monitored in situ in the process chamber, thereby allowing the recipe for the cleaning process to be optimized and improving the efficiency of semiconductor manufacturing using the plasma chamber. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING In the accompanying drawings: FIG. 1 is a processing sequence showing the conventional Preventive Maintenance (PM) cleaning process for removing the residues inside a plasma process chamber; FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram showing the structure around a plasma processing apparatus with in situ monitoring according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a detailed representation of a manifold and gas analyzer for the apparatus of FIG. 2; FIG. 4 is a flow diagram showing the processing sequences for monitoring the etching and the cleaning processes according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 shows the RGA-QMS analysis result for amplitude trends of the main gases used in the storage polysilicon etch process; FIG. 6 shows a spectrum at scan 233 for the main etch step of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 shows an Optical Emission Spectroscope (OES) analysis result for the storage polysilicon etch process using etch recipe 1 ; FIG. 8 shows the RGA-QMS analysis result for amplitude trends of the main gases used in the storage polysilicon etch process using recipe 2 ; FIG. 9 shows a spectrum at scan 172 for the main etch step of FIG. 8; FIG. 10 shows an OES analysis result for the storage polysilicon etch process using etch recipe 2 ; FIG. 11 shows an RGA-QMS analysis for amplitude trends of main gases in the process chamber in situ cleaning process according to one embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 12 shows an RGA-QMS analysis for amplitude trends of main gases in the process chamber in situ cleaning process in which the time for the main etch is extended longer than in FIG. 11; and FIG. 13 shows an RGA-QMS analysis for amplitude trends of main gases during the optimized in situ cleaning process in the process chamber. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the present invention with reference to the accompanying drawings. FIG. 2 is a schematic representation showing the structure of an in situ monitoring plasma etch apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 3 is a detailed representation of the manifold and gas analyzer of apparatus of FIG. 2 . Referring to FIG. 2, the conventional dry-etching apparatus has multiple process chambers 10 . A load lock chamber 14 having a transfer robot (not shown) is disposed between the process chamber 10 and a cassette transfer mechanism section 16 where wafers loaded on a cassette are supplied. An aligning mechanism section 12 aligns a flat edge of the wafer so that the wafers are aligned before they are supplied to the process chambers 10 . Etching using plasma is carried out inside the process chamber 10 . An etch gas is supplied from an etch gas supply source 20 through a gas supply section 22 to the process chamber 10 . The waste gas generated during the etch process is discharged after being cleaned in a scrubber 40 while being pumped through a discharge line by a discharge vacuum pump 30 . Though described for an plasma etching process, a similar arrangement is used for plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). Plasma etching and PECVD will be referred to as plasma processes, and the processing chamber 10 in which they occur will be called a plasma chamber. According to the present invention, a sampling manifold 50 is installed for sampling gases from the process chamber 10 to allow in situ monitoring of the changes of the gases during reactions in the chamber 10 . The sampling gas passing through the sampling manifold 50 is analyzed by a gas analyzer 80 . An external sampling vacuum pump 100 is placed in a sampling gas flow path after the gas analyzer 80 to induce continuous flow of the sampling gas and to direct the gas leaving the analyzer 80 into the scrubber 40 where the gas is cleaned and subsequently discharged. In some embodiments, an Optical Emission Spectroscope (OES) 11 is installed in the process chamber 10 . The OES 11 is a means for measuring the variations in intensity of a specific wavelength of the light emitted during reactions in the processing chamber 10 . The emitted light depends on reaction materials on the wafer and the gases used in the plasma process and the resulting reaction gases produced. In particular, the colors (hence the wavelengths) of emitted light depend on the gases present and the layers etched on a semiconductor substrate. The intensities of the wavelengths of the emitted light are detected and graphed as they vary in time, and points where the intensities of certain wavelengths abruptly change are found via the graph. As a result, the etch time for a certain layer is determined by detecting the end point time when the wavelengths associated with the layer being etched end and the time when the wavelengths associated with the layer below, i.e. the sub-layer, begin. In addition, during wafer loading and unloading particles inside the process chamber 10 are introduced into the load lock chamber 14 and contaminate the other neighboring process chambers 10 . A pressure sensor 9 is installed between the process chamber 10 and the load lock chamber 14 which can detect vacuum level variations between the two chambers. The OES 11 is connected to the pressure sensor 9 to monitor the pressure variations during each process step. An embodiment of the gas sampling manifold 50 and the gas analyzer 80 are described with reference to FIG. 3. A sampling port line 56 is connected on one end to the outer wall of the process chamber 10 , and connected on the other end to the sampling manifold 50 via a connector 52 of elastic material. A sampling line 54 of the sampling manifold 50 , e.g., a line with a diameter of ⅜ inches made of electro-polished stainless steel, is connected to the elastic connector 52 at the chamber end of the sampling line 54 . Along the sampling line 54 , in serial order from the chamber end to an analyzer end, there are connected in flow communication a first air valve (i.e., a fluid valve) 62 , a second air valve 66 , a first isolation valve 68 , a second isolation valve 70 , a third isolation valve 72 , and a gate valve 74 . In this embodiment, the first air valve 62 and the second air valve 66 both have an orifice size of 100 microns, and the third isolation valve 72 has an orifice size of 250 microns. A purge gas, e.g., nitrogen (N 2 ) gas, from a purge gas supply source 24 , is supplied to the first air valve 62 and the second air valve 66 via a fluid junction 58 through a third air valve 60 and a fourth air valve 64 , respectively. Thus, purge gas is always supplied to the sampling manifold 50 , even during times when the plasma chamber is not being sampled. In addition, a manifold pressure sensor, e.g., a Capacitance Manometer (CM) gauge 76 , is connected in flow communication between the first isolation valve 68 and the second isolation valve 70 at a pump joint. At the same pump point, a pumping line 78 is connected in flow communication with the sampling line 54 . The pumping line 78 is connected to an internal sampling pump 90 provided in a gas analyzer 80 , and is in flow communication with the scrubber 40 , via the external sampling pump 100 . In this embodiment, the gas analyzer 80 is connected to the sampling line 54 at the analyzer end. The gas analyzer 80 uses a commercial Residual Gas Analyzer-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometer (RGA-QMS), which includes a mass spectrometer 84 . In the gas analyzer, the mass spectrometer is connected to a turbo pump 86 , a baking pump 88 , and the internal sampling pump 90 . The mass spectrometer 84 is connected to an ion gauge 82 also within the gas analyzer. The internal sampling pump 90 receives gases from the manifold 50 and mass spectrometer 84 and directs the gases into the scrubber 40 via the external pump 100 . The RGA-QMS used as the gas analyzer 80 is a commercial model. Gas analysis is made using a mass spectrum acquired by the following steps. The gases used or remaining in the process chamber 10 are sampled and flow into the manifold 50 and are pumped into the mass spectrometer 84 . Electrons accelerated at 70 electron Volts (eV) of potential difference collide with the sample gases so as to ionize them. The ionized gases pass through the RGA-QMS which constantly maintains direct current and alternating current so as to let only ions having a specific ratio of mass to charge (m/z) pass through. As a result, the ionized gases can be analyzed. The RGA-QMS used in this embodiment is a movable system, wherein an ion source is a Closed Ion Source (CIS). Unlike an Open Ion Source (OIS) used in a typical sputtering process, a CIS can analyze a low pressure process gas as well as a high pressure bulk gas. The sampling pressure inside the sampling manifold 50 is maintained below the pressure of the process chamber 10 using a critical orifice in a range from about 100 to about 250 microns. That is, a vacuum level inside the sampling manifold 50 is greater than a vacuum level in the process chamber 10 . FIG. 4 is a schematic representation showing embodiments of the monitoring method for a plasma process occurring inside the process chamber 10 and the in situ cleaning method. In these embodiments, the plasma process is a plasma etch process, and the cleaning process is a cleaning process after a plasma etch of a polysilicon layer. In this embodiment of the monitoring process, first, the gases are tested, using the RGA-QMS, for example. That is, the gas analyzer 80 is connected to the sampling manifold 50 . A purge gas such as nitrogen gas is supplied into the gas analyzer 80 by closing the first air valve 62 and the third air valve 60 , and opening the second air valve 66 and the fourth air valve 64 . Then, by closing the fourth air valve 64 , and opening the first air valve 62 , the sampling of the gas in the process chamber 10 starts. By operating the internal or external sampling pump 90 or 100 , respectively, or both, as necessary based on the pressure indicated on the sampling pressure inside, e.g. the CM gauge 76 , the pressure inside the sampling line 54 can be controlled to be less than the pressure inside the process chamber 10 . In one embodiment of the method, a RGA-QMS baking test is performed next in order to reduce the background value. Since the RGA-QMS is sensitive to the contamination of the analyzing system itself, in this embodiment the background spectrum is analyzed every wafer processing cycle, i.e., once per wafer processed in the plasma chamber. The contamination levels in the system due to moisture and oxygen elements are examined. When a contamination level is high, the process chamber is baked at a temperature around 250° C. and the sampling manifold is baked at a temperature around 150° C. so as to minimize and control the contamination. In particular, the molecular contaminants water (H 2 O), hydrogen (H 2 ), oxygen (O 2 ), argon (Ar), and carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) are monitored as impurities. Baking accelerates the outgassing of these contaminants and reduces the contamination levels in the system. The new levels are analyzed to obtain an initial background spectrum of the system from the RGA-QMS. Next, a specific process for fabricating semiconductor wafers is preformed. At substantially the same time, the process gases are sampled and analyzed. That is, for example, the sampled gases are obtained during reaction of etch gases such as a main etch gas with the wafer. The monitoring is important for the formation of storage polysilicon electrodes of DRAMs, and for detecting an over etch, for example. Then, the wafers are unloaded from the process chamber. A cleaning gas is supplied into the process chamber, and the cleaning of the plasma chamber is carried out in situ. While the cleaning process is performed, the process chamber gases continue to be sampled and the cleaning reaction is analyzed by the gas analyzer, such as the RGA-QMS. Through the analyses for the gases before and after the cleaning process, or through the analyses for the contaminants and the particles, for example, the effect of the in situ cleaning process can be measured. Finally a recipe can be developed for optimizing the time, pressure, and temperature of the cleaning process. In the present invention, using a critical orifice of 250 microns in the sampling manifold, an etch process carried out under relatively low pressure can be analyzed. The RGA-QMS provides the spectrum ranging from 1 to 200 atomic mass units (amu) within an analysis time of 6.7 sec. Analysis is performed every analysis scan time, where the scan time equals the analysis time. Before and after the processing, i.e., every wafer processing cycle, the purge gas is analyzed and the background spectrum of the sampling system is confirmed to ensure the reliability of the analysis results. In two particular exemplary embodiments of the present invention, a polysilicon storage electrode etch process is carried out under one of two etch recipes. Etch recipe 1 uses chlorine (Cl 2 ) gas as an etch gas, and FIG. 5 shows the RGA-QMS analysis result of the amplitude trends of the main gases used in the polysilicon etch process. FIG. 6 shows a spectrum at scan 233 of the main etch step of FIG. 5 . FIG. 7 shows an OES analysis result for light of wavelength 405 nanometers (nm), which is utilized in the polysilicon etch process using etch recipe 1 . Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, the polysilicon is etched by an etchant gas having chlorine (Cl 2 ) and produces process reactant gases such as silicon chlorides (SiCl x , e.g., SiCl + , SiCl 3 + ). The graphical shape of silicon trichloride (SiCl 3 + ) from the RGA-QMS shows elevated levels for about 17 scans (about 110 seconds) which matches with the result of the End Point Detection (EPD) spectrum of 405 nm in the FIG. 7, where the intensity is high for about 110 seconds in the interval from an elapsed time of about 30 seconds to about 140 seconds. Etch recipe 2 uses a mixture of sulfur hexafluoride and chlorine (SF 6 +Cl 2 ) gas as the polysilicon etch gas. FIG. 8 shows the RGA-QMS analysis result for the amplitude trends of the main gases used in the polysilicon etch process using recipe 2 . FIG. 9 shows a spectrum at scan 172 during the main etch step of FIG. 8 . FIG. 10 shows an OES analysis result for the polysilicon etch process using etch recipe 2 . Referring to FIGS. 8, 9 and 10 , after performing the main etch for the polysilicon using the SF 6 +Cl 2 gas, from about scan 167 to about scan 180 for a duration of about 90 seconds, over etch is carried out using Cl 2 gas to about scan 190 . SF 6 is an inert gas, but it forms reactive fluoride ion in a radio frequency (RF) field and it can be used in the polysilicon etch with the Cl 2 gas. From the analysis results of FIGS. 8 and 9, when SF 6 and Cl 2 gas are used as etchant gas, the main by-product is a silicon fluoride (SiF x , e.g., SiF + , SiF 2 + , SiF 3 + ) gas, and the polysilicon is etched into gas such as a silicon chloride or silicon chloro fluoride (SiCl x F y , e.g., SiCl + , SiClF 2 + , SiCl 2 F 2 + , and SiCl 2 F 3 + ). The RGA-QMS analysis for the gas shows a result similar to the End Point Detection (EPD) spectrum of FIG. 10 . From FIG. 10, the main etch is carried out at the third step after the RF is powered-on, and it is powered off at the fourth step, i.e. for a duration of about 100 seconds starting at an elapsed time of about 20 seconds. Then, over etch is carried out at the fifth step when the RF is powered on again. The in situ cleaning process in the process chamber in this embodiment of the present invention is composed of three steps: an etch step using SF 6 +Cl 2 as etchant; an aging step using Cl 2 ; and a pumping step to pump out the waste gas including residue of polymers separated from the walls of the plasma chamber. FIG. 11 shows an RGA-QMS analysis for amplitude trends of main gases in the process chamber during in situ cleaning. The etch time is 60 seconds. Fluorine (F) element functions as a reactive etchant inside the process chamber, and etches the polymer inside the process chamber into SiF x , a gas that can be pumped out. In addition, by-products such as SOF + , SO 2 + , are produced which become part of the waste gas pumped out. From FIG. 11, a main product of the cleaning etch, SiF 3 + rapidly increases right after the etch begins, and gradually decreases until the cleaning etch ceases without reaching a detectable end point. FIG. 12 shows an RGA-QMS analysis for amplitude trends of main gases during in situ cleaning process, in which the etch time is extended to 120 seconds. From FIG. 12, it is evident that the etch is completed at about 74 seconds. FIG. 13 shows an RGA-QMS analysis for amplitude trends of main gases during an optimized in situ cleaning process obtained by changing the etch time, according to another embodiment of the present invention. That is, the cleaning etch, using SF 6 +Cl 2 gases, is carried out for about 100 seconds at a pressure of 15 mTorr, and with RF power of 400 Watts (W) to ensure sufficient time (at least 75 seconds) for cleaning without using excessive time. The aging process, using Cl 2 gas, is carried out for 30 seconds, at a pressure of 20 torr, and with RF power 400W. After the RF power is turned off, waste gas pumping is carried out for 300 seconds. In order to measure the effects of the in situ cleaning process according to the present invention, the particulate matter on wafers were examined. The particles on the silicon oxide surface of a wafer processed in the chamber were examined with SURFSCAN (a wafer inspection system manufactured by KLA/Tencor). It was confirmed that the particles are reduced after the in situ cleaning process of the present invention. In addition, before and after the cleaning process step, the metal and ion impurities such as iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), nickel (Ni), zinc (Zn), titanium (Ti), sulfur (S), chlorine (Cl), fluoride (F), and ammonium (NH 4 ) inside the process chamber were examined using Total X-ray Reflection fluorescence (TXRF)/High Performance Ion Chromatography (HPIC) to confirm the beneficial effects of the in situ cleaning process step. As a result, according to the present invention, the reactions of the gases during the etch process and the cleaning process are analyzed by using the RGA-QMS gas analyzer as an in situ monitoring system for the process chamber. Based on these results, the reactive etchant, and reaction by-products during the polysilicon etch are confirmed. Furthermore, the reaction mechanism and the end point of the cleaning etch process are exactly detected so that the etch time during the cleaning process is optimized, reducing the time losses for the cleaning process. Further, the generation of particles is suppressed. As a result, the operational efficiency of the facility is improved. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations of the present invention can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, it is intended that the present invention cover the modifications and variations of this invention provided they come within the scope of the appended claims and their equivalents.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention pertains to a battery cell, and more particularly, relates to a battery cell for use in electric devices. The battery cell includes internal safeguards such as automatic internal cell disengagement and re-engagement for cell pressure relief. 2. Description of the Prior Art The prior art cell devices have included tabs from the electrodes leading to and welded to the positive and negative end plates. When a cell would experience dramatic operating conditions such as overheating, overcurrent, or other abnormal operating conditions, the internal connections would often be displaced to the point of subsequently rendering the battery inoperative during these abnormal excursions due to internal member breakage and the inability to accommodate internal movement of member components. Clearly what is needed is a cell which is forgiving of the prior art design flaws and which can accommodate such internal movement and fluctuations without rendering the cell totally useless. The present invention provides such a cell having pressure relief by frangible structure and automatic cell disabling and re-enabling capabilities. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The general purpose of the present invention is a small battery cell. According to one embodiment of the present invention, there is provided a small battery cell assembly including a central electrode aligned within a case member and including members which align to the top and to the bottom regions of the central electrode, and within or adjoining the battery cell case. Aligned above the electrode assembly are a positive current collector, a spring, a positive contact member and a frangible cover. Aligned below the electrode assembly is a negative current collector. A case surrounds the electrode assembly, and other members form a negative contact member. The spring member in the upper portion of the cell exerts pressure downwardly upon the positive current collector to engage the positive electrode of the cell. Expansion of internal members of the cell overcomes spring tension to cause disengagement of the positive current collector with the positive electrode. Contraction of the internal members allows re-engagement by spring force. Pressure relief is provided for by a frangible cover located in the upper region of the cell. One significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a battery cell having a frangible cover. Another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is an internal current interrupter which disengages the positive electrode from a positive current collector during a pressure event and re-engages after the event. An additional significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a spring member forcing engagement or re-engagement of the positive electrode to a positive current collector. Still another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a positive and a negative current collector having v-grooves for electrode contact. Yet another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a positive current collector which can move vertically within the battery case. Having thus described embodiments of the present invention, it is the principal object of the present invention to provide a small battery cell having internal spring safeguards and a frangible cover safeguard. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof and wherein: FIG. 1 is an exploded view of the small battery cell; FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the cell along line 2--2 of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is the top region of the cell of FIG. 1 showing the positive current collector disengaged from the positive electrode; and, FIG. 4 is a view of the top region of the cell of FIG. 1 showing the frangible cover has disengaged itself from the main body of the cell. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 illustrates an exploded view of a small battery cell 10 including a plurality of component members which align in a casing member 12. Aligned centrally in the casing member 12 is spirally wound electrode assembly 14 having a negative electrode 16, a first separator 18, a positive electrode 20 and a second separator 22 arranged as a layer and continuously layered over and about itself in spiral fashion in ever increasing radius about a mandrel hole 24. The electrodes are offset in height with respect to each other. A circular and substantially planar positive current collector 26 aligns in intimate contact to the upper surface 28 of the electrode assembly 14 to physically and electrically contact the positive electrode 20 at a plurality of contact areas, as illustrated in FIG. 2. A plurality of downwardly extending v-projections 30a-30n contact the wound positive electrode 20 along and about the top edge of the upper surface 28. A spring tab 32 extends upwardly at an angle and then extends horizontally parallel to the plane of the positive current collector 26. The spring tab 32 mates and secures to the bottom side of a positive contact 34 as illustrated in FIG. 2. A spring 36 aligns over and about the spring tab 32 to effect intimate physical contact with the upper surface of the positive current collector 26 at the lower portion of the spring 36. The upper portion of the spring 36 intimately contacts and aligns in and is captured in an annular groove 38 in a dome surface 40 of a frangible cover seal 42. A representative battery seal is U.S. Pat. No. 5,057,386. Spring 36 forces the positive current collector 26 into physical and electrical contact with the positive electrode 20 in the spirally wound electrode assembly 14. With reference also to FIG. 2, the frangible cover 42 is generally disk shaped including an edge 44, an upper planar surface 46, an integral but frangible donut-like center section 48 extending vertically from the upper planar surface 46, a multi-radius cavity 50 extending through the frangible center section 48, a lower domed surface 40 and the annular groove 38 in the dome surface 40. Other components secure into the lower portion of the case 12 to effect a negative contact portion of the battery including, a disk-like negative current collector 52 having a plurality of upwardly extending v-projections 54a-54n for contact with the wound negative electrode 16 along and about the bottom edge of the electrode assembly lower surface 56. The integral one piece electrically conducting case 12 houses the previously described components and includes a bottom 58, a round side 60, and an upper containment portion 62 formed over and about the edge 44 of the frangible disk 42 including an annular groove 64 and an upper annular surface 66 crimped into sealing engagement with the upper planar surface 46 of the frangible cover 42. The battery cell can be nickel, cadmium, nickel, metal hydride, lithium ion, lithium polymer, or silver metal hydride with the appropriate electrolyte such as potassium hydroxide. Representative uses for the cell can include a cellular telephone or a radio transceiver. FIG. 2 illustrates a cross-sectional view of an assembled cell 10 along line 2--2 of FIG. 1 where all numerals correspond to those elements previously described. Illustrated in particular is the overall connection between the pluralities of positive and negative electrodes 20 and 16 to the associated positive and negative members of the cell 10. It is noted that the lengths of the positive and negative electrodes 20 and 16 are not of the same length as the interspersed first and second separators 18 and 22, and that a space 68 of ever changing spiral radius is provided over and above the top portion of the negative electrode 16. The positive electrode 20 extends upwardly beyond the height of the adjacent continued space 68, and between the upper regions of the first and second separators 18 and 22 where mutual physical and electrical contact with the v-projections 30a-30n of the positive current collector 26 is established. Contact of the v-projections 30a-30n of the positive current collector 26 with the negative electrode 16 is prevented in this region by the space 68 at the upper surface 28 of the electrode assembly 14. Spring tab 32 located on the positive current collector 26 extends upwardly and horizontally to align to and physically secure to and electrically connect to the underside of the positive contact member 34. The spring 36 aligns over and about the tab 32 and in the annular groove 38 on the underside of the dome surface 40 and the upper surface of the positive current collector 26 to exert downward pressure upon the positive current collector 26 to ensure contact of the v-projections 30a-30n with the positive electrode 20. Electrical current flow proceeds through the positive current collector 26, the spring tab 32, and the positive contact member 34. Connection to the negative electrode 16 is accomplished in the lower region of the cell 10. A space 70 is provided over and below the bottom position of the positive electrode 20 much in the same position as for space 68 at the upper portion of the battery 10. The negative electrode 16 extends downwardly beyond the uppermost region of the adjacent continual space 70, and between the lower regions of the first and second separators 18 and 22 where mutual physical and electrical contact with the v-projections 54a-54n of the negative current collector 52 is established. Contact of the v-projections 54a-54n with the positive current electrode 20 is prevented in this region by the continual space 70 at the lower surface 56 of the electrode assembly 14. The negative current collector 52 is in intimate physical contact and electrical contact with the bottom 58 of the case 12 which is the negative contact member. Frangibility of the frangible cover 42 is provided for by a thin annular frangible area 72 designated by heavy dashed black lines between the annular groove 38 and the upper planar surface 46. Should excessive internal pressures occur, the frangible cover 42 separates along the thin frangible annular area 72 to prevent excessive internal pressure build up thereby preventing all explosive or other such catastrophic events. MODE OF OPERATION FIG. 3 illustrates the cell 10 of FIG. 2 where the positive current collector 26 has disengaged from the positive electrode 20 where all numerals correspond to those elements previously described. Internal gas pressures have caused the positive current collector 26 to move upwardly to physically and electrically disengage the positive electrode 20 from the positive current collector 26, thus interrupting current flow through the battery to act as a circuit breaker or interrupter. Subsequent to battery cool-down or other undesirable occurrences and after reduction of internal pressures, the spring 36 repositions the positive current collector 26 for re-engagement with the positive electrode 20 so that battery operation may once again continue operation. FIG. 4 illustrates the cell 10 of FIG. 2 where the center frangible section 48 has separated and where all numerals correspond to those elements previously described. High internal anomalies causing excessive pressures have caused the frangible thin area 72 to separate, thus allowing the frangible center section 48 to move generally in an upward direction allowing any built-up pressures to escape the case 12 interior. Though the frangible area 72 is illustrated as a wide band above the annular groove 38, breakage can occur anywhere in the frangible area 72, as illustrated. The breakage can occur in either a small or large arcual path about the frangible area 72 to let internal pressures bleed off. It is appreciated that these internal pressures can cause simultaneous movement of the positive current collector 26 as previously described and of the frangible center section 48 in concert to act as dual safety functions. Various modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the apparent scope hereof.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to tubing, and specifically to tubing reinforced by a braid. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] A wide range of medical procedures involve placing objects, such as sensors, dispensing devices, and implants, within the body. The objects are typically placed within the body with the help of tubing, which is typically as narrow as possible, while having sufficient rigidity to be manipulated within the body. Typically, the tubing may include a braid for providing the rigidity. [0003] U.S. Pat. No. 6,213,995, to Steen, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a flexible tubing which includes a wall provided with a plurality of braided elements forming a braid within the wall of the tube. The braided elements are stated to include one or more signal transmitting elements and one or more metallic or non-metallic structural elements having structural properties different from the signal transmitting elements. [0004] U.S. Pat. No. 7,229,437, to Johnson, et al., whose disclosure is incorporated herein by reference, describes a catheter having electrically conductive traces and external electrical contacts. The disclosure states that each trace may be in electrical connection with one or more external electrical contacts. [0005] The description above is presented as a general overview of related art in this field and should not be construed as an admission that any of the information it contains constitutes prior art against the present patent application. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0006] An embodiment of the present invention provides a method, including: [0007] incorporating a conducting wire into a tubular braid having a multiplicity of supporting wires; [0008] covering the tubular braid with a sheath; [0009] identifying a location of the conducting wire within the tubular braid; and [0010] attaching an electrode through the sheath to the conducting wire at the location. [0011] Typically, the tubular braid encloses an internal volume, and the sheath is opaque to a human eye when illuminated by radiation external to the sheath, and identifying the location includes: illuminating the tubular braid from the internal volume, so as to render the conducting wire and the supporting wires visible through the sheath; and identifying the location of the conducting wire within the tubular braid while the tubular braid is illuminated from the internal volume. Illuminating the tubular braid may include inserting a fiber optic into the internal volume, and injecting optical illumination into the fiber optic. [0012] In a disclosed embodiment the conducting wire consists of a helix having a pitch P, and identifying the location of the conducting wire includes identifying an initial position of the conducting wire within the tubular braid, and determining the location of the conducting wire in response to the pitch P. Typically, identifying the location includes determining an angle for rotation of the tubular braid in response to the pitch and the identified initial position. [0013] In another disclosed embodiment attaching the electrode includes drilling a via through the sheath at the location after identifying the location. Typically, attaching the electrode includes inserting conductive cement into the via, and positioning the electrode in contact with the cement and the sheath. [0014] In a further disclosed embodiment, the method includes incorporating the tubular braid, the electrode, and the sheath as a medical catheter. [0015] In a yet further disclosed embodiment, the method includes configuring the conducting wire to be visually differentiated from the supporting wires. [0016] There is further provided, according to an embodiment of the present invention, apparatus, including: [0017] a tubular braid having a multiplicity of supporting wires and a conducting wire; [0018] a sheath covering the tubular braid; [0019] an identified location of the conducting wire within the tubular braid; and [0020] an electrode attached through the sheath to the conducting wire at the identified location. [0021] The present disclosure will be more fully understood from the following detailed description of the embodiments thereof, taken together with the drawings, in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0022] FIGS. 1A and 1B are respectively schematic cross-sectional and side views of a central section of braided probe tubing, according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0023] FIGS. 2A and 2B show schematic sectional side views of a section of braided tubing that is used for a catheter, in an alignment stage of production of the catheter, according to an embodiment of the present invention; [0024] FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating formation of a via, and FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating connection of an electrode to a conducting wire of tubing using the via, according to embodiments of the present invention; [0025] FIG. 4 shows a flow chart of a procedure for attaching an electrode to tubing, according to an embodiment of the present invention; and [0026] FIG. 5 shows a flow chart of a procedure for attaching an electrode to tubing, according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS Overview [0027] An embodiment of the present invention provides a tubular braid, typically for use as part of a medical catheter. The braid comprises a multiplicity of supporting wires, as well as one or more conducting wires, and the braid is covered by a sheath, typically a biocompatible sheath. The supporting wires provide structural rigidity to the braid, and the conducting wires enable signals to be transferred along the braid. [0028] A location of the conducting wire, typically near a distal end of the braid, is identified, and an electrode is attached through the sheath to the conducting wire at the identified location. Signals between the electrode and a proximal end of the braid may then be transferred using the conducting wire. [0029] The sheath is typically opaque, so that with illumination external to the sheath, the conducting wire (and the supporting wires) is invisible to the human eye. In order to determine the location of the conducting wire, the conducting wire may be configured to be able to be visually differentiated from the supporting wires, for example by having a different diameter. The tubular braid may be illuminated from a volume internal to the braid, causing the conducting wire and the supporting wires to be visible through the sheath to an eye observing from outside the sheath. The visual differences between the conducting and supporting wires enable the position of the conducting wire to be determined along the length of the braid. [0030] All the wires of the braid, (the conducting and supporting wires) have substantially the same helical pitch, which is typically determined when the braid is formed. Once a position of the conducting wire has been located, typically near a proximal end of the braid, the value of the pitch may be used to calculate the location of the conducting wire at which the electrode is to be attached, without having to visually track the wire to the distal end location. [0031] To attach the electrode to the conducting wire at the identified location, a laser may be used to drill a via in the sheath at the location, and the electrode attached to the wire using conducting cement inserted into the via. System Description [0032] Reference is now made to FIGS. 1A and 1B , which are respectively schematic cross-sectional and side views of a central section 21 of braided probe tubing 20 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The side view of the section shows tubing 20 in a partially cut-away view. Tubing 20 is formed by forming a tubular braid 22 , on an inner tubular lumen 24 . Lumen 24 encloses an internal generally cylindrical volume 25 . Braid 22 is formed on lumen 24 using a braiding machine, such as is known in the art. [0033] Braid 22 is used to strengthen tubing 20 , so that the tubing is relatively inflexible and is torsionally rigid. The braid is partially formed from a multiplicity of strong supporting wires 26 , herein assumed to comprise stainless steel wires. However, wires 26 may be any other material, such as carbon fiber or carbon fiber composite, having physical characteristics similar to those of stainless steel wire. Supporting wires 26 are also herein termed tubing-support wires. [0034] In addition to tubing-support wires 26 , tubular braid 22 comprises one or more conducting wires, which are integrated as part of the braid as the braid is being formed on the braiding machine. By way of example, in the following description there are assumed to be three substantially similar conducting wires 28 A, 28 B, and 28 C, also referred to generically herein as conducting wires 28 . Conducting wires 28 comprise conductors 29 covered by insulation 30 surrounding the conductors. In some embodiments conductors 29 are substantially similar in dimensions and composition to tubing-support wires 26 , differing only in being covered by insulation 30 . Thus, if tubing-support wires 26 are of stainless steel, conductors 29 are of the same diameter stainless steel. [0035] Alternatively, conductors 29 may differ in dimensions or composition, or in both dimensions and composition, from tubing-support wires 26 . For example, in one embodiment, conductors 29 are formed of copper. [0036] Regardless of the dimensions or composition of wires 28 , the conducting wires are configured so that they are able to be visually differentiated from tubing-support wires 26 . In the embodiment described above wherein conductors 29 are copper, the insulated copper wires are configured to have an overall diameter different from tubing-support wires 26 . However, any other visual difference between the two types of wires may be used, such as the color of the insulation. [0037] Tubing 20 may be used as tubing of a medical catheter, and is assumed to have one or more electrodes attached to a distal end 32 of the tubing. In the present application, by way of example, three substantially similar electrodes 34 A, 34 B, 34 C, (the number of electrodes corresponding to the number of conducting wires 28 ) also referred to generically herein as electrodes 34 , are assumed to be attached to the tubing. (Electrode 34 A is illustrated in FIG. 3B , which shows distal end 32 .) Those having ordinary skill in the art will be able to adapt the description herein for tubing with other numbers of attached electrodes, and for numbers of electrodes which are not the same as the number of wires 28 . The latter case may occur, for example, if one of wires 28 is to connect to apparatus, such as a coil or a semiconductor device, within tubing 20 at its distal end. Electrodes 34 A, 34 B, 34 C are assumed to be connected to equipment, such as an ablation generator, by respective conducting wires 28 A, 28 B, 28 C. [0038] Each wire (wires 26 and 28 ) of braid 22 is in the shape of a helix, the helices being geometrically identical by virtue of being formed on the same lumen 24 . The helices differ by having different translations parallel to an axis 36 of tubing 20 , but have identical spatial periods, i.e., pitches, P. The pitch of each helix is determined at the time the braid is manufactured by the braiding machine, and can be set, within limits, so that the braid formed is “loose,” having a relatively large pitch, or “tight,” having a relatively small pitch. A typical pitch may be in the approximate range of 1.5-8 mm. [0039] After formation of braid 22 on lumen 24 , the braid is covered by a sheath 38 which is typically formed from a biocompatible material such as a cross-linked polymer. Sheath 38 is opaque when viewed in illumination external to the sheath, so that under external illumination wires and 28 are invisible to a human eye observing the sheath. [0040] Once tubing 20 has been formed as described above, i.e., with lumen 24 , braid 22 , and sheath 38 , the tubing is typically cut into sections of a length suitable for forming a catheter. A typical section length is approximately 1 m. [0041] FIGS. 2A and 2B show schematic sectional side views of a section 50 of braided tubing 20 that is used for a catheter, in an alignment stage of production of the catheter, according to an embodiment of the present invention. Apart from the differences described below, elements indicated by the same reference numerals for section 50 and tubing 20 ( FIGS. 1A , 1 B) are generally similar in construction and in operation. Section 50 has distal end 32 , and a proximal end 52 . By way of example, section 50 is assumed to be mounted in aligning apparatus 54 , which comprises a first rotatable chuck 56 and a second rotatable chuck 58 , the two chucks having a common axis of rotation and being separated by approximately the length of section 50 . Section 50 is assumed to be held by the two chucks so that it is substantially straight. Once mounted, axis 36 of tubing 20 is congruent with the common axis of the chucks. (Chucks 56 and 58 may conveniently be mounted on a lathe bed, although any other arrangement of two chucks having a common axis and separated by approximately the length of section 50 may be used.) [0042] Aligning apparatus 54 also comprises a traveling microscope 60 , which is able to travel by measured amounts in a direction parallel to axis 36 . For simplicity, the mounting arrangements for microscope 60 are not shown in FIGS. 2A and 2B . [0043] In the alignment stage referred to above, wires 26 and 28 are separated from each other at proximal end 52 , so that all tubing-support wires 26 , and all conducting wires 28 , are able to be accessed by an operator of apparatus 54 . For clarity, only some of the separated wires are shown in the figures. [0044] FIG. 2A shows the position of the traveling microscope at the beginning of the alignment stage, and FIG. 2B shows the travelling microscope at the end of the alignment stage. In the alignment stage, a fiber optic 62 is inserted into volume 25 , typically along substantially the whole length of section of section 50 . Fiber optic 62 is used to illuminate the inside of tubing 20 . In order to accomplish this, fiber optic 62 is configured so that optical illumination injected at the proximal end of the optic exits the optic through the walls of the optic. Such a configuration may be implemented by arranging that fiber optic 62 comprises a single fiber, and that the internal reflection that occurs at the walls of the fiber, rather than being total internal reflection as is usually the case with fiber optics, is partial reflection. Alternatively or additionally, fiber optic 62 comprises a bundle of separate fibers of different lengths, the different lengths being selected so as to at least partially provide the illumination for the inside of tubing 20 through the ends of the separate fibers. The separate fibers may be configured so that either partial or total internal reflection occurs at their walls. [0045] The internal illumination from the fiber optic renders the wires of braid 22 visible, through sheath 38 , to the human eye, typically using microscope 60 . FIG. 2A illustrates microscope 60 viewing conducting wire 28 A at the proximal end of tubing 20 , and FIG. 2B illustrates the microscope viewing conducting wire 28 A at the distal end of the tubing. [0046] The alignment stage illustrated by FIGS. 2A and 2B , and the identification of conducting wire 28 A using microscope 60 , is described in more detail in the flow chart of FIG. 4 . [0047] FIG. 3A is a schematic diagram illustrating formation of a via, and FIG. 3B is a schematic diagram illustrating connection of an electrode to a conducting wire of tubing 20 using the via, according to embodiments of the present invention. The figures illustrate an electrode attachment stage in production of the catheter referred to above. In the beginning of the electrode attachment stage ( FIG. 3A ) a via 64 is formed in sheath 38 using a laser 66 which drills the via. The via is assumed to penetrate sheath 38 until conducting wire 28 A is exposed, i.e., so that insulation 30 surrounding the wire is removed. [0048] Once via 64 has been produced, in the end of the attachment stage ( FIG. 3B ) conducting cement 68 is inserted into the via so as also to cover an outer wall 70 of sheath 38 . Electrode 34 A is positioned over cement 68 , so that when the cement sets the electrode is in contact with the sheath. Electrode 34 A is typically in the form of a flat ring or cylinder having an internal diameter substantially equal to the external diameter of the sheath. In some embodiments electrode 34 A may be in the form of a split flat ring (or cylinder) which is designed to be clamped, so that the ring closes on clamping, and so the ring clamps onto sheath 38 . [0049] FIG. 4 shows a flow chart 80 , of a procedure for attaching an electrode to tubing 20 , according to an embodiment of the present invention. The description of the steps of the flow chart refers to elements of the tubing illustrated in FIGS. 1A-3B . [0050] In a tubing formation step 82 , braid 22 is formed so that the braid comprises conducting wires 28 and tubing-support wires 26 . The braid is woven over lumen 24 , and opaque sheath 38 is applied to cover the braid and form tubing 20 . The tubing is then cut to produce section 50 , i.e., a section of tubing suitable for producing the catheter. [0051] In an alignment step 84 , section 50 is mounted in alignment apparatus 54 by being clamped into chucks 56 and 58 . Typically, section 50 is arranged so that at proximal end 52 each of the conducting wires 28 , and each of the tubing-support wires 26 , are separated from each other, typically by being spread out. In addition, insulation 30 of conducting wires 28 may be removed so that conductors 29 are available for electrical connection. [0052] Once section 50 has been set up in apparatus 54 , fiber optic 62 is inserted into volume 25 up to distal end 32 , and optical illumination is injected into the proximal end of the fiber optic, typically using a high intensity source such as a halogen lamp. As described above, the optical illumination exits from the fiber optic, rendering wires 26 and 28 visible to microscope 60 . [0053] The following description assumes that conducting wire 28 A is to be connected to electrode 34 A at a preselected location within distal end 32 . [0054] In a conducting wire location step 86 , microscope 60 is traversed at proximal end 52 until an operator controlling the microscope locates conducting wire 28 A. Because conducting wires 28 are configured to be visibly distinct from the tubing-support wires, the operator is able to easily distinguish which are the conducting wires in braid 22 . Since the wires have been separated at the proximal end, and since the microscope is being operated at the proximal end, the operator is able to visually distinguish between conducting wires 28 A, 28 B, and 28 C, and thus ensure that it is conducting wire 28 A that is imaged by the microscope. The position near the proximal end at which conducting wire 28 A is located is herein termed the initial position. [0055] In a calculation step 88 , a theoretical position at which to drill via 64 is calculated. The calculation assumes that a distance, X, from the initial position to the theoretical drill position is known, since the latter position corresponds to the required position of the electrode. The calculation also assumes that the pitch P of braid 22 is known. In this case the number N of complete pitches to the theoretical position is given by equation (1): [0000] N = ⌊ X P ⌋ ( 1 ) [0056] The theoretical position is typically not a whole number of pitches, in which case there is a fraction F, 0<F<1, of a pitch between the position of the last whole pitch and the theoretical position. Equation (2) gives F: [0000] F = X P - ⌊ X P ⌋ ( 2 ) [0057] To find the correct theoretical position at which to drill, an angle A by which section 50 needs to be rotated is given by: [0000] A= 360 ·F   (3) [0058] In a setup step 90 , while the interior illumination of tubing 20 is maintained, the travelling microscope is moved by distance X, and chucks 56 and 58 are rotated by angle A. While microscope motion and the chuck rotations are theoretically the correct values for aligning conducting wire 28 A with the microscope, in practice the rotations need to be checked, since tubing 20 may undergo some, possibly small, twisting, stretching, and/or sagging (from the horizontal). Thus the microscope motion by distance X, and the chuck rotations A, may be considered coarse alignments. [0059] After the coarse alignments have been implemented, the apparatus operator may perform a fine alignment, observing through microscope 60 to ensure that conducting wire 28 A aligns with the microscope. The fine alignment typically comprises rotating the chucks from the theoretical rotation angle A until alignment is achieved. The fine alignment may also include small movements of the microscope. The fine alignment ensures that the microscope is aligned with the location in sheath 38 where via 64 is to be drilled. [0060] In a drill step 92 , laser 66 is aligned to drill at the via location, and the laser is activated to drill via 64 . [0061] In an electrode assembly step 94 , once via 64 has been formed, it is filled with conducting cement 68 , which is typically biocompatible. Electrode 34 A is then positioned over sheath 38 in contact with the cement, and the cement is allowed to set. The setting cement provides a galvanic contact between the electrode and wire 28 A, as well as maintaining the electrode in good mechanical contact with the sheath. [0062] The above procedure may be repeated for each different electrode, e.g., electrodes 34 B, 34 C, that is to be attached to section 50 of the catheter tubing. [0063] The procedure described by flow chart 80 assumes that a particular conducting wire is connected to a particular electrode. An alternative procedure, where an electrode is connected to any conducting wire, is described below, with reference to FIG. 5 . [0064] FIG. 5 shows a flow chart 100 , of a procedure for attaching an electrode to tubing 20 , according to an alternative embodiment of the present invention. The procedure described by flow chart 100 assumes that positions for electrodes at the distal end of section 50 are known, and that each electrode may be connected to any conducting wire 28 . [0065] Steps 102 and 104 are respectively substantially the same as steps 82 and 84 , described above. [0066] In a set up step 106 , microscope 60 is moved to one of the known distal end positions, where an electrode is to be attached. In this position, section 50 is rotated, using chucks 56 and 58 , until one of the conducting wires 28 is imaged by and is aligned with the microscope. [0067] Steps 108 and 110 are respectively substantially the same as steps 92 and 94 described above. [0068] In a measurement step 112 , the operator of apparatus determines, by measuring resistances between the positioned electrode and the exposed conductors 29 at the proximal end, which of the conducting wires is connected to the electrode. [0069] The procedure described above may be repeated for all subsequent electrodes that are to be positioned at the distal end, except for the following difference: [0070] In step 106 , in aligning subsequent conductors, the operator of the microscope should ensure that a conductor that has already been connected to an electrode is not the one aligned with the microscope. Typically, the operator may ensure this by visual inspection of the conducting wires. The visual inspection ensures that a conductor, once connected to one electrode, is not connected to a second electrode. [0071] It will be appreciated that the embodiments described above are cited by way of example, and that the present invention is not limited to what has been particularly shown and described hereinabove. Rather, the scope of the present invention includes both combinations and subcombinations of the various features described hereinabove, as well as variations and modifications thereof which would occur to persons skilled in the art upon reading the foregoing description and which are not disclosed in the prior art.

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[0001] This application claims the priority of German application No. DE 10 2005 030203.3, filed Jun. 29, 2005, the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated by reference herein. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to a spoiler for a motor vehicle, in particular a moveable spoiler for a passenger vehicle. [0003] German Patent DE 30 19 150 C2 describes a spoiler for a motor vehicle, in particular for a passenger vehicle, situated in an upper rear-end area of the vehicle and comprising a spoiler element which can be shifted from a resting position, in which it is integrated into the shape of the rear-end area so that it is flush with the surface, into an extended operating position. [0004] With this arrangement, the spoiler is formed by an inverted one-piece airfoil wing, which can be moved by means of an operating device from the resting into the operating position and vice versa. [0005] German Patent DE 43 05 090 C2 discloses a spoiler for a motor vehicle which is located in the rear-end area of the vehicle and comprises a spoiler element that can be shifted from a resting position into an extended operating position. The spoiler element is formed by a rear spoiler arranged in a recessed receptacle of the vehicle body and movable by an operating device from a retracted resting position in which it is approximately flush with the surface of the adjacent vehicle body into an extended operating position. [0006] The one-piece spoiler element has the same transverse extent in the resting position and in the extended operating position. The aerodynamic drag coefficient of the vehicle (cw value) is improved with the spoilers described above and a downward pressure on the rear axle is created. [0007] The object of the present invention is to improve upon a spoiler of the generic type defined in the preamble so that the aerodynamic properties of the vehicle, in particular the downward pressure on the rear axle, are further improved. [0008] The main advantages achieved with the present invention may be regarded as the fact that the effective aerodynamic oncoming flow area is increased in operating position D by increasing the size of the spoiler in the transverse direction of the vehicle, thereby further increasing in particular the downward pressure on the rear axle when the vehicle is being driven. The spoiler then also extends on both sides of the central part of the body in the area of the side parts and/or the fenders of the vehicle in operating position D. [0009] Other objects, advantages and novel features of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description of the invention when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings for example. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] FIG. 1 shows a perspective view obliquely from above of a rear-end area of a vehicle having a spoiler, whereby a spoiler element in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention assumes a retracted resting position A, [0011] FIG. 2 shows a view according to that shown in FIG. 1 , whereby the spoiler element assumes a raised intermediate position B, [0012] FIG. 3 shows a view according to that shown in FIG. 2 whereby the spoiler element assumes a partially extended intermediate position C in the transverse direction, [0013] FIG. 4 shows a view according to that shown in FIG. 2 in the completely extended operating position D of the spoiler element. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0014] A passenger vehicle 1 includes a vehicle body 2 which has a large windshield 4 in the rear-end area 3 shown here and a body part 5 behind that. The rear windshield 4 and the body part 5 are each bordered on the two longitudinal sides 6 by a rear side part 7 in which a rear side window 8 is provided. A light unit 10 running transversely is connected to the rear end 9 of the side part 7 . The body part 5 and the rear windshield 4 may be designed separately from one another, but they may also be combined to form a joint structural unit mounted pivotably on the vehicle body 2 , for example. In the exemplary embodiment shown here, the body part 5 is formed by an engine cover on the rear end. [0015] A spoiler 11 including a spoiler element 12 that cooperates with an operating device (not shown here) is provided on the rear end body part 5 of the rear-end area 3 designed in the manner of a fastback. The spoiler element 12 is movable by means of the operating device from a resting position A, in which it is integrated into the shape of the rear-end area 3 to be approximately flush with the surface, to an extended operating position D by way of intermediate positions B, C and vice versa. In the resting position A, the spoiler element 12 is accommodated in a countersunk receptacle of the rear end body part 5 , the top side of the spoiler element 12 running approximately flush with the surface of the adjacent body contour. The spoiler element 12 in the exemplary embodiment is formed by a rear spoiler 13 which can be pivoted outward and is connected with an articulated connection to the adjacent body part 5 on its forward end 14 with the help of at least one hinge (not shown here). The rear end 15 of the rear spoiler 13 is pivoted upward when the spoiler 1 is extended ( FIG. 2 ). [0016] However, the movable spoiler element 12 could also be formed by an inverted airfoil wing profile (not shown here). [0017] According to this invention, the spoiler element 12 in the extended operating position D has a greater transverse extent than in the retracted resting position A. This is achieved by the fact that the movable spoiler element 12 is designed in multiple parts—as seen in the transverse direction of the vehicle E-E—with at least individual parts of the spoiler device 12 being designed to be movable in the transverse direction E-E of the vehicle. [0018] According to a first embodiment, the spoiler 12 has a relatively wide central part 16 and two definitely narrower side extension parts 17 , 18 that are on the outside, whereby the two side extension parts 17 , 18 are movable in the transverse direction E-E of the vehicle with respect to the central part 16 . In the retracted resting position A of the spoiler 12 , the two side extension parts 17 , 18 are inserted into the wider central part 16 in at least some areas. In the exemplary embodiment, the side extension parts 17 , 18 have upright bordering webs 19 , 20 running in the longitudinal direction of the vehicle on their outer ends, these bordering webs protruding upward beyond the top side of the rear spoiler 13 . The side extension parts 17 , 18 are movable by means of a drive device (not shown) from their retracted end position F ( FIG. 1 and FIG. 2 ) into their extended end position G ( FIG. 4 ) via a telescoping shifting movement or a flipping movement. This adjusting movement of the side extension part 17 , 18 in the transverse direction of the vehicle takes place only when the complete spoiler element 12 has been moved from the retracted resting position A into a raised intermediate position B. The side extension parts 17 , 18 are partially extended in FIG. 3 , whereas FIG. 4 shows the completely extended operating position D of the spoiler element 12 , i.e., the side extension parts 17 , 18 are extended now completely in the transverse direction E-E of the vehicle and the spoiler device 11 has a greater transverse extent. [0019] The second extraction movement of the spoiler element 12 in the transverse direction E-E of the vehicle may be accomplished pneumatically, hydraulically or by an electric motor or the like. In the resting position A, the two narrow sides extension parts 17 , 18 are inserted almost completely into the wider central part 16 and only the two upright longitudinally directed bordering webs 19 , 20 are situated outside the central part 16 . However, no bordering webs 19 , 20 need be provided on the extension parts 17 , 18 . [0020] According to a second embodiment (not shown here), the spoiler element 12 has two halves which in the retracted resting position A have each been pushed over a central means part in some areas and area in contact with one another in the area of a central longitudinal plane H-H of the vehicle. In the completely extended operating position D, the central part extends between the halves that have been pushed apart. [0021] Air inlet openings may be provided locally on the spoiler element 12 so that cool air can be directed to an internal combustion engine situated behind it. [0022] In the inventive arrangement, the spoiler element 12 is moved from a resting position A in which it is flush with the outer skin into a raised intermediate position B by means of a first adjusting movement (pivoting or raising) and then there is a second adjusting movement of the spoiler element 12 in the transverse direction E-E of the vehicle into the extended operating position D. [0023] In the extended operating position D the spoiler element 12 is widened by a measure L by means of the two side extension parts 17 , 18 on the two longitudinal sides. [0024] The foregoing disclosure has been set forth merely to illustrate the invention and is not intended to be limiting. Since modifications of the disclosed embodiments incorporating the spirit and substance of the invention may occur to persons skilled in the art, the invention should be construed to include everything within the scope of the appended claims and equivalents thereof.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates generally to the field of electrical connections for integrated circuits and more particularly relates to the field of land grid array electrical connections. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] In the world of integrated circuits, there are a multitude of electrical connections between the integrated circuits and other integrated circuits and eventually to the “outside world.” As integrated circuits become more dense, so must the electrical connections. Integrated circuits are mounted on printed circuit boards and printed-wiring technology is the current method to build circuit-boards having embedded circuit traces. These traces are interconnected with vias/microvias which connects one trace on one circuit-board layer to a trace on a different layer. These vias/microvias, however, degrade the continuity of a signal path introducing variations in the electrostatic and electromagnetic qualities of the via transition. Varying and controlling the physics of each connection by controlling the dielectric used, the dielectric thickness, and the area of the signal path can result in a specific, controlled characteristic impedance. Ideally, any portion of any high-density high-speed device should be equally accessed and interconnected with homogenous, impedance-controlled connections to improve signal fidelity with less reflection and reduced electromagnetic interference. Shielding can be added around the outer portions of the wire to shield against electromagnetic field radiation. There are a myriad of options to provide the electrical connections to/from integrated circuits with these considerations incorporated into the design, such as various small outline packages, plastic leaded chip carrier, dual inline packages, pin grid arrays, ball grid arrays, etc. [0003] The next generation of integrated circuits such as system-on-chip and other high-density devices, however, require high density electrical interconnections. Current limitations of printed-wiring boards have trace widths as small as 0.003 inch. While fine, high-density circuit traces increase the density of a interconnect they also increase the inductance, resistance, and current-carrying ability of the interconnect. High-speed, high-density circuit board can be difficult to design when evenly distributed minimum strip-line layers having minimum vias are required. In addition, circuit boards for high-speed, high density having exacting requirements can be expensive to manufacture. Previous packaging options, like pin grid arrays and quad flat packs all left something to be desired in achieving these goals. Even with fine line techniques, larger printed circuit board designs have difficulty reaching the inner portions of high-density devices with homogenous, impedance-controlled connections. [0004] An emerging technology that is becoming increasingly popular is to package the high density, high speed integrated devices without any terminations on the bottom. Such packages are referred to as Land Grid Arrays (LGA). Although not technically accurate, the easiest way to envision an LGA device is to picture a semiconductor with nothing but tiny round gold plated pads on the bottom whereas if the device were a ball grid array, a ball would be soldered to each pad. The biggest reason for terminating a device as an LGA is to achieve higher pin counts (number of outputs) with smaller packages. With new requirements such as high-end printed circuit boards requiring 1000 and more pin counts, even the ball grid array is not an option because the large footprints can not stand the forces on the solder joints that are caused by thermal mismatch, i.e., the materials of the semiconductor device have different coefficients of expansion than those of the target printed circuit board. A “z-axis” connection of the LGA can overcome the thermal mismatch problems. [0005] Land grid arrays offer high interconnection density, e.g., at a one millimeter pitch, a 35×35 grid may contain 1,225 interconnections in a space less than 1.5 square inches and 2,025 interconnections in a 45×45 grid less than 1.75 square inches. Land grid array modules are easy to manufacture and the cost of module production is must less because terminations such as pins or balls are no longer required. Recall that it is very important to keep the electrical path of each connection as short as possible for low inductance and the LGA achieves this with a distance from the bottom of the device being socketed to the target board of less than two millimeters with some LGA socket designs. Co-planarity problems are reduced in many instances because LGA sockets can be manufactured for spring movement of 0.015″ (0.4 mm) which “takes up the slack” when there is a problem with co-planarity on the bottom of the device. LGAs also have low mating force requirements, in some instances requiring only 20 to 35 grams of force per position to achieve reliable mating. When using land grid arrays, moreover, microprocessors can be easily removed and replaced. [0006] As discussed above almost all LGA interconnections require a LGA connector element where controlled loads are applied to this element using some form of mechanical hardware. Examples of a connector is an interposer or socket component; something that possesses the specific LGA pattern of exposed contacts on top and bottom faces of the connector and mates to corresponding module and board surfaces to be interconnected. To ensure reliable LGA interconnection performance, both contact members in the interposer and mating surfaces of boards and module LGA contact pads must possess a noble surface finish that is both resistant to corrosion and provides low contact resistance within the contact load range necessary for mating of the connector. To provide these attributes on printed circuit boards, LGA contact pads are usually plated with a nickel/gold (Ni/Au) surface finish. In many applications, including some backplane applications, these surfaces must be plated by selective deposition of electrolytic Ni/Au platings as opposed to use of electroless or immersion platings. [0007] Although the use of electrolytic Ni/Au plating provides desirable surface nobility, deposition thickness of the electrolytic platings and particularity the nickel underplating can be quite variable across an LGA site, greater than 0.001″ to 0.002″ on large LGA areas used on some backplanes. The variation of the Ni/Au electrolytic plating thickness typically results from current density variation on specific etched metal surface features of a board; typically higher current densities are more isolated from the bulk of etched surface features. Higher current density causes thicker Ni/Au platings while areas with more surrounding metal surface area have more balanced current density and plate near desired nominal thickness conditions. Indeed, high Ni/Au thickness is observed on exposed outer perimeter row and comer pads of LGA areas on printed circuit boards. Thickness variability observed on multiple LGA printed circuit products is as much as 0.002″, and in severe cases, can exceed 0.004″. This variation ultimately creates significant contact load variation on LGA interposers used to interconnect modules to board surfaces because the pad thickness variation may use up ⅔ of a typical working tolerance of 0.006″. The variable load impedes the ability to design LGA interconnections and loading systems that enable contact formation within a recommended load point range for specific LGA connector technologies to ensure long term contact reliability. Moreover, high points on cards resulting from added plating thickness and plating variability are more sensitive to handling or abrasion damage. [0008] In addition to these issues of contact load variability from inconsistent board plating thickness and sensitivity to plating surface damage are other concerns of potential for degradation of contact surfaces in corrosive environments and sensitivity of board contact surfaces to particulate contamination that can interfere or degrade LGA connector contact function as well. [0009] There is thus a need in the industry to provide a land grid array electrical interconnection that provides more homogeneous and more consistent electrical contacts while protecting the land grid array and the interconnection environment from corrosion resulting from factors such as mechanical friction, unwanted particles, and corrosion. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] These objects are thus satisfied by a land grid array on a carrier, the land grid array having a plurality of electrical interconnections having a sash surrounding the perimeter of the land grid array. The height of the sash preferably is the same heights as the electrical interconnections extending above the plane of the carrier. The sash may have a noble or semi-noble surface finish plating; the plating may be a pure metal or an alloy from the group consisting of Ni, Au, or palladium. The sash may be conductive and of the same material as the plurality of electrical interconnections. If the sash is conductive, it may be electrically connected to a logic ground voltage, or another voltage. Indeed, the sash may be manufactured and processed simultaneously with the manufacturing and processing of the electrical interconnections. [0011] The outer perimeter of the conductive sash may be slightly larger than the outer periphery of a frame of an electrical interposer connector to be aligned onto the land grid array. If the array is one for a multichip module, the sash may comprise at least one interior sash surrounding each of a plurality of electrical interconnections specific to one of several individual chip domains residing on the multichip module. The sash may have a plurality of electrical connections connecting it to selected ones of the plurality of electrical interconnections. [0012] The invention may also be considered a land grid array on a carrier, comprising: a plurality of electrical interconnections arranged into an array; an electrically conductive sash surrounding the perimeter of the array, the sash having a width defined by an inner edge closest to the array and an outer edge, the width of the sash larger than a frame having a mating connector to be positioned onto the array, the height of the sash being the same height as the electrical connections; and a plurality of electrical connections between the sash and array at selected electrical connections. [0013] The invention is further considered a carrier with a land grid array for use with a land grid array interposer connector, the land grid array having of multitude of electrical interconnections, comprising: placement means for an interposer to rest upon when placed upon the array; means to provide a more uniform height and surface finish of the electrical interconnections spanning interior regions of the area toward the outer periphery of the array where the interposer is placed upon the placement means; and means to prevent particulate and gaseous contamination of the array of electrical connections when an interposer is placed onto the array. The placement means, the uniform height and surface means, and the prevention means may be an electrically conductive sash of the same material as the electrical connections surrounding the periphery of the array. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0014] These advantages and other features of the invention are realized by reading the description of the invention in conjunction with the Drawing of Invention, wherein: [0015] [0015]FIG. 1 is an illustration of a land grid array having a sash in accordance with an embodiment of the invention. [0016] [0016]FIG. 2 is an illustration of an alternative land grid array having a sash in accordance with another embodiment of the invention. It is suggested that FIG. 2 be printed on the face of the patent. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0017] To address the aforementioned concerns, a sash is etched at the periphery of the plated LGA contact area on a carrier. The carrier may be a printed circuit board, a ceramic module, flex circuitry, an organic package, indeed, anything that carries electrical wires and interconnection pads. With respect to FIG. 1, there is shown a land grid array 110 . The land grid array 110 is a rectangular array 112 of 1,247 electrical connections 114 arranged in 31 columns and 41 rows, although the arrangement could be in a square, a cube, a circle, a sphere, single row, or any other two or three-dimensional shape to accommodate electrical interconnections. The number of electrical connections, moreover, is variable with as many as 7,000 anticipated soon. The electrical interconnections extend above the surface plane of the carrier slightly in order to provide electrical contact. Each interconnection 114 provides a conductive electrical contact upon which an integrated circuit (not shown) will be mounted. Surrounding the periphery of the array 112 is a sash 120 , preferably made from the same conductive materials as the interconnections 114 . [0018] In the illustration of FIG. 1, the width of the sash 120 is approximately equal to four to five rows of the interconnections 114 . The sash 120 has an inner edge 124 closest to the array 112 of interconnections 114 and an outer perimeter 122 . The dimensions of the sash 120 are such that it provides a meeting and resting area for the frame of an interposer (not shown) that will be placed on the land grid array 112 during interconnection. Preferably, the height of the sash 120 is substantially the same height as the electrical interconnections 114 in order to provide a firm contact and yet seal the array. Note that near the corners of the array 112 , the sash 120 is angled 126 to provide smoother coverage and fewer asymptotic electrical fields around the corners. It has been empirically determined that the width of the sash would be at least sufficient to prevent the variations of current density occurring at the electrical interconnections 114 during deposition, i.e., creation of the electrical interconnections. [0019] Electrical connections 116 may be provided intermittently at the periphery of the array 112 to electrically connect the sash 120 to a logic ground or other electrical interconnection 114 . This feature is optional but is preferred in that the sash 120 may be electrically tied to a frame or printed circuit card ground voltage or some other voltage. The electrical connections 116 thus provide a redundant and low impedance connection to the sash. These redundant intermittent electrical connections 116 also offer some advantageous repair features when similar designs are incorporated onto the non-contact side of the carrier having the LGA, as disclosed in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/852,998 entitled Land Grid Array (LGA) Pad Repair Structure and Method filed on May 10, 2001, owned by a common assignee, and hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Although shown in the figure as extending towards and connected the electrical interconnections 114 to the sash 120 , the electrical connections 116 may actually extend in another direction to electrically connect capacitors or other circuit devices included on the carrier (not shown) to a bias or voltage other than that of the electrical interconnections 114 . These electrical interconnects 116 thus may provide electrical design flexibility for interconnection and grounding schemes of housings or other components as well. [0020] Holes 130 may be used to align the LGA connector onto the circuit board and electrically connect the circuit board to a frame ground. If the holes 130 are connected to a different voltage than the sash 120 , such as frame ground, an insulating area 132 may circumscribe the hole 130 to electrically separate it from the sash 120 and/or other voltages. Metal pins used for alignment can also connect the LGA connector to a heat sink (not shown). Other tooling holes 134 may accommodate load posts, the interposer, and any actuation hardware used to apply the load to LGA. Other paths of discrete components 136 may be used for test paths or for capacitors. [0021] [0021]FIG. 2 illustrates a multichip module 210 having four quadrants: 212 , 214 , 216 , and 218 wherein each quadrant is separated from another quadrant by an interior sash 222 , preferably conductive, which may intersect with another interior sash 224 , also preferably conductive. Each quadrant may represent an individual chip domain of a multichip module. There are over 5,000 electrical connections 240 shown in the multichip module 210 upon which a matching interposer may be loaded to provide electrical continuity. Of course, there may be a conductive perimeter sash 220 surrounding the multichip module 210 . Similarly to the single chip module 110 of FIG. 1, intermittent electrical via connections 242 within and through the sashes 220 , 222 , and 224 provide a redundant and low impedance path from the sash to a voltage, preferably logic ground, but not necessarily the same voltage as the interconnections if the connections 242 are isolated from the land grid array. These connections 242 are also useful for repair techniques as described in the patent application Ser. No. 09/852,998 referenced above. The sash 220 may extend on at least one corner to surround alignment hole 230 and an electrically insulating region 232 circumscribing the alignment hole. Alignment holes 230 may be electrically tied to a frame ground or other voltage different from the sash 220 and would be electrically insulated by region 232 . Load posts may be inserted in holes 234 which will properly align and load an interposer (not shown) onto the array 210 . Similarly, paths for other discrete components and/or capacitors 236 may be provided outside the sash 220 . [0022] Numerous advantages result from having the conductive sash surrounding the LGA. The enhanced uniformity of the plating thickness resulting on LGA contact pads when the sash is present eliminates local high spots on the interconnection pads normally subject to abrasion damage during printed circuit board handling and post processing of the printed circuit boards. Thus, the sash can receive the brunt of mechanical damage during handling and transport of the board. Because the sashes surrounding the perimeter and/or interior regions of LGA interconnection pads are substantially the same height as the interconnections, the sashes provide both a uniform standoff and a seating plane for the LGA connector contacts and connector frames or housings. These features and the uniform Ni underplating and Au overplating resulting from electrolytic surface finishes further ensure tight load distribution of individual contacts. Because the connector frames or housings rest on the sash features, the card surface within the LGA area is mechanically sealed and protected from the entrance of gross level particulate debris. Air turnover in the LGA contact area is also lessened such that the sash also acts as a getter, or buffer zone, reacting with corrosive species outside the functional array field. Thus, the sash acts as an additional protection measure against potential corrosive gas ingress and contact surface deterioration resulting from particulate debris and other environments. The sash could be used alone or in conjunction with an integrated gasket as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No., Docket No. ROC920000212US1 entitled LGA Connector with Integrated Gasket filed Aug. 22, 2001, commonly owned by the assignee herein and incorporated by reference in its entirety. The sash provides a thieving ring to ensure plating uniformity. In some instances, the design prevents overloading of the individual LGA contacts because the height of the sash is the same as the height of the individual contacts, therefore, the downward mechanical pressure will be diverted to the larger continuous surface of the sash rather than the delicate individual pads. [0023] The sash can be created using common etching or printing techniques used for the fabrication of printed circuit boards or other carrier materials, followed by application of suitable surface finish coatings including noble and/or semi-noble platings such as Ni/palladium (Pd)/Au or any other conductive materials using electrolytic or electroless or immersion manufacturing techniques. While described here as Ni/Au, the final sash surface finish may be Pd or as any of the following combinations: Ni/Au by electrolytic deposition; Ni/Au by electroless/immersion; Ni/Au by electroless/electroless; Ni/Pd/Au by electroless/electroless/immersion techniques. The sash can be on either or both sides of the printed circuit card but preferably is on the side that the connector meets with the interposer. The sash can be created with processing and circuit creation methods known in the art, such as described in Chapter 12: Printed-Circuit Board Packaging in Microelectronics Packaging Handbook , Tummala, R. and Rymaszewski, E. (eds), Von Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1989, pp. 853-919. [0024] When using electroless immersion, the sashes may be etched along with the wiring and circuitization using conventional processing techniques. The mask used to define the sash and other features to be plated with the noble/semi-noble finishes preferably should be an immersion mask or otherwise compatible with electroless processing. With electroless immersion processing of the sash, bus bars are not necessarily needed nor electrically connected. [0025] For final plating of electrolytic surface finishes, it is necessary to electrically short the individual surface features such as bussing, the sash, and all the electrical interconnections within an individual chip domain. An important processing step is to electrically connect selected pads to external bussing, including the sash, or short the entire interconnection scheme on the board before masking. To short the entire interconnection scheme to be plated with the final surface finish, it may be preferable not to etch the face of carrier that does not mate with the interposer. The backside then would be covered with the conductive sheet prior to masking, and surface features on the non-mating face of the carrier would be etched in subsequent process steps that complete the final carrier product. [0026] During the manufacturing of the sash and the interconnections, uniform current density during the conductive metal, and subsequent noble/semi-noble surface finish plating operations are provided via presence of large scale metal surface area of the sash. The sash may be added to LGA sites to minimize the variations of the local high surface plating thickness variations around the perimeter and corner LGA pads. With the techniques used above to create the sash, surface plating thickness variability has been reduced three to four times. This enhancement provides tight load distribution on individual LGA interposer contacts and seals the interconnection area as described above.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates generally to construction and, more particularly, to hinges for doors, windows or the like. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] In the construction of buildings and homes, in general, it is often expedient, upon the addition of doors and windows, especially those that are relatively heavy or large in size, to use revolving hinges that allow for adjustment of the shared positions of the fixed frame and mobile frame (or leaf). Specifically, this adjustment compensates for any bending of the door or window assembly, and/or to enables proper operation, even in the case of orthogonal imperfections in the door or window relative to their respective horizontal plane. [0003] The hinge generally allows for three possible adjustments: two adjustments of the mutual positions of the hinge bodies in two directions crosswise to the axis of the hinge pin (generally, one substantially “lateral” direction parallel to the plane of the door or window, and one direction orthogonal to said plane, these adjustments allowing the right pressure to be provided on the closure seal around the door or window), and one vertical adjustment of the mutual positions of the hinge bodies in the hinge axis direction. [0004] The hinges of known type, as a rule, do not allow for any independent crosswise adjustments. At the most the mutual positions of the hinge bodies only can be adjusted simultaneously in both directions, which limits the actual range of the allowable adjustments. [0005] An example of a type of adjustable hinge that attempts to overcome this drawback is described in the European patent EP 0 837 206, for instance. This document discloses a hinge consisting of an upper hinge body and a lower hinge body connected by a revolving pin. The upper hinge body is formed with a housing for inserting the revolving hinge pin. Inserted respect to the axis of the pin. This sleeve is narrower in dimensions than the housing in which it is inserted, but it is constantly in contact with the walls of the housing, whatever position it occupies therein. Moreover, the sleeve has a base block at the top with a toothed lateral surface that engages with position references on the walls of the housing. To make a crosswise adjustment of the position of the hinge bodies, it is necessary to raise the sleeve with the pin and rotate it by the required amount, corresponding to the translation that the user wishes to obtain due to the eccentricity between the sleeve and the pin, and then lower it again so that the toothed surface engages with the corresponding references on the housing. To lock the sleeve in position inside the housing, it is necessary to maintain a thrust that holds the base block against said references. [0006] Clearly, such a hinge structure is complicated and it also does not allow for continuous crosswise adjustments, because the position of the sleeve, and consequently of the pin, is defined by the toothed surface. [0007] Moreover, it should be emphasised that the recovery of any slack in the coupling between the sleeve and the housing is not particularly effective, being left to the thrust exerted on the base block that is not completely integral with the sleeve. Said slack needs to be avoided because it can lead to a faulty functioning of the door or window and the risk of breakages is increased. [0008] Another solution for a hinge is illustrated, for instance, in the European patent EP 1 061 221. Said document discloses a hinge in which the upper hinge body includes a housing for a sleeve integral with the head of the pin revolving inside the hinge. This sleeve is off-centre with respect to the axis of the pin and, in practical terms, it constitutes a cam that is in contact with the walls of the housing at four points that are angularly spaced at 90° angles to one another, i.e. at the vertices of a cross. The sleeve—housing coupling is such that, once the sleeve is rotated (the pin cannot move because it is constrained to the translation of the lower hinge body), the housing displaces as a function of the eccentricity in the crosswise direction of adjustment. Once the adjustment has been made, the sleeve is pushed against the surface of the housing by means of a locking dowel. The thrusting action of the dowel coincides with the line passing through two points corresponding to opposite points of contact between the sleeve and the housing. This thrust enables the sleeve, and consequently also the pin, to be locked in position in relation to the upper body of the hinge, but it is unable to take up any slack in the coupling between the housing and the sleeve. In fact, the slack is taken up in one direction only, i.e. that of the thrust, and not in the direction orthogonal thereto, which effectively makes the recovery in only one direction pointless. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an adjustable hinge for doors and windows that effectively compensates for slack upon coupling of the hinge components so as to avoid any malfunction or breakage. [0010] Another important object of the present invention is to provide a hinge for doors and windows that is suitable for use even with heavy or large doors and windows, with progressive linear adjustments that are independent of one another and, more precisely, with a linear lateral adjustment (that consequently induces no perpendicular translations), a perpendicular adjustment to enable the right pressure to be exerted on the seal around the door or window, and a vertical adjustment to obtain the right distance from the floor. [0011] At the same time, an object of the invention is to provide a hinge equipped with easily accessible adjustment means. [0012] These and other objects, that will be better clarified below, are achieved by an adjustable hinge for doors and windows comprising: two hinge bodies for fixing respectively to the fixed frame and to the mobile frame of the door or window, a revolving pin for pivotally connecting said hinge bodies, means for adjusting the mutual positions of said two hinge bodies in directions crosswise to the axis of said pin, said means of adjustment comprising a sleeve axially associated with said pin and defining an outer lateral surface for coupling with a corresponding housing defined in a first of said hinge bodies, said sleeve being pivotal inside said housing so that, while remaining constantly in contact with the walls of said housing during its rotation to change position, it can occupy substantially any position required along a limited length of said crosswise adjustment direction, means being provided for reversibly locking said sleeve in the positions it can occupy inside said housing by means of a thrust in a given locking direction, [0016] characterised in that said sleeve comprises at least three distinct portions of contact with the walls of said housing angularly spaced from one another, and when said locking means are in action, at least two of said distinct portions exert a thrusting force—in directions incident to one another—on respective parts of said walls so as to take up any slack in the coupling between the sleeve and the housing in incident directions. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] A specific, illustrative adjustable hinge, according to the present invention, is described below with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: [0018] FIG. 1 is a front view of a hinge, according to one aspect of the present invention; [0019] FIG. 2 is a plan view of the hinge illustrated in FIG. 1 ; [0020] FIG. 3 shows a door leaf fit with two hinges, according to one embodiment of the present invention; [0021] FIG. 4 is an exploded axonometric view of a hinge, in accordance with the present invention; [0022] FIG. 5 is a sectional plan view of the upper body of the hinge of FIG. 4 ; [0023] FIG. 6 is an axial, front sectional view of the hinge illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 ; [0024] FIG. 7 is a sectional plan view of the lower body of the hinge; [0025] FIG. 8 is a sectional plan view of the upper body with the hinge adjusting sleeve in position “0”; [0026] FIG. 9 is a sectional plan view of the upper body with the hinge adjusting sleeve in a position of maximum rightward extension; [0027] FIG. 10 is a sectional plan view of the upper body with the hinge adjusting sleeve in a position of maximum leftward extension; [0028] FIG. 11 shows schematic a plan view of the upper body with the hinge adjusting sleeve in various adjustment phases; [0029] FIGS. 12 , 13 and 14 are sectional plan views, indicating three different positions of inward or outward adjustment of the hinge; and [0030] FIG. 15 is a variation of the hinge adjusting sleeve illustrated generally in FIGS. 1-14 . [0031] The same numerals are used throughout the drawing figures to designate similar elements. Still other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following description of the preferred embodiments. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0032] Referring now to the drawings and, more particularly, to FIGS. 1-15 , there is shown generally a specific, illustrative adjustable hinge 10 for doors, windows or the like according to various aspects of the present invention. In one embodiment, illustrated generally in FIG. 1 , the hinge comprises two hinge bodies, an upper body 11 and a lower body 12 , respectively, for respective attachment to a fixed frame 13 and a mobile frame or leaf 14 of the door or window and pivotally connected to one another by a pin 15 . [0033] Both the upper body 11 and the lower body 12 of the hinge are provided with suitable means 16 for fixing them respectively to the leaf 14 and to the frame 13 of the door or window, such as fixing screws 16 a and a plate 16 b for covering the screws 16 a . The plate 16 b is attached with further screws 16 c (see FIG. 5 ) accessible to the operator from the inner side of the door, and thereby also provides protection against burglars. [0034] First means 17 , described later on with reference in particular to FIGS. 5 and 6 , for the adjustment of the mutual positions of the two hinge bodies in a direction crosswise to the axis of the pin 15 are associated with the upper body 11 . More in particular, this direction is substantially parallel to the plane of the door or window leaf and is indicated by the letter Z in FIGS. 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 . For the sake of brevity, from now on, the adjustment in said direction Z will be called “lateral adjustment”. [0035] Second means 18 (see FIG. 4 ) for the adjustment of the mutual positions of said two hinge bodies 11 and 12 in a direction substantially orthogonal to the plane of the door or window leaf 14 (“orthogonal adjustment”) are associated with the lower body 12 . Third means 19 for the adjustment of the mutual positions of said two hinge bodies 11 and 12 in the direction of the axis of the hinge pin (“vertical adjustment”) are also associated with the same lower body 12 . The second and third adjustment means are described later on. [0036] The first means 17 of hinge lateral adjustment comprise a sleeve 20 defining an internal seat 21 (or, in other words, a circular blind hole) for coaxially coupling, by interference, with the upper part 15 a of the revolving pin 15 , and an outer lateral surface for coupling with a corresponding housing 22 passing through the upper body 11 . Clearly, in other embodiments, the pin 15 and sleeve 20 may be made in a single piece or, in any case, be monolithic. [0037] The sleeve 20 substantially consists of a cylindrical body 20 a extending over the full length of the upper body 11 of the hinge 10 . A flange 23 abutting against the lower edge of the upper body 11 projects from the lower end of cylindrical body 20 a . At the other end of the sleeve 20 , opposite the flange 23 , a blind hole 24 is formed, shaped to form a hexagon-shaped seat for a wrench. [0038] The lateral surface of the cylindrical body 20 a forming the sleeve 20 is formed with three distinct portions 20 b of contact with the walls of the housing 22 . In the present embodiment, the contact portions 20 b are longitudinal projections with a semicylindrical shape the axis of which is parallel to the axis of the cylindrical body 20 a . As clearly shown in the figures, the projections 20 b are equidistant from one another around the cylindrical body 20 a , i.e. they are spaced at an angle of 120°. [0039] FIG. 15 shows a variation of the sleeve, identified here as 120 , equivalent to the one described above. In this variation the sleeve 120 is still formed with three projections 120 b , but two of them are radiused to one another. [0040] The sleeve 20 is axially pivotable in the housing 22 and the form of the housing is such that, while the sleeve remains constantly in contact with the walls of the housing during its rotation to change position, it can occupy substantially any position along a limited length in the direction parallel to the plane of the door or window leaf, i.e. the direction Z of lateral adjustment of the first means 17 . See specifically FIGS. 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 . [0041] In particular, the shape of the housing 22 is symmetrical with respect to a longitudinal plane parallel to the axis of the pin 15 and is formed with three different sliding grooves for respective projections 20 b . In particular two first grooves 22 a that are symmetrical to one another in relation to said plane, and one second groove 22 b , extending between the first grooves 22 a . The two first grooves 22 a are radiused to one another at adjacent ends thereof, while at the opposite ends they have abutments 22 c for the respective projections 20 b , corresponding to the ends of the pivotal stroke of the sleeve 20 , i.e. the limit stops for the adjustment in the direction of the plane of the door or window leaf 14 . [0042] The upper hinge body 11 comprises means 25 for reversibly locking the sleeve 20 inside the housing 22 by means of a thrust exerted in a defined locking direction that, in this example, is crosswise to the housing 22 (and also orthogonal to the lateral adjustment direction Z) and lies on its symmetry plane. In FIGS. 8 , 9 , 10 and 11 , said plane/direction corresponds to the position “0” of the sleeve inside the housing, as explained in more detail later on. [0043] The locking means 25 comprise, for instance (see FIGS. 4 and 5 ), a threaded dowel 26 inserted through a corresponding counter-threaded through hole 27 provided on the side of the upper hinge body 11 . The dowel 26 extends in the housing 22 and abuts against the side of the cylindrical body 20 a of the sleeve 20 , at a recessed area or gap 22 d formed an intermediate position in the projections 22 a. [0044] When the locking dowel 26 pushes against the cylindrical body 20 a of the sleeve 20 , at least two projections 20 b exert a thrusting action on the inside wall of the housing 22 , i.e. on the respective grooves 22 a , 22 b in two directions incident to one another. In other words, the thrust exerted by the dowel is decomposed along two directions that are not parallel to one another (in the example, the result is achieved because the projections are angularly spaced by 120°; in FIG. 8 , the arrows showing the thrusting action on the projections for locking the sleeve are indicated by the letter S). The locking dowel thus succeeds completely in taking up any slack due to machining tolerances in the coupling between the sleeve 20 and the housing 22 . [0045] The lateral adjustment of the hinge is carried out as follows. The sleeve 20 is coaxial to the hinge pin 15 and it is integral therewith. The pin can rotate inside the lower hinge body 12 . Action can be taken with a wrench in the hexagon-shaped seat in the blind hole 24 at the end of the sleeve 20 to make the sleeve rotate (note that the sleeve cannot translate because it is attached to the pin, which is pivotally connected to the hinge body associated with the fixed door frame). The particular shaping of the housing 22 ensures that the projections 20 b sliding along the walls of the housing induce a thrust sufficient to achieve a substantial translation of the housing, i.e. of the upper hinge body 11 , in the lateral adjustment direction Z (i.e. the direction parallel to the main plane of the door leaf). [0046] FIG. 8 shows the respective positions of the sleeve 20 and the upper hinge body 11 in position “0”, i.e. in the position of intermediate adjustment in which the three projections 20 a are in contact with their respective grooves on the inside walls of the housing 22 and the hinge body can still translate to the right or left of said position. [0047] FIG. 9 shows the respective positions of the sleeve 20 and the upper hinge body 11 in position “X”, i.e. after maximal rightward displacement, where one projection 22 a abuts against the corresponding limit stop 22 c . Note that the axis of the pin 15 has been displaced from position “0” to position “X” while sliding in the Z direction; the three projections 22 a are in a different position, but always abutting with the inside surface of the housing 22 . [0048] Similarly, FIG. 10 shows the respective positions of the sleeve 20 and the upper hinge body 11 in position “Y”, i.e. of maximal leftwards displacement, where one projection 22 a abuts against the corresponding limit stop 22 c . Note that the axis of the pin 15 has been displaced from position “0” to position “Y” while sliding in the Z direction; here again, the three projections are in another different position, but always abutting with the inside surface of the housing 22 . [0049] FIG. 11 schematically shows the mutual positions of the sleeve 20 and the upper hinge body 11 in any of the different intermediate positions in which they can be adjusted. [0050] Once the upper hinge body 11 has been suitably positioned in relation to the sleeve 20 , the locking dowel 26 is tightened against the sleeve 20 , thus preventing any mutual movements of the sleeve and the housing and taking up the slack in the coupling between the two. Finally, a small cap C 1 is fitted to cover the housing 22 . [0051] It should be noted that the respective positions of the sleeve and the housing can be adjusted continuously and not stepwise, so they can occupy any intermediate lateral hinge adjustment position. [0052] As mentioned previously, second adjustment means 18 are advantageously associated with the lower body 12 for adjusting the respective positions of said hinge bodies 11 and 12 in a direction substantially orthogonal to the plane of the door leaf (“orthogonal adjustment”), and third adjustment means 19 are associated therewith for the vertical adjustment of the hinge. The first lateral adjustment means 17 , the second orthogonal adjustment means 18 and the third vertical adjustment means 19 are substantially independent of one another. [0053] As shown in particular in FIGS. 4 , 6 and 7 , the second orthogonal adjustment means 18 comprise a cylindrical cavity 28 passing through the lower hinge body 12 along an axis parallel to the axis of the pin 15 . A sleeve 29 is housed in the cylindrical cavity 28 and is fitted with a flange 30 abutting against the upper end of the lower hinge body 12 [0054] The sleeve 29 is formed with a vertically-extending through hole 29 a , which in turn contains a bushing 31 —made of a self-lubricating plastic material, for instance—pivotally housing the lower part 15 b of the revolving pin 15 . The bushing 31 is eccentric with respect to the sleeve 29 . The eccentricity between the axis of the bushing 31 and pin 15 and the axis of the sleeve 29 is indicated by the letter E in FIG. 12 . In this figure the axis of the bushing 31 and pin 15 , and the axis of the sleeve 29 lie on the same plane, which coincides with the direction “Z”, i.e. a direction parallel to the plane of the corresponding door leaf (when closed) passing through the axis of the pin 15 . [0055] The lower opening 32 in the through hole 29 a of the sleeve 29 is in the shape of a hexagon to enable the rotation of the sleeve with the aid of a suitable wrench. The bushing 31 on which the pin 15 is supported and rotates is substantially integral with the sleeve 29 so that, when action is taken on the hexagon-shaped lower opening 32 , the bushing 31 is also rotated. [0056] With reference to the orthogonal adjustment of the hinge, FIG. 12 shows the intermediate position of the hinge in which the eccentricity E is aligned with the direction Z. From the intermediate position, a rotation of the sleeve induces an angular displacement of the eccentricity and a consequent revolution of the axis of the pin 15 on a circular path with a radius E. Depending on the direction of rotation, the axis of the pin 15 may consequently come to be displaced forwards or backwards in a direction orthogonal to the direction Z, i.e. it may be brought closer to or further away from the door frame. FIG. 13 shows a clockwise rotation of the sleeve such that the pin 15 is displaced (in Z′) from the direction Z towards the door frame. FIG. 14 shows an anticlockwise rotation of the sleeve such that the pin 15 is displaced (in Z″) from the direction Z away from the door frame. [0057] A screw 33 engages with the sleeve 29 through a counter-threaded through hole 34 in the side of the lower hinge body 12 . One end of the screw 33 is inserted in a semicircular groove 35 formed on the lateral surface of the sleeve 29 and abuts against the sleeve 29 to lock it in position and take up any slack on the coupling between the cylindrical cavity 28 and the sleeve 29 . The ends 36 of the groove 35 define the limits stops for the rotation of the sleeve and consequently the ends of stroke for the orthogonal adjustment of the hinge. There is a further semicircular groove 35 a on the sleeve 29 , symmetrical to the groove 35 in relation to a vertical plane, enabling the sleeve to be used for both rightward and leftward opening hinges. [0058] The internal lower portion 37 of the through hole 29 a in the sleeve 29 is threaded for coupling with a small counter-threaded cylinder 38 , with a blind backing plate 38 a that has a hexagonal shape to allow for the insertion of a suitable wrench. The bushing 31 , and therefore the pin 15 , rest on said small cylinder 38 . Together, the small cylinder 38 and the internal lower portion 37 of the through hole 29 a constitute the above-mentioned third adjustment means of vertical hinge adjustment 19 . In fact, by acting on the small cylinder 38 , the bushing 31 with the pin 15 , and consequently also the upper hinge body 11 , is displaced upwards or downwards. [0059] Once the orthogonal and vertical adjustments are carried out, a lower cap C 2 is inserted to cover the cylindrical cavity 28 . [0060] The hinge thus conceived enables the proposed objects of the invention to be achieved. In fact, this hinge structure enables the respective positions of the hinge bodies to be adjusted independently, thereby succeeding in completely taking up the slack due to manufacturing tolerances, entirely to the advantage of a greater durability of the hinge assembly. [0061] In particular, this hinge enables a lateral adjustment of the respective positions of the hinge bodies that is extremely precise (because it is not stepwise) and that is particularly effective in taking up the slack, this latter action taking place “automatically” with the locking of the hinge bodies in the required position. Moreover, the range of adjustment is extremely precise thanks to the presence of limit stops on the adjustment elements, thereby any problems of erroneous hinge adjustments are avoided. [0062] It has to be pointed out that the terms “upper” and “lower”, “right” and “left”, as used in the present specification, are to be understood with reference to the corresponding sides of the drawings in which the hinge of the invention is shown. [0063] Clearly, the hinge thus conceived may undergo numerous modifications and variants, all coming within the scope of the present invention; moreover, all the components may be substituted with other, technically equivalent elements, without departing from the scope of the invention. [0064] In practical terms, any materials may be used, providing they are compatible with the intended use, and they may be of any shape and size, according to need and the state of the art. [0065] Where the characteristics and techniques mentioned in any of the claims are followed by reference signs, these have been included merely as an example and for the sole purpose of facilitating the reading of the claims and they shall consequently not be construed to limit the interpretation of the element they identify. [0066] Various modifications and alterations to the present invention may be appreciated based on a review of this disclosure. These changes and additions are intended to be within the scope and spirit of this invention as defined by the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a dye compound and, more particularly, to a dye compound which is used for the dye-sensitized solar cell (DSSC). 2. Description of Related Art With the development of industrial technology, the serious problems the whole world is facing today are the energy crisis and the environmental pollution. In order to solve the global energy crisis and to reduce the environmental pollution, one of the effective means is the solar cell, which can convert the solar energy into the electricity. Since the dye-sensitized solar cell has the advantages of low manufacturing cost, large-scale production, great flexibility, light transmittance, and being capable of use in the buildings, the application of the dye-sensitized solar cell becomes more and more attractive. Currently, Grätzel et al. have disclosed a series of literatures, for example, O'Regan, B.; Grätzel, M. Nature 1991, 353, 737, which show the practicability of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The general structure of the dye-sensitized solar cell comprises an anode, a cathode, a nano-porous titanium dioxide layer, a dye, and electrolyte, wherein the dye plays a critical role in the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye suitable for the dye-sensitized solar cell must have characteristics in broad absorption spectrum, high molar absorption coefficient, thermal stability, and light stability. Grätzel's lab has published a serious of ruthenium complexes as the dyes for the dye-sensitized solar cell. Grätzel's lab published a dye-sensitized solar cell prepared with a N3 dye in 1993, and the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell is 10.0% under the illumination of AM 1.5 stimulated light. The incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) value of the N3 dye is 80% in the range of 400 to 600 nm. Although hundreds of dye complexes have developed, the conversion efficiency of those dye complexes is not as good as the N3 dye. The structure of the N3 dye is represented by the following formula (a). In 2003, Grätzel's lab published a dye-sensitized solar cell prepared with a N719 dye, and the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell is improved to 10.85% under the illumination of AM 1.5 stimulated light, wherein the structure of the N719 dye is represented by the following formula (b). Grätzel's lab also published a dye-sensitized solar cell prepared with a black dye in 2004, and the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell is 11.04% under the illumination of AM 1.5 stimulated light. The black dye can enhance the spectral response in red and near-IR region, so the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell can be improved. The structure of the black dye is represented by the following formula (c). In addition to the ruthenium complexes such as the N3 dye, the N719 dye, and the black dye, other types of dye compounds, which can be used in the dye-sensitized solar cell, are platinum complexes, osmium complexes, iron complexes, and copper complexes. However, the results of various researches show that the conversion efficiency of the ruthenium complexes is still better than other types of dye compounds. The ruthenium complexes are the sensitizer dyes with the highest conversion efficiency nowadays. However, the manufacturing cost of the ruthenium complexes is high, and there may be problems of short supply when the ruthenium complexes are used widely. The organic sensitizers for the dye-sensitized solar cell have advantages of high molar absorption coefficient. Besides, it is possible to produce various organic sensitizers through molecular design. Hence, dye-sensitized solar cells with different colors can be manufactured to improve the application flexibility of the dye-sensitized solar cells. In addition, it is also possible to change the color of the dye-sensitized solar cell to match with the color of objects. Currently, dye derivatives, such as coumarin (Hara, K.; Sayama, K.; Arakawa, H.; Ohga, Y.; Shinpo, A.; Sug, S. Chem. Commun., 2001, 569), indoline (Horiuchi, T.; Miura, H.; Sumioka, K.; Uchida, S. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2004, 126 (39), 12218), and merocyanine (Otaka, H.; Kira, M.; Yano, K.; Ito, S.; Mitekura, H.; Kawata, T.; Matsui, F. J. Photochem. Photobiol. A: Chem.; 2004, 164, 67), have already applied in the manufacture of dye-sensitized solar cells. The dyes for the dye-sensitized solar cell influence the conversion efficiency greatly. Hence, it is desirable to provide a dye compound, which can improve the conversion efficiency of the dye-sensitized solar cell. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is to provide a novel dye compound, which is used for a dye-sensitized solar cell. The dye compound of the present invention has high molar absorption coefficient. Hence, the dye-sensitized solar cell, which is prepared with the novel dye of the present invention, has excellent photoelectric property. The dye compound of the present invention can be represented by the following formula (I): wherein R 1 is C 1˜6 alkyl; D 1 , and D 2 are each independently C 1˜6 alkyl or wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, amino, or halogen, R 5 , and R 6 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, and R 7 is H, or C 1˜6 alkyl; X is or wherein R 9 , R 11 , and R 12 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 10 , R 13 , and R 14 are each independently H, or C 1˜6 alkyl, Z is O, S, or Se, m is 0, or 1, and n is 0, or 1; Y is or wherein R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 18 , R 19 , and R 20 are each independently H, or C 1˜6 alkyl, and Z′ is O, S, or Se. In the above formula (I), R 1 may be C 1˜6 alkyl. Preferably, R 1 is —CH 3 or —C 2 H 5 . More preferably, R 1 is —CH 3 . In the above formula (I), D 1 , and D 2 may be each independently C 1˜6 alkyl, or wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, amino, or halogen, R 5 , and R 6 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, and R 7 is H or C 1˜6 alkyl. Preferably, D 1 , and D 2 are each independently or wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , and R 8 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, amino, or halogen, R 5 and R 6 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, and R 7 is H or C 1˜6 alkyl. More preferably, D 1 , and D 2 are each independently or wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , and R 8 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, and R 7 is H or C 1˜6 alkyl. Most preferably, D 1 , and D 2 are each independently or wherein R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , and R 8 are each independently H, or C 1˜6 alkyl. In addition, in one aspect of the present invention, the D 1 , and D 2 in the above formula (I) can be each independently or wherein R 2 and R 3 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, amino, or halogen. Preferably, R 2 and R 3 in D 1 and D 2 is H, or C 1˜6 alkyl. More preferably, R 2 and R 3 in D 1 and D 2 is H. In the above formula (I), X may be or wherein R 9 , R 11 , and R 12 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 10 , R 13 , and R 14 are each independently H, or C 1˜6 alkyl, Z is O, S, or Se, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0 or 1. Preferably, X is or wherein R 9 , R 11 , and R 12 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 10 , R 13 , and R 14 are each independently H or C 1˜6 alkyl, Z is S, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0 or 1. More preferably, X is or wherein R 9 , R 11 , and R 12 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 10 , R 13 , and R 14 are each independently H, or C 1˜6 alkyl, Z is S, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0. Most preferably, X is or wherein R 9 , R 10 , R 11 , R 12 , R 13 , and R 14 are each independently H, or C 1˜6 alkyl, Z is S, m is 0 or 1, and n is 0. In the above formula (I), Y may be or wherein R 15 , R 16 , and R 17 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 18 , R 19 , and R 20 are each independently H or C 1˜6 alkyl, and Z′ is O, S, or Se. Preferably, Y is or wherein R 15 , and R 16 are each independently H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜4 alkoxy, or halogen, R 18 is H or C 1˜6 alkyl, and Z′ is O, S or Se. More preferably, Y is or wherein R 15 is H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 18 is H or C 1˜6 alkyl, and Z′ is O, S or Se. Most preferably, Y is or wherein R 15 is H, C 1˜6 alkyl, C 1˜6 alkoxy, or halogen, R 18 is H or C 1˜6 alkyl, and Z′ is O or S. Most preferably, Y is or wherein R 15 and R 18 are H, and Z′ is S. The examples of the dye compound presented by the above formula (I) are: In the present invention, the molecule of the dye compound is presented in form of free acid. However, the actual form of the dye compound of the present invention may be salt, and more likely, may be alkaline metal salt or quaternary ammonium salt. In addition, the dye compound of the present invention may be used for a dye of a dye-sensitized solar cell. Other objects, advantages, and novel features of the invention will become more apparent from the following detailed description DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT A dye compound of the present invention can be prepared by the methods shown in scheme 1 to 4. As shown in scheme 1, 4-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline (11) is reacted with 1-methyl-2-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole by Stille coupling reaction to obtain 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (12). n-butyl lithium is reacted with 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (12), and then tributylstannylchloride is added thereto to obtain 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (13). 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (13) is reacted with 4-bromobenzaldehyde by Stille coupling reaction to obtain 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde (14a). Finally, 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde (14a) is reacted with cyanoacetic acid in acetic acid by using ammonium acetate as a catalyst, and (E)-2-cyano-3-[4-(5-(4-(diphenyl-amino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)]phenyl)acrylic acid (15a) is synthesized. As shown in scheme 2, 2,7-dibromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluorene (21) is reacted with 1-methyl-2-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole by Stille coupling reaction to obtain 2-(7-bromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole (22). Then, in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide, Pd(dba) 2 , and tri-tert-butyl phosphine, 2-(7-bromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole (22) is reacted with diphenylamine to obtain 9,9-diethyl-7-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (23a). n-butyl lithium is reacted with 9,9-diethyl-7-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (23a), and then tributylstannylchloride is added thereto to obtain N-methyl-2-(7-diphenyl-amino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5-tributylstannylpyrrole (24a). N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (24a) is reacted with 5-bromo-2-thiophene carboxaldehyde by Stille coupling reaction to obtain 5-[N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (25a). Finally, 5-[N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (25a) is reacted with cyanoacetic acid in acetic acid by using ammonium acetate as a catalyst, and (E)-2-cyano-3-[5-(N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl]acrylic acid (26a) is obtained. As shown in scheme 3, 3,6-dibromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazole (31) is reacted with 1-methyl-2-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole by Stille coupling reaction to obtain N-methyl-2-(3-bromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (32). Then, in the presence of sodium tert-butoxide, Pd(dba) 2 , and tri-tert-butyl phosphine, N-methyl-2-(3-bromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (32) is reacted with diphenylamine to obtain N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (33). n-butyl lithium is reacted with N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (33), and then tributylstannylchloride is added thereto to obtain N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (34). N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-5-tributylstannylpyrrole (34) is reacted with 5-bromo-2-thiophene-carboxaldehyde by Stille coupling reaction to obtain 5-[N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (35). Finally, 5-[N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9y-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (35) is reacted with cyanoacetic acid in acetic acid by using ammonium acetate as a catalyst, and (E)-2-cyano-3-[5-(N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl]acrylic acid (36) is obtained. As shown in scheme 4, in the presence of sodium cyanide, 5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (41) is reacted with 3-dimethylamino-1-(2-thienyl)-1-prapanone (42) to obtain 1-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,4-butanedione (43). Then, in the presence of acetic acid, 1-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,4-butanedione (43) is reacted with methylamine to obtain 9,9-diethyl-7-(5-(N-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrol-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (44). n-butyl lithium is reacted with 9,9-diethyl-7-(5-(N-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (44), and then DMF is added thereto to obtain 5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (45). Finally, 5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (45) is reacted with cyanoacetic acid in acetic acid by using ammonium acetate as a catalyst, and (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-yl)acrylic acid (46). The following examples are intended for the purpose of illustration of the present invention. However, the scope of the present invention should be defined as the claims appended hereto, and the following examples should not be construed as in any way limiting the scope of the present invention. In the present invention, the molecule of the dye compound is presented in form of free acid. Nevertheless, the actual form of the dye compound of the present invention may be salt, and more likely, may be alkaline metal salt or quaternary ammonium salt. Without specific explanations, the unit of the parts and percentages used in the examples is calculated by weight and the temperature is represented by Celsius degrees (° C.). Hereafter, the method for preparing the dye compound of the present invention is illustrated in detail with reference to above schemes 1 to 4. EXAMPLE 1 Synthesis of 4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline)(12) Under nitrogen atmosphere, 3.24 parts of 4-bromo-N,N-diphenyl-aniline (11), 4.00 parts of 1-methyl-2-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole which was synthesized according to the method illustrated in Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52, and 0.07 parts of PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 were added into dry dimethyl formamide under stirring to obtain a mixture. Then, the mixture was heated to 100° C. and reacted for 16 hours. After the mixture was cooled, a KF aqueous solution was used to stop the reaction. The mixture was extracted by diethyl ether, washed with a concentrated salt solution, and then dehydrated by magnesium sulfate. After removing the solvent, a product was purified by dichloromethane/hexane in a silica gel column to obtain the compound (12) of the present example. EXAMPLE 2 Synthesis of 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-benzaldehyde (14a) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 1, except that 1.85 parts of 4-bromo-benzaldehyde was used to substitute 4-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline, and 6.63 parts of 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (13) was used to substitute 1-methyl-2-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole, wherein 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (13) was synthesized according to the method illustrated in Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. EXAMPLE 3 Synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-[4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)]phenyl)acrylic acid (15a) 0.80 parts of 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde (14a), 0.21 parts of cyanoacetic acid, and 0.04 parts of ammonium acetate was added into 10 parts of acetic acid under stirring to obtain a mixture. Then, the mixture was heated to 120° C. and reacted for 8 hours. After the mixture was cooled to 25° C., the resultant solid was taken out. The resultant solid was washed by water, diethyl ether, and methanol sequentially to obtain a dark brown solid. Finally, the dark brown solid was purified in a silica gel column to obtain the compound (15a) of the present example. EXAMPLE 4 Synthesis of 5-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (14b) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 2, except that 1.91 parts of 5-bromo-2-thiophene carboxaldehyde was used to substitute 4-bromobenzaldehyde. EXAMPLE 5 Synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)acrylic acid (15b) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 3, except that 0.81 parts of 5-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (14b) was used to substitute 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde (14a). EXAMPLE 6 Synthesis of 2-(7-bromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole (22) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 1, except that 3.80 parts of 2,7-dibromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluorene (21) was used to substitute 4-bromo-N,N-diphenylaniline. EXAMPLE 7 Synthesis of 9,9-diethyl-7-(1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (23a) 3.00 parts of 2-(7-bromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole (22), 1.54 parts of diphenylamine, 1.14 parts of sodium tert-butoxide, 0.09 parts of Pd(dba) 2 , and 0.065 parts of tri-tert-butyl phosphine were added into 50 parts of toluene under stirring to obtain a mixture. Then, the mixture was heated to 80° C. and reacted for 8 hours. After the reaction was stopped by water, a product was extracted by diethyl ether, and then dehydrated by magnesium sulfate. After the solvent was removed, the product was purified by dichloromethane/hexane in a silica gel column to obtain the compound (23a) of the present example. EXAMPLE 8 Synthesis of 5-[N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (25a) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 4, except that 8.18 parts of N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (24a) was used to substitute 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributylstannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline, wherein N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (24a) was synthesized according to the method illustrated in Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. EXAMPLE 9 Synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-[5-(N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl]acrylic acid (26a) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 3, except that 1.08 parts of 5-[N-methyl-2-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (25a) was used to substitute 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde (14a). EXAMPLE 10 Synthesis of N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino)-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrole (23b) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 7, except that 2.0 parts of N-phenyl-1-naphthylamine was used to substitute diphenylamine. EXAMPLE 11 Synthesis of 5-[N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino)-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (25b) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 4, except that 8.72 parts of N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino)-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (24b) was used to substitute 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributyl stannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline, wherein N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino)-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrole (24b) was synthesized according to the method illustrated in Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. EXAMPLE 12 Synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-[5-(N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthyl-amino)-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl]acrylic acid (26b) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 3, except that 1.17 parts of 5-[N-methyl-2-(7-(N-phenyl-1-naphthylamino)-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (25b) was used to substitute 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde. EXAMPLE 13 Synthesis of N-methyl-2-(3-bromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (32) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 1, except that 4.09 parts of 3,6-dibromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazole (31) was used to substitute 4-bromo-N,N-diphenyl aniline. EXAMPLE 14 Synthesis of N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (33) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 7, except that 3.23 parts of N-methyl-2-(3-bromo-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrole (32) was used to substitute 2-(7-bromo-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrole. EXAMPLE 15 Synthesis of 5-[N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (35) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 4, except that 8.50 parts of N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-5-tributyl-stannylpyrrol (34) was used to substitute 4-(1-methyl-5-(tributyl stannyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline, wherein N-methyl-2-(3-diphenyl-amino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-5-tributylstannylpyrrol (34) was synthesized according to the method illustrated in Armaroli, N.; Balzani, V. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007, 46, 52. EXAMPLE 16 Synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-[5-(N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)pyrrol-5-yl)thiophen-2-yl]acrylic acid (36) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 3, except that 1.13 parts of 5-[N-methyl-2-(3-diphenylamino-9-hexyl-9H-carbazol-6-yl)-pyrrol-5-yl]thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (35) was used to substitute 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde. EXAMPLE 17 Synthesis of 1-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophenyl-2-yl)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,4-butanedione (43) Under nitrogen atmosphere, 0.12 parts of ground sodium cyanide was mixed with 1.00 part of dimethyl formamide, and then 1.20 parts of 5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (41) dissolved in 5.00 parst of dimethyl formamide was added thereto to obtain a mixture. After stirring for 10 minutes, 0.44 parts of 3-dimethylamino-1-(2-thienyl)-1-prapanone (42) dissolved in 5.00 parts of dimethyl formamide was added to the mixture slowly within 10 minutes. After the dark red mixture was reacted for 16 hours, the dark red mixture was added into 100 parts of water and then extracted with dichloromethane. The combined extraction solution was washed by 40 parts of 10% HCl, 40 parts of saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 , and 50 parts of water sequentially, and then dehydrated by magnesium sulfate. After removing the solvent, a product was purified by dichloromethane/hexane in a silica gel column to obtain the compound (43) of the present example. EXAMPLE 18 Synthesis of 9,9-diethyl-7-(5-(N-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrol-2-yl) thiophen-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (44) Under nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture solution, comprising 0.94 parts of 1-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-thiophenyl-2-yl)-4-(thiophen-2-yl)-1,4-butanedione (43), 0.27 parts of 40% methylamine aqueous solution, 0.20 parts of glacial acetic acid, and 30 parts of toluene, was added in a reaction flask fitted with a Dean-Stark trap, and a reflux reaction was performed for 48 hours. The mixture solution was washed with water, and then the organic layer was concentrated under vacuum to obtain a residue. The residue was dissolved by dichloromethane, washed with saturated aqueous NaHCO 3 , water, and concentrated salt solution sequentially, and then dehydrated by magnesium sulfate. After removing the solvent, a product was purified by dichloromethane/hexane in a silica gel column to obtain the compound (44) of the present example. EXAMPLE 19 Synthesis of 5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (45) Under nitrogen atmosphere, a mixture solution, comprising 0.40 parts of 9,9-diethyl-7-(5-(N-methyl-5-(thiophen-2-yl)pyrrol-2-yl)thiophen-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-9H-fluoren-2-amine (44) and tetrahydrofuran (THF), was cooled to −78° C. by using acetone-liquid N 2 bath. 0.40 parts of hexane solution of n-butyl lithium (1.6 M) was added into the mixture solution drop by drop within 10 minutes under severe stirring. The mixture was heated to 0° C. within 1 hour, and then kept in 0° C. for 1 hour. Then, the mixture was cooled to −78° C., and dichloromethane was added thereto. The temperature of the mixture was recovered to 25° C., and the mixture was stirred for 16 hours. The reaction was stopped by using 1 N HCl, and then the product was extracted by diethyl ether, and the combined extraction solution was dehydrated by magnesium sulfate. After removing the solvent, the product was purified by dichloromethane/hexane in a silica gel column to obtain the compound (45) of the present example. EXAMPLE 20 Synthesis of (E)-2-cyano-3-(5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-yl)acrylic acid (46) The compound of the present example was synthesized by the same method as described in example 3, except that 1.23 parts of 5-(5-(5-(7-diphenylamino-9,9-diethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)thiophenyl-2-yl)-N-methyl-pyrrol-2-yl)thiophene-2-carbaldehyde (45) was used to substitute 4-(5-(4-(diphenylamino)phenyl)-1-methyl-1H-pyrrol-2-yl)benzaldehyde. Testing Methods and Results UV-Vis Spectrum Using dimethyl formamide as a solvent, the dye compounds synthesized in example 3, example 5, example 9, example 12, and example 20 of the present invention were formulated into dye solutions in the concentration of 1.0×10 −5 M. In addition, using dimethyl formamide as a solvent, the dye compound synthesized in example 16 of the present invention and the N719 dye were formulated into dye solutions in the concentration of 2.0×10 −5 M. Then, the UV-Vis spectra of the dye solutions above-mentioned were measured. Manufacture and Test of the Dye-Sensitized Solar Cell An electrode prepared by TiO 2 nano crystalline particles was soaked in a solution comprising the dye compound of the present invention for a period of time, and the dye compound would adhered to the TiO 2 nano crystalline particles of the electrode. The electrode with TiO 2 nano crystalline particles was taken out, washed slightly with a solvent, and dried, and then the electrode was covered with a counterelectrode and sealed up. After that, an electrolyte (acetonitrile solution of 0.05 M I 2 /0.5M LiI/0.5 M t-butyl pyridine) was added therein, and the injection opening was sealed up to obtain a dye-sensitized solar cell with effective area of 0.25 cm 2 . The short circuit current (J SC ), open circuit voltage (V OC ), photoelectric conversion efficiency (η), filling factor (FF), and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the resulted dye-sensitized solar cell were measured under the illumination of AM 1.5 stimulated light. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE A dye-sensitized solar cell prepared with N719 dye was produced by the same method as described above. Besides, the short circuit current (J SC ), open circuit voltage (V OC ), photoelectric conversion efficiency (η), filling factor (FF), and incident photon-to-current conversion efficiency (IPCE) of the dye-sensitized solar cell with N719 dye were also measured under the illumination of AM 1.5 stimulated light. The testing results are shown in the following Table 1: TABLE 1 Testing results of the dye and the dye-sensitized solar cell Molar absorption coefficient of the longest absorption wavelength J SC V OC η dye (M −1 cm −1 ) (mA/cm 2 ) (V) FF (%) Eaxmple 3 15a 53900 13.47 0.60 0.59 4.77 Eaxmple 5 15b 45600 14.20 0.57 0.60 4.79 Eaxmple 9 26a 70900 18.14 0.61 0.56 6.16 Eaxmple 12 26b 73800 16.79 0.64 0.58 6.18 Eaxmple 16 36 27100 12.93 0.58 0.64 4.80 Eaxmple 20 46 97000 13.54 0.60 0.64 5.25 Comparative N719 12600 16.08 0.72 0.63 7.19 example The testing results of Table 1 show that the molar absorption coefficient of the longest absorption wavelength of the dye compounds of the present invention are higher than the molar absorption coefficient of the longest absorption wavelength of the N719 dye. It means that the dye compounds of the present invention can achieve the same absorption efficiency as the N719 dye with fewer using amount. In conclusion, the present invention is different from the prior arts in several ways, such as in purposes, methods and efficiency, or even in technology and research and design. Although the present invention has been explained in relation to its preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that many other possible modifications and variations can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as hereinafter claimed. Hence, the scope of the present invention should be defined as the claims appended hereto, and the foregoing examples should not be construed as in any way limiting the scope of the present invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION (1) Field of the Invention The invention relates to a process for the synthesis of zeolites with an aluminosilicate skeleton belonging to the faujasite structural group. It further relates to the products obtained and to their application in adsorption and catalysis. (2) Background Art Zeolites are crystalline tectosilicates. The structures consist of assemblies of TO 4 tetrahedra forming a three-dimensional skeleton by sharing oxygen atoms. In zeolites of the aluminosilicate type, which are the most common ones, T denotes tetravalent silicon and trivalent aluminium. The abovementioned three-dimensional skeleton exhibits cavities and channels which have molecular dimensions and accommodate cations compensating the charge deficiency linked with the presence of trivalent aluminium in TO 4 tetrahedra, the said cations being generally exchangeable. As a general rule, the composition of zeolites may be denoted by the empirical formula (M 2/n O.Y 2 O 3 .xZO 2 ) in the dehydrated and calcined state. In this formula Z and Y denote the tetravalent and trivalent elements of the TO 4 tetrahedra respectively, M denotes an electropositive element of valency n, such as an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, and constitutes the compensating cation, and x is a number which can vary from 2 to theoretically infinity, in which case the zeolite is a silica. Each type of zeolite has a distinct microporous structure. The variation in the dimensions and shapes of the micropores from one type to another results in changes in the adsorbent properties. Only the molecules which have certain dimensions and shapes are capable of entering the pores of a particular zeolite. Because of these remarkable characteristics, zeolites are very particularly suitable for the purification or separation of gaseous or liquid mixtures, such as, for example, the separation of hydrocarbons by selective adsorption. The chemical composition, including in particular the nature of the elements present in the TO 4 tetrahedra and the nature of the exchangeable compensating cations, is also an important factor involved in the selectivity of the adsorption, and above all in the catalytic properties of these products. They are employed as catalysts or catalyst supports in the cracking, reforming and modification of hydrocarbons, and in the conversion of many molecules. Many zeolites exist in nature; these are aluminosilicates whose availabilities and properties do not always correspond to the requirements of industrial applications. Consequently, the search for products which have new properties has led to the synthesis of a large variety of zeolites, among which there may be mentioned zeolite A (U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,243), zeolite X (U.S. Pat. No. 2,882,244) and zeolite Y (U.S. Pat. No. 3,130,007). Zeolites of the faujasite structural group are characterised by a three-dimensional skeleton structure which can be described by means of the assembly of modules called cube-octahedra. Each of these modules consists of 24 tetrahedra containing the elements Si and Al in our case and bridged by oxygen according to the principle described above. In the cube-octahedron, the tetrahedra are linked so as to form eight rings containing six tetrahedra and six rings containing four tetrahedra. Each cube-octahedron is joined, with tetrahedral coordination, via four rings containing six tetrahedra, to four neighbouring cube-octahedra. To show the relationships which unite the various members of the structural group it is convenient to consider the structural planes in which the cube-octahedra are arranged at the vertices of a plane network of hexagons. Each cube-octahedron is thus connected to three neighbours in the structural plane. The fourth connecting direction is directed alternately on each side of the structural plane and enables the cube-octahedra to be connected between neighbouring and parallel structural planes. All the solids belonging to the faujasite structural group have interconnected channels approximately 0.8 nm in diameter. Thus, faujasite is a zeolite with an aluminosilicate skeleton whose structure corresponds to the stacking of three distinct structural planes ABC corresponding to a structure of cubic symmetry. Compounds of the same structure as faujasite can be obtained by synthesis from an aluminosilicate gel. The general process of synthesis of zeolites with an aluminosilicate skeleton belonging to the faujasite structural group consists of a hydrothermal crystallisation of sodium aluminosilicate gels of particular compositions and containing a structuring agent consisting of a metal cation. More precisely, a process of this kind consists in producing first of all a reaction mixture which has a pH higher than 10 and contains water, a source of tetravalent silicon, a source of trivalent aluminium, a source of hydroxide ions in the form of a strong base, a source of M n+ metal cations, n being the valency of M, so as to obtain an aluminosilicate gel which has the desired composition to permit its crystallization into a compound of the faujasite structural group, and in then maintaining the gel obtained directly or after prior maturing, at a temperature not exceeding 150° C. and at a pressure which is at least equal to the autogenous pressure of the mixture consisting of the said gel for a sufficient period to effect the crystallisation of this gel. As indicated earlier, a process of this kind does not make it possible to synthesise zeolites with an aluminosilicate skeleton having the faujasite structure of cubic symmetry and an Si/Al ratio higher than 3. It has now been found that certain organic molecules belonging to the class of polyalkylene oxides have the property of directing the crystallization of aluminosilicate gels towards zeolites of the faujasite structural group, which are characterised by Si/Al ratios which may be higher than 3. These molecules introduce a pronounced stabilising effect which makes it possible to decrease the concentration of the hydroxide ions in the synthesis medium, which results in obtaining a higher Si/Al ratio and a substantial improvement in the yield. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The subject of the invention is therefore a process for the preparation of zeolites with an aluminosilicate skeleton belonging to the faujasite structural group and exhibiting an Si/Al ratio higher than 1 and capable of exceeding 3. The process is of the type in which a reaction mixture is produced first of all, which has a pH higher than 10 and contains water, a source of tetravalent silicon, a source of trivalent aluminium, a source of hydroxide ions in the form of a strong base and a structuring agent ST, so as to obtain an aluminosilicate gel which has the desired composition to permit its crystallization into a compound of the faujasite structural group. The gel obtained is then maintained, optionally after prior maturing, at a temperature not exceeding 150° C. and at a pressure which is at least equal to the autogenous pressure of the mixture consisting of the said gel for a sufficient period to effect the crystallization of this gel into a precursor of the zeolite consisting of the zeolite trapping the structuring agent ST in its cavities. The said precursor is subjected to a calcination to destroy the structuring agent and to produce the zeolite, and it is characterised in that the structuring agent ST consists of at least one compound chosen from the polyalkylene oxides corresponding to the formula ##STR2## in which each of R and R', which are identical or different, denotes a hydrogen atom or a C 1 -C 4 alkyl radical, X denotes a hydrogen atom or an --OH radical, m is equal to 2 or 3 and may be different from one unit to another and n is a number ranging from 1 to 12. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The quantity of structuring agent ST present in the reaction mixture intended to form the gel is advantageously such as to make the molar ratio ST : Al III range from 0.1 to 4, the said ratio preferably ranging from 0.1 to 2. In particular, the ingredients making up the reaction mixture giving rise to the aluminosilicate gel are employed so that the said gel may have, in terms of molar ratios, the following composition: ______________________________________ Advantageous Preferred ranges ranges______________________________________Si.sup.IV :Al.sup.III 2 to 20 4 to 10OH.sup.- :Al.sup.III 2 to 12 3 to 10ST:Al.sup.III 0.1 to 4 0.1 to 2H.sub.2 O:Al.sup.III 40 to 200 50 to 150______________________________________ Examples of structuring agents corresponding to the formula given above are such as ethylene glycol methyl ether of formula CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OH, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether of formula CH 3 OCH 2 CH 2 OCH 3 , ethylene glycol of formula HOCH 2 CH 2 OH, propylene glycol of formula HOCH 2 CH 2 CH 2 OH, polyethylene glycol methyl ethers of formula CH 3 --O--CH 2 CH 2 O--] n --H and polyethylene glycols of formula OH--CH 2 CH 2 O--] n --H with n' ranging from 2 to 9, and especially tetraethylene glycol, pentaethylene glycol, hexaethylene glycol, heptaethylene glycol, octaethylene glycol and mixtures of such glycols, polypropylene glycols of formula HO--CH 2 CH 2 CH 2 O--] n --H with n' ranging from 2 to 9, and especially tripropylene glycol and tetrapropylene glycol. The use of structuring agents according to the invention results in the formation of zeolites which have the faujasite cubic symmetry structure. Among the sources of tetravalent silicon Si IV which can be employed in the preparation of the reaction mixture intended to form the aluminosilicate gel there may be mentioned finely divided solid silicas in the form of hydrogels, aerogels or colloidal suspensions, water-soluble silicates such as alkali metal silicates like sodium silicate, and hydrolysable silicic esters such as tetraalkyl orthosilicates of formula Si(OR) 4 in which R denotes a C 1 -C 4 alkyl such as methyl and ethyl. The source of silicon is used in the form of a true aqueous solution, in the case of water-soluble silicates, or else of an aqueous suspension which may be colloidal, in the case of finely divided silicas. Suitable sources of trivalent aluminium Al III are aluminium salts such as aluminium sulphate, nitrate, chloride, fluoride or acetate, aluminium oxides and hydroxyoxides, aluminates and especially alkali metal aluminates such as sodium aluminate, and aluminium esters such as aluminium trialkoxides of formula Al(OR) 3 in which R denotes a C 1 -C 4 alkyl radical such as methyl, ethyl or propyl. The source of hydroxide ions is chosen from strong inorganic bases, especially hydroxides of the alkali metals of group IA of the Periodic Classification of the Elements and hydroxides of the alkaline-earth metals Ca, Sr and Ba and strong organic bases, especially quaternary ammonium hydroxides, preference being given to inorganic bases and especially to sodium hydroxide NaOH. The reaction mixture intended to form the aluminosilicate gel may also contain M n+ cations of at least one metal M, of valency n, other than the metals whose hydroxides are strong bases, in an overall quantity such as to make the molar ratio M n+ : Al III not more than 0.4 and preferably not more than 0.3. The said M n+ cations are introduced into the said reaction mixture in the form of salts such as sulphates, nitrates, chlorides or acetates, or else in the form of oxides. Mixing of the ingredients constituting the reaction mixture intended to form the aluminosilicate gel may be performed in any order. The said mixing is advantageously carried out by first of all preparing, at room temperature, a basic aqueous solution containing a strong base, the structuring agent ST and the cations M n+ if they are employed, and then incorporating into this solution an aqueous solution of the source of trivalent aluminium and an aqueous solution or suspension, colloidal or otherwise, of the source of tetravalent silicon. The pH of the reaction mixture, whose value is higher than 10, is preferably close to 13.5. Before proceeding to crystallise the gel, crystallization seeds may be added to the reaction mixture intended to form the said gel, in a quantity advantageously ranging from 0.1% to 10% by weight of the reaction mixture. The seeds may be produced either by grinding a zeolite of the faujasite type, that is to say of the same kind as the crystalline phase to be produced. In the absence of addition of seeds, it is advantageous to subject the aluminosilicate gel formed from the reaction mixture to a maturing operation in a closed vessel, at a temperature below the crystallization temperature for a period which may range from approximately 6 hours to approximately 6 days. The said maturing may be carried out in a static regime or with stirring. The crystallization of the aluminosilicate gel, with or without seed, is carried out by heating the reaction mixture to a temperature not exceeding 150° C. and preferably ranging from 90° C. to 120° C. and at a pressure corresponding at least to the autogenous pressure of the reaction mixture forming the gel. The heating period needed for the crystallization depends on the composition of the gel and on the crystallization temperature. It is generally between 2 hours and 30 days The crystals obtained, referred to as zeolite precursors and consisting of the zeolite trapping the structuring agent and the water of hydration of the cations in its pores and cavities, are separated from the crystallization medium by filtration and are then washed with distilled or deionised water until weakly basic wash liquors are obtained, that is to say whose pH is lower than 9. The washed crystals are then dried in an oven at a temperature of between 50° C. and 100° C. and preferably in the region of 70° C. The zeolite is obtained from the crystals of the precursor-by subjecting the said crystals to a calcination at a temperature above 300° C. and preferably between 400° C. and 700° C. for a sufficient period to remove the structuring agent and the water of hydration of the cations present in the precursor. As indicated earlier, the zeolites prepared by the process according to the invention have Si/Al ratios higher than 1 and capable of exceeding 3 and have a structure of cubic symmetry of the type of that of faujasite. The characterisation of the products according to the invention, namely the precursors resulting from the crystallisation and the zeolites proper resulting from the calcination of the precursors, can be performed by employing the following techniques: Electron microscopy: In the electron microscope, the products of cubic structure are seen in forms which are compatible with cubic symmetry (for example regular octahedra). X-ray diffraction pattern: This diffraction pattern is obtained by means of a diffractometer using the traditional powder method with copper Ka radiation. An internal standard enables the values of the angles 2θ associated with the diffraction peaks to be determined accurately. The various lattice-spacing distances (d hk1 ) characteristic of the sample are calculated from the Bragg relationship. The estimate of the error of measurement Δ(d hkl ) over d hkl is calculated, as a function of the absolute error Δ(2θ) associated with the measurement of 2θ, using the Bragg relationship. In the presence of an internal standard, this error is reduced to a minimum and commonly taken as equal to ±0.05°. The relative intensity I/Io associated with each d hkl is estimated from the height of the corresponding diffraction peak. A scale of notations is employed to characterise this relative intensity as follows: VS=very strong, S=strong, mS=medium strong, m=medium, nw=medium weak, w=weak, vw=very weak. Thermogravimetry: The thermograms performed on the product samples make it possible to quantify the number of molecules of structuring agent and the number of molecules of water which are present in a unit cell of the structure. Carbon 13 NMR: Carbon 13 NMR in crossed polarisation with rotation at the magic angle performed on samples of the precursor enables the presence of the structuring agent in the cavities of the product to be confirmed. Determination of the Si:Al ratio This can be carried out by resorting to one of the following techniques: chemical analysis silicon 29 NMR The zeolites according to the invention of the faujasite type have a cubic structure exhibiting a value of the cubic cell parameter a of between 2.4 and 2.5 nm; these cubic zeolites can be given the following formula reduced to one cell (assembly of 192 tetrahedra) (vM.sub.1.sup.q+) (wM.sup.n+) ((SiO.sub.2).sub.192-x (AlO.sub.2).sub.x).sup.x-.(zH.sub.2 O) with, in this formula, M 1 q+ denoting a q-valent cation of a metal of group IA of the Periodic Classification of the elements (q=1) or of an alkaline-earth metal chosen from Ca, Sr and Ba (q=2) or a monovalent cation containing nitrogen (q=1), especially ammonium or quaternary ammonium, M n+ denoting a metal cation of valency n other than a cation M 1 q+ , x,z,w and v being numbers such that 38<x ≦96, z ≧0 depending on the hydration state of the zeolite (z=0 for a completely anhydrous zeolite), 0<v≦x/q and 0≦w≧x/n with qv+wn≦x. Table I below shows the characteristic X-ray diffraction pattern of the cubic zeolites of the faujasite type after the products have been calcined for 4 hours at 500° C. In the d hkl column, average values of the lattice-spacing distances have been given. Each of these values must be associated with the error of measurement Δ(d hkl ) of between ±0.1 and ±0.004. The variations which can be observed in relation to these average values are essentially linked with the nature of the compensating cations and with the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite. The same remarks apply to the relative intensities I/Io. TABLE I______________________________________2θ (degrees) d.sub.hk1 (10.sup.-1 nm) I/Io______________________________________ 6.19 14.27 ± 0.2 VS10.13 8.72 mS11.89 7.43 mS15.64 5.66 ± 0.05 S18.70 4.74 mS20.36 4.36 mS22.81 3.89 vw23.68 3.75 S25.84 3.44 vw27.07 3.292 ± 0.008 mS27.95 3.189 w29.69 3.007 w30.77 2.903 mw31.44 2.843 mS______________________________________ The precursors of zeolites which are produced during the crystallization stage of the process according to the invention and whose calcination produces the zeolites whose formulae were defined above, are crystalline aluminosilicates exhibiting an Si:Al ratio higher than 1 and capable of exceeding 3, which have the cubic structure of the faujasite corresponding to an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable to that given in Table II and which have cavities trapping molecules of structuring agent ST, which are chosen from polyalkylene oxides whose formula has been defined above. TABLE II______________________________________2θ (degrees) d.sub.hk1 (10.sup.-1 nm) I/Io______________________________________ 6.24 14.13 ± 0.2 VS10.16 8.89 mS11.93 7.41 mS15.70 5.64 ± 0.05 S18.75 4.72 mS20.39 4.35 mS22.84 3.89 w23.69 3.75 S25.05 3.55 w25.94 3.43 w27.11 3.286 ± 0.008 S27.85 3.200 vw29.68 3.007 w30.77 2.903 mw______________________________________ The zeolites obtained by the process according to the invention can be employed in applications of the same type as the zeolites of similar structure and of comparable or lower Si : Al ratio which are prepared by closely related or different methods. Thus, the zeolites obtained according to the invention are suitable as an adsorbent for performing the selective adsorption of molecules whose dimensions are below 0.8 nm or else, after having been subjected to exchange reactions with various cations, as catalysts or catalyst components which can be employed in catalytic conversion reactions of organic compounds and especially of hydrocarbon compounds. For example, the protonated form of the zeolite is obtained by an exchange treatment with ammonium cations followed by a calcination. This form, as well as those resulting from an exchange treatment with rare-earth cations such as lanthanum are suitable as acidic catalysts for hydrocracking petroleum feedstocks. The zeolites can also be subjected to exchange treatments with cations of metals of groups II to VIII of the Periodic Classification to form products which are suitable as catalysts for hydrocarbon conversion. For their application as catalysts, zeolites modified by exchange with cations endowing them with catalytic properties may be employed by themselves or in the form of composite products resulting from mixing these modified zeolites with other catalytically active products and/or with an amorphous matrix such as a silica gel or else a mixed gel of silica and of another oxide such as magnesia, alumina, titanium oxide or zirconium oxide, the said matrix being used, inter alia, to impart a better heat stability to the catalyst. Composite catalysts associating one or more catalytically active zeolites with a matrix based on silica gel or a mixed gel of silica and another oxide are particularly suitable for operations in a moving bed or in a fluidised bed, because they can be easily shaped, for example by spray-drying an aqueous suspension of the ingredients of which they are composed, into particles which have the dimensions required for these operations. The following examples are given without any limitation being implied, to illustrate the invention. In these examples, the quantities and percentages are given by weight unless shown otherwise. EXAMPLE 1 An aluminosilicate gel was prepared first of all by operating as follows in a vessel of appropriate capacity, the contents of the said vessel being kept stirred throughout the operation. 9 parts of water followed by 0.58 parts of sodium hydroxide NaOH were introduced into the vessel and, after the sodium hydroxide dissolved, 1.92 parts of structuring agent consisting of the methyl ether of a polyoxyethylene glycol with a number-average molecular mass Mn equal to 350. After all had dissolved, 1 part of sodium aluminate containing 56% of Al 2 O 3 and 37% of Na 2 O was then added to the contents of the vessel and the reaction mixture was heated slightly to dissolve the aluminate completely. After returning to room temperature, 8.2 parts of a colloidal suspension of silica containing 40% of SiO 2 and 60% of water were then introduced into the vessel. An aluminosilicate gel was thus obtained, whose molar composition, reduced to one mole of Al 2 O 3 , was the following: 10 SiO.sub.2 ; 1 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ; 2.4 Na.sub.2 O; 1 "PEO.sub.350 "; 140 H.sub.2 O The abbreviation "PEO 350 " denotes the structuring agent employed. The gel obtained was subjected to a maturing operation at room temperature for 48 hours in a closed vessel. The matured gel was then placed in an autoclave and kept in the latter at 110° C. for 20 days to form a crystalline product. The crystals formed were separated off from the reaction medium by filtration and were then washed with distilled water to a low basicity (pH below 9) of wash liquors and were finally dried in an oven at approximately 60° C. The dried crystals were then calcined at 500° C. for 4 hours in order to remove the molecules of the structuring agent employed and to obtain the zeolite. Before calcination, the crystalline product has an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable to that given in Table II, the said product additionally exhibiting an Si : Al ratio of 3.8 and containing water molecules and molecules of structuring agent in its micropores. The species occluded in the micropores of the zeolite (water and structuring agent) represent 24.7% of the zeolite precursor. The zeolite formed by calcining the above crystalline product exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable with that given in Table I. The formula found for this zeolite, reduced to a cubic cell of 192 tetrahedra is written in the anhydrous state 41.5 Na.sup.+ [(SiO.sub.2).sub.151.8 (AlO.sub.2).sub.40.2 ].sup.40.2- EXAMPLE 2 The procedure was as shown in Example 1, but with the following changes in the operating conditions gel preparation : 0.49 parts of sodium hydroxide and 3.84 parts of structuring agent (same product as in Example 1) maturing : 24 hours at 25° C. crystallisation : 20 days at 110° C. Before maturing, the aluminosilicate gel had the following molar composition, reduced to 1 mole of Al 2 O 3 : 10 SiO.sub.2 ; 1 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ; 2.2 Na.sub.2 O; 2 "PEO.sub.350 "; 140 H.sub.2 O Before calcination, the crystalline product has an X-ray diffraction diagram comparable with that given in Table II. The said product exhibits an Si : Al ratio equal to 4.1 and contains water molecules and molecules of the structuring agent employed in its micropores. The species occluded in the micropores of the zeolite before calcination (water and structuring agent) represent 25.4% of the zeolite precursor. The zeolite formed by calcining the crystalline precursor product exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable with that given in Table I. The formula found for this zeolite, reduced to a cubic cell of 192 tetrahedra, is written in the anhydrous state 40.2 Na.sup.+ [(SiO.sub.2).sub.153.6 (AlO.sub.2).sub.38.4 ].sup.38.4- EXAMPLE 3 The procedure was as shown in Example 1, but with the following changes in the operating conditions gel preparation : 1.1 parts of structuring agent consisting of the monomethyl ether of a polyethylene glycol of molecular mass Mn equal to 200. maturing : 24 hours at 20° C. crystallisation : 12 days at 100° C. Before maturing, the aluminosilicate gel had the following molar composition, reduced to 1 mole of Al 2 O 3 : 10 SiO.sub.2 ; 1 Al.sub.2 O.sub.3 ; 2.4 Na.sub.2 O; 1 "PEO.sub.200 "; 140 H.sub.2 O The abbreviation "PEO 200 " denotes the structuring agent employed. Before calcination, the crystalline product exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable with that given in Table II. This product additionally exhibits an Si : Al ratio of 3.6 and contains water molecules and molecules of the structuring agent employed in its micropores. The species occluded in the micropores of the zeolite (H 2 O and structuring agent) represent 25.7% of the zeolite precursor. The zeolite formed by calcining the above precursor product exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable with that of Table I. The formula found for this zeolite, reduced to a cubic cell of 192 tetrahedra, is written in the anhydrous state: 43.8 Na.sup.+ [(SiO.sub.2).sub.150.3 (AlO.sub.2).sub.41.7 ].sup.41.7- EXAMPLE 4 The procedure was as shown in Example 1, but with the following changes in the operating conditions gel preparation : 3.3 parts of structuring agent consisting of the monomethyl ether of a polyethylene glycol of molecular mass equal to 300 and 0.53 parts of sodium hydroxide maturing : 24 hours at 30° C. crystallisation : 20 days at 110° C. Before maturing, the aluminosilicate gel had the following molar composition, reduced to 1 mole of Al 2 O 3 : 10 SiO.sub.2 ; 2.3 Na.sub.2 O; 1 Al.sub.2 O3; 2 "PEO.sub.300 "; 140 H.sub.2 O Before calcination, the crystalline product exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable with that in Table II. The said product additionally exhibits an Si : Al ratio equal to 3.8 and contains water molecules and molecules of the structuring agent employed in its micropores. The species occluded in the micropores of the zeolite (H 2 O and structuring agent) denote 24.5% of the zeolite precursor). The zeolite formed by calcining the above precursor product exhibits an X-ray diffraction pattern comparable with that of Table I. The formula found for this zeolite, reduced to a cubic cell of 192 tetrahedra, is written in the anhydrous state: 42.5 Na.sup.+ [(SiO.sub.2).sub.151.9 (AlO.sub.2).sub.40.1 ].sup.40.1-

4y

BACKGROUND [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] The present invention relates to a Workbench for a Manufacturing System or an Industrial Framework and, more particularly, to Multiple Coupled Browsers for the Workbench. [0003] 2. Related Information [0004] In the world of Industrial Automation today, manufacturing plants are controlled and monitored by Networks of process controllers and smart devices in the field. These Networks are sophisticated and require intensive IT support. In Automation, Network systems are critical, because failure can spell disaster for a Manufacturer. [0005] Thus, software tools have been developed to assist in the design, configuration, maintenance and control of these Industrial Networks. In the early days, simplistic logic tables were used to implement control code and debugging. As the Industrial Technology grew, however, such arcane methods of monitoring and control proved too cumbersome and clumsy to provide the support necessary for maintaining these evolving systems. [0006] More recently, Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs), known as Human Machine Interfaces (HMI), have been specifically developed for monitoring and controlling Industrial Automation systems. While more advanced than the earlier method, these GUIs are user driven. For example, and as shown in FIG. 1, a GUI is provided with a two pane interface. The left pane is a navigation plane that displays a tree of objects relating to an Industrial Network. The right pane is a view plane that displays the object selected by the user. As the user navigates through the tree, i.e., selects various objects in the left plane, the object is displayed in the view plane on the right. [0007] It shall be appreciated that the previous method is completely user driven. The user selects an object for display and the object is displayed. In other words, the old method is not very smart. Nor is the old method user friendly for that matter. In the myriad of systems coupled to an Industrial Network these days, the GUIs of old are far too primitive to adequately assist the Industrial Engineer of today. [0008] What is needed, therefore, is a smart Browser that is capable of assisting the Industrial Engineer of today. Heretofore, there has been no display device which integrates several views of a manufacturing plant in a way that allows the user to navigate through an Industrial Network in a logical and methodical order. OBJECTS & SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0009] It is an object of the present invention to provide a Workbench for an Industrial Network. [0010] It is another object of the present invention to provide a Workbench that couples views of Systems of the Industrial Network in accordance with a predetermined relationship. [0011] It is another object of the present invention to provide a Workbench that couples views of Systems of the Industrial Network in accordance with a Semantic relationship between the views. [0012] It is another object of the present invention to provide Workbench that couples views of Systems of the Industrial Network in accordance with a Temporal relationship between the views. [0013] It is another object of the present invention to provide coupled views of Systems of the Industrial Network in accordance with both a Semantic and a Temporal relationship between the views. [0014] It is another object of the present invention to provide a plurality of groups of coupled views of Systems of the Industrial Network in accordance with a predetermined relationship. [0015] In accordance with the present invention, there is provided a method and device for displaying and coupling views of an Industrial Plant. A graphical user interface displays the views in corresponding panes of the graphical user interface. The views, being graphical representations of systems of the Industrial Plant, are coupled by a coupler according to a predetermined relationship between the underlying systems of the Industrial Plant represented by the coupled views. The coupler automatically refocuses the panes to display different views of the Industrial Plant based on a selection of an object in any of the panes and on the predetermined relationship for coupling the views. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0016] [0016]FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the prior art; [0017] [0017]FIG. 2 illustrates a manufacturing system; [0018] [0018]FIGS. 3 a - c is illustrates the present invention; [0019] [0019]FIGS. 4 a - b illustrate Modes of the present invention; and [0020] [0020]FIG. 5 illustrates the present invention in operation. [0021] The several drawings shall be described in more detail, wherein like reference numerals refer to same or similar elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0022] The Multiple Coupled Browser Views Workbench of the present invention provides use of a display device which couples several views of a manufacturing plant such that, if the user navigates through one view, all coupled views adjust their focus accordingly. [0023] As already noted, monitoring and controlling such a network is important. In order to facilitate this task, given the complexity of such Industrial Networks, the present invention provides support of integration of Graphical User Interfaces (GUIs) for manufacturing plants and systems like HMI, diagnostic, maintenance, mechanical and electrical engineering. [0024] [0024]FIG. 2 shows the typical network in which the invention is intended to be employed. As shown, there is a server layer 15 , a host layer 16 and an application layer 17 . Of course, the invention is not only applicable to these kind of networks, but also any type of programming environment. [0025] Now turning to the main point of, the present invention, there is provided a Workbench 18 An example is shown in FIGS. 3 a - 3 c, which provides several display area (panes, in the FIG. 4 panes are visible), in which different graphical views of the manufacturing system are displayed. In the example in FIG. 3. a, a tree browser of the system, an editor for distributed workflows and/or data flows, a Web Based HMI GUI and a treeview of the basic objects to construct a system are shown. Other views (not displayed) enable the visualization, design and modification of business objects and business process, runtime GUIs, electrical and mechanical construction of the plant, diagnostic, maintenance, scheduling, information management, PLC-programming, batch design, recipe management, object mappings and project deployments. Views display different domain aspects of the manufacturing plant. All together the Multiple Coupled Browser Views of the present invention truly establishes a universal browser from business level to plant floor. [0026] Providing an overview, or mapping, of the Industrial System, there is provided a Navigation, or Tree Pane 22 , displaying an hierarchical tree directory of the system components of the Industrial Network. In the invention, the Tree can be of various types, including a Global Tree, as shown in FIG. 3 a, which displays the Global System Components of the Industrial Network. There may also be provided a Local Tree within the Tree Pane 22 , which displays Local Hierarchies. Further, there may be provided a Catalog Tree in the Tree Pane 22 , which graphically displays an Hierarchy of, for example of the areas, units and cells out of which the plant is constructed. [0027] Additionally, in each pane is provided a Tool Bar 24 that enable the selection of the desired view. As with any tool bar, the selected objects can be obtained using a mouse. In most instances, the selection using the present invention is as easy as a single mouse click. [0028] The invention supports Multiple Views, which, as will be appreciated, advantageously provides for simultaneous viewing of alternative portions of an Industrial Network or plant. To that end, the invention provides at least another Tree Pane 26 for displaying, the same or another Tree Hierarchy of objects of a Component or Device of the manufacturing system. With this feature, the user is able to, at once and simultaneously, view and work on different portions of the manufacturing system. [0029] The Workbench provides an Integrated Engineering Environment in which a graphical configuration of distributed workflows and data flows are visually monitored and controlled. This will be demonstrated by in the following example. [0030] As an example, the Workbench provides an integrated engineering environment whereby the integration scenarios are configured. Data structures are mapped from application to application (irrespective of their types or geographical locations) using Dataflow Views 27 , as shown in FIG. 3 b, and communication is synchronized using State Machine Views 28 , as shown in FIG. 3 c. [0031] The Workbench contains a number of tools for building and modifying the Data Structures and Dataflow diagrams. An Object Designer provides graphical design of objects in a number of different views, including Tree, Table, XML, and HTML views. These views are displayed in any pane e.g. left Pane 22 . A Data Flow and State Machine Designer graphically displays a data flow and state machine and allows the user to design or modify existing data flows and state machines. The Data Flow and/or State Machine diagrams are displayed in the Workspace 20 . A Graphical User Interface, GUI, Designer is provided for designing a GUI. There is also provided Script Editors (for example, VBScript, JScript) which are accessed through the Tools Interface Pane 24 . A command window 32 c is provided for providing basic commands of the Workbench. The Multiple Coupled Browser Views Workbench of the present invention provides use of a display device, e.g., Browser or GUI, or the like, to couple several views of a manufacturing plant such that, if the user navigates through one view, all coupled views adjust their focus accordingly. As shown in FIG. 4 a, there are at least three permutations of how the views can be coupled as provided by the present invention. [0032] In the first arrangement, the left (L) and upper views (U), i.e., panes are coupled, according to a predetermined relationship, such that selection of an object in either pane results in a corresponding refocusing of the other pane on a related object. In the same arrangement, the middle (M), bottom (B) and right (R) panes are coupled, creating a separate view of coupled panes, or views. In the same manner, this view refocuses the coupled panes when an object in a pane is selected. In a second arrangement shown in FIG. 4 a, it is possible to couple the left (L), upper (U) and middle (M) panes, while separately coupling the bottom (B) and right (R) panes. The panes are coupled according to a predetermined relationship, such that selection of an object in a pane results in a corresponding refocusing of the other pane(s) on a related object. In the third arrangement, all panes are shown coupled. The panes are coupled according to a predetermined relationship, such that selection of an object in a pane results in a corresponding refocusing of the other pane(s) on a related object. The described arrangements support multiple coupling of views, although one coupling a single set, or sub-set, of views is certainly within the scope of the present invention. [0033] The present invention provides Modes of Operation of the workbench. An example with three modes of operation is shown in FIG. 4 b. In the First Mode two groups of coupled views are visible in one window, in the first group a tree view is coupled with a data flow diagram, in the second group a second tree view with a second data flow diagram and a Documentation view is coupled. This mode enables interconnecting components in two different parts of the system at the same time e.g. two PLC programs. This allows drag and drop of objects without the hassle of navigating in one view, gives better overview and reduces the engineering effort. [0034] In the Second Mode of Operation, the a tree view to navigate is coupled with a data flow view to connect function blocks and a business process view to see the effects of the changes in the PLC programming on the business process immediately. In the second group of coupled views a tree view to navigate and a documentation view is coupled. [0035] In the Third Mode of Operation only one group of coupled views exists a three view to navigate a data flow view to program PLCs a view of the business process calling the PLC program, a documentation view of the PLC program and an HMI view of the running system This gives optimal overview of one part of the system as it displays this part of the system in four different domain representation simultaniosely. Of course, the present invention is not limited to these three specific Modes of Operation, but encompasses method of building Modes of Operation for coupled views of an Industrial Network or manufacturing system. Here, now, are other examples for for Modes of Operations as illustrated in FIG. 4 b. [0036] In the first mode of operation, in more detail, provided by the present invention, the views are coupled Semantically. In the example given, a first coupled Group comprises the left view (L) with, for example, a Plant Hierarchy displayed, and the upper view (U) with, for example, the electrical wiring displayed corresponding to a cell of the Plant selected in the left view (L). In the example shown, there is provided a second coupled Group with a second Plant Hierarchy displayed in the right pane (R), a second electrical wiring diagram corresponding to a selected second cell of the second Plant Hierarchy in the middle pane (M) and, additionally, in the bottom plane (B) there is provided an electronic manual corresponding to second the electrical wiring diagram. In the particular Mode 1 shown, there are two groups which are not coupled. [0037] As mentioned, the First Mode couples the views semantically. This means that the different kinds of views showing different aspects of the same plant simultaneously and the way how a coupled view is refocussed is defined by semantic links between the components which are shown in different views. For example a semantic link can connect a function block (i.e. a part of a PLC program) with the document describing the function block, another semantic link can contain a query of relevant business processes. Semantically coupled views could include the tree view of plant hierarchy, human machine interface of part of plant, physical plant layout, technological process view e.g. the brewing process, diagnostic view and documentation/help view, or any combination thereof. [0038] The advantage of providing a Semantic coupled group is that an Engineer can see different aspects of the same part of the plant at the same time and the workbench is taking over the work of refocusing. In addition, the Engineer can navigate through the plant using any of the visible views, not simply the Tree View, for example, which may be the previous method for navigating an Industrial Network. Using this Mode, for example, the Engineer can navigate through technological aspects, e.g., the recipe procedures of the brewing process using a batch editor, or, for example, the data flow view (e.g. by double clicking on a function block) or the Manual view which itself can be a hypertext-document allowing navigation to linked documents which then again results in an automatic refocussing of the coupled views. [0039] As discussed, in the present invention of Mode 1 . When the user selects an object in one view, or pane, the focus of all other coupled views are refocused according to Semantics. Thus, for example, selection of a New Plant in the Tree Pane automatically causes the upper pane (U) to refocus on an electrical wiring diagram of the New Plant. Similarly, and following the Semantic of the physical plant, a layout of the specific cell/unit/reactor which is responsible to execute the currently selected recipe procedure will automatically be displayed in the other view(s). [0040] The invention is not only advantageous for monitoring and control, it is useful for troubleshooting and debugging. For example, the present invention can relate the diagnostic view of the specific cell/unit/reactor and the training manual on the specific cell/unit/reactor is visualized automatically while navigating through the recipe procedures. In this manner, maintenance of a Plant can be easily and quickly provided. [0041] Furthermore, the present invention is useful for providing a sense of location with the Plant and direction where to proceed. It is the case, for example, that Engineers often become encumbered in the process of navigating a Tree of a Plant. After navigating some steps through the recipe procedures, the Engineer using the present invention can switch navigation using any of the other views, such as the physical Plant layout, diagnostic view, documentation view or any other coupled view of the Plant. This eases the understanding of the actual and complex state of the plant. [0042] It will be appreciated that Mode 1 of the present invention is advantageous particularly for monitoring a Plant, or Plants, for that matter. In Mode 1 , it is possible to view in Real Time, the operation of different parts of a Plant. Switching along different views, automatically refocuses the perspective of the other panes, so that a logical and flowing navigation through the Plant is provided. [0043] Now turning to the Second Mode of Operation shown in FIG. 4 b, there is provided Temporal or Physical coupling of views. In this Mode, several views of the same kind all showing the same aspect of different parts of the plant Temporally, that is, with respect to Time. The views can be coupled Temporally at the same time or, alternatively, showing views having different times. In this latter aspect, many Temporal variations are possible and within the scope of the invention. Namely, it is possible to show different parts of the same plant at different times. Or, it is possible to show the same part of the Plant at different times. There is also the possibility to show equivalent parts of different Plants at the same time or, even, different Plants at different times. [0044] In Mode 2 , Navigation is either done in each view individually (uncoupled mode) but several focuses are shown at the same time and automatically arranged on the display e.g. in one window so that the user has optimal visibility of all parallel focuses of the same kind of view at the same time or navigation is done in one view and all other views adjust their focus automatically (coupled mode). E.g. Diagnostic views of several parts of the plants indicated at the same time and arranged in a way that they minimal overlap and are positioned (x,y) according to relationship of parts two dimensional plant layout. If focus of one view is relocated all other views are relocated automatically so that optimal plant visibility is guaranteed. [0045] In another example, several views of physical plant layout at different points in time show different states of reconstruction process of the plant. In a coupled mode, if a point in time for one view is reset, a point in time of all other views will also be reset accordingly. This eases the understanding of complex process within the plant. [0046] It will be appreciated that Mode 2 of the present invention is advantageous particularly for Troubleshooting a Plant, or Plants, for that matter. Over time, systems can, and do, fail. In order to predict and, therefore, avoid system failure, which is called Predictive Maintenance, the present invention provides a convenient means for reviewing aspects of the Plant in various stages of time. [0047] Thus, for example, the aging of a piece of equipment, such as a boiler, can be monitored over time and repaired or replaced before system failure. [0048] In Mode 3 of the invention, there is provided a mixture of Modes 1 and 2 . As shown in FIG. 4 c, two or more of groups of views are visible at the same time. Views within a group are semantically coupled. In the other group, views are temporally or physically coupled or uncoupled. It will be appreciated that this arrangement is not merely a combination of the first two Modes, but provides additional functionality, in that the Third Mode allows maximum flexibility in comparing different parts of a plant/process/program in both a Semantic and Temporal/Physical Mode. For example, a particular recipe could be monitored in Real Time in one group, using the Semantically coupled Mode 1 while observing a particular system of the recipe process over a period of time. One will appreciate that this allows the Engineer to cross-check how the system performs within the Plant overall. [0049] The present invention also supports navigation through defining views to be coupled. This can be done, for example, as shown in FIG. 3 a by parameterization of several buttons. In addition, buttons could be provided for selecting the type of coupling-mode that can be selected. In addition user configurable or predefined “Browser/Editor Mode Buttons” which ease the selection of combinations of coupled views are provided. [0050] As shown in FIG. 5, the present invention provides a unique manner which facilitates the monitoring and control within a Framework. In the, particular Framework shown, the Workbench 18 operates in the presentation layer. As shown, the Workbench 18 provides a GUI wherein the several views of the Data Flows/State Machines of a Plant can be navigated easily and various related views are automatically displayed. The Data Flows/State Diagrams, so displayed by the present invention, can then be accessed and modified using the Workbench. [0051] Before engaging in a discussion of the Industrial Framework, it shall be appreciated that, while the present invention is described in terms of an Industrial Framework, the invention encompasses and is applicable to other types of Frameworks. Thus, whilst the Framework includes other features, such as an Adaptation Layer 29 for adapting various applications 30 to the Framework, or a Business Layer 36 for publishing Methods and Data 32 and designing and modifying Data Flows/State Machines 34 , the present invention is not so restricted to these features. [0052] In more broader terms, a Framework is a software system, or sub-system that is intended to be instantiated. The instantiation of a framework involves composing and sub-classing the existing classes. A Framework for applications in a specific domain is called an application framework. It defines the architecture for a family of systems or sub-systems and provides the basic building blocks to create them and the places where adaptations for specific functionality should be made. In an object-oriented environment a framework consists of abstract and concrete classes. The Industrial Framework in the context of the present invention is but one type of Framework and may include other Frameworks, such as Telecommunications, ERP, Billing, etc. [0053] The Industrial Framework is a complete solution for component-based production management and application integration. As shown, it is a collection of well-integrated components that are designed to integrate the systems within each factory standardize production across the whole enterprise and align manufacturing processes with supply chain activity. Within this Industrial Framework of components, there is provided a Server that provides data management and application integration. With the Industrial Framework Server, the data structures within adapted applications are graphically mapped in order to provide any information, anywhere and at any time”. As will be appreciated from FIG. 2, the Industrial Framework, together with its components, provides the tools for modeling and integration of operations and data. Briefly, and as already noted, the Server forms the core of the Industrial Framework. Coupled to the Server are components which are provided with the Industrial Framework and comprise the main tools provided therewith for application by the user. Amongst these are a Production Modeler that models production, a Workbench that provides a work space for the user to access, modify and create models and an Application Builder that assists the user to create his or her own applications. In order to couple to the applications, there is provided an Adapter. As will be explained in more detail, the Adapter, and its Adapter Base, provide automatic connectivity of Applications to the Industrial Framework. [0054] The Server forms the core of the Industrial Framework. It is the central component for the integration of applications. It is the distributed run-time environment for the transport and conversion of data and for the execution of workflows. In terms of IT tasks, the Industrial Framework Server handles all data management and manufacturing application integration. The data structures within applications adapted by the Adapter, as will be later discussed, are graphically mapped to provide complete information anywhere, at any time. The Framework Server generates data diagrams, which establish relationships between components by graphically mapping their fields, as well as activity diagrams, which synchronize the information flow. [0055] For production and modeling, the Industrial Framework Production Modeler is responsible for the overall management of the plant. It controls and improves plant activities by coordinating and synchronizing the machines, people, and applications connected to the Industrial Framework. The Production Modeler is used for project modeling, engineering and operations and, to that end, executes production operations against an S95-compliant plant model. Encapsulated components and integration scenarios are stored in reusable libraries for rapid prototyping and the establishment of corporate manufacturing standards. [0056] The Industrial Framework Adapter enables standardized and configurable connection of Applications to the Industrial Framework. This allows the Application's functions and data to be configured and mapped. For this purpose, the Adapter provides Data Publishing, so that any application not only has access to functions of other applications, but also allows the functions to be extended, such that the extended function can be saved and added to a library for reuse. [0057] As will be appreciated from FIG. 2, the Industrial Framework of the present invention provides a flexible architecture which is scalable, distributed and open, providing a true n-level architecture. It will also be seen from the Figures that the Framework has multiple data transports including HTTP and MS Message Queuing, which could support remote access and control, such as through the Internet or through GSM, UMTS, for example. From the Figure, it is shown that the Framework supports both synchronous and asynchronous communication, thereby equipped to integrate any system. [0058] In addition to the embodiments of the aspects of the present invention described above, those of skill in the art will be able to arrive at a variety of other arrangements and steps which, if not explicitly described in this document, nevertheless embody the principles of the invention and fall within the scope of the appended claims. For example, the ordering of method steps is not necessarily fixed, but may be capable of being modified without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S) [0001] The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/714,273 filed Oct. 16, 2012, which is incorporated by herein by reference in its entirety. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates to security devices. More specifically, the present invention relates to a security device having a radio frequency identification (“RFID”) device that operates by utilizing an antenna that is substantially thicker than conventional antennas required in order for the RFID device to function. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] A common problem at retail stores is shoplifting, and various types of security devices are utilized by retailers to aid in alleviating this problem. A common objective of retailers is to utilize security devices that can be produced at a low cost while maintaining efficiency. An overwhelming issue facing retailers is that security devices capable of being produced at a lower cost are often ones that are easily defeated by experienced shoplifters. Those devices that are produced at a lower cost may not even effectively operate or worse may simply be ignored by the sales staff if an alarm is triggered. [0004] A security device may consist of a radio frequency identification device (RFID) that will contain an integrated circuit (chip) for storing and processing information, modulating and demodulating a radio-frequency signal and other specialized functions. A RFID device will also typically include an antenna or a plurality of antennas in addition to the integrated circuit for receiving and transmitting RF signals. A RFID reader is utilized to read and process the information stored on a chip of the RFID device and may be utilized in order to encode information to the chip of the RFID device. [0005] In a typical RFID device, such as a RFID inlay or a RFID tag or label, a chip is connected to an antenna which is provided on a substrate. The conductor for an antenna in an RFID device is normally chosen to be greater than one (1) skin depth at the operating frequency, but is rarely greater than 10 times skin depth because it does not enhance an RFID antenna response. In addition materials and their relative thickness are also chosen for reasons of cost and flexibility. In order to provide a stronger security device that is not easily defeated, such as one that may be placed on the exterior of a shipping container, pallet or as party of a security tag, a typical RFID device is often encased in an injection molded case or inserted into a pre-formed housing to form a rigid, protective enclosure. However, this method can be extremely costly, time consuming and therefore not particularly desirable to manufacturers. RFID tags and inlays today may have a thickness ranging from about 10 mils to about 15 mils. The addition of a paper covering, such as when the RFID device makes up part of a label or tag, may increase the thickness of the device that is delivered to a customer, but such additional material does not generally provide any further functional performance to the RFID inlay itself. [0006] Thus, there exists a need in the marketplace for a security device that is not easily defeated, which may aid the marketer or retailer in increasing security and/or brand awareness. Additionally, it would be beneficial to produce a tag having the previously mentioned characteristics that is also aesthetically pleasing to the consumer and possesses a reusability option, a tag that can be used multiple times. Additionally, retailers may desire to provide a security device that serves as a marketing opportunity for their company. For instance a company may want to provide a security device that showcases a trademark or trade dress of the company that may be reused by a consumer independently from the purchased item further fostering brand awareness or other promotional activity. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] The embodiments of the present invention described below are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed in the following detailed description. Rather, the embodiments are chosen and described so that others skilled in the art may appreciate and understand the principles and practices of the present invention. [0008] The present invention provides a security device constructed out of rigid, conductive material that is able to resist removal through use of a physical force such as cutting, ripping, and/or tearing. This may be accomplished by providing a thick substrate having an opening in the conductive material with the opening having an open and closed end with the closed end extending into an area of the conductive material. The conductive material having the opening that defines an antenna, more typically a dipole antenna. The security device further includes a chip and/or strap within or positioned above the opening forming a RFID security device. [0009] The present invention contemplates that the antenna material may be formed into a plurality of geometric shapes, or may take on a configuration of a trademark, symbol, commemorative element, figurine or other configuration relating to a promotional or marketing event or theme, e.g. such as a football helmet, animal, sports apparatus, or the like. [0010] In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, the present invention provides a method of constructing a security device from a thick materials with an opening cut in a piece of antenna material. The opening has an open and closed end, and a chip is attached in between first and second sides of the open end of the opening. [0011] Other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description. It is to be understood, however, that the detailed description of the various embodiments and specific examples, while indicating preferred and other embodiments of the present invention, are given by way of illustration and not limitation. Many changes and modifications within the scope of the present invention may be made without departing from the spirit thereof, and the invention includes all such modifications. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0012] These, as well as other objects and advantages of this invention, will be more completely understood and appreciated by referring to the following more detailed description of the presently preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, of which: [0013] FIG. 1 depicts a security device of the present invention showing branding information pertaining to a company; [0014] FIG. 2 illustrates another embodiment of the present invention where the security device utilizes a different geometric shape; [0015] FIG. 3 provides a flow diagram of an exemplary method of making a security device of the present invention; [0016] FIGS. 4 a - 4 b illustrate security devices of the present invention that utilize geometric shapes contemplated by the present invention; [0017] FIG. 4 c illustrates a security device of the present invention in a trademark configuration; [0018] FIG. 5 depicts an embodiment of the present invention where the security device comprises more than one antenna; [0019] FIG. 6 illustrates the security device fixed to a garment by a lanyard; [0020] FIG. 7 a provides a cross sectional view of the security device of the present invention; and [0021] FIG. 7 b provides a cross sectional view of a conventional RFID device. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0022] The present invention is now illustrated in greater detail by way of the following detailed description which represents the best presently known mode of carrying out the invention. However, it should be understood that this description is not to be used to limit the present invention, but rather, is provided for the purpose of illustrating the general features of the invention. [0023] The term “skin depth” as used herein refers to a measure of the distance an alternating current can penetrate beneath the surface of a conductor so that the current density near the surface of the conductor is greater than at its core. That is, the electric current tends to flow at the skin or surface of the conductor at an average depth, called “skin depth.” Skin depth is a property of the material that varies with the frequency of an applied wave and can be calculated from the relative permittivity and conductivity of the material and frequency of the wave. For example the skin depth of certain materials at a frequency of 10 GHz expressed in micrometers is as follows: [0000] Conductor Skin Depth Aluminum 0.8 Copper 0.65 Gold 0.79 Silver 0.64 [0024] The skin depth of a material can vary at different frequencies, for example the following chart shows the skin depth of copper at various frequencies and again the measurement is expressed micrometers: [0000] Frequency Skin depth 60 Hz 8470 10 kHz 660 100 kHz 210 1 MHz 66 10 MHz 21 [0025] If the resistivity of aluminum is taken as 2.8×10 −8 Ωm and its relative permeability is 1, then the skin depth at a frequency of 50 Hz is given by: [0000] δ = 503  2.82 · 10 - 8 1 · 50 = 11.9   mm [0026] Iron has a higher resistivity, 1.0×10 −7 Ωm, and this will increase the skin depth. However, its relative permeability is typically 90, which will have the opposite effect. At 50 Hz the skin depth in iron is given by: [0000] δ = 503  1.0 · 10 - 7 90 · 50 = 2.4   mm [0027] Hence, the higher magnetic permeability of iron more than compensates for the lower resistivity of aluminum and the skin depth in iron is therefore five (5) times smaller. This will be true whatever the frequency, assuming the material properties are not themselves frequency-dependent. [0028] In the present invention, the material that is selected for use for the RFID device will have a skin depth typically greater than 10 times the skin depth required for a typical RFID device operating in one of ultra high frequency (UHF), high frequency (HF) or low frequency (LF). In other embodiments, the material may have a skin depth of 15 times the skin depth of a typical RFID device, 20 times greater, 25 times greater, 30 times greater, 50 times greater, 100 times greater or more, than a conventional RFID device, e.g. one in which the substrate is paper or plastic film, and the thickness is 10 to 15 mils. [0029] In reference to the figures, and initially to FIG. 1 , a security device 10 is depicted having an antenna constructed out of a conductive material, such as aluminum is provided. The antenna material has a perimeter 20 and an opening 30 . More specifically, the opening 30 which can also be referred to as a slot, aperture, or the like, has an open end 34 extending inwardly from the perimeter 20 of the antenna material toward the central or body portion of the antenna material. The open end 34 has a first side or edge 31 and a second 32 side or edge. The closed end 33 also has a closed portion 35 which terminates in an area of the antenna material inset from the perimeter 20 , that is more centrally disposed. The opening 30 contemplated by the present invention may take many shapes and have a number of sizes or dimensions, e.g. length/width. For instance the opening may be cut into a serpentine shape, with a number of back and forth segments, or the opening may resemble a question mark as illustrated in FIG. 2 . The opening in the antenna material defines a gap for a chip or strap to create a dipole antenna for a RFID device. The antenna created by the opening may be any type of antenna such as a dipole, loop, or slot antenna. The present invention also contemplates that the antenna material may have more than one opening 30 and may define more than one antenna. The security device 10 may further include an integrated circuit or chip 44 that is placed in between the first 31 and second 32 sides of the open end 34 of the opening 30 . Bridging the opening 30 is a strap 42 having an integrated circuit 44 . [0030] FIG. 2 illustrates a security device 100 having a strap 131 to facilitate a connection between the integrated circuit 130 and the first side 132 and the second side 132 of the open end 134 of the opening 130 in the perimeter 120 . The opening 130 may be filled with a dielectric material 135 , such as foam, rubber or other suitable material so as to protect the chip 110 from being prematurely removed or disabled as well as to prevent the opening from becoming clogged with other material that might impact performance of the device and to avoid the device from being caught on other exposed surfaces. [0031] FIG. 2 also provides that the branding information 140 can be presented in the form of human readable indicia. FIG. 2 also provides a sensor 142 which is connected 144 to the chip 110 . The sensor 142 can allow the chip to communicate the change in certain environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity or can be used to detect potential tampering or removal of the chip. [0032] The present invention contemplates that the antenna material may illustrate visual information 40 , for example, relating to a company logo, trademark, trade name, theme, promotion, marketing or political campaign, commemorative activity or the like. In one embodiment, the company information is etched into the antenna material via a laser cutter. In another embodiment, an adhesive label containing visual information may be adhered to the antenna material. Additionally visual information may be applied to the antenna material by embossing or forming a depression and filling the depression with a colored paint or ink. Other suitable methods may also be used in providing the branding or marketing information such as printing, painting, coating, abrasion, laminating and the like. [0033] Depending on the visual information's desirability to a consumer that is provided on the antenna material, the security device 10 ( FIG. 1 ) of the present invention may be retained by a consumer independent of an article after deactivation and removal of the security device 10 from an article to which it is attached. For example, the customer may retain the item as a collectible or memorabilia. In addition, such a security device 10 may provide the retailer or provider of the device with an additional sale opportunity, as the customer may request to purchase the device 10 at the time of purchasing the article to which the device 10 has been attached. The present invention contemplates that the security device of the present invention may serve other purposes relating to its aesthetic qualities rather than a security function, for example the device 10 can be used as part of a fastener, such as a zipper on a garment, part of a drawstring, snap, closure or other garment accessories, further enhancing the brand recognition or collectible nature of the particular tag. [0034] One potential concern that consumers may have in relation to a security device possessing RFID functionality relates to privacy and whether or not the consumer may be tracked via the RFID device after purchase. Upon deactivation of the security device 10 , such as at the point of check out, a consumer's privacy concerns should be eliminated, as the RFID device will no longer function and will no longer possess the capability to transmit information thereby preventing “tracking” of the individual or item associated with the security device. [0035] The security device of the present invention may be deactivated by cutting or removing the chip from the gap in the antenna material, folding the antenna material in any variety of directions to break the connection if the chip with the antenna, or by subjecting the RFID device to a magnet. Deactivation inhibits the functionality of the RFID device. [0036] The antenna material of the present invention may be any type of conductive material that can provide the functional performance for a RFID device contemplated by the present invention. In one exemplary embodiment the antenna material is aluminum, steel, copper or another type of conductive material. In an additional embodiment, the antenna material may have a thickness of equal to or greater than 2 mm. The antenna material of the present invention may be provided in one single layer, a laminate or multiple layers which together achieve a specified thickness. A shoplifter who attempts to steal an article attached to a security device having a thicker antenna than those disclosed in the prior art, will potentially inflict greater damage on the article thus defeating the thief's objective as more force will be required to remove the security device. [0037] In one embodiment of the present invention, a first and second material are used to form an antenna. The first material may be a type of conductive material, the second material may be a conductive material, or both the first and second antenna material may be a type of conductive material. [0038] The opening 30 ( FIG. 1 ) defines an antenna which in a preferred embodiment is a dipole antenna, which can be referred to as a “sloop antenna.” A dipole antenna that is constructed out of an antenna material that is substantially thicker than the antenna material disclosed in the prior art is an important characteristic of the present invention. [0039] The present invention contemplates that the security device 10 may further include or be otherwise associated with a fastener mechanism such as a pin and clutch or other types of fastener mechanisms commonly used in the art. Through the inclusion of additional security devices, further security measures can be added and to allow an article to be protected in multiple ways. [0040] FIG. 6 illustrates one embodiment where the security device 10 of the present invention is attached to an article by a lanyard 15 that may be looped through or around a portion of an article so as to further connect the security device to the article. [0041] In one embodiment of the present invention, the security device 10 of the present invention may be shaped into a variety of geometric shapes i.e. circle, square, rectangle, triangle, hexagon, pentagon, trapezoid, etc. The antenna material or blank of material to be used to create the antenna may be formed into shape by cutting, milling, punching, stamping, spark erosion or laser ablation. FIG. 1 illustrates a security device 10 of the present invention having a circular geometric shape. FIG. 2 illustrates a security device 10 of the present invention having a rectangular shape. FIGS. 4 a - 4 b shows the security device 10 having a triangular and octagonal shape respectively. FIG. 4 c illustrates the security device 10 in the shape of a company's trademark, such as the Avery Dennison Corporation logo. [0042] FIG. 3 depicts a method of constructing a security device 10 of the present invention. First, at least one layer or blank of conductive material having a perimeter 20 ( 200 ). Second at step ( 210 ), at least one opening 30 is cut into the conductive material such that the opening 30 extends inwardly from the perimeter to define an open end 34 in the perimeter or side edge of the blank. The opening has first 31 and second 32 sides and a closed end 33 extending into an area, central area or the interior of the blank inset from the perimeter of the antenna material. Third, at step ( 220 ), an integrated circuit 130 is attached between the first 31 and second 32 side of the open end of the opening 30 . Fourth, at step ( 230 ) the at least one opening 30 is filled in with a dielectric material 135 . Lastly, at step ( 240 ) the blank of antenna stock is encapsulated with either an epoxy based or thermoplastic material. [0043] In one embodiment of the present invention, a strap may be positioned at variable positions in the present invention depending on the particular performance required for the device. For example, a strap in the form of a loop having both magnetic and electric field may be positioned so that the magnetic field coupling can be relatively high near the closed 33 end of the opening 30 . [0044] In one embodiment, in order to make the security tag more robust, the opening 30 may be filled with a suitable material such as a thermoplastic by injecting a dielectric material into the opening, or by encapsulation of the blank of antenna stock with an epoxy based material by coating. FIG. 7 a shows a side view of the security device with a chip 44 connected by a strap 42 to the antenna material 50 , the antenna material has a skin depth W1. The chip 44 is encapsulated in a dielectric material 135 and the antenna material 50 coated by an epoxy based material 55 . FIG. 7 b depicts a conventional RFID construction, where the chip 44 is fixed to an antenna material 50 with a skin depth W2 which is printed onto a substrate material 60 . [0045] In yet another embodiment contemplated by the present invention, in order to obtain good RFID performance including good conductivity and low relative magnetic permeability, and mechanical strength, these features may not be achieved by use of a single material, and as such laminated or plated metals may be used in combination with other materials. For instance, steel may be used because of its great strength and relatively low thickness, but it is a poor choice for an RFID antenna due its magnetic conductive properties. However, a composite with a >1 skin depth of copper plated onto steel, will provide antenna material that will provide a better performance at a lower cost than using a blank composed completely of copper. [0046] FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of the present invention, showing a plurality of openings in the antenna material which may define other types of antennas besides a dipole antenna such as a tripole or a hybrid antenna. Providing multiple antennas on a single blank and then connecting those antennas to the integrated circuit 44 either directly by connector 45 or indirectly by alternative means can be used to provide a device that can operate in other communication environments. The blank of material may also include a sensor that can be connected to the antenna to signal exposure to a particular environmental event such as temperature or humidity, or for use in detecting tampering or other security related issues. [0047] Even though the present invention discusses the use of the invention described herein in accordance with a RFID device, it is also contemplated that the invention disclosed may be viewed solely for its potential usage as an independent antenna. It is also contemplated by the present invention, that the invention may be utilized as a “dummy” security device, which resembles a security device for deterrence reasons but does not actually function, that is the device cannot be read by a reader or used to track the item. [0048] It will thus be seen according to the present invention a highly advantageous security device with a thicker dipole antenna has been provided. While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, and that many modifications and equivalent arrangements may be made thereof within the scope of the invention, which scope is to be accorded the broadest interpretation of the appended claims so as to encompass all equivalent structures and products. [0049] The inventors hereby state their intent to rely on the Doctrine of Equivalents to determine and assess the reasonably fair scope of their invention as it pertains to any apparatus, system, method or article not materially departing from but outside the literal scope of the invention as set out in the following claims.

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TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] The present invention relates to a process for the removal of ethylene oxide (hereinafter “EO”) from streams of air using a zeolite-based media. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Ethylene oxide (“EO”) is highly toxic. The US Department of Labor Occupational Safety and Health Administration (“OSHA”) has set stringent guidelines aimed at protecting workers performing operations in an environment potentially contaminated with EO. The Permissible Exposure Limit (“PEL”) for EO has been established at 1.8 mg/m 3 (approximately 1 ppm). As a result, effective, low cost means of removing EO from ambient streams of air are needed. [0003] Impregnated, activated carbon is known to strongly adsorb a wide variety of organic chemicals from ambient air streams. Impregnated, activated carbon does not, however, function well under conditions of high relative humidity, (hereinafter “RH”) such as for example greater than about 70 to 80% RH. This is because under conditions of high RH, water vapor is adsorbed by the activated carbon, filling the pores and thereby greatly reducing the adsorption capacity for organic chemical such as EO. [0004] Kruse and Hammer (U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,410) disclose an acidified resin capable of filtering EO. Although the acidified resin is able to very effectively filter EO at up to 50% RH, the performance of the material begins to decrease as the RH is increased past 50%. Although details are not provided, the authors report a decrease in performance as the RH is increased beyond 50%, and “unsatisfactory” performance at 85% RH. [0005] Pollara and Liddle (U.S. Pat. No. 4,612,026) report the use of activated carbon impregnated with copper, silver and chrome employed in a filter to remove EO from streams of air. The authors report that the filter is able to effectively remove EO to sub ppm levels, however, process conditions such as flow rates, atmospheric temperature and atmospheric relative humidity are not provided. [0006] Depending on the environment and environmental conditions, the water content associated with ambient air can vary over a wide range, from less than about 10% to greater than about 80% relative humidity (RH). Although a number of media, such as, for example, activated carbon and resins, are capable of removing EO from dry air, these materials fail to effectively filter EO under conditions where the relative humidity is high (U.S. Pat. No. 4,813,410). Therefore a need exists for a method to remove EO from ambient humid air streams. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] The present invention, according to one embodiment, comprises a process for removing ethylene oxide from air over a wide range of ambient temperatures and relative humidity conditions, said process comprising contacting the air with a zeolite for a sufficient time to remove ethylene oxide. The preferred process of the present invention uses the preferred zeolite, “H-ZSM-5,” to remove EO from ambient humid air. [0008] According to another embodiment, the present invention comprises a process for the removal of EO, ammonia, and/or formaldehyde from air over a wide range of ambient temperatures and relative humidity conditions, said process comprising contacting the air with a zeolite for a sufficient time period to remove ethylene oxide, ammonia, and/or formaldehyde, said zeolite preferably being impregnated with a compound selected from the group consisting of sulfates, fluorides, chlorides, nitrates, organic acids, and mixtures thereof. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0009] The present invention relates, according to our embodiment, to processes for removing EO from ambient air streams over a wide RH range, e.g., from less than 15% to greater than 80% relative humidity at temperatures of about 75±50° F. According to one embodiment of the present inventive process, the ambient air stream containing EO is passed through a filtration device in a manner that allows for contacting the EO contaminated process stream with a zeolite, preferably, H-ZSM-5. EO is removed from the ambient air stream via adsorption of EO into the pores of the zeolite followed by chemical reaction. The filtration device employing the zeolite may take on many shapes and geometric forms depending upon the application, so long as the filtration device promotes contact between the stream being treated and the zeolite. The linear velocity by which the EO contaminated air stream passes through the zeolite, e.g., filter bed, will be a function of the many parameters, such as, for example, the bed depth, the ambient concentration of EO, flow rate, etc. Examples of filtration devices which may utilize the present invention include but are not limited to, for example, gas mask canisters, respirators, filter banks such as those employed in fume hoods, ventilation systems, etc. A blower motor, fan, etc. may be used as a means of forcing ambient air through the device, if desired. [0010] The acidified zeolite of the present invention functions effectively at water contents of the ambient air between about 5% and about 95% relative humidity (RH). At RH below about 5%, insufficient water may be present in the process stream to effectively remove EO. As the RH is increased above 95%, the effectiveness of the removal media becomes less than optimum. Should the RH fall below the specified range, water may be added to the process to increase the RH. Alternatively, should the RH level be too high (greater than about 95% RH), the ambient stream may be mildly heated to decrease the RH. The temperature of the ambient air ranges from about −25° F. to about 125° F. The contact time between the zeolite and the ambient air stream being treated can vary greatly depending on the nature of the application, such as for example, the desired filtration capacity, flow rates and concentration of EO in the ambient air stream. However, in order to achieve a threshold level of EO removal, the contact time (e.g., bed depth divided by the linear velocity) should be greater than about 0.025 seconds. A contact time of greater than 0.2 seconds is preferred for most applications, and a contact time of greater than 0.5 seconds is even more preferred for applications involving high concentrations of EO, or for applications where it is desired to achieve a high EO capacity in, e.g., a filter bed. [0011] Preferably, the zeolite of the present invention is employed in an acid form. The preferred zeolite of the present invention, ZSM-5, may be purchased from commercial sources, such as for example UOP. Alternatively, ZSM-5 may be synthesized using techniques known to one skilled in the art. Preparation of ZSM-5 was first reported in U.S. Pat. No. 3,702,886. ZSM-5 is a high silica zeolite consisting of a series of interconnecting parallel and sinusoidal channels approximately 5.8 Å in diameter (Szostak, Molecular Sieves: Principles of Synthesis and Identification, 1989, p.14, 23-25). ZSM-5 is a member of the pentisil family of zeolites which includes zeolitic materials whose structure consists of 5-membered rings. Additional zeolites belonging to the pentisil family include ZSM-8, ZSM-11, etc. ZSM-5 can be prepared with a range of SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratios, from greater than or equal to about 10,000 to less than or equal to about 20. Because of its high silica content and small pores, ZSM-5 is hydrophobic, adsorbing a relatively small amount of water under high RH conditions. Acidification of ZSM-5 is performed using techniques well known to one skilled in the art, such as for example ion exchange. Acidification of ZSM-5 provides the necessary acid sites to catalyze the hydrolysis of EO. As prepared, ZSM-5 is a powder consisting of crystals typically less than about 50 μm in length. As prepared ZSM-5 is generally neutral or mildly basic. Acidification of ZSM-5 is typically accomplished through cation exchange reactions using techniques known to one skilled in the art. For example, cation exchange may be performed by slurrying as-synthesized ZSM-5 powder in water, heating the water to about 50° C. to about 80° C., then adding an ammonium salt solution, such as for example ammonium chloride, ammonium bisulfate, etc., to the slurry. After slurrying, the cation exchanged ZSM-5 is filtered from the solution, dried and calcined at an elevated temperature, such as for example 550° C. Calcination of the zeolite results in decomposition of the ammonium complex, resulting in a proton as the charge balancing cation; whereby the proton constitutes the acid site. [0012] The aluminum content of the ZSM-5 employed in this invention will greatly affect the performance of the resulting EO removal media. For example, acidified ZSM-5 containing a minimal amount of aluminum (SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 greater than about 1,000) will not effectively filter EO because of the small number of acid sites. Therefore, it is desired that that the SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio of the ZSM-5 employed in this application be less than about 200, with the preferred SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio between about 90 and about 30. [0013] As-synthesized and subsequent ion exchange, H-ZSM-5 exists as small crystals. According to various embodiments of the present invention, the zeolite may be configured in the form of particles, rings, cylinders, spheres, etc. Alternatively, the zeolite, e.g., H-ZSM-5, may be configured as a monolith, or coated onto the walls of a ceramic material, such as for example honeycomb corderite. Failure to configure the zeolite (e.g., H-ZSM-5 crystals) as described above will result in excessive pressure drop across the filtration media. Configuring the zeolite, preferably H-ZSM-5 crystals, into various geometrical shapes can be performed using operations well known to one skilled in the art. These techniques include pilling, extruding, etc. Binders, such as for example clays, silicates, plastics, etc., may or may not be required for the given application; however, the use of binders in the formation of zeolite rings, particles, etc., is preferred. [0014] The acidified forms of zeolites of the pentisil family, such as, for example H-ZSM-8, H-ZSM-11, etc. are also within the scope of the present invention. However, ZSM-5 is the preferred zeolite. [0015] Often times, it is desired that the removal material be capable of removing a range of chemicals from streams of air, such as for example epoxides, basic chemicals, etc. Because the novel process described herein is able to filter EO, and epoxide, the novel process can also be applied to the removal of additional epoxides, such as for example propyleneoxide, etc. Further, because the novel process described herein employs acid sites to remove EO, the novel process can also be applied to the removal of basic chemicals; such as, for example ammonia, from streams of air. Further, the novel process can be applied to multi-use applications, such as for example applications requiring the removal of multiple epoxides, or removal of EO plus additional basic chemicals from streams of air. [0016] Should it be desired that the novel process described herein be employed in a multi-use application, such as for example a process requiring the removal of EO and NH 3 , a preferred process will involve use of H-ZSM-5 particles prepared using an acidified binder material, or particles that are impregnated with acids or acid precursors, such as for example sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, ammonium bisulfate, ammonium chloride, ammonium fluoride, ammonium nitrate, citric acid, formic acid, etc. Acidification of binder material can be performed using techniques known to one skilled in the art, such as for example impregnating the preferred H-ZSM-5 particles with ammonium bisulfate, ammonium chloride, etc. solutions, followed by calcination at an elevated temperature sufficient to decompose the ammonium complex. Organic acids, such as for example citric acid, can also be impregnated into the zeolite particles. Such a treatment will result in zeolite particles with an acidic binder, with the acidity of the binder resulting from the presence of for example sulfate, chloride, etc. Alternatively, the binder material can be acidified through the addition of acid precursors to the binder, such as for example the addition of aluminum sulfate to the binder. Additionally, basic chemical filtration performance can be added to the particles via impregnation with metal sulfates, chlorides, etc. EXAMPLES [0017] Laboratory scale tests were performed to evaluate the ability of the present inventive zeolite to remove EO from ambient air streams. A description of the laboratory scale test stand follows: A stream of compressed air delivered from a mass flow controller is delivered to a water sparger located within a temperature controlled water bath. A second stream of compressed, dry air (dew point temperature less than about minus 20° F.) is delivered from a second mass flow controller and is blended with the humid air stream from the water sparger. The water content of the air stream is controlled by controlling flow rates of the two process streams. An RH meter is located downstream of the point where the dry air stream and humid air stream are mixed. The RH meter is used to measure and record the humidity of the air stream. An EO/air mixture delivered from a mass flow controller is blended with the process stream downstream of the RH meter. The resulting EO/humid air stream is delivered to the filtration test assembly. The filtration test assembly consists of a glass tube fitted with a small mesh screen sufficient to support the bed of filtration material. A portion of the effluent stream is delivered to an IR analyzer used to quantitatively determine the concentration of EO in the filter effluent stream. A portion of the feed stream is delivered to a second IR analyzer used to quantitatively determine the concentration of EO in the feed stream during the run. [0018] When performing tests under conditions of high RH, the zeolite was pre-humidified overnight in an environmental chamber at 27° C., 80% RH. All tests were performed at 80° F. at either 15% RH or 80% RH. All breakthrough times are reported corresponding to an effluent EO concentration of 1.8 mg/M 3 . Example I (Comparative) [0019] CWS carbon having a surface area of 1,200 m 2 /g was obtained from Calgon Carbon Corporation (Pittsburgh, Pa.) as 12×30 mesh granules. 100 g of the granules were dried in an oven at 110° C. overnight, then impregnated to incipient wetness using an 8% H 2 SO 4 /water solution. The resulting material was then dried in a forced convection oven overnight at 110° C. Product material had a sulfate content of nominally 10% by weight. [0020] 15 cm 3 of the 10% SO 4 /CWS material was placed in the filter tube as described above. The bed depth was 2.0 cm. The material was challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 EO in 15% RH air at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The EO breakthrough time was 187 minutes. [0021] The above test was repeated using an additional 15 cm 3 of the 10% SO 4 /CWS. The material was pre-humidified overnight at 27° C., 80% RH. Following pre-humidification, the moisture pick-up of the material was determined to be 0.3 g of water per g of material. The pre-humidified material was challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 EO in humid air (27° C., 80% RH) at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The EO breakthrough time was 1.5 minutes. [0022] The above example demonstrates the inefficiency of acidified carbon to filter EO under conditions of high RH. Example II [0023] ZSM-5 with a SiO 2 /Al 2 O 3 ratio of 45 was prepared by combining 1,200 g of colloidal silica solution (Ludox AS-40, 40 wt % SiO 2 ) with 131 g of tetrapropylammonium bromide dissolved in 350 ml of DI water. To this mixture was added a solution consisting of 125 g of sodium hydroxide and 29 g of sodium aluminate. The resulting solution was thoroughly mixed, then added to two, 2-liter Teflon lined autoclave. The autoclaves were placed within a forced convection oven at 180° C. for 3 days. Upon completion, the resulting material was removed from the autoclaves, filtered and washed to neutrality. Resulting material was then calcined at 650° C. for 6 hours in order to remove the organic cation. Product ZSM-5 was in the form of a powder consisting of approximately 2 μm particles. [0024] Product ZSM-5 was acidified by ion exchange with ammonium chloride. 180 g of product ZSM-5 was slurried in a 1 liter glass beaker containing 550 ml of deionized water. The slurry was heated to 80° C. A second solution consisting of 8.53 g of ammonium chloride dissolved in 80 ml DI water was added dropwise to the slurry. Following 4 hours, the ZSM-5 was filtered from the slurry, dried and calcined at 550° C. for 4 hours. The above ion exchange procedure was repeated a second time. The acidity of the ion exchanged H-ZSM-5 was verified by slurrying 1 g of calcined ZSM-5 in 50 ml of deionized water. The pH of the resulting slurry was 4.2. [0025] 153 g of the powdered H-ZSM-5 from above was mixed with 115 g of colloidal silica (Ludox AS-40, 40 wt % SiO 2 ) for the purpose of preparing particles of H-ZSM-5, with the colloidal silica serving as a binder. The resulting paste was dried at 80° C., then calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours. The resulting material was then crushed and sieved to 12×30 mesh particles. 15 cm 3 of 12×30 mesh particles of H-ZSM-5 described above was placed in the filter tube as described previously. The bed depth was 2.0 cm. The material was challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 EO in dry air (15% RH) at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The EO breakthrough time was greater than 180 minutes. [0026] The above test was repeated using an additional 15 cm 3 of the 12×30 mesh particles of acidified ZSM-5. The bed depth was 2.0 cm. The material was pre-humidified overnight at 27° C., 80% RH. Following pre-humidification, the material picked up approximately 0.07 g of water per g of material. The pre-humidified material was challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 EO in humid air (27° C., 80% RH) at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The EO breakthrough time was 130 minutes. [0027] The above test demonstrates the ability of H-ZSM-5 to filter EO under conditions of low and high humidity. Example III [0028] Commercial ZSM-5 was purchased from UOP (product AE-10) as crystals. Product AE-10 was calcined at 600° C. for 6 hours as per manufacturer's instructions to produce the acid form of the zeolite. Following calcination, 1.0 g of AE-10 was slurried in 50 ml of DI water. The pH of the slurry was determined to be 3.50. Calcined AE-10 particles were prepared by adding 886 g of calcined AE-10 to a 1 gallon pail. A solution was next prepared by adding 997 g of zirconium oxynitrate (20% by weight ZrO 2 ) and 100 g of Ludox AS-40 colloidal silica solution (40% by weight SiO 2 ) to a 1 liter beaker. The resulting solution was mixed, then added to the calcined AE-10 along with 38.0 g of Catapal D pseudo-boehmite (70% by weight Al 2 O 3 ). The resulting dough was kneaded by hand, then dried at 70° C. Following drying, the resulting material was calcined at 550° C. for 4 hours. Following calcination, the material was crushed and sieved to 20×40 mesh particles, then wet-sieved to remove fines and dried at 110° C. The density of the resulting material was 0.71 g/cm 3 . The pH of the resulting particles was recorded by slurrying 1.0 g of particles in 50 ml DI water. The pH of the resulting slurry was 4.3, indicating that the resulting particles were acidic. 7.5 cm 3 of the 20×40 mesh particles of H-ZSM-5 described above were placed in the filter tube as described previously. The bed depth was 1.0 cm. The material was pre-humidified overnight in an environmental chamber at 27° C., 80% RH. Moisture pick-up by the material following pre-humidification was less than 0.1 g moisture per 9 material. Following pre-humidification, the particles were challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 EO at 27° C. in 80% RH air at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The EO breakthrough time was 95 minutes. [0029] 7.5 cm 3 of the 20×40 mesh particles of H-ZSM-5 described above were placed in the filter tube as described previously. The bed depth was 1.0 cm. The particles were challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 NH 3 at 27° C. in 15% RH air at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The NH 3 filtration test was performed under conditions of low RH because these conditions represent a greater challenge to the filtration media, due to the solubility of NH 3 in water. The NH 3 breakthrough time (to 35 mg/m 3 ) was 46 minutes. Example IV [0030] 50.0 g of 20×40 mesh ZSM-5 particles prepared in Example III were impregnated to incipient using 50.0 ml of a solution prepared by dissolving 4.05 g of (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 (ammonium bisulfate) in 50 ml of DI water. The resulting material was dried at 70° C., then calcined at 550° C. for 3 hours in order to decompose the ammonia salt. The resulting material had a nominal sulfate content of 6%. [0031] The resulting 6% SO 4 /H-ZSM-5 particles were evaluated for their ability to remove EO and NH3 from streams of air as described in Example III. At 80% RH and 27° C., the EO breakthrough time was 92 minutes. At 15% RH and 27° C., the ammonia breakthrough time was 58 minutes. The above example illustrates that sulfating the binder material increases the NH 3 breakthrough time while not significantly affecting the EO breakthrough time. Example V [0032] H-ZSM-5 particles prepared according to the method described in Example III were evaluated for their ability to filter formaldehyde. 7.5 cm 3 of the 20×40 mesh particles of H-ZSM-5 were placed in the filter tube as described previously. The bed depth was 1.0 cm. The material was pre-humidified overnight in an environmental chamber at 27° C., 80% RH. Moisture pick-up by the material following pre-humidification was less than 0.1 g moisture per g material. Following pre-humidification, the particles were challenged with 1,000 mg/m 3 formaldehyde in 80% RH air at a linear velocity of 6 cm/s (contact time=0.33 seconds). The formaldehyde breakthrough time (to 1.2 mg/m 3 ) was 30 minutes. The test was repeated using as-received material and performed in 15% RH air at 27° C. The formaldehyde breakthrough time was 74 minutes. Example VI [0033] 50.0 g of 20×40 mesh ZSM-5 particles prepared in Example III were impregnated to incipient using 50.0 ml of a solution prepared by dissolving 5.0 g of citric acid in 50 ml of DI water. The resulting material was dried at 80° C. to remove the moisture. The resulting material had a nominal citric acid content of 6%. [0034] The resulting 6% citric acid/H-ZSM-5 particles were evaluated for their ability to remove EO and NH 3 from streams of air as described in Example III. At 80% RH, the EO breakthrough time was 70 minutes. At 15% RH, the ammonia breakthrough time was 60 minutes. The above example illustrates that adding citric acid to the particles will increase the NH 3 breakthrough time while slightly reducing the EO breakthrough time. [0035] The form of the invention described herein represents illustrative preferred embodiments and certain modifications thereto. It is understood that various changes/modifications/additions may be made without departing from the invention as defined in the claimed subject matter that follows.

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This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/792,635 filed Jan. 31, 1997 which application is now U.S. Pat. No. 5,858,551. FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to the synthesis from polyethylene terephthalate (PET) such as virgin PET, recycled PET, post consumer PET, or precursor raw materials of novel water dispersible or water emulsifiable polyester resins having improved hydrophobicity or non-polar characteristics. The present invention also relates to resins having excellent hydrophobic character, also good ability to orient the hydrophobic groups away from substrates to which they are applied and high water drop contact angles of the coated surface. The above characteristics give the applied film of these dispersions or emulsions much improved water repellency while at the same time retaining their redispersible or reemulsifiable properties. Such resins can be used for many applications in the paper, textile, coatings, paint, construction, and other industries. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION AND DESCRIPTION OF THE PRIOR ART Several patents have been written relating to the synthesis of water soluble, dispersible, or emulsifiable polyester resins. For example, Altenberg, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,604,410, has proposed making etherified aromatic polyols by digesting scrap polyalkylene terephthalate with a low molecular weight polyhydroxy compound, containing 3-8 hydroxyl groups. A resulting intermediate is alkoxylated with 1-4 moles of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide. The final product is useful in making polyurethane and polyisocyanurate foams. Sperenza et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,485,196 have recited reacting recycled polyethylene terephthalate scrap with an alkylene oxide, such as propylene oxide. The product can be used in making rigid foams. Other methods of reacting scrap polyalkylene terephthalate with glycols or polyols are proposed by Svoboda et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,104; and Altenberg et al. U.S. Pat. No. 4,701,477. In applicant's previous invention (U.S. Pat. No. 4,977,191 to Salsman) there is disclosed a water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester resin suitable for textile sizing applications. The polyester resin comprises a reaction product of 20-50% by weight of waste terephthalate polymer, 10-40% by weight of at least one glycol and 5-25% by weight of at least one oxyalkylated polyol. Preferred compositions also comprise 20-50% by weight of isophthalic acid. A further water-soluble or water-dispersible resin comprises a reaction product of 20-50% by weight of waste terephthalate polymer, 10-50% by weight of at least one glycol and 20-50% by weight of isophthalic acid. U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,615 to Rao et al teaches coating compositions derived from alcoholysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Most preferably, the PET is recycled or reclaimed from plastic articles. Dale et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 4,104,222, have proposed making a dispersion of linear polyester resins by mixing linear polyester resin with a higher alcohol/ethylene oxide addition-type surface-active agent, melting the mixture and dispersing the resulting melt in an aqueous alkali solution. The products are used as coating and impregnating agents. References proposing the use of copolymers containing terephthalic units and units derived from alkylene and polyoxyalkylene glycols for fiber or fabric treatment include Hayes (U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,230), Nicol et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 3,962,152), Wada et al. (U.S. Pat. No. 4,027,346), Nicol (U.S. Pat. No. 4,125,370) and Bauer (U.S. Pat. No. 4,370,143). Marshall et al., in U.S. Pat. No. 3,814,627, have proposed applying an ester, based on polyethylene glycol, to polyester yam. In our other patent U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,630 (Salsman), we disclose sulfonated water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester resin compositions made by treating a polyester glycolysis product with an alpha, beta-ethylenically unsaturated dicarboxylic acid and then with a sulfite. The following U.S. patents describe polyester resins containing fatty acid moieties: U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,080,316; 4,179,420; 4,181,638; 4,413,116; 4,497,933; 4,517,334; 4,540,751; 4,555,564; 4,686,275; 5,075,417 and 5,530,059. None of the above patents disclose the resins of the present invention which have excellent hydrophobic and high contact angles when a drop of water is applied to surfaces coated with such resins. The resins described in the above prior art have found applications in textiles, coatings, and adhesive. All of these resins however have a fairly polar nature which limits their use to adhesion promoters or coating applications where water resistance is not a major factor or where the water resistance is being supplied by other additives. No mention of water repellent properties has been associated with these polyester resins. In some instances larger amounts of oils are fatty acids are used to supply cross-linking and thermosetting properties to the polyester resins. This chemistry has been labeled "alkyd" chemistry. During the drying phase cross-linking occurs between chains, and the applied coating becomes insoluble. To this date the inventor has no knowledge of prior polyester art where the water dispersible or emulsifiable polyester resins of said art has incorporated enough non-polar groups to supply hydrophobic character or properties to the substrate on which these dispersions are applied and/or at the same time retain water redispersibility. The main problem with most non-polar materials that have reactive condensation sites is that these materials have only one reactive site. (For example stearic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, behenic acid, etc. These are most likely isolated from naturally occurring triglycerides such as vegetable and animal fats and oils.) This means that in the polyester condensation reaction they become chain terminators and the amounts that can be used are severely limited because the greater the amount the less the molecular weight of the resin. In alkyd chemistry advantage is taken from the unsaturation in oils and cross linking reactions can be used. However reaction through unsaturation does not exposed sufficient areas of the oil modified chain to provide hydrophobic and water repellent properties to the coatings produced from this chemistry. The resins described in this invention have overcome the problem of chain termination by using a highly modified polyester backbone. In this way polyester resins can be made containing 30 percent or more of monofunctional monomers, such as stearic acid, to provide a much improved non-polar nature. Then, using reactions cited in our previous patents, these resins can be made into water dispersions or emulsions. Because of the large amount of hydrophobic or non-polar functionality these resins cannot be considered water soluble as some previous sulfonated resins have been. When these dispersions or emulsions are applied to most substrates and dried, orientation of the hydrophobic areas of the chain occurs and the surface of the substrate becomes water repellent, with the degree of water repellency corresponding to the thickness and concentration of the initial coating. This water repellency is obvious from the high contact angle of a drop of distilled water placed on the substrate. This high contact angle is not evident in previous water dispersible resins. The prior art is silent regarding the new water dispersible and polyester resins of the present invention which are derived from polyethylene terephthalate and which exhibits high water repellency as evidenced by high contact angles. OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION It is a primary object of the invention to provide water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester resin compositions having improved hydrophobicity. It is a further object of the invention to provide water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester resin compositions having improved hydrophobicity and non-polar characteristics. It is an additional object of the invention to provide water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester resin compositions having improved water repellency. It is yet another object of the invention to provide water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester resin compositions having improved oil and water-repellency. An additional object of the invention is to utilize waste polyester material in the production of polyester resins having improved hydrophobicity and non-polar characteristics. It is still another object of the invention to use the water-dispersible polyester compositions as coatings for fiber, paper or fabric. It is yet a further object of the invention to produce water-soluble or water-dispersible polyester coating compositions having improved oil and water-repellency. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Briefly, the present invention relates to water dispersible/and redispersible hydrophobic polyester resins derived typically from PET, especially recycled PET having improved hydrophobicity or non-polar characteristics. The present invention is directed to polyester resins having the following general formula: I.sub.n -P-A.sub.m wherein I is the ionic group; n is an integer in the range of 1-3 and defines the number of ionic groups; P is a polyester backbone; A is an aliphatic group; and m is an integer in the range of 3-8 and defines the number of aliphatic groups. The ionic groups I which are required for water-dispersibility are typically derived from a carboxylic acid group which is introduced into the resin by polyacid monomers The weight percent of ionic monomers in the resin is from 1% to 20% percent, with 5 to 10% of ionic monomer being preferred. The backbone P of the polymer is composed of polyester groups. It can be any linear or branched polyester made using polyacids and polyalcohols. The preferred method is to generate the backbone using polyester from recycled sources. The weight percent of the polyester backbone ingredients range from 30-80% of the whole resin, with the most preferred being 50-60% by weight. The aliphatic groups A consist of stright or branched 6-24 carbon chain fatty acids or triglycerides thereof. The weight percent of the aliphatic moiety can be 10-60% with 20-40% by weight being the preferred amount. The water dispersible and hydrophobic polyester resins of the present invention have excellent water repellent properties as evidenced by their contact angle measurements when used as coatings. The contact angles achieved when the resins are coated on paper are of the order of 98 or higher. The present invention is also directed to a water dispersible and hydrophobic polyester resin, comprising a reaction product of 30-70% by weight of a terephthalate polymer; 5-40% by weight of a hydroxy functional compound having at least two hydroxyl groups; 1-20% by weight of a carboxy functional compound having at least two carboxyl groups and 10-60% by weight of a compound selected from the group of C 6 -C 24 straight chain or branched fatty acid or triglycerides thereof said resin being farther characterized in that the hydroxy functional compound is present at 1-3 times the equivalents of the hydrophobic moiety. The instant invention is also directed to substrates such as paper, paperboard, food packaging, textiles, concrete and the like coated with a polyester resin comprising a reaction product of 30-70% by weight of a terephthalate polymer; 5-40% by weight of a hydroxy functional compound having at least two hydroxyl groups; 1-20% by weight of a carboxy functional compound having at least two carboxyl groups and 10-60% by weight of a hydrophobic compound selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 24 straight chain or branched fatty acid or triglycerides thereof. The present invention is also directed to an article of manufacture comprising a substrate coated with a water dispersible and hydrophobic polyester coating composition comprising a reaction product of 40-60% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate polymer; 1-10% by weight of neopentylglycol; 5-10% pentaerythritol; 3 to 15% by weight of trimellitic acid or trimellitic anhydride; and 10-45% by weight of stearic acid. The invention also features a water repellent polyester coating composition, comprising a reaction product of 30-70% by weight of a terephthalate polymer; 5-40% by weight of a hydroxy functional compound having at least two hydroxyl groups; 1-20% by weight of a carboxy functional compound having at least two carboxyl groups and 10-60% by weight of a hydrophobic compound selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 24 straight chain or branched fatty acid or triglycerides thereof. Another novel aspect of the invention is a water repellent polyester coating composition, comprising a reaction product of 40-60% by weight of polyethylene terephthalate polymer; 1-10% by weight of neopentylglycol; 5-10% pentaerythritol; 3 to 15% by weight of trimellitic acid or trimellitic anhydride; and 10-45% by weight of stearic acid. The invention is also directed to a method for imparting water repellency to substrates selected from the group consisting of fibrous substrates and leather comprising applying to such substrates a composition comprising the reaction product of 30-70% by weight of a terephthalate polymer; 5-40% by weight of a hydroxy functional compound having at least two hydroxyl groups; 1-20% by weight of a carboxy functional compound having at least two carboxyl groups and 10-60% by weight of a hydrophobic compound selected from the group consisting of C 6 -C 24 straight chain or branched fatty acid or triglycerides thereof. The invention also describes polyester resins which can be made containing 30 percent or more of monofunctional monomers, such as stearic acid, to provide a much improved non-polar nature. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The objects of the present invention and many of the expected advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description. The novel water dispersible resins of the present invention can be represented as shown by the following structure: I.sub.n -P-A.sub.m where I is the ionic group; n=1-3 defines the number of the ionic groups; P is polyester; A is an aliphatic group; and m=3-8 represents the aliphatic group number. There are four necessary requirements for the polyester chemistry of the present invention: 1. A polyester backbone. 2. A multifunctional glycol in the backbone providing additional hydroxyl functionality present at 1-3 times the equivalents of group 3. 3. A hydrophobic moiety, such as but not limited to, a saturated fatty acid. This moiety is present at one third to two thirds the equivalents of the number 2 component and must be present in total formula at 10 to 50 weight percent, the preferred level being 15-40 weight percent depending on the needed degree of water repellency. 4. An ionic moiety, either in the backbone or terminally located, present at 5-20 weight percent, the preferred quantity being 10-15 weight percent. This moiety can be neutralized with base if necessary to supply dispersibility in water. There physical properties that make the resins of the present invention unique are: 1. Hydrophobic character. 2. Ability of these resins to orient the hydrophobic groups away from substrates to which they are applied. 3. Evidence of hydrophobic orientation as characterized by high water drop contact angles of the coated surface. The water dispersible and hydrophobic polyester compositions of this invention imparts desirable water and oil repellency to substrates treated therewith without adversely affecting other desirable properties of the substrate, such as soft hand (or feeling). The composition of the present invention can be used for providing water and oil repellency to fibrous substrates such as textiles, papers, non-woven articles or leather or to other substrates such as plastic, wood, metals, glass, stone and concrete. The water-dispersible resins of the present invention are synthesized by condensation polymerization with original or recycled PET or polyacid-polyalcohol multifunctional acids or alcohols! used to make polyesters along with aliphatic acids or hydrogenated or unhydrogenated animal or vegetable triglycerides. The water-soluble or water-dispersible resins are made from waste terephthalate polymers, including bottles, sheet material, textile wastes and the like. The waste terephthalate plastics may be bought from recyclers and include, but are not limited to, material identified as "PET rock". The waste terephthalate can be characterized by the unit formula ##STR1## wherein R is the residue of an aliphatic or cycloaliphatic glycol of 2-10 carbons of or oxygenated glycol of the formula HO(C.sub.x H.sub.2x O).sub.n C.sub.x H.sub.2x OH (2) wherein x is an integer from 2-4 and n is 1-10. Preferably the waste terephthalate polymer is a polyalkylene terephthalates such as polyethylene terephthalate and polybutylene terephthalate, polycyclohexanedimethanol terephthalate or a mixture thereof. Other suitable polyester polymers which can be used in the practice of the present invention include poly1,2 and poly1,3 propylene terephthalate and polyethylene naphthanate. It will be understood that, for reasons of economy, the use of waste terephthalates is preferred. However, the use of virgin terephthalate resins is to be included within the scope of the disclosure and appended claims. The ionic group I n needed for water-dispersibility can be a carboxylic acid which is introduced into the resin by polyacid monomers such as Trimellitic anhydride, Trimellitic acid, or Maleic Anhydride or sulfonate groups which come from monomers such as dimethyl 5-sulfoisophthalate (DMSIP or dimethyl 5-sulfo,1,3-benzenedicarboxylate), sulfoisophthalate ethylene glycol (SIPEG or dihydroxyethyl 5-sulfo1,3-benzenedicarboxylate, or from sulfonated alkenically unsaturated end groups as described in Salsman U.S. Pat. No. 5,281,630. The polyacid is preferably selected from the group consisting of isophthalic acid, terephthalic acid, phthalic anhydride (acid), adipic acid and etc. Other preferred polyacids but not limited to are phthalic anhydride (acid), isophthalic and terephthalic acids, adipic acid, fumaric acid, 2,6 naphthalene dicarboxylic acid and glutaric acid. Mixtures of the above acids and anhydrides can be used in the practice of the present invention. The weight percent of ionic monomers in the resin is from 1% to 20% percent, but to 10% is preferred. The backbone of the polymer is composed of polyester groups. It can be any linear or branched polyester made using polyacids and polyalcohols. The preferred method is to generate the backbone using polyester from recycled sources. The weight percent of the polyester backbone ingredients range from 30-80% of the whole resin, with the most preferred being 50-60%. Such backbone is typically derived by reacting PET such as waste PET with a hydroxy functional compound containing at least two hydroxyl groups. The hydroxy functional compound having at least two hydroxy groups is selected from the group consisting of ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, cyclohexanedimethanol, propylene glycol, 1,2-propylene glycol, 1,3-propane diol, 1,2-butylene glycol, 1,3-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, neopentyl glycol, 1,5-pentanediol, 1,6-hexanediol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, erythritol or a monosaccharide. In another embodiment, other hydroxy compounds having at least two hydroxyl groups include derivatives of glycerol, trimethylolpropane, trimethylolethane, pentaerythritol, erythritol or a monosaccharide oxyalkylated with 5-30 moles of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide or a mixture thereof, per hydroxyl of the hydroxy functional compound. The aliphatic groups consist of 6-24 carbon chain fatty acids or triglycerides thereof such as stearic, oleic, palmitic, lauric, linoleic, linolenic, behenic acid or their mixtures. These can come from hydrogenated or unhydrogenated animal or vegetable oil, such as beef tallow, lard, corn oil, soy bean oil, etc., etc. If highly unsaturated fatty acids or triglycerides are used care must be taken to prevent cross-linking through the unsaturated group. The weight percent of the aliphatic moiety can be 10-60% with 20-40% the preferred amount. There are two basic routes to the manufacture of these resins. These routes are outlined below: Route 1 (1) Aliphatic Acids or Esters+Multifunctional Glycol→Esterification or transesterification=Hydrophobic Glycol (2) Hydrophobic Glycol+PET (or Diacid with Dialcohol)→esterification or transesterification=Hydrophobic Polyester (3) Hydrophobic Polyester+Ionic monomer→esterification or transesterification=Water Dispersible and Hydrophobic Polyester Resin Route 2 (1) Diacid or PET+Multifunctional Glycol→esterification or transesterification=grafting polyester with hydroxyl groups throughout chain and/or as end groups (2) Grafting polyester+Aliphatic Acids or Esters→esterification or transesterification=Hydrophobic Polyester Resin (3) Hydrophobic Polyester+ionic monomer→esterification or transesterification=Water Dispersible and Hydrophobic Polyester Resin The following steps are used in the process to produce the resin of the present invention: 1. Incorporation of a non-polar group or groups which can be chosen from the following: fatty acids of the type stearic acid, behenic acid, palmitic acid, lauric acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, etc.; triglycerides from animal or vegetable sources of the type beef tallow, corn oil, soybean oil, peanut oil, safflower oil, hydrogenated versions of these, etc.; reactive silicones, blown paraffins or mineral oils, hydrophobic urethanes, etc. This group must be present at 10-50 weight percent. 2. Incorporation by esterification or transesterification of a multifunctional hydroxyl component or components such as pentaerythritol, sorbitol, glycerol, etc. at levels consistent with but not limited to 1 to 3 times the reactive equivalent of components from group 1. 3. Esterification or transesterification of ingredients typical of those used to make polyester polymers. These ingredients can be chosen from Polyethylene Terephthalate or similar terephthalates and/or difunctional acids such as terephthalic acid, isophthalic acid, phthalic acid or anhydride combined with difunctional alcohols such as ethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, neopentyl glycol, propylene glycol, etc. 4. Incorporation of a ionic group or groups needed for dispersing the resin in water. Examples of these groups are trimellitic anhydride, maleic anhydride, sulfo succinate, sulfonated isophthalic acid or its esters, etc. 5. Dispersing the resin in water containing an amount of base, if needed, to neutralize the pendant acid groups. In practicing the process of the present invention, steps 1-3 can be done in any order but the preferred process embodiment order is as listed above. The polyester resins are usually and preferably made using an ester-interchange catalyst. These catalysts are metal carboxylates and well known organometallic compounds, particularly compounds of tin or titanium. Preferred catalysts include manganese acetate, sodium acetate, zinc acetate, cobalt acetate or calcium acetate, tetraalkyl titanates, in which the alkyl is of up to 8 carbon atoms, as well as alkyl stannoic acid or dialkyl tin oxides, such as monobutyl stannoic acid or dialkyl tin oxide. Preferred catalysts include monobutyl stannoic acid and tetrapropyl or tetrabutyl titanate, or a mixture thereof. The resulting resinous products obtained are generally taken up in relatively concentrated aqueous solutions of alkali metal or ammonium hydroxides or carbonates. The concentration employed can be determined by routine experimentation. However, if shipping of the concentrated aqueous solutions to a point of use is contemplated, it is preferred to produce highly concentrated solutions. It is within the scope of this invention to produce initial solutions or dispersions, containing 20-30% or more of resin solids. The resins of the present invention typically have average molecular weights in the range of 3000 to as high as 50,000. Preferred resins typically have a molecular weight of about 4000 to about 8000. Of course the intended end use will determine which molecular weight will be optimum. The average molecular weight of the resins is typically determined by GPC or by viscosity measurements or other methods well known in the art of polymer chemistry. EXAMPLES The following examples are set forth for the purpose of illustrating the invention in more detail. The examples are intended to be illustrative and should not be construed as limiting the invention in any way. All parts, ratios, percentage, etc. in the examples and the rest of the specification, are by weight unless otherwise noted. Throughout all the Examples described below, a 1000 mL four-neck flask reactor suitable for high temperature cooking is used for the reactions. The flask is equipped with a condenser, a nitrogen inlet, a thermometer, and a stirrer. The chemicals and their ratio are listed as shown in the following examples: Example ______________________________________Ingredients Wt % Grams______________________________________Recycled PET 56.29 598.8Pentaerythritol 6.71 71.4Neopentyl Gylcol 2.6 27.7Tetra Propyl 0.08 0.8Titanate (TPT)Stearic Acid 28.24 300.4Monobutyl Stannic Acid 0.08 0.9Trimellitic Anhydride 6 63.8______________________________________ The PET, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, and the TPT are added into reactor and heated to 200-270° C. under a nitrogen blanket. The transesterification reaction takes 30 to 180 minutes and is monitored by the presence of a clear pill. Then stearic acid and monobutyl stannoic acid are added and reacted until the acid value is less than 10. Then Trimellitic Anhydride is added and reacted in at 160-180 degrees Centigrade for thirty minutes. The whole reaction will last for 5 to 12 hours. The obtained resin is dispersed in dilute ammonium solution. The amount of the ammonium hydroxide used depends on the final dispersed resin pH. Using this method a white dispersion or emulsion of the resin is obtained. Using this solution with or without clay and with or without dye to coat paper or paperboard, a glossy and water repelling surface finish on the paper or paperboard is obtained. The strength of the coated paper or paperboard is increased as well. When the coated paper or paperboard is pulped (stirred vigorously) in a dilute sodium hydroxide solution at room temperature or higher, the resin is removed and redispersed and the paper is repulped nicely. Example ______________________________________Ingredients Wt % Grams______________________________________Recycled PET 56.29 598.8Pentaerythritol 6.71 71.4Neopentyl Glycol 2.6 27.7Tetra Propyl 0.08 0.8Titanate (TPT)Oleic Acid/stearic acid 28.24 300.4Monobutyl Stannic Acid 0.05 0.9Maleic anhydride 6.00 63.83______________________________________ The PET, pentaerythritol, neopentyl glycol, and the TPT are added into reactor and heated to 200-270° C. under a nitrogen blanket. The reaction takes 30 to 180 minutes and is monitored by the presence of a clear pill. Then stearic acid and monobutyl stannoic acid are added and the whole is esterified until the acid value is less than 10. Maleic anhydride is added and reacted at 150-180 degrees Centigrade for 15 minutes. The whole reaction will take 5 to 12 hours. The final resin is poured into a sodium sulfite solution in which the amount of sodium sulfite is at same mole ratio, or slightly less than the maleic anhydride. Using this method a white dispersion or emulsion of the resin is obtained. The water-dispersed resin is coated on the paper and paperboard, which leads to the same results as example 1. Example 3 A recipe containing a triglyceride is shown as follows: ______________________________________Ingredients Weight % Grams______________________________________Recycled PET 48.80 480Pentaerythntol 6.83 67.17Neopentyl Glycol (NPG) 2.65 26.04Tetra Propyl Titanate (TPT) 0.08 0.8Hydrogenated Tallow 24.98 245.7Monobutyl Stannic Acid 0.08 0.8Trimellitic Anhydride or 9.83 96.67Maleic AnhydndeIsophthalic acid 6.76 66.45______________________________________ The hydrogenated tallow triglycerides are first reacted with pentaerythritol at 180 to 270 degrees Centigrade, then PET, NPG, and TPT are added to the reactor and transesterified with the alcoholized triglyceride. Isophthalic Acid or Phthalic Acid is then added to increase the resin molecular weight. Finally Trimellitic Anhydride or Maleic Anhydride is reacted in to provide a neutralizable end group. With this formula other polyalcohols and polyacids can be used as well. The final resin is diluted in ammonium or sodium sulfite solution at 50 to 90 degrees Centigrade. The final water-dispersed resin is a stable emulsion. The coated paper or paperboard's surface exhibits the same water repellant properties as the previous examples. The board is easily repulped and the coated paper's printing holdout, strength, gloss, and other properties are much improved. Example 4 In this example the same formula is used as in example 3 except the hydrogenated tallow triglycerides are substituted with corn oil or soy-bean oil. Care must be taken to prevent cross-linking reactions from occurring. The resin properties are similar to those of example 3 except that the presence of unsaturated groups in the oil makes the resin less firm. The coating on paper or paperboard has a slightly higher gloss than those produced with hydrogenated triglycerides. Example 5 The formula is shown as follows: ______________________________________Ingredients Weight % Grams______________________________________Pentaerythritol (PE) 7.07 67.7Neopentyl Glycol 19.18 182.26Diethylene Glycol 3.35 31.84Steatic Acid 24.98 245.7Monobutyl Stannic Acid 0.1 0.96Trimellitic 10.17 96.67Anhydride (TMA) orMaleic Anhydride (MA)Isophthalic acid 34.27 325.64______________________________________ The Stearic acid, the Monobutyl Stannoic Acid, and the Pentaerythritol are added to the vessel and reacted at 160 to 270 degree C. until the acid value is less than 100. The Isophthalic acid, the Neopentyl Glycol, and the Diethylene Glycol are added to reactor and the polymerization is continued until the acid value is below 10. Finally the TMA or MA is added at a reduced temperature to ensure control. The final resin is dispersed in ammonium or sodium sulfite solution as in previous examples. The resin dispersion has the appearance of a stable emulsion. The coated paper or paperboard shows great water repelling properties. The gloss also is increased for coated papers. Example 6 The same formula is used as in example 5 except the Isophthalic acid is replaced with Terephthalic acid with the same results. Example 7 The same formula is used as in example 5 except the Isophthalic is replaced with Phthalic acid with similar results. Example 8 The formula is shown as follows: ______________________________________Ingredients Weight % Grams______________________________________Pentaerythritol (PE) 7.07 67.7Neopentyl Glycol 19.18 182.26Diethylene Glycol 3.35 31.84Stearic Acid 24.98 245.7Monobutyl Stannic Acid 0.1 0.96Trimellitic 10.17 96.67Anhydride (TMA) orMaleic Anhydride (MA)Phthalic acid 34.27 325.64______________________________________ The Stearic acid, the Monobutyl Stannoic Acid, and the Pentaerythritol are added to the vessel and reacted at 160 to 270 degree C. until the acid value is less than 100. The Phthalic acid, the Neopentyl Glycol, and the Diethylene Glycol are added to reactor and the polymerization is continued until the acid value is below 10. Finally the TMA or MA is added at a reduced temperature to ensure control. The final resin is dispersed in ammonium or sodium sulfite solution as in previous examples. The resin dispersion has the appearance of a stable emulsion. The coated paper or paperboard shows great water repelling properties. The gloss also is increased for coated papers. Example 9 The same formula is use as in example 5 except the TMA or MA is replaced with DMSIP or SIPEG and reacted as a polyacid or polyalcohol. A good water-dispersible resin is obtained and the resin shows similar properties as described above. The novel water dispersible and hydrophobic polyester resins of the present invention can be used to coat substrates such as cellulosic or synthetic substrates such as paper. More in particular, the polyester resins find use as coatings in the following industrial applications: I. Paper Because these resins contain a high concentration of hydrophobic groups and have a much improved ability to orient those hydrophobic groups away from the paper or paperboard, the surface of paper or paperboard coated with these resins shows an amazing water repelling effect. This water repelling effect produces surfaces that have higher water drop contact angles than other currently used resins. Therefore these resins can effectively make the paper or paperboard surface waterproof or water repellent at much lower concentrations than other commonly used resins. In addition the resins described here can be easily removed from the paper, paperboard, or other substrate by washing with water that has been made basic by the addition of ammonium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, or other commonly used basic additives. The advantages for using these resins in the paper and paperboard industry are threefold. One advantage is in the use of lesser amounts of materials on the paper of paperboard, a second advantage is the recycling of waste PET (possibly from bottle sources) back into packaging materials, and the third advantage is that all materials coated in this manner can be easily repulped and therefore recycled. In connection with paper coating applications, the following are particularly preferred: A. Paper or Paperboard for Food Packaging Some food packages (fresh produce, frozen goods, dry food, dairy products, etc.) need high hydrophobic properties of the package box surface to ensure package shelf-life under high moisture conditions. In addition to plastic packages, coated paper or paperboard is commonly used. The coating on this paper or paperboard is generally very hydrophobic. The resins most widely used in paper or paperboard coatings are the mixture of polyethylene vinyl acetate copolymers (usually referred to as EVA for ethylene vinyl acetate) in combination with paraffin wax. This type of coating system produces hydrophobic coatings which are water insoluble and therefore very difficult to remove from the paper or paperboard during repulping. This difficulty in repulping inhibits easy recycling of these paper products. The resins described in this invention are easily repulped using basic additives as described above. The resins described in this invention are composed of raw materials that have a reputation of being generally regarded as safe and non-toxic. This fact along with the great need for water repellent coatings in the paper industry for food packaging etc., and the inexpensive nature of these resins which may be produced from recycled PET, make these resins highly desirable for coating paper or paperboard intended for food packaging. In the Frozen Food Industry paper containers are used to store food for use in instant cooking, microwave ovens. These containers must be moisture resistant to handle the freezing and thawing conditions they are subjected to. The disclosed resins, because of their FDA status for food contact, would be ideal candidates for the protection of these paper containers. B. Printing Paper Paper intended for printing or magazine paper has a coating that consists of Styrene Butadiene Rubber latex (SBR), polyvinyl acetate latex, rosin and/or other materials such as clay and starch. The coating is used to impart properties such as surface smoothness, strength, gloss, ink holdout, and water resistance. The new resins disclosed in this patent can also be used to impart these properties at lower coating weights. For example printing paper coated with these resins alone have excellent water repellency and ink holdout as well as increased strength and gloss. C. Paper or Paperboard for Storage or Transport Paper Bags for carrying consumer purchases, etc. have a problem in that if they get wet they lose their strength and tear easily. Making these bags water repellent or just water resistant would help solve this problem. Letters, envelopes, and courier packages need waterproofing to keep the contents dry during mailing or shipping. Envelopes or packaging board coated with these disclosed resins provide sufficient protection. D. Release Paper Release coatings are used where an adhesive material needs to hold to a surface but not so much that it tears the surface when pulled from it. Currently silicones are used for this purpose. The resins described here can be used for this purpose as well since the hydrophobic properties make them ideally suited as adhesive release agents. E. Miscellaneous Paper Items Other paper products which could benefit from an inexpensive waterproofing system would be fiber drums, book and notebook covers, popcorn bags, paper plates, paper cups, paper rainwear such as disposable clothing, paper construction materials (wallpaper, dry wall, sound board, or concrete construction forms), and any other outdoor use paper product that could be damaged by rain, rainwater, or high moisture conditions. II. Textiles In the textile industry there are several needs for waterproofing or water resistant finishes. The currently used resins can be expensive and difficult to apply. The resins described here can find applications in a number of areas in the textile industry. Some of these areas of application include: Fiber or Thread Finishes, clothing or apparel in general, tarps, rainwear, non-wovens, nylon microdenier fabrics, bedding, mail bags, reapplication of waterproofing agents and footwear. III. Wood Wood products especially those used in outdoor applications, need to be protected from rain and weather. The resins described here can be used to waterproof wood products. Some examples of wood products where the described resins could be applied are: Furniture, wood decks, construction lumber, plywood, wood for concrete molds, siding for houses, telephone poles, roofing tiles, paneling for interior walls, wooden crates and boxes for shipping and storing, and wooden boats or boat parts. IV. Concrete It is desirable in some concrete applications for there to be a sealer or water resistant finish applied to the concrete after it has set. This finish provides increased durability and longer life of the concrete surface as well as allowing rain water to run off more effectively. The products described in this invention can be used for this purpose. Some examples are: Overpasses and bridges on roads, high traffic areas such as stadium decks, Etc., outdoor stadium seats, driveways, roadways and concrete housing. V. Paint In some instances it is desirable for a paint (or protective coating) to exhibit a certain amount of water repellency. Some examples are: Traffic Paint--to replace currently used solvent based alkyd resins and general purpose Latex. In the case of the latex, the inventive resins can be used as additives VI. Leather Leather products can be treated for water repellency. Here the added gloss would also be desirable. Typical leather products include shoes, handbags, coats and gloves. VII. Inks In the ink market resins are used to adhere the ink to some substrate. Once dry they must be moisture and abrasion resistant. Many currently used resins are water based. The described resins here would make ideal candidates as ink resins or additives since the resins are very adhesive, especially to cellulosics, and once dry would be very water resistant. VIII. Glass Fiberglass is used as the structural material for a great deal of commonly used items such as shower stalls, boats, kitchen and bathroom sinks. The described resin could be used as part of the formulation to make these products repel water more effectively. The dispersions of this invention could also be used to treat the glass fibers themselves, as in sizing, for greater water repellency or greater resin solubility. IX. Metal Coatings Metal coils are commonly coated with a resin to prevent rust or oxidation caused by moisture in the air. The currently used products are generally resins dissolved in some solvent. The resins described here could be used as replacements for these coatings. Cars, gutters and appliances may be coated with the resins of the present invention. The amount of the composition applied to a substrate in accordance with the present invention is chosen so that sufficiently high or desirable water and oil repellencies are imparted to the substrate surface, said amount usually being such that 0.01% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.05 to 5% by weight, based on the weight of the substrate, of polyester is present on the treated substrate. The amount which is sufficient to impart desired repellency can be determined empirically and can be increased as necessary or desired. The treatment of fibrous substrates using the water and oil repellency imparting composition of the present invention is carried out by using well-known methods including dipping, spraying, padding, knife coating, and roll coating. Drying of the substrate is done at 120° C. or below, including room temperature, e.g., about 20° C. with optionally heat-treating the textile products in the same manner as in conventional textile processing methods. The effectiveness of the coatings resulting from the resins of the present invention is illustrated in Example 10. Example 10 Contact Angle Comparisons The following example illustrates the effectiveness of applicant's polyester resins as water repellent coatings for paper or paperboard. The test was performed using a Kernco Model G-I Contact Angle Goniometer used to measure the contact angles between the surface of a piece of paper or paperboard and a drop of distilled water placed on the paper. Procedure A 0.1 ml sample of distilled water was place on the surface of a piece of uncoated(control) and coated paperboard using a micro syringe. The initial angle of the drop to the paperboard surface was taken. A time of 5 minutes was allowed to elapse and a second contact angle was taken. The test was performed ten times and the average values calculated. The difference between the two average values was calculated as the Lose of Angle. Results The following chart reflects the results using uncoated paper and various coating formulas. ______________________________________ Initial 5 min. Lose ofTEST SAMPLE Angle Angle Angle______________________________________Control: No coating 78.2 64.3 13.9Graphsize: polyurethane size 91.3 84.4 6.9PE-230: Hydrophilic polyester size 68.5 52.7 15.8LB-100 (30%): Eastman polyester 68.0 53.3 14.7Styrene Maleic Polymer 95.0 77.7 17.32161: XWP with 43.17% Fatty acid 110.3 N/D N/D2160: XWP with 37.94% Fatty acid 112.0 103.8 8.22148: XWP with 28.82% Fatty acid 107.5 N/D N/D2141: XWP with 25.86% Fatty acid 104.3 96.6 7.72180: XWP with 20.00% Fatty acid 102.0 94.3 7.72086: XWP with 15.00% Fatty acid 98.8 81.0 17.8______________________________________ In the table above, the resin compositions of the invention are defined as follows: Resin 2161: This resin is the reaction product of: 38.57 wt % PET, 43.17 wt % fatty acid (6.50 wt % stearic; 10.22 wt % oleic and 26.45 wt % hydrogenated tallow glyceride), 8.10 wt % pentaerythritol and 10 wt % trimellitic anhydride. Resin 2160: This resin is the reaction product of: 42.84 wt % PET, 37.94 wt % fatty acid (18.97 wt % stearic and 18.97 wt % hydrogenated tallow glyceride), 9.08 wt % pentaerythritol and 9.96 wt % trimellitic anhydride. Resin 2148: This resin is the reaction product of 48.08 wt % PET, 28.82 wt % fatty acid (14.41 wt % stearic acid and 14.41 wt % soybean oil), 6.89 wt % pentaerythritol, 2.58 wt % neopentylglycol, 9.96 wt % trimellitic anhydride and 3.68 wt % isophthalic acid. Resin 2141: This resin is the reaction product of: 34.27 wt % isophthalic acid, 25.86 wt % stearic acid, 7.07 wt % pentaerythritol, 19.18 wt % neopentylglycol, 3.35 wt % diethyelenglycol and 10.17 wt % trimellitic anhydride. Resin 2180: This resin is the reaction product of: 61.72 wt % PET, 20.00 wt % stearic acid, 4.75 wt % pentaerythritol, 2.46 wt % neopentylglycol, 0.91 wt % diethyleneglycol, 10.00 wt % trimellitic anhydride. Resin 2086: This resin is the reaction product of: 74.90 wt % PET, 15.00 wt % stearic acid, 4.50 wt % pentaerythritol, 3.47 wt % neopentylglycol, 1.96 wt % diethyleneglycol. The physical properties that make this resin unique are: 1. Hydrophobic character. 2. Ability of these resins to orient the hydrophobic groups away from substrates to which they are applied. 3. Evidence of hydrophobic orientation as characterized by high water drop contact angles of the coated surface. It will be apparent from the foregoing that many other variations and modifications may be made regarding the hydrophobic polyester resins described herein, without departing substantially from the essential features and concepts of the present invention. Accordingly, it should be clearly understood that the forms of the inventions described herein are exemplary only and are not intended as limitations on the scope of the present invention as defined in the appended claims.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS The rotary cutter of the present invention constitutes an improvement over and a further development of cutters which are disclosed in the commonly owned copending applications Ser. Nos. 490,216 and 493,062 of Maier filed July 19 and July 30, 1974. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to rotary cutters, especially to cutters wherein a rotary support mounts one or more detachable blades serving to remove chips, shavings or other types of fragments from wood or the like. It is known to utilize in a rotary wood cutter a cylindrical carrier whose peripheral surface is formed with rearwardly and inwardly inclined recesses for discrete plate-like blades and wedges which are biased by springs and serve to urge the blades against suitable holders which are secured to the carrier. It is also known to provide in such carriers suitable abutments for the rear or inner edges of the blades; the abutments may constitute integral parts of the carrier or they constitute adjustable strips which are separably mounted in the respective recesses. In many instances, the blades are secured to their holders by means of screws so that each blade constitutes with the respective holder a package or group which is removably insertable into the corresponding recess of the carrier. For example, each holder may be provided with a dovetailed projection which is receivable in a complementary groove machined into the carrier and extending in parallelism with the axis of rotation of the cutter. Reference may be had to German Offenlegungsschrift No. 2,159,033 or 2,220,003. When a blade having a dull cutting edge is to be replaced, the entire package must be removed from the corresponding recess, the blade detached from the associated holder, and a new blade fastened to such holder before the package is ready for insertion into the carrier. Prior to insertion of a package, the latter is introduced into a device wherein the position of the new blade with respect to the holder is adjusted to insure that the cutting edge of the new blade will protrude beyond the periphery of the carrier and that the extent of such protrusion will be within a desired range. The just described mode of replacing worn blades is complicated and takes up too much time so that the cutter is idle at frequent intervals and for extended periods of time. Proposals to reduce the intervals of idleness of the cutter include the provision of spare holders which are assembled with satisfactory blades while the cutter is in use so that the replacement of a damaged or worn blade takes up only as much time as is needed to remove a holder from its recess and to insert a spare holder which is properly connected with a satisfactory blade. The utilization of spare holders contributes significantly to the initial cost of the cutter because the latter must be furnished with a number of blades and holders which greatly exceeds the number of recesses in the rotary carrier. Moreover, the workman who is in charge of replacing dull blades must be present at all times so that he cannot perform other duties in the plant where the cutter is being put to use with a large number of similar cutters or with other woodworking instrumentalities. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the invention is to provide a rotary cutter which is constructed and assembled in such a way that the replacement of damaged or worn blades with fresh blades takes less time than in heretofore known cutters even though the improved cutter need not be furnished with spare holders. Another object of the invention is to provide novel holders and blades for use in the improved rotary cutter. A further object of the invention is to provide a rotary cutter wherein the blade can be readily applied against and retained by the holder even if the connection between the blade and the holder does not include screws, bolts or analogous parts which must be manipulated by screwdrivers, wrenches or other types of tools. An additional object of the invention is to provide a rotary cutter with novel and improved abutments for the rear or inner edges of plate-like material removing blades. Still another object of the invention is to provide a novel and improved support for the blades in a rotary cutter for wood or the like. A further object of the invention is to provide a rotary cutter which can be used as a simpler, less expensive, longer lasting and more rugged substitute for conventional rotary cutters. The invention is embodied in a cutter for removing fragments from wood or the like. The cutter comprises a rotary support which is rotatable in a predetermined direction by a motor or the like and has a peripheral surface provided with a least one recess and holder means disposed in the recess, removable plate-like blade means disposed in the recess and having a first side adjacent to the holder means, a second side facing forwardly and away from the holder means, a cutting edge extending from the recess (i.e., at least slightly beyond the peripheral surface of the support), and a device (e.g., a wedge and resilient means bearing against the wedge and reacting against the support) for biasing the blade means against the holder means. The wedge engages the second side of the blade means and is urged against the latter by the aforementioned resilient means and preferably also by centrifugal force when the support rotates. In accordance with a feature of the invention, one of the parts including the holder means and blade means is a permanent magnet and the other of these parts consists of magnetic (preferably ferromagnetic) material so that the blade means is attracted to the holder means. For example, the holder means may constitute a permanent magnet and is preferably formed with a dovetailed projection extending in parallelism with the axis of the support and into a complementary dovetailed groove in a carrier which constitutes a main component part of the support. The latter preferably further comprises a substantially plate-like abutment which engages a second edge of the blade means, namely, that edge which is located opposite the cutting edge. The blade means and the abutment may be formed with elongated slots extending substantially radially of the support, and the holder means is then provided with cylindrical studs or analogous projections which extend into the slots to hold the blade means and the abutment against any movement axially of the support but to permit adjustments of the blade means and abutment substantially radially of the support, e.g., to adjust the initial position of the cutting edge or to compensate to wear upon the cutting edge. The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The improved rotary cutter itself, however, both as to its construction and its mode of operation, together with additional features and advantages thereof will be best understood upon perusal of the following detailed description of certain specific embodiments with reference to the accompanying drawing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a fragmentary transverse sectional view of a rotary cutter which embodies the invention; and FIG. 2 is a fragmentary plan view of the blade and of an abutment therefor, substantially as seen in the direction of arrows from the line II-II of FIG. 1. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows a rotary cutter which includes a support for one or more plate-like blades 6 (only one shown). The support comprises a rotary cylindrical, conical or hyperboloidal carrier 1 whose axis of rotation is normal to the plane of FIG. 1 and whose peripheral surface 1a is formed with one or more recesses 2, one for each blade 6. The support further comprises a discrete holder or holding means 3 and a discrete plate- or strip-like abutment 7 for each blade 6. The holder 3 which is shown in FIG. 1 is provided with a separable dovetailed projection or tongue 4 which is secured thereto by one or more screws 4a (one indicated by a phantom line). The tongue 4 is received in a complementary dovetailed groove 1b which is machined into carrier 1 and extends in parallelism with the axis of rotation of the support. The carrier 1 is driven by a motor (not shown) to rotate in a clockwise direction (see the arrow A), i.e., the blade 6 and the holder 3 are located in the trailing portion of the recess 2, as considered in the direction of arrow A. The left-hand side of the blade 6 lies flush against the adjacent side of the holder 3, and the right-hand side of the blade 6 is engaged by the adjacent portion of a wedge 13 forming part of a means for biasing the blade 6 against the holder 3. The wedge 13 is received in the recess 2 and is biased outwardly by centrifugal force as well as by resilient means including a package of dished springs 14 which surround a stub 13a forming part of the wedge and extending radially inwardly toward the axis of the support. The innermost spring 14 reacts against a shoulder 1c in the innermost portion of the recess 2. The blade 6 is inclined inwardly and rearwardly, as considered in the direction of rotation of the carrier 1, and its cutting edge 6a protrudes beyond the peripheral surface 1a so that it removes fragments from a piece of wood which is to be comminuted by the cutter. The second or inner edge 6b of the blade 6 bears against the plate- or strip-shaped abutment 7 which in turn abuts against the inner portion of the right-hand side of the holder 3 and whose inner edge bears against an adjustable and/or removable anvil or stop 8 forming part of the support and being separably secured to the carrier 1 by a screw 8a or by an analogous fastener. The holder 3 is a permanent magnet and the blade 6 consists of magnetic material (e.g., steel) or vice versa so that the blade is attracted to the holder even if the wedge 13 is retracted against the opposition of the springs 14. The abutment 7 also consists of magnetic material so that it adheres to the holder 3. If desired, a diamagnetic insert (e.g., a sheet consisting of brass) may be placed between the tongue 4 and the left-hand side of the holder 3, as viewed in FIG. 1. The insert 5 can extend all the way to the peripheral surface 1a and preferably overlies the right-hand side as well as the inner side of the holder, i.e., this insert can extend all the way to the abutment 7. The blade 6 is assumed to be expendable, i.e., it is not intended to be sharpened but is simply discarded as soon as its cutting edge 6a is sufficiently dull to warrant replacement with a new blade. When the carrier 1 rotates clockwise and the cutting edge 6a removes material from a workpiece, the inner edge 6b of the blade bears against the abutment 7 and the latter bears against the stop 8. The position of the abutment 7, as considered in the radial direction of the carrier 1, can be adjusted by placing one or more shims between the stop 8 and the adjacent surface of the carrier or by replacing this stop with a differently dimensioned stop. The blade 6 is held against movement in the axial direction of the carrier 1. To this end, the blade is formed with one or more elongated slots 11 (see FIG. 2) which extend substantially radially of the carrier 1 and each of which receives a preferably cylindrical stud 9 or an analogous projection of the holder 3. The diameter of the stud 9 equals the width of the slot 11 so that the blade 6 is held against movement at right angles to the plane of FIG. 1; however, the stud 11 allows the blade 6 to move (within limits) substantially radially of the carrier. A similar elongated slot 12 is provided in the abutment 7 to receive a cylindrical stud 10 of the holder 3; the stud 10 holds the abutment 7 against movement in the axial direction of the carrier 1 but allows the abutment to move (within limits) in the longitudinal direction of the slot 12. The studs 9 and 10 constitute a simple but reliable safety device in that they prevent the blade 6 and abutment 7 from being propelled from the recess 2 when the carrier 1 is driven to rotate at a high speed. When the cutting edge 6a is sufficiently dull to warrant replacement of the blade 6 with a new blade, the carrier 1 is arrested, the wedge 13 is depressed into the recess 2 against the opposition of the springs 14, and the blade 6 is simply lifted off the projection 9. Thus, the holder 3 need not be detached at all, and the abutment 7 also continues to adhere to the holder while the blade 6 is being discarded to be replaced with a fresh blade. Consequently, the removal of a previously used blade and the insertion of a fresh blade take up a very short interval of time. The operator's hand can readily overcome the magnetic force with which the blade 6 is attracted to the holder 3. On the other hand, such force is sufficient to insure that the blade 6 cannot fall deeper into or escape from the recess 2 when the wedge 13 is moved away from its right-hand side, as viewed in FIG. 1. If necessary, a freshly inserted new blade can be shifted relative to the holder 3 so that its rear or inner edge 6b is in full fact-to-face contact with the abutment 7 before the wedge 13 is released to engage the new blade and to urge it against the holder 3 in such position that the stud 9 extends into the slot 11. It has been found that the omission of screws which serve to attach blades to the holders of conventional rotary cutters brings about a substantial reduction of the length of interval which is needed to replace a damaged or dull blade with a new blade. Instead of disposing the holder and blade means at the trailing end of the recess, in another embodiment of the invention it may also be disposed at the leading end of the recess. Without further analysis, the foregoing will so fully reveal the gist of the present invention that others can by applying current knowledge, readily adapt it for various applications without omitting features which fairly constitute essential characteristics of the generic and specific aspects of my contribution to the art and, therefore, such adaptations should and are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalence of the claims.

4y

U.S. GOVERNMENT RIGHTS The invention was made with U.S. Government support under contract N00019-02-C-3003 awarded by The U.S. Navy. The U.S. Government has certain rights in the invention. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a valve assembly for a gas turbine engine. Specifically, this invention relates to a valve assembly that controls the amount of cooling air supplied to a nozzle of a gas turbine engine. The major components of a typical gas turbine engine may include (beginning at the upstream end, or inlet) a compressor section, a burner (combustor) section, a turbine section, and a nozzle section. The engine may have an afterburner section between the turbine section and the nozzle section. If the engine is a turbofan, then the compressor section includes a fan section, typically at the upstream end. After passing the fan section, the turbofan engine separates the air into two flow paths. A primary flow (also referred to as core engine flow) enters the remainder of the compressor section, mixes with fuel, and combusts in the burner section. The gases exit the burner section to power the turbine section. A secondary flow (also referred to as bypass flow) avoids the remainder of the compressor section, the burner section and the turbine section. Instead, the secondary flow travels through a duct to a location downstream of the turbine section. The secondary flow mixes with the primary flow downstream of the turbine section. The afterburner section may augment the thrust of the engine by igniting additional fuel downstream of the turbine section. The flow then exits the engine through the nozzle. The engine may supply cooling air to the nozzle in order to protect the nozzle components from the high temperature exhaust. Typically, the engine diverts secondary flow from the fan section to cool the nozzle section. The greatest demand for cooling air to the nozzle occurs when the afterburner operates. As an example, the pilot operates the engine at maximum thrust (with the afterburner operating) in a conventional take-off and landing (CTOL) operation. CTOL operation typically requires a large amount of cooling air for the nozzle. Certain non-augmented operations of the engine (i.e., without the afterburner operating) also require cooling air. However, the amount of cooling air need is typically a reduced amount from augmented operations. As an example, a short take-off vertical landing (STOVL) operation typically requires maximum non-augmented thrust from the engine. The non-augmented exhaust, while still at an elevated temperature, typically exhibits a lower temperature than during augmented operations. Accordingly, the engine can accept a reduced supply of cooling air for the nozzle in STOVL operation. Flow of the cooling air may be controlled by one or more valves. Exemplary valve structures are shown in U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,723, the disclosure of which is incorporated by reference herein as if set forth at length. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION One aspect of the invention involves a gas turbine engine air valve assembly having first and second valving elements. The second element is rotatable about a first axis relative to the first element. The rotation controls a flow of air through the first and second elements. An actuator is coupled by a linkage to the second element. The linkage includes a spindle having a first portion coupled to the actuator to rotate the spindle about a second axis. A guided bearing couples a second portion of the spindle to the second element. The bearing may be a spherical bearing. The rotation may be in the absence of translation. The assembly may be provided in a reengineering or remanufacturing situation. The details of one or more embodiments of the invention are set forth in the accompanying drawings and the description below. Other features, objects, and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the description and drawings, and from the claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partially schematic cut-away view of an exemplary gas turbine engine in a first condition/configuration. FIG. 2 is a view of the engine of FIG. 1 in a second condition/configuration. FIG. 3 is a partial longitudinal view of a nozzle cooling valve of the engine of FIG. 1 in a first orientation. FIG. 4 is a partial longitudinal view of the nozzle cooling valve of the engine of FIG. 1 in a second orientation. FIG. 5 is a view of a linkage of the valve of FIG. 3 . FIG. 6 is an exploded view of the linkage of FIG. 5 . Like reference numbers and designations in the various drawings indicate like elements. DETAILED DESCRIPTION FIGS. 1 and 2 show an exemplary engine 100 in two different configurations. FIG. 1 shows the engine 100 in a first configuration, such as a conventional take-off and landing (CTOL) configuration. FIG. 2 shows the engine 100 in a second configuration, such as a short take-off vertical landing (STOVL) configuration. FIG. 2 also shows, in phantom line, the engine 100 in transition between the CTOL and STOVL configurations. The engine 100 has an inlet 101 , a compressor section 103 , a burner section 107 , a turbine section 109 , an afterburner section 111 , and a nozzle section 113 . The compressor section 103 includes a fan section 105 at the upstream end. The engine 100 also includes a bypass duct 115 for the secondary flow of air. The air flows through the engine 100 in the direction indicated by arrow F. The engine spools or rotors rotate about an axis 500 which may be at least partially coincident with an engine centerline 502 . In the STOVL configuration, the centerline 502 departs from the axis 500 downstream of the rotors. The nozzle section 113 includes a three bearing swivel duct 116 secured to the afterburner section 111 and a nozzle downstream of the duct. The three bearing swivel duct has three sections 117 , 119 , 121 . The first section 117 rotatably mounts to the afterburner section 111 . The second section 119 rotatably mounts to the first section 117 . Finally, the third section 121 rotatably mounts to the second section 119 . Conventional motors (not shown) can rotate the sections 117 , 119 , 121 to any desired exhaust path between the first configuration shown in FIG. 1 and the second configuration shown in FIG. 2 . The nozzle can be a conventional flap-type convergent-divergent nozzle 123 or any other suitable nozzle. The nozzle 123 is secured to the third section 121 of the swivel duct. The nozzle section 113 includes a liner (not shown). The liner separates the outer structure of the nozzle section 113 from the hot exhaust gases traveling through the nozzle section. The liner and the outer structure 126 of the nozzle section 113 form an annular chamber 127 ( FIG. 3 ). The engine 100 distributes cooling air through the annular chamber to cool the liner. After cooling the liner, the cooling air continues downstream to cool the nozzle flaps. A bleed (not shown) from the bypass duct 115 supplies the cooling air to the nozzle section 113 using conventional techniques. A valve assembly 200 ( FIG. 3 ) controls the amount of cooling air supplied to the nozzle flaps. The exemplary valve assembly includes an annular rotary gate 202 which may be rotated about the local engine centerline 502 ( FIG. 2 ). The gate 202 has a circumferential array of apertures 204 . The apertures 204 may have a degree of overlap with apertures 206 in a static element 208 abutting the gate 202 . The rotation of the gate 202 between first and second orientations determines the degree of aperture overlap (and thus of non-occlusion) and thus the effective flow area through the valve between minimum and maximum values. The minimum value may be zero (e.g., fully closed) or some greater amount. For example, the FIG. 3 condition is approximately half occluded and may represent a minimum flow area condition. FIG. 4 shows essentially no occlusion and thus a maximum flow area condition. Rotation of the gate between the first and second orientations may be achieved by means of an actuator 220 acting via a linkage 222 . The exemplary linkage 222 includes a spindle 224 held for rotation about an axis 520 (e.g., a radial axis orthogonal to and intersecting the engine centerline). The actuator 220 may rotate the spindle 224 between first and second orientations associated with the first and second gate orientations/conditions. The actuator 220 may be pneumatic, hydraulic, electrical, electro-mechanical, or any other appropriate type. For example, the actuator 220 may be constructed as in U.S. Pat. No. 6,694,723 (the '723 patent). FIGS. 3 and 4 show further details of the valve assembly 200 . The static element 208 is shown unitarily-formed with and extending radially inboard from a proximal/upstream portion of the outer structure 126 of the nozzle 123 . The exemplary gate 202 is immediately forward/upstream of the element 208 with the downstream face of the gate 202 facing the upstream face of the element 208 . The gate 202 is held for its rotation by support means (not shown). Exemplary support means could comprise a rotary bearing structure permitting rotation of the gate 202 but preventing longitudinal translation and radial shifts. Alternative means could include fasteners secured to one of the gate 202 and element 208 and having a limited range of motion (e.g., along a circumferential slot) in the other. In such a system, the slot ends could act as stops. Yet further alternative means could include an idler crank array as in the '723 patent providing a path combining rotation with longitudinal translation. FIGS. 5 and 6 show further details of the linkage 222 . A spindle 224 includes a spindle shaft 240 . An intermediate portion of the shaft 240 is received within a bushing 242 (e.g., a two-piece bushing). The bushing 242 may be secured within an aperture in the engine static structure (e.g., the exemplary third duct section 121 of FIG. 4 ). The shaft 240 is thus held by the bushing 242 for rotation about the axis 520 . An outboard portion of the spindle shaft 240 includes an input/driving clevis 244 . The exemplary clevis 244 is formed by arms 246 and 248 secured (e.g., by welding) to the shaft outboard portion. An input/driving pin 250 spans the arms 246 and 248 and has an axis 522 parallel to and spaced apart from the axis 520 . The pin 250 is engaged by the actuator to rotate the spindle 224 about the axis 520 . An inboard end of the spindle includes an output/driven clevis 260 . The exemplary clevis 260 includes a clevis body 262 separately formed from the spindle shaft and mounted thereon by means of complementary splines. Exemplary splines include external splines 264 ( FIG. 6 ) along the spindle shaft inboard portion and internal splines 266 within the body 262 . A bolt or other fastener 268 may extend through the body 262 spanning an expansion slot to secure the body 262 to the shaft 240 against translation. The body 262 includes arms 270 and 272 . A driven/output clevis pin 274 spans the arms and has an axis 524 parallel to and spaced apart from the axis 520 . Alternative implementations might include non-parallel axes 522 and/or 524 (e.g., axes intersecting the axis 520 or skew thereto). A spherical bearing 276 has an inner bore receiving the shaft of the pin 274 between the arms 270 and 272 . In the exemplary embodiment, the bearing 276 and shaft cooperate to permit the bearing to have non-zero ranges of movement along the axis 524 and rotation about the axis 524 . The bearing 276 is received within a slot 280 in a follower bracket 282 . The exemplary bracket 282 includes a base 284 for mounting to the gate 202 . A pair of arms 286 and 288 extend forward from the base 284 to define the slot 280 therebetween. Inboard surfaces 290 of the arms 286 and 288 have a concavity complementary to a convexity of the external surface of the bearing 276 . The exemplary surfaces 290 are singularly concave to allow the bearing 276 to translate along the slot from a proximal root of the slot to a distal end of the slot. In the exemplary embodiment, the base 284 is secured against a forward/upstream surface of a web 300 of the gate 202 between inboard and outboard flanges. The securing may be by means of fasteners 302 (e.g., rivets). The base may further include a registration protrusion (not shown) for interfitting with a complementary aperture or socket 304 in the web 300 . In operation, movement of the actuator produces a rotation of the spindle 224 about the axis 520 . This, in turn, tends to rotate the axis 524 about the axis 520 . Rotation of the axis 524 about the axis 520 causes the bearing 276 to transmit a tangential force and thus a torque (about the engine centerline) to the follower 282 and thus to the gate 202 . This torque causes rotation of the gate about the engine centerline so as to control the degree of aperture overlap and thus the flow through the valve. During rotation of the gate, the axis 524 will tend to shift longitudinally (e.g., toward or away from the gate). This shift is accommodated by the sliding interaction of the bearing 276 longitudinally within the slot 280 and radially along the pin 274 . This sliding interaction decouples the longitudinal motion of the axis 524 from any longitudinal motion of the gate 202 . For example, the gate 202 may exclusively rotate. Alternatively, the gate 202 may have a relatively small translation (e.g., if mounted by idler cranks in such a way that the permitted translation breaks a seal between the gate and the ring 208 ) so as to avoid sliding friction between the gate and ring. The exemplary valve assembly 200 may be provided in the remanufacturing of a baseline engine or the reengineering of a baseline engine configuration. The baseline could lack such a valve assembly. For example, the baseline could have a different valve assembly such as that of the '723 patent. This might be particularly relevant if the reengineering included elimination of the idler crank mounting means of the '723 patent in favor of a purely rotational gate movement. One or more embodiments of the present invention have been described. Nevertheless, it will be understood that various modifications may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. For example, when applied in a reengineering or remanufacturing of an existing engine or engine configuration, details of the existing engine or configuration may influence details of any particular implementation. Additionally, the valve could be otherwise located (e.g., relatively upstream at a bleed plenum). Accordingly, other embodiments are within the scope of the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to an intake system for an internal combustion engine, and more particularly to an intake system for an internal combustion engine in which the engine output power is improved by the kinetic effect of intake air. 2. Description of the Prior Art As is well known, a negative pressure wave generated in an intake system of an internal combustion engine upon the initiation of each intake stroke is propagated upstream of the intake system and is then reflected at an end of the system opening to the atmosphere or to a surge tank disposed on an upstream side of the intake system toward the intake port as a positive pressure wave. By arranging the intake system so that the positive pressure wave reaches the intake port immediately before closure of the intake valve to force intake air into the combustion chamber, the volumetric efficiency can be improved. There have been known various intake systems in which such inertia effect or resonance effect of intake air is used for improving the volumetric efficiency. However, the period of vibration of the pressure wave in the intake passage can be matched with the period of opening and closure of the intake valve to obtain a sufficient inertia effect of the intake air only within a limited engine speed range which depends upon the shape of the intake passage. There has been proposed an intake system in which, for instance, the length of the intake passage is changed according to the engine speed in order to obtain an inertia effect of intake air over a wider engine speed range. For example, in the intake system disclosed in Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 56(1981)-115819, each of the discrete intake passage portions leading to the respective combustion chambers is bifurcated to form a long passage portion and a short passage portion both opening to a surge tank or the like at the upstream end, and an on-off valve is provided in the short passage portion to open the short passage portion in a high engine speed range to shorten the effective length of the discrete intake passage portion, thereby obtaining a sufficient inertia effect of intake air in the high engine speed range in addition to that in the low engine speed range. In the intake system described above, the volumetric efficiency for one cylinder is improved by the inertia effect of intake air generated by pressure propagation only in the discrete intake passage portion leading to the cylinder. If the pressure propagation in the discrete intake passages leading to other cylinders can be effectively utilized, a further improvement in the volumetric efficiency will be obtainable. Thus, we have disclosed in our U.S. patent application Ser. No. 795443, an intake system for a multicylinder internal combustion engine in which the inertia effect of intake air can be effectively utilized to improve the volumetric efficiency in both the low engine speed range and the high engine speed range, and at the same time, the inertia effect of intake air in each discrete intake passage portion can be enhanced by the pressure wave in at least one of the other discrete intake passage portions especially in high engine speed ranges. The intake system has an intake passage comprising a common passage portion opening to the atmosphere, a surge tank connected to the downstream end of the common passage portion and a plurality of discrete passage portions branching from the surge tank and respectively connected to the cylinders. At least one interconnecting passage is provided to communicate each of the discrete passage portions with at least one of the other discrete passage portions at a portion downstream of the surge tank, and a butterfly valve is disposed at each junction of the interconnecting passage with the discrete passage portions to open and close each junction. The on-off valve is opened at least when the engine speed exceeds a predetermined speed. In this intake system, in the low engine speed range lower than the predetermined speed, the butterfly valves are closed and intake air is introduced into each combustion chamber by way of an effectively longer passage including the part of each discrete passage portion between the surge tank and the junction of the discrete passage portion and the interconnecting passage so that the period of the vibration of the pressure wave in the intake passage can be matched with the period of opening and closure of the intake valve to obtain a sufficient inertia effect of intake air in the low engine speed range. On the other hand when the butterfly valve is opened in the high engine speed range, the negative pressure wave generated upon initiation of each intake stroke in each of the combustion chambers and propagated upstream of the discrete passage portion corresponding thereto is reflected at the junction of the discrete passage with the interconnecting passage as a positive pressure wave toward the combustion chamber to force intake air into the combustion chamber and at the same time the pressure wave(s) from the other discrete passage portion(s) connected to the discrete passage portion by way of the interconnecting passage is propagated thereto to further improve the volumetric efficiency. Generally, when a butterfly valve is provided in a passage, the butterfly valve is mounted to extend on the central axis of the passage in the full open position thereof. However, in the intake system, since the butterfly valve is provided in the interconnecting passage at the junction of the interconnecting passage to the discrete passage portion so that the volume of the interconnecting passage does not affect the effective length of the discrete passage portion when the butterfly valve is closed, if the butterfly valve is mounted to extend on the central axis of the interconnecting passage in the full open position thereof, intake air flows into the downstream portion of the discrete passage portion along the butterfly valve at an angle of the junction of the interconnecting passage to the discrete passage portion, thereby increasing the energy loss at the junction and adversely affecting the propagation of the pressure wave between the interconnecting passage and the discrete passage portion to lower the inertia effect of intake air. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the foregoing observations and description, the primary object of the present invention is to provide an intake system of the type described above in which flow of intake air and propagation of the pressure wave when the butterfly valve is full open are further improved. In accordance with the present invention, there is provided an intake system for an internal combustion engine having a plurality of cylinders comprising a plurality of discrete intake passages respectively connected to the cylinders at the downstream ends; at least one interconnecting passage provided to communicate each of the discrete intake passages with at least one of the other discrete intake passages, a butterfly valve disposed at each junction of the interconnecting passage with the discrete intake passages to move between a full open position and a closing position; and an actuator which moves the butterfly valves according to the engine operating condition, each of said butterfly valves being mounted to extend inclined toward the direction of flow of intake air in the discrete intake passage with respect to the central axis of the interconnecting passage in the full open position thereof. In the intake system of the present invention, since the butterfly valve is mounted to extend inclined toward the direction of flow of intake air in the discrete intake passage in the full position thereof, intake air from the interconnecting passage flows into the discrete intake passage after being deflected in the direction of flow of intake air in the discrete intake passage under the guidance of the butterfly valve, whereby flow of intake air in the discrete passage and propagation of the pressure wave between the interconnecting passage and the discrete intake passage become better, whereby the inertia effect of intake air is enhanced. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cross-sectional view showing a four cylinder engine provided with an intake system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view taken along line II--II in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view taken along line III--III in FIG. 1, FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view taken along line IV--IV in FIG. 1, and FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a part of the engine. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In FIGS. 1 to 5, an internal combustion engine 1 provided with an intake system in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention has first to fourth cylinders 2. In each cylinder 2, a combustion chamber 3 is defined above a piston (not shown), and an intake port 4 and an exhaust port 5 open to the combustion chamber 3. The intake port 4 and the exhaust port 5 are respectively provided with an intake valve 6 and an exhaust valve 7. To the intake port 4 of each cylinder 2 is connected the downstream end of a discrete intake passage 8 which is provided for each cylinder separately from the other cylinders. The upstream end portion of each discrete intake passage 8 extends outwardly from the engine 1 and is bent upward to be communicated with a surge tank 9 which extends in parallel to the row of the cylinders 2 or the crankshaft and is substantially rectangular in cross section. The discrete intake passages 8 are substantially equal to each other in length, and the length of each discrete intake passage 8 is selected so that a sufficient inertia effect to intake air can be obtained in a relatively low engine speed range. Intake air is introduced into the surge tank 9 by way of a common intake passage 11 provided with a throttle valve 10. Further, a fuel injection valve 12 is disposed in each discrete intake passage 8 near the downstream end thereof. An interconnecting portion 13 is connected to the discrete intake passages 8 at intermediate portions thereof and is communicated with the respective discrete intake passages 8 to mutually communicate the discrete intake passages 8. The interconnecting portion 13 comprises port portions 14 branching from the respective discrete intake passages 8 and an interconnecting passage 15 which extends in parallel to the surge tank 9 to mutually connect the port portions 14. In this particular embodiment, the whole intake manifold is divided into upper and lower halves 16 and 17. The upper half 16 comprises the surge tank 9 and the upstream portions 8a of the discrete intake passages 8 integrally formed with each other with a space 18 open downward therebetween. The lower half 17 comprises the downstreax portions 8b of the discrete intake passages 8 and the port portions 14 of the interconnecting portion 13 formed integrally with each other with a recess 19 formed on the upper side to beopposed to the space 18, the port portions 14 opening to the recess 19. The upper and lower halves 16 and 17 are connected together with a partition plate 20 which also functions as a gasket sandwiched therebetween. The partition plate 20 curves upward at a portion opposed to the recess 19, thereby forming the interconnecting passage 15 therebetween. The space 18 above the partition plate 20 is communicated with the discrete intake passage 8 by way of a passage 22 provided with a check valve 21 and functions as a vacuum chamber for storing intake vacuum. Each port portion 14 of the interconnecting portion 13 is provided with a butterfly valve 23. The butterfly valves 23 are fixed to a valve shaft 24 to be opened and closed by a diaphragm type actuator 25 which is connected to the space (the vacuum chamber) 18 by way of a three-way solenoid valve 26. The atmospheric pressure or the intake vacuum is selectively applied to the actuator 25 by a control signal output to the three-way solenoid valve 26 from a control unit 28 which receives an engine rpm signal 27 so that the butterfly valves 23 are closed when the engine rpm is lower than a preset value and are moved in the direction of the arrow in FIG. 1 to be opened when the engine rpm is not lower than the preset value. Each butterfly valve 23 is mounted in the port portion 14 to extend inclined with respect to the central axis C L of the port portion 14 in the downstream direction of intake air flow in the full open position thereof as shown by the broken line in FIG. 1. Accordingly, when the butterfly valve 23 is opened to the full open position in the high engine speed range, intake air flows into the discrete intake passage 8 from the port portion 14 after being deflected in the downstream direction of intake air flow by the butterfly valve 23. In this embodiment, the discrete intake passage 8 has a relatively small cross section in order to increase the flow speed of intake air in the low engine speed range, and the effective cross-sectional area of the interconnecting portion 13 is larger than the cross-sectional area of the discrete intake passage 8. More particularly, the cross-sectional area Ap 1 of the portion 8a of the discrete intake passage 8 upstream of the junction of the port portion 14 is smaller than the cross-sectional area Ap 2 of the portion 8b of the discrete intake passage 8 downstream of the junction of the port portion 14. At the same time, the effective cross-sectional area As of the port portion 14 is larger than the cross-sectional area Ap 2 of the downstream portion 8b of the discrete intake passage 8, and the cross-sectional area Ar of the interconnecting passage 15 of the interconnecting portion 13 is larger than the effective cross-sectional area As of the port portion 14. That is, the cross-sectional areas become smaller in the order of Ap 1 - Ap 2 - As - Ar. The term "the effective cross-sectional area of the port portion 14" means the cross-sectional area of the pcrt portion 14 less the cross-sectional area occupied by the valve shaft 24 and the butterfly valve 23 when the butterfly valve 23 is in the full open position. The wall surface 29 of the portion where the port portion 14 opens to the interconnecting passage 15 and the wall surface 30 of the portion where the port portion 14 merges into the downstream portion 8b of the discrete intake passage 8 are curved so that intake air flows smoothly. With the arrangement described above, in the state in which the butterfly valves 23 are closed and the communication between the discrete intake passages 8 is broken, the negative pressure wave generated in the intake stroke is propagated to the surge tank 9 and reflected by the surge tank 9. That is, the negative pressure wave and the reflected pressure wave are propagated over a relatively long distance, and the vibration frequenc of the pressure wave thus obtained is matched with the opening and closing cycle of the intake valve 6 in the low engine speed range, whereby the volumetric efficiency can be improved by inertia effect of intake air. On the other hand, in the state in which the butterfly valves 23 are opened and the discrete intake passages 8 are communicated with each other by way of the interconnecting portion 13, the negative pressure wave generated in the intake stroke is reflected at the interconnecting portion 13. That is, the distance over which the negative pressure wave and the reflected pressure wave are propagated is shortened, thereby enhancing the inertia effect of intake air in the high engine speed range. Further, the pressure waves propagated to each discrete intake passage 8 from the other discrete intake passages through the interconnecting portion 13 also contribute to enhancement of the inertia effect of intake air. Further, in this embodiment, by virtue of the orientation of the butterfly valve 23, intake air smoothly flows into the discrete intake passage 8 from the interconnecting portion 13 to further enhance the inertia effect of intake air. Further, since the discrete intake passage 8 solely through which intake air flows in the low engine speed range is relatively small in cross section, the flow speed of intake air is increased to enhance the inertia effect of intake air in the low engine speed range where the amount of intake air is small. On the other hand, in the high engine speed range where the amount of intake air is large, intake air flows into the downstream portion 8b of the discrete intake passage 8 through the interconnecting portion 13 in addition to from the upstream portion 8a, whereby sufficient amount of intake air can be introduced into the cylinder 2 in the intake stroke. In this case, since the effective cross-sectional area of the interconnecting portion 13 is larger than that of the discrete intake passage 8, the flow resistance of intake flowing through the interconnecting portion 13 is reduced. The cross-sectional area of the downstream portion 8b of the discrete intake passage 8 is made somewhat larger than that of the upstream portion 8a in order to satisfy intake air amount requirement in the high engine speed range. However, when the cross-sectional area of the downstream portion 8b is excessively large, the flow speed of intake air in the low engine speed range is lowered. On the other hand, since the interconnecting portion 13 is closed in the low engine speed range, the cross-sectional area of the interconnecting portion 13 may be enlarged without possibility of reduction in the flow speed of intake air in the low engine speed range. As described above, the cross-sectional area of the interconnecting passage 15 of the interconnecting portion 13 is larger than the effective cross-sectional area of the port portion 14. This is for compensating for reduction of the effective area of the interconnecting passage 15 due to bend at the junction of the port portion 14 and the interconnecting passage 15.

4y

BACKGROUND [0001] 1. Technical Field [0002] The present invention relates to a fitting tool for fitting a liquid absorber for absorbing liquid in a cap included in a liquid ejecting apparatus such as an ink jet printer and a method of fitting a liquid absorber using the fitting tool. [0003] 2. Related Art [0004] Generally, as a liquid ejecting apparatus for ejecting ink (liquid) from a nozzle opening formed in a recording head (liquid ejecting head) to a target, for example, an ink jet printer (hereinafter, referred to as a printer) is widely known. In such a printer, generally, the recording head is cleaned for the purpose of suppressing clogging of the nozzle opening due to thickened ink and for discharging the ink, in which air bubbles or dust is mixed, from the nozzle of the recording head. In this cleaning process, thickened ink or ink, in which air bubbles are mixed, is sucked and discharged by sucking the cap in a state of contacting the cap so as to surround the nozzle opening of the recording head. In the cap, generally, an ink absorber (liquid absorber) for absorbing a portion of the ink sucked and discharged from the nozzle opening at the time of the cleaning process is received. [0005] A printer including a cap in which an ink absorber is received is disclosed in JP-A-2000-62202. In the printer disclosed in JP-A-2000-62202, a cap member (cap) is received in a cap holder and an ink absorber is received in the cap member. Five pins which are inserted into insertion holes formed in the cap member and through-holes formed in the ink absorber are erected on the inner bottom surface of the cap holder and front ends (top ends) of the pins protrude from the upper surface of the ink absorber upward. By thermally caulking a pressing plate to the front ends of the pins, the pressing plate and the ink absorber are fixed in the cap member. [0006] However, in the printer disclosed in JP-A-2000-62202, when the ink absorber is fitted into the cap member, since the pressing plate is thermally caulked to the front ends of the pins, the operation for fitting the ink absorber is cumbersome. In particular, if the ink absorber is thin and small, the ink absorber is susceptible to being deformed when the ink absorber is fitted into the cap member. Accordingly, the fitting operation becomes difficult or the thermal caulking device is not introduced into the cap member. SUMMARY [0007] An advantage of some aspects of the invention is that it provides a fitting tool for a liquid absorber, which is capable of facilitating an operation for fitting the liquid absorber into a cap, and a fitting method. [0008] According to an aspect of the invention, there is provided a fitting tool for a liquid absorber which is included in a liquid ejecting apparatus having a liquid ejecting head for ejecting liquid from nozzle openings formed in a nozzle forming surface and fits the liquid absorber for absorbing the liquid in a cap which is capable of being abutted to the liquid ejecting head so as to cover the nozzle openings, the fitting tool including: a holding portion which holds the liquid absorber; and a locking portion which has elasticity and is locked to a portion of the cap when the holding portion is inserted into the cap. [0009] According to the invention, it is possible to lock the locking portion of the fitting tool to the portion of the cap by inserting the fitting tool into the cap in a state in which the liquid absorber is held by the holding portion of the fitting tool. Accordingly, it is possible to easily perform an operation for fitting the liquid absorber in the cap by fitting the liquid absorber in the cap via the fitting tool. [0010] In the fitting tool, the cap may include an ejection passage forming portion which forms an ejection passage for ejecting the liquid in the cap, and the locking portion may be locked to the ejection passage forming portion when the holding portion is inserted into the cap. [0011] According to the invention, a concave portion or a hole for locking the locking portion does not need to be separately provided in the cap by locking the locking portion of the fitting tool to the ejection passage forming portion. [0012] In the fitting tool, the cap may include an ejection passage forming portion which forms an ejection passage for ejecting the liquid in the cap and a standby opening passage forming portion which forms a standby opening passage for standby opening the inside of the cap, and the locking portion may be locked to at least one of the ejection passage forming portion and the standby opening passage forming portion when the holding portion is inserted into the cap. [0013] According to the invention, a concave portion or a hole for locking the locking portion does not need to be separately provided in the cap by locking the locking portion of the fitting tool to at least one of the ejection passage forming portion and the standby opening passage forming portion. [0014] In the fitting tool, the ejection passage forming portion and the standby opening passage forming portion may be placed at the sides of the cap so as to be opposite each other, and the locking portion may include a first locking portion locked to the ejection passage forming portion and a second locking portion locked to the standby opening passage forming portion. [0015] According to the invention, it is possible to stably fit the fitting tool in the cap by respectively fitting the first locking portion and the second locking portion of the fitting tool to the ejection passage forming portion and the standby passage forming portion of the cap. [0016] In the fitting tool, the holding portion may include a substrate which is capable of being brought into surface contact with the liquid absorber and side plates which are formed by bending both ends of the substrate such that the liquid absorber is interposed therebetween. [0017] Accordingly, it is possible to surely and strongly hold the ink absorber by the fitting tool. In the fitting tool, the locking portion may be formed by bending portions of the side plates outward. [0018] According to the invention, the configuration of the locking portion is simplified. [0019] According to another aspect of the invention, there is provided a method of fitting a liquid absorber which is included in a liquid ejecting apparatus having a liquid ejecting head for ejecting liquid from nozzle openings formed in a nozzle forming surface and fits the liquid absorber for absorbing the liquid in a cap which is capable of being abutted to the liquid ejecting head so as to cover the nozzle openings, the method including: holding the liquid absorber by means of the fitting tool for fitting the liquid absorber in the cap and inserting the fitting tool, by which the liquid absorber is held, into the cap so as to be locked to a portion of the cap while a portion of the fitting tool is elastically deformed. [0020] According to the invention, even in the case where the liquid absorber is thin and small, it is possible to easily fit the liquid absorber to the cap using the fitting tool. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0021] The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein like numbers reference like elements. [0022] FIG. 1 is a perspective view showing an ink jet printer according to an embodiment of the invention. [0023] FIG. 2 is a plan view showing a cap of the printer. [0024] FIG. 3 is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing main portions of a maintenance unit of the printer. [0025] FIG. 4A is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a positional relationship among a discharge passage, a step difference and a concave groove and FIG. 4B is an enlarged cross-sectional view showing a positional relationship between a standby opening passage and a concave groove according to the embodiment of the invention. [0026] FIG. 5 is an enlarged view showing main portions of FIG. 3 . [0027] FIG. 6 is an enlarged view showing main portions of FIG. 3 . [0028] FIG. 7 is a side view showing an ink absorber according to the embodiment of the invention. [0029] FIG. 8 is a perspective view showing a fitting tool according to the embodiment of the present invention. [0030] FIG. 9 is a perspective view showing a fitting tool according to the embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF EXEMPLARY EMBODIMENTS [0031] Hereinafter, an ink jet printer which is an embodiment of a liquid ejecting apparatus of the present invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, “front and back directions”, “upper and lower directions” and “right and left directions” are respectively used referring to “front and back directions”, “upper and lower directions” and “right and left directions” of FIG. 1 unless otherwise specified. [0032] As shown in FIG. 1 , as the liquid ejecting apparatus, the ink jet printer 11 includes a frame 12 having a rectangular shape in plan view. In the frame 12 , a platen 13 extends in the right and left directions and a recording sheet P is transported on the platen 13 from a rear side to a front side by a sheet transporting mechanism having a sheet transporting motor 14 . A guide shaft 15 which extends in parallel in a longitudinal direction (right and left directions) of the platen 13 is installed above the platen 13 in the frame 12 . [0033] A carriage 16 is reciprocally supported in the axial direction (right and left directions) of the guide shaft 15 . At positions corresponding to both ends of the guide shaft 15 on the back surface of the frame 12 , a driving pulley 17 and a driven pulley 18 are rotatably supported. A carriage motor 19 which is a driving source for reciprocally moving the carriage 16 is connected to the driving pulley 17 , and a timing belt 20 for fixing and supporting the carriage 16 is stretched over the pair of pulleys 17 and 18 . Accordingly, the carriage 16 is moved in the right and left directions via the timing belt 20 while being guided by the guide shaft 15 , by driving the carriage motor 19 . [0034] On a lower surface of the carriage 16 , a recording head 21 is provided as a liquid ejecting head. As shown in FIG. 3 , on a nozzle forming surface 21 a constituted by a lower surface of the recording head 21 , nozzle openings 22 a of a nozzle group including a plurality of nozzles 22 arranged in a row form a plurality (five in the present embodiment) of nozzle arrays in the front and back directions so as to be spaced by a predetermined interval in the right and left directions. [0035] Meanwhile, as shown in FIG. 1 , a plurality (five in the present embodiment) of ink cartridges 23 for supplying inks onto the recording head 21 as liquid are detachably mounted on the carriage 16 . The ink cartridges 23 respectively correspond to the nozzle arrays formed on the nozzle forming surface 21 a of the recording head 21 and the inks are supplied to the nozzle group of the nozzle arrays via ink channels (not shown) formed in the recording head 21 . [0036] A home position HP which is a maintenance position for positioning the carriage 16 when the power of the ink jet printer 11 is turned off or maintenance of the recording head 21 is performed is provided at one end (right end in FIG. 1 ) of the frame 12 , that is, a non-print area which the recording sheet P does not reach. A maintenance unit 24 for performing various types of maintenance operations so that the ink ejection from the recording head 21 to the recording sheet P is properly maintained is provided below the home position HP. [0037] Hereinafter, the detailed configuration of the maintenance unit 24 will be described. [0038] As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 , the maintenance unit 24 includes a cap 30 having a substantially rectangular box shape. On an upper surface of the cap 30 , a plurality (five in the present embodiment) of seal portions 31 having a rectangular annular shape and respectively corresponding to the nozzle arrays formed on the nozzle forming surface 21 a of the recording head 21 are formed so as to constitute cap openings. [0039] Cap cells 32 are recessed in each of the seal portions 31 on the upper surface of the cap 30 and ink absorption materials 33 are fitted in the cap cells 32 as a liquid absorber in a state of being held by fitting tools 34 . The ink absorbers 33 are made of a flexible porous material and absorb and hold the inks ejected from the nozzle openings 22 a of the nozzle arrays. In the present embodiment, a cap device is constituted by the cap 30 and the ink absorbers 33 . [0040] The maintenance unit 24 includes an elevation device (not shown) for elevating the cap 30 . The cap 30 rises by means of the elevation device (not shown) in a state in which the carriage 16 is moved to the home position HP such that the upper ends of the seal portions 31 are placed close to the nozzle forming surface 21 a of the recording head 21 and the nozzle arrays are separately covered by the cap 30 . [0041] On the lower end of the front side of the cap cells 32 of the cap 30 , ejection passage forming portions 35 which form ejection passages 35 a for ejecting the inks in the cap cells 32 to the outside of the cap 30 extend in the front and back directions. The front ends of the ejection passage forming portions 35 protrude toward the front side beyond the front surface of the cap 30 . The front ends of the ejection passage forming portions 35 are connected to base end sides (upstream sides) of ejection tubes 36 made of a flexible material, and the cap cells 32 and the ejection tubes 36 communicate with each other via the ejection passages 35 a. [0042] The ejection tubes 36 merge together at a midway position between the base end sides (upstream sides) and front end sides (downstream sides) of the ejection tubes 36 , and the front end sides (downstream sides) of the merged ejection tubes 36 are inserted into a waste ink tank 37 . Near a midway position of the ejection tubes 36 at the downstream side of the merged portion of the ejection tubes 36 , a suction pump 38 for sucking the inside of the ejection tubes 36 from the cap 30 to the waste ink tank 37 is provided. If the suction pump 38 is driven, the inside of the cap cells 32 are sucked via the ejection tubes 36 and the ejection passages 35 a. [0043] On the lower end of the back side of the cap cells 32 of the cap 30 , standby opening passage forming portions 39 which form standby opening passages 39 a for opening the insides of the cap cells 32 extend in the front and back directions. The back ends of the standby opening passage forming portions 39 protrude toward the back side beyond the back surface of the cap 30 . Accordingly, in the cap 30 , the ejection passage forming portions 35 and the standby opening passage forming portions 39 are arranged opposite each other in the front and back directions. [0044] The back ends of the standby opening passage forming portions 39 are connected to the base ends of standby opening tubes 40 made of a flexible material and the cap cells 32 and the standby opening tubes 40 communicate with each other via the standby opening passages 39 a. The standby opening tubes 40 are merged into each other at a midway position between the base ends and front end sides of the standby opening tubes 40 , and a standby opening valve 41 is provided on the front end sides of the merged standby opening tubes 40 . Accordingly, if the standby opening valve 41 is opened, the insides of the standby opening tubes 40 are made to be in a communicated state with the atmosphere and, if the standby opening valve 41 is closed, the insides of the standby opening tubes 40 are made to be in a non-communicated state with the atmosphere. [0045] As shown in FIGS. 3 , 4 A and 6 , a step difference 42 is provided between the bottom surfaces 32 a of the cap cells 32 and the lower end surfaces 35 b of the ejection passages 35 a (the bottom surface of the ejection passage forming portions 35 ) such that the lower end surfaces 35 b are higher than the bottom surfaces 32 a. A groove 43 is provided in the bottom surfaces 32 a of the cap cells 32 so as to extend from the standby opening passage forming portion 39 to the ejection passage forming portion 35 . That is, the groove 43 is linearly connected to the standby opening passage 39 a in a communicated state at the back end thereof and the front end thereof is adjacent to the step difference 42 . As shown in FIGS. 3 , 4 B and 5 , the bottom surface of the groove 43 and the lower end surface 39 b of the standby opening passages 39 a (the bottom surfaces of the standby opening passage forming portions 39 ) have the substantially same height. [0046] Next, the configuration of the ink absorber 33 and each of the fitting tools 34 will be described in detail. [0047] As shown in FIG. 7 , the ink absorber 33 includes a main body 33 a having a rectangular parallelepiped shape and a protrusion 33 b having a quadrangular prism shape and protruding from the lower end to the front side on the front surface of the main body 33 a. In the ink absorber 33 , if the ink absorber 33 is fitted (received) in the cap cell 32 , the main body 33 a is placed in the cap cell 32 and the protrusion 33 b is placed in the ejection passage 35 a in a fitted state. [0048] That is, the shape of the main body 33 a corresponds to the shape of the inside of the cap cell 32 and the size of the protrusion 33 b in the upper and lower directions and the size of the protrusion 33 b in the right and left directions are set to be larger than the inner diameter of the ejection passage 35 a. The lower surface of the main body 33 a and the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b are parallel with a horizontal surface, and the lower surface of the main body 33 a is the same as the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b. [0049] As shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 , each of the fitting tools 34 is made of metal which is a rust-resistant metal such as stainless steel and includes a substrate 50 which has a rectangular plate shape and is elongated in the front and back directions. In the substrate 50 , a front notch 50 a having a rectangular shape is formed in a portion from a substantially central portion in the upper and lower directions of the front end of the substrate 50 to the lower side and a back notch 50 b having a rectangular shape is formed in a portion from the back end of the substrate 50 at a position nearer the upper end of the substrate 50 than the central portion in the upper and lower directions to the lower side of the substrate 50 . A notched concave portion 50 c is formed in the central portion of the lower side of the substrate 50 in the front and back directions. [0050] A front plate 51 is provided on the front end of the substrate 50 as a side plate formed by perpendicularly bending a portion, other than the front notch 50 a, of the front end of the substrate 50 leftward and a back plate 52 is provided on the back end of the substrate 50 as a side plate formed by perpendicularly bending a portion, other than the back notch 50 b, of the back end of the substrate 50 leftward. [0051] The front plate 51 includes a front base portion 51 a having a rectangular plate shape and a first locking portion 51 b having elasticity as a locking portion extending from the central portion of the lower end of the front base portion 51 a in the right and left directions to the front oblique lower side (outside). That is, the first locking portion 51 b is formed by bending a portion of the front plate 51 frontward (outward). The size of the first locking portion 51 b in the right and left directions is set to be narrower than the size of the front base portion 51 a in the right and left directions, and a first locking piece 51 c formed by perpendicularly bending a front end of the first locking portion 51 b upward is provided on the front end (lower side) of the first locking portion 51 b. The size of the first locking piece 51 c is set such that the first locking piece is capable of being inserted into the ejection passage 35 a of the cap 30 . [0052] The back plate 52 includes a back base portion 52 a having a rectangular plate shape and a second locking portion 52 b having elasticity as a locking portion extending from the central portion of the lower side of the back base portion 52 a in the right and left directions to the back oblique lower side (outside). That is, the second locking portion 52 b is formed by bending a portion of the back plate 52 backward (outward). The size of the second locking portion 52 b in the right and left directions is set to be narrower than the size of the back base portion 52 a in the right and left directions, and a second locking piece 52 c formed by perpendicularly bending a front end of the second locking portion 52 b upward is provided on the front end (lower side) of the second locking portion 52 b. The size of the second locking piece 52 c is set such that the second locking piece 52 c is capable of being inserted into the standby opening passage 39 a of the cap 30 . [0053] The front base portion 51 a and the back base portion 52 a are opposite each other with the substrate 50 interposed therebetween, and the length of the front base portion 51 a in the upper and lower directions is larger than that of the back base portion 52 a. A pressing portion 53 having a rectangular frame shape which is elongated in the front and back directions in plan view protrudes from the upper end edge of the substrate 50 leftward. That is, the pressing portion 53 includes a vertical frame 53 a extending in parallel with the upper end edge of the substrate 50 and five horizontal frames 53 b for connecting the vertical frame 53 a and the upper end edge of the substrate 50 . The horizontal frames 53 b are provided from the back end to the front end of the vertical frame 53 a in the front and back directions at the equal intervals. [0054] The left end edge of the pressing portion 53 , the left side edge of the front base portion 51 a and the left side edge of the back base portion 52 a are located on the same plane. That is, the sizes of the pressing portion 53 , the front base portion 51 a and the back base portion 52 a in the right and left directions are set to be equal to one another and correspond to the size of the cap cell 32 in the right and left directions. [0055] In the case where the ink absorber 33 is locked to each of the fitting tools 34 such that the right surface of the ink absorber 33 (main body 33 a ) comes into contact with the left surface of the substrate 50 and the upper surface of the ink absorber 33 (main body 33 a ) comes into contact with the lower surface of the pressing portion 53 , the ink absorber 33 (main body 33 a ) is inserted between the front base portion 51 a and the back base portion 52 a. That is, the ink absorber 33 is held by each of the fitting tools 34 . In the present embodiment, the substrate 50 , the front base portion 51 a and the back base portion 52 a constitutes a holding portion. [0056] Next, a method of fitting the ink absorber 33 into the cap cell 32 using each of the fitting tools 34 will be described. [0057] In the case where the ink absorber 33 is fitted into the cap cell 32 , first, the ink absorber 33 is locked to each of the fitting tools 34 and the ink absorber 33 is held in each of the fitting tools 34 . Subsequently, while the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 are bent inward in a state in which the ink absorber 33 is held in each of the fitting tools 34 , each of the fitting tools 34 is inserted into the cap cell 32 together with the ink absorber 33 . Then, the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 are held in such a manner as to be bent inward by the pressing force from the front side surface and the back side surface of the inside of the cap cell 32 . At this time, the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 is bent upward by the pressing force from the front side surface of the inside of the cap cell 32 so as to be compressed. [0058] In this state, if each of the fitting tools 34 is thrust into the inside of the cap cell 32 together with the ink absorber 33 , the lower end of the substrate 50 and the lower surface of the main body 33 a of the ink absorber 33 are brought into contact with the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 . At this time, the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b which are bent inward are returned to their original states by their respective elastic restoration forces, the first locking piece 51 c of the first locking portion 51 b is locked to the ejection passage 35 a, and the second locking piece 52 c of the second locking portion 52 b is locked to the standby opening passage 39 a. [0059] At this time, the compressed protrusion 33 b is inserted into the ejection passage 35 a so as to be returned to its original state by its elastic restoration force and is engaged with the ejection passage 35 a. At this time, the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 is brought into contact with the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a, but the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a is set at a higher position than the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 , with which the lower surface of the main body 33 a of the ink absorber 33 is brought into contact, by the step difference 42 . [0060] Accordingly, the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 is strongly abutted (contacted by pressure) to the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a compared with the case where the lower surface of the main body 33 a of the ink absorber 33 is abutted to the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 . In this case, the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 is pressed to the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a corresponding to the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b so as to be deformed. [0061] Accordingly, the first locking piece 51 c of the first locking portion 51 b is locked to the ejection passage 35 a and the second locking piece 52 c of the second locking portion 52 b is locked to the standby opening passage 39 a and the upward movement of the ink absorber 33 together with each of the fitting tools 34 is restricted. That is, the ink absorber 33 is fitted and fixed in the cap cell 32 via each of the fitting tools 34 . [0062] Next, the operation when the extra ink which is collected in the cap cells 32 after cleaning the recording head 21 will be described. [0063] Generally, if the recording head 21 is cleaned, the ink sucked from the nozzle openings 22 a is collected in the cap cells 32 of the cap 30 . Thus, after cleaning, the extra ink collected in the cap cells 32 needs to be sucked and ejected. [0064] However, when the recording head 21 is cleaned, the upper ends of the seal portions 31 of the cap 30 are closely brought into contact with the nozzle forming surface 21 a of the recording head 21 such that the nozzle arrays are separately covered and the standby opening valve 41 is closed. In the case where the extra ink collected in the cap cells 32 of the cap 30 are sucked and ejected after the recording head 21 is cleaned, first, the standby opening valve 41 is opened and the suction pump 38 is driven. Then, the inside of the cap cell 32 is sucked from the ejection passage 35 a and the atmosphere from the standby opening passage 39 a is introduced into the cap cell 32 . [0065] Accordingly, the ink absorbed and held in the ink absorber 33 is guided to the ejection passage 35 a by the protrusion 33 b and the ink is smoothly ejected from the ejection passage 35 a. Meanwhile, since the most of the atmosphere introduced from the standby opening passage 39 a to the cap cell 32 flows to the ejection passage 35 a through the groove 43 , the ink collected in the groove 43 flows toward the ejection passage 35 a by the pressure of the atmosphere. At this time, since the atmosphere flows in the groove 43 , the generation of the foam of the ink is suppressed. At this time, although the foam is generated in the ink, the foam is rapidly ejected to the ejection passage 35 a via the groove 43 together with the ink. [0066] Since the adhesion between the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 and the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a is high and the opening of the front end side of the groove 43 is closed, the atmosphere from the standby opening passage 39 a to the groove 43 does not directly flow to the ejection passage 35 a. Accordingly, the deterioration in suction efficiency from the ejection passage 35 a into the cap cell 32 by the suction pump 38 is suppressed and the ink in the cap cell 32 is efficiently sucked and ejected from the ejection passage 35 a. [0067] In addition, in the case where a gap is formed between the lower surface of the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 and the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a, the atmosphere introduced from the standby opening passage 39 a into the groove 43 directly comes out from the gap to the ejection passage 35 a and thus the suction efficiency of the ink absorbed in the ink absorber 33 deteriorates. [0068] The above-described embodiment can obtain the following effects. [0069] (1) Each of the fitting tools 34 is inserted into the cap cell 32 in a state in which the ink absorber 33 is held by each of the fitting tools 34 such that the first locking piece 51 c of the first locking portion 51 b is locked to the ejection passage 35 a (ejection passage forming portion 35 ) and the second locking piece 52 c of the second locking portion 52 b is locked to the standby opening passage 39 a (standby opening passage forming portion 39 ) in each of the fitting tools 34 . Accordingly, by fitting the ink absorber 33 in the cap cell 32 via each of the fitting tools 34 , the operation for fitting the ink absorber 33 into the cap cell 32 can be easily performed. [0070] In the case where the ink absorber 33 is thin and small, the ink absorber 33 is susceptible to be deformed when the ink absorber 33 is inserted into the cap cell 32 . Thus, it is difficult to perform and the operation for fitting the ink absorber 33 into the cap cell 32 . In the present embodiment, even when the ink absorber 33 is thin and small, it is difficult to deform the ink absorber 33 when the ink absorber 33 into the cap cell 32 by inserting the ink absorber into the cap cell 32 in a state in which the ink absorber 33 is held in each of the fitting tools 34 . Accordingly, in particular, even when the ink absorber 33 is thin and small, it is possible to easily perform the operation for fitting the ink absorber 33 into the cap cell 32 . [0071] (2) The first locking piece 51 c of the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking piece 52 c of the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 are engaged with the ejection passage 35 a (ejection passage forming portion 35 ) and the standby opening passage 39 a (standby opening passage forming portion 39 ) of the cap 30 . Accordingly, an concave portion or hole for locking the first locking piece 51 c and the second locking piece 52 c of each of the fitting tools 34 does not need to be separately provided in the cap 30 . [0072] (3) The first locking piece 51 c of the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking piece 52 c of the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 are locked to the ejection passage 35 a (ejection passage forming portion 35 ) and the standby opening passage 39 a (standby opening passage forming portion 39 ) which are opposite each other the cap cell 32 interposed therebetween in the cap 30 . Accordingly, it is possible to stably fit each of the fitting tools 34 , in which the ink absorber 33 is held, in the cap cell 32 without performing a troublesome thermal caulking process of JP-A-2000-62202. [0073] (4) The holding portion for holding the ink absorber 33 in each of the fitting tools 34 includes the substrate 50 which is capable of being brought into contact with the ink absorber 33 and the front base portion 51 a and the back base portion 52 a which are formed on the front and back ends of the substrate 50 to be bent such that the ink absorber 33 is interposed therebetween. Accordingly, it is possible to surely and strongly hold the ink absorber 33 by each of the fitting tools 34 . [0074] (5) Since the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 are formed by bending portions of the front plate 51 and the back plate 52 outward, it is possible to simplify the configurations of the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b. That is, it is possible to easily form the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b. [0075] (6) Since each of the fitting tools 34 includes the pressing portion 53 , it is possible to efficiently suppress the floating of the ink absorber 33 in the cap cell 32 in the case where the ink absorber 33 is fitted in the cap cell 32 via each of the fitting tools 34 . [0076] (7) In the case where the ink absorber 33 is received in the cap cell 32 , the ink absorber 33 include the main body 33 a placed in the cap cell 32 and the protrusion 33 b placed in the ejection passage 35 a. Accordingly, since the inside of the cap cell 32 is sucked from the ejection passage 35 a by the suction pump 38 such that the extra ink absorbed and held in the main body 33 a is guided into the ejection passage 35 a by the protrusion 33 b, it is possible to easily suck and eject the extra ink absorbed and held in the main portion 33 a (ink absorber 33 ). That is, it is possible to smoothly suck and eject the extra ink in the cap cell 32 to the outside of the cap cell 32 through the ejection passage 35 a by the suction pump 38 . [0077] (8) Since the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 is placed in the ejection passage 35 a in the engaged state, it is possible to reduce suction loss by the suction pump 38 in the case where the inside of the ejection passage 35 a is sucked to the outside of the cap 30 by the suction pump 38 . Accordingly, it is possible to efficiently suck and eject the extra ink absorbed and held in the main body 33 a (ink absorber 33 ) via the ejection passage 35 a by the suction pump 38 . [0078] (9) Since the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 has flexibility and is inserted into the ejection passage 35 a in the compressed state, it is possible to closely bring the outer surface of the protrusion 33 b into contact with the inner circumferential surface of the ejection passage 35 a. [0079] (10) The groove 43 extending from the standby opening passage 39 a to the ejection passage 35 a is formed in the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 . Accordingly, the inside of the cap cell 32 is sucked from the ejection passage 35 a such that the extra ink collected in the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 is suitably guided from the standby opening passage 39 a to the ejection passage 35 a by the groove 43 . In this case, since the atmosphere flows from the standby opening passage 39 a to the ejection passage 35 a in the groove 43 , it is possible to suppress the generation of the foam of the ink. In addition, although the foam is generated in the ink, it is possible to rapidly guide the ink, in which the foam is generated, from the standby opening passage 39 a to the ejection passage 35 a by the groove 43 . [0080] (11) Since the standby opening passage 39 a is linearly connected to the back end of the groove 43 in the communicated state, it is possible to easily introduce the atmosphere from the standby opening passage 39 a into the groove 43 (cap cell 32 ). That is, since it is possible to reduce resistance when the atmosphere from the standby opening passage 39 a is introduced into the groove 43 , it is possible to smoothly introduce the atmosphere from the standby opening passage 39 a into the groove 43 . [0081] (12) The step difference 42 is provided between the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a and the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 such that the lower end surface 35 b is higher than the bottom surface 32 a. Accordingly, since the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 contacts the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a by pressure when the ink absorber 33 is received in the cap cell 32 , it is possible to increase the adhesion between the protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 and the lower end surface 35 b of the ejection passage 35 a. [0082] (13) Since the step difference 42 is abutted to the front end of the groove 43 , the front end of the groove 43 is closed by the step difference 42 . Accordingly, the atmosphere introduced from the standby opening passage 39 a to the groove 43 is not directly introduced into the ejection passage 35 a. MODIFIED EXAMPLE [0083] The above-described embodiment may be modified as follows. [0084] In each of the fitting tools 34 , any one of the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b may be omitted. [0085] The first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 do not need to be respectively locked to the ejection passage 35 a and the standby opening passage 39 a and a concave portion or a hole for locking the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b may be separately provided in the cap 30 . [0086] The front end of the groove 43 does not need to be necessarily abutted to the step difference 42 . That is, the front end of the groove 43 and the step difference 42 may be separated from each other. [0087] The step difference 42 may be omitted. [0088] In the cap 30 , the ejection passage forming portion 35 and the standby opening passage forming portion 39 may be provided at the lower side of the cap cell 32 downward. In this case, the first locking portion 51 b and the second locking portion 52 b of each of the fitting tools 34 are locked to the end (lower end) opposite to the cap cell 32 in the ejection passage forming portion 35 and the standby opening passage forming portion 39 . [0089] In the cap 30 , the groove 43 and the standby opening passage 39 a do not need to be linearly connected to each other. That is, the standby opening passage 39 a may be connected to the groove so as to cross the groove 43 . [0090] In the bottom surface 32 a of the inside of the cap cell 32 , the groove 43 may extend from a portion other than the standby opening passage forming portion 39 to the ejection passage forming portion 35 . [0091] In the cap 30 , the groove 43 may be omitted. [0092] In the cap 30 , the standby opening passage forming portion 39 (standby opening passage 39 a ) may be omitted. In this case, in each of the fitting tools 34 , only the first locking portion 51 b is locked to the ejection passage 35 a. [0093] The protrusion 33 b of the ink absorber 33 may be placed in the ejection passage 35 a in a loose-fitted state. [0094] Although, in the above-described embodiment, the ink jet printer 11 is implemented as the liquid ejecting apparatus, a liquid ejecting apparatus for ejecting liquid other than the ink (including liquid obtained by dispersing or mixing particles of a functional material in liquid or fluid such as gel) may be embodied. In the present specification, the liquid includes liquid and fluid in addition to an inorganic solvent, an organic solvent, a solution, liquid resin, liquid metal (metallic melt). [0095] The entire disclosure of Japanese Patent Application No. 2007-192372, filed Jul. 24, 2007 is expressly incorporated by reference herein.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention generally relates to means of securing an intravenous catheter and tubing in use with a patient, and more particularly related to a device for securing and stabilizing an intravenous catheter and associated tubing adjacent to the site of entry of the catheter through the skin of the patient, protecting the catheter and its entry site from interference, and facilitating access to the catheter for maintenance by medical personnel while minimizing physical trauma to the patient. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Intravenous infusion of fluids and intravenous removal of fluids has been and continues to be a common practice in the medical treatment and care of patients in hospitals and other medical facilities. A typical intravenous infusion system comprises a catheter penetrating the skin and an underlying vein of, most commonly, the patient's arm, a source of fluid, and tubing interconnecting the source of fluid and the infusion catheter. In order to minimize movement of the needle or catheter relative to the limb of the patient and to prevent inadvertant removal of the catheter, it is standard practice to secure the catheter and a portion of its associated tubing to the limb of the patient. With conventional methods of medical practice, a needle-bearing catheter is inserted through the skin of the patient into an underlying vein, the needle is removed and the catheter is secured to the skin of the patient with adhesive tape. In addition to securing the catheter, a portion of the associated tubing is looped or coiled and similarly secured to the patient's skin with several strips of adhesive tape for the purpose of absorbing anY tension imposed upon such tubing without displacing the catheter. While this conventional system has proven to be reasonably effective in securing the catheter and tubing, it has several disadvantages. First, the process of initially securing the catheter and tubing with several strips of adhesive tape is a cumbersome and time consuming process for the medical personnel. Further, it is necessary, if the intravenous treatment is to be continued for any extended period of time, to periodically check the catheter and tubing and to inspect the catheter entry site, and to periodically change the tubing interconnecting the catheter to the source of infusion fluid. In each instance the tape securing the intravenous infusion components to the limb of the patient must be removed and replaced strip bY strip; a process which is both time consuming for the medical personnel and painful for the patient. Second, the use of flexible adhesive tape to secure the catheter to the limb of the patient does not fully protect either the catheter or the tubing from displacement or constriction as a result of movement of the patient or impingement of other objects against the catheter or tubing. Third, the flexible adhesive tape does not prevent flexing of the patient's limb in the area of the catheter entry site and thus is ineffective in maintaining the proper alignment of the catheter relative to its entry site or to the vein into which fluid is being infused. Several attempts have been made in the prior art in an effort to overcome these and other disadvantages of the conventional approach. One approach has been to provide a device for attachment to the limb of the patient for the purpose of retaining a loop of tubing, exemplified by U.S. Des. Pat. No. 290,041 to Scott, U.S. Pat. No. 3,942,528 to Loeser, U.S. Pat. No. 4,029,103 to McConnell, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,453,933 to Speaker. This approach, while helpful to a degree in securing the tubing, does not improve the protection or stabilization of the catheter and does not fully aleviate the use of adhesive tape to secure the catheter and tubing. Another approach has been to additionallY provide some catheter support in addition to tubing retention, as illustrated by U.S. Pat. No. 3,918,446 to Buttaravoli, U.S. Pat. No. 4,397,641 to Jacobs, and U.S. Pat. No. 4,449,975 to Perry. While reflecting some improvement over the previous system, this approach has still failed to shield the catheter from impingement by other objects or from tampering, and has failed to adequately address problems which may arise from flexing of the patient's limb at the catheter entry site. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a device designed and constructed to retain and stabilize an intravenous catheter and a portion of its associated tubing so as to isolate the catheter from tension imposed on its associated tubing, to protect the catheter and its entry site from impingement of other objects, to restrict flexing of the patient's limb in the vacinity of the catheter entry site, and to eliminate the steps of removal and replacement of multiple strips of adhesive tape associated with inspection and replacement of the intravenous tubing. The device of the invention is also useful in retaining and protecting an intravenous catheter without attached tubing, a configuration often used to provide a readily available entry site for the intravenous administration of medication or rapid connection of a source of infusion fluid. The device of the invention generally comprises a planar base component to be removeably attached to the limb of the patient, and a rigid cover component to be removeably interconnected to said base. The base component of the device includes a pair of U-shaped walls disposed near one end of such base and extending upwardly from the plane of the base to form an arcuate slot therebetween to receive a portion of the tubing associated with the intravenous catheter. In the preferred embodiment, the base of the device includes a wide portion upon which said U-shaped walls are disposed and an elongate narrow portion integrally interconnected thereto. In the preferred embodiment of the device, the base is provided with an adhesive strip at each end thereof for attachment to the limb of the patient. The cover component of the device of the invention comprises an elongate body having a length substantially equal to the length of the base of the device, and a width substantially equal to the width of the wide portion of said base, designed to be placed over said base and removeably interconnected thereto. The cover includes an elongate top with an integrally formed side wall extending substantially perpendicular to said face along both long sides and one end thereof. When the cover is interconnected to the base of the device a passageway is formed through one end of the combined device and through the arcuate slot defined by said walls to receive and retain the portion of the intravenous tubing adjacent to the catheter, and the cover is configured to firmly retain the hub or body of the catheter relative to the limb of the patient. The base and cover of the device are preferably constructed of inexpensive transparent plastic materials and are capable of being sterilely packaged as a disposable unit for ease of use and protection against contamination. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of the device of the invention, illustrating a typical use of the device in place upon the arm of a patient. FIG. 2 is a plan view of the base component of the device of the invention. FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of the base component of the device of the invention, omitting adhesive strips for claritY. FIG. 4 is a plan vIew of the cover component of the device of the invention. FIG. 5 is cross-sectional elevation view of the cover component of the device of the invention along line 5--5 of FIG. 1. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION A more detailed description of the device of the invention will now be provided with reference to the accompanYing drawing figures. Referring first to FIG. 1, the intravenous catheter and tubing stabilization device of the invention, generally indicated by reference numeral 10, is used to anchor and stabilize a catheter 12, with catheter hub assembly 14 and tubing coupler 16, and to retain tubing 18 associated therewith. Tubing 18 may be connected to a source of infusion fluid (not shown), or may be connected to a fluid receiver (not shown) for use when fluid is being withdrawn from a patient. AlternativelY, device 10 may be used to anchor and protect a catheter 12 without tubing 18 attached thereto, a configuration sometimes used to provide an entry site for intravenous infusion of medication or other fluids. With further reference to the drawing figures, catheter and tubing stabilization device 10 includes a base 20 depicted in FIGS. 2 and 3, and a cover 22, depicted in FIGS. 4 and 5. Base 20 comprises an elongate plate of generally spade-like configuration, having a wide portion 24 and a narrow elongate portion 26 integrally interconnected at one end to one edge of portion 24 with a smoothly curving intersection, and with the longitudinal axis of portion 26 in alignment with the longitudinal axis of portion 24. The side and rear edges of portion 24 define a smooth convex curvature to eliminate sharp corners which might cause injury to the skin of a patient with whom device 10 is to be used. Base 20 further includes a first U-shaped wall 28 disposed on portion 24 in perpendicular relation thereto, and a second U-shaped wall 30 similarly disposed on portion 24 of base 20 in such relation to wall 28 to define arcuate slot 32 between said walls to receive tubing 18 therein. The curvature of walls 28 and 30 substantially matches the curvature of the edges of portion 24. The distance between wall 28 and wall 30 through slot 32 should be substantially equal to the cross-sectional diameter of tubing 18 so that tubing 18 will be frictionally retained in slot 32 without constricting the flow of fluid through such tubing. Wall 28 is of greater length than wall 30 and, in the preferred embodiment depicted in the drawing figures, extends to the edge of portion 24 of base 20. Wall 28 preferably includes opposed notches 34 extending into its inner surface near the edge of portion 24, to receive tubing coupler 16 therein for anchoring the catheter assembly in relation to the limb of the patient. The parts of wall 28 extending beyond the ends of wall 30 toward the edge of portion 24 are not connected to portion 24 of base 20, and wall 28 should be constructed of a slightly flexible but shape retentive material to allow those parts of wall 28 to be deformed from their rest position with imposition of force thereon, but return to such rest position upon removal of such force. Base 20 additionally includes locking ears 36 interconnected to the outer surface of wall 28 in perpendicular relation thereto, in opposed relationship across the longitudinal axis of base 20. Locking ears 36 are of the same height as wall 28 and extend outwardly therefrom beyond the respective edges of portion 24 a short distance, and each is disposed on the outer surface of wall 28 between its respective end and the position of each of notches 34 in the inner surface of wall 28. Locking tabs 38 are disposed between locking ears 36 and the ends of wall 28, in the corners formed at the intersection of ears 36 and wall 28, and are interconnected between ears 36 and wall 28. Locking tabs 38 are of essentially cubical configuration with an edge dimension approximately equal to or slightly greater than the thickness of side wall 48 of cover 22. Base 20 still further includes connector block 40 disposed on the end of the narrow rectangular portion 26 of base 20 opposite its interconnection to portion 24 and interconnected thereto such that connector block 40 extends from the surface of base 20 in the same direction as walls 28 and 30. Connector block 40 comprises a solid block of generally rectangular cross-section having a tab 42 extending outwardly therefrom toward the end of portion 26 of base 20 opposite the interconnection of portion 26 and portion 24. Base 20 also includes patient attachment means 44 which, in the preferred embodiment, comprises a pair of wide adhesive strips interconnected to base 20 at opposite ends thereof with the longitudinal axes of such strips mutually perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of base 20. The one of patient attachment means 44 disposed at the end of portion 26 of base 20 is of sufficient width to overlie the entry site of catheter 12 during use of device 10 to aid in anchoring catheter 12 and protecting its entry site against contamination. Base 20 is preferably molded as a one piece construction from a hard, smooth surfaced plastic material capable of being suitably sterilized for medical use. Portion 26 of base 20 is preferably slightly flexible perpendicular to the plane of base 20, to facilitate positioning of base 20 on a limb of a patient adjacent to a catheter inserted therein, and the parts of wall 28 free from interconnection to portion 24 of base 20 must be sufficiently flexible to allow bending awaY from their rest positions while sufficiently shape retentive to return to their rest positions upon removal of the bending force. Cover 22 of device 10, depicted in FIG. 4 and FIG. 5, is of substantially the same length as base 20 and of substantially the same width as wide rectangular portion 24 of base 20. Cover 22 comprises an elongate top 46 with a side wall 48 extending continuously around both sides and one end of top 46 and interconnected thereto in perpendicular relationship. The other end of top 46, and thus of cover 22, is open to allow passage of tubing 18 to the interior of device 10. Side wall 48 is preferably integrally interconnected to top 46 with a smoothly rounded intersection between side wall 48 and top 46 to prevent snagging of tubing 18 and injury to the patient to which the device is attached. The end of top 46 interconnected to side wall 48 is of convex curvature matching the curvature of wall 28 of base 20. Top 46 of cover 22 includes elongate depression 50 formed therein with its longitudinal axis parallel to the longitudinal axis of cover 22, and further includes dome 52 formed therein with its longitudinal axis perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of cover 22. Depression 50 is disposed in cover 22 such that depression 50 is centered over portion 26 of base 20 with cover 22 placed on base 20. Dome 52 is positioned in cover 22 adjacent to one end of depression 50 such that dome 52 will overlie that part of portion 26 of base 20 immediately adjacent to the interconnection of portions 24 and 26 of base 20. Dome 52 is slightly longer along its longitudinal axis than the width of top 46 and extends outward beyond the line of the edge of top 46 on both sides thereof in the preferred embodiment. Side wall 48 includes bulges 54 under the extension of dome 52 beyond the edges of top 46. Depression 50, dome 52, and bulges 54 are provided for the purpose of accomodating and retaIning catheter hub assembly 14. Base 20 and cover 22 of device 10 are symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of device 10 to allow device 10 to be used with catheter 12 on either side of the device. Cover 22 further includes connector means for forming a releaseable interconnection between cover 22 and base 20. Such connector means comprise connector plate 56 interconnected to the edge of top 46 at the open end of cover 22, centered between the ends of wall 48 and extending from top 46 in the same direction as wall 48, and locking slots 58 disposed in side wall 48 between bulges 54 and the curved end of cover 22 in opposed relationship across the longitudinal axis of cover 22. Connector plate 56 includes aperture 60 extending from the inner face of plate 56 into the interior thereof toward the open end of cover 22, to receive tab 42 of base 20. Each of locking slots 58 comprises an L-shaped aperture extending through side wall 48, disposed therein such that the first leg of the L extends upward from the bottom edge of side wall 48 toward top 46 and the second leg of the L extends perpendicular to the first leg toward the open end of cover 22. Locking slots 58 are disposed in cover 22 so as to overlie locking ears 36 and locking tabs 38 when cover 22 is placed over base 20. Cover 22 is preferably formed as a one piece molded construction of a rigid, smooth surfaced plastic material capable of being suitably sterilized for medical use. All external contours of cover 22 should be smooth and rounded to prevent snagging of tubing 18 and to prevent patient injury. In the preferred embodiment, cover 22 is transparent to allow inspection of the catheter components and tubing and of the catheter entry site without the necessity of removing cover 22 from base 20, but cover 22 and base 20 may be translucent or colored if desired without departing from the scope of the invention. Device 10 is designed to be provided to users as an individually packaged sterile, disposable unit. In use of device 10 to stabilize and retain an intravenous catheter and its tubing in conjunction with the intravenous infusion of fluid to or removal of fluid from a patient, a needle bearing catheter, such as illustrated by reference numeral 12, is inserted through the skin of the patient and into an underlying vein, the needle is withdrawn and catheter hub assembly 14 and intravenous tubing 18 are connected to catheter 12. Base 20 of device 10 is placed on the skin of the patient adjacent to catheter 12, with portion 26 of base 20 alongside catheter 12 and with tubing coupler 14 resting upon portion 24 of base 20 and received in one of notches 34 of wall 28. Base 20 is then attached to the patient by, in the preferred embodiment, adhering adhesive strips 44 to the skin of the patient with one of said strips lying over the entry site of catheter 12 through the skin of the patient. Tubing 18 is inserted into slot 32 between walls 28 and 30 of base 20 and is drawn toward the opposite end of base 20 along the edge of portion 26 opposite catheter 12. Cover 22 is then interconnected to base 20 by first placing aperture 60 of connector plate 56 over tab 42 of connector block 40 and pressing cover 22 onto base 20 such that locking ears 36 are received in locking slots 58. As cover 22 is pressed onto base 20 the pressure of the bottom edge of side wall 48 against locking tabs 38 forces the ends of wall 28 to bend toward the interior of device 10, allowing cover 22 to be brought into full contact with base 20, whereupon locking tabs 38 slide into locking slot 58 as the ends of wall 28 return to their rest position, firmly locking cover 22 in place upon base 20. In addition, as cover 22 is pressed onto base 20, the inner surface of side wall 48 along its curvature is brought into contact with the outer surface of a portion of wall 28 of base 20, aiding the frictional retention of cover 22 upon base 20. As cover 22 is brought into full interconnection with base 20, dome 52 and one of bulges 54 in side wall 48 enclose and gently retain catheter hub assembly 14 relative to device 10, thus retaining catheter 12 in proper alignment wIth its entry sIte. The placement of tubing coupler 16 within notch 34 in wall 28 restrains longitudinal movement of catheter hub assembly 14 and thus of catheter 12 connected thereto. Visual inspection of catheter 12, hub assembly 14, and tubing 18, as well as visual inspection of the catheter entry site, can be readily performed without removal of the transparent cover 22 and without any discomfort to the patient. Direct access to catheter 12, hub assembly 14, and tubing 18 is achieved by pressing inward on the ends of locking ears 36 which extend outwardly beyond side wall 48 of cover 22 to release locking tabs 38 from slots 58, and lifting cover 22 away from base 20, eliminating the painful and time consuming process of removing and replacing strips of adhesive tape. The foregoing detailed description of a specific embodiment of the device of the invention is illustrative and not for purposes of limitation, and it will be understood that various modifications and adaptations may be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to uses of an extract of the plant Cordia dichotoma in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields, especially the dermatological field. The plant Cordia dichotoma belongs to the Boraginaceae family which is found particularly in New Caledonia. This plant is well known in traditional Polynesian medicine for its uses as an anti-inflammatory. Cataplasms in particular are prepared from this plant. The emollient properties of this plant are equally as well known as its asepsis properties. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors of the present application have now discovered that the extracts of this plant furthermore present excellent anti-elastic properties, which allows for their use as active principle in cosmetic or pharmaceutical, especially dermatological, compositions intended to combat all effects linked to the ageing of the skin. More precisely, the invention is the result of systematic experiments carried out by the inventors with a view to studying the enzymatic reactions of extracts of Cordia dichotoma. These systematic experiments have revealed a certain activity of these extracts on elastase. More precisely, the systematic experiments carried out by the inventors are concerned with the following enzymes: elastase, tyrosinase and 3′,5′-cAMP phosphodiesterase. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Elastase, elastin degradation enzyme, is present in the cells, especially in the dermal cells (fibroblasts) just as, in a smaller measure, in the epidermal cells (keratinocytes). It has been observed that the quantity and activity of elastase increases during the cutaneous ageing process, intrinsic as well as actinic. By a degradation of the elastin fibres, the result of the elastase action is a loss of cutaneous elasticity, a relaxing of the skin and the appearance of wrinkles. 3′,5′-cAMP phosphodiesterase, hereafter called “phosphodiesterase” or “PDE”, is the enzyme which converts cAMP, a second messenger involved in controlling cell metabolism, to inactive AMP. Consequently, the inhibition of PDE by an inhibitor makes it possible to maintain a high intracellular level of cAMP, which has the effect especially of activating the protein kinases A and, via this process, makes it possible to promote lipid degradation. Furthermore, it is also known that cAMP plays a part in counteracting certain inflammatory processes (Hitchcock M., J. Immunol (1977) 188 557). Also it has been described that phosphodiesterase increases with age (Puri S. K. and Volicer L., Mechanisms of Ageing and Dev. (1981) 15 239. The inhibition of phosphodiesterase will therefore make a contribution to combating the effects of ageing, particularly on the skin. Tyrosinase is the key enzyme in the synthesis of melanin and hence in the metabolism of skin pigmentation. In cosmetics, the inhibition of tyrosinase by appropriate agents has applications in the local treatment of skin hyperpigmentations such as senescent pigmentary marks. These tests have shown the very clear activity of extracts of the plant Cordia dichotoma on the inhibition of elastase, and have led the inventors of the present invention to preparing cosmetic or dermatological compositions useful in any application aimed at combating ageing of the skin. Thus, according to one of its essential characteristics, the invention relates to the use of an extract of the plant Cordia dichotoma as active principle of a cosmetic composition intended to combat the effects of ageing on the skin, especially by preserving or improving the biomechanical properties of the skin, particularly its elasticity, by delaying the appearance of wrinkles or by reducing their depth, and by improving the firmness of the skin. According to another essential characteristic of the invention, it also relates to the use of an extract of the plant Cordia dichotoma for the preparation of a pharmaceutical, especially dermatological, composition intended for the treatment of intrinsic or actinic ageing effects on the skin, said extract being incorporated in a pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle. In the two fields of cosmetic and dermatological application, it is essentially the leaves which are found to be of value in the preparation of the extracts of the invention. The extract is advantageously obtained by maceration of the plant or part of the plant in a polar solvent or polar solvent mixture, followed by filtration. The solvent of the solution obtained can be evaporated off, if necessary, to give the dry extract. The evaporation will preferably be performed under reduced pressure. The following may be mentioned as solvents which are advantageously used: water C 1 to C 6 alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol C 2 to C 6 polyols such as propylene glycol or glycerol, and mixtures thereof. Water is found to be a particularly useful extraction solvent. The plant extract could also be obtained by the so-called supercritical carbon dioxide extraction technique. In one advantageous embodiment, this composition comprises 0.001% to 10% by weight and particularly 0.02% to 1% by weight of dry plant extract, based on the total weight of the final composition. Furthermore, the experiments carried out by the inventors have clearly shown that not only the extraction yield but also the enzymatic activity of the extract is related to the nature of the solvent used. The attached Examples clearly show the effect of the choice of solvent on the enzymatic activity of the extract. The cosmetic or pharmaceutical compositions according to the invention can be formulated in any form acceptable for their use in cosmetology or in pharmacy, especially in dermatology. Particularly, the composition can be in a form appropriate for topical application, specifically in the form of a cream or gel and particularly a cream or gel for the face, hands, bust or body. According to another aspect, the invention relates to the use of the plant extract as a cosmetic agent, said agent being incorporated in a cosmetic composition as defined above. This cosmetic agent will be used especially in all applications which are aimed particularly at inhibiting the action of elastase. The cosmetic compositions according to the invention will also be used to combat the effects of skin ageing, especially by preserving or improving the biomechanical properties of the skin, particularly its elasticity, by delaying the appearance of wrinkles or reducing their depth and by improving the firmness of the skin. Thus, according to another aspect, the invention relates to cosmetic compositions intended for skin care and particularly for combating the effects of skin ageing. As mentioned above, it has been possible to correlate the efficacy of the cosmetic compositions as well as the above described dermatological compositions with the anti-elastic activity of the extract. In all the applications, the compositions used are preferably compositions for topical application which are intended for application to the skin. The Examples which follow are given purely in order to illustrate the invention. Unless indicated otherwise, the proportions given in the Examples of compositions are expressed as percentages by weight. EXAMPLE 1 Preparation of an Aqueous Extract According to the Invention 1g of leaves of the plant Cordia dichotoma , dried and ground beforehand, were introduced into 200 ml of water. The suspension was left to stand at room temperature for 4 hours, with moderate stirring. The mixture was subsequently filtered and the solvent was then evaporated off from the resulting filtrate under reduced pressure. The dry extract was then recovered. Compositions of the invention can be prepared either by using the dry extract or by using an optionally concentrated solution of plant extract in the extraction solvent. EXAMPLE 2 Study of the Inhibitory Activity of the Extracts on Different Enzymes 2.1 Extracts Used As the enzymatic inhibition tests were performed in aqueous media, it was necessary to use water-miscible extraction solvents. Thus, by following the procedure described in Example 1, three different extracts were prepared with water, methanol and DMSO respectively. The concentration of these extracts was then adjusted to 0.5% of dry plant extract, either by addition or by evaporation of the extraction solvent. All the tests described below were carried out in triplicate. The values reported are arithmetic means. 2.2 Inhibition of Elastase a) Principle of the Test: The techniques for demonstrating the inhibition of elastase have been described by various authors (J. S. Baumstark, et al., Biochim. Biophys. Acta (1963), 77 676; Bieth, B. et al., Biochem. Med., (1974), 11, 350; Franck C., Byrjalsen I., Biol. Chem. Hoppe Seyler, (1988) 369 (8) 677-82). The active principle was as follows: a substrate was brought into contact with elastase in an aqueous medium and then, after incubation, the reaction products were measured. In the present case the substrate was N-succinyl-(Ala) 3 -paranitroaniline, available from Sigma (ref.: S4760), in a solution containing 0.5 mg/ml in 0.2 M Tris-HCl buffer of pH 8.8. The elastase added to the reaction medium released the paranitroaniline and the peptide residue. The course of the reaction was observed on a Uvikon 941® spectrophotometer (Kontron S.A.) at a wavelength λ of 379 nm. The composition of the reaction medium was as follows: substrate solution (0.5 mg/ml of buffer): 200 μl Tris-HCl buffer: 600 μl extraction solvent: 100 μl The extraction solvent either did or did not contain the effector, i.e. the extract of the plant Cordia dichotoma at a concentration of 0.5% by weight, depending on whether a test with effector or a test without effector (baseline activity of the enzyme) was being carried out. 100 μl of the enzyme solution, containing 35 U/ml in the Tris-HCl buffer, was added to these 900 μl of reaction medium immediately before use. The kinetics of release of paranitroaniline were then measured by the absorption of monochromatic light of wavelength 379 nm on a spectrophotometer, enabling the percentage inhibition I E to be calculated according to the following formula: I E = Δ     AbB / min - Δ     AbE / min Δ     AbB / min × 100 in which ΔAbB/mn is the difference in absorbance per minute of the reaction medium for the baseline activity and ΔAbE/min is the difference in absorbance of the reaction medium for the test with effector. The absorbance values considered were those corresponding to the linear period of the change in absorbance as a function of time. The results are shown in Table I below. 2.3 Inhibition of Phosphodiesterase (PDE). The principle of this test was based on the hydrolysis of cyclic 3′,5′-adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to adenosine monophosphate (AMP). The formation of AMP was measured by HPLC analysis. The composition of the reaction medium is indicated below. The solutions of the reagents were prepared in 0.05 M Tris-HCl buffer of pH 7.5. solution of cAMP (substrate) 80 μl at 0.25% in the buffer solvent, without or with effector at 0.5% 80 μl Tris-HCl buffer 480 μl  160 μl of PDE, at a concentration of 0.5 U/ml in the Tris-HCl buffer, were added to this medium immediately before use. At time t=5 minutes, the quantity of AMP formed was measured by calculating the surface area of integration of the AMP peak on the chromatogram produced by the HPLC apparatus (KONTRON S.A.). The level of inhibition IA of PDE by the effector can then be estimated according to the following formula: I A = SAMP b - SAMP e SAMP b × 100 in which SAMP b represents the surface area of integration of the AMP peak for the baseline activity of the enzyme (without effector) and SAMP e represents the surface area of integration of the AMP peak for the activity of the enzyme in the presence of the effector. The results obtained are shown in Table I below. 2.4. Inhibition of Tyrosinase The principle of this test was based on the formation of dopachrome from L-tyrosine by the action of tyrosinase. It is pointed out that, in the presence of tyrosinase and oxygen, L-tyrosine oxidizes to L-DOPA, which in turn oxidizes to dopaquinone, again through the action of tyrosinase. Dopaquinone then cyclizes to cyclodopa, which oxidizes to dopachrome; this is a precursor of melanins and absorbs light at a wavelength of 480 nm. The formation of dopachrome can therefore be followed by spectrophotometry. For this method, particular reference may be made to the publications by Pomerantz S. H., Arch. Biochem. Biophys. (1974) 160 73-82, or Barber J., J. Invest. Dermatol. (1984) 83 145-149. The composition of the reaction medium is indicated below. The solutions of the reagents were prepared in 0.02 M phosphate buffer of pH 6.9. solution of L-tyrosine (1st substrate) 333 μl at 1 mM in the buffer solution of L-DOPA (2nd substrate) at 333 μl 1 mM in the buffer solvent, without or with effector at 0.5% 333 μl 33 μl of tyrosinase solution, at a concentration of 2400 U/ml in the phosphate buffer, were added to this reaction medium immediately before use. The kinetics of formation of dopachrome were then measured by the absorption of monochromatic light of wavelength 480 nm on a Uvikon 941 spectrophotometer (KONTRON S.A.), making it possible to calculate, for the linear part of the change in absorbance as a function of time, the percentage inhibition IT of tyrosinase according to the following formula: I T = Δ     AbB / min - Δ     AbE / min Δ     AbB / min × 100 in which ΔAbB/min is the difference in absorbance per minute of the reaction medium for the baseline activity of the enzyme (without effector) and ΔAbE/min is the difference in absorbance of the reaction medium for the test with effector. The results are shown in Table I below. TABLE I Level of enzymatic inhibition by the extracts of the invention Extract E water E methanol E DMSO I E (elastase) 96  1 14 I T (tyrosinase) 1 — — I A (PDE) 2 1  2 E water : 0.5% aqueous extract E methanol : 0.5% methanol extract E DMSO : 0.5% DMSO extract The results shown in Table I above demonstrate the value of the extracts according to the invention in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical fields, especially the dermatological field, wherever the action of certain enzymes is to be blocked, reduced in magnitude or regulated. More precisely, it is clearly apparent that the action of the aqueous extract of Cordia dichotoma is particularly significant on the inhibition of elastase. However, this extract is not active on the inhibition of tyrosinase or phosphodiesterase. The methanolic and DMSO extracts of this plant do not seem to have any inhibitory effect on the other enzymes tested. Therefore, the extracts of Cordia dichotoma, particularly the aqueous extracts, can advantageously be used for the different applications mentioned above which follow from the inhibition of elastase, such as cutaneous firming and combating the ageing effects on the skin, such as the appearance of wrinkles. EXAMPLE 3 Cosmetic Anti-Wrinkle Gel Dry extract of Example 1, 0.05 g Carbomer 0.3 g Glycerol 3.0 g Tetrasodium EDTA 0.05 g Aqueous extract of witch hazel 3.00 g Polymethyl methacrylate 1.00 g Perfumes, preservatives, color, neutralizer qs Distilled water qsp 100 g This gel has a soothing anti-wrinkle effect. EXAMPLE 4 Anti-Wrinkle Cream for the Face Dry extract according to Example 1, 0.5 g Glyceryl stearate + PEG 100 stearate 5.0 g Cetyl alcohol 1.0 g Stearyl alcohol 1.0 g Beeswax 1.50 g Squalane 3.0 g Hydrogenated polyisobutene 4.0 g Cetearyl octanoate 1.50 g Glycerol tricaprylate/caprate 3.0 g Dimethicone 1.0 g Xanthan gum 0.2 g Carbomer 0.15 g Glycerol 2.0 g Neutralizer, preservative, perfumes, colors qs Water qsp 100 g EXAMPLE 5 Cream for Sensitive Skin Dry extract of Cordia dichotoma leaves, 0.2 g prepared according to Example 1 Methyl glucose sesquistearate 3.0 g Beeswax 3.0 g Behenyl alcohol 3.0 g Octyl octanoate 5.0 g Fluid mineral oil 7.5 g Cetostearyl octanoate 5.0 g Glycerol 3.0 g Xanthan gum 0.50 g Perfumes 0.30 g Preservative, colors qs Water qsp 100 g This cream is used to firm the skin on the face and neck.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an information recording medium and a method of manufacturing the same, and to methods of reading and erasing recorded information on the information recording medium. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Conventional information recording media include thin inorganic magnetic materials used for magnetic recording or photoelectromagnetic recording, organic photoisomerization materials used for optical storage, and the like. Furthermore, Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) films, which have thicknesses at the angstrom level or can have their thicknesses controlled at that level, are well known. A thin recording medium having an optical recording property can be manufactured by using an organic material with a photoisomerization property as the molecules of the LB film. For example, a method of using spiropyrane derivatives (E. Ando, J. Hibino, T. Hashida and K. Morimoto, Thin Solid Films, 160, 279 (1988)), and a method of applying azobenzene derivatives (H. S. Blairand and C. B. McArdle, Polymer, 25, 1347 (1984)), are known in the art. However, the use of conventional magnetic recording media using inorganic magnetic materials has been limited since the thickness of the media cannot be thinner than a few hundred angstroms. The conventional optical recording media applying photoisomerization organic materials, on the other hand, can be made thin due to the use of LB films. However, these optical recording media, which do not have sufficient endurance against processing, cannot be put to practical use. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Objectives of the invention are to provide an information recording medium which has a thickness of a few or dozens of angstroms or can have its thickness controlled at that angstrom level, with excellent stability and endurance against processing; a method of manufacturing the same; and methods of recording, reading and erasing information on the medium. In order to accomplish the above objectives, the first information recording medium of the invention comprises an information recording layer comprising a dicyclopentadiene skeleton on a substrate; the ring of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton is selectively opened by heat or light, thus recording information by forming cyclopentadiene skeletons. The second information recording medium of the invention also comprises an information recording layer comprising a dicyclopentadiene skeleton on a substrate; a metal ion is incorporated into the selectively opened section of the ring of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton, thereby recording information by forming a metallocene skeleton. The third information recording medium of the invention comprises an information recording layer comprising ring-skeletons on a substrate; a metal ion is selectively incorporated between at least two ring-skeletons, thus recording information by forming a metallocene skeleton or a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton. In the above-noted composition, the skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton can be formed, for instance, by incorporating a chromium ion between benzene rings. In the above-noted composition, it is preferable that the ring-skeleton is a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle or a benzene ring. In the above-noted composition, it is preferable that the information recording layer is directly or indirectly chemically bonded to the substrate surface via at least one atom selected from the group consisting of C, Si, Ge, Sn, Ti, Zr and S. In the above-noted composition, it is preferable that the information recording layer is a monomolecular film, a monomolecular multilayer film or a polymer film. A method of manufacturing an information recording medium of the invention includes the steps of: preparing a molecule which includes at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a functional group of Formula 1, a functional group of Formula 2, a halogenated sulfinyl group of Formula 3, a halogenated sulfinyl group of Formula 4 and a cyano group (--CN), and also includes ring-skeletons; contacting and reacting the molecule to a substrate having an active hydrogen or an alkali metal on its surface, thus fixing the molecule to the substrate surface via a covalent bond. ##STR1## (wherein A represents C, Si, Ge, Sn, Ti or Zr; and X represents a halogen, an isocyanate group, a cyano group or an alkoxyl group) ##STR2## (wherein A' represents N or O) ##STR3## (wherein X represents a halogen) ##STR4## (wherein X represents a halogen) In the above-noted composition, it is preferable that the ring-skeleton is a dicyclopentadiene skeleton, a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle or a benzene ring. In the above-noted composition, it is preferable that the information recording layer is a monomolecular film, a monomolecular multilayer film or a polymer film. The first method of using the information recording medium of the invention to record information in an information recording layer on a substrate, includes the step of: selectively opening the ring of a dicyclopentadiene skeleton in the information recording layer by heat or light, thereby recording information by forming cyclopentadiene skeletons. The second method of using the information recording medium of the invention to record information in an information recording layer on a substrate, includes the steps of: selectively opening the ring of a dicyclopentadiene skeleton in the information recording layer by heat or light; eliminating a cyclopentadiene proton from the skeleton, thus creating a cyclopentadienide ion; and incorporating a metal ion into the cyclopentadienide ion, thereby recording information by forming a metallocene skeleton. The third method of using the information recording medium of the invention involves incorporating a metal ion between at least two ring-skeletons, thus recording information by forming a metallocene skeleton or a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton. In the above-noted composition, it is preferable that the ring-skeleton is a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle and a benzene ring. In the second and third methods of the invention, multiple storage and/or many valued memory can be carried out by repeating the recording procedure mentioned above while changing the kind of metal ion for each repetition. In the first and second methods of the invention, it is preferable that the ring of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton is selectively opened by a scanning probe electron microscope. In this invention, it is preferable that information is read by detecting the differences in the light absorption and refractive index values of a dicyclopentadiene skeleton from the values of a cyclopentadiene skeleton. In this invention, it is also preferable that information is read by detecting the differences in the light absorption and refractive index values of a dicyclopentadiene skeleton, a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle or a benzene ring from the values of a metallocene skeleton, a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton or a metal atom. In this invention, it is further preferable that the metallocene skeleton, the skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton or the metal atom is recognized by a scanning probe electron microscope or an electron beam. In the above-noted methods of using an information recording medium of the invention, the information recorded in the information recording medium can be erased by removing a section comprising the metallocene skeleton or the skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton produced when information is recorded. The information recording medium of the invention comprises a strong ultrathin information recording layer directly or indirectly covalently bonded to a substrate; such a medium was never realized until now. It is possible with this invention to provide an information recording layer which has a thickness at the angstrom level or can have its thickness controlled at that level. The first method of the invention for recording information onto an information recording medium of the invention comprises: forming an information recording layer comprising a dicyclopentadiene skeleton on a substrate; selectively opening the ring of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton, thus forming cyclopentadiene skeletons and recording information. The information recorded in the information recording medium by the first method can be read by detecting the differences in the light absorption or refractive index values of a dicyclopentadiene skeleton from the values of a cyclopentadiene skeleton. The second method of the invention for recording information onto an information recording medium of the invention comprises: forming an information recording layer comprising a dicyclopentadiene skeleton on a substrate; selectively opening the ring of the dicylopentadiene skeleton and incorporating a metal ion into the opened section of the ring, thus recording information by forming a metallocene skeleton. The third method of the invention for recording information onto an information recording medium of the invention comprises: forming an information recording layer comprising a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle or a benzene ring on a substrate; selectively incorporating a metal ion between at least two rings of the cyclopentadiene skeleton, heterocycle or benzene ring, thereby recording information by forming a metallocene skeleton or a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton. The information recorded in the information recording medium by the second or third method can be read by detecting the differences in the light absorption or refractive index values of a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a dicyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle or a benzene ring from the values of a metallocene skeleton, a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton or a metal atom. The method of the invention for erasing information includes directing the cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene skeletons (first method), cleaving a metallocene skeleton or a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton (second method) and eliminating a section comprising a metallocene skeleton or a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton (third method). In the second method, it is appropriate to carry out a reductive cleavage by bases, thus eliminating only a metal atom and leaving a cyclopentadiene skeleton for another recording. In the third method, however, another recording cannot be made in the same place since the section comprising the metallocene skeleton or the skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton is removed by the method. A dicyclopentadiene skeleton is formed by the cycloaddition of two neighbouring cyclopentadienes through a Diels-Alder reaction. The skeleton is stable at room temperature. Either a dicyclopentadiene derivative or a cyclopentadiene derivative can be used as a starting material for the information recording layer. Then, through the above-mentioned cycloaddition process, an information recording layer comprising the dicyclopentadiene skeleton is formed. Preferably, either heat or light is used for opening the ring of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton. As a heat or light source, it is preferable to use a semiconductor laser or the like which provides a small beam diameter and provides high energy. The semiconductor laser can also be useful for the readout of information. By using a scanning probe electron microscope for the ring-opening of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton and the readout of information, it becomes possible to achieve the recording and readout of information at a molecular or atomic level. As metal ions used for forming the metallocene skeleton or the skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Os, Ru, V or the like are useful. However, the metal ion applicable for the invention is not limited to the ions mentioned above. In order to impart stability to the metallocene skeleton, however, it is preferable to use Fe, Ru or Os. The second and third information recording media of the invention can achieve multiple storage and/or many valued memory by repeating recording process. However, for each repetition, the kind of metal ion incorporated into an information recording layer should be changed. In the case where the information recording layer is comprised of a dicyclopentadiene skeleton, the energy of heat or light should be of a degree capable of opening the ring of the dicyclopentadiene skeleton without breaking down the metallocene skeleton or the skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton. It is appropriate to make use of the differences in light absorption or refractive index for recognizing or distinguishing the kind of metallocene skeleton, skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton or metal ion, thereby reading information. It is preferable to use an organic polymer film or an organic thin film, comprising a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle, a benzene ring or a dicyclopentadiene skeleton, as the information recording layer on the substrate. However, the information recording layer of the invention is not limited to the above-noted films. In case of an organic polymer film or an organic thin film comprising a cyclopentadiene skeleton, the film may include an indenin derivative group, a fluorene derivative group or the like. Moreover, when the film comprises a heterocycle or a benzene ring, the film may comprise the heterocycle or the benzene ring as a section of a functional group. In taking into consideration the density of a cyclopentadiene skeleton, a heterocycle, a benzene ring or a dicyclopentadiene skeleton, and the thickness of an information recording layer, it is preferable to form a monomolecular film or a multilayer film with several layers as the information recording layer. Endurance, including endurance against processing, is required for an information recording layer after the formation of the layer; therefore, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film or a chemically adsorbed multilayer film is suitable for the layer. When forming a chemically adsorbed multilayer film as an information recording layer, the kind of a metallocene skeleton or a skeleton analogous to the metallocene skeleton can be differentiated for each layer. Or alternatively, different kinds of metallocene skeletons or skeletons analogous to the metallocene skeletons can be included within a layer. It is also possible to build up a layer comprising different kinds of metallocene skeletons or skeletons analogous to the metallocene skeletons. As a result, a high density recording of multiple bits in one spot can be realized. Information recorded by the first information recording medium of the invention can be erased by the cycloaddition of cyclopentadiene skeletons. In other words, the medium can record and erase information without physically incorporating and eliminating metal ions. Therefore, the recording and erasing of information can be repeated many times by the medium. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 shows an enlarged sectional view of a substrate of Example 1 prior to application of the recording layer. FIG. 2 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 1. FIG. 3 shows an enlarged sectional view of another chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 1. FIG. 4 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 2. FIG. 5 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 4. FIG. 6 shows an enlarged sectional view of another chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 4. FIG. 7 shows an enlarged sectional view of a further chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 4. FIG. 8 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 5. FIG. 9 shows an enlarged sectional view of another chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 5. FIG. 10 shows an enlarged sectional view of a further chemically adsorbed multilayer film of Example 5. FIG. 11 shows an enlarged sectional view of yet another chemically adsorbed multilayer film of Example 5. FIG. 12 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 6. FIG. 13 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 7. FIG. 14 shows an enlarged sectional view of another chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 7. FIG. 15 shows an enlarged sectional view of a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 8. FIG. 16 shows an enlarged sectional view of another chemically adsorbed monomolecular film of Example 8 after being irradiated with a laser. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention is specifically described by referring to the following examples. Basic chemical adsorption methods include the procedure mentioned, for example, in J. Sagiv, Journal of American Chemical Society, 102:92 (1980) and in K. Ogawa et al., Langmuir, 6:851 (1990). In these methods, a chemically adsorbed film is manufactured by a dehydrochlorination reaction of molecules comprising chlorosilyl groups (chemical adsorbent) to a substrate surface comprising hydroxyl groups or the like, thus fixing the groups to the substrate surface via covalent bonds. In forming a chemically adsorbed film, a functional group, which bonds a molecule to a substrate, is at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a functional group of Formula 1 set forth above, a functional group of Formula 2 set forth above, a halogenated sulfinyl group of Formula 3 set forth above, a halogenated sulfinyl group of Formula 4 set forth above and a cyano group (--CN). However, the functional group applicable to the invention is not limited to the above-noted groups. As a halogen of the invention, Cl, Br or I can be included. In terms of reactivity, however, it is preferable to use Cl. The substrates useful in this invention have on the surface at least one functional group selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a quaternary ammonium group, a quaternary phosphonium group, a thiol group and an amino group; and/or at least one functional group, in which an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal is substituted for H of the group, selected from the group consisting of a hydroxyl group, a carboxyl group, a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a phosphoric acid group, a phosphorous acid group, a quaternary ammonium group, a quaternary phosphonium group, a thiol group and an amino group. The chemically adsorbed film of the invention is not limited to films which include the above-mentioned functional groups, and is fixed to the substrate surface comprising the functional group. When the substrate surface has none or only a few of the functional groups mentioned above, a UV irradiation or oxidizing agent treatment should be applied to the surface, thus effectively creating or increasing the functional groups on the surface. The method of fixing the chemically adsorbed film to the substrate surface includes but is not limited to methods of contacting a substrate to a liquid and/or gaseous chemical adsorbent, and/or to a solution dissolving the chemical adsorbent. In the case of using the above-mentioned solution dissolving the chemical adsorbent, it is preferable to use a solvent comprised of molecules with no active hydrogens. For instance, if the chemical adsorbent comprises long-chain alkyl groups, a mixed solvent of hydrocarbon and halogenated hydrocarbon can be employed. In addition, it is appropriate to use halogenated hydrocarbon solvent, aromatic solvent or the like for the chemical adsorbent comprising carbonyl groups. However, the solvent applicable in the invention is not limited to the solvents mentioned above. After fixing the chemically adsorbed film to the substrate, it is preferable to remove unreacted molecules; as a result, a monomolecular film and a multilayer film can be easily formed on the substrate. It is preferable to use an aprotic solvent to remove the unreacted molecules; for instance, halogenated carbon, ether, lactone, ester, nitrile, amide or the like are included as such solvents. However, the solvent is not limited to those solvents. The invention will now be explained specifically in the following examples. EXAMPLE 1 An adsorption solution A was prepared by dissolving about 1% by weight of (3-dicyclopentadienylpropyl)trichlorosilane into a mixed solvent of hexadecane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform at a weight ratio of 80:12:8, respectively. A glass substrate 1 (hydrophilic substrate) as shown in FIG. 1 was prepared. After being washed with an organic solvent, glass substrate 1 was dipped and held in adsorption solution A for three hours. Due to this treatment, bonds of the following Formulas 5 were formed on glass substrate 1. ##STR5## (wherein C 10 H 11 represents a dicyclopentadienyl group) After washing glass substrate 1 with chloroform (nonaqueous solvent) for 15 minutes and with water for another 15 minutes, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 2 of FIG. 2 was formed on the substrate surface. Chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 2 was firmly bonded to glass substrate 1, and had excellent water-repelling properties. The formation of the film was confirmed by obtaining particular signals for this structure at 2925, 2855 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1650 (attribute of C═C), 1465 (attribute of --CH 2 --), and 1080 (attribute of Si--O) cm -1 by Fourier transform infrared absorption spectral (FTIR) measurement. Then, glass substrate 1 formed with chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 2 was dipped and held in decalin. After heating a section of the film with an infrared laser at around 190° C. for one hour, NaH and then anhydrous FeCl 2 were added to the decalin. After the above-noted procedure, glass substrate 1 was washed with hexane for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes; as a result, the skeleton, which had been irradiated with the infrared laser, was changed to a ferrocene skeleton, thus forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 3 (FIG. 3). Chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 3 was firmly connected to the substrate and had excellent water-repelling properties. The creation of an additional particular signal at 815 (attribute of a ferrocene skeleton) cm -1 and also the disappearance of the signal at 1650 cm -1 were confirmed by FTIR measurement. Chemically adsorbed monomolecular 3 was proved to have Fe atoms by X-ray photoelectric spectroscopic (XPS) measurement. The above-noted results indicate that a signal can be recorded as a ferrocene in the section irradiated with the laser. EXAMPLE 2 Glass substrate 1 formed with chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 3 of Example 1 was dipped and held in decalin. After heating only the dicyclopentadiene skeleton, which had not been changed to the ferrocene skeleton, with an infrared laser at about 190° C. for one hour, NaH and then anhydrous RuCl 2 were added to the decalin. After that, glass substrate 1 was washed with hexane for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes, thereby forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 4, in which a ferrocene skeleton and a ruthenocene skeleton are intermingled, as shown in FIG. 4. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. The creation of an additional signal at 821 cm -1 was confirmed by FTIR measurement. In addition to the Fe atom, a Ru atom was also found in chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 4 by XPS measurement. The results indicate that the information recorded with light of 821 cm -1 and 815 cm -1 can be recognized and read. EXAMPLE 3 The surface of chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 4 including ferrocene and ruthenocene was observed in ethanol with an interatomic force microscope (AFM), a type of scanning probe electron microscope. In observing the sections of the film which had been irradiated with the infrared laser in Examples 1 and 2, convex and concave surfaces with three different heights were clearly found. In other words, there were two kinds of metallocene skeletons which had been formed as a result of the above-described reactions, and an unreacted dicyclopentadiene skeleton in chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 4. EXAMPLE 4 An adsorption solution B was prepared by dissolving about 1% by weight of 14-iodotetradecyltrichlorosilane into a mixed solvent of hexadecane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform at a weight ratio of 80:12:8, respectively. As shown in FIG. 1, a glass substrate 1 was used as a hydrophilic substrate. After washing glass substrate 1 with an organic solvent, the substrate was dipped and held in adsorption solution B for three hours. Due to this treatment, bonds of the following Formula 6 were formed on glass substrate 1. ##STR6## Glass substrate 1 was washed with chloroform (nonaqueous solvent) for 15 minutes and then with water for another 15 minutes, thus forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 5. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. Signals were obtained for this structure at 2925, 2855 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1465 (attribute of --CH 2 --), and 1080 (attribute of Si--O) cm -1 by FTIR measurement, thereby confirming the formation of the film. Glass substrate 1 formed with chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 5 was dipped and held in dry tetrahydrofuran (THF) under a nitrogen atmosphere. Hexapentadienide sodium was then added and reacted for 30 minutes, thus forming cyclopentadiene skeletons. Dicyclopentadiene skeletons were soon formed by the cycloaddition of two neighboring cyclopentadiene skeletons, thus forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 6 as shown in FIG. 6. An additional signal was obtained for this structure at 1650 (attribute of C═C) cm -1 by FTIR measurement, thereby confirming the formation of the film. In other words, the information recorded with light of 1650 cm -1 can be read. Glass substrate 1 having chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 6 on its surface was dipped and held in decalin. After heating only one section of the film with an infrared laser at about 190° C. for one hour, NaH and then anhydrous FeCl 2 were added to the decalin. After that, glass substrate 1 was washed with hexane for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes. As a result, the chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 7 of FIG. 7, in which only the section irradiated with the infrared laser was changed to a ferrocene skeleton, was formed. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. A particular signal was obtained for this structure at 815 (attribute of a ferrocene skeleton) cm -1 by FTIR measurement. According to XPS measurement, it was proved that chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 7 comprised Fe atoms. These results indicate the information recorded with light of 815 cm -1 can be read. EXAMPLE 5 An adsorption solution C was prepared by dissolving about 1% by weight of 6-dicyclopentadienyl-1,8-di(trichlorosilyl)octane into a mixed solvent of hexadecane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform at a weight ratio of 80:12:8, respectively. As shown in FIG. 1, a glass substrate 1 was used as a hydrophilic substrate. After being washed with organic solvent, glass substrate 1 was dipped and held in adsorption solution C for three hours. As a result, bonds of the following Formula 7 were formed on glass substrate 1. ##STR7## (wherein C 10 H 11 represents a dicyclopentadienyl skeleton) Glass substrate 1 was washed with chloroform for 15 minutes and then with water for another 15 minutes, thus forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 8 as shown in FIG. 8. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. Distinctive signals were obtained for this structure at 2925, 2855 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1650 (attribute of C═C), 1465 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1080 (attribute of Si--O) cm -1 by FTIR measurement, thus confirming formation of the film. Glass substrate 1 formed with chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 8 was dipped and held in decalin, and only a section of the film was heated with an infrared laser at about 190° C. for one hour. NaH and then FeCl 2 were added to the decalin. Glass substrate 1, moreover, was washed with hexane for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes. As shown in FIG. 9, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 9 comprising a ferrocene skeleton was formed. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. An additional distinctive signal for this structure at 815 (attribute of a ferrocene skeleton) cm.sup. -1 was confirmed by FTIR measurement while the signal at 1650 cm -1 disappeared. According to XPS measurement, it was confirmed that the film comprised Fe atoms, thus indicating the formation of a ferrocene skeleton. Glass substrate 1 having chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 9 on its surface was then dipped and held in adsorption solution C for three hours. After washing glass substrate 1, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 10 was formed, thus forming a chemically adsorbed multilayer film of FIG. 10 on the substrate. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. The signals obtained by FTIR measurement at 2925, 2855 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1465 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1080 (attribute of Si--O) cm -1 were doubled, thus confirming the formation of the multilayer film. Glass substrate 1, which had the chemically adsorbed multilayer film comprised of chemically adsorbed monomolecular films 9 and 10 on its surface, was dipped and held in decalin. Then, a section of chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 10 was heated with an infrared laser at about 190° C. for one hour. NaH and then RuCl 2 were added to the decalin. After washing glass substrate 1 with hexane for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 11 comprising ruthenocene skeletons was formed as shown in FIG. 11. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. An additional distinctive signal was found at 821 (attribute of a ruthenocene skeleton) cm -1 by FTIR measurement while the signal at 1650 cm -1 disappeared. It was confirmed by XPS measurement that chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 11 comprised Ru atoms, thus indicating the formation of ruthenocene skeletons. According to the above-noted results, the information recorded with light of 821 cm -1 and 815 cm -1 can be read. EXAMPLE 6 Glass substrate 1 having chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 7 of Example 4 on its surface was dipped and held in frozen methylene chloride. Ethylamine was then added to the solution. After three minutes, lithium powder was also added to the methylene chloride, and then glass substrate 1 was left for an extra 10 minutes. After being quenched with methanol, glass substrate 1 was washed with chloroform for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes. As a result, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 12 was formed as shown in FIG. 12. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. FTIR measurement showed that the signal at 815 cm -1 dissapeared. XPS measurement, in addition, showed that chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 12 did not comprise Fe atoms, thereby confirming the disappearance of ferrocene skeletons in the film. In other words, both readout and erasure of recorded information can be achieved with light of 815 cm -1 in the invention. EXAMPLE 7 An adsorption solution D was prepared by dissolving about 1% by weight of (3-cyclopentadienylpropyl)trichlorosilane into a mixed solvent of hexadecane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform at a weight ratio of 80:12: 8, respectively. As shown in FIG. 1, a glass substrate 1 was used as a hydrophilic substrate. After being washed with organic solvent, glass substrate 1 was dipped and held in adsorption solution D for three hours. As a result, bonds of the following Formula 8 were formed on glass substrate 1. ##STR8## (wherein C 5 H 5 represents a cyclopentadienyl group) Glass substrate 1 was first washed-with chloroform for 15 minutes and then with water for another 15 minutes, thus forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 13 as shown in FIG. 13. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. Distinctive signals were obtained for this structure at 2925, 2855 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1650 (attribute of C═C), 1465 (attribute of --CH 2 --) and 1080 (attribute of Si--O) cm -1 by FTIR measurement, thereby confirming the formation of the film. Glass substrate 1 having chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 13 on its surface was dipped and held in decalin. NaH and then anhydrous FeCl 2 were added to the decalin. Thereafter, glass substrate 1 was washed with hexane for 10 minutes and then with water for another 10 minutes, thus forming a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 14 comprising a ferrocene skeleton as shown in FIG. 14. The monomolecular film was firmly connected to the substrate, and possessed good water-repelling properties. FTIR measurement showed the disappearance of the signal at 1650 cm -1 and the creation of an additional distinctive signal at 815 (attribute of a ferrocene skeleton) cm -1 . XPS measurement indicated that chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 14 comprised Fe atoms. The results show that the information recorded with light of 815 cm -1 can be read. EXAMPLE 8 An adsorption solution E was prepared by dissolving about 1% by weight of (8-dicyclopentadienyloctyl)trichlorosilane into a mixed solvent of hexadecane, carbon tetrachloride and chloroform at a weight ratio of 80:12:8, respectively. A glass substrate 1 (hydrophilic substrate) as shown in FIG. 1 was prepared. After being washed with an organic solvent, glass substrate 1 was dipped and held in adsorption solution E for three hours. After being washed with chloroform (nonaqeous solvent ) for 15 minutes and then with water for another 15 minutes, glass substrate 1 was annealed at 100° C. in a nitrogen atmosphere for 20 minutes. As a result, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 15 of FIG. 15 was formed on the substrate surface. Chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 15 was firmly bonded to glass substrate 1, and had excellent water-repelling properties. The formation of the film was confirmed by obtaining particular signals for this structure at 2925, 2855 (attribute of --CH 2 --), 1650 (attribute of C═C), 1465 (attribute of --CH 2 --), and 1080 (attribute of Si--O) cm -1 by FTIR measurement. The half of glass substrate 1 formed with chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 15 was then irradiated with an infrared laser at about 190° C. for five minutes. Signals attributed to the vibration of the aromatic skeleton were found at 1660 and 1610 cm -1 by FTIR measurement, and the measurement also showed that the signal at 1650 cm -1 decreased to 45% of the signal obtained immediately after the formation of chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 15. These results indicate that the rings of dicyclopentadiene skeletons were opened by the irradiation, and that cyclopentadiene skeletons were formed. In other words, a chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 16 of FIG. 16 was formed on the surface of glass substrate 1. The signals from glass substrate 1 were observed by FTIR measurement after 5, 10, 30 and 60 days, but there was no sign of a change in the signals. Following that, glass substrate 1 was again irradiated with an infrared laser at 70° C. for two minutes. According to FTIR measurement, the signals at 1660 and 1610 cm -1 disappeared, and the intensity of the signal at 1650 cm -1 returned to the same intensity of the initial signal obtained immediately after the formation of chemically adsorbed monomolecular film 15, thereby confirming the formation of dicyclopentaidene skeletons. Even when functional groups other than the ones used in Examples 1-8 were applied, similar information recording layers were formed. The invention may be embodied in other specific forms without departing from the spirit or essential characteristics thereof. The embodiments disclosed in this application are to be considered in all respects as illustrative and not restrictive, the scope of the invention being indicated by the appended claims rather than by the foregoing description, and all changes which come within the meaning and range of equivalency of the claims are intended to be embraced therein.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates generally to a piezoelectric device. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] Piezoelectric polymer sensors or piezofilm sensors are increasingly used as piezoelectric sensors. These sensors preferably consist of fluoropolymers, in particular polyvinylidenfluoride (PVDF) and copolymers of PVDF. The piezofilm sensors consist of a piezofilm piece or small plate, on both sides of which is an electrode coating. The electrode coating could be a suitable metal coating, such as silver. [0003] The piezofilm sensor is generally connected to a printed circuit. “Multilayer” circuit boards are preferably utilized for this application because of the high circuit density. However, often there is very little space available for the measuring point, or region, out of the film sensor and the board. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0004] The purpose of the present invention is to miniaturize a piezoelectric measuring region. According to the device disclosed herein, a piezofilm sensor is enclosed by two adjacent layers of a multilayer circuit board. The piezofilm sensor is thus completely integrated into the circuit board. Therefore, the space occupied by the piezofilm sensor at the measuring region, is reduced. The result is a significant miniaturization of the measuring region. In addition, the piezofilm sensor is protected against mechanical damage by the circuit board. [0005] In order to obtain a large measuring impulse, the piezofilm sensor fills as large a surface as possible between the adjacent layers of the circuit board. The surface of the piezofilm sensor is thus at least one fifth, preferably at least one third, and most preferably more than half the surface of the circuit board. By configuring the piezofilm sensor as a flexible foil, such a large-surface piezofilm sensor easily withstands deformations caused by a mechanical impulse. Preferably, the circuit board and the piezofilm sensor enclosed therein are essentially rectangular in shape. The thickness of the piezofilm sensor is typically less than the thickness of the adjacent layers of the circuit board. Electric connections are provided at the edge of the piezofilm sensor. [0006] It has been determined that forming recesses in the piezofilm sensor does not noticeably influence the sensitivity of the sensor. Accordingly, the piezofilm sensor of the present invention can include recesses to facilitate through-bonding between the layers of the circuit board without impairing the function of the piezofilm sensor. The recesses can be recesses formed along the edge of the essentially rectangular piezofilm sensor or holes formed within the perimeter thereof. To assure greater sensitivity, the piezofilm sensor is preferably positioned in a recess formed in at least one of the two layers of the circuit board between which it is enclosed. [0007] The piezoelectric device of the present invention could be used in many applications as a measuring device wherein mechanical impulses result in a deformation of the piezofilm sensor. These mechanical impulses could result from any suitable source, such as a hit, vibrations or accelerations. The piezofilm sensor could also be configured as a data-receiving mechanism. Thus, the piezofilm sensor could detect if, when and how an article is subjected to movements, hits or other disturbances. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] One embodiment of the device of the present invention and its use in conjunction with a shot counter for pistols will be exemplarily discussed in greater detail hereinafter in connection with the drawings, in which: [0009] [0009]FIG. 1 is an assembly view of a multilayer circuit board including a piezofilm sensor according to the present invention; and [0010] [0010]FIG. 2 is a partially sectioned side view of a pistol including an incorporated multilayer circuit board according to FIG. 1, wherein the circuit board is configured as a shot counter. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0011] Referring to FIG. 1, a rectangular multilayer circuit board 1 includes four layers 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 and 1 . 4 . Each layer 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 and 1 . 4 includes conductor paths 2 . 1 , 2 . 2 , 2 . 3 and 2 . 4 , respectively. A piezofilm sensor 3 is enclosed between the inner layers 1 . 2 and 1 . 3 . The piezofilm sensor 3 has an essentially rectangular shape. The surface of the piezofilm sensor 3 is approximately half the surface of the individual layers 1 . 1 , 1 . 2 , 1 . 3 and 1 . 4 . [0012] Electronic building components in the form of a capacitor 4 , a resistor 5 and an IC chip 6 are connected to the conductor paths 2 . 1 and 2 . 4 of the outer layers 1 . 1 and 1 . 4 . The electrode layers of the piezofilm sensor 3 are connected to the conductor paths 2 . 3 of the layer 1 . 3 as illustrated in FIG. 1 by the dashed lines 8 and 9 . [0013] To facilitate bonding of the conductor paths 2 . 1 of the layer 1 . 1 and the conductor paths 2 . 4 of layer 1 . 4 along the dashed line 10 , a recess 11 is formed in the piezofilm sensor 3 . Additional recesses are also formed along an edge of the piezofilm sensor 3 to allow bonding between the conductor paths 2 . 1 and 2 . 2 of the layers 1 . 1 and 1 . 2 and the conductor paths 2 . 3 and 2 . 4 of the layers 1 . 3 and 1 . 4 , which are positioned on opposite sides of the piezofilm sensor 3 . Furthermore, it is possible to form a recess 12 on the side of the layer 1 . 2 which faces the piezofilm sensor 3 . The recess 12 is sized and configured to receive the piezofilm sensor 3 . [0014] One use of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2. The circuit board 1 is positioned in a recess 18 . The recess 18 is formed in a section 13 of the handle 14 of a pistol 15 between the trigger 16 and the barrel muzzle 17 . During firing of the pistol 15 , the section 13 including the circuit board l, and thus the piezofilm sensor 3 , is deformed by the impulse recoil. This deformation causes the piezofilm sensor 3 to emit a signal to the chip 6 in one of the layers 1 . 1 or 1 . 4 . The signal is stored as a count impulse in the store of the chip 6 . The number of shots fired by the pistol 15 can then be determined with a reading device (not illustrated) configured to read data in the store. [0015] The circuit board 1 with the piezofilm sensor 3 integrated therein can also be inserted into other weapons for the purpose of counting shots fired. For instance, the circuit board 1 could be positioned within the butt plate of a gun or other suitable weapon and operated in a manner similar to that disclosed above.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority benefit of Taiwan application serial no. 93136441, filed on Nov. 26, 2004. All disclosure of the Taiwan application is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a circuit board and processing method thereof. More particularly, the present invention relates to a circuit board and processing method thereof that can increase the wiring density of the circuit board. 2. Description of the Related Art In today's information critical society, the market for electronic devices that facilitate information exchange expands at a tremendous pace. To increase the processing speed, provide more powerful functions, raise the level of integration and miniaturization and lower the selling price, chip packaging techniques are all aiming toward a higher degree of miniaturization and a higher degree of packaging density. In order to match this trend, the carrier in chip packaging, in particular, the ball grid array (BGA) and the pin grid array (PGA), has a higher integration level of wiring layout. Because a rigid substrate can provide a circuit layout with a higher wiring density and a higher pin count, it has become one of the most commonly used carriers in high-density chip packaging production. At present, the processes of fabricating a multi-layered rigid substrate having organic dielectric material layer can be categorized into the lamination method and the build-up method. FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional laminated circuit substrate. As shown in FIG. 1 , the circuit substrate 100 mainly comprises a plurality of circuit layers 112 , 114 , 116 , 118 , a plurality of dielectric layers 122 , 124 , 125 , two solder mask layers 132 , 134 and a plurality of plated through holes (PTHs) 140 . The circuit layers 112 ˜ 118 and the dielectric layers 122 ˜ 126 are alternately laminated over each other. The two solder mask layers 132 , 134 are disposed on the topmost circuit layer 112 and the bottommost circuit layer 118 respectively to expose a portion of each of the circuit layers 112 and 118 so that they can connect electrically with a chip or other carrier in a subsequent operation. The plated through holes 140 pass through the circuit layers 112 ˜ 118 and the dielectric layers 122 ˜ 126 , and electrically connect with the circuit layers 112 ˜ 118 . The conventional method of forming the plated through holes 140 includes performing a mechanical drilling process to form a plurality of through holes passing through various layers after the circuit layers 112 ˜ 118 and the dielectric layers 122 ˜ 126 are pressed together. Thereafter, the through holes are filled using a conductive material. Since the drilling density in all circuit layers 112 ˜ 118 is identical, the circuit wiring area between the top circuit layer 112 and the bottom circuit layer 118 is reduced. Thus, some of the circuits is forced to route through the inner circuit layers 114 and 116 and damage the integrity of the circuit layers 114 and 116 for serving as a ground plane and a power plane. In other words, the electrical performance of the circuit board 100 is compromised. Similarly, too high a drilling density in the inner circuit layer 114 and 116 will also lead to the aforementioned problem. In addition, routing the circuit lines is increasingly difficult when the density of drilled holes in the laminated circuit board 100 is too high. In some cases, even the costlier built-up type of circuit board or a laminated circuit board with more layers is required. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, at least one objective of the present invention is to provide a circuit board suitable for increasing wiring integration and lowering production cost. At least a second objective of the present invention is to provide a circuit board process suitable for increasing the wiring integration and lowering production cost. To achieve these and other advantages and in accordance with the purpose of the invention, as embodied and broadly described herein, the invention provides a circuit board fabrication process. First, a first laminated structure is provided. The first laminated structure has at least three first circuit layers and two first dielectric layers. The first circuit layers and the first dielectric layers are alternately laminated and any two adjacent first circuit layers have a first dielectric layer disposed between them. The first dielectric layers do not have a conductive via that passes through single first dielectric layer only. At least a first plated through hole (PTH) that passes through the first laminated structure is formed. Thereafter, a middle dielectric layer and a second laminated structure are laminated over the first laminated structure. The middle dielectric layer is disposed between the first laminated structure and the second laminated structure. Finally, at least a second plated through hole (PTH) that pass through the first laminated structure, the middle dielectric layer and the second laminated structure is formed. The present invention also provides a circuit board comprising a first laminated structure, at least a first plated through hole (PTH), at least a second laminated structure, a middle dielectric layer and at least a second plated through hole (PTH). The firs laminated structure has at least three first circuit layers and at least two first dielectric layers. The first circuit layer and the first dielectric layer are alternately laminated and any two adjacent first circuit layers have a first dielectric layer disposed between them. The first dielectric layers do not have a conductive via that passes through single first dielectric layer only. The first plated through hole passes through the first laminated structure. The second laminated structure has at least a second circuit layer. The second laminated structure is laminated above the first laminated structure. The middle dielectric layer is disposed between the first laminated structure and the second laminated structure. The second plated through hole passes through the first laminated structure, the middle dielectric layer and the second laminated structure. In brief, the process of fabricating the circuit board includes forming a portion of the laminated layer of the circuit board such as the alternately laminated three circuit layers and the two dielectric layers and the first plated through holes before pressing the remaining laminated layers together. Thereafter, a second plated through hole that passes through all the layers of the circuit board is formed. In other words, not all of the plated through holes passes through each circuit layer of the completed circuit board, thereby minimizing the waste in area utilization due to the presence of the plated through holes. Ultimately, the degree of integration of wiring layout is increased and overall production cost is reduced. It is to be understood that both the foregoing general description and the following detailed description are exemplary, and are intended to provide further explanation of the invention as claimed. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The accompanying drawings are included to provide a further understanding of the invention, and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification. The drawings illustrate embodiments of the invention and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of the invention. FIG. 1 is a schematic cross-sectional view of a conventional laminated circuit substrate. FIGS. 2A through 2G are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a circuit board according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a circuit board according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Reference will now be made in detail to the present preferred embodiments of the invention, examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings. Wherever possible, the same reference numbers are used in the drawings and the description to refer to the same or like parts. FIGS. 2A through 2G are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a circuit board according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 2A , the process of fabricating a circuit board in the present invention includes providing a dielectric layer 212 and two conductive layers 222 a and 224 a . The conductive layers 222 a and 224 a are disposed on each side of the dielectric layer 212 . The conductive layers 222 a and 224 a are copper foils disposed on the surfaces of the dielectric layer 212 by the lamination method, for example. As shown in FIG. 2B , photolithographic and etching techniques are applied to pattern the conductive layer 222 a and 224 a into a first circuit layer 222 and a second circuit layer 224 respectively. As shown in FIG. 2C , a dielectric layer 214 and a circuit layer 226 are sequentially laminated over the circuit layer 224 . The dielectric layer 214 is disposed between the circuit layer 226 and the circuit layer 224 . The dielectric layer 214 includes none of the conductive via that only passes through a single dielectric layer. Obviously, the circuit layer 226 is formed in the same way as the circuit layers 222 and 224 , that is, by patterning a conductive layer. In fact, all subsequently formed circuit layers are formed in a similar way. Thereafter, a through hole O 1 that passes through the circuit layers 222 , 224 , 226 and the dielectric layers 212 , 214 are formed. The method of forming the through hole O 1 includes mechanical drilling, for example. As shown in FIG. 2D , a conductive material is deposited to fill the through hole O 1 and form a first plated through hole D 1 . The first plated through holes D 1 form a path for electrically connecting various circuit layers 222 , 224 and 226 . As shown in FIG. 2E , a dielectric layer 216 and a circuit layer 228 are sequentially laminated over the circuit layer 222 . The dielectric layer 216 is disposed between the circuit layer 222 and the circuit layer 228 . The dielectric layer 216 includes none of the conductive via that only passes a single dielectric layer. Thereafter, at least a through hole O 2 that passes through the dielectric layers 212 , 214 , 216 and the circuit layers 222 , 224 , 226 and 228 is formed. The method of forming the through hole O 2 includes mechanical drilling, for example. As shown in FIG. 2F , a conductive material is deposited to fill the through hole O 2 and form a second plated through hole D 2 . Thus, the process of forming the circuit board is almost complete. As shown in FIG. 2G , solder mask layers 232 and 234 are formed on the top circuit layer 226 and the bottom circuit layer 228 respectively. The solder mask layers 232 and 234 expose a portion of each of the circuit layer 226 and 228 respectively, wherein the exposed portions of the circuit layer 226 and 228 form a plurality of bonding pads for electrical connection with a chip or other carriers in a subsequent operation. As shown in FIG. 2G , the circuit board 200 according to one preferred embodiment of the present invention essentially comprises a first laminated structure L 1 , a first plated through hole D 1 , a second laminated structure L 2 , a dielectric layer 216 and a second plated through hole D 2 . The first laminated structure L 1 is disposed above the second laminated structure L 2 . The first laminated structure L 1 comprises a lamination of circuit layers 222 , 224 , 226 and dielectric layers 212 , 214 . The first plated through hole D 1 passes through the three circuit layers 222 , 224 and 226 of the first laminated structure L 1 . The second laminated structure L 2 comprises a circuit layer 228 . The second plated through hole D 2 passes through the first laminated structure L 1 and the second laminated structure L 2 . The dielectric layers 212 and 214 have none of the conductive via that only passes through a single dielectric layer. In addition, the dielectric layer 212 is fabricated using a mixture containing fiberglass and a resin so that the circuit board 200 is structurally reinforced. Moreover, the dielectric layers 214 and 216 are fabricated using a resin, for example. Because the first plated through hole D 1 passes through the first laminated structure L 1 , the area labeled ‘B’ in FIG. 2G can be used for routing other circuits. Hence, the circuit board 200 can have a higher degree of wiring integration. FIGS. 3A and 3B are schematic cross-sectional views showing the steps for fabricating a circuit board according to another preferred embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B , the process of fabricating the circuit board according to the present embodiment includes providing a first laminated structure L 3 and a second laminated structure L 4 . As shown in FIG. 3A , the first laminated structure L 3 comprises three circuit layers 322 , 324 and 326 and two dielectric layers 312 and 314 alternately laminated together. The dielectric layers 312 and 314 have none of the conductive via that only passes through a single dielectric layer. The first laminated structure L 3 has a plurality of first plated through holes D 3 that passes through the first laminated structure L 3 . The second laminated structure L 4 comprises three circuit layers 328 , 330 and 332 and two dielectric layers 318 and 320 alternately laminated together. The dielectric layers 318 and 320 have none of the conductive via that only passes through a single dielectric layer. The second laminated structure L 4 has a plurality of second plated through holes D 4 that passes through the second laminated structure L 4 . Thereafter, the first laminated structure L 3 and the second laminated structure L 4 are laminated on each side of a dielectric layer 316 . The dielectric layer 316 has none of the conductive via that passes through a single dielectric layer. Then, at least one third plated through hole D 5 that passes through the first laminated structure L 3 , the second laminated structure L 4 and the dielectric layer 316 is formed. Up to this stage, the process of fabricating a circuit board 300 is almost complete. As shown in FIG. 3B , the circuit board 300 in another preferred embodiment of the present invention essentially comprises a first laminated structure L 3 , a dielectric layer 316 , a second laminated structure L 4 and a plurality of third plated through holes D 5 . The second laminated structure L 4 is disposed over the first laminated structure L 3 . The third plated through holes D 5 passes through the first laminated structure L 3 , the dielectric layer 316 and the second laminated structure L 4 . The first laminated structure L 3 and the second laminated structure L 4 have a fine structure identical to the aforementioned description. The dielectric layers 314 and 318 are fabricated using a mixture containing fiberglass and a resin so that the circuit board 300 is structurally reinforced. Moreover, the dielectric layers 312 , 316 and 320 are fabricated using a resin, for example. Because the first plated through holes D 3 and the second plated through holes D 4 do not pass through the entire circuit board 300 , other areas of the circuit board 300 can be used for routing other circuits. Hence, the circuit board 300 can have a higher degree of wiring integration. It should be noted that the four-layered circuit board and the six-layered circuit board in the aforementioned embodiments served as an illustration only and should not be used to limit the scope of the present invention. The present invention can be applied to a circuit board having five layers or seven and more layers. In addition, the spirit of the present invention is to form conductive material filled plated through holes in various laminated structures before laminating the laminated structures together. After that, through holes passing through the laminated structures are formed and then the through holes are filled to form plated through holes that pass through all the laminated structures. Therefore, there is no blind via between various neighboring circuit layers in the circuit board of the present invention. In summary, because some of the plated through holes in the present invention do not pass through the entire circuit board, the emptied space can accommodate the connection between two neighboring circuit lines that carry an identical signal, or the routing for other circuits. Thus, the difficulty of routing circuit lines is reduced significantly and the wiring density can be increased. In some cases, a conventional package having a six-layered circuit board can even be replaced by a four-layered circuit board according to the present invention, thereby reducing the production time and saving production cost. Moreover, with an increase in the available space inside the circuit board, the length, width and separation of various circuit lines inside the circuit board can be flexibly adjusted on demand and the integrity of the ground plane and the power plane is increased. Ultimately, the circuit board can have a better electrical performance. It will be apparent to those skilled in the art that various modifications and variations can be made to the structure of the present invention without departing from the scope or spirit of the invention. In view of the foregoing, it is intended that the present invention cover modifications and variations of this invention provided they fall within the scope of the following claims and their equivalents.

4y

BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the transfer of a liquid coolant from a stationary member to a rotating apparatus and, more particularly, to the transfer of liquid helium from a stationary cylinder to a generator rotor. In recent years, the science of cryogenics has expanded dramatically in the field of electrical power generation. Electrical generators are now being developed that have virtually eliminated the losses that are inherent when an electric current is transported through a resistive conductor. This progress has been made possible through the supercooling of the field windings of the generator's rotor. When these conductors are cooled to superconducting temperatures they exhibit a lack of resistance and allow transportation of field current with virtually no losses. This supercooling of the generator rotor is typically accomplished by submersing the rotor's field coils in a pool of liquid helium which boils and thereby reduces the winding to superconducting temperature. Since the rotor, spinning at high speed, requires a constant replenishment of the liquid helium which has boiled off, a method of efficiently transferring liquid helium from stationary equipment to the spinning rotor is necessary. Typically this transfer is accomplished by disposing a stationary supply tube coaxially within a rotating inlet pipe which is connected to the rotor. This method creates a cylindrically shaped clearance gap between the tube and the pipe which is subjected to extreme temperature gradients across its length. These gradients can cause rapid oscillations between the liquid and gaseous states of the helium and it is to the elimination of these oscillations which the present invention is directed. The transfer system disclosed herein provides a threaded insert in the rotating inlet pipe which, in response to the pipe's rotation, causes the liquid helium to be pushed inward towards the rotor's helium reservoir and, thus, away from the cylindrically shaped clearance gap which is between the rotating pipe and the stationary supply tube. This threaded member and the selective placement thereof not only drives the helium toward the reservoir during normal operation but provides the additional beneficial function of facilitating a reverse flow of helium into the stationary tube during fault conditions. The problem of liquid coolant entering the cylindrically shaped clearance gap is addressed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,991,588, issued to Evangelos T. Laskaris on Nov. 16, 1976. The Laskaris device uses a step in the inside diameter of the rotatable supply pipe which is intended to permit only gaseous helium to enter the clearance gap. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will be more fully understood from a reading of the following description of the preferred embodiment in conjunction with the figures, in which: FIG. 1 shows an exemplary view of a typical superconducting rotor; FIG. 2 illustrates the behavior of helium in the area proximate the clearance gap between the rotating and stationary members of a superconducting rotor; FIG. 3 depicts the experimental results of the insertion of a ring into the rotating supply pipe of a superconducting rotor; and FIG. 4 is a detailed sectioned view of the liquid helium transfer device of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In FIG. 1, a sectioned view of an exemplary superconducting rotor is shown. The rotor 10 has a support structure 12 which contains the rotor's field coil winding 14. The field coil 14 is submerged in a liquid helium pool 16 which assumes an annular shape due to the rapid rotation (shown by the directional arrows R) of the rotor structure 12. This rotation, in forming the annular helium pool 16, also creates a cylindrically shaped core 18 of gaseous helium. The relative sizes of the helium pool 16 and gaseous core 18 depend on external factors such as the temperature and pressures of the entire rotor system. A supply pipe 20 is connected to the rotor 10 coaxial to the axis of rotation of the rotor 10 and extends axially therefrom. The supply pipe 20 is shown in FIG. 1 as having a T-shaped inner terminus but it should be understood that the particular shape of the inboard end of the supply pipe is not crucial to the operation of the present invention and other types of vapor traps could be used without deleterious effect on the transfer system disclosed herein. A differently shaped inboard end of the supply pipe is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,048,529, issued to Bruce D. Pomeroy on Sept. 13, 1977. It employs an S-shaped vapor trap instead of the T-shaped vapor trap as depicted in FIG. 1. FIG. 1 also shows a stationary tube 22 through which liquid helium is supplied to the rotor 10 (in the direction of arrow H). Since the tube 22 is stationary and the supply pipe 20 is rotating, it should be obvious to those skilled in the art that these two coaxial cylindrical members cannot be permitted to contact each other. Therefore, a clearance 24 is provided between them. This clearance 24 has a cylindrical shape and extends from the inboard end of the stationary tube 22 to the outboard end of the rotating pipe 20. Between these two termini of the clearance 24, a severe temperature gradient exists during operation of the rotor. In some applications, the clearance 24 is only 3 inches long and varies in temperature from approximately 4° Kelvin at its inboard end to 300° Kelvin (essentially room temperature) at its outboard end. It should be obvious that this extreme temperature gradient transfers heat into the cold space, decreases the efficiency of the coolant transfer and the machine's operation and can create a condition, wherein helium would be in a liquid state at one end of the clearance gap 24 and gaseous at the other, which is highly susceptible to thermal oscillations therebetween if helium is permitted to enter this gap 24. However it is desirable to have the inboard terminus of the clearance gap 24 submerged under liquid because it is well known to those skilled in the art that this selected submergence tends to reduce oscillation intensity. Therefore, it should be apparent that the operational efficiency of a superconducting rotor can be improved if the inboard terminus of the clearance gap 24 can be submerged under liquid coolant while the outboard majority of the gap 24 is kept free of liquid coolant. FIG. 2 illustrates the above-mentioned condition. The rotating pipe 20 is partially filled with liquid helium 16 with a vapor core located at its center because of the rotation shown in the direction R. The liquid helium enters and flows through the stationary tube 22 in the direction shown by the arrow H. As it leaves the stationary pipe 22, the liquid helium 16 assumes the annular shape described above. If no further provisions are made, the liquid helium will begin to migrate into the gap 24 as shown by the directional arrows L. As this migration progresses, the helium leaves the cold zone C where it is approximately 4° Kelvin and liquid and moves toward the hot zone H where its temperature rises to approximately 300° Kelvin and the helium gasifies. As the gaseous helium circulates back toward the cold zone C (shown by directional arrows G), it again shrinks in volume. Under certain conditions, these changes in state can cause rapid thermal oscillations. It is the prevention of these oscillations to which one of the objectives of the present invention is directed. It is also evident that, as liquid coolant 16 migrates into the clearance gap 24, it cools the gap 24 and moves the cold zone C toward the hot zone H. This reduces the distance between the 4° Kelvin and 300° Kelvin zones and proportionately increases the temperature gradient and its tendency to increase the heat leak into the cold space which reduces the efficiency of the machine and exacerbates the oscillation problem described above. This invention also has as its objective the prevention of this decrease in the efficiency of liquid coolant transfer. Although the liquid helium can flow into the clearance gap during normal operation, this problem becomes most severe during fault conditions where liquid helium is caused to reverse its conventional flow and move from the rotor's center toward the stationary tube at a very high velocity. Referring once again to FIG. 1, the rotor system is shown in a stable condition. However, during fault conditions a rapid helium boil off can exist which raises the pressure of the gaseous core 18 and the liquid helium pool 16. This pressure can reach 4 atmospheres at the mouths 23 of the inboard end of the supply pipe 20. It should be obvious that when the pressure on the liquid helium pool 16 exceeds that of the stationary tube 22, the liquid helium will rush through the rotating pipe 20 towards the tube 22. During fault conditions it is important to have the liquid helium exit the rotor through the stationary tube 22 and not into the clearance gap 24 for the reasons described above. It has been discovered experimentally that this reverse flow can be significantly enhanced by the inclusion of a radius-reducing device in the rotating pipe. This experiment is depicted schematically in FIG. 3 where a rotating pipe 20 is disposed coaxially about a stationary tube 22 and liquid helium 16 is caused to flow toward the tube 22. As described above, the rotation R causes the liquid helium 16 to form an annulus with a gaseous core 18. It was discovered that a ring-shaped insert 30 disposed within the pipe 20 greatly facilitated the flow of the liquid helium into the stationary tube 22 rather than into the clearance gap 24. In order to take advantage of the above-mentioned reverse-flow behavior and to aid the conventional forward-flow during normal, non-fault conditions, the transfer device is equipped with a threaded insert as shown in FIG. 4. FIG. 4 shows a detailed section view of the preferred embodiment of the present invention. The rotating supply pipe 20, as described above and shown in the other figures, is disposed coaxially about the stationary tube 22. The stationary tube 22 is connected to and disposed within another tube 34 in order to form a vacuum jacket 38 in conjunction with a ring 36. This jacket 38 is used to further insulate the stationary tube 22. A clearance gap 24 exists around the outer stationary tube 34 and around the inner stationary tube 22 where it extends beyond the vacuum jacket 38 and outer stationary tube 34. Connected to the rotating supply pipe 20 and disposed about the inboard end of the stationary tube 22 is a cylindrical threaded insert 40. This insert 40 has threads 42 which run in a direction that, in response with the direction of rotation R, creates a force F on the liquid helium that moves it away from the clearance gap 24 and towards the liquid helium reservoir of the rotor. It should be apparent that the threads 42 of the insert 40 perform two beneficial functions. First, during normal operations when helium is flowing in the direction of arrow H, they act as an auger which moves the annular body of liquid helium (not shown in FIG. 4) away from the clearance gap 24. Secondly, during abnormal fault conditions as described above when the liquid helium is moving from the reservoir toward the stationary tube 22, the threads perform the directional function of the ring (reference numeral 30 in FIG. 3) to facilitate the liquid helium's travel into the tube 22 and not the clearance gap 24. The relationship of the inside diameter of the threads 42 (D in FIG. 4) to the axial extension (L in FIG. 4) of the insert 40 in the inboard direction past the inboard terminus of the stationary tube 22 must be specifically determined for each particular application of the present invention. This relationship is a function of the flow characteristics of the liquid coolant and the inward driving force determined to be a requirement for the application. Thus, it should be apparent that the present invention provides a device that performs three important functions necessary for the proper operation of superconducting rotors. During normal operation it aids the conventional flow of liquid cryogen toward the liqiud helium pool and, during abnormal fault conditions, it induces a streamlined reverse flow into the stationary supply tube. It also facilitates the submergence of the inboard end of the clearance gap under liquid coolant while inhibiting the flow of liquid coolant into the outboard majority of the clearance gap by forming a labyrinth seal between the inside diameter of the threads 42 and the outside diameter of the stationary tube 22. During either condition, the present invention hinders the helium's unrestrained access to the clearance gap which lies between the rotating and stationary members. It should be further apparent that, although the present invention has been described in considerable detail, it should not be considered to be so limited. For example, the insert has been shown in FIG. 4 to have dual buttress threads. The threads may be of various types selected to perform the above-described functions. Furthermore, in FIG. 4, the insert has been shown in a size and position disposition relative to the end of the stationary tube depicted by the dimensions D and L. This relative association is not fixed but will vary within the limits implicitly determined by the intended functions of the present invention described above and according to the specific conditions of each particular application.

4y

RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/951,893, filed Jul. 25, 2007 and entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR A LOW-POWER RADIO BROADCAST ALERT FOR MONITORING SYSTEMS” and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/951,921, filed Jul. 25, 2007 and entitled “METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR AN ELECTRICAL CONDUCTOR MONITORING SYSTEM”, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference. BACKGROUND High-density urban areas often use an underground network grid to distribute electrical power. In this situation, a grid of transformers convert high-voltage (13 kV or greater) feeds from substations into low voltage (under 600V, typically 120V) secondaries. These secondary conductors are connected in parallel, providing a redundant link. The secondary conductors are often 500 MCM copper, with rubber/neoprene insulation. A typical vault or service box would contain a three phase service, and each phase would consist of two parallel 500 MCM conductors from a network transformer. Usually there are two or more sets of these, also connected in parallel. Thus, there may be 6, 12, or 18 500 MCM copper wires, with 2, 4, or 6 or more wires for each phase. The neutral (e.g., a circuit conductor that may carry current in normal operation, and which is often connected to earth/ground) is also paralleled, but sometimes with fewer conductors. Although the network grid system is very reliable, periodic maintenance is required, and equipment breakdowns do occur. It is costly and time-consuming to enter an underground vault, due to safety issues as well as logistical issues (e.g. blocking traffic, unwelding manhole covers, etc.) Consequently, the electrical utility often cannot economically monitor the state of the network system. One failure type is a cable fault. When a cable fault occurs, extremely high currents flow, and this often causes severe damage to the cable, and even to nearby cables. To prevent this, cable limiters are used. These are fast-acting fuses that are designed to open before the cable insulation itself is damaged. They are not designed for overload protection, just fault current protection. These are typically placed in series with each conductor, at every junction and access point in the secondary grid. Doing that minimizes the repair work needed after a fault, and limits the damage to the single faulty cable. The redundant nature of the grid insures that if a single cable fails, the limiter removes it from the circuit, and the rest of the cables absorb the load. Gradually the capacity of the secondary network is degraded as more faults occur over time. Since the network continues to function, and underground cable inspection is very costly, the utility has no easy way to determine how quickly this is happening, or where the faulty cables are in the network. SUMMARY In various embodiments, a system and method for determining the status of each monitored conductor, and optionally indicating peak current or other parameters are provided. Wireless self-powered sensor elements can eliminate much of the wiring required in traditional systems, and greatly ease the installation in difficult underground locations. In one embodiment, an electrical conductor monitoring system includes at least one sensor element connected to at least one electrical conductor, wherein the at least one sensor element monitors and collects at least one operating statistic of the electrical conductor and transmits at least one message containing the at least one measured operating statistic, a communications node operable to receive the at least one transmitted message from the at least one sensor element, wherein the communication node retransmits the at least one received message, and a central server operable to receive and display the at least one retransmitted message from the communications node. In one embodiment, the sensor element is operable to communicate with the communication node through a local area network and the communication node is operable to communicate with the central server through a wide area network. In one such embodiment, the local area network connecting the sensor element and the communication node is a wireless communication link. In one embodiment, the at least one sensor element and the at least one communication node are located in a hazardous location. In one such embodiment, the hazardous location is an underground vault that is part of an underground power distribution grid network. In one embodiment, the sensor element transmits a plurality of messages containing at least one measured operating statistic and the communications node is operable to receive the plurality of messages transmitted from the sensor element and aggregate the measured operating statistics contained in the plurality of messages. In an alternative embodiment, a plurality of sensor elements are each connected to at least one of a plurality of electrical conductors, wherein each of the sensor elements monitors and collects at least one operating statistic of the connected electrical conductor and transmits at least one message containing the at least one operating statistic. In one such embodiment, the communication node is operable to receive each message transmitted from the plurality of sensor elements and aggregate the received messages. In one embodiment, the at least one sensor element draws at least part of the sensor element's power requirement from the connected electrical conductor. In an alternative embodiment, the at least one communication node broadcasts alerts directly to a user. In one embodiment, a method of monitoring an electrical conductor includes collecting at least one measured operating statistic of an electrical conductor through a sensor element connect to the electrical conductor, generating and transmitting at least one message containing the at least one measured operating statistic, receiving the at least one transmitted message from the at least one sensor element at a communications node, retransmitting the at least one message received from the at least one sensor element, and receiving and displaying at a central server the at least one retransmitted message from the communications node. In one embodiment, the method includes transmitting and receiving a message between the sensor element and the communication node occur through a local area network and the steps of retransmitting and receiving a message between the communication node and the central server occurs through a wide area network. In one embodiment, the method includes transmitting and receiving a message between the sensor element and the communication node occur through a wireless communication link. In one embodiment, the method further includes placing the at least one sensor element and the at least one communication node in a hazardous location. In one such embodiment, the hazardous location is an underground vault that is part of an underground power distribution grid network. In one embodiment, the method further includes transmitting a plurality of messages containing at least one measured operating statistic from the sensor element, receiving the plurality of broadcast messages at the communications node, and aggregating the measured operating statistics contained in the plurality of messages. In one embodiment, the method further includes connecting each of a plurality of sensor elements to at least one of a plurality of electrical conductors, monitoring and collecting at least one operating statistic of each connected electrical conductor, and transmitting at least one message containing the at least one operating statistic from each of the plurality of sensor elements. In one such embodiment, the method includes receiving each message broadcast from the plurality of sensor elements at the communication node and aggregating the received messages at the communication node. In one embodiment, the method includes drawing at least part of the sensor element's power requirement from the connected electrical conductor. In an alternative embodiment, the method includes broadcasting at least one alert from the communication node directly to a user. Additional features and advantages are described herein, and will be apparent from, the following Detailed Description and the figures. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a diagram of an electrical conductor monitoring system in accordance with one embodiment. FIG. 2 is a diagram of a sensor element in accordance with one embodiment. FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a process of monitoring an electrical conductor in accordance with one embodiment. FIG. 4 is a diagram of an electrical conductor monitoring system deployed in an underground power grid network in accordance with one embodiment. FIG. 5 is a diagram of an electrical conductor monitoring system forming a mesh network in accordance with one embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In various embodiments as illustrated in FIGS. 1-5 , a distributed system of sensor elements, communication nodes, and a central reporting application server communicate to monitor statistics of electrical conductors. In one embodiment, an electrical conductor is a transformer or a power line; however, it should be appreciated that an electrical conductor is any suitable electrical device. A sensor element is a device that connects to an electrical conductor to be monitored. A communication node is a device that receives messages and data from the sensor elements, aggregates the data, and relays it to either another communication node, out to a network connection (e.g, a LAN or WAN network), or broadcasts an alert if needed. The central reporting application server receives messages from the communication nodes directly, or through an intermediate network connection (e.g., a LAN or WAN connection). It should be appreciated that the above elements are not required and/or can be replaced by any suitable element configured for any suitable purpose. Referring to FIG. 1 , in one embodiment, a plurality of sensor elements 100 a - 100 c are each connected to an electrical conductor to capture and record at least one statistic of the monitored electrical conductors 105 a - 105 c (e.g., peak voltage of the electrical conductors 105 a - 105 c or any other suitable function or operating characteristic of the monitored electrical conductors 105 a - 105 c ). The sensor elements 100 a - 100 c are also configured to communicate with a communication node 110 ; however, it should be appreciated that the sensor element can be configured to communicate with any suitable device. More specifically, the sensor elements 100 a - 100 c are configured to transmit at least one message to the communication node 110 regarding the at least one recorded statistic of the monitored electrical conductors 105 a - 105 c . The communication node 110 is configured to transmit any received messages from the sensor elements 100 a - 100 c to a central reporting application server 120 . In one embodiment, as illustrated in FIG. 2 , sensor element 200 includes a plurality of components. In one embodiment, sensor element 200 includes a processor 210 component for handling computing tasks such as processing captured data of a monitored electrical conductor and writing the captured data to a storage device. The processor 210 can also handle or assist in other processing tasks of the sensor element 200 such as communicating with a communication node. It should be appreciated that the processor can be configured to process any suitable task or assist other sensor element 200 components in completing processing tasks. In one embodiment, sensor element 200 includes data storage 220 for storing collected electrical conductor data for long term and/or short term storage. The data storage 220 can be static RAM, dynamic RAM, optical storage, or any other suitable storage component. It should be appreciated that sensor element 200 may not include any long term storage and immediately forward any captured statistical data to a communication node. In one embodiment, sensor element 200 includes and energy collection component 230 and an energy storage component 240 . The energy collection component 230 and energy storage component 240 can harvest electrical energy from the electrical conductor being monitored for data collection purposes and to provide at least part or all of the power requirements of the sensor element 200 . Alternatively, sensor element 200 can receive electrical power from electrical outlets, solar panels, or from any other suitable source. In one embodiment, sensor element 200 includes an electrical conductor monitoring interface component 250 . The electrical conductor monitoring interface component 250 enables the sensor element to connect to the electrical conductor to measure at least one statistic of the electrical conductor (e.g., temperature or peak voltage). Sensor element 200 may also use the electrical conductor monitoring interface component 250 to draw electrical power to provide the power requirements for sensor element 200 . It should be appreciated that electrical conductor monitoring interface component 250 can include any number of suitable components for measuring any desired feature of the connected electrical conductor. It should also be appreciated that electrical conductor monitoring interface component 250 may include a plurality of different components for measuring a plurality of features of the connected electrical conductor simultaneously or asynchronously. In one embodiment, sensor element 200 also includes a communication interface component 260 . The communication interface 260 may include hardware or software to connect to a local wireless network or to a hard wired Ethernet connection, enabling communication with a communication node. However, it should be appreciated that the communication interface 260 can be any suitable network interface for connecting to any suitable network. It should also be appreciated that communication interface 260 can also be configured to connect to any suitable device (e.g., devices other than a communication node in one embodiment). In one embodiment, the communication node may comprise an IBM or Macintosh compatible personal computer that includes components (e.g., a general purpose CPU, data storage, graphics card, OS, application programs, etc.) that enable it to function as a general purpose personal computer in addition to performing functions of the communication nodes. However it should be appreciated that the communication node may include any suitable set hardware and software components that are focused on receiving and forwarding sensor element messages to a central reporting application server to minimize the cost of the communication node. In one embodiment the central reporting application server may comprise an IBM or Macintosh compatible personal computer, a workstation, a mini-computer, a mainframe, or other types of computers having at least a microprocessor, disk storage and some memory for processing. In one embodiment, the central reporting application server may also comprise a NC (network computer) in which there is no disk for storage, or a NC operating in a cloud computing environment where data computation and analysis tasks are distributed and shared over a plurality of computers of the same or different configuration. In one embodiment, when current is flowing through the monitored conductors, the sensor elements each harvest electrical energy, and periodically transmit a short status message to a nearby communication node (e.g., a communication node with communication range). The status message may be as short as an identifier, or it may also include information such as a peak or real-time current reading, conductor temperature, etc. The communication node receives these messages, and relays them to other nodes, relays them back to the receiving central reporting application server through a LAN/WAN interface, or broadcasts an alert. In one embodiment, a broadcasted alert can be sent directly to a user (e.g., a technician) through email, SMS, audio voice alerts sent through the PSTN or cellular networks, or through any suitable communications method. Alternatively, the communication node may aggregate the status reports, and transmit a single status message or measurement, instead of transmitting each individual message or reading. One process for monitoring electrical conductors is illustrated in FIG. 3 . At step 300 a sensor element monitors a connected electrical conductor and captures at least one statistic of the connected conductor (e.g., the conductor's peak voltage, open circuit conditions, etc.). At step 310 , the sensor element transmits the at least one captured statistic to communication node located with communication range after a predetermined amount of time. At step 320 , the communication node receives the at least one transmitted electrical conductor statistic from the at least one sensor element. At step 330 , the communication node transmits the at least one received electrical conductor statistic to a central reporting application server after a predetermined amount of time. In one embodiment, the communication node may transmit the at least one received electrical conductor statistic to a central reporting application server after collecting a predetermined amount of electrical conductor statistical data. In one embodiment, the sensor elements are self-contained, and powered by the current flowing through the monitored electrical conductor. In this embodiment, the power may be harvested by using a magnetic coupling, or through a Rogowski coil and specialized power harvesting circuitry. Alternatively, the ambient electric field may be used with capacitive coupling, or with a mechanical harvesting system to utilize the 60 Hz vibration of the conductor. A battery or line powered version is also possible, or even an RFID-style system where the communication node broadcasts a burst which powers the sensor element during the sensor read and transmission. A hybrid or mixed approach is also possible. In one embodiment wherein the sensor element is self powered, the sensor element accumulates energy from the monitored electrical conductor. When enough energy for a transmission has been gathered (or the periodic transmit time has occurred), the element broadcasts a short status message to all available communication nodes in range. This broadcast can be a low power RF or VLF burst, but can also be another communication means, such as power line carrier, infrared, sonic, or any other suitable device or method. In one embodiment, the status message can minimally contain enough information for the communication node to determine that the monitored conductor has not failed (e.g. just the sensor unique identifier, either a globally unique identifier, or unique within range of the communication node); however, the status message is not required to include such minimal information and can include any suitable information. If the sensor element is powered by drawing power from the current through the conductor, then the reception of the signal itself is an indication that the conductor is still functioning. Additionally, the sensor element may harvest enough energy to actually measure the electrical current through the conductor, or may be able to estimate this current based on the energy level harvested, or the time required to harvest a certain amount of energy. This information may also be sent to the communication node, or the communication node may be able to estimate this based on a received signal power level, a time between message bursts, or other signal characteristics which may be correlated (intentionally or as a side-effect of the sensor element operation and construction) with the electrical conductor current. In various embodiments, the minimum energy harvest time or the received signal strength is highly correlated with the monitored current, and can be used to estimate the conductor current. The conversion to actual amperes of current may occur later, based on after-the-fact conversion factors, or may be used to indicate changes in current, rather than absolute current levels (e.g. to indicate increased conductor loading over a period of time). In one embodiment wherein the sensor element is self-powered, a failure to receive a sensor element status message in a predetermined amount of time indicates a likely monitored conductor failure, and would generate an alarm condition. Additionally, in one embodiment, either the communication node or the central reporting application server can track the periods of time between receipt of the sensor element status message. In one embodiment, a single sensor element can be configured to monitor multiple electrical conductors. In one such embodiment, any one or more of the electrical conductors may provide power for the element, but each individual electrical conductor is monitored for current flow or any other desired statistic as discussed above. In one embodiment, to increase redundancy and reliability, multiple sensor elements may be used to monitor the same electrical conductor. In one such embodiment, the communication node may be programmed to declare an alert if all sensors on the same conductor indicate a conductor failure; however, the communication node can be programmed in any suitable manner. In another such embodiment, a first sensor element can be configured to monitor a first electrical conductor; however, the first sensor element can be connected to a second electrical conductor to serve as a backup sensor element for the second electrical conductor. If a second sensor element monitoring the second electrical conductor malfunctioned or failed, the first sensor element can be configured to monitor both the first electrical conductor and the second electrical conductor. In one such embodiment, a sensor element can be configured to serve as a backup monitor for any suitable number of electrical conductors. The sensor element broadcast times are timed to optimally reduce interference from each other in various embodiments. In one embodiment wherein the sensor element is self-powered, the energy harvest time can factors into the broadcast timing, since enough energy must be harvested to transmit a message. However, it should be appreciated that the sensor element can be configured to communicate with communication nodes and/or the central reporting application server using any suitable communication protocol. Thus, in some embodiments, a communication protocol can eliminate or reduce the need to configure the timing of the sensor elements broadcasts. In one embodiment, the communication node contains suitable circuitry and hardware components to send and receive messages from one or more types of sensor elements. These messages may be sent directly through a network or other concentrator device, where they eventually end up at the central reporting application server. Alternatively, the communication node may rebroadcast received messages and electrical conductor statistics data to other nearby communication nodes (e.g. communication nodes within range of Bluetooth, WiFi, a direct Ethernet connection, or any other known short range communication protocols), distant communication nodes (e.g., communication nodes beyond the range of Bluetooth/WiFi/Ethernet that may require longer range communication protocols such as WiMAX, PPP, ATM, FDDI, various cellular standards, or any other suitable long range communication protocols), or broadcast using low-power FM/AM broadcast bands or other suitable communication protocols directly to users. In one embodiment where the communication node includes features of a general purpose personal computer, the communication node can be configured for tasks beyond aggregating data and routing the data to the central reporting application server. In one such embodiment, the communication node can be configured to aggregate electrical conductor statistics received from one or more sensor elements and analyze the data for more specific reporting purposes. For example the communication node can be configured to generate a report that the average temperature over a period of time is greater than the tolerances of the electrical conductor which requires the electrical conductor to be replaced because failure is imminent due to the environment conditions. Thus, in one such embodiment, reporting and analysis of the electrical conductor data can be shared with central reporting application server. It should be also appreciated that the communication node can also be configured to directly send alerts to end users (e.g., technicians) detailing the communication node's analysis of the electrical conductor data. In one such embodiment, the communication node can be configured to communicate with end users through a PSTN, SMS, cellular links, email, or any other suitable communication channel. In one embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 4 , the monitoring system is deployed in an underground network grid. In one such embodiment, a vault such as vault 400 a or vault 400 b is positioned underground at least at every city block. Each vault 400 a and 400 b includes a plurality of sensor elements 405 a - 405 f , wherein each sensor element 405 a - 405 f is connect to at least one electrical conductor (not shown). In one embodiment, due to the self-contained nature of the sensor elements 405 a - 405 c located in vault 400 a , sensor elements 405 a - 405 c do not require wiring for communicating with communication node 410 a , which is a significant advantage over other methods due to shorter installation times and reduced material costs. In one embodiment, each vault can be configured with wireless communication between sensor elements and the communication node. However, as illustrated in vault 400 b , sensor elements 405 d - 405 f can be hard wired to communication node 410 b for communication purposes. Thus, it should be appreciated different vaults can be configured with different communication methods as is deemed appropriate based on costs and engineering requirements. Furthermore, in one embodiment, each vault can be configured with at least one communication node; however any suitable number of communication nodes can be present in a vault. In one embodiment, within the vault, sensor elements 405 a - 405 c and 405 d - 405 f send messages to the communication nodes 400 a and 400 b respectively. The communication nodes 400 a and 400 b relay the messages upstream to a central reporting software application server 430 . The relay communications method may be powerline carrier based (e.g. Hazeltine, Turtle, Opera, HomePlug, INSTEON, etc.), RF (e.g. Bluetooth, WiFi, etc. back to a LAN), or any other suitable method. In one embodiment, additional reporting software application servers may be incorporated into the system depending on the number of vaults being monitored. Thus, different vaults may be configured to send messages to different central reporting application servers. In one embodiment as illustrated in FIG. 5 , communication nodes can be connected to other communication nodes to form a mesh network. In one embodiment, a communication node may monitor different numbers of sensor elements at different monitored sites. In one such example as illustrated in FIG. 5 , communication node 510 a receives messages from sensor elements 500 a - 500 c ; communication node 510 b receives messages from sensor elements 500 d and 500 e ; communication node 510 c receives messages from sensor element 500 f ; and communication node 510 d receives messages from sensor elements 500 g - 500 j . In this embodiment, communication node 510 a is connected to the central reporting application server 520 and to communication node 510 d ; communication node 510 b is connected to central reporting application server 520 and to communication node 510 c ; communication node 510 c is connected to communication node 510 b and communication node 510 d ; and communication node 510 d is connected to communication node 510 c , communication node 510 a , and to central reporting application server 520 . In this example configuration, communication nodes 510 a - 510 d can be configured to transmit the received messages (or aggregated messages) to other nearby communication nodes that are then relayed to the central reporting application server 520 forming a mesh network (e.g., any one or more of the communication nodes 510 a - 510 d can serve as a message aggregator that communicates directly with the central reporting application server 520 ). In one example of the mesh network, if the link between communication node 510 a and central reporting application server 520 becomes unusable, communication node 510 a can route messages through communication 510 d to central reporting application server 520 . In one embodiment, the underground vault communication nodes (as described in connection with FIG. 4 ) can also be configured to form a mesh network. In one embodiment, certain vaults also optionally contain more advanced communication nodes, or other communication/data concentrators, that relay messages out of the mesh and onto a LAN/WAN for transmission back to the central reporting application server. Optionally, programming/configuration data for any of the communication nodes 510 a - 510 d and/or the sensor elements 500 a - 500 j may be sent through the mesh network to change at least one device parameter, programming setup, silence alarms, etc. It should also be appreciated that each communication node 510 could be connected to the central reporting application server 520 and each communication node 510 could be connected to one or more communication nodes, or not connected to any communication nodes. Sensor element and communication node parameters may be programmable in various embodiments. For example, the sensor element status message contents, energy harvesting/collection parameters, etc. may be software or hardware selectable. The communication node relay and aggregation logic, etc. may also be programmable. Additionally, the communication node may log all received sensor element transmissions, especially if they contain measurement data such as current level, or log date/time stamps of alert conditions (e.g. failure of sensor element to broadcast, which indicates that a monitored conductor failed). The recording parameters may also be set in the communication node. The communication nodes may be programmed with information about the sensor elements within range (e.g. in the same vault), or preferably, it may automatically add sensor elements. In the latter case, when the communication node receives messages from a sensor element, it automatically adds the transmitting sensor element to an internal list of monitored sensor elements. Thus, once the sensor element is added to the list of monitored sensor elements, if the communication node fails to receive a timely status message from the sensor element, an alert condition is triggered. Alternatively, the communication nodes may not relay messages/data to other communication nodes. In one such embodiment, the communication nodes are normally silent, and only broadcast a message if a conductor has failed (typically indicated by the failure of a sensor element to send a message within a specified amount of time), or a limit has been reached. This broadcast may be through a low power radio transmitter, or indicated by some other suitable alert or annunciator mechanism (e.g. visible strobe light, etc.). If low-power FM/AM broadcast bands are used, users may use a standard broadcast FM/AM radio receiver or other suitable receiver for “drive-by” reception of vault communication node prerecorded or constructed voice messages. In various such embodiments, there may not be a central software system. Status data may be automatically recorded during the drive-by a suitable receiver system, and transmitted to the central software when back in the office, or relayed immediately by an in-vehicle system such as cell phone or other WAN connection. A combination of communication node types may be used, or a single node may incorporate more than one of these methods. It should be understood that various changes and modifications to the presently preferred embodiments described herein will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Such changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the present subject matter and without diminishing its intended advantages. It is therefore intended that such changes and modifications be covered by the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The invention relates to an external door handle for vehicles having a handle, arranged on the outer side of the door and being at least partially hollow, wherein the handle comprises at least one U-shaped shell whose U-space serves for receiving the electronic components, and wherein in the connected situation the U-shaped shell is spanned at the visible side by a C-shaped front strip and is anchored thereat. 2. Description of the Related Art The known handle is provided with a hollow space for receiving electronic components. For this reason, the known handle was configured of two shells comprised of a C-shaped base shell and a C-shaped cover shell connected with the leg ends of the base shell. A disadvantage of such an arrangement is that the terminal snap-on connection of the shells does not provide a sufficient strength for the use as a door handle and that on the front side a contact seam is formed which is visually disruptive because at this visible location manufacturing tolerances that are present become particularly obvious. Moreover, this seam also provides the possibility that dirt can deposit on the front side and that moisture can penetrate into the interior space between the shells so that the components therein are impaired in their function. Also, the embedding of the electronic components in the upright inner shell by means of a synthetic resin is not a permanent solution because the resin will begin to creep over time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to develop a reliable external door handle of the aforementioned kind which prevents the aforementioned disadvantages and generates an especially good and, if needed, detachable connection between the two shells. This is achieved according to the invention in that the two C-end sections of the front strip engage an additional circumferential area of the U-shaped shell from above or from below and in that the electronic components are encapsulated water-tightly in a carrier open at the top. The invention however is also of special importance when the handle is comprised of two shells, i.e., a U-shaped base shell and a cover shell between which the hollow space is formed. In this case, the C-shaped front strip acts like a clamp which presses the cover shell against the U-shaped base shell. This clamp-like connection is provided in addition to the usually already present connections between the two shells. In the case of this clamp connection of the two shells the contact seam between the two shells at the visible side is covered in any case. Even though this contact seam is still present, the access of soil or moisture into the interior of the space between the shells is made significantly more difficult. A type of labyrinth course is present. The detachable connection, if needed, is provided as a result of the C-ends snapped into place in the grooves at the top and bottom sides. A further advantageous configuration is comprised of a U-shaped base shell which in the direction of the front strip to be applied has a U-shaped opening. Into this U-opening the carrier with the electronic components is slipped with precise fit. The front strip snapped into place on the base shell covers in this connection with its front section the U-opening of the base shell with the carrier positioned therein. The carrier can be embodied as a container of hard plastic material which is open at the top so that from here during manufacture of the handle the electronic device can be inserted into the container. In order to protect the electronic device against sliding and exposure to media (for example, water), it is encapsulated in this container, for example, with a soft plastic material. In this connection, the opening of the container at the top is an advantage because the open top side of the container is planar, and a uniform filling of the container with the potting compound can be realized accordingly. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Further measures and advantages of the invention result from the dependent claim, the following description, and the drawings. In the drawings, the invention, in the form of two embodiments, and the prior art are illustrated. It is shown in: FIG. 1 for a two-shell first embodiment of the invention a plan view onto the handle in the viewing direction of arrow I of FIG. 2; FIG. 2 on a greatly enlarged scale a schematic cross-section of the handle along the section line II—II of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 in a representation corresponding to FIG. 2, a second embodiment of the invention embodied only with a single shell; FIG. 4 in a representation corresponding to FIG. 2, the appearance of the known handle along the section line IV—IV of FIG. 5; and FIG. 5 a front view of the known handle illustrated in FIG. 4 in a viewing direction of numeral V of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 in a representation corresponding to FIG. 2, a third embodiment of the invention embodied only with a single shell in a section according to VI—VI of FIG. 10; FIG. 7 for a single-shell embodiment of the invention according to FIG. 6 a plan view onto the handle in the viewing direction of arrow VII of FIG. 6; FIG. 8 a section according to VIII—VIII of FIG. 7 with the projection of a rearview of the front part of the handle; FIG. 9 a section according to IX—IX of FIG. 8; FIG. 10 a front view of the third embodiment of the invention embodied only with a single shell. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the drawings only the bracket-shaped handle 10 of the external door handle appearing on the external side is illustrated. This handle, in the illustrated embodiment a so-called “pull handle”, is moveably supported with its two handle ends 11 , 12 in a base part, not illustrated in detail. This base part is generally provided on the inner side of the door or of the skin of the door. In addition to the handle 10 , as illustrated in dash-dotted lines in FIG. 1, a so-called “cylinder column” is provided in which a closing cylinder can be received, if needed. The cylinder column 13 does not take part in the movement of the handle 10 . The handle 10 is provided with a hollow space 14 illustrated in FIG. 2 in which a carrier 15 for electronic components is arranged. The electronic components 16 can be a ferrite rod acting as an antenna. For generating the hollow space 14 and for introducing the electronic components 16 and their carrier 15 , the handle 10 , as illustrated in the cross-section of FIG. 2, is of a two-shell configuration. The latter is also true for the prior art which is illustrated in FIGS. 4 and 5. Here, the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment are used for identifying corresponding components but, as a differentiation, they are provided with a prime (apostrophe). The prior art handle 10 ′ is comprised of two shells 21 ′, 22 ′ for producing the prior art hollow space 14 ′. These include a U-shaped base shell 21 ′ whose two U-legs 23 ′ are connected by means of a cover shell 22 ′. For this purpose, a snap connection 24 ′ can be provided because both shells 21 ′, 22 ′ are made of plastic material which has a sufficient elasticity. In the connecting situation according to FIGS. 4 and 5 at the visible side 17 ′ of the handle 10 a contact seam 18 ′ results through which moisture or dirt can enter the hollow space 14 ′ via the engaged snap connection 24 . The visible side of the handle 10 ′ can be provided with an optionally rrmetallic decorative cover 19 ′. The handle 10 according to FIGS. 1 and 2 of the invention has a comparable configuration as regards the above description. The components already described in connection with FIGS. 4 and 5 are provided with corresponding reference numerals, however, without the prime (apostrophe) being added in these figures. Accordingly, the preceding description applies. It is sufficient to only point out the differences. In the case of the handle 10 according to the invention pursuant to FIGS. 1 and 2, a C-shaped front strip 20 is used which covers the two shells 21 , 22 at the visible side. The front strip 20 itself now forms the actual visible side 17 of the handle and covers the contact seam 18 . The C-end sections 25 of the front strip 20 cover a circumferential area of the two shells 21 , 22 where step-shaped recesses 26 are provided. Finally, the two free C-ends 27 engage an upper and a lower groove 29 , 28 where they are arranged in a sunk arrangement. In the connecting situation clamping of the two shells 21 , 22 by this front strip 22 is realized. The aforementioned step 26 on the two shells 21 , 22 has a step depth which corresponds approximately to the thickness of the end sections 25 of the front strip 20 . This has the result that the handle 10 , despite the clamped-on front strip 20 , has a substantially projection-free contour 30 . The front strip 20 , in turn, can be provided with a decorative cover 19 . Between the attached front strip 20 and the areas adjoining it and not covered of the two shells 21 , 22 , a “shadow seam” illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 can be provided. This shadow seam 31 only benefits the good appearance of the handle according to the invention. This shadow seam 31 does not entail the risk discussed in connection with the known contact seam 18 ′ of FIG. 3 . Moisture penetrating in the area of the shadow seam 31 cannot reach the hollow space 14 of the handle 10 according to the invention because a closed wall is arranged therebetween in the case of both shells 21 , 22 . FIG. 3 shows a second embodiment of a handle 10 ″ according to the invention which is a space-saving arrangement in comparison to FIG. 2 . For referencing analog components, the same reference numerals as in the first embodiment are used so that in this respect the preceding description applies. It is sufficient to point out only the differences. According to the invention, only a single U-shell 21 is provided whose U-opening 32 between the two U-legs 23 ″ is covered directly by the upper C-end section 25 ″ of the front strip 20 ″ provided thereat. This upper C-end section 25 ″ can also be provided with an inner hollow 33 . The two end sections 25 ″ provided here are arranged substantially parallel to one another and enable a sliding mounting of the two components 21 , 20 ″ in the direction of the mounting arrow 35 illustrated in FIG. 3 . This results in an automatic snap connection 35 which is embodied in the following way. One snap element 36 is arranged at the inner surface 38 of the end section 25 ″ and is comprised of a tooth recess. The bottom area 39 of the U-shell 21 has a corresponding counter snap element 37 which is formed by a tooth projection. Correspondingly, the outer U-leg 23 ″ of the shell 21 on the handle 10 ″ has such a tooth projection 37 on the leg end 40 . In this connection, the elements 37 , 38 are profiled in a special way. Accordingly, the tooth flank active in the sliding direction 34 of the front strip 20 ″ has a leading slant 41 against which the stretched C-end 27 ″ will impact during mounting. This results in a slight spreading of the two C-end sections 25 ″ until the tooth recess 36 snaps onto the tooth projection 37 . Detachment of the two components 21 , 20 ″ in the direction of the counter movement illustrated in FIG. 3 by the arrow 43 is not possible easily because the oppositely positioned tooth flanks 42 active in this direction are steep. Detachment 43 is thus possible only with a corresponding spreading of the two end sections 25 ″ that are snapped into place. In the second embodiment of the handle 10 ″ of FIG. 3, the U-space 44 of a single shell 21 is the hollow space for receiving the already described carrier 15 for the electronic components 16 . In this case, the bottom area 39 and the two leg ends 40 are without steps and in areal contact with the inner surfaces 38 of the two C-end sections 25 ″. In a third embodiment of the handle 10 ′″ according to FIG. 6 and FIG. 10, a base shell 21 ′″ has a transversely positioned U-shaped configuration whose U-opening faces the front strip 20 ′″ provided here. The U-shape is formed of the two legs 47 and the base 48 of the base shell 21 ′″. Between the two legs 47 and the base 48 the U-space 44 ′ is formed into which the carrier 15 formed as a container of hart plastic material can be introduced via the lateral U-opening 32 ′. In the container 15 the electronic device 16 is encapsulated with a potting compound 46 in a water-tight and impact-proof way. The container 15 is open at the top so that the electronic device during manufacture can be introduced from above into the container and the encapsulation can take place also through the upper open surface of the container. The U-opening 32 ′ of the U-shaped base shell 21 ′″ is covered by the front section 45 of the front strip 20 ′″. This front strip 20 ′″ is secured on the base shell 21 ′″ by means of the hook-shaped C-ends 27 engaging in the upper groove 29 ′ and the bottom groove 28 ′ on the base shell 21 ′″. In this embodiment there is no seam on the visible side 17 of the front strip 20 ′″. The visible shadow seam 31 in this embodiment is instead provided between the C-end sections 25 and the visible outer sides of the legs 47 of the base shell 21 ′″, respectively. In FIGS. 7 through 9 it is illustrated in which operation the exit of a cable 50 of the handle 10 ′″ is arranged. This holds true also in an exemplary fashion for all further embodiments of the present invention. In the base shell 21 ′″ of the handle 10 ′″ in the area of the handle end 12 a penetration 52 is provided through which the cable 50 , which extends from the container/carrier 15 , is guided. This penetration could also be provided, for example, in the positions 52 ′, 52 ″, 52 ′″. Also, several such penetrations 52 , 52 ′, 52 ″, 52 ′″ could be provided. When the handle is mounted on the door of the vehicle, the cable exit is covered and not visible to the user. The cable 50 is provided with a connecting plug 51 with which the electronic device, provided within the container 15 , is connected to the electronic system of the vehicle. List of Reference Numerals 10 , 10 ′ handle 10 ″ alternative to 10 (FIG. 3) 10 ′″ alternative to 10 (FIG. 6) 11 , 11 ′ handle end of 10 or 10 ′ 12 handle end 13 , 13 ′ cylinder column at 10 , 10 ′ 14 , 14 ′ hollow space in 10 or 10 ′ 15 , 15 ′ carrier for 16 or 16 ′ 16 , 16 ′ electronic components, ferrite rod 17 , 17 ′ visible side of 10 or 10 ′ 18 , 18 ′ contact seam between 21 , 22 or 21 ′, 22 ′ 19 , 19 ′ decorative cover 20 C-shaped front strip on 10 20 ″ front strip for 10 ″ (FIG. 3) 20 ′″ front strip for 10 ″ (FIG. 6) 21 , 21 ′, 21 ″, 21 ′″ U-shell, U-shaped base shell 22 , 22 ′ cover shell 23 , 23 ′ leg of 21 or 21 ′ 23 ″ leg of 21 at 10 ″ (FIG. 3) 24 , 24 ′ snap connection between 23 , 22 or 23 ′, 22 ′ 25 end sections of 20 25 ″ end section of 20 ″ (FIG. 3) 26 step-shaped recess in 21 , 22 27 hook-shaped C-end of 20 27 ″ end of 25 ″ 28 , 28 ′ lower groove in 21 , 21 ″ 29 upper groove in 22 29 ′ upper groove in 21 ′ contour of 10 shadow seam at 25 opening of 21 (FIG. 3) opening of 21 ″ (FIG. 6) hollow of 25 ″ (FIG. 3) mounting arrow for 20 ″ (FIG. 3) snap connection of 36 , 37 snap element of 35 , tooth recess counter snap element of 35 , tooth projection inner surface of 25 ″ (FIG. 3) bottom area of 21 leg end at end face of 23 ″ (FIG. 3) leading slant of 37 steep tooth flank of 37 mounting arrow of 20 ″ (FIG. 3) space in 21 (FIG. 3) space in 21 ″ (FIG. 6) front section of 20 ′ potting compound leg of 21 ″ at 10 ′″ base of 21 ″ at 10 ′″ cable connecting plug penetration 52 ″, 52 ′″ penetrations

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention provides improved non-woven mats of randomly oriented, low melting, metal fibers, for use in metal/polymer composites, and particularly for shaped metal/polymer composites. 2. Description of the Related Art A variety of composites containing both metal and polymeric materials are known for use in many varied applications. Composites may include metal in the form of continuous sheet, perforated sheets, mesh, woven screen or non-woven webs of randomly distributed fibers. Similarly, polymer structures, combined with the various forms of metal, may include films, sheets, perforated sheets, woven material or non-woven layers with random fiber distribution. One important use for a metal/polymer composite is as a shield for electromagnetic and radio frequency waves. The interference caused by such waves in electronic devices is commonly referred to as electromagnetic interference (EMI) or radio frequency interference (RFI), hereinafter jointly referred to as EMI. EMI shielding is often placed around an EMI source to prevent it from radiating EMI and interfering with surrounding devices. Also, the devices themselves may be provided with EMI shielding in an effort to shield the device from incoming electromagnetic radiation. Effective EMI shielding requires the formation of a uniform conductive enclosure around the EMI-sensitive or EMI-emitting device. A shielding layer, associated with the conductive enclosure, may be in the form of a continuous layer or a discontinuous grid, such as a metal mesh. Any enclosure formation process that significantly increases the maximum void dimension in the shielding layer, sometimes called the "slot effect", could cause faulty EMI shielding performance of the shielding material. Previous disclosures reveal ways of producing and shaping sheet material that has EMI shielding capability, typically using an electrically conducting layer, which are required in many applications. For example U.S. Pat. No. 3,727,292, (Nicely), discloses a non-woven unitary metallic sheet which is fabricated by extruding a molten stream from a metallic melt into an atmosphere which reacts to form a stabilizing film about the periphery of the metal stream. The spun metal filaments are allowed to solidify, and then collected as a nonwoven fibrous mass. The mass of filaments is then compressed into a sheet-like form, and given strength by binding all or selected adjacent fibers together. U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,098 (Gaughan) discloses an EMI shielding sheet comprising a layer of nonwoven reinforcing fibers which supports a layer of metal whiskers or fibers formed from a ductile metal or metal alloy. Metal layer formation disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,272,292 (Nicely) applies to U.S. Pat. No. 4,689,089 which provides a stampable EMI shielding sheet. Another stampable EMI shielding construction appears in U.S. Pat. No. 4,678,699 (Kritchevsky et al). This patent notes that, "The shielding layer must be able to maintain its shielding effectiveness upon stamping." Such a statement reflects the fact that stamping processes tend to disrupt fibrous networks, breaking the fibers which, in the case of EMI shielding, results in poorer shielding effectiveness of the metal layers. Stamping is one method for forming shaped EMI shielding structures. This forming technology was developed in the metal industry for forming thin metal objects. It involves rapid, almost instantaneous application of mechanical force to distort a sheet into a shaped object. Stampable plastic/metal composite sheets may require heating, to soften the plastic surrounding the metal shielding layer, prior to stamping. This reduces the modulus of the plastic, allowing it to flow while the metal shielding composite responds to the high pressure, shaping force of the stamping press. The speed of this process demands high levels of ductility for the metal and high plasticity for the remainder of the composite, to absorb the applied force without rupture. This method, applied to sheet molding compound (SMC), provides automotive body panels and business machine housings using reinforced material comprising a non-woven, glass-fiber reinforcing layer, and a mat containing conductive fibers for EMI shielding, held together with a resin such as polyester. The SMC is a flat sheet prior to forming in compression dies of high tonnage presses. Material properties limit the use of SMC to simple, relatively shallow shapes. Conditions used for sharp draws, e.g. multiple rib formation in the shaped panel, may cause ripping of the shielding layer and reduction of EMI shielding performance. As a substitute for stamping, the use of thermoforming or injection molding may be considered. Thermoforming, as it relates to the present invention, comprises heating a sheet and forming it into a desired shape. The process includes heating a thermoplastic composite sheet above its softening point, then using either air pressure or vacuum to deflect the sheet towards the surface of a mold until the sheet adopts the shape of the mold surface. Upon cooling, the sheet sets in the required shape allowing removal from the mold. European patent EP 529801, commonly assigned with the instant application, discloses EMI shielding, add-on sheets, comprising carrier material with a metal fiber mat at least partially embedded in the carrier material. The add-on sheets provide EMI shielding to selected parts of a thermoformed structure. Successful use of these add-on sheets requires that they possess or develop porosity when thermoformed in contact with the thermoformable substrate blank to which they were applied. Depending on the melting point of the metal fibers in the EMI shielding layer, it is possible for individual fibers to melt and rupture under stress, such as during stretching and shaping, with resulting protrusions or "bumps" of metal at the point of separation. This can adversely affect EMI shielding efficiency due to increased size of voids in the shielding layer, after thermoforming. In addition, metal bumps may form as conductive projections from the surface of the shielding layers in electronic housings. Such projections cause potential electrical shorting problems if they contact circuit elements or microdevices in the restricted space usually associated with electronic packages. Also bumps may adversely affect injected resin flow when the shielding composite is an insert for injection molding. Several alternative solutions have been attempted to improve the effectiveness of conductive fiber based EMI shielding. The formation of pressure welds or sintered bonds between the fibers improves electrical conductivity, but reduces overall flexibility and extensibility of the welded mat. Composite metal-fiber/polymer sheets containing such sintered metal mats cannot be thermoformed without breaking many of the fibers themselves, the bonds between the fibers or both, thus drastically reducing the shielding properties at the higher stretch ratios commonly required in thermoformed parts. With the increasing use of advanced, EMI-sensitive electronics, a need exists for improved materials for shaping into EMI shielding housings that reliably protect electronic packages. Methods to shape EMI shielding structures rely upon the use of moldable composites with ability to retain shielding capabilities even when complex shapes demand localized elongation of 300-500%. This condition is possible using composite structures of the invention comprising a thermoplastic sheet of carrier material supporting a layer of randomly distributed, low melting metal fibers stabilized against fiber rupture and formation of bumps during forming by means of a coating (fiber-coating) of a thermoplastic polymer. Composite sheets of the invention provide improved EMI shielding performance by maintaining the integrity of molten metal strands during thermal shaping involving deep drawing of the composite sheet. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a composite, thermoformable planar structure combining a non-porous carrier sheet with a mat or grid of randomly oriented, low melting metal fibers. The metal fibers are substantially surrounded by a thermoplastic coating material, which may be coated prior to or after attachment of the metal fibers to the non-porous sheet. The invention further provides a shaped article having EMI shielding properties, having been shaped by thermoforming of a planar sheet, and having a shape requiring the planar sheet to exhibit a stretch ratio of at least about 300%. The article consists essentially of a fibrous metal mat substantially surrounded by a fiber-coat and a polymeric carrier for support of the mat. The fiber mat may also be embedded into the carrier material. The fiber-coat may be sprayed onto the mat or, as a thermoplastic material, may be forced together with the fibrous metal mat to surround it, and such procedure may take place before or after attachment to the carrier material. In preferred thermoformable structures, the melting point of the metal fibers is lower than the softening points of either the non-porous sheet material or the fiber-coat material. At thermoforming temperatures, the viscosity of the softened fiber-coat material is higher than the viscosity of the molten metal of the metal fiber grid. All components of the composite melt or soften at temperatures lower than the temperature of thermoforming. The EMI shielding sheet exhibits improved performance, particularly when formed into deep-drawn shapes with pockets having stretch ratios up to 500%. The resulting composite sheet material may itself be thermoformed or may be an integral portion of an injection molded structure when placed, as a planar sheet, or pre-form, into the molding cavity prior to resin injection. All of the various embodiments of the invention require coating of the strands of the fibrous metal mat. This leads to the improvements associated with the invention including reduction or prevention of flaking of the metal fibers during handling and essential absence, at elevated temperature, of fiber rupture and metal bumping-up at the rupture point, and separation of the molten fiber. Lack of disruption of the fibrous metal mat means improved retention of EMI shielding for composite sheets of the invention. As used herein, there terms have the following meanings. 1. The terms "fiber-coat" and "fiber-coat matrix" are synonymous as used herein to refer to that coating or material which substantially surrounds the metal mat, providing stabilization thereto, in order to reduce displacement. 2. The term "carrier sheet" means a layer which is attached, by various means, including mechanical means, heat attachment, adhesive attachment or the like, to the metal mat and fiber-coat. The term "carrier material" is synonymous. 3. The term "melting point" as applied to a metal means that point at which the metal begins to become molten, i.e., the melt onset. The metal is not completely melted at this point. 4. The term "softening point" of a polymer is that point at which the polymer begins to change state from solid to liquid; however, it is not fully liquefied. 5. The term "slot effect" refers to the phenomenon that the amount of EMI that passes through a given void is dependent on the length of the void's longest dimension and not on the total area of the void, such that a very long thin void may pass much more EMI through than a square void with smaller dimensions having many times the area of the thin void. 6. A "bump" is a protrusion formed from flowing of the metal fiber when molten. The protrusion can result in disruption of EMI shielding, electrical shorting problems if there is contact with circuit elements or microdevices in the restricted space usually associated with electronic packages. 7. The terms "fibrous metal mat" and "metal fiber mat" are synonymous and mean a mat formed from metal filaments. All percentages, parts and ratios herein are by weight unless specifically noted otherwise. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of electronic devices requires, in the majority of cases, a material that blocks the interference signals associated with the devices themselves or impinging from external sources that radiate potentially damaging electromagnetic waves. Effective materials must meet EMI shielding requirements while responding to shape formation using a variety of molding techniques. EMI shielding articles herein depend on the use of an electrically conductive, randomly oriented fibrous metal mat comprising a low melting metal or metal alloy, melting in a temperature range from about 70° C. to about 370° C. Within this temperature range, fibers in the fibrous metal mat become molten as required during thermoforming processes related to this invention. Unfortunately, in such molten condition, the influence of surface tension, creates a tendency for the metal to flow. This flow disrupts the filamentary form of the fibers. Consequently, unconstrained, a molten metal fiber is susceptible to either thickening or separation, both of which can generate "bumps". A thickened fiber may exhibit a spheroidal "bump" in its length with thinned sections of fiber on either side of the bump. When fiber separation occurs, the molten ends of fiber, at the point of rupture, will form a bump and produce a gap in the length of the fiber. Both fiber thinning and gaps reduce EMI shielding effectiveness of the metal fiber mat. Avoidance of these conditions provides the improvement that distinguishes the present invention from other EMI shielding articles. Fiber thinning and gap formation may be substantially eliminated by constraining molten metal fibers in a form as similar as possible to that of the solid fibers. This may be accomplished by surrounding the fibers with a fiber-coat material, which limits the ability of the fibers to form bumps and gaps. As the fiber-coat and metal fiber mat change shape during thermoforming, the fiber-coat matrix stabilizes the molten metal fiber and limits its flow. Suitable materials for the fiber-coat include thermoplastic, film forming polymers which have a softening point below the highest temperature reached in the thermoforming process, but higher than the melting point of the fibrous metal mat. While not wishing to be bound by theory, it is believed that the fiber-coat provides channels or passageways that maintain metal fibers in filamentary form while molten, during thermoforming. Channel or passageway formation is accomplished by varied methods, depending on the nature of the carrier material. For example, a non-porous, thermoplastic carrier sheet may be softened then combined with the mat of metal fibers by embedding the mat into the carrier material until substantially covered. One method to provide suitable composite sheets includes heating the carrier material to a softened condition and laminating the mat and carrier together. Alternatively, the fibrous metal mat may be first coated with the thermoplastic fiber-coat by such mechanisms as softening of a solid coat, spraying of a liquid coat and the like, and then the coated mat may be attached to the carrier layer, by means of adhesive, or of forcing the layers together or other conventional means. The extent of burying of the coated metal fiber mat depends upon the thickness of the fiber-coat, and the form in which it is applied. Any of the composite sheets, previously described, may be molded directly without significant disruption of the EMI shielding layer, due to the non-porous nature of the carrier material. Where a thick article is desired, the carrier layer can be provided with a further "backing layer", which may be the same or different. Examples of polymeric materials useful as carrier materials, fiber-coats and backing layers, include, but are not limited to, ethylene-butyl acrylate copolymers, ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers, ethylene-methacrylic acid copolymers; thermoplastic polyesters, e.g., "6763 PETG", available commercially from Eastman Chemical, "Bynel CXA" resins, available commercially from E.I. duPont de Nemours (DuPont); "DAF" 801, and "DAF 919", available commercially from Dow Chemical Company; polyamides, or blends thereof, acrylic adhesives, hot melt adhesives, block copolymers, polyurethanes, polyethylenes, polypropylenes, grafted polymers and copolymers, functionalized copolymers, maleic anhydrides, acrylic acid modified copolymers, polyesters, copolyesters, latex binders, polyurethane dispersions, styrene-ethylene butylene-styrene copolymers, available from Shell as Kraton® resins, EVA dispersions, paraffin wax, and the like. While typically the fiber-coat and the carrier sheet material will differ to provide desired properties in the final shaped article, they could be the same if desired. Polymers useful as backing layers include such polymers as acrylonitrile, butadiene styrene, polycarbonate, cellulosic materials, and the like. These polymers and copolymers may also contain fillers such as glass microspheres, which are especially useful when acrylic adhesives are used, colorants, antioxidants, dyes, and the like in small percentages such as will not disturb the electrical performance or EMI shielding properties of the article. A wide variety of metals and metal alloys may be used in EMI sheets of the invention. A useful metal has a melting temperature in the range of 70° C. to about 370° C. depending on the carrier polymer. Metals having the appropriate melting temperatures must be selected by one skilled in the art so that the carrier polymer will not degrade at the thermoforming temperatures required for the article. Examples of relatively low melting metals for use in composites of the present invention include tin, lead, bismuth, cadmium, indium, gallium, zinc, mixtures thereof, and their alloys. The alloy group may be augmented by alloys containing metals with higher melting points, including such metals as antimony, aluminum, copper, silver, gold, nickel, cobalt, and iron. Those skilled in the art will also be able to select other alloys to fulfill the requisite melt temperature criterion. Thermoforming procedures used with improved EMI shielding, composite sheets of the invention do not include high impact methods such as forceable stamping even if the stamping proceeds at elevated temperature. Instead, the preferred method employs a clamping frame that holds the composite sheet for exposure to heating devices or ovens located on either side of the sheet. After absorbing heat, sufficient to suitably soften the composite sheet, and moving the frame to effect a seal between the softened sheet and the mouth of a shaping mold, the application of vacuum to the mold draws the composite sheet into the mold until there is intimate contact between the sheet and the mold surface. While this method uses vacuum to draw the sheet into the mold, it is possible to use external air pressure to urge the sheet into the mold and into contact with the mold surface as before. Also, the female mold used in the example may be replaced by a male mold suitably designed for either pressure or vacuum forming. During shaping, by thermoforming, sections of the sheet become significantly stretched requiring elevated temperature elongation of from about 300% to about 500% by the metal mat and the carrier material. This places a strain on the integrity of the metal fibers which lose EMI shielding capability if they rupture. However, in articles of the invention, the molten metal fiber, surrounded by or substantially embedded in a thermoplastic fiber-coat shows almost no tendency to flow and form bumped or broken fibers. As the metal mat is stretched, the molten metal strands, stabilized by the fiber-coat matrix, retain continuity. Metal fiber-to-fiber contacts not only remain intact but, as the fiber-coat stretches they are fused together, to improve the performance of the EMI shield. Even with a coating over fibers of the metal mat, electrical continuity between the EMI shielding layer and e.g., a ground plane of a printed circuit, may be established using special connection techniques, such as heat staking and sonic welding to access the metal layer. Any method may be used for electrical connection, between the EMI shielding layer and associated structures, provided it displaces polymer to expose bare metal fiber. As an example, heat staking temperatures are such that polymer melting occurs allowing metal fiber, under the influence of pressure, to penetrate and push aside the overlying polymer. The benefits of EMI shielding composite sheets of the invention may be extended to other applications following the discovery that the planar sheets or thermoformed preforms, made therefrom, can provide EMI shielding to injection molded articles. For this purpose, the EMI shielding structure, either in sheet form or thermoformed preform, is inserted in the mold prior to injecting the molding resin. This provides a layer of EMI shielding material as part of the injection molded structure. The invention is further understood by reference to the following non-limiting examples. Experimental--Composite Sheet Formation Samples of EMI shielding material, made according to the following examples, were evaluated by thermoforming to the same shape, under the same shaping conditions. In particular the samples were inspected, during the thermoforming process, for evidence of formation of bumps on metal fibers or metal beads at fiber fracture sites. Both conditions are undesirable for the reasons indicated previously. Metal Fiber Mat Preparation Fabrication of a non-woven metallic sheet involves the steps of extruding a molten stream from a metallic melt, distributing the stream on a planar surface as a randomly oriented mat of metal fibers, taking care to avoid fusion between fibers at points of intersection and thereafter allowing the metal mat to cool. Metal Fiber Mat A Metal fiber mat A, contains randomly oriented metal fibers, formed as previously described. The fibers comprise tin/bismuth alloy fibers weighing about 650 g/M 2 and melting at 138° C. Polymer Fiber Mat B Fiber mat B, used in comparative Example 1, is a melt-blown, non-woven, polymer web formed using a 50:50 blend of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers VYNATHENE EY 902-30 (available from Quantum Chemical Corp.) and ESCORENE 7520 (available from Exxon Chemical Co.). The resulting melt-blown web weighs about 160 g/M 2 . COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 1C Metal fiber mat A was formed directly on a surface of polymer fiber mat B to provide a composite combining a metal fiber layer with a blown microfiber polymer layer. The composite was protected on either side by several sheets of silicone release paper and pressed for 5 seconds in a platen press operating at a temperature of about 70° C., under a load of 341-454 kg to partially drive the metal fibers into the polymer layer. Multiple layers of release paper protect the metal fibers from sintering and distortion, both of which may adversely affect the EMI shielding effectiveness of subsequently thermoformed structures. The resulting composite structure of Example 1 was porous due to the combination of an unprotected, randomly oriented metal layer with a melt blown polymer web. Porous structures cannot be thermoformed, as described below, because air passes through the sheets preventing deflection of the softened sheet during application of vacuum or air pressure. Therefore, this comparative sample was combined with a continuous sheet of 0.25 mm polycarbonate backing prior to the thermoforming operation. Inspection of the metal fiber mat after thermoforming revealed evidence of bump formation and fiber separation because the metal fibers were not substantially surrounded by a fiber-coat. EXAMPLE 2 Fiber mat A was formed directly on a surface of a sheet of 0.25 mm thick polycarbonate (LEXAN 8010MC from GE Plastics-Structured Products). A 0.20 mm thick film of ethylene vinyl acetate (BYNEL E 418 available from E.I. DuPont de Nemours), extruded at 235° C. over the top of the metal fibers, sealed them between polymer layers. The resulting composite then passed through a gap of about 0.50 mm formed by nip rollers operating at 121° C. A silicone release cover, over the roller contacting the BYNEL side of the composite, prevented sticking at the interface. EXAMPLE 3 A 0.64 mm thick film of ethylene vinyl acetate (DUPONT ELVAX 350) was extruded at 177° C. onto metal fiber mat A, which was supported by a silicone belt. The two materials were joined by passing them through chrome plated steel nip rollers. A 20 cm×20 cm sample of the resulting composite was placed metal fiber side up onto a 30 cm×30 cm sheet of 0.26 mm thick sheet of LEXAN 8010MC polycarbonate (obtained from GE Plastics-Structured Products). This composite was pressed together in a platen press heated to 100° C. at 455 kg for 10 seconds. The resulting composite comprises a polycarbonate carrier base, an intermediate layer of Elvax 350 and a top layer of tin bismuth fibers substantially embedded into the surface of the Elvax 350. EXAMPLE 4 Two sheets of acrylic adhesive were prepared as follows: 3M acrylic adhesive RD20789 (available from 3M), was mixed with 1.2% by weight of 30 micron diameter silver coated glass spheres obtained from Potters Industries, Inc., Parsippany, N.J. This mixture was coated onto a sheet of release liner using a notched bar coater at a wet thickness of 0.26 mm. After drying the adhesive layer sheets, one was laminated onto a 0.13 mm thick sheet of LEXAN 8010MC polycarbonate (obtained from GE Plastics-Structured Products) measuring 30 cm×30 cm, by placing the adhesive side of one of the sheets against the polycarbonate, pressing it down from the release liner side and then peeling off the release liner to transfer the adhesive layer to the polycarbonate sheet. A layer of Mat A was then placed on top of the adhesive layer. The second adhesive layer was then applied to metal fiber mat A, as described previously, producing a metal layer sandwiched between layers of conductive adhesive. This composite was placed between multiple sheets of release liner to pad the material prior to pressing in a platen press set at 455 kg load for 20 seconds at 100° C. The Process of Thermoforming Thermoforming, especially associated with the present invention, refers to the process that combines a shaping mold, heat and either pressure or vacuum to change a planar sheet of softened, thermoplastic material into a contoured structure which, on cooling, substantially replicates the shape of the mold. Equipment for the basic forming method includes parallel acting frames, to hold the thermoplastic sheet; heaters above and/or below the sheet-stock to be softened; molds, either male or female, to provide the shape against which the softened sheet will be thermoformed; and equipment for increasing or reducing air pressure to deflect the softened sheet-stock for shaping. Thermoformed Sample Preparation Composite sheets of the invention had a planar structure before shaping in a thermoformer having a centrally positioned clamping system to hold a sheet between heaters positioned above and below the clamping station. Heating of a composite sheet may use either one of the heaters or both together. Examples 1-4 used only the lower heater operating at a temperature of 538° C. Sheets were exposed to this temperature for about 0.5 minute. Each of the composite sheets of Examples 2 and 3 already included a layer of 0.25 mm thick polycarbonate while Example 4 included a 0.13 mm polycarbonate. After softening, a sheet was positioned in close proximity to the shaping mold by moving the clamping structure. The thermoformed sample, used for evaluation, was a cylindrical bowl having a flat, circular base of 17.6 cm diameter with a circular wall extending 4.1 cms vertically from the base. With the sheet and clamping structure suitably positioned to form an air-tight seal with the upper edge of the circular wall of the mold, vacuum was applied to draw the sheet into the mold until the surface of the sheet was in close contact with the mold wall. This shaping required significant stretching of the composite sheet between the upper edge of the circular wall and the juncture between the wall and the base. After cooling the composite material adopted the shape of the cylindrical bowl. Metal fiber stretching is at a maximum in the corner formed by the circular wall and the base portion of the bowl-shaped composite material. This portion is therefore most subject to fiber rupture and separation during thermoforming. When the fibers become molten, extension of the metal strands is limited only by the surface tension of the molten metal. Any means to preserve the molten metal in the form of a fiber will improve potential fiber elongation. This is demonstrated by the results of forming the composite sheets of Examples 1-4, described below and presented in Table 1. In thermoformed bowl preparation, there was a very significant difference between Comparative Example 1, using a metal mat without polymer overcoating, and the other examples involving metal mats either substantially embedded in a polymer layer or having a polymer overcoat applied. Evidence of poorer performance of Example 1 was the appearance, during thermoforming of the composite sheet, of metal beads by either thickening of individual metal strands or metal bead formation by fiber separation. As the metal beads grow, they gain volume by accepting the flow of molten metal out of surrounding fibers. If sufficient metal is removed from these fibers, in the oven during thermoforming (i.e. the beads become very large), the result will be either fiber rupture or at least reduced fiber cross section, with either condition reducing EMI shielding in those areas. The appearance of metal beads was avoided in Examples 2-4. This shows the improvement provided by protecting the metal mat by overcoating or substantially embedding it in a polymer fiber-coat matrix before heating and shaping. Table 1 shows the results of testing composite sheets of the invention to determine incidence of metal bead formation and EMI shielding efficiency. Examples 1, 2, 3 and 4 the thermoformable composite comprised 30 cm×30 cm polycarbonate sheets laminated to 20 cm×20 cm EMI shielding sheets of the invention. Example 4, having an adhesive coating over the metal fiber mat, may be adhesively attached and is capable, where needed, of establishing electrical connection with a suitable ground plane. Housings thermoformed from Example 4, attached to conductive surfaces by pressure, provide connections with electrical resistance less than 100 milliohms between the metal fiber mat A and the conductive surface. TABLE 1______________________________________Thermoformed Sheet Performance Oven Dwell Time EMI Shielding Metal Bead Example (minute) (db) Formation______________________________________Example 1 0.46 20 7 beads Example 2 0.46 45 None Example 3 0.59 50 None Example 4 0.46 50 None______________________________________ Injection Molding of Composite Sheets and Thermoformed Preforms EXAMPLE 5 A polycarbonate sheet of about 0.13 mm thickness (LEXAN 8010MC polycarbonate from GE Plastics-Structured Products) was coated with a thin layer of polyethylene using a 10% of VYTEL PE 200 in methyl ethyl ketone, using a #5 Meyer bar. After oven-drying these sheets at 105° C. for two minutes, a sample of metal fiber mat A was applied to the VYTEL PE 200 layer. The composite was protected on either side using multiple sheets of silicone release paper, then laminated for 10 seconds, using a heated platen press operating at about 340 Kgms and 127° C. Upon cooling, the resulting samples were overcoated by hand-held spray bottle, using a solution of 10% solids ADCOTE 37P295 wax dispersion in water to a wet coating weight from about 10 gms/100 cm 2 to about 30 gms/100 cm 2 . The completed composite sheet was dried in an oven at a temperature of 105° C. for about 10 minutes. Injection Molding of Example 5 A pre-formed insert was made from the material of example using the thermoforming equipment previously described. The top heater of the thermoformer was turned off and the bottom heater was set at 538° C. The sheet was heated before forming in the thermoforming oven for 0.23 minutes. The sheet of example 5 was formed into a substantially rectangular pre-form having dimensions of approximately 3.5 cm×9.8 cm×1.0 cm deep. This part was pre-formed to fit snugly inside an injection mold. The pre-form was then placed into one side of the injection mold (the side opposite the gate) which in turn was mounted in a 70 ton Arburg molding machine. The mold was closed and the cavity was injected with a full charge of Lexan 141R polycarbonate obtained from GE Plastics, having a melt temperature of 300° C. The injection rate was 20 cc/s, the mold temperature was 40° C., and the cool time was 15 s. The mold was opened after the part cycle was completed and the result was an injection molded part with a smooth inner surface including an electrically conductive network of tin bismuth alloy fibers having a surface resistance of less than 200 milliohms from corner to corner as measured using a Fluke Model 75 Multimeter obtained from John Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc. EXAMPLE 6 Fiber mat A was spray overcoated using a 5% solution of PETG (KODAR 6763 from Eastman Chemical Co.) in methylene chloride. Spray application of the overcoat by a Binks spray gun with a #63B nozzle gave a wet coating weight of between about 20.0 g and about 30.0 g per 100 cm 2 . After drying at room temperature, the resulting fiber mats were heat laminated onto a 0.13 mm thick PETG (KODAR 6763) plastic sheet for 5 seconds using a heated platen press as in Example 4. Injection Molding of Example 6 A pre-formed insert was made from the material of example 6 using the thermoforming equipment previously described. The top heater of the thermoformer was set at 316° C. and the bottom heater was set at 260° C. The sheet was heated before forming in the thermoforming oven for 0.28 minutes. The sheet of example 6 was formed into a substantially rectangular pre-form having dimensions of approximately 3.5 cm×9.8 cm×1.0 cm deep. This part was pre-formed to fit snugly inside an injection mold. The pre-form was then placed into one side of the injection mold (the side opposite the gate) which in turn was mounted in a 70 ton Arburg molding machine. The mold was closed and the cavity was injected with a full charge of Vistolen P2000 polypropylene having a melt temperature of 240° C. The injection rate was 40 cc/s, the mold temperature was 40° C. and the cool time was 30 s. The mold was opened after the part cycle was completed and the result was an injection molded part with a smooth inner surface including an electrically conductive network of tin/bismuth alloy fibers having a surface resistance of less than 200 milliohms from corner to corner as measured using a Fluke Model 75 Multimeter obtained from John Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc. EXAMPLE 7 Composite sheets were prepared as described in Example 5 except the overcoat of ADCOTE 37P295 was omitted. This was not needed since the material did not require thermoforming prior to molding. Injection Molding of Example 7 The film composite of Example 7 was taped onto the female side of the injection mold. The mold was mounted in a 150 Ton Demag Ergo Tech 150610 injection molding machine. The mold was then closed around the film which resulted in an initial cold forming of the plastic/metal fiber composite. Cycoloy HF1120 ABS/Polycarbonate blend obtained from GE Plastics, having a melt temperature of 270° C., was then injected into the mold. The injection rate was 30 cc/s, the mold temperature was 40° C., and the cooling time was 15 s. The mold was opened after the part cycle was completed and the result was an injection molded part having dimensions of approximately 4.8 cm×9.7 cm×0.4 cm with a smooth inner surface including an electrically conductive network of tin bismuth alloy fibers having a surface resistance of less than 200 milliohms from corner to corner as measured using a Fluke Model 75 Multimeter obtained from John Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc. EXAMPLE 8 Composite sheets were prepared as described in Example 6 except the overcoat of PETG was omitted. This was not needed since the material did not require thermoforming prior to molding. Injection Molding of Example 8 The film composite of Example 8 was taped onto the female side of the injection mold. The film was preheated on the mold using a hand held heat gun for approximately 15 seconds. The mold was then closed around the film which resulted in an initial cold forming of the plastic/metal fiber composite. The mold was closed and the cavity was injected with a full charge of Cycoloy HF1120 ABS/Polycarbonate blend obtained from GE Plastics, having a melt temperature of 270° C. The injection rate was 30 cc/s, the mold temperature was 70° C., and the cooling time was 15 s. The mold was opened after the part cycle was completed and the result was an injection molded part having dimensions of approximately 4.8 cm×9.7 cm×0.4 cm with a smooth inner surface including an electrically conductive network of tin bismuth alloy fibers having a surface resistance of less than 200 milliohms from corner to corner as measured using a Fluke Model 75 Multimeter obtained from John Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc. EXAMPLE 9 A polycarbonate sheet of about 0.13 mm thickness (LEXAN 8B35 polycarbonate from GE Plastics-Structured Products) was coated, by lamination, with a layer of ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMAC SP2207 from Chevron Chemical Co.--Specialty Polymers), about 0.10 mm thick. The lamination step used a heated platen press operating at 22,000 Kgf pressure for about 20 s at 125° C. Metal fiber mat A, was placed on the EMAC SP2207 layer. The composite was protected on either side using multiple sheets of silicone release paper, then laminated for 20 s, using a heated platen press operating at about 25,000 Kgf and 110° C. Injection Molding of Example 9 A pre-formed insert was made from the material of example 9 using the thermoforming equipment previously described. The top heater of the thermoformer was turned off and the bottom heater was set at 538° C. The sheet was heated before forming in the thermoforming oven for about 0.3 minute. The sheet of example 9 was formed into a substantially rectangular pre-form having dimensions of approximately 4.8 cm×9.7 cm×0.4 cm deep. This part was pre-formed to fit snugly inside an injection mold. The pre-form was then placed into one side of said injection mold (the side opposite the gate) which in turn was mounted in a 70 ton Arburg Allrounder 700-230-305 ECO molding machine. The mold was closed and the cavity was injected with a full charge of LEXAN 940 polycarbonate, obtained from GE Plastics, having a melt temperature of 300° C. The injection rate was about 20 cc/s, the mold temperature was about 90° C., and the cooling time was about 15 sec. The mold was opened after the part cycle was completed and the result was an injection molded part with a smooth inner surface including an electrically conductive network of tin bismuth alloy fibers having a surface resistivity of less than 200 milliohms from corner to corner as measured using a Fluke Model 75 Multimeter obtained from John Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc. A second sample of a preform of Example 9, made as described previously, was placed, as a preformed insert, in a mold attached to a 70 ton Arburg Allrounder 700-230-305 ECO injection molding machine. After closing, the mold cavity was filled by injection with a full charge of ABS-polycarbonate blend (Cycoloy C1200HF, obtained from GE Plastics) having a melt temperature of about 270° C. At a mold temperature of about 40° C. the resin injection rate was about 20 cc/s followed by cooling for about 15 s. The injection molded part had the same performance as the molding produced with LEXAN 940. EXAMPLE 10 A polycarbonate sheet, about 0.13 mm thick, (LEXAN 8B35 available from GE Plastics--Structured Products) was coated on both sides, by laminating about 0.10 mm of ethylene methyl acrylate copolymer (EMAC SP2207 available from Chevron Chemical Co.--Specialty Polymers) using a platen press operating at about 22,000 Kgf for about 20 s and at a temperature of about 125° C. Metal fiber mat A was placed against one of the layers of EMAC SP 2207 before placing the composite between multiple sheets of silicone release paper then applying pressure using a heated platen press at 25,000 Kgf for about 20 s. at about 110° C. Injection Molding of Example 10 A pre-formed insert was made from composite sheets of Example 10 as previously described for Example 9. The preform was placed in a mold attached to a 70 ton Arburg Allrounder 700-230-305 ECO injection molding machine. After closing, the mold cavity was filled by injection with a full charge of high density polyethylene (Petrothene LM6187, available from Quantum Co.) having a melt temperature of about 210° C. With mold temperature held at room temperature, the resin injection rate was about 20 cc/s followed by cooling for about 20 s. The resulting part showed good adhesion between the polyethylene and the preformed insert and had a smooth inner surface including an electrically conductive network of tin busmuth alloy fiber with a surface resistivity less than 200 milliohms measured using a Fluke Model 75 Multimeter obtained from John Fluke Mfg. Co. Inc.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to contrast media used to detect hepatic lesions, and more particularly to non-ionic, particulate contrast media having particles that are not water soluble, but which will degrade to their parent, water soluble, non-ionic contrast agent and carbon dioxide. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Assessment of the liver for metastases is important in staging a wide variety of malignancies. Surgical removal of hepatic lesions requires precise diagnosis of the number, size, and location of the tumor(s). Typically, hepatic lesions are diagnosed using computed tomography scanning (CT), or computed tomographic portography (CT angioportography). CT angioportography is performed after the superior mesenteric or splenic artery has been selectively catheterized and injected with contrast media (CM) to opacify the hepatic parenchyma. During CT angioportography lesions in the liver appear as defects in the enhanced parenchyma. Unfortunately, benign and malignant masses can't be differentiated, and the time available for optimal imaging is limited. CT detection of hepatic lesions generally can be improved using rapid intravenous injection of water-soluble contrast agents combined with fast, incremental CT scanning (bolus dynamic CT). Bolus dynamic CT has an accuracy between about 73%-75% in identifying patients with hepatic metastases (Freeny PC, Marks WM, Ryan JA, Bolen JW. Colorectal carcinoma evaluation with CT. Preoperative staging and detection of postoperative recurrence. Radiology 1986;158:347-353). Furthermore, currently available water-soluble contrast agents produce contrast enhancement for a duration of only minutes before CT densities return to baseline levels. Particulate contrast agents are a promising avenue for selectively opacifying the liver and for prolonging the radiocontrast effect of the contrast media. Phagocytic cells of the reticulo-endothelial system (RES), the Kupffer cells (KC) of the liver, very efficiently remove foreign particles from the blood. A large proportion of small particles (<5 μm in size) will be removed by the RES within a few minutes. Furthermore, most neoplastic lesions do not contain macrophages. Therefore, targeting the liver with particulate contrast media enhances the liver parenchyma, causing tumors to appear as defects. Several experimental particulate contrast agents have been developed during the last few decades. These roughly can be divided into three categories: (1) iodinated lipid (EOE-13); (2) radiopaque liposomes; and, (3) particles derived from water-soluble ionic contrast media (iodipamide ethyl ester, or "IDE"). Unfortunately, each of these particulate media has drawbacks. EOE-13 is a lipid soluble contrast agent which can be formulated as an oil emulsion for intravenous injection. The drawback of EOE-13 is that EOE-13 is not biodegradable. Liposome-based contrast agents have the drawback that they usually have a short shelf-life and the efficiency of encapsulation is low. Although iodipamide ethylester (IDE) particles appeared promising, one of the degradation products of IDE particles in vivo is iodipamide. Iodipamide is ionic and therefore is toxic to endothelial cells, perhaps due to the high osmolarity resulting when it is present. A by-product of the degradation of other similar radiopaque esterified particles also should be the original ionic form of the radiopaque compound. The osmolarity of body fluids and cell contents must be maintained within a narrow physiological range. The particles present in particulate contrast media are targeted to, and should be degraded by Kupffer cells. Therefore, the osmotic influence of the degradation by-products of these contrast media, particularly if the by-products are ionic, is of major concern. A particulate contrast agent which was biodegradable and produces non-ionic, non-toxic by-products would be highly desirable. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a method for chemically modifying non-ionic, water soluble particulate contrast agents so that they degrade in vivo to their non-ionic, water soluble parent compound and carbon dioxide. According to the present invention, known particulate, non-ionic contrast agents are chemically modified to form a precursor or "prodrug" comprising cyclic carbonates and carbamates of the parent compound. The resulting cyclic carbonates and carbamates are lipid soluble, biodegradable, and can be prepared in large quantities using well-established methods. These cyclic carbonates and carbamates can be converted into particulate contrast media using simple, well known techniques, such as solvent-extraction or solvent evaporation. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation of the scheme and the structure of the cyclic carbonate of IOXILAN obtained by reacting IOXILAN with CDI (Carbonyldiimidazole). This synthesis can be used to prepare other non-ionic particulate contrast agents, as well. FIG. 2 represents the IX-C microparticles' (1-2 μm) size distribution when prepared according to the solvent extraction/evaporation process of the present invention. FIG. 3 is a scanning electron micrograph of the particles from FIG. 2. FIG. 4 illustrates the particles of FIG. 2 suspended in saline in the presence of rat plasma. FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrograph of the particles of FIG. 2 after incubation in saline at 37° C. for two weeks. FIG. 6 is a plot of liver attenuation enhancement as a function of time for three doses of IX-C particles. FIG. 7 is a plot of the CT pharmacokinetics of aorta, kidney (cortex and medulla), and bladder following injection of 200 mg I/kg body weight of IX-C particles (1-2 μm) presented as a histogram. FIG. 8 represents CT imaging of a rabbit liver six days after tumor inoculation: "a" is the CT image before contrast injection; "b" after contrast injection; "c" and "d" after about 2 hours. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The invention is described with reference to a third-generation non-ionic, water soluble contrast agent called IOXILAN. Toxicological and pharmacological studies of IOXILAN indicate that the body has a high overall biological tolerance for IOXILAN. However, other water soluble non-ionic contrast agents, including but not limited to IOHEXOL, IOPROMIDE, IOTROLAN, IOPAMIDOL, METRIZAMIDE, IOGLUNIDE, IOGULAMIDE, and similar agents, also are suitable for use according to the present invention. Generally, water soluble non-ionic contrast agents suitable for use in the present invention are aromatic compounds substituted with an amount of a radiopaque element sufficient to render the compound detectable by standard diagnostic tools, such as computed tomography. Even a single radiopaque substituent may be sufficient for purposes of the present invention; however, the presence of two or more radiopaque substituents renders the material more detectable. Therefore, it is preferred to have as many radiopaque substituents on the aromatic ring as possible, preferably three such agents on alternating carbons of the aromatic ring. The radiopaque element can be any suitable non-toxic element; however, the preferred radiopaque element is iodine. The aromatic compound also has at least one amide substituent with an aliphatic vicinal diol and/or 1,3-diol substituent bound to either the carbon or nitrogen of the amide moeity. This hydrophilic aliphatic polyol substituent renders the contrast agent water soluble. In other words, a preferred embodiment of the invention comprises an aromatic ring alternately substituted at the ring carbons with a radiopaque element, preferably iodine, and an aliphatic amide group. Each of the aliphatic amide groups preferably contains at least one hydroxyl group, and at least one of the amide groups must contain a vicinal diol or a 1,3-diol. The following is an illustration of the general structure of suitable water soluble non-ionic contrast agents: ##STR1## R is a radiopaque element; R 1 is an amide group bonded to said aromatic ring at either the nitrogen or the carbon of the amide, the unbonded nitrogen or carbon having a substituent selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic vicinal diol and an aliphatic 1,3-diol; and R 2 is selected from the group consisting of a radiopaque element, a hydrogen, an alkyl group having between about 1-4 carbon atoms, and an amide group bonded to the aromatic carbon at either the nitrogen or the carbon of the amide, the unbonded nitrogen or carbon having a substituent selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, an alkyl group having between about 1-3 carbon atoms, and a hydroxylated aliphatic side chain having between about 1-8 carbon atoms. Preferably, the aromatic carbon is substituted with at least two amide groups having a vicinal diol or 1,3-diol substituent and at least two radiopaque elements, preferably iodine. The foregoing non-ionic contrast agents may be chemically modified to form cyclic carbonates and carbamates. One such suitable method is described in Kutney, J. P., and Ratcliffe A. H. "A novel and mild procedure for preparation of cyclic carbonates. An excellent protecting group for vicinal diols." Synth. Commun. 1975;5;47-52 (incorporated herein by reference). Generally the radiopaque contrast agent is thoroughly mixed with (a) an activating and/or coupling agent, such as carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), a phosgene, a triphosgene, trichloromethyl chloroformate, or other activating/coupling agents known in the art, in (b) a polar aprotic solvent, such as dry dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), dimethylformamide, 1-methyl-2-pyrrolidinone, or other polar aprotic solvents known in the art, in the presence of (c) a catalyst capable of catalyzing the formation of cyclic carbonates and carbamates from said water soluble non-ionic CM. Suitable catalysts include salts of alkyl oxides, such as sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide or similar salts. The mixing process typically requires about 30 minutes. After mixing, the solution should be stirred for a time and at a temperature sufficient to permit the formation of cyclic carbonates and carbamates. Typically, the solution should be stirred between about 2-20 hours, preferably at least about 10 hours, at a temperature between about 40°-90° C., preferably at about 70° C. The reaction then may be terminated by adding an organic solvent, such as methylene chloride, and washing with cold water. The solution should separate into an organic and a water phase, the cyclic carbonates and carbamates remaining in the organic phase, and the DMSO remaining in the water phase. Once the organic phase has been separated, the organic solvent is dried over dehydrating agents, such as MgSO 4 , Na 2 SO 4 , or a similar agent. The solvent then is filtered and evaporated to dryness so that the product may be collected for further use. FIG. 1 is a diagrammatic representation illustrating the reaction of IOXILAN to form IOXILAN Carbonate according to the present invention. The following is a general formula which, without limiting the present invention, is believed to represent biodegradable contrast prodrug made from water-soluble non-ionic CM prepared according to the method of the present invention: ##STR2## In the foregoing structure, R is a radiopaque element. Preferably all three R groups are radiopaque elements, preferably iodine. R 1 is an amide group bonded to the aromatic ring at either the nitrogen or the carbon of the amide moiety, and the unbonded nitrogen or carbon of the amide moiety is substituted by an aliphatic group which includes a cyclic carbonate and/or a carbamate. R 2 preferably is another amide group which contains another cyclic carbonate and/or a carbamate; however, R 2 also may be a radiopaque element, hydrogen, an alkyl group having between about 1-4 carbon atoms, or any other substituent which will not interfere with the function of the contrast agent--that is, to opacify the liver parenchyma while biodegrading to water soluble, non-ionic by-products. The prodrugs or precursors of the invention are formulated as injectable microparticles (mean diameter about 1-2 micron) in the following manner. The cyclic carbonate and carbamate derived from the water soluble non-ionic contrast agent(s) is dissolved in organic solvent or solvent mixture, which may include but is not limited to acetone, chlorinated carbon, tetrahydrofuran, dimethylformamide, etc., preferably a mixture of acetone and methylene chloride. The organic solution containing the prodrug is added to an aqueous solution containing an emulsifier, such as polyvinyl alcohol, Tween 80, cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone. A preferred emulsifier is polyvinyl alcohol. The mixture then is emulsified mechanically with or without sonication for up to about 10 minutes, and stirred for about another 4 hrs to ensure complete removal of organic solvent. The resulting microparticles are collected following repeated centrifugation and washing steps. The invention will be more clearly understood with reference to the following examples. EXAMPLES Materials For purposes of the following examples, IOXILAN was supplied by Cook Imaging Corp. (Bloomington, Ind.). Carbonyldiimidazole (CDI), dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), magnesium sulfate, methylene chloride, and sodium methoxide were obtained from Aldrich Chemical Co. (Milwaukee, Wis.). Poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA, MW 30 to 70K) was purchased from Sigma Chemicals Co. (St. Louis, Mo.). Synthesis of IOXILAN Carbonate The cyclic carbonate of IOXILAN (IX-C) was prepared using the method of Kutney and Ratcliffe, Synth. Commun. 1975; 5; 47-52, incorporated herein by reference. A solution of CDI (4 g, 24 mM) in dry DMSO (15 mL) was dropped into a solution of IOXILAN (4 g, 2.5 mM) in DMSO (10 mL) over a period of 30 minutes and stirred at 70° C. overnight. A catalytic amount of sodium methoxide was added to facilitate the formation of cyclic carbonates. To terminate the reaction, the DMSO solution was diluted with methylene chloride and washed with cold water. The methylene chloride layer was dried over MgSO 4 and evaporated to dryness to yield 2.2 g product (yield 50%). TLC (Silica, chloroform:methanol, 10:1) indicated only one spot (Rf=0.75). IR (KBr, cyclic carbonate): 1780 cm -1 . Mass spectrum was determined by Fast Atom Bombardment (Kratos MS50, England) using nitrobenzyl alcohol as matrix material: MH + =870. Elemental analysis, calculated C:29.0%, H:2.07%, N:4.83%, I:43.8%; found C:30.6%, H:2.47%, N:4.63%, I:42.0%. Carbon-13 NMR (DMSO-d6) revealed the presence of acetyl methyl carbon (22.3 ppm), aliphatic carbons (40.7 to 74.9 ppm, 8C), aromatic carbons (91.0, 99.5, 100.4, 146.7, 151.0, and 151.9 ppm), and amide carbonyl carbons (167.3 to 170.2 ppm, 3C), representing the basic structure of IOXILAN. Cyclic carbonate carbons and carbamate carbon (148.6, 154.2, 154.5) were also present. Preparation of IX-C Particles IX-C particles were prepared by a solvent extraction/evaporation method. A solution of IX-C (3.0 g) in acetone (20 mL) and methylene chloride (60 mL) was added to an aqueous solution of PVA (400 ml, 1%, w/v). The mixture was emulsified with an emulsifier (Tekman, Germany) for 1 minute and then stirred at 400 rpm for 4 hours to ensure complete removal of organic solvent. The resulting emulsion was centrifuged at 3000 rpm, resuspended in distilled water, filtered through a nylon filter (5-μm pore size), and centrifuged again. The process was repeated three times. Finally, the centrifuged product was resuspended in saline and adjusted to proper volume for in vitro and in vivo testing. Physical Characterization of IX-C Particles Surface characteristics of the particles were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope (Hitachi Model S520). For sample preparation, microspheres were placed onto a 0.1-μm Nuclepore membrane, mounted onto stubs and sputter-coated with 200Å gold-palladium (80:20) in a Hummer VI (Technics, Springfield, Va.). The size distribution of IX-C particles was measured by light scattering with a Nicomp 370 Submicron Particle Sizer (Nicomp Instruments Corp., Goleta, Calif.). Suspension Stability Suspension stability of radiopaque particles were observed under light microscopy 20×2.5, Zeiss, Germany) and recorded with a video camera. IX-C particle suspensions in saline and in saline solution of Tween 80 (0.1%, w/w) were studied. After 5 minutes of observation, fresh rat plasma was added onto the suspensions, and the mixtures were observed for an additional 5 minutes to record any changes. Hydrolyric and Enzymatic Degradation of IX-C Particles Degradation of IX-C particles was investigated by incubating a suspension of the particles (25 mg) in the following solutions (each 1 ml) at 37° C.:0.1 N HCl, 0.1 N NaOH, saline, and rabbit plasma. The disappearance of the particles in the suspensions was noted by visual observations and the integrity of the particles was examined by scanning electron microscopy. To identify the degradation products, the residual solutions were subjected to analysis by HPLC. The HPLC system consisted of a RP-18 column, a Perkin-Elmer isocratic LC pump (Model 250), a PE Nelson 900 series interface, a Spectra-Physics UV/Vis detector (Model SP 8540) and a data station. The eluant (10% methanol in double distilled water) was run at 0.8 ml/min. with UV detection at 254 nm. Samples in HCl or NaOH were neutralized before injection. Plasma samples were first treated with PCA (0.4 N) and centrifuged to remove precipitate proteins. The supernatants were then injected for HPLC analysis. Acute Toxicity LD 50 of IX-C particles was determined by injecting different volumes of particulate suspension (80 mg I/ml saline) into the tail veins of mice. Swiss Webster mice (Harlan Sprague Dawley Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.) weighing between 25 and 30 g were given doses ranging from 0.2 to 1 ml/mouse. Five animals were used for each dose. No anesthesia was used for injection. Following the injection, animals were monitored daily for 7 days. The percentage survival vs. dose curve was constructed to estimate LD 50 . Computed Tomography Studies in Normal Rabbits New Zealand white rabbits (male, 3.0 to 3.5 kg) were anesthetized by an intramuscular injection of a solution containing xylazine (8.6 mg/ml), ketamine (42.9 mg/ml), and acepromazine (1.4 mg/ml) at a dose of 0.4 ml/kg for a long-lasting effect. Intravenous catheters (22-gauge) were placed in a marginal ear vein for the introduction of particle suspension. Rabbits were positioned supine in a GE model 9800 Quick scanner (Milwaukee, Wis.). The particulate contrast agent of proper volume (8% I, w/v in saline) was injected through the catheterized ear vein over a period of 10 to 15 minutes. CT imaging of radiopaque particles (80 mg I/ml) was carried out at doses of 100, 200, and 270 mg I/kg body weight respectively. Three rabbits were used for each dose level. CT imaging was done with a scan speed of 1.0 seconds, 120 kV, 280 mAs, and a 25-cm field of view. Sequential, contiguous 3-mm-thick slices through the abdomen and 5-mm-thick-slices through the pelvis were obtained before contrast injection, immediately after injection and at various times (15 and 30 minutes, 1, 2, and 6 hours, and 1, 2, and 7 days after injection). The rabbits were killed with an overdose of pentobarbital sodium (50 mg/kg) administered via the catheterized ear vein. Densitometric analysis of the liver, kidney, aorta, and bladder were performed. The density attenuation (HU) was obtained from 10 areas of interest from at least three slices. To minimize the partial volume effect, care was taken to ensure that no visible blood vessels were included in the area of interest. Organ enhancement vs. time curves for each dose administered were constructed to determine the pharmacokinetic profiles. Computed Tomography Studies of Rabbit Liver Bearing VX2 Tumor Four New Zealand white rabbits (3.0 to 3.5 kg) were inoculated at a single site in the liver with a 0.5 cc suspension of minced VX2 tumor fragments (˜10 6 cells). The VX2 tumors were maintained through serial animal passage and were available from The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center. CT scans were performed 5 days after inoculation. After preinjection scanning, IX-C particles (80 mg I/ml) of dose 200 mg I/kg body weight were injected intravenously and abdominal scans were performed immediately after injection and at 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes after injection. The animals were killed after scanning. The livers were cut transversely into slices of 2-3 mm to confirm the size and location of the hepatic tumors. The attenuation of tumor and the surrounding liver parenchyma were measured directly from CT scans. Statistics A P value less than 0.05 was considered to be significant. An unpaired two-tailed Student's t-test was used to compare liver attenuations between pre- and postcontrast groups. RESULTS IX-C Synthesis The reaction scheme and the structure of the cyclic carbonate of IOXILAN obtained by reacting IOXILAN with CDI is shown in FIG. 1. The structure was confirmed by Infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectroscopy, and elemental analysis. Carbon-13 NMR indicated the presence of cyclic carbonate carbons. The spectrum was complicated by the existence of optical isomers conferred by the chiral carbons of the secondary alcohol and rotational isomers resulted from N-acetylated anilide nitrogens. Particle Preparation and Characterization IX-C particles could be easily prepared by a solvent extraction/evaporation process. Because IX-C has limited solubility in methylene chloride, a cosolvent (acetone) is necessary to facilitate IX-C solubilization. The presence of water-soluble acetone in the organic phase resulted in rapid phase separation because acetone was quickly extracted by the aqueous phase upon emulsification. When acetone was used alone, irregular particles were produced. IX-C particles thus prepared had an average diameter of 1.1 μm, with 95% of them ranging between 0.6 and 2.0 μm (number average) as determined by a submicron particle analyzer (FIG. 2). The iodine content of the particles was 45%. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the particles were spherical in shape and had smooth surfaces (FIG. 3). Suspension Stability All IX-C particle formulations were stable. No particle aggregation was observed either in saline or in 0.1% Tween 80 solution. The IX-C particle suspensions were also stable when mixed with rat plasma (FIG. 4), indicating that the interactions between the IX-C particles and blood components (e.g., fibrinogen) were minimal. Hydrolytic and Enzymatic Degradability Cyclic carbonate of 1,2-diol has been prepared as a means to protect hydroxyl groups. It is stable in acidic condition, but is labile towards basic solution. To test their hydrolytic stability, IX-C particles were suspended in HCl. NaOH, saline, and plasma solutions at 37° C. As expected, when placed in NaOH solution, the IX-C particles were completely dissolved within 1 hour. The degradation of IX-C particles in both HCl and saline solutions was much slower. No gross changes in suspension appearance was observed during a 2-week period. However, the degradation did occur in both solutions as UV absorbance of the supernatants from the IX-C suspension increased steadily over the incubation period. As confirmed by scanning electron microscopy, IX-C started to crumble and disintegrate after being incubated in saline for 2 weeks (FIG. 5). In plasma suspension, where pH is slightly acidic, IX-C particles were completely dissolved in 6 days, indicating that an enzymatic effect played a significant role in the degradation of IX-C particles. In order to determine the identity of IX-C degradation products, the supernatants of all samples were subjected to reverse-phase HPLC analysis. All samples had a distinct peak at 6.88 minutes. Standard IOXILAN had the same retention time under the same analytical conditions. Thus, it appeared that the degradation of IX-C yielded IOXILAN and carbon dioxide. To ascertain that the observed peak was not an artifact from plasma component, the plasma samples were also analyzed by FAB Mass spectroscopy. The presence of IOXILAN was confirmed by the molecular peak (MH+) of IOXILAN at 792. Acute Toxicity The LD 50 of IX-C particles determined with Swiss Webster mice was 1.4 g I/kg body weight for males and 1.2 g I/kg body weight for females. The doses correspond to 3.1 and 2.6 g/kg bodyweight IX-C respectively. Computed Tomography Liver attenuation enhancement (.increment.HU) is plotted as a function of time for three doses of IX-C particles (FIG. 6). Significant attenuation enhancement of the liver was achieved over a period of 6 hours in a dose-dependent manner. Following intravenous administration of 100, 200, and 270 mg I/kg body weight of IX-C particles, maximum liver CT attenuation increases were 23, 38, and 110 respectively. Liver attenuation reached maximum at approximately 30 minutes postinjection. At 270 mg I/kg body weight, the attenuation enhancement was much greater compared with those of lower doses and reached maximum earlier. The attenuation enhancement persisted for 1 hour and started to decrease at 2 hours postinjection. Liver attenuation decreased to the preinjection value by 48 hours (FIG. 7). The increase in attenuation of the spleen was even more striking. Immediately after injection of 200 mg I/kg body weight of radiopaque particles, the Hounsfield units increased from a precontrast level of 20 to 265 HU. The attenuation of the spleen had reduced to 63 HU by 2 days postinjection. Gallbladder and bowel activity were observed at 6 hours postinjection (data not shown). The CT pharmacokinetics of aorta, kidney (cortex and medulla), and bladder following the injection of 200 mg I/kg body weight of IX-C particles are presented as a histogram in FIG. 7. The attenuation of the aorta reached a maximum immediately after injection (.increment.HU 43) and decreased rapidly to the preinjection level 1 hour after injection. IX-C or metabolites of IX-C could be visualized in the kidney immediately after injection. The kidney cortex attenuation reached maximum values of 94 HU at 2 hours postinjection, which was 50 HU higher than that of preinjection value. The kidney activity fell back to the preinjection level by 2 days (FIG. 7). For all doses studied, attenuation changes of the lungs were found to be negligible. Computed Tomography of Rabbits Bearing VX2 Tumors The CT imaging of a rabbit liver 6 days after tumor inoculation is shown in FIG. 8. The tumor was barely detectable at any level before contrast injection (FIG. 8a). Immediately after the injection of 200 mg I/kg body weight of IX-C particles, a tumor measuring 6-8 mm was clearly visible at the anterior-lateral portion of the right lobe (FIG. 8b). The visibility of the tumor persisted up to 2 hours (FIGS. 8c and 8d). The presence of the tumor was verified by necropsy in exactly the same location. For all four rabbits, the average increases in liver and tumor attenuation were 39 and 4 HU respectively at 30 minutes after injection. These values reflect an increase in the attenuation difference of 35 HU between the liver and the tumor. DISCUSSION The goal of the foregoing experiments is to develop a novel contrast agent that can be selectively delivered to the RES and improve the detectability of liver lesions on CT scans. The feasibility of using particulate CM as a hepatic macrophage imaging agent has been demonstrated. However, adverse reactions often have been associated with the administration of particulate CM, which has impeded its further development. One possible solution is to develop particulate CM that can be quickly degraded and cleared from the Kupffer cells and the liver. In this way, the impact of foreign particles on the function of the RES and the subsequent side reactions can be reduced to a minimum. Among the methods used to develop particulate CM, the prodrug approach has the advantage of being easier to prepare, less expensive, and having a higher iodine content on a weight basis. Since the degradation product is the original water-soluble CM, it is conceivable that radiopaque particles made of a non-ionic contrast agent would cause less osmotic toxicity than ionic CM. Based on the above considerations, a new iodinated compound using IOXILAN as the substrate was designed. Treatment of IOXILAN with CDI in DMSO yielded cyclic carbonate and carbamate derivatives of IOXILAN, IX-C (FIG. 1). This compound is soluble in acetone, is slightly soluble in methylene chloride, and is insoluble in water. The lipid soluble property of the IX-C compound allowed the easy preparation of IX-C particles by a solvent extraction/evaporation procedure. Because phagocytosis of foreign particles by the Kupffer cells generally results in Kupffer cell activation and disturbance in the microcirculation of the liver (Li et al., unpublished data), it is desirable that particulate CM designed for macrophage imaging will quickly be cleared from the liver after their functions are over. As shown in in vitro degradation studies, IX-C particles were extremely unstable in basic solutions. IX-C particle suspensions in saline at neutral pH underwent a slow, yet definite degradation. Of interest is the ability of IX-C particles to dissolve completely in rabbit plasma. This observation implies that various enzymes play a significant role in the dissolution of IX-C particles and will be an important factor in the in vivo fate of IX-C particles. The degradation of IX-C particles produced IOXILAN and carbon dioxide, both of which are not expected to impose a significant toxicity problem. For the particles to be efficiently taken up by the RES and able to pass through capillaries without causing embolization, they must have proper shape, size, and size distribution. Furthermore, interactions of plasma components with small particles have to be minimized since they usually lead to particle aggregation. The suspension stability of IX-C in saline and other IX-C formulations was investigated. IX-C particles were stable in saline with no tendency to flocculate upon the addition of rat plasma (FIG. 4). Administration of IX-C suspension in saline at concentration as high as 8% I (w/v) did not cause lung embolization in rabbits, confirming the nonaggregation nature of IX-C particles. The ability of IX-C particles to opacify the liver in rabbits was demonstrated in FIG. 6. The fact that the spleen was also highly opacified confirmed that the selective enhancement of the liver was due to macrophage uptake of the radiopaque particles. At a dose of only 100 mg I/kg body weight, IX-C particles enhanced attenuation to a satisfactory level (.increment.HU>20). Moreover, the attenuation enhancement persisted for a period of 2 hours, allowing adequate time to conduct CT examination. Thus, radiopaque particles such as IX-C overcome one of the disadvantages of water-soluble CM, namely, fast distribution to the interstitial space. Pharmacokinetic data were obtained by measuring changes in the attenuation of various organs in the rabbits. IX-C particles were rapidly cleared from the blood. Significant enhancement of gallbladder attenuation and enhanced bowel activity at 6 hours postinjection, indicating that IX-C particles were cleared via the hepatobiliary system. This observation is consistent with other particulate CM that also produced increased gallbladder opacity. The relatively short time (2 days) for the elimination of IX-C particles from the liver was clearly demonstrated. Thus, the degradability of IX-C particles was confirmed in vivo. Surprisingly, IX-C particles were found to cause significant kidney attenuation enhancement immediately after contrast injection (FIG. 7). This observation may be attributed to the following. First, IX-C particles were quickly degraded to water-soluble products. The observed kidney activity was due to the excretion of the resulting water-soluble CM. Second, IX-C particles were caught in the tubule of the kidney. Although the exact cause of IX-C uptake in the kidney is not clear at present, metabolism and eventual excretion of IX-C particles by the kidney pathway was clearly demonstrated. The bladder CT attenuation at 6 hours after contrast injection was 240 HU higher than the precontrast level. HPLC analysis of urine samples taken at 2 hours and 6 hours postinjection revealed the presence of the degradation production IOXILAN. It was noted that the liver attenuation increased at a much faster pace when the injected dose reached a certain level (270 mg I/kg body weight) (FIG. 6). This observation can also be explained by the saturation of the kidney elimination pathway, which resulted in more particles being redirected to the liver. Therefore, unlike other previously reported radiopaque particles, IX-C particles were eliminated via both the hepatic and the urinary pathways. Toxicity of particulate CM has been a major concern. The determined LD 50 of IX-C of 1.4 and 1.2 g I/kg body weight corresponded to 3.1 and 2.6 g of IX-C/kg body weight for male and female mice respectively. These values are slightly higher than those reported for other particulate CM. Since the suspension used in this study was very concentrated (800 mg I/ml), it is possible that the LD50 value would be higher if this suspension was diluted and injection was made in several portions (to reduce the volume effect). Using data from the CT imaging study, one can predict that the diagnostic dose for IX-C is 100 mg I/kg body weight. This would give a safety margin of more than ten-fold. At a dose of 200 mg I/kg body weight, a tumor (6 mm in the smallest dimension) could be clearly detected in the postcontrast images (FIG. 8). The tumor was not visible in the precontrast image because it was either too small or isodense to liver parenchyma. Studies with rabbits bearing VX2 tumors demonstrated that IX-C particles could opacify the liver for about 2 hours without significant reduction of contrast enhancement, which allowed sufficient time for CT examinations. The results showed that IX-C particles were biodegradable, with IOXILAN and carbon dioxide as the degradation products. The particles had an average size of 1-2 μm, and were stable in saline suspension. The LD 50 determined for IX-C particles was 2.6 and 3.1 g/kg body weight for females and males respectively. A dose of 200 mg I/kg body weight caused an increase of 38 HU in liver attenuation. In rabbit, hepatic clearance of the contrast medium in 2 days was demonstrated. A tumor barely visible in precontrast scans could be detected after contrast injection. CONCLUSION Biodegradable IX-C particles have suitable physicochemical characteristics as a particulate CT contrast agent, and are effective as a macrophage imaging agent. The foregoing invention was explained with reference to a particular embodiment. One skilled in the art will recognize that many modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The embodiment described herein is meant to be illustrative only and should not be taken as limiting the invention, which is defined in the following claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a composite structure including a fibrous mat and a plurality of discrete ceramic elements or islands, a method for making such a composite structure, a screen useful in printing the discrete ceramic elements, and procedures to install (adhere, seam seal and field cut) and remove the same. The invention also relates to a composite structure in which a ceramic composition, preferably penetrates only a portion of the fibrous mat. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Most ceramic architectural products are presently made from thick bodies which are fused at high temperatures. They impart wear/stain resistance through their inherent hardness, low porosity and chemical inertness. When properly installed, they exhibit long life and appearance retention. While existing for centuries, no substantial advancements have been made in the processes to either manufacture or install ceramic products. The manufacturing process involves high temperatures and relatively long fusion times; grouting often involves traditional cement or more recently rigid epoxy/cement systems. Substantial thickness has been required due to the brittleness and fragility of the ceramic. These products and their installed weight require special preparation of the substructure on which the ceramic product is installed both for on-grade and above-grade installations. To install current ceramic Products, the support structure must be very flat. Removal of these products is tedious and difficult. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a composite structure which has the appearance retention and wear resistance of ceramic while reducing the overall weight of the structure and permit easy installation without the necessity of preparing a very flat, strong, dimensionally stable substructure. The present inventors have produced product structures that combine the best characteristics of ceramic and resilient products. Through judicious selection of components, a structure has been fabricated that combines relatively thin ceramic elements, a fibrous mat, a non-ceramic composition between and/or below the ceramic elements as appropriate, and flexible, conformable or rigid support substrates. The ceramic elements have a thickness of about 5 to about 100 mils, preferably about 15 to about 75 mils, and more preferably about 20 to about 50 mils. The shape of the ceramic elements includes geometric and random, and may be of differing sizes. However, the maximum dimension of the discrete elements is preferably 11/2 inches, and more preferably less than 1 inch, and most preferably less than one-half inch. Further, the aspect ratio (the length divided by the thickness) should be at least 3. Prior art ceramic elements as thin as one-eighth inch (125 mils) are known. However, thinner elements have proven to be too brittle. By use of the fibrous mat and non-ceramic composition, this disadvantage of the prior art has been overcome. The fibrous mat may be woven or non-woven, but is preferably non-woven. In the preferred embodiment, the fibrous mat should have substantial thickness since the ceramic ink only partially penetrates into the fibrous mat, leaving the portion of the mat opposite the ceramic ink free of ceramic ink. The preferred thickness of the fibrous mat is from about 10 to about 30 mils, more preferably about 12 to about 20 mils. However, fibrous mats of lesser and greater thicknesses can be used. The substantial thickness of the fibrous mat improves adhesion of the ceramic elements to the non-ceramic composition and/or substrate. Since the ceramic ink penetrates into the fibrous mat, it adheres well to the mat. It is easier to adhere the ceramic-free fibrous mat to the non-ceramic composition and/or substrate than to directly adhere the ceramic elements to the non-ceramic composition and/or substrate, particularly if the non-ceramic composition and/or substrate is not rigid. The fibers mechanically bond the ceramic and non-ceramic composition. Also, since the ceramic ink does not penetrate to the continuous belt or other support structure during manufacture, the ink will not fuse to the belt and it is not necessary to prevent such fusion. Further, the shape of the ceramic elements is controlled by the fibrous mat. During the fusion step, without the fiber, the ceramic ink would soften, and tend to flow and lose its desired shape. However, the fibrous mat helps the softened droplet retain its shape above the surface of the mat as well as within the mat. In fact by controlling the penetration of the ceramic ink into the fibrous mat so that there is only partial penetration, a composite comprising a continuous layer of ceramic can be formed. The fibrous mat may reduce the brittleness of the ceramic and enhances adhesion of the composite to a non-ceramic composition and/or substrate. The properties of the composite are influenced by the type of material selected for the fibrous mat. Glass scrim is preferred. However, inorganic scrims, stainless steel fabric, organic/inorganic mixed scrims, and totally organic scrims have been used. Technology key to the fabrication of these hybrid ceramic organic structures involves a capability to generate thin ceramic layers and/or ceramic elements of controlled size, shape and pattern, preferably in a fast fire process. Typical fabrication steps include embedding the ceramic elements in a matrix and lamination of the composite to a resilient substrate. A fibrous woven or non-woven carrier is selected based on its capacity to retain thick ceramic deposits in preselected regions via printing or stenciling processes. The fibrous mat may be printed with a ceramic ink using a screen that has "wells" defined beneath the open areas that permit a "thick" deposit of ink, or the ceramic ink may be applied by a rotary screen printing process. The pattern's design is such that the ceramic regimes may form isolated "islands" of relatively small size in relation to the overall dimension of the product. The volatile components are removed, and the entire sheet is processed through a burnout and fusion furnace. The fused sheet is transferred to a layer of a non-ceramic composition to saturate the fibrous mat or web. Then appropriate cure and/or thermal treatment is done to solidify and develop the properties of the non-ceramic composition, which is preferably a polymer grout. If the fibrous mat is saturated from the bottom up (from the surface opposite the ceramic elements), the exposed surface of the ceramic elements do not need to be cleaned of the non-ceramic composition. However, the non-ceramic composition can be applied to the ceramic element side of the fibrous mat. Further, the non-ceramic composition may be applied as a dry powder which fills the voids between the ceramic elements, while the excess powder can be easily removed by brushing or blasts of air. The non-ceramic composition is preferably a polymer composition such as plastisol, urethane, polyester, epoxy, silicone, or phosphate cement. The non-ceramic composition may be a ceramic filler with a polymer binder. The result is a sheet consisting of a polymeric matrix surrounding relatively small regimes of ceramic; hence, ceramic veneer islands. The ceramic veneer island (CVI) sheet is laminated to a suitable substrate using common adhesives. The liquid polymer may be applied directly to the substrate so that it also serves as a bonding agent. The incorporation of ceramic components in the composite structure provides ceramic-like wear performance behavior while the grout system imparts flexibility and/or resilience to the composite. The composite structure is capable of passing the Mandrel Bend Test Method of ASTM D3111, being bent around a six inch mandrel. Preferably the composite structure can be bent around a two inch mandrel, and more preferably a one inch mandrel. Also if the composite were laid on a ledge with one end overhanging the edge, it may droop at least one-half inch over a foot distance. While the above tests measure flexibility which is an important property for ease of installation, it is important that the surface covering which includes the composite structure be able to conform to the subfloor or substructure on which it is laid. Reducing the amount of ceramic material in the composite layer is one way to improve conformability. Ceramics are not flexible or conformable. The thickness of the prior art ceramic makes it difficult to form a surface covering which is conformable and/or flexible. Further, the thinness of the elements permits the construction of a composite which supports the ceramic elements and is conformable and,or flexible. In fact the composite can be laid on the subfloor or substructure without being adhered to a substrate or a surface covering can be formed in which the volume defined by the exposed surface of the ceramic elements to a depth of 1/4 inch comprises no more than 50 percent of the ceramic elements, and preferably no more than 33 percent. To deposit the ceramic elements, present printing technology is modified to deposit thick ceramic compositions. To accomplish the controlled print deposition, the fabrication of print screens with special thick polymer layers is required to print apply the ceramic compositions onto or into the fibrous mats that support the deposited layers during drying and fusion processing. Subsequent lamination of the composite CVI matrix to a substrate which further supports the ceramic elements permits the formation of a tile component with flexibility and conformability of typical resilient tile. This simplifies installation and increases the ease of removal when compared to prior art ceramic tile. Alternatively, the ceramic elements and fibrous mat can be laminated onto a substrate which has been covered with a non-ceramic composition such as plastisol or an adhesive. The substrate may be a rigid tile or a conventional tile base. If a rigid substrate is used, a conformable rubber layer may be disposed opposite the composite layer so that the structure can conform to the surface of the support structure on which the surface covering is laid. The surface covering or tile may be formed by printing different colored discrete ceramic elements or the individual elements printed with different colored ceramic slurries or inks to form a desired non-random pattern, which pattern may be repeating. The pattern may be formed by the various colors of the discrete elements or by the location of the elements themselves. Further, the non-ceramic composition or grout which is disposed between the discrete elements may be multi-colored to form a multi-colored pattern. The grout and/or discrete elements may be transparent or translucent. If such discrete elements and grout is disposed over a printed substrate a desired pattern may be obtained. Preferably, a multi-colored plastisol is disposed on a substrate and the discrete elements and fiber mat are laid over the plastisol so that the plastisol penetrates into the fibrous mat from the surface of the mat opposite the ceramic elements. Fast-fire fusion of the ceramic components, visual presentation from ceramic/grout combinations and design-control in the ceramic components are interwoven in this invention along with substrate selection to enhance performance and installation. Typical quarry tile might be fired one to three days and presently known fast fire ceramics require one hour of firing. Because of the thinness of the ceramic elements of the present invention, the composite of ceramic ink and fibrous mat may be fired in about 3 to 12 minutes. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of the emulsion screen of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of the composite layer and substrate. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The print screens used prior to the present invention consist of a mesh material stretched taut over a frame with a thin emulsion attached to selected areas. The emulsion acts to direct deposition of inks through selected areas of the screen mesh as well as form a cell thickness which controls the amount of ink deposited. Ordinary emulsion thicknesses range from 1 to 2 mils up to about 5 mils. In the present invention, modified screens were used to control ceramic slurry or ink deposition thickness. The modified screens consist of a plastic sheet 1 that contains preformed passage ways 2. The plastic sheets are glued to a screen mesh 3. The thickness of the plastic sheet and the image formed by selecting passageway locations control the thickness of the deposited ink and the area over which the ink is deposited, and therefore, the penetration into the fibrous mat. Use of a fibrous mat as the material upon which ink is deposited serves to direct and restrict ink movement during penetration and subsequent drying/fusion steps. The deposited ceramic ink penetrates the fibrous matrix of the mat 4 and is supported as individual elements 5. The fibrous network also plays a role in manufacturing a desirable ceramic element configuration, especially to minimize rupturing or fissuring of the ceramic prior to or during fusion. The composite ceramic veneer island structure includes a grout 6 surrounding the distinct ceramic elements 5. The ceramic elements are about 40 mils thick and are of controlled shape and size. Fabrication procedures involve printing onto a fibrous mat (use of special print screens), handling during fusion and flooding a liquid or powder to grout the fused ceramic elements. The composite may be laminated to a substrate 7. EXAMPLE 1 A non-woven fiberglass scrim, designated AGF, was purchased from the Manville Corporation. The fibrous mat was approximately 15 mils thick with one smooth side suitable for achieving high quality printing. The fibrous mat was lightly attached to a thin aluminum plate with 3M spray adhesive #75. The aluminum plate created a nonporous surface capable of being held down by vacuum. The scrim/aluminum plate assembly was placed onto the bed of a conventional print table and the vacuum turned on. Special screens were fabricated to deposit thin ceramic ink layers. A 31.5 mil thick Acetal sheet purchased from Ain Plastics of Lancaster, Pa., was covered on one side with three layers of 5 mil adhesive film from 3M company. The adhesive film had the release carrier still attached to the outside of the last layer. This adhesive covered Acetal sheet was converted into a stencil with a 14"×14" pattern consisting of 3/8" squares on 7/16" centers by laser cutting, A 25 mesh polyester silk screen fabric was stretched over a nominal 30×40" frame. The laser cut stencil was then bonded to the silk screen fabric through the removal of the release carrier covering and using Epoxy 2216 from the 3M Company around the perimeter. The screen was mounted onto the print station and loaded with ink. The inks were either solvent or water-based systems. The viscosity of a water reducible ceramic ink was adjusted to 40,000 centipoise by the addition of conventional glycol based polymer medium. A conventional rubber squeegee was used to execute a flood stroke followed by a print stroke with a squeegee in a nearly vertical position. The off-contact distance was approximately one quarter of an inch. The ceramic slurry did not completely penetrate the fiberglass scrim. The printed fibrous mat still attached to the aluminum plate was loaded into a conventional convection air oven heated to approximately 200° F. After approximately 15 minutes of drying, the printed fibrous mat was stripped from the aluminum plate and returned to the even for another hour of drying. The dried printed fibrous mat was placed onto a Cordierite setter approximately 15"×15" by 3/4" thick. The setter and fibrous mat assembly was processed through the Radiant Technology Corporation (RTC) furnace at 5" per minute. The four heating zones, 10", 20", 20" and 10" in length were set to 350° C., 500° C., 650° C. and 775° C. , respectively to provide a desirable burnout and ramp up to the fusion temperature. A conventional PVC plastisol was prepared and reduced to a viscosity in the region of 4,000 centipoise. The plastisol was drawn down onto a release surface, specifically a release coated flooring felt with a 40 mil drawn down bar. The fused ceramic fiberglass sheet was slid onto a Teflon coated cookie sheet in a careful manner so as not to disrupt what has become a rather mechanically fragile sheet. The sheet was then lowered into the plastisol by sliding the sheet off one edge of the cookie sheet. Two minutes were allowed to elapse to permit uniform and adequate saturation of the plastisol into the fibrous network around the fused ceramic squares. The entire assembly, fused sheet, plastisol, and release felt was placed into an oven treated to 385° F. for 2 minutes. Upon removal, the assembly was placed onto a flat surface and allowed to cool. The sheet of fused plastisol/ceramic squares was stripped off the release felt and cut to final size. An overall resilient structure with regimes of hard inflexible ceramic was produced. EXAMPLE 2 Sheets as prepared in Example 1 were laminated to a variety of substrates. Among these were limestone filled, plasticized PVC ranging in thickness from 40-125 mils; gypsum board; plywood; and 1/4" aluminum plate. Adhesives used were either a pressure-sensitive one commonly used for the installation of "peel and stick" floor tiles or 3M 2216, a flexible epoxy. The lamination step was unnecessary when a nonrelease flooring felt was used on which to draw down the PVC plastisol. The felt remained as part of the final product upon removal from the plastisol fusion oven. EXAMPLE 3 Multi-colored samples were produced by two methods to generate either through color or surface color decoration of the ceramic islands. Method 1 involved forming a multicolor array of through-color elements by printing different colored islands in selected areas: Method 2 involved over printing of selected elements from Example 1 with different single colors. In Method 1, three full pattern deep-well screens were mounted, and each of the screens was coated with silk screen emulsion in such a way that the cells not to be printed by the color from that particular screen were blocked off. The screens were then used in order with careful registration such that the closed cells of the second and third printing accommodate the ink deposited by the previous printing or printings. Drying was carried out after each color was printed as described in Example 1. The subsequent processing steps were the same as those described in Example 1. In Method 2, the overprint method, a full single through-color pattern was printed with a first screen. Then three additional standard silk screens using 60 mesh fabric, each with an open pattern corresponding to the islands that were to be printed with the desired color were used in turn to overprint the dried ceramic ink deposited with the first screen. A drying step was again executed between each color print as described in Example 1. The subsequent processing steps were the same as those described in Example 1. An attractive four colored image in registration was produced. EXAMPLE 4 The final fused surface characteristics of the ceramic elements were modified by adding 200 mesh alumina at approximately a 30% level to a ceramic overprint ink or sprinkling a dusting of alumina over the top of the just-printed undried sample, and then firing the ink or alumina. Samples with coefficient of frictions ranging from 0.4 to 1.1 were produced in this manner. By applying the alumina to the surface, rather than adding it to the printed ceramic islands, less alumina is used. EXAMPLE 5 The PVC plastisol used in Example 1 was substituted with a variety of liquid polymers such as UV curable urethane (clear), polyester, molding urethane, epoxy and silicone. The procedures of Example 1 were followed and produce satisfactory composites. EXAMPLE 6 Powdered polymers were used to fill the regions between the ceramic elements. When the powdered polymers were applied to the liquid polymer already in place surrounding the ceramic islands and the liquid polymer heat cured such that the powder was not completely melted, a granular effect was produced in the grout. Therefore, powder controlled the topological features, mainly texture, in the region between the discrete ceramic elements. PVC, polyester, urethane, epoxy and nylon powders were used either alone or in combination with sticking aids. These materials can be brought into the product from the face by either masking the ceramic elements or removing the excess from the ceramic elements through blowing or brushing. When used alone, the back surface was free of polymer, leaving the ceramic elements exposed for bonding with a lamination adhesive. Alternatively, a powder layer was formed, and the fused sheet as discussed in Example 1 was laid into the powder. Fusion of each polymer was accomplished in an oven using time and temperature appropriate for each polymer. EXAMPLE 7 The discrete ceramic elements may be of various shapes and sizes. Designs incorporating 3/16" and 3/8" squares, a mixture of various size squares, random irregular shapes, and a combination of squares and rectangles were used. The size and shape of the islands are not limiting. EXAMPLE 8 Samples were made where the non-woven glass fibrous mat used in Example 1 was substituted with woven fabrics, inorganic scrims, and stainless steel fabric. Also used were organic/inorganic mixed scrims, and totally organic fibrous mat (cellulose). Each produced satisfactory composites. EXAMPLE 9 A layer of natural rubber approximately 20 mils thick was placed to the back of the composite samples employing the filled PVC substrate to provide increased conformability. EXAMPLE 10 Rigid tile were produced by using a high modulus epoxy material surrounding the ceramic elements. Alternatively, a sample as prepared in Example 1 was laminated to a conventional tile base with high modulus epoxy. EXAMPLE 11 Ease of installation/removal was achieved by using a conventional pressure sensitive adhesive which was tacky at room temperature or two-faced tape. Samples installed via two-faced tape survived severe trafficking and stair-tread environments. Removal was similar to resilient flooring systems. Epoxy adhesives similar to grout systems are acceptable. EXAMPLE 12 A larger structure was made by seam joining individual CVI composite structures using silicone or epoxy. Rotary screen printing also extended the length and width of the ceramic element array, which when grouted, generated large area CVI composites. EXAMPLE 13 Scrims composed of high temperature fibers were used as the substrate for the ceramic ink. Ceramic slurry 30 to 45 mils thick was printed onto Nextel-fiber fibrous mat and fused at 750° C. as described in Example 1. Break strength was increased to 6,400 PSI for the Nextel scrim/ceramic element composite compared to 2,500 PSI for the composites described in Example 1. EXAMPLE 14 A transparent material was used to grout the ceramic veneer elements to produce 3-D effects and/or permit visualization of the substrate beneath the grout. One sample was made using a transparent PVC plastisol incorporating metallic flakes. Other samples were made with a transparent PVC (fused with heat) and a urethane acrylate (cured with UV radiation) atop a substrate with color or decorative backgrounds. Perception of depth results in the grout regions. EXAMPLE 15 Cementitious grouts were substituted for the polymeric grouts of Examples 1 and 5. EXAMPLE 16 Ceramic elements described in Example 1 were made using stencils without screens. Stencils were made from plastic or metal sheets 30 to 45 mils thick. EXAMPLE 17 Samples were made as in Example 4 and the profile of the fused ceramic elements modified by rolling the partially dried ceramic slurry to level the upper surface of the ceramic islands. In this manner, the slightly concave upper surface of the ceramic islands were flattened. EXAMPLE 18 Samples were made as per Example 1 and the fused ceramic elements laid into a continuous grout. A wide/long CVI composite structure was formed from these smaller CVI element structures. EXAMPLE 19 A CVI sheet was prepared as in Example 1 except that the fused ceramic elements with the fibrous mat was saturated upside down in the PVC plastisol. The perpendicular pull out force was measured for this product and the Example 1 product. The results showed that only a nominal force of 0.1 to 0.2 lbs. was required to extract one ceramic chip from the Example 19 product, whereas an average force of 4.0 lbs. was required to remove a chip from the Example 1 product. Therefore, the presence of a fibrous mat enhanced adhesion of the plastisol to the ceramic elements without chemical bonding.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to optical inspection of objects to determine whether they meet required manufacturing specifications, and in particular to the optical inspection of fasteners. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION It is known to optically inspect manufactured items for defects that would render the item unusable, such as by combining a fastener inspection system with a single camera. The inspection of fasteners may include examining threaded fasteners to ensure that the threaded portion is correctly formed, that the fastener head is correctly formed, that the junction of the head and shank is correctly formed, that the shank is correctly formed at the terminal end, and other suitable examinations. One drawback to prior methods and systems is that the optical inspection software must be able to match the object against a library of acceptable objects regardless of its orientation and lighting, and this must be done in a rapid manner. While some of these problems can be solved by initially orienting the object in only one position and then moving it to other pre-determined positions, the recognition software must still track the object and recognise it once it has reached the new orientation. This process requires a computationally intensive operation that can be the limiting factor in the production and quality control of the fasteners. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the present invention, a system and method for inspecting fasteners are provided that overcome known problems with systems and methods for inspecting fasteners. In particular, a system and method for inspecting fasteners are provided which utilize dual inspection angles and on-the-fly selection of comparison images to provide additional inspection capabilities and flexibility. In accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention, a method of optically inspecting a fastener to determine whether it meets two or more dimensional parameters is provided. The method includes using centrifugal force to place the fastener in a predetermined location. Two or more sets of image data of the fastener are generated from two or more corresponding different angles. Fastener pass/fail data is generated using a dimensional requirement associated with each set of image data. The present invention provides many important technical advantages. One important technical advantage of the present invention is a fastener inspection system that utilizes images of the fasteners from two different axes and that selects comparison image data on the fly, so as to provide additional inspection capabilities and flexibility. Those skilled in the art will further appreciate the advantages and superior features of the invention together with other important aspects thereof on reading the detailed description that follows in conjunction with the drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a diagram an inspection station in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 2 is a diagram of an inspection station showing a horizontal vision system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a diagram of an inspection station showing a vertical vision system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a diagram of an inspection station showing a rejection mechanism in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is an overhead view of the fastener locating mechanism on the rotating turntable in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 6 is a breakaway view of the fastener locating mechanism on the rotating turntable in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention; and FIG. 7 is a diagram of an inspection system in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the description that follows, like parts are marked throughout the specification and drawings with the same reference numerals, respectively. The drawing figures might not be to scale, and certain components can be shown in generalized or schematic form and identified by commercial designations in the interest of clarity and conciseness. FIG. 1 is a diagram an inspection station 100 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Inspection station 100 allows the top dimension of fasteners to be inspected, with compensation for variations in surface finish. Inspection station 100 includes base 101 having on it a rotating turntable 102 . Singulating feed mechanism 106 provides fasteners 104 to rotating turntable 102 , and the fasteners 104 are fed into fastener retaining slots 103 by centrifugal force, where they can be inspected by inspection system 700 (not explicitly shown) using image data generated by horizontal vision system 200 , vertical vision system 300 , and other suitable systems. Inspection system 700 generates rejection data, which causes rejection mechanism 400 to actuate and to eject fasteners 104 that do not meet inspection criteria. If rejection data is not generated, the fasteners 104 are accepted at an acceptance position that includes stationary wiper 115 , which removes the acceptable fasteners 104 that remain after the rejected fasteners 104 have been removed. Rotating turntable 102 has fastener retaining slots 103 around the periphery. Fasteners 104 are fed into the fastener retaining slots 103 from feed chute 105 by singulating feed mechanism 106 , which biases a fastener 104 against the turntable so that it locates in one of fastener retaining slots 103 . Rotating turntable 102 rotates continuously as fasteners 104 feed into it. View AA of FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 2 . VIEW BB of FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 3 . View CC of FIG. 1 is shown in greater detail in FIG. 4 . FIG. 2 is a diagram of inspection station 100 showing horizontal vision system 200 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. After the fasteners 104 are fed onto rotating turntable 102 , it turns to present the fasteners 104 first to horizontal inspection camera 107 of the horizontal vision system 200 , which views the fastener 104 through optics 108 , as illuminated by transmitted light from light source 109 and collimator 110 . In this manner, silhouette or shadowgraph data can be generated, the data can be compared against a library of acceptable parameters both to categorize the fastener 104 , for the presence of a screw thread of the correct type and pitch, and for the correct dimensions for the fastener type. The light source 109 can have adjustable luminance, and can be adjusted to provide an optimum level of illumination where the contrast of the lighting is approximately the same as the maximum grey scale range of horizontal inspection camera 107 . It is not necessary that rotating turntable 102 remain stationary while the fastener 104 is imaged and categorized since capture of the image can be near instantaneous and once the image is captured the categorization and labeling for rejection will occur while the rotating turntable 102 is indexing onwards. FIG. 3 is a diagram of inspection station 100 showing vertical vision system 300 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Further rotation of rotating turntable 102 presents the fastener 104 to vertical vision system camera 111 , which can include adjustable lighting head 112 to illuminate fastener 104 using reflected light. Adjustable lighting head 112 provides illumination from a range of directions at variable levels in each direction, so as to illuminate each fastener 104 to provide optimum contrast regardless of the finish on the fastener head. In this manner, vertical vision system camera 111 can be used to determine the delineation of depressions on the fastener head, the outline of the exterior of the head, or other fastener dimensions that may be required to allow the fastener to fit a fastener driving tool. Detection of the optimum contrast is by detection of the best differentiation of edges in the viewed image, and requires a pre-programmed illumination routine to vary the illumination from adjustable lighting head 112 so as to narrow the range of choices of illumination. In one exemplary embodiment, the luminance of adjustable lighting head 112 can be varied rapidly by inspection system 700 or other suitable systems until a level of illumination that provides the greatest contrast is achieved in image data corresponding to the edges found in the fastener 104 . The fastener 104 , which was initially inspected at the horizontal vision system, can now be further inspected as necessary in terms of external drive profile, internal drive profile, overall diameter, or other suitable data. In another exemplary embodiment, rejection data can be associated with the fastener 104 by inspection system 700 or other suitable systems if the dimensions of the fastener 104 fail to fall within a valid category, for instance because the internal drive socket does not meet specifications. FIG. 4 is a diagram of inspection station 100 showing rejection mechanism 400 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Motor 118 can be a servomotor, a stepping motor, or other suitable motors. Rotating turntable 102 is turned by motor 118 and is mounted on base 101 . Motor 118 allows the position of the fastener retaining slots 103 as shown in FIG. 1 to be tracked with accuracy so that the fastener retaining slots 103 can be indexed. As rotating turntable 102 progresses, a fastener 104 that has been determined to be faulty rotates to a position opposite reject solenoid 113 , which is controlled so as to operate and eject the fastener 104 down reject chute 114 . The remaining fasteners 104 are directed by stationary wiper 115 as shown in FIG. 1 to accept chute 116 . Likewise, other suitable processes can be used, such as the use of an accept solenoid in conjunction with controls over singulating feed mechanism 106 of FIG. 1 to allow a fastener 104 to be inspected multiple times, such as when image data of the fastener was not adequately obtained and where additional inspection time is required. While one accept chute 116 is shown (and can be disposed within element 117 , as shown), two or more accept chutes 116 can be used, where suitable. Inspection station 100 can thus act as a sorter using mechanisms similar to the reject mechanism 400 , as inspection station 100 can be used to classify the fasteners 104 it inspects as opposed to only determining pass/fail criteria. In one exemplary embodiment, reject mechanism 400 can include a solenoid 113 . FIG. 5 is an overhead view of the fastener locating mechanism on the rotating turntable 102 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Fasteners 104 are located in fastener retaining slots 103 , which are formed by locating fingers 120 of outer turntable ring 122 and locating fingers 119 of inner turntable ring 121 . Locating fingers 119 of inner turntable ring 121 are configured so as to guide the fasteners 104 into fastener retaining slots 103 . In one exemplary embodiment, inner turntable ring 121 and outer turntable ring 122 can be controllably adjusted so as to increase or decrease the size of fastener retaining slots 103 . FIG. 6 is a breakaway view of the fastener locating mechanism on rotating turntable 102 in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. The fastener locating mechanism on rotating turntable 102 can include an outer turntable ring 122 and an inner turntable ring 121 . The outer turntable ring 122 has locating fingers 120 , while the inner turntable ring 121 has locating fingers 119 . Rotation of the inner turntable ring 121 relative to the outer turntable ring 122 allows control of fastener retaining slots 103 within which the fasteners 104 are located. Rotating turntable 102 can thus be adjusted for fasteners 104 of differing diameter. Block 123 locates on dowels 124 on the inner turntable ring 121 and outer turntable ring 122 to positively locate the rings relative to each other. Replacement of block 123 with another of different length allows quick changing of the dimensions of fastener retaining slots 103 . In one exemplary embodiment, a conical block 123 with increasing diameter or other suitable mechanisms can be used to allow the dimension of fastener retaining slots 103 to be altered on-the-fly. In one exemplary embodiment, there may be other vision systems present to inspect the thread form in side view by reflected light to determine if the thread is intact. For example, one can be used around the whole fastener 104 , and another can be used to inspect the lower tip of a fastener 104 . In this exemplary embodiment, the presence of a chisel point in self-drilling fasteners 104 can be detected. The present invention can be used in conjunction with the inspection of any suitable item that has a substantially regular form in two axes, and can be adapted to the inspection of objects of irregular form with limited re-entrant portions. Use in this latter application requires orienting the object on two axes for inspection, rather than the single axis orientation described for the current invention. Such orientation techniques are known. Use of both reflected light and transmitted light to provide sufficient detail of a single axis can also or alternatively be used. In addition to a rotating turntable 102 , other suitable conveying systems can also or alternatively be used, such as ones that are capable of orienting and retaining the object to be recognized. It is to be understood that even though numerous characteristics and advantages of the various embodiments of the present invention have been set forth in the foregoing description, together with details of the structure and functioning of various embodiments of the invention, this disclosure is illustrative only, and changes may be made in detail so long as the functioning of the invention is not adversely affected. For example the particular elements of the conveyor or rotating turntable 102 may vary dependent on the particular application for which it is used without variation in the spirit and scope of the present invention. FIG. 7 is a diagram of inspection system 700 , in accordance with an exemplary embodiment of the present invention. Inspection system 700 can be implemented in hardware, software, or a suitable combination of hardware and software, and can be one or more software systems operating on a general-purpose processing platform. Inspection system 700 is coupled to horizontal vision system 200 and vertical vision system 300 and can use suitable image processing techniques to inspect image data of the fasteners 104 that is generated by horizontal vision system 200 and vertical vision system 300 . As used herein, a software system can include one or more objects, agents, threads, lines of code, subroutines, separate software applications, two or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in two or more software applications or on two or more processors, or other suitable software structures. In one exemplary embodiment, a software system can include one or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in a general purpose software application, such as an operating system, and one or more lines of code or other suitable software structures operating in a specific purpose software application. Inspection system 700 includes fastener image processing system 702 , illumination variation system 704 , and reject control system 706 . In one exemplary embodiment, fastener image processing system 702 includes a library of expected fastener parameters with associated tolerances for the length, diameter, head profile, presence of washer, profile of fastener tip, thread profile and pitch, and other suitable data. Fastener image processing system 702 allows rapid categorization of the currently illuminated fastener 104 and analysis of the dimensional data of the currently illuminated fastener 104 , based on tolerance data. If fastener image processing system 702 determines that the currently illuminated fastener 104 does not meet predetermined tolerance criteria, it generates fastener rejection data. In addition, fastener image processing system 702 can generate illumination variation data if the image data of the currently illuminated fastener does not generate predetermined match data, such as if a match is not found, if one or more critical dimensions can not be determined, or in response to other suitable conditions. Illumination variation system 704 receives illumination variation data and generates control data of one or more lighting devices to controllably vary the luminance generated by the lighting devices. In one exemplary embodiment, illumination variation system 704 can use one or more predetermined settings or functions to vary the luminance of the lighting devices, such as to continuously increase or decrease the luminance, increase or decrease the luminance by a predetermined step, or other suitable settings or functions. Reject control system 706 receives fastener rejection data and generates fastener rejection control data. In one exemplary embodiment, reject control system 706 can receive turntable dimension data, turntable rotation data, inspection position data, reject slot position data, and other suitable data and can generate reject control timing data to allow the rejected fastener 104 to be ejected by a suitable mechanism when it reaches a predetermined position. Likewise, control timing data can be stored, can be associated with an interchangeable turntable, or other suitable processes can be used. Although exemplary embodiments of a system and method of the present invention have been described in detail herein, those skilled in the art will also recognize that various substitutions and modifications can be made to the systems and methods without departing from the scope and spirit of the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an angular position adjustable headrest which is pivotally movable to a desired angular position relative to a seatback to effectively and comfortably support the head of a seat occupant. 2. Description of the Prior Art Hitherto, various kinds of headrests have been proposed and put into practical use in the field of automotive seats in order to give safety and comfortable sitting posture to seat occupants. In order to improve the comfort, some of them are of a position adjustable type which is adjustable in angular position relative to the seatback on which the headrest is mounted. One of the conventional position adjustable headrests comprises a bag-shaped outer skin member which has a slit, a pad member which is covered with the outer skin member, two stays projecting outwardly from the outer skin member for attaching the headrest proper to a seatback, a headrest frame which is connected to the stays and surrounded by the pad member, and a position adjusting mechanism which is connected to the headrest frame and surrounded by the pad member. In order to manufacture the position adjustable headrest, a method has been widely employed, which generally comprises the steps of placing a bag-shaped outer skin member in a mold, inserting an assembled unit comprising the stays, the headrest frame and the position adjusting mechanism through the slit of the outer skin member into an inside space enclosed by the outer skin member having the stays projected outwardly through the slit, pouring a liquid material for foamed plastic into the inside space, curing the material, and removing a product, viz., a headrest comprising a skin-covered foamed plastic, from the mold when the material is hardened to a sufficient level. However, the above-mentioned position adjustable headrest has the following drawback. Upon curing the liquid material for the foamed plastic, the material tends to leak out through the slit of the outer skin member. If this happens, extra work is required to remove the liquid material leaked out. The above-mentioned conventional position adjustable headrest does not have means for easily preventing the material from leaking out through the slit. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a position adjustable headrest which has means for easily preventing the liquid material from leaking out through the slit of the outer skin member. According to a first aspect of the present invention, there is provided a position adjustable headrest including: a bag-shaped outer skin member having an inside space defined therein, the outer skin member having first inwardly-bent end portions which are opposed to and in abutment with each other, the first inwardly-bent end portions defining a first slit therebetween, the outer skin member having a second slit formed therethrough which is united with the first slit, the outer skin member having a first portion partially bounded by the first and second slits, the first portion defining a first opening when the first portion is turned up; a pad member covered by the outer skin member, the pad member being made of plastic, the plastic being foamed and cured in the inside space so as to fill the inside space with the plastic and to press the first inwardly-bent end portions against each other, thereby closing the first slit tightly to prevent the plastic from leaking out through the first slit; a headrest frame embedded in the pad member, the headrest frame being so sized as to be inserted into the inside space through the first opening; a stay pivotally connected to the headrest frame, the stay projecting outwardly through the second slit, the stay being movable in the second slit; and means for closing the second slit for preventing the plastic from leaking out through the second slit. According to a second aspect of the present invention, there is provided a position adjustable headrest including: a bag-shaped outer skin member defining an inside space thereof, the outer skin member having first inwardly-bent end portions which are opposed to and in abutment with each other, the first inwardly-bent end portions defining a first slit therebetween, the outer skin member having second and third slits formed therethrough which are opposed to each other and extend from longitudinally opposed ends of the first slit, the outer skin member having a second portion partially bounded by the first, second and third slits, the second portion defining a second opening when the second portion is turned up; a pad member covered by the outer skin member, the pad member being made of plastic, the plastic being foamed and cured in the inside space so as to fill the inside space with the plastic and to press the first inwardly-bent end portions against each other, thereby closing the first slit tightly to prevent the plastic from leaking out through the first slit; a headrest frame embedded in the pad member, the headrest frame being so sized as to be inserted into the inside space through the second opening; the stays pivotally connected to the headrest frame, the stays projecting outwardly through the second and third slits respectively; and means for closing the second and third slits for preventing the plastic from leaking out through the second and third slits. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a position adjustable headrest, which is a first embodiment of the present invention, the headrest being shown turned upside down for clarification of the drawing; FIG. 2 is a sectional view which is taken along the line II--II of FIG. 1; FIG. 3 is a sectional view which is taken along the line III--III of FIG. 1; FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1, but showing a second embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a sectional view which is taken along the line V--V of FIG. 4; and FIG. 6 is a sectional view which is taken along the line VI--VI of FIG. 4. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIGS. 1 to 3, there is shown a position adjustable headrest, which is a first embodiment of the present invention. As is seen from FIGS. 2 and 3, the headrest of the present invention which is shown turned upside down in the drawings comprises a pad member 10 and a bag-shaped outer skin member 12 covering the pad member 10. The outer skin member 12 comprises an outer skin layer 12a and a wadding 12b lined on a back surface of the outer skin layer 12a. The outer skin layer 12a is made of vinyl chloride or the like which is flexible. However, if desired, a sheet of suitable synthetic resin can be substituted for the outer skin layer 12a and the wadding 12b. As is seen from FIG. 1, the outer skin member 12 comprises two side portions 12c, a major center portion 12d, a base center portion 12e and two base side portions 12f. The major center portion 12d covers front, rear and top surfaces of the pad member 10, and covers front and rear portions of a base surface of the pad member 10. As is seen from FIG. 2, the major center portion 12d comprises a major rectangular portion covering the pad member 10, and a first inwardly-bent end portion 12g which is rectangular in shape. The base center portion 12e comprises a major rectangular portion covering a part of the base surface of the pad member 10, and another first inwardly-bent end portion 12h which is rectangular in shape. The first inwardly-bent end portion 12h has the same size as that of the first inwardly-bent end portion 12g, and is opposed to and in abutment with the same. A long slit 14 is defined between the first inwardly-bent end portions 12g and 12h. The base center portion 12e is stitched at its edge 12i opposite to the long slit 14 to the major center portion 12d. Each of the base side portions 12f is stitched at its first and second edges 12j and 12k to the major center portion 12d, and at its outer side edge 12l to the side portions 12c. The base side portions 12f are not stitched at their inner side edges 12m to the base center portion 12e. Therefore, two parallel short slits 16 are defined between the base center portion 12e and the base side portions 12f. As will be clarified hereinafter, the long slit 14 and the short slits 16 are closed entirely upon completion of the headrest. As is seen from FIG. 3, a headrest frame 18 is embedded in the pad member 10. The headrest frame 18 comprises a lower frame shaft 18a and a U-shaped upper frame 18b which is pivotally connected to the lower frame shaft 18a. Two core cases 20 are secured to the upper frame 18b and pivotally connected to the lower frame shaft 18a. One of the core cases 20 has a known position adjusting mechanism (not shown) installed therein. The position adjusting mechanism may be a device which is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,674,792 granted on Jun. 23, 1987 to Hisao TAMURA et al. The mechanism is hermetically sealingly encased in the core case 20 for the reason which will be clarified hereinafter. Two parallel headrest stays 22 project from the outer skin member 12. Although not shown in the drawings, the headrest stays 22 are put into respective holes formed at a top of a seatback of a seat upon practical use of the headrest. The top end portion of each headrest stay 22 is secured to the lower frame shaft 18a. Thus, the headrest proper is pivotal about the lower frame shaft 18a. By the provision of the position adjusting mechanism, the headrest proper can be locked to a desired angular position relative to the headrest stays 22. The above-mentioned short slits 16 have sufficient length for allowing the smooth movement of the headrest stays 22 relative to the headrest proper. The short slits 16 are united at their respective ends with side ends of the longer slit 14, thereby forming a U-shaped slit (see FIG. 1). As is clearly seen from FIG. 2, two patches 24 made of thin nonwoven cloth such as felt or the like are lined on a back surface of the outer skin member 12 for the reason which will be clarified hereinafter. Each patch 24 is so sized as to cover the short slit 16 entirely. A method for producing the position adjustable headrest of the first embodiment will now be described. First, a bag-shaped outer skin member 12 which is turned upside down is put into a cavity of a lower mold (not shown). Then, the base center portion 12e of the outer skin member 12 is turned up for providing an rectangular opening (not shown) defined by the outer skin member 12. Then, an assembled unit comprising the headrest frame 18, the headrest stays 22, the position adjusting mechanism and the core cases 20 is inserted into the inside space enclosed by the outer skin member 12 with the headrest stays 22 projected outwardly through the rectangular opening. The assembled unit is kept at a given position relative to the outer skin member 12. Then, the patches 24 each having circular through holes 25 with a size slightly smaller than that of the headrest stay 22 are engaged with the stays 22 so as to be positioned just under the outer skin member 12, as illustrated in FIG. 1. Because of the size of the circular hole 25 of the patch 24 relative to that of the stay 22, the patch 24 is kept at a position which is just under the outer skin member 12 through friction between the stay 22 and the patch 24. Then, the rectangular opening is closed by the base center portion 12e of the outer skin member 12. With this arrangement, the short slits 16 are entirely covered with the patches 24. The first inwardly-bent end portion 12h of the base center portion 12e is brought into abutment with the first inwardly-bent end portion 12g of the major center portion 12d. Because of force of the restitution of the outer skin member, the first inwardly-bent end portions 12g and 12h press against each other. Therefore, the long slit 14 is entirely closed. Then, a pipe (not shown) or the like connected to a reservoir (not shown) of a liquid material for foamed plastic, such as polyurethane foam or the like, is inserted into the inside space of the outer skin member 12 through the long slit 14. Then, the material is poured from the pipe into the inside space. After finishing pouring the material, the pipe is taken out of the inside space through the long slit 14. The long slit 14 then closes by itself because of its force of restitution. Then, an upper mold (not shown) is put on the lower mold. The upper mold is placed on a base surface of the outer skin member 12. Thus, thereafter, the material is forced to foam and cure in the inside space of the outer skin member 12. Upon curing, foamed plastic presses the first inwardly-bent end portions 12g and 12h against each other. With this, the long slit 14 is tightly closed, thereby preventing leakage of the foamed plastic through the long slit 14. Because of the provision of the patches 24, leakage of the foamed plastic through the short slits 16 is also suppressed. Because of the position adjusting mechanism being sealingly encased in the core case 20, the liquid material does not affect the function of the mechanism. After the material is hardened to a sufficient level, the upper mold is removed from the lower mold. Then, a product, viz., a skin-covered foamed article having the stays 22 projecting therefrom is removed from the lower mold. Once the headrest proper is pivoted from a foremost position to a rearmost position, the patches 24, which are made of thin nonwoven cloth, are easily broken so as to produce slits (not shown) therethrough for assuring the smooth movement of the stays 22. These slits of the patches 24 are in alignment with the short slits 16. The patches 24 are kept placed on the back surface of the outer skin member 12 upon practical use of the headrest. With these steps, the position adjustable headrest as shown in FIG. 1 is produced. Referring to FIGS. 4 to 6, there is shown a position adjustable headrest, which is a second embodiment of the present invention. Parts substantially the same as those of the above-mentioned first embodiment are denoted by the same numerals and a detailed explanation of them will be omitted from the following description. The base center portion 12e of the outer skin member 12 comprises first inwardly-bent side portions 12n which are rectangular in shape. The base side portions 12f of the outer skin member 12 each comprises second inwardly-bent side portions 12p which are opposed to and in abutment with the first inwardly-bent side portions 12n. Because of flexibility of the outer skin member 12, the first and second inwardly-bent side portions 12n and 12p are bent so as to conform to the shape of the headrest stays 22, and press against each other so as to close the short slits 16. Regarding a method for producing the headrest of the second embodiment which is substantially the same as that of the first embodiment, upon closing the base center portion 12e of the outer skin member 12, the first inwardly-bent side portions 12n of the base center portion 12e are brought into abutment with the second inwardly-bent side portions 12p of the base side portions 12f for preventing the foamed plastic from leaking out through the short slits. Thus, leakage of the foamed plastic from the slits 14 and 16 of the outer skin member 12 can be effectively easily suppressed or at least minimized.

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BACKGROUND Plug valves of the general type involved herein are known to those skilled in the art. The present invention is an improvement over the plug valve disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,032,107. In said patent, the rotary plug is tapered and mates with a tapered bore in the valve body. Tapered plugs have a number of disadvantages. Tapered plugs must be lapped to individual valve bodies to be certain that there is a control over leakage. Tapered plugs have a disadvantage in that it is difficult to provide a seal between upper and lower sets of ports. Tapered plugs must be jacked from their seat in order to turn. Jacking requires the use of tools and can result in undesired bypass of fluid from one port to another when the plug is jacked. There is very minimal interchangeability of plugs from one valve body to another valve body. Since tapered plugs must be jacked in order to be rotated, it is extremely difficult to automate rotation of such tapered plugs. If a tapered plug is not jacked prior to being rotated, the body and plug may be galled or scored. The valve of the present invention is a solution to the above problems while providing other advantages. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is directed to a multiple inlet multiple outlet rotary plug valve. The valve includes a valve body having an upper set of three ports and a lower set of three ports. At least one of the ports of each set is an inlet with each port of the upper set being above a port of the lower set. A valve body has a cylindrical bore of uniform diameter and the bore communicates with each of said ports. The plug has an upper passage for communicating the inlet and outlets of the upper set. The plug has a lower passage for communicating the inlet and outlets of the lower set. Each plug passage occupies a sufficient portion of the periphery of the plug whereby flow from an inlet can be directed to each outlet of its set in one position of the plug. It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel rotary plug valve which is simpler, has fewer parts, and eliminates disadvantages associated with tapered rotary plugs. It is another object of the present invention to provide a multiple inlet multiple outlet rotary plug valve having a cylindrical bore of uniform diameter and a rotary plug of uniform diameter for controlling flow between said ports without disadvantages associated with tapered rotary plug valves and without cross flow between sets of ports. Other objects and advantages will appear hereinafter. For the purpose of illustrating the invention, there is shown in the drawings a form which is presently preferred; it being understood, however, that this invention is not limited to the precise arrangements and instrumentalities shown. FIG. 1 is a top plan view of a valve in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 2 is a front elevation view of the valve. FIG. 3 is a side elevation view of the valve. FIG. 4 is a sectional view taken along the line 4--4 in FIG. 1 but on an enlarged scale. FIG. 5 is a sectional view taken along the line 5--5 in FIG. 4. FIGS. 6 and 7 are sectional views similar to FIG. 5 but showing different positions of the rotary plug. FIG. 8 is a perspective view of the rotary plug. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to the drawings in detail, wherein like numerals indicate like elements, there is shown in FIGS. 1-3 a rotary plug valve in accordance with the present invention designated generally as 10. The valve 10 includes a valve body 12 having an upper set of ports including an inlet 14 and oppositely disposed outlets 16, 18. The valve body 12 also includes a lower set of ports, namely outlet 20 and oppositely disposed inlets 22, 24. The valve body 12 is preferably in the form of a pipe so as to have a central bore of uniform diameter and open ends. This materially reduces the cost of the valve and results in other advantages as disclosed herein. Valve body 12 is preferably made of steel such as stainless steel but may be bronze or cast iron. An end cap 28 is attached to one end of the valve body 12 by use of conventional fasteners. A deformable resilient seal 30 prevents leakage from between the valve body and end cap 28. At the other end of the valve body 12, there is provided an end cap 32 and a similar seal 34. Within the bore 26, there is provided a rotary plug 36 having a uniform outer diameter. Plug 36 is preferably cast from grey iron but may be cast from bronze or steel. Between the elevations of the first and second sets of ports, the outer periphery of the plug 36 is provided with a groove 38 containing a deformable resilient seal 40. Seal 40 contacts bore 26 and prevents any cross-flow between the upper and lower sets of ports. Prevention of cross flow is very important if the fluid at one set of ports is clean and at the other set of ports is dirty. A stem 42 is fixedly connected to the plug 36 in any convenient manner. Thus, the plug 36 is preferably provided with a reduced diameter portion at one end as shown in FIG. 8 with intersecting axial and radial bores 41, 43, respectively. Stem 42 extends into the bore 41 and is secured to the plug 36 by tranversely disposed pin extending through the bore 43. A handle 44 is removably secured to the stem 42 in any convenient manner to facilitate rotation of the plug 36. A latching means is provided for latching the handle 44 in any preset position. The latching means preferably includes an extension 46 on the handle 44. See FIG. 4. A pin 48 is slideably received within a hole in the extension 46. Pin 48 is spring biased downwardly by way of a spring 52 extending between extension 46 and a head on the pin 48. Pin 48 is adapted to be received in any one of a variety of detent holes 51 in the end plate 32. A ring 50 is connected to the pin 48 to facilitate manual withdrawal of the pin 48. The plug 36 may be solid or hollow. As shown, the plug 36 is hollow. The advantages of a hollow plug are weight reduction, lower material cost, and a minimizing of the pressure drop across the valve. When the plug 36 is hollow, a center partition such as partition 53 is necessary. Partition 53 is centered so that a casting of plug 36 will be symmetrical with no top or bottom in the cast condition, thereby providing a manufacturing advantage. See FIG. 4. The partition 53 provides sufficient mass of metal whereby the circumferential groove 38 may be applied without danger of weakening the plug 36. The plug 36 has an upper passage or port 54 for controlling flow between the inlet 14 and outlets 16, 18. Plug 36 has a lower passage or port 56 for controlling flow between the outlet 20 and its associated inlets 22, 24. The ports 54, 56 are disposed one above the other as shown more clearly in FIG. 8. The manner in which the plug ports cooperated with the associated set of inlets and outlets is identical. Hence, only port 54 will be described in detail. It will be understood that the description also applies to port 56. In FIG. 5, the plug 36 is shown rotated to a position wherein port 54 communicates the inlet 14 with the outlet 18. It will be noted that the port 54 is a peripheral port similar to a notch and extends for an arcuate circumferential length of approximately 180° so that the entirety of the inlet 14 is in communication with the entirety of the outlet 18 with minimal pressure drop. In FIG. 6, the plug 36 is shown rotated to a position wherein the inlet 14 communicates with both the outlet 16 and the outlet 18 with partial flow to each of them. Due to the arcuate extent of port 54, inlet 14 communicates with outlet 16 before the plug completely closes off flow to outlet 18. As shown in FIG. 7, the plug 36 has been rotated to a position wherein the inlet 14 communicates only with the outlet 16. The outlets 16, 18 and the inlets 22, 24 may communicate with any desired type of system. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the valve is designed for controlling flow of a liquid such as oil to be circulated through a duplex filtration system. The valve as disclosed herein facilitates automating rotation of the plug 36 by a mechanical actuator, by a motor driven electrical actuator, or by a fluid actuated cylinder after removal of components 44, 48, 50, 52. Each inlet and outlet is preferably provided with a flange in any conventional manner to facilitate bolting to associated conduits. The end of the plug 36 adjacent end cap 28 may be provided with a reduced diameter portion or hub 58. An adjustment screw 60 can be threaded through a central aperture in the end cap 28 and extend into a blind hole in the hub 58 to facilitate adjusting the vertical position of the plug ports 54, 56 with respect to their associated inlet and outlets. The detent holes 51 are orientated to receive an end of pin 48 when plug 36 is in its various rotated positions such as those shown in FIGS. 5-7 as well as a completely closed position. The present invention may be embodied in other specified forms without departing from the spirit or essential attributes thereof and, accordingly, reference should be made to the appended claims, rather than to the foregoing specification, as indicating the scope of the invention.

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PRIORITY [0001] This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/501,436, filed on Jun. 27, 2011, and Ser. No. 61/544,122, filed on Oct. 7, 2011. GOVERNMENT SUPPORT [0002] The present invention was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under contracts DMR 1046599, 1106168, and 1156513. The government has certain rights in the invention. FIELD OF INVENTION [0003] The present invention relates to electrospun mats comprising nanofibers, including mats of cellulose acetate nanofibers and their use in hydrocarbon recovery from aqueous environments, and compositions and methods for oxidatively degrading hydrocarbons using ceramic nanostructures that are photocatalytic when disposed in a grid-like configuration, or nanogrid. In particular, nanogrids disposed on or near the surface of electrospun mats of hydrocarbon-absorbing nanofibers are used to remove oil from the surface of a body of water. BACKGROUND [0004] Because cellulose acetate can be derived from wood pulp and because sunlight readily degrades it, the material is regarded as a relatively inexpensive and “environmentally friendly” polymer. It is insoluble in water, but is hydrophilic (“wettable”). It is also slightly hydrophobic, so it attracts petroleum and other hydrocarbons (i.e., it is “oleophilic”). Cellulose acetate in various forms has been proposed for absorbing hydrocarbons layered on the surface of a body of water. Porte, in U.S. Pat. No. 3,990,970, mentioned cellulose acetate in this connection but did not test it. Instead, he experimented with a “pulp” form of polyhexamethylene adipamide, which, like cellulose acetate, is also wettable and oleophilic. To keep the adipamide pulp from absorbing water (whereupon it will absorb almost no oil), Porte was obliged to coat the polymer with a water-repellent but oleophilic material (paraffin). [0005] Mats or sheets of oil-absorbent material constructed from fibers are advantageous in some applications because the material can be laid down as a “blanket” over an oily surface and later removed (with its absorbed oil) more or less intact. Alternatively, such mats can be modified to include a suitable means, advantageously a photocatalytic means, of degrading the absorbed oil in situ. Cellulose acetate fibers, suitably treated to suppress their hydrophilicity, have been employed to fabricate mats for oil absorption (U.S. Pat. No. 4,102,783 to Zenno et al.). What is needed, however, is a readily fabricated, oil-absorbing mat comprising cellulose acetate or other fibers that require no chemical pre-treatment to achieve acceptable hydrophobicity. Also needed is a more efficient means of degrading hydrocarbons, advantageously combined with the mat to facilitate cooperation between the absorptive process and the degradative process. [0006] Chemical bonds in a compound may be disrupted by heat or by disturbances induced in the electronic configuration of the bonds by the energy of light impinging on the compound. In the presence of oxygen, photo-oxidation may obliterate the carbon-hydrogen and carbon-carbon bonds of hydrocarbon molecules, leaving only carbon dioxide and water. Direct photolysis, or photodecomposition, is well-known, as is photocatalysis. The latter typically exploits the semiconducting properties of a metal or metal oxide such as TiO 2 . Here, light of sufficient energy impinging on the metal can “lift” (in a quantum mechanical sense) an electron from the metal's valence band into its conduction band. In that excited condition, the surface of the metal can induce protons and hydroxy free radicals to form and disrupt the electronic configuration of chemical bonds of nearby hydrocarbon molecules to yield carbon dioxide and water or, at least, more readily biodegradable organics. [0007] The quest for efficiency in hydrocarbon degradation has led the art in general, and the applicants in particular, to seek less expensive and more energy-efficient alternatives to TiO 2 , to extend the range of frequencies in the visible spectrum to which the catalyst is sensitive, and to maximize the extent of contact between molecules to be degraded and the catalyst's surface. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] In one embodiment, the invention provides a system comprising a) an oil-contaminated surface of a body of water; b) a chemically untreated non-woven mat comprising nanofibers, optionally in combination with a photocatalytic nanogrid, and c) a means of disposing said mat on said surface. In one embodiment, said mat comprises nanofibers having a diameter of more than about 10 nm and less than about 5 μm, preferably less than about 1,000 nm, more preferably less than about 500 nm. [0009] In one embodiment, said nanofibers are formed by an electrospinning process. In one embodiment, said nanofibers are electrospun under conditions such that said nanofibers adhere to a backing material or to nanofibers already adherent to said backing material to create backing-adherent nanofibers. In one embodiment, said adherent nanofibers form a non-woven, untreated mat comprising said nanofibers. In one embodiment, said nanofibers and said mat do not adhere to said backing material. In a preferred embodiment, said mat is removably adherent to said backing material. In one embodiment, said mat is more than about 50 nm thick and less than about 25 cm thick, preferably more than about 1 mm thick, and more preferably more than about 1 cm thick. [0010] In one embodiment, said mat, in the presence of water, with or without a contaminating oil, retains a density less than the density of water at or near standard pressure and temperature for at least 30 minutes. [0011] In another embodiment, the invention provides a product comprising an untreated, non-woven mat comprising nanofibers, wherein said mat further comprises an oil absorbed from an oil-contaminated surface of a body of water. [0012] In still another aspect, the invention provides a method of removing an oil from a surface contaminated with oil, the method comprising disposing untreated, electrospun nanofibers comprising cellulose acetate onto said contaminated surface such that said oil is adsorbed on said nanofibers to create oil-coated nanofibers, and removing said oil-coated nanofibers from said surface to remove said oil from said surface. In one embodiment, said nanofibers are disposed on said contaminated surface to form a mat. In one embodiment, said mat is formed in situ. In another embodiment said mat is pre-formed. In one embodiment, said pre-formed mat adheres to a backing material. In another embodiment, said pre-formed mat lacks backing material. In one embodiment, said mat absorbs said oil, creating an oil-containing mat. In one embodiment, said oil-containing mat is removed from said contaminated surface to remove said oil from said surface. In one embodiment, said oil-containing mat is secured in a container such that said oil is isolated. In one embodiment, said surface comprises water. In one embodiment, said water comprises a body of water. In one embodiment, said water is sea-water. In one embodiment, said water is fresh- or brackish water. In another embodiment said surface is on land. In still another embodiment, said surface is a man-made surface. [0013] In one embodiment, said oil comprises an emulsion. In one embodiment, said emulsion is a water-in-oil emulsion. In another embodiment, said emulsion is an oil-in-water emulsion. [0014] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of recovering said oil, the method comprising the steps of a) disposing a non-woven mat of untreated, electrospun nanofibers comprising cellulose acetate onto a surface contaminated with oil to absorb said oil; b) removing said mat from said contaminated surface; c) securing said mat in a container, d) expressing said absorbed oil from said mat, and e) isolating said expressed oil. [0015] In one embodiment, the invention provides a photocatalytic nanogrid. In a preferred embodiment, said nanogrid and said mat are cooperatively combined. In one embodiment, said nanogrid comprises a composite of cupric oxide (CuO) and tungsten trioxide (WO 3 ). In another embodiment, said nanogrid comprises a composite of crystalline CuO and crystalline WO 3 . In a preferred embodiment, said composite comprises said CuO crystals and said WO 3 crystals disposed in a 1:1 relationship to one another. In one embodiment, a CuO crystal contacts a WO 3 crystal. In one embodiment, said composite comprises a bicrystal. In one embodiment, said bicrystal comprises crystalline CuO and crystalline WO 3 . In one embodiment, said crystalline CuO is disposed in a copper mesh. In one embodiment, said composite floats on and covers a liquid surface. The liquid includes, without limitation, an aqueous liquid and a hydrocarbonaceous liquid or oil. [0016] In another aspect, the invention provides a method of fabricating a composite comprising CuO and WO 3 , said method comprising the steps of: a) providing a solution comprising tungsten isopropoxide in water; b) hydrolyzing said tungsten isopropoxide to create a sol-gel comprising WO 3 ; c) mixing said sol-gel with acetic acid and ethanol under hypoxic conditions; d) adding said mixture to polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) in ethanol to create a WO 3 -PVP-solvent mixture; e) electrospinning said mixture, with solvent evaporation, onto a copper mesh to create a three-dimensional network of WO 3 -PVP nanofibers on said copper mesh, and f) thermally oxidizing said PVP and said mesh to create said composite. [0023] In one embodiment, said composite is created on a surface of said mat. In another embodiment, the electrospinning of said mat and said WO 3 -PVP-solvent mixture occur at substantially the same time. DEFINITIONS [0024] To facilitate understanding of the descriptions herein of embodiments of the invention, a number of terms (set off in quotation marks in this Definitions section) are defined below. Terms defined herein (unless otherwise specified) have meanings as commonly understood by a person of ordinary skill in the areas relevant to the present invention. As used in this specification and its appended claims, terms such as “a”, “an” and “the” are not intended to refer to only a singular entity, but include the general class of which a specific example may be used for illustration, unless the context dictates otherwise. The terminology herein is used to describe specific embodiments of the invention, but their usage does not limit the scope of the invention, except as outlined in the claims. [0025] The phrase “chosen from A, B, and C” as used herein, means selecting one or more of A, B, C. [0026] As used herein, absent an express indication to the contrary, the term “or” when used in the expression “A or B,” where A and B may refer to a composition, object, product, etc., means one or the other (“exclusive OR”), or both (“inclusive OR”). As used herein, the term “comprising” when placed before the recitation of steps in a method means that the method encompasses one or more steps that are additional to those expressly recited, and that the additional one or more steps may be performed before, between, and/or after the recited steps unless specifically stated otherwise. For example, a method comprising steps a, b, and c encompasses a method of steps a, b, x, and c, a method of steps a, b, c, and x, as well as a method of steps x, a, b, and c. Furthermore, the tetin “comprising” when placed before the recitation of steps in a method does not (although it may) require sequential performance of the listed steps, unless the context dictates otherwise. For example, a method comprising steps a, b, and c encompasses, for example, a method of performing steps in the order of steps a, c, and b, the order of steps c, b, and a, and the order of steps c, a, and b, etc. [0027] Unless otherwise indicated, all numbers expressing quantities in the specification and claims are to be understood as being modified in all instances by the term “about.” Accordingly, unless indicated to the contrary, the numerical parameters in the specification and claims are approximations that may vary depending upon the desired properties sought to be obtained in a particular embodiment of the present invention. At the very least, and without limiting the application of the doctrine of equivalents to the scope of the claims, each numerical parameter should be construed in light of the number of reported significant digits and by applying ordinary rounding techniques. Any numerical value, however, inherently contains deviations that necessarily result from the errors found in the numerical value's testing measurements. [0028] Measures of length include the meter (“m”), centimeter (“cm”), which is 1/100 of a meter, the millimeter (“mm), which is 1/1,000 of a meter, the micron or micrometer (μm), which is 1/1,000,000 of a meter, and the nanometer (“nm”), which is 1/1,000,000,000 of a meter. [0029] The term “not” when preceding, and made in reference to, any particularly named entity or phenomenon means that only the particularly named entity or phenomenon is excluded. It is to be understood that naming an entity or phenomenon herein provides basis for of its inclusion or its exclusion as an element of any embodiment. The term “not pre-treating” herein refers, for example, to nanofibers not treated chemically to suppress their hydrophilicity prior to their exposure to water. [0030] The term “altering” and grammatical equivalents as used herein in reference to any entity and/or phenomenon refers to an increase and/or decrease in the quantity of the entity in a given space and/or the intensity, force, energy or power of the phenomenon, regardless of whether determined objectively, and/or subjectively. [0031] The terms “increase,” “elevate,” “raise,” and grammatical equivalents when used in reference to the quantity of an entity and/or the intensity, force, energy or power of a phenomenon in a first sample relative to a second sample, mean that the quantity of the entity and/or the intensity, force, energy or power of the phenomenon in the first sample is higher than in the second sample by any amount that is statistically significant using any art-accepted statistical method of analysis. The increase may be determined subjectively, for example when a subject refers to his subjective perception, such as pain, clarity of vision, etc. The quantity of a substance and/or phenomenon in a first sample may be expressed relative that quantity in a second sample (e.g., a substance and/or phenomenon is at least 10% greater than the quantity of the same substance and/or phenomenon in a second sample). Alternatively, a difference may be expressed as an “n-fold” difference. [0032] The terms “reduce,” “inhibit,” “diminish,” “suppress,” “decrease,” and grammatical equivalents when used in reference to the quantity of an entity and/or the intensity, force, energy or power of a phenomenon in a first sample relative to a second sample, mean that the quantity of an entity and/or the intensity, force, energy or power of a phenomenon in the first sample is lower than in the second sample by any amount that is statistically significant using any art-accepted statistical method of analysis. [0033] As used herein, a “mat” encompasses objects extending in two dimensions and having finite thickness in a third dimension, ranging from the thickness of a film (microns) to that of a cube or, in some cases, to a thickness even greater than the extent of the mat in at least one of its two other dimensions. The mats contemplated herein for use as oil absorbers preferably comprise fibers of, or formed from, cellulose acetate, but are not limited to such fibers. For example, in some embodiments herein, mats comprising nanofibers formed from polyvinylpyrrolidone are preferred. In any case, the fibers making up the mats are not woven, that is, they do not comprise a fabric in the sense of a material made by organizing the fibers into warp threads and weft threads. The mats are “non-woven” but comprise nanofibers that cross one another with some frequency to form a mesh-like “network” of fibers. The mats may therefore have substantial structural integrity and resilience, such that they may be reversibly stretched, compressed, bent or folded. The size of the mats (length, width, thickness) is application-specific, and not intended to be a limiting factor herein. [0034] “Cellulose acetate” refers to any esterified cellulosic polymer (which may also be referred to herein as a “polymer of glucose” or “polysaccharidic”), natural or synthetic, esterified preferably with acetic acid but without excluding other esterifying groups such as propionate or butyrate. In general, the cellulose acetates used herein are “untreated” in the sense that no provision is made to chemically alter the hydrophilicity of cellulose acetate. The term “untreated” is not intended, however, to preclude processing of the fibers or the mats from which they are made for other purposes. Thus, the nanofibers or the mats from which they are made may contain (by way of example and not of limitation) metals, metal oxides, organic or inorganic dyestuffs, etc. The mats may comprise other structural elements such as threading or wire to improve the structural integrity of the mat, for example. Other incorporated elements may provide sensing means, locator means, means of identification, indicator means to determine water- or oil-saturation, etc. [0035] “Tungsten isopropoxide” is an alkoxylated form of tungsten, preferred herein for use as a source of WO 3 in the manufacture of nanogrids. Other methods of generating WO 3 , including but not limited to acid treatment of scheelite or calcination of ammonium paratungstenate, are within the scope of relevant embodiments of the invention. [0036] “Hypoxic” refers to a condition wherein the concentration of oxygen is insufficient to substantially affect a chemical reaction. A reaction conducted in an aqueous solution under nitrogen, for example, occurs under hypoxic conditions. [0037] A “copper mesh” refers herein to any network, woven or non-woven, of copper rods, tubes or ribbons wherein the rod-, tube- or ribbon structures define voids therebetween. [0038] “Thermal oxidation” refers herein to a heat-treating process, typically carried out in a furnace in the presence of oxygen, wherein the surface of the treated material becomes oxidized. [0039] A feature of the fibers used in the several embodiments of the invention is their diameter, which is constrained substantially to the nanometer scale (1-1,000 nm). Although it is not necessary to provide an explanation of why embodiments of an invention work differently from other structures, it is thought that the distribution of electrostatic charges on the nanofibers comprising the mat embodiments of the present invention, together with the lattice-like structure that the nanofibers generate, create surface tension effects that are different from assemblies comprising larger, non-spun fibers, such that the electrospun nanofibrous mat does not become water-logged. It will be understood that embodiments may include some larger fibers without interfering with the advantages that the nanofibers confer. Electrospinning, besides its possible other advantages, is a particularly convenient way of fabricating fibers having nanoscale diameters. As used herein, the terms “electrospun,” electrospin,” and “electrospinning” are used interchangeably and refer to the process patented by Formahls in 1934 (U.S. Pat. No. 1,975,504 incorporated herein in its entirety). [0040] Mats may be formed by depositing electrospun fibers on a “backing material,” the choice of which is not intended to be limiting herein, but will be determined by the intended use of the mat, taking into consideration such factors as solubility in water or hydrocarbons, resiliency, strength, flexibility, etc. Depending on intended use, a backing material may be selected for its tendency to adhere to electrospun cellulose acetate nanofibers (such that the mat is “adherent” to the backing). Alternatively, a backing material may be selected such that the mat is “removably adherent” to it to one degree or another. In one embodiment, the mat may be stripped from the backing by applying mechanical force. In one embodiment, a “slip layer” may be interposed between the mat and the backing such that when water is allowed to penetrate the backing, the slip layer dissolves or “gives way” or “loosens” to release the mat so that it “slips” from the backing. Alternatively, in some embodiments, the slip layer may be loosened by oil or by organic solvents. As another alternative embodiment, the backing may be chosen such that the mat forms on the backing without adhering to it at all. In still another embodiment, the mat may be formed by electrospinning directly on the surface that the mat is intended to treat, without any interposing backing layer. In this case, there is no need for a “pre-formed” mat. That is, the mat can be formed in situ by means of an electrospinning apparatus suspended from a boom or other support or from an airborne vehicle, for example. In another aspect, the “backing material” may comprise a nanogrid as described and claimed herein. [0041] In some embodiments, electrospinning is a preferred method of laying down a mat of non-woven nanofibers for use as a template in which to fabricate nanogrids. The term “nanogrid,” as used herein, refers to an interconnected but “open” or “porous” network of nanoscale structures such as rods, tubes, or ribbons having an aspect ratio greater than 1. The nature of the contact at connection points is not intended to be limiting, nor is the distance between any two points of connection or the area or volume of any void defined by interconnecting structures. [0042] The term “crystal,” as used herein, refers to any collection of atoms, molecules or ions arranged in ordered repetition to form a solid. The term “composite” herein refers to a material comprising at least two distinguishable materials, whether or not disposed with respect to one another in any particular order or proportion. [0043] The composition of the interconnecting nano-structures is also not intended to be limiting, but specific embodiments herein comprise crystalline materials wherein individual crystals in a rod, tube or ribbon tend to make contact with one another. In particular embodiments, crystals of CuO and WO 3 tend to “line up” to form the individual rods, tubes or ribbons that comprise the nanogrid. Although it is not necessary to propose any particular mechanism to explain an embodiment of an invention, it is likely that this “clustering-in-line” is a consequence of the method of manufacture, described below. With some frequency, a crystal of CuO in the line contacts a crystal of WO 3 . This arrangement may be referred to herein as a “bicrystal.” Again, it is not necessary to propose a mechanism by which an embodiment of an invention works, but the term “bicrystal” is used because it is thought that the properties of the two types of crystal, together with their proximity, create a photocatalytic crystalline system, wherein surface effects of the CuO crystal on hydrocarbon molecules conspire with the free radicals (hydroxyl and protonyl) that light-activated WO 3 crystals create to rapidly degrade hydrocarbon to CO 2 and water. [0044] Nanogrids are “self-supporting” in the sense that they form stable, mesh-like structures that float, intact, on liquid surfaces, whether the liquid be aqueous or oleaginous. [0045] The term “sol-gel” refers herein to a solution which, under appropriate circumstances, can form a gel and, when conditions allow, can revert to a solution. [0046] It will be understood that the term “oil” is used herein generically to mean any liquid or liquefied substance or substances which tend to float on water. More generally, the term is intended to encompass any hydrocarbonaceous material disposed on a surface, such as an area of land, a stony surface, etc. The surface, furthermore, may be man-made. Non-limiting examples include cement or concrete floors and other surfaces such as streets and sidewalks, asphalt surfaces, tiled, bricked or composite surfaces, and wooden surfaces. [0047] The term “oil” is also intended to encompass emulsified oils, including emulsions wherein droplets of oil are surrounded by water (an “oil-in-water” emulsion) and the reverse (a “water in oil” emulsion), without regard to the presence or absence of emulsifiers, detergents, surfactants, etc. [0048] As used herein, no particular distinction is intended between the terms “adsorb” and “absorb” in relation to the phenomenon of a “mat” taking up oil or hydrocarbonaceous substances. Any mat that takes up oil, by whatever mechanism, when in use for the intended purpose of taking up oil, is an “oil-containing” mat that comprises “oil-coated” nanofibers. Oil-containing mats can be “removed” in a number ways including, without limitation, physically lifting, towing, netting, or vacuuming up the mat, or burning it. To “secure” an oil-containing mat, one can deposit it in a barrel or tank, surround it with booms (optionally, without moving it), etc. Any such means of securement is, herein, a “container” as long as it creates a condition wherein the oil or a portion of it is separated (“isolated”) from the environment it had been contaminating, which environment can be any site having in or on it a contaminated surface such as the ones cited above, or a body of water (sea-, fresh- or brackish) having a contaminated surface. As used herein, the term “contaminate” and its cognates refers to an impurity, whether natural or manmade, that is undesirable and/or might be toxic to life. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0049] FIG. 1 is a scanning electron micrograph of cellulose acetate nanofibers. [0050] FIG. 2 is a photograph of a cotton ball (left foreground) and a cellulose acetate mat (right foreground). [0051] FIG. 3 is a photograph of a cotton ball (left panel) that was placed atop a body of water contaminated with blue-dyed benzene, which sank, and a cellulose acetate mat (right panel) similarly placed atop a body of water contaminated with blue-dyed benzene, which stayed afloat. [0052] FIG. 4 is a photograph of the cotton ball (left foreground) recovered from the vial shown in the left panel of FIG. 3 (left background), and the cellulose acetate mat (right foreground) recovered from the vial shown in the right panel of FIG. 3 (right background). [0053] FIG. 5 is a scanning electron micrographic image of a synthesized tungsten trioxide/cooper oxide nanostructure, or nanogrid, having photocatalytic properties. [0054] FIG. 6 is a transmission electron micrographic image of the nanogrid of FIG. 5 , at a magnification to permit resolution of tungsten trioxide and copper oxide crystals. [0055] FIG. 7 compares a sample of dyed benzene, (a), to a sample degraded by photocatalysis using tungsten trioxide/copper oxide nanograds, (b), and a sample degraded photocatalytically using TiO 2 . [0056] FIG. 8 shows differential scanning calorimetry traces of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), PVP deposited by electrospinning onto a copper mesh, and tungsten trioxide dissolved in PVP. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0057] Electrospinning is a well-known method of fabricating thin threads or fibers from dissolved polymers. In one embodiment, the polymer solution (the “precursor” of the nanofibers) is expressed from a syringe driven by a syringe pump. The solution is forced through a hollow needle and exits as tiny droplets. Each droplet immediately traverses a field of high voltage. The potential applied to the solution as it emerges from the needle-tip induces an accumulation of charges on the surface of the droplet, which changes the surface tension of the droplet, causing the surface to “break” such that the droplet becomes a jet-stream of charged fibers that can be collected as a charged active matrix, which can build up to form a mat (Bishop et al. 2007; Bishop et al. 2005; Sawicka et al. 2006; Gouma “Sensor Materials—US-Japan Workshop 2004; Haynes et al. 2008; Haynes PhD Dissertation, “Electrospun Conducting Polymer Composites for Chemo-Resistive Environmental and Health Monitoring Applications,” 2008; each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety, together with U.S. Pat. No. 7,592,277 to Andrady et al. [0058] Any surface that is “at ground” relative to the potential on a droplet whose surface has just been charged in an electric field can serve as a “collector” for the spun fibers. This provides an opportunity to fabricate oil-absorbing mats in situ. [0059] Adjustments to the properties of the electric field, the concentration of polymer in the precursor solution, the solvent and the polymer used, the pressure and flow-rate of the precursor solution from the needle tip, the distance from needle-tip to collection surface, and ambient conditions (temperature, pressure, ambient gases) allow persons of skill in the art to generate fibers of pre-determined thickness at pre-determined rates to build up mats of predetermined density, porosity and thickness. U.S. Pat. No. 7,901,611 to Wincheski, incorporated herein in its entirety for all purposes, is exemplary. [0060] Nanofiber diameters ranging from about 1 micrometer to about 1 nanometer may be useful in certain embodiments of the invention. Generally, a range from about 1 micrometer to about 10 nanometers is preferred. A range from about 50 to 500 nanometers is more preferred, and a range from about 100 to 300 nanometers is most preferred. An environment of air comprising gases at about standard partial pressures and temperatures (0-30° C.) is suitable for generating the nanofibers used in embodiments of the invention, but higher temperatures, such as those used for thermoset processes, are not to be excluded. Neither are non-standard mixtures of air gases, or gases not normally present in air, or non-standard pressures. [0061] As noted above, the hydrophilicity of cellulose acetate and other cellulosic fibers such as cotton promotes water uptake and a concomitant reduction in oleophilicity, together with loss of buoyancy. Accordingly, cellulosics tend not to be used to remove oil from water unless they are first treated to substantially increase their hydrophobicity (U.S. Pat. No. 3,667,982 to Marx; U.S. Pat. No. 6,852,234 to Breitenbeck; U.S. Pat. No. 7,544,635 to Liang et al.). Surprisingly, the inventors have found that no such treatment is required of the forming nanofibers, the spun nanofibers, or the nanofiber mats to create a buoyant product that does not become waterlogged before it can take up hydrocarbonaceous liquids. This fact obviates all need to consider the expense of substance(s) used to treat, the complexity of the treatment, and the environmental or public health implications of the treatment. [0062] Photocatalytic decomposition of organic pollutants in water is receiving increased attention in recent years because of its reliance on solar energy. Specifically, n-type semiconductors, such as titania (TiO 2 ), when illuminated with light having a higher energy than the semiconductor's band gap, are capable of decomposing organic compounds (Nair et al., 1993). Crude oil consists primarily of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes (e.g. butane, pentane), cycloalkanes, and aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene). Photocatalytic oxidation of crude oil on salt water has been studied by Heller's group (Nair et al., 1993) who used titania pigment for these studies. Titania as a photocatalyst absorbs and is excited by light of wavelengths shorter than 387 nm for the anatase polymorph having a 3.2 Å bandgap (Nair et al., 1993). [0063] The underlying physical chemistry of oil decomposition, as explained in detail in reference (Nair et al., 1993) and as presented below, involves the generation of an electron-hole pair for each absorbed photon (i.e. an electron moving from the valence to the conduction band leaving a hole or “electron vacancy” in the former as presented in equation 1: [0000] hv→e − +h   (1) [0064] The diffusion of the hole to the titania particle's surface, upon reaction with an adsorbed water molecule, produces an OH radical and a proton (see equation 2): [0000] H + +H 2 O→H + +HO.  (2) [0065] Equation 3 explains how charge neutrality is maintained during this process (resulting in the production of hydrogen peroxide): [0000] 2 e − +2H + +O 2 →H 2 O 2   (3) [0066] Part of the peroxide may decompose (see equation 4) [0000] 2H 2 O 2 →2H 2 O+O 2   (4) [0067] The hydroxyl radicals then initiate the oxidation of hydrocarbon to carbon dioxide, water, and water-soluble organics (aldehydes, ketones, phenolates, carboxylates) products that may “rapidly biodegrade by marine bacteria” (Nair et al., 1993), for example see equation 5, [0000] RCH 2 CH 2 R′+→.OH→R Ċ HCH 2 R′+H 2 O  (5) [0000] through photocatalytic oxidation, which has been defined as“a free-radical catalyzed thermodynamically spontaneous process . . . that proceeds at ambient temperature” (Nair et al., 1993). Titania photoassisted oxidation eliminates polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (some of which are known carcinogens) and also phenols (products of natural photo-oxidation) that further decompose to polymeric tars that are difficult to biodegrade (Nair et al., 1993). Thus, oxide-based photoassisted oxidation is a most promising route to effective and eco-friendly oil decomposition. [0068] The efficiency of the photocatalytic oxidation of anatase particles (UV collectors) is reduced by electron-hole recombination and water formation, which slows the rate of solar assisted oxidation (Nair et al., 1993). However, “approximately 96.0-97.0% of the sea-level solar irradiance consists of photons that are not sufficiently energetic to promote valence band electrons to the conduction band of TiO 2 (anatase)” air et al., 1993). For this reason, embodiments of the current invention use oxide photocatalysts that absorb in the visible range of solar radiation to improve cleaning efficiency in terms of oil decomposition rate and fast response. [0069] WO 3 is a visible-light-responsive photocatalyst for oxygen generation, and has a valence band potential similar to that of titania, suggesting that the “oxidative ability of a hole on the WO 3 valence band is almost the same as that on TiO 2 ” (Chai et al, 2006). However, it is known that WO 3 exhibits poor activity as far as the decomposition of organic compounds is concerned (Chai et al, 2006). While Pd and Pt are effective as co-catalysts for the complete photo-degradation of organic compounds under visible light, they are too expensive to be practical for use in environmental remediation. [0070] Cupric oxide (CuO) has been considered as an economical and easy to make alternative for the noble metal co-catalysts (Chai et al, 2006) but the art teaches (Arai et al, 2009) that, in order for CuO to enhance the photocatalytic activity of WO 3 , the particles of the different oxides need to be in contact with each other. This is impossible to achieve to any useful effect by mixing the powders alone. Surprisingly, the inventors have found that such contact—a virtual “bicrystal” of CuO and WO3—can be created by methods disclosed herein. [0071] Embodiments of the invention combine two synthesis methods to form novel 3D nanogrids of a CuO/WO3 system that performs as a bicrystal. WO 3 sol-gel—polymer, (preferably either cellulose acetate (CA) or polyvinylpyrolidone (PVP), is deposited on Cu grids by means of electrospinning, followed by thermal treatment; the latter step oxidizes Cu to CuO while crystallizing the amorphous WO 3 so as to form crystalline WO 3 particles. The resulting structure consists of self-supported 3D mats of a 1:1 WO 3 and CuO particle configuration in a “photocatalytic screen” or “net” of high aspect ratio and an extremely high surface area for surface-driven reactions. The “nanofibers” comprising the network are lined up clusters of metal oxides but they create a structure that is easy to handle and is strong enough to sustain vibrations and shaking, and stable enough to prevent particle dissolution in (salt) water environments. EXPERIMENTAL [0072] These examples present representative protocols used in describing the invention disclosed herein. These protocols are not to be considered limiting as any analogous or comparable protocol measuring the same end-points within the skill of an ordinary artisan would also be sufficient. Example 1 Precursor Solution and Electrospinning [0073] Cellulose Acetate (MW=˜29,000) precursor solution (15 wt %) was prepared in 4:6 acetic acid: acetone mixture with 1 hour of ultrasonication. Electrospinning was carried out using a 10 ml syringe with a 20 gauge stainless steel needle at applied voltage 19 kv over a distance of 15 cm. The syringe pump was set to deliver the solution at a flow rate of 9.6 ml/h and all the spinning was carried out at ambient condition. FIG. 1 is a scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of the deposited nanofibers. Example 2 Oil-Absorbing Mats [0074] FIG. 2 is a photograph of an ordinary cotton ball (on left) and a cellulose acetate mat (on right) weighing about half as much as the cotton ball. Benzene was dyed with Unisol blue AS to help visualize the absorption activity of the cellulose acetate mats. Two ml of dyed benzene solution was mixed with 10 ml of water in two vials ( FIG. 3 ). Approximately 0.4 g of cotton was floated atop the benzene and water mixture at left. Approximately 0.2 g of matting was floated atop the benzene and water mixture at right. The cotton rapidly sank through the benzene layer into the water below. The matting instantly soaked up the benzene, remained afloat, and held the benzene as shown in the right panel of FIG. 3 . Example 3 Cellulosic Fiber (“Cotton Ball”) Vs. Cellulose Acetate Nanofiber Mat [0075] FIG. 4 is a photograph of the recovered cotton ball (in the dish in foreground on left) and the recovered cellulose acetate mat. The container in the background at left has retained all of its benzene; there is no dye in the cotton ball. At the right in FIG. 4 . (in the dish in foreground) is the blue-dyed nano-fiber mat recovered from the container in the background. No dyed benzene is evident in the container. Example 4 Fabrication of Nanogrids [0076] The sol gels for the solutions were made by adding water to 1.5 g of tungsten isopropoxide (C 18 H 42 O 6 W). The hydrolysis was done in a glove box in a controlled atmosphere and the resulting solution was mechanically agitated inside the glove box for 5 minutes. The solution was then ultrasonicated for 2 hours and then aged for 24 hours to ensure complete hydrolysis of the solution. [0077] 1.5 g of WO 3 sol-gel was mixed with 3 ml of acetic acid and 3 ml of ethanol in a nitrogen-filled glovebox. Then the mixed solution was removed from the glovebox and added to 10% wt/vol polyvinylpyrolidone PVP (Aldrich, MW˜1,300,000) in ethanol, followed by ˜30 min of ultrasonic bath. The mixture was immediately loaded into a syringe fitted with 22 gauge needle. The needle was connected to a high voltage power supply and positioned vertically 7 cm above a piece of a copper mesh (TWP Inc., 200 mesh, wire dia. 51 μm) which acts as a ground electrode. [0078] The syringe pump was programmed to dispense 5 ml of PVP solution at a flow rate of 30 μL/min. Upon application of a high voltage (25 kV), a solution jet was formed at the needle tip. The solvent evaporated during flight and a nonwoven mat of fibers was deposited on the Cu mesh. Thermal oxidation of the composite Cu mesh-nanofibers was carried out at 500° C. for 5 h for complete calcination of PVP. [0079] The thermal oxidation process first drives CuO crystals into the PVP nanofibers, which already contain amorphous WO 3 . As the thermal process evolves, crystals of WO 3 form between and among the CuO crystals. At about 500° C., the PVP calcinates as can be seen in the differential scanning calorimeter traces shown in FIG. 8 , leaving a network of “fibers” ( FIG. 5 ) made of crystals of WO 3 in contact with crystals of CuO ( FIG. 6 ). This network of metal oxide fibers, or “nanogrid,” now has photocatalytic properties. [0080] Photocatalytic degradation of benzene proceeded in a glass vial ( FIG. 7 ). 2.6 ml of dyed benzene (dyed with unisol blue AS, Sigma-Aldrich) was poured into each of three vials, synthesized WO 3 /CuO was added to vial (b) and TiO 2 (Sigma-Aldrich, Degussa p-25) to vial (c). The bottom of each vial was irradiated with light from a xenon lamp (Newport, 300 W). An AM 1.5 filter was used solar-light-simulating irradiation, respectively. After 50 h of exposure in full spectrum light, a “smoky” residue persists, but little or no benzene remains in vial (b), whereas a substantial amount of (discolored) benzene remains in vial (c). [0081] FIG. 5 is an exemplary scanning electron microscopic image of a nanogrid. At the higher resolution provided by the transmission electron microscopic image of nanogrid elements in FIG. 6 , crystals arranged within nanometers of one another can be seen.

4y

FIELD OF INVENTION The present invention relates to an electrical regenerative braking with a rotating brake coil which is mounted on a wheel of a vehicle, whereby a magnetic field is fed in the coil. The present invention further relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 10 . BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Electrical regenerative brakes are an essential component in all modem electric and hybrid vehicles. During regenerative braking the kinetic energy of the vehicle is converted into electrical energy and stored for future use. Such energy savings have become important due to increasing fuel costs and stringent automobile emission norms. Added to this is the increasing load of in-car electronics. HVAC (Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning), infotainment devices, and safety & comfort systems contribute towards the majority of the electrical power consumption in cars. Regenerative braking is always used in combination with conventional braking systems. In an electrical regenerative braking coils and permanent magnets are placed in the wheel of a vehicle. When the brakes are applied the circuit through the coils is completed. According to Faraday's law a current is generated in the coils due to the rotational motion of the wheel. The current thus generated opposes the motion of the coils in the wheels according to Lenz's law, hence producing a braking effect. At the same time the current in the circuit is used to charge the batteries/super-capacitors. It may be observed that in existing electrical regenerative brakings the magnetic field existing across the coils remain constant with time. Due to this reason the current solutions for regenerative braking are not effective if used at lower speeds. Also the energy savings obtained are suboptimal. OBJECT AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Starting from the disadvantages and shortcomings as described above and taking the prior art as discussed into account, the object of the present invention is to allow effective regenerative braking at low speeds and to provide a significant increase in power savings. The object of the present invention is achieved by an electrical regenerative braking comprising the features of claim 1 as well as by a method comprising the features of claim 10 . Advantageous embodiments and expedient improvements of the present invention are disclosed in the dependent claims. According to the invention the magnet producing the magnetic field is in the inner space of at least one additional coil, whereby the braking has an electric circuit which contains the rotating brake coil and the additional coils as elements. The basic idea of the invention is the presence of additional coils and electromagnetic feedback. Apart from the brake coils which are traditionally used for regenerative braking, additional coils are placed around the magnet in 1. A portion of the current produced due to regenerative braking is passed the current through this additional coil resulting in feeding back. The current through this coil is regulated to adjust the strength of the magnetic field through the wheels which is used for regenerative braking. A rectification circuit and a controller block is responsible for regulating the current through the additional coils as well deciding what combination of regenerative and conventional braking to use at a particular instance depending on the pressure applied on the brake pedal. According to the invention a current is generated in the braking coils when the brakes are applied. It may be noted, that the magnetic field at that instance is only due to the permanent magnetic field. Once the current is driven through the circuit the electromagnets created by the additional coils around the magnet become operational. Thus, the magnetic field around the coils attached to the wheels start increasing. This in turn generates a greater current in the coils according to Farraday's law, thus producing a greater charging current for the batteries or super-capacitors. The advantage of the invention lies in the fact that according to the invention the electric regenerative braking does not only provide additional energy savings but is also effective at relatively low speeds. This further reduces the use of conventional brakes in electric and hybrid vehicle particularly in start-stop scenarios common in city driving. Other than electric and hybrid vehicles, the system also finds application in conventional vehicles to achieve energy savings which can then be used for in-car electronics. For example, solid state air-conditioners allow the reuse of large amounts electrical energy obtained through regenerative braking. According to the invention the electric regenerative braking system also continues to uphold the other advantages of regenerative brakes like reducing the wear and tear of conventional brakes in automobiles, etc. Another advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the additional coils can be switched on and off cyclically. Within the scope of the invention, the additional coils are switched on for a time t on and off for a time t off . In this manner, it is guaranteed that the current which flows through the additional coils can be limited. A switching off of the additional coils implies a weaker magnetic field, whereas a switching on of the additional coils results in a stronger magnetic field. A regulation of the magnetic field caused by the additional coils is thus possible. Preferably, the additional coils can be switched on and off periodically during the braking, whereby the period is t p >0 and the duty cycle t on /t p >0. This being, it is provided within the scope of the invention that the switching on and off is pulsed. In order to control the switching on and off procedure, a further advantageous embodiment of the invention provides that the electrical regenerative braking has a regenerative circuit which controls the switching on and off of the additional coils. Within the frame of the invention the electrical regenerative braking is a single electromagnetic system. This means that an induction current produced by one coil is fed to the same electromagnetic system. Therefore in preferred embodiments of the invention of the present invention the electrical circuit is configured in that an induction current caused in the rotating brake coil flows through the additional coil and an additional coil is placed respectively around each pole of the magnet as well as the electrical circuit is closed by application of the braking. It is known being a closed loop nature of the system the strength of the magnetic field continues to increase iteratively and correspondingly the current. Left to itself the system would generate an extremely high magnetic field, the situation may be referred to as a “magnetic runaway”. The mentioned behaviour must be checked otherwise speed of the moving vehicle would reduce suddenly with a jerky motion. As a consequence of this the passengers of the vehicle may experience enormous braking force and in turn sudden deceleration. In order to circumvent this, according to another preferred embodiment the electrical circuit has a controller block which controls the current into the additional coils. The intelligent controller is responsible for controlling the current in the feedback circuit. There are primarily two methods for achieving this. The first involves limiting the current in the additional coil in the using a FET (Field Effect Transistor) like device. The other alternative involves as mentioned switching a feedback circuit “ON” and “OFF” in rapid succession, similar to ABS mechanism. The pulse width and the duty cycle of the train of pulses used for switching the feedback circuit “ON” and “OFF” may be varied with time to obtain the desired result. Furthermore the invention produces a method for braking a wheel for which a magnetic field is fed in a rotating braking coil by means of a magnet, whereby the magnetic field is reinforced by the additional magnetic field of additional coils, the inner space of which is provided with the magnet. Additionally it is favourable if the magnetic fields are formed between poles of contrary names. Additionally it is of advantage that an induction current caused in the rotating braking coil flows through the additional coils. Furthermore it is advantageous that the current is controlled by means of a controller. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following description of an exemplary embodiment of the invention with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 a - b show variation graphs in magnetic field through coils; FIG. 2 shows an electric regenerative braking according to the invention; FIG. 3 shows deceleration curves during braking; FIG. 4 shows the change in braking force with time. FIG. 5 shows a pulsed additional coil control mechanism; and FIG. 6 shows a deceleration graph. DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS It may be observed that the magnetic field ø c existing across the coils remains constant with time. This can be represented by the plot in FIG. 1 a . Due to this reason the regenerative braking according to the state of the art is not effective it used at lower speeds. Also the energy savings obtained are suboptimal. To overcome these drawbacks of regenerative braking according to the state of the art, additional coils 11 , 12 are placed around the permanent magnet 13 of the electrical regenerative braking 100 shown in FIG. 2 . The braking 100 has an electric circuit 22 which contains the rotating brake coil 10 and the additional coils 11 , 12 as elements. According to Faraday's law an emf (Electro-motive force) is generated by the rotating brake coil 10 , which is attached to a wheel 14 of the vehicle, due to the magnetic field ø c of the permanent magnet 13 . The magnetic field ø c has the reference number 18 . When the brakes are applied, assume that the points D and L become connected. Similarly assume that points H and L also become connected, leading to the formation of the circuits ADLCB, CEHL and CFGHL with the reference numbers 15 , 16 , 17 . Currents are driven through the circuits 15 , 16 , 17 by the emf generated in the brake coils 10 . Now, a part of the current through the brake coils 10 is driven through the additional coils 11 , 12 . Hence, these coils 11 , 12 start acting like electromagnets. This results in an increase in the strength of the magnetic field 18 across the brake coil 10 according to the expression ø f =ø c +ki where, ø c =strength of the magnetic field due to the magnet 13 , k=proportionality constant, i=current through the braking coils 10 . The increase in the strength of the magnetic field 18 in turn generates a greater current in the braking coils 10 , thus producing a greater charging current for the batteries I super-capacitors. At the same time a part of the brake coil 10 current i flows through the additional coils 11 , 12 . Therefore the magnetic field 18 across the braking coils 10 and the currents through the braking and additional coils 10 , 11 , 12 continues to increase in a cyclic manner. This leads to a continually increasing braking force on the braking coils 10 due to Lenz's law. Thus, the current in the additional coils 11 , 12 need to be carefully controlled by the controller block 19 otherwise it may lead to a very large instantaneous braking force which may not be pleasant to the occupants of the vehicle. In order to circumvent the above mentioned situation either of two policies may be adopted. The first involves limiting the peak current that is fed back to the additional coils 11 , 12 . The other alternative involves switching the feedback current to the additional coils 11 , 12 ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ in rapid succession, analogous to ABS (Antilock Braking System) mechanism. The pulse width and the duty cycle of the train of pulses used for switching the feedback circuit ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ may be varied with time to obtain the desired result based on the pressure applied on the brake pedal. Either of the above functions is performed by controller block 19 which is responsible for controlling the current in the feedback circuit and in turn the braking force. It is also responsible for deciding the combination of regenerative braking 100 and at conventional braking to use in a particular situation depending again the pressure applied on the brake pedal. Another important function of the block 19 is to distribute the electrical energy generated through regenerative braking 100 . Depending in the magnitude of the current regenerated part of it is provided as charging current to the battery/super-capacitor labelled “b” in FIG. 2 , the remaining may be used in other electrical equipment of the vehicle. For the purpose of the simulation the following simplifying assumptions have been made. However, these assumptions do not affect the generality of the solution. The braking coil 10 in FIG. 2 with its point OPQR has been assumed to compose of a single turn where OPQR is a square with unit dimension, therefore having unit area. The sides OQ and PR of the braking coil 10 is assumed to have a mass per unit length equal to unity, whereas sides OP and QR have been assumed to be massless. Results presented in this description are from simulations carried out using Matlab/Simulink [in the MathWorks: htt://www.mathworks.com] taking the wheel 14 as a stand alone system with the following parameters. A radial magnetic field was assumed across the brake coils with a unit wheel radius. The strength of magnetic field due to the permanent magnet ø c =0.1 Wb/m2. The constant ‘k’ takes into account both the fraction of the current i of the brake coil 10 in FIG. 2 that is channelled through the additional coils 11 , 12 as well as the magnetic field produced due to it. The simulation results shown in FIG. 3 correspond to a value of k=O.04. However, this value has been chosen for just demonstrating the feasibility of the approach as well as highlighting certain associated phenomena. In practical cases a much higher values of k can be used in combination with the techniques for ensuring limited braking force on the vehicle. FIG. 3 shows the retardation curves for the different braking scenarios. The initial vehicle speed has been assumed to be 28 m/s which translates to around 100 km/hr. It can be observed from the FIG. 3 that conventional brakes need to be applied after sometime in the case of conventional regenerative braking, this reduces the energy savings. In case of constant unrestricted feedback a large deceleration is observed immediately after the application of the brakes. This is due to the surge in the braking force caused by feedback and is not desirable. FIG. 4 shows the variation in the braking force on a unit length of the brake coil (PR) for an unrestricted constant feedback system. On the other hand variable feedback does not suffer from the same. It can be implemented by rapidly varying the value of k, by pulsing the current in the additional coils 12 , 13 , to achieve effective braking as well as for increasing the energy savings. The energy savings may be visually represented by the shaded triangular area as shown in FIG. 3 , bound on one side by the curve corresponding to a particular technique. For the simulation shown above the energy savings for the advanced regenerative braking scheme were 32.52% greater compared to conventional regenerative braking. FIG. 3 also shows that the scheme is capable of bringing the vehicle to almost a halt in the same time as that taken by the conventional regenerative braking system to reduce the speed of the vehicle by half. As mentioned, being a closed loop nature of the system it the strength of the magnetic field continues to increase iteratively and correspondingly the current. Left to itself the system would generate an extremely high magnetic field ø c , the situation may be referred to as a “magnetic runaway”. The mentioned behavior must be checked otherwise speed of the moving vehicle would reduce suddenly with a jerky motion. This can be observed in FIG. 1 b . As a consequence of this the passengers may experience enormous braking force and in turn sudden deceleration. In order to circumvent this, a controller block 19 has been proposed as shown in FIG. 2 . The controller block 19 is responsible for controlling the current in the feedback circuit. As mentioned there are primarily two methods for achieving this. The first involves limiting the current in the auxiliary circuit using a FET (Field Effect Transistor) like device. The other alternative involves switching the feedback circuit ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ in rapid succession, similar to ABS mechanism (see FIG. 5 ). The period (t p ) and the duty cycle (t on /t p ) of the train of pulses used for switching the feedback circuit ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ may be varied with time to obtain the desired result. A switching off of the additional coil results in that the magnetic field becomes weaker during a time t off . A switching on of the additional coils results in turn in that the magnetic field increases again during a time t on . The time sequence of the switching on and off of the additional coils which is represented in FIG. 5 thus shows a pulse diagram. The switching on and off of the additional coil can be controlled over a regenerative circuit integrated into the regenerative braking. Since regenerative braking is only effective at high speeds, it is usually used in combination with conventional braking. A typical braking scenario is shown in FIG. 6 . It is assumed that the brakes have been applied at time instance zero of the graph. Regenerative braking is used until the speed reduces below a certain threshold thereafter conventional brakes are used to bring the vehicle to a halt. In the case of the adaptive regenerative braking this critical speed is much less than that corresponding to the simple regenerative braking scheme. This leads to a significant saving in energy as shown by the region 20 in the graph in FIG. 6 . Furthermore, the adaptive regenerative braking allows postponing the application of the conventional brakes. Hence, it provides for even greater energy saving (shown in region 21 ) and also reduces the wear and tear of the conventional brakes. It must be emphasized that at no point of time passenger safety is compromised. It may be observed that the vehicle comes to a halt within the same amount of time in both cases. In a practical scenario the time required for coming to halt and the braking force applied to the wheel 14 is related to the pressure applied on the brake pedal by the driver. The controller block 19 in case of adaptive regenerative braking also takes that into account when adjusting the braking force being applied to the wheel 14 . This is done by controlling the current in the feedback loop as previously mentioned. REFERENCES 100 electrical regenerative braking 10 braking coil 11 additional coil 12 additional coil 13 magnet 14 wheel 15 circuit 16 circuit 17 circuit 18 magnetic field 19 controller block 20 region 21 region 22 circuit

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application claims the priority of United Kingdom Patent Application Serial Number 0600964.1, filed Jan. 18, 2006. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to tubular electrical machines, and in particular to tubular electrical machines that are suitable for use either as direct drive generators or linear motors. 2. Description of the Related Art It is well known to use linear electrical machines either as generators, to convert an input of linear, usually reciprocating, motion into electrical power, or as motors, to produce a linear movement from an electrical power source. Most linear machines use a flat arrangement, which is based upon the workings of a conventional rotating machine that has been split open to form a flat surface. One of the disadvantages of this arrangement is that the mechanical support of the moving and flat parts can be quite complex. Another disadvantage is that, like rotating machines, flat linear machines usually contain end-windings that do not contribute to the electro-mechanical power conversion process. Tubular electrical machines are also known and operate in substantially the same manner as these linear machines. They can be considered to be linear machines that have been wrapped up such that the coils in what was previously the flat part of the linear machine become circular and therefore contain no end-windings. The tubular structure has the added benefits that the machines are inherently strong and their mechanical support is a lot less complex than that of conventional linear machines. Permanent magnet-based tubular machines may be formed in one of two ways. The circular coils of the armature winding may be formed in slots provided in a substantially cylindrical outer surface of a radially inner member, which is surrounded by a radially outer tubular member having a substantially cylindrical inner surface that contains rows of permanent magnets. A tubular machine using permanent magnets in this way is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,787,944. Alternatively, the rows of permanent magnets may be situated on the substantially cylindrical outer surface of the radially inner member and the coils of the armature winding may be formed in slots in the substantially cylindrical inner surface of the radially outer member. In both cases it is usual that, when the tubular machine is in use, the outer member is held stationary and the inner member moves reciprocally relative to it. The opposite case is also possible but is generally less common as it is harder to mechanically support a tubular machine that operates in this manner. Tubular machines may also be of synchronous solid salient pole with wound field coils, induction or reluctance type and these may be formed in substantially the same manner as those tubular machines that use permanent magnets. There are several problems with the construction and operation of conventional tubular electrical machines. Firstly, the component containing the armature winding (which can be the radially outer member or the radially inner member depending on the particular construction of the tubular machine) is usually formed of a magnetic material such as iron. In large scale tubular machines, like those designed for converting wave energy into electrical energy, the formation of eddy currents in the magnetic component is a major problem that can only be addressed by using expensive and sometimes ineffective amorphous magnetic materials, or expensive manufacturing processes. Designs for permanent magnet tubular machines without magnetic material have been proposed but currently these designs have low power factors and low efficiency. Another issue is the peak to mean power ratio of existing permanent magnet tubular machines. Because of various electromagnetic limitations in these machines their peak to mean power ratio is typically less than 3:2. This means that the tubular machine has to be electromagnetically designed for almost peak power and there is no significant short-term overload capacity. This is a particular problem in applications such as the generation of electricity from wave power, where the peak to average power is typically very high. Several designs for superconducting rotating machines have been proposed. The current design of large superconducting rotating machines is dominated by the conventional synchronous machine arrangement with superconducting field windings and conventional or non-superconducting armature windings as disclosed in European Patent Application 1247325. Such superconducting synchronous rotating machines can be made considerably smaller than conventional synchronous rotating machines of the same power rating. This is a result of the very high current density and consequently high flux density that can be achieved by superconducting field windings. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides a tubular electrical machine comprising a radially outer member having a substantially cylindrical inner surface; a radially inner member that is coaxially disposed within the outer member such that it may move reciprocally relative to the outer member in the axial direction; a plurality of axially spaced armature coils that are electrically insulated from one another and are formed as part of one of the outer member and the inner member; and a plurality of axially spaced superconducting coils that are formed as part of the other one of the outer member and the inner member; wherein during operation of the tubular electrical machine, each superconducting coil is maintained in a superconducting state and an electrical current is supplied to each superconducting coil in such a manner that the current flowing around each coil is in the opposite direction to the current flowing around the coil or coils axially adjacent to it. The high magnetic fields that can be produced by the superconducting coils can be used to overcome some of the problems encountered in conventional tubular machines. Furthermore, because the superconducting coils can produce a high field density, a tubular machine according to this invention can be significantly smaller than a permanent magnet tubular machine of the same power rating. The high field density produced by the superconducting coils also means that the component containing the armature coils (that is the radially inner member or the radially outer member depending on the particular construction of the tubular machine) may be made without the substantial use of magnetic material. This results in a tubular machine with a low reactance that can consequently provide greatly increased short-term overload capacity. For example, in a tubular machine according to the present invention, where the component containing the armature coils is made substantially without magnetic material, the overload capacity could be as high as six to ten times, or possibly even more, of the rated power of the machine. Large AC tubular machines with a unity power factor can be constructed with such a component that is entirely non-magnetic. This entirely eliminates the problems associated with the development of eddy currents in the magnetic materials of conventional tubular machines. Any suitable non-magnetic material could be used but it is preferable that a low cost material, such as concrete, is used as this greatly reduces the overall cost of the machine. Materials such as concrete can also help maintain the armature coils at a suitable operating temperature by conducting heat away from them. If physical size is more of an issue than cost then a smaller tubular machine can be achieved by containing the armature coils in a component that has a magnetic portion adjacent to the armature coils. In this case appropriate steps known to the skilled person would have to be taken to control eddy currents. However, a tubular machine constructed in this manner would be significantly smaller than a conventional tubular machine of the same power rating. In order to increase the mechanical rigidity of the component carrying the armature coils it is preferable that the armature coils are separated from each other in the axial direction by spacers. These spacers are preferably non-magnetic and have low electrical conductivity. For example, the spacers could be substantially formed from a glass fiber reinforced epoxy type material. It would be possible to place rods of high thermal conductivity material in the radial direction within these spacers. However it is to be understood that these spacers are not necessary for the operation of tubular machines according to the present invention and that armature coils that are directly axially adjacent to one another could also be used. If the armature coils are formed in the outer member, in order to provide improved heat conduction away from the armature coils, it may be preferable to have spacers that are substantially formed from a non-magnetic and low electrical conductivity material but that contain a plurality of radially-extending, circumferentially-spaced rods of high thermal conductivity. The rods may be of substantially the same length as the spacers. Alternatively, in order to provide improved heat conduction, it may be preferable for the rods to extend out of the outer surface of the spacers and into the body of the outer member. In this case the exact length of the rods and the extent of their consequent extension into the body of the outer member will be dependent upon design factors such as the thickness of the outer member and the degree of cooling of the armature coils that is required in each specific machine. The rods may be formed of electrically conductive material, for example mild steel, provided that they have a suitably shaped and small cross-section and they are electrically isolated from one another. As the rods are aligned in the radial direction this ensures that the development of significant eddy currents within the rods is not possible. For example, if the rods are formed of steel they may have a circular cross-section with a diameter between 0.5 mm and 5 mm. Alternatively, they could be of rectangular cross-section with the length of each cross-sectional edge being between 0.5 mm and 5 mm. However, it is to be understood that these are only examples and electrically conductive rods may be of any cross-sectional shape that is suitably sized such that the development of significant eddy currents within each rod is not possible. Each superconducting coil is preferably formed from at least one turn of superconducting material. The superconducting material may be a low temperature superconducting (LTS) wire or, more preferably, a high temperature superconducting (HTS) wire, cable or tape. LTS wires include Nb 3 Sn and NbTi wires, which usually have an operating temperature of about 4.2K. HTS materials include superconducting cables and tapes produced from wires and tapes made of (Bi,Pb) 2 Sr 2 Ca 2 Cu 3 O 10 filaments in a metal matrix. This material has a superconducting temperature (Tc) of 110K. Like other HTS materials, it has a lattice structure consisting of planes of copper-oxygen ions sandwiched between blocks of insulating ions. Hence, the supercurrent is restricted to two-dimensional flow, meaning that the electrical and magnetic properties of HTS materials can depend on their orientation with respect to magnetic or electric fields. One manufacturer from which the above-mentioned BSCCO-2223 HTS material is available is American Superconductor (AMSC), HTS Wire Manufacturing Facility of Jackson Technology Park, 64 Jackson Road, Devens, Mass. 01434-4020, United States of America. It will be readily appreciated that these superconducting materials are given as an example only. Second generation coated superconducting wires that have substantially improved performance are continually being developed and, depending on cost, the use of these wires may be preferred. Examples of second generation superconducting materials include YBCO (YBA 2 Cu 3 O 7-δ ) being developed by American Superconductor (AMSC) and HoBCO (HoBa 2 Cu 3 O 7-x ), which is currently being developed by the HTS R&D Department of Sumitomo Electric, 1-1-3 Shimaya, Konohana-ku, Osaka 554-0024, Japan. Depending on the physical size and desired power of the tubular machine, each individual superconducting coil may be made from a plurality of sub-coils, each sub-coil being made from a plurality of turns of superconducting material and each turn having current flowing in the same direction. There may also be support structures between the coils and internal to each coil. If the coils are HTS coils it may be preferable that each coil consists of a number of individual pancake form superconducting sub-coils that are stacked and connected together with support structures formed between the sub-coils. A method of internal support for racetrack shaped coils that could be applied to this application is disclosed in European Patent Application No. 1212760. There must be at least two superconducting coils but the total number of superconducting coils used in the tubular machine is determined by design factors such as the desired power rating, size and cost of the machine. In use, each superconducting coil is supplied with an electric current that flows in the opposite direction to the current supplied to the superconducting coil or coils that are axially adjacent to, but spaced apart from, the coil. This has the effect of forcing the magnetic flux in the axial spaces between the opposing currents in the radial direction, thereby creating alternate north and south poles between the superconducting coils in those spaces. If there are more than two superconducting coils it is preferable that the end coils have a different total current (Amp-turns) flowing around them in order to maintain a consistent field density along the entire axial length containing the superconducting coils. This can be done by supplying a different current to those end coils or by altering the number of turns that make up each of those end coils. Furthermore, in order to ensure the correct supply of current to each superconducting coil, it is preferable that all of the coils are electrically connected together to form a single superconducting winding. In order to provide a low reluctance flux path for the magnetic field generated by the superconducting coils, the component containing the superconducting coils (which can be the radially outer member or the radially inner member depending on the particular construction of the tubular machine) is preferably substantially formed of a magnetic material. If the superconducting coils are contained in the outer member of the tubular machine then the outer member might contain at least an annulus of magnetic material. For example, if the outer member is a tube having substantially cylindrical inner and outer surfaces then the entire outer member can be manufactured of magnetic material. Alternatively, if the superconducting coils are contained in the inner member then the inner member will preferably contain at least a support of magnetic material. The magnetic material used will depend upon the operating temperature and stresses of the component containing the superconducting coils. Since the flux in this component is DC when the tubular machine is operating, the magnetic material can be in a substantially magnetically saturated state without causing any additional losses. Furthermore if it is desired to reduce the amount of superconducting wire the amount of saturation can be reduced by providing a greater amount of magnetic material. The outer surface of the axial length of the component containing the superconducting coils is also preferably enclosed by a sleeve of high conductivity metal such as copper or aluminum, for example. Such a sleeve will form a low resistance path for eddy currents and will thereby shield the superconducting coils from AC magnetic flux that is caused by harmonics in the armature coils and by load changes. The superconducting coils are preferably maintained at their operating temperature by a cryocooling system. This is a cooling system that maintains specific parts of the tubular machine at the specific cryogenic operating temperature required by the superconducting coils. The cryocooling system can be a closed loop system and the superconducting coils are enclosed in a cryostat within that system. The construction of the system and the coolant used will depend on the specific design of each tubular machine, whether HTS or LTS coils are used and what their optimum operating temperature is. In tubular machines where the cryocooling system is required to reciprocate along with the component containing the superconducting coils then Gifford McMahon or Stirling cycle cryocoolers may be used if the forces caused by the reciprocating movement are reasonably tolerable. For example, if the tubular machine is a generator for converting wave power then the peak velocity of the moving member would be about 2-3 ms 1 over a stroke of several meters. Such forces could be easily withstood by these cryocoolers. However, if the cryocooling system is subject to substantial forces caused by the reciprocating movement then a pulse tube cooler could be used for additional support. The cryocoolers mentioned above are given only as examples and many other cryocooling systems would be known to the skilled reader. If the superconducting coils are formed from an HTS material then the coolant used in the cryocooling system will depend upon the optimum operating temperature of the coils. If the operating temperature of the superconducting coils is in the 30-40K range then gaseous helium could be used as this is suitable for temperatures from 5 to 77K. Alternatively, a phase change system utilising neon could be used for superconducting coils with an operating temperature close to the boiling point of neon at 27K. For higher temperature superconducting coils, i.e., those with operating temperatures of 65-77K, it may be more appropriate to use liquid nitrogen as the coolant. If the superconducting coils are formed from an LTS material then it would be necessary to use liquid helium at 4.2K and in this case a specific liquid helium cryocooling system would be needed. These coolants are given as an example only and it will be readily appreciated that the skilled reader would be able to apply his own knowledge of cryocooling systems to the present invention. The cryocooling system may also be used to cool at least part of the component containing the superconducting coils. This is preferable if the superconducting coils are formed from an HTS material and the portion of the component containing those coils is formed of a magnetic material which has suitable mechanical properties at the operating temperatures of the HTS material. An example of a suitable magnetic material for the component containing the superconducting coils is 9% Ni, iron, which has excellent mechanical and magnetic properties at cryogenic temperatures as described in “Magnetic Properties of 9% Nickel Steel at Room and Cryogenic Temperatures” by H. Brechna, SLAC Technical Note TN-65-87, Stanford Linear Accelerator Center, Stanford University, Stanford, Calif., (1965). Nickel-iron alloys with higher proportions of nickel would also be suitable but as nickel is an expensive alloying element it is generally preferred if the nickel content can be minimized. The cooling of at least part of the component containing the superconducting coils enables the superconducting coils to be close to a magnetic material, which will reduce the reluctance flux path of the magnetic field generated by the superconducting coils. If the superconducting coils are mounted on the inner member of the tubular machine then this construction may be achieved by substantially forming the axial length of the inner member that contains the superconducting coils from 9% Ni, iron and maintaining the temperature of the inner member at cryogenic temperatures by enclosing the entire inner member, including the superconducting coils, in a cryostat. The advantage of using a cooled magnetic material is to reduce the amount of HTS material needed to achieve the required flux density in the armature coils. Alternatively, the cryocooling system can be used to maintain just the superconducting coils at their operating temperature and in this case the coils can be thermally isolated from the component of the tubular machine by a cryostat or other thermal barrier. This is preferred if the component containing the superconducting coils is made of a material that has inadequate material properties at the operating temperature of the superconducting coils. This means that lower cost magnetic materials that do not have suitable properties at cryogenic temperatures can be used. An example of such a material is mild steel. Magnetic materials with suitable properties at cryogenic temperatures are currently very expensive. The choice of whether to use a component that is in direct contact with the superconducting coils and is maintained at cryogenic temperatures or a thermally isolated warm component is therefore primarily a matter of cost. Current HTS materials are expensive and it is therefore cost-effective to minimize the length of HTS material needed to form the superconducting coils by utilizing a cold component. However, it is envisaged that in the future the cost of suitable HTS materials will fall and it may then be cheaper to construct tubular machines according to the present invention with a mild steel component that is thermally isolated from the superconducting coils. Each armature coil is preferably formed from stranded conducting wire and consists of a series of circular coils of one or more turns of the conducting wire and is arranged concentrically with the superconducting coils. In order to avoid eddy current losses within the armature coils it is preferable that each coil is formed of turns of fully transposed stranded conductors, such as litz wire, which may be made substantially of copper, for example. The individual armature coils are preferably interconnected so as to form one or more armature windings. For example, the coils may be connected to form one or more three-phase AC windings. However many other connections are also possible and it is understood that these would be immediately apparent to the skilled person. The tubular machine according to the present invention contains separate superconducting (or field) and armature windings and under steady state conditions the mechanical movement can be such that the magnetic fields generated in each winding are synchronized. In other words, the tubular machine is preferably a synchronous tubular machine. It will be readily appreciated that tubular machines according to the present invention can operate as alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) machines depending on their construction and intended use. The outer surface of the outer member of the tubular machine is preferably substantially cylindrical. This provides the tubular machine with inherent mechanical strength and rigidity arising from its overall tubular shape so that it can better withstand the forces that act on the machine when it is operating. Such a construction may also facilitate the cooling of the armature coils if they are contained within the outer member. It is usually preferred that the outer member is held stationary and the inner member undergoes reciprocal movement relative to it. This is because it is normally much simpler to provide mechanical support to tubular machines that operate in this manner. Of course, it is also possible for the inner member to be held stationary and for the outer member to undergo reciprocal movement relative to it. If the tubular machine is operated with the outer member held stationary then it is preferable that the armature coils are formed as part of the outer member and the superconducting coils are formed as part of the inner member. With this particular construction, the main power circuit connection to the armature coils is not required to move and the cooling of the armature coils is much easier. However, any cryocooling system and exciter for the superconducting coils would be required to move together with the inner member. The cryocooling system and the exciter would preferably be supplied with power from a remote power source linked to the inner member by a flexible cable. The magnetic field generated by the superconducting coils would also reciprocate relative to the outer member and the surroundings of the tubular machine. Therefore, if the outer member of the tubular machine is substantially non-magnetic then stray flux may escape the machine. This is inherently undesirable as the escaping stray flux would be moving relative to surrounding structures. One solution to the problem of stray flux is to provide the outer member with an electromagnetic shield. Such a shield would not need to be continuous around the circumference of the outer member as the principal directions of any stray flux would be in the axial and radial directions of the tubular machine. In fact there are technical advantages in not making the shield continuous in the circumferential direction as this would facilitate the flow of eddy currents and introduce eddy current losses. One preferred arrangement of the shield is to mount a plurality of plates of magnetic material around the outer surface of the outer member such that each plate is co-planar with the axis of the outer member. The plates can be regularly spaced around the outer surface and are preferably spaced apart from each other. The plates can extend radially into the outer member. The plates can be made from any suitable magnetic material but are preferably formed from steel. For additional benefit, the plates forming the electromagnetic shield may protrude out from the outer surface of the outer member (or optionally out of a non-magnetic region of the outer member) to act as cooling fins for the armature coils. The thickness of the plates used in the electromagnetic shield and the number of plates disposed around the outer member must be such that the plates are not magnetically saturated when the tubular machine is operating. On the other hand, the plates must be thin enough to have acceptable eddy current losses. A range of plate thicknesses can therefore be used depending on the precise design of the tubular machine. An alternative preferred shield arrangement, which may be easier to construct but would not provide any cooling to the machine, would be to form a plurality of axial metal reinforcing rods in the outer member. The number, diameter, shape and positioning of the rods would preferably be optimized as part of the electromagnetic design process for each specific machine. It is to be understood that other shield constructions will also be readily apparent to the skilled person. It is envisaged that by adding a suitable electromagnetic shield to a tubular machine that would otherwise suffer from stray flux losses, the power output may be increased by about 10%. If the superconducting coils are formed in the outer member and the armature coils are formed in the inner member then, if the outer member is held stationary, the problem of stray flux escaping the tubular machine can be eliminated because the superconducting coils are held stationary relative to the surroundings of the tubular machine at all times. The cryocooling system and exciter for the superconducting coils would also remain stationary and their construction would thus be much simpler. However, the main disadvantages of a tubular machine constructed in this manner are that the main power connection for the armature coils would have to move with the inner member and dissipating heat from the armature coils would be much more difficult. The relative lengths of the outer member and the inner member are another important consideration in the construction of a tubular machine according to the present invention. This consideration is determined by the need for support of both the outer member and the inner members, the amount of superconducting wire needed in the machine, the power of the machine and the stroke length. Currently the superconducting coils and their associated cryocooling system are the most expensive part of the tubular machine and it is thus preferable that the number of superconducting coils is minimized. This may be achieved by minimizing the axial length containing the superconducting coils or by increasing the spacing of the superconducting coils. However, it is appreciated that the cost of superconducting materials may fall in the future and it may then become preferable to have more superconducting coils. In a preferred aspect of the present invention, the axial length of the inner member can be about twice the axial length of the outer member. It is important that the inner and outer members are supported relative to one another such that one of them is free to move in the axial direction relative to the other with a minimum of mechanical friction and a bearing structure is preferably provided. For example, if one of the members is held stationary and is substantially longer than the other member then sliding or rolling bearings may be formed on one of the inner surface of the outer member or the outer surface on the inner member and a cooperating bearing track may be formed on the facing surface. However, it will be readily appreciated that bearings between the inner and outer members can be formed in a vast variety of other ways that would be immediately apparent to the skilled person who is familiar with the sort of bearings employed in conventional synchronous tubular machines. Tubular machines according to the present invention may be used for a variety of purposes. However, as thermal isolation of the cold components is necessary, they are best suited to large scale uses where the diameter of the superconducting coils is typically 200 mm or greater. An example of a particularly preferred use is a generator for producing electricity from wave power in off-shore locations. Large scale reciprocating motors are equally possible. The novel features which are considered as characteristic of the invention are set forth in particular in the appended claims. The invention itself, however, both as to its construction and its method of operation, together with additional objects and advantages thereof, will be best understood from the following description of specific embodiments when read in connection with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a cutaway view of a first embodiment of a tubular machine according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a close up view of the tubular machine of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 3 shows a close up view of a partial circumferential section of a spacer of the tubular machine of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 4 shows an inner member of the tubular machine of FIG. 1 ; FIG. 5 shows the inner member of FIG. 4 with the cryostat wall and shield removed; FIG. 6 is a cutaway view of the inner member of FIG. 4 ; FIG. 7 shows a representation of the magnetic field around the superconducting coils when the tubular machine of FIG. 1 is in use; FIG. 8 is a cutaway view of a second embodiment of a tubular machine according to the present invention; FIG. 9 shows a cutaway view of a third preferred embodiment of a tubular machine according to the present invention; FIG. 10 is a cross section view through the inner member of a fourth preferred embodiment of a tubular machine according to the present invention; and FIG. 11 shows the inner member of FIG. 10 with the cryostat wall and shield removed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS A first embodiment of a tubular machine according to the present invention will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 . In this first embodiment a series of axially spaced armature coils 1 are contained in a tube-shaped radially outer member 2 . The armature coils 1 are made of non-superconducting wire and are supported on a non-magnetic non-conducting structure. Since there are no magnetic teeth to guide the flux around the armature coils 1 they need to be stranded and transposed to avoid eddy current losses, which could be achieved by using litz wire, for example. A typical diameter for the armature coils 1 would be 700 mm. As a result of the high current density in the superconducting coils 4 there is no need for a magnetic core to be associated with the armature coils 1 . The individual armature coils 1 are connected together to form a three-phase AC armature winding that is attached to a main power circuit connection (not shown). They are separated from each other in the axial direction by thin spacers 3 that are each substantially formed of glass fiber-reinforced epoxy and contain a plurality of radially-extending, circumferentially-spaced steel rods 3 a , as shown in FIG. 3 . The rods 3 a project out of the spacers 3 and into the body of the outer member 2 and thereby provide improved heat transfer from the armature coils 1 to outer member 2 . The rods 3 a are electrically insulated from one another and are of small diameter so that significant eddy currents can not develop within them. The outer member 2 surrounding the armature coils 1 is made substantially of concrete and in a typical example may have an outer diameter of about 800 mm. The outer member 2 is preferably formed as a simple one-piece casting but it can also be formed from a series of axially stacked concrete laminations or cast in a number of axial sections. The concrete allows the armature coils 1 to be cooled by conduction through the concrete, optionally to a water jacket (not shown) on the outside surface. A tubular machine of this type might operate at an average power of 150 kW and a peak power of 1000 kW. A radially inner member 5 is positioned coaxially inside the outer member 2 such that there is a small radial air gap between the substantially cylindrical outer surface of the inner member and the substantially cylindrical inner surface of the outer member. Superconducting coils 4 are located in a series of axially spaced slots at the outer surface of the inner member 5 that are defined between support sections 13 . The superconducting coils 4 are located inside a vacuum insulated cryostat 6 . The superconducting coils 4 are simple circular solenoid coils, wound from commercially available HTS tape. For example, each coil 4 could consist of about 4000 turns of BSCCO-2223 tape carrying 200 A, wherein the tape is approximately rectangular in cross-section with typical dimensions being 4 mm wide and 0.2 mm thick. The superconducting coils 4 are arranged in pairs with opposite polarity current in the two coils of each pair. The polarity of current flow is represented in FIG. 4 by the arrows. Bearing locations 7 are provided at each end of the inner member 5 . The bearings (not shown) may be sliding bearings, rolling bearings, active magnetic bearings or passive superconducting magnetic bearings, for example. When the tubular machine is in use, the outer member 2 is held stationary and the inner member 5 undergoes reciprocal movement within the outer member. The maximum stroke length for which this tubular machine is designed is equal to the difference in length between the axial length of the inner member 5 over which the superconducting coils 4 are disposed and the axial length of the outer member 2 over which the armature coils 1 are disposed. The armature coils 1 are disposed over a greater length than the superconducting coils 4 as they are much cheaper to form than the superconducting coils. The superconducting coils 4 remain concentric with the axial length of the outer member 2 containing the armature coils 1 as the inner member 5 undergoes reciprocating movement relative to the outer member. A cryostat 6 surrounds the superconducting coils 4 and insulates them from a radially inner region (or core) 9 of the inner member 5 . This region 9 is substantially solid and formed from mild steel. The cryostat 6 is supplied with a suitable coolant by a cryocooler 10 , which is situated at the end of the inner member 5 and reciprocates with it. An excitation system 11 for the superconducting coils 4 is situated at the same end of the inner member 4 and also reciprocates with it. The excitation system 11 consists of conventional power electronics, control and protection to supply DC current to the superconducting coils 4 . The excitation system 11 and cryocooler 10 are both supplied with power and from a remote source by a flexible cable (not shown). The axial length of the outer surface of the inner member 5 containing the superconducting coils 4 is formed by a sleeve 12 of high conductivity metal, for example copper or aluminum. This sleeve 12 forms a low resistance path for eddy currents in order to shield the superconducting coils 4 from AC magnetic flux that is caused by harmonics in the armature winding and by load changes, which would otherwise cause heating of the superconducting coils 4 . FIG. 5 shows the inner member 5 with the sleeve 12 and cryostat 6 removed. The support sections 13 of the inner member 5 that form the slots for containing the superconducting coils 4 are clearly shown. The support sections 13 are maintained at approximately the same operating temperature as the superconducting coils 4 and may be made from any suitable non-magnetic material that has suitable mechanical and thermal properties at the operating temperature such as stainless steel. The space between the superconducting coils 4 , the support sections 13 and the inner wall of the cryostat 6 contains a high-grade vacuum (less than 10 −3 mBar) together with multi-layer insulation to maintain a thermal barrier. The radially inner wall of the cooled section defined by the cryostat 6 is formed by a force tube 14 . The force tube 14 connects the support sections 13 , the superconducting coils 4 and the cryostat 6 to the shaft of the inner member 5 at one of its ends. As shown in FIG. 6 , the force tube 14 is radially spaced apart from the shaft of the inner member 5 by a high grade vacuum and multi-layer insulation that provides a thermal barrier. The force tube 14 provides mechanical support to the cooled components and a temperature gradient between cooled components and the shaft of the inner member 5 , which is relatively warm. The force tube 14 is designed to keep the amount of heat that is conducted to the cold parts to an acceptable level. The force tube 14 may be formed from any relatively strong material with relatively low thermal conductivity, such as stainless steel or Inconel® (high strength nickel-chromium-iron alloys). Alternatively, many composite materials could provide enough mechanical support and suitably low heat conduction. The radially inner region 9 of the inner member 5 extends along the axial length over which the superconducting coils 4 are contained and is substantially formed from solid iron. In this embodiment, the center of the radially inner region 9 is provided with an aperture 29 to provide a possible route for the coolant and power leads (not shown) from the cryocooler 10 and the excitation system 11 . However it is to be understood that this aperture is not a necessary part of the present invention and in some circumstances it may be preferable to have an entirely solid core to the inner member 5 and to take the coolant and current leads to the superconducting coil support structure at the end of the radially inner region 9 and use connecting leads of HTS material between the individual coils. The radially inner region 9 provides a low reluctance flux path for the magnetic field created by the superconducting coils 4 . The remaining axial length of the inner member 5 outside of the superconducting coils 4 is formed as a hollow steel tube 16 in order to minimize the weight and cost of the inner member. The production of magnetic poles in the machine can be best understood with reference to FIG. 7 . When the tubular machine is operating, each superconducting coil 4 has an electric current flowing around it. This means that there is a magnetic field surrounding each coil. The current in the superconducting coils that are axially adjacent to one another but separated by a support section 13 is made to flow in opposite directions so that the magnetic flux of the magnetic field surrounding each coil will be in the opposite direction to the flux of the magnetic field surrounding the axially adjacent coil or coils. These opposed magnetic fields force the magnetic flux in the radial direction in the space between each pair of superconducting coils 4 (that is in the region occupied by the support sections 13 ) and create alternating north and south poles along the length of the superconducting winding. Although the three axially inner superconducting coils 4 are shown as being formed from two axially adjacent and touching coils, this is only because these particular coils have a greater number of turns than the two end coils for the reasons given above. As the current in each coil is of the same polarity, as represented by the arrows in FIG. 5 , the two touching superconducting coils should be thought of as a single coil. In other words, the superconducting winding formed by the axially spaced superconducting coils 4 has substantially the same effect as a row of permanent magnets. However, the field density that can be produced by the superconducting coils 4 is far greater than that which is produced by permanent magnets. In order to maintain a uniform field pattern along the length of the superconducting winding, the end coils 4 a and 4 b have a lower number of turns of BSCCO-2223 tape than the central coils but have the same current supplied to them. Each pair of superconducting coils 4 makes one pole of the tubular machine and the total number of poles is dependent on the rating of the machine. In the example shown in FIGS. 1 to 7 there are four poles. As described briefly above, the inner member 5 reciprocates relative to the outer member 2 and is supported at each end by the bearings (not shown). Apart from the cooling and excitation of the superconducting coils 4 , the tubular machine of the present invention therefore operates in a manner that is substantially identical to conventional permanent magnet tubular machines. This embodiment of the invention can be operated as either a motor or a generator in the same manner as conventional tubular machines. A preferred application of this embodiment of the invention is as a generator for producing electricity from wave power in off-shore locations. The tubular machine would be connected to a power electronic converter (not shown) and in the machine's simplest mode of operation this would convert the variable frequency electricity generated by the tubular machine into the fixed frequency needed for the electricity grid. FIG. 8 shows a second embodiment of the present invention that is substantially the same as the first embodiment described above, except that the outer member 2 of the tubular machine additionally incorporates an electromagnetic shield 17 . In this particular example the electromagnetic shield 17 consists of approximately 180 radially extending planar steel fins or plates 18 that are fixed parallel to the axis of the tubular machine around the outside of the outer member 2 at regular circumferential intervals. The steel plates are typically about 10 mm thick but other thicknesses such as 5 mm, 20 mm, or even 50 mm may be used depending on the circumstances. The electromagnetic shield 17 prevents stray flux from the superconducting coils 4 escaping from the tubular machine during its operation. This is important because the superconducting coils 4 will be moving relative to its surroundings and this might be a problem if any electrically conducting structures are relatively nearby. The electromagnetic shield 17 is formed in this manner so that the plates 18 are parallel to, and therefore provide a low reluctance flux path in, the principal directions of the stray flux, which will be in the axial and radial directions of the tubular machine. The electromagnetic shield 17 is not circumferentially continuous as that would facilitate the flow of circumferential eddy currents and thereby introduce undesirable eddy current losses. Although not shown, the plates 18 may protrude from the outer surface to act as cooling fins. FIG. 9 shows a third embodiment of the present invention that is also substantially the same as the first embodiment described above, except that the outer member 2 of the tubular machine additionally incorporates an alternative electromagnetic shield 27 to that incorporated in the second embodiment. In this example the electromagnetic shield 27 consists of a plurality of axial steel rods that are formed in the outer member of the tubular machine at substantially regular radial and circumferential spacings. The steel rods are each identical and are of substantially circular cross-section with a diameter of approximately 10 mm. However it is to be understood that these dimensions are given as a guide only and it is equally possible to use rods of other cross section and diameter depending upon the size and design of the machine they are utilized in. The electromagnetic shield 27 operates in the same manner as the shield described in the second embodiment of the invention in that it prevents stray flux from the superconducting coils 4 escaping from the tubular machine during its operation. The electromagnetic shield 27 is formed in this manner so that the rods are axial, and therefore provide a low reluctance flux path for stray flux in that direction. The electromagnetic shield 27 is not circumferentially continuous as that would facilitate the flow of circumferential eddy currents and thereby introduce undesirable eddy current losses. An inner member 19 of a fourth embodiment of the present invention is shown in FIGS. 10 and 11 . The outer member of this embodiment is identical to that of the first embodiment and therefore is not shown. The inner member 19 is similar to that of the first embodiment except that the radially inner region (or core) 20 of the inner member 19 is cooled by a cryostat 21 to the same operating temperature as the superconducting coils 22 . The inner member 19 further consists of two end sections 26 which support the bearings (not shown) and are joined to the rest of the inner member by steel force tubes 23 . One of the end sections is fixed to a cryocooler 24 and an excitation cooler 25 , which operate in the same manner as in the first embodiment of the present invention. The portion of the inner member 19 that is radially inside the force tubes 23 is hollow in order to minimize its weight. The inner member 19 is shown with the cryostat 21 removed in FIG. 10 . The radially inner region 20 is maintained at the same temperature as the superconducting coils 22 and is preferably formed of iron containing 9% nickel. This material has suitable magnetic, thermal and mechanical properties at HTS operating temperatures. Magnetic materials with a higher proportion of nickel (for example 36% or 70%) may also be used, but as the nickel content is increased the cost of the material increases and the saturation flux density of the material decreases, which is undesirable. The outer surface of the axial length of the inner member 19 containing the superconducting coils 22 is formed by a sleeve 25 of high conductivity metal, for example copper or aluminum. This sleeve 25 forms a low resistance path for eddy currents in order to shield the superconducting coils 22 from AC magnetic flux that is caused by harmonics in the armature winding and load changes. The superconducting coils 22 are formed in the same manner as in the first embodiment of the invention but are wound directly around the outside of the radially inner region 20 of the inner member 19 . They are separated from each other in the axial direction by support sections 28 in the same manner as the first embodiment of the present invention. However, in this embodiment the support sections sections 28 are composed of the same magnetic material (9% nickel-iron) as the radially inner region 20 . In this embodiment, force tubes 23 separate the radially inner region 20 from the end sections 26 which are formed in the same manner as the previously described embodiments. The cryostat 21 is fed with coolant from the cryocooler 24 in the same manner as the inner member of the first embodiment. The cryostat wall encloses the force tubes 23 , the superconducting coils 22 , the support sections sections 28 and the radially inner region 20 . They are all separated from the cryostat wall by a high-grade vacuum and multi-layer insulation to maintain a thermal barrier in order to be maintained at a suitable cryogenic operating temperature when the tubular machine is in use. Otherwise, this embodiment of the present invention operates in an identical manner to the first embodiment.

4y

CROSS REFERENCES TO CO-PENDING APPLICATIONS None. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is for a clamp assembly. More particularly, the present invention pertains to a clamp assembly which has utility especially in conjunction with display systems of the type which include a host structure which supports objects to be displayed, the host structure including surfaces defining a slot and the clamp assembly including structure enabling it to be readily and easily mounted to the slot. The clamp assembly can receive a mounting rod or can itself include a mounting rod; and the mounting rod can support any type of structure, as required. 2. Description of the Prior Art Clamp assemblies used in prior art display systems or other systems have usually been dedicated to a single purpose, have lacked adjustability, and have not been readily and easily installed into a slot structure on a host structure. In other words, prior art clamp assemblies for display systems or other systems were intended for a single use, were not easily or readily installed, and allowed little, if any, adjustability. The present invention overcomes the disadvantages of the prior art by providing a clamp assembly which is versatile and is readily adjustable and installable by utilizing opposing jaws or a pair of engagement tabs which can secure at a location anywhere along a slot in a host structure, such as an extruded geometrically configured tube. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The general purpose of the present invention is to provide a clamp assembly which can be readily and easily installed in a slot in a host structure or other structure at any position along the slot, including at the top or at the bottom of the slot, and which is versatile and adjustable. The host structure can be of numerous shapes and forms, but is herein exemplified by an extruded geometrically configured tube having a slotted surface. The host structure can have any number of slots, and in the example herein illustrated four slots are provided. Each slot is defined by a portion of the surface of the extruded geometrically configured tube, opposed struts extending outwardly from the surface, and opposing segmented arcuate portions supported on the ends of the struts. According to a first embodiment of the present invention, there is provided for installation in a slot of the host structure a clamp assembly which includes a two-piece clamp body composed of a pair of opposing substantially mirror-image jaws each having an inner surface with an arcuate channel and a tooth juxtaposing the arcuate channel. The arcuate channels are for cooperating to accept and frictionally engage a mounting rod to be affixed to the host structure by the clamp assembly, and the teeth are for entering into a slot of the host structure. The clamp assembly further includes a tightening member, such as a thumbscrew, which extends through a body hole in one of the jaws and engages into a threaded hole in the other of the jaws. When a mounting rod is received by the arcuate channels in the jaws, the teeth of the jaws lie to one side of the mounting rod and the tightening member lies to the opposite side of the mounting rod. So positioned, the mounting rod serves as a fulcrum, and upon rotating the tightening member, the inner surfaces of the jaws on the tightening member side of the mounting rod are forced together, whereas the teeth on the opposite side of the mounting rod expand or move away from each other and come into frictional engagement with the segmented arcuate portions of the host structure, thus affixing the clamp assembly and mounting rod securely to the host structure. According to an alternate embodiment, there is provided for installation in a slot of the host structure a clamp assembly which includes a one-piece clamp body and a mounting rod which serves as a tightening member. The one-piece clamp body includes engagement tabs for entering into a slot of the host structure and a threaded hole for receiving threads located at one end of the mounting rod. By placing the engagement tabs of the one-piece clamp body into a slot of the host structure and then turning the threads of the mounting rod into the threaded hole in the one-piece clamp body, the engagement tabs are brought into frictional engagement with the segmented arcuate portions of the host structure, thus affixing the alternate embodiment clamp assembly securely to the host structure. Significant aspects and features of the present invention include a clamp assembly which features mid-slot installability, adjustability, versatility, and which is not limited to one particular geometrical orientation. That is, the extruded geometrically configured tube or other host structure which supports the clamp assembly and other devices, such as a mounting rod, can either be vertical, horizontal, or at an angle, and of any length, as there is no limit as to the length of an extrusion in theory. The mounting rod which is supported by the clamp assembly or which forms a part of the clamp assembly can take any type of geometrical configuration, can support any object, and can have any type of geometrical structure secured thereto. Another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is that once a host structure such as an extruded geometrically configured tube is positioned, such as on a base, vertically or horizontally, the clamp assembly can be engaged and disengaged easily and effectively at any time. Yet another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a clamp assembly having opposing jaws operated about a pivot or fulcrum rod where outward ends of the jaws are forced apart to engage a slot. Still another significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a clamp assembly having jaw ends which are rounded to promote jaw self-positioning during the initial installation step. A further significant aspect and feature of the present invention is a clamp assembly constructed of two jaws which are held together, in part, by one or more spring-like sponge rubber pads. Having thus described embodiments and significant aspects and features of the present invention, it is the principal object of the present invention to provide a clamp assembly which has exceptional versatility and which can be readily and easily installed to a slot in a host structure or other structure at any position therealong. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects of the present invention and many of the attendant advantages of the present invention will be readily appreciated as the same becomes better understood by reference to the following detailed description when considered in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which like reference numerals designate like parts throughout the figures thereof and wherein: FIG. 1 illustrates an isometric view of a host structure with two different styles or embodiments of clamp assemblies each constructed according to the present invention installed thereon, one of the clamp assemblies (first embodiment) supporting a mounting rod to which is attached an identical clamp assembly supporting an auxiliary mounting structure, and the other of the clamp assemblies (alternate embodiment) itself including a mounting rod; FIG. 2 illustrates an isometric view of the first embodiment clamp assembly; FIG. 3 illustrates an exploded view of the first embodiment clamp assembly; FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional top view of the first embodiment clamp assembly; FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of the first step of fastening the first embodiment clamp assembly along with a mounting rod to a host structure; FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of the final step of fastening the first embodiment clamp assembly along with the mounting rod to the host structure; FIG. 7 illustrates an isometric view of the alternate embodiment clamp assembly; FIG. 8 illustrates a top view of the first step of fastening the alternate embodiment clamp assembly to a slot in a host structure; FIG. 9 illustrates a top view of the final step of fastening the alternate embodiment clamp assembly to a slot in the host structure; FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of the first embodiment clamp assembly securing a mounting rod to an auxiliary mounting structure; and, FIG. 11 illustrates a top view of both embodiments of clamp assemblies consistent with the teachings of the present invention secured to a host structure. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 illustrates an isometric view of a clamp assembly 10 constituting a first embodiment of the present invention and a clamp assembly 10A constituting an alternate embodiment of the present invention both installed on a host structure, which in this case for the purpose of example and illustration is an extruded geometrically configured tube 14. The extruded geometrically configured tube 14 can be supported or mounted in a variety of manners but, for the purpose of example, is shown to be slidingly secured over and about a post 16 extending vertically upwardly from a base 17. The extruded geometrically configured tube 14 includes, as would other host structures, one or more slots, in the present instance four slots, for the accommodation and engagement of one or more clamp assemblies 10 and/or 10A. The clamp assembly 10 includes a two-piece clamp body, described in detail later, that functions to secure a mounting rod 12, which is separate from the clamp assembly itself, to the host structure. The mounting rod 12 can assume various geometrical attributes and shapes to accommodate a variety of items for display or to accommodate yet other devices. As shown, the mounting rod 12 is angular and has a horizontal portion to which is secured another clamp assembly 10 which in turn supports an auxiliary mounting structure 18 having a slot located therein which replicates the essential shape and geometry of those slots in the host structure, but which is not limited to that precise shape and geometry. The clamp assembly 10A, in contrast to the clamp assembly 10, involves a one-piece clamp body rather than a two-piece clamp body, and itself includes a mounting rod for the accommodation of various items for display. The mounting rod can assume various shapes and forms, but for purposes of example and illustration is depicted as a cylindrical construction. Clamp assembly 10A is described in detail later. FIG. 2 illustrates an isometric view of the clamp assembly 10. The clamp assembly 10 includes a two-piece clamp body composed of opposing left and right jaws 24 and 26, respectively, substantially being mirror images of each other and including engagement means in the form of teeth 42 and 64 for entering into a slot defined by surfaces of a host structure. Tightening means such as a screw member, herein shown as a thumbscrew including a shaft 50 (FIG. 3) and a knurled actuating knob 28 at one end of the shaft 50, extends through the left and right jaws 24 and 26, respectively, to draw together and mutually position the left jaw 24 with respect to the right jaw 26 to secure the clamp assembly 10 to a rod, such as mounting rod 12, and to bring the teeth 42 and 64 into tight engagement with the surfaces of the host structure defining the slot to thereby affix the clamp assembly 10 securely to the host structure. FIG. 3 illustrates an exploded view of the clamp assembly 10. The right jaw 26, substantially a mirror image of the left jaw 24, is now described. The right jaw 26, which can be an extrusion preferably of steel, aluminum, hard plastic or any other such suitable material, includes an inner planar surface 30 having an arcuate channel 32, which is less than a 180° arc, oriented vertically thereupon and extending between a top planar surface 34 and a bottom planar surface 36. The right jaw 26 also includes an outwardly facing planar end surface 38 and an exterior planar surface 40, best shown in FIG. 4. An engagement means in the form of a tooth 42 having a rounded profile juxtaposes the arcuate channel 32. The tooth 42 is supported by a strut 44 which comprises one side of the arcuate channel 32. A groove 46 is located between the tooth 42 and the strut 44. A threaded hole 48 extends through the inner planar surface 30 and into the body of the right jaw 26 to accommodate a tightening means, here shown as a thumbscrew having a threaded shaft 50 which extends from an actuating knob 28. With reference to FIGS. 3 and 4 and other figures herein, the opposing left jaw 24 is similarly configured to include an inner planar surface 52, an arcuate channel 54, which is less than a 180° arc, a top planar surface 56, a bottom planar surface 58, an outwardly facing planar end surface 60, an exterior planar surface 62, an engagement means in the form of a tooth 64, a strut 66, a groove 68, and a body hole 70 through which the threaded shaft 50 passes. Optional sponge rubber pads 72 and 74 are held with adhesive to the inner planar surface 30 of the right jaw 26 at a location outward from the arcuate channel 32 and to a corresponding position on the inner planar surface 52 of the left jaw 24. The sponge rubber pads 72 and 74 function to (1) secure the left jaw 24 to the right jaw 26 to keep the jaws mutually attached to each other so that the person operating the clamp assembly does not end up with a handful of loose parts, and (2) provide a spring bias action to force the teeth 42 and 64 together during placement of the clamp assembly 10 in a slot. FIG. 4 illustrates a cross sectional top view of the clamp assembly 10. Illustrated in particular is the separated alignment of the left jaw 24 to the right jaw 26. Attention is also called to the arcuate channels 32 and 54 in that the arcs described by each are less than 180° and are of an appropriate radius to accommodate and to contact a greater portion of the circumference of the mounting rod 12 on a partial circumference basis, thus allowing spaces to be maintained between the teeth 42 and 64, and more importantly, between the inner planar surfaces 30 and 52. Undercuts of slightly larger radius are also provided on the arcuate channels 32 and 54 to provide one or more gripping edges 69 and 71 for enhanced frictional engagement of the jaws 26 and 24 to the mounting rod 12. MODE OF OPERATION FIG. 5 illustrates a top view of the first step of fastening the clamp assembly 10 and securing a mounting rod 12 to a host structure. The host structure, in this case the extruded geometrically configured tube 14, includes segmented arcuate portions 80a-80n secured to a central cylindrical structure 82 by struts 84a-84n. Slot 86a is formed, in general and for example, between the ends of segmented arcuate portions 80a and 80n, by struts 84a and 84n, and the portion of the cylindrical structure 82 therebetween. In the example, the slots 86a-86n assume an arc-like profile, and any suitably shaped slot can be used against which and into which the teeth 42 and 64 and corresponding grooves 46 and 68 are inserted, engaged and secured. The insertion is initiated by loosely inserting the mounting rod 12 in the arcuate channels 32 and 54 in the jaws 26 and 24 while the actuating knob 28 is rotated to back out the threaded shaft 50 to allow angular flexing of the jaws 26 and 24 with respect to one another about the mounting rod 12, which acts as a fulcrum or pivot. The teeth 42 and 64, each having a round-like profile, are inserted into the slot 86a to a position as illustrated. The round-like profile presented by the teeth 42 and 64 can, if not already touchingly positioned, impinge the outwardly located ends of the corresponding segmented arcuate portions 80a and 80n to maneuver the teeth 42 and 64 into close mutual proximity or even into intimate contact to provide a minimum profile so that passage of the teeth 42 and 64 into the slot 86a can be readily and easily accomplished. The body hole 70 in the left jaw 24 is sized to allow sufficient rotation of the left jaw 24 about the mounting rod 12 without interference of the threaded shaft 50. FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of the final step of fastening the clamp assembly 10 and the mounting rod 12 to the host structure extruded geometrically configured tube 14. The actuating knob 28 is turned to reposition the left jaw 24 and the right jaw 26 in opposition about the mounting rod 12, which acts as a pivot and as a fulcrum. The actuating knob 28 is brought to bear against the exterior planar surface 62 of the left jaw 24, thus imparting a counterclockwise movement of the left jaw 24 about the mounting rod 12, thereby positioning the groove 68 against one end of the segmented arcuate portion 80n of the extruded geometrically configured tube 14. At the same time, the rotation of the threaded shaft 50 repositions the right jaw 26 in a clockwise direction about the mounting rod 12, thereby positioning the groove 46 against one end of the segmented arcuate portion 80a of the extruded geometrically configured tube 14. Further tightening of the knob 28 ensures positive engagement of the jaws 24 and 26 with the slot 86a and also increases pressure across the jaws 24 and 26 to ensure suitable frictional engagement of the jaws 24 and 26 to the mounting rod 12 therebetween. ALTERNATIVE EMBODIMENT FIG. 7, an alternative embodiment, illustrates an isometric view of the clamp assembly 10A. The clamp assembly 10A includes a one-piece clamp body 20 and a mounting rod 22. The one-piece clamp body 20 includes a block member 92 having engagement means in the form of mirror-like similarly configured upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 extending outwardly therefrom for entering into a slot defined by surfaces of a host structure. The mounting rod 22 serves both as a tightening means for bringing the upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 into tight engagement with the surfaces of the host structure defining the slot thereof, to thereby affix the clamp assembly 10A securely to the host structure, and as a support upon which various items can be mounted for display or other purposes. The mounting rod 22 and one-piece clamp body 20 can be fashioned of aluminum, steel, hard plastic or the like. The upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 are fashioned to engage a slot, such as slot 86c of the host structure 14 or other such slot. The upper engagement tab 94, being similar in design and function to the lower engagement tab 96, is supported by a strut 98 extending outwardly from the block member 92. The strut 98 includes opposing curved sides 100 and 102 which intersect opposing flat surfaces 104 and 106, respectively, of the upper engagement tab 94 (FIG. 8) to subsequently form angular access grooves 108 and 110 which are instrumental during the initial engagement step in the securing of the upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 to a slot. Opposing angled tabs 124 and 126 located at the edges of a planar surface 128 of the upper engagement tab 94 are utilized to contact the ends of segmented arcuate portions, such as the ends of segmented arcuate portions 80b and 80c, as illustrated in FIG. 9. The structure of the lower engagement tab 96, which is identical to the upper engagement tab 94, is not described for purpose of brevity. A horizontally aligned threaded hole 112 extends partially through the block member 92 to accommodate threads 114 located at one end of the mounting rod 22. A recess 116 (FIG. 8) aligns concentrically to the threads 114 to accommodate the largest radius of the mounting rod 22. A small radius protrusion 118, having an optional plastic tip element 120 fastened thereto, extends from the region of the threads 114. A groove 122 is provided at the outward end of the mounting rod 22 to accommodate an external attachment fixture. FIG. 8 illustrates a top view of the first step in securing the clamps assembly 10A to a slot such as slot 86c of the extruded geometrically configured tube 14. The mounting rod 22 is not shown as being engaged with the threaded hole 112 during the initial engagement, but may be so engaged, if desired, for initial insertion. The one-piece clamp body 20 is first positioned canted off center, as illustrated. The access grooves on the same sides of the upper and lower engagement takes 94 and 96, such as access groove 108, are positioned at an angle into the slot 86c and then brought to bear against the near end of the adjacent segmented arcuate portion 80c. This allows the geometry of the upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96, which at this time are canted, full subsequent access to the interior of slot 86c. Once the upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 are positioned thusly, the one-piece clamp body 20 can be rotated fully into direct alignment within the slot 86c, as shown in FIG. 9. FIG. 9 illustrates a top view of the final step of fastening the clamp assembly 10A to a slot 86c of the extruded geometrically configured tube 14. After repositioning the one-piece clamp body 20 into full and direct alignment in the slot 86c, the mounting rod 22 is turned to advance the plastic tip element 120 (rod end) into engagement with the cylindrical structure 82. This action forces the block member 92 outwardly from the center and along the threads 114 to outwardly position the angled tabs 124 and 126 of the upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 into tight engagement against the appropriate ends of the segmented arcuate portions 80b and 80c. The upper and lower engagement tabs 94 and 96 are thusly positioned in frictional engagement to lock the clamp assembly 10A composed of the one-piece clamp body 20 and the mounting rod 22 to a slot structure. FIG. 10 illustrates a top view of the clamp assembly 10, the present invention, securing a mounting rod 12 to an auxiliary mounting structure 18 having a slot 130 having attributes which allow attachment of the clamp assembly 10, as well as the clamp assembly 10A, thereto. FIG. 11 illustrates a top view of both the clamp assembly 10 and the clamp assembly 10A secured, according to the teachings of the invention, to a slotted structure 140 having a plurality of slots 142a-142n distributed thereabout. The present invention can be incorporated in attachment to any suitable slot on any structure. Various modifications can be made to the present invention without departing from the apparent scope hereof. CLAMP ASSEMBLY PARTS LIST______________________________________ 10 clamp assembly 10A clamp assembly 12 mounting rod 14 extruded geometrically configured tube or host structure 16 post 17 base 18 auxiliary mounting structure 20 one-piece clamp body 22 mounting rod 24 left jaw 26 right jaw 28 actuating knob 30 inner planar surface 32 arcuate channel 34 top planar surface 36 bottom planar surface 38 planar end surface 40 exterior planar surface 42 tooth 44 strut 46 groove 48 threaded hole 50 threaded shaft 52 inner planar surface 54 arcuate channel 56 top planar surface 58 bottom planar surface 60 planar end surface 62 exterior planar surface 64 tooth 66 strut 68 groove 69 gripping edge 70 body hole 71 gripping edge 72 sponge rubber pad 74 sponge rubber pad 80a-n segmented arcuate portions 82 cylindrical structure 84a-n struts 86a-n slots 92 block member 94 upper engagement tab 96 lower engagement tab 98 strut100 curved side102 curved side104 flat surface106 flat surface108 access groove110 access groove112 threaded hole114 threads116 recess118 protrusion120 plastic tip element122 groove124 angled tab126 angled tab128 planar surface130 slot140 slotted structure142a-n slots______________________________________

4y

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention relates to an electrical connector, and more particularly to an electrical connector having reduced crosstalk between wire-pairs. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Information flow has increased substantially in recent years, and networks have evolved to accommodate not only a greater number of users but also higher data rates. An example of a relatively high speed network is the subject of ANSI/IEEE Standard 802.5 which provides a description of the peer-to-peer protocol procedures that are defined for the transfer of information and control between any pair of Data Link Layer service access points on a 4 Mbit/s Local Area Network with token ring access. At such data rates, however, wiring paths themselves become antennae that both broadcast and receive electromagnetic radiation. This is a problem that is aggravated when station hardware requires multiple wire-pairs. Signal coupling (crosstalk) between different pairs of wires is a source of interference that degrades the ability to process incoming signals. This is manifested quantitatively as decreased signal-to-noise ratio and, ultimately, as increased error rate. Accordingly, crosstalk becomes an increasingly significant concern in electrical equipment design as the frequency of interfering signals is increased. Crosstalk occurs not only in the cables that carry the data signals over long distances, but also in the connectors that are used to connect station hardware to the cables. ANSI/IEEE Standard 802.5 discloses a Medium Interface Connector having acceptable crosstalk rejection at the frequencies of interest. This Connector features four signal contacts with a ground contact, and is hermaphroditic in design so that two identical units will mate when oriented 180 degrees with respect to each other. This Connector is available as IBM Part No. 8310574 or as Anixter Part No. 075849. Crosstalk rejection appears to result from short connector paths, ground shields, and the selection of particular terminals for each wire-pair. As might be expected, such connector arrangements are relatively expensive and represent a departure from communication plugs and jacks such as specified in Subpart F of the FCC Part 68.500 Registration Rules and used in telecommunication applications. For reasons of economy, convenience and standardization, it is desirable to extend the utility of the above-mentioned telecommunication plugs and jacks by using them at higher and higher data rates. Unfortunately, such plugs and jacks include up to eight wires that are close together and parallel--a condition that leads to excessive crosstalk, even over relatively short distances. Attempts to improve this condition are complicated by the fact that an assignment of particular wire-pairs to particular terminals already exists which is both standard and non-optimum. Indeed, in ANSI/EIA/TIA-568 standard, the terminal assignment for wire-pair 1 is straddled by the terminal assignment for wire-pair 2 or 3. If the electrical conductors that interconnect with these terminals are close together for any distance, as is the case in present designs, then crosstalk between these wire-pairs is particularly troublesome. Accordingly, it is desirable to reduce crosstalk in electrical connectors such as the plugs and jacks commonly used in telecommunication equipment. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In accordance with the invention, an electrical connector for connecting an ordered array of input terminals to an ordered array of output terminals is improved. The connector includes at least four conductors that are spaced apart from each other and make electrical interconnection between the input and output terminals. The conductors are generally parallel to each other along a portion of the interconnection path and are arranged to change the relative ordering of terminals, between input and output, from the ordering that would result if all conductors were confined to the same plane. In an illustrative embodiment of the invention, the input terminals of the electrical connector comprise insulation-displacing connectors, each having a pair of opposing contact fingers which functions to make electrical and mechanical connection to an insulated wire inserted therein. Further, the output terminals of the electrical connector comprise wire springs. Two lead frames, each comprising an array of conductors, are mounted on a dielectric block. Each conductor terminates, at one end, in a wire spring and, at the other end, in an insulation-displacing connector. Selected conductors of the lead frames cross over each other when they are mounted on the dielectric spring block, but are prevented from making electrical contact with each other at the point of crossover--one of the conductors includes an upward reentrant bend and the other includes a downward reentrant bend. Advantageously, the two lead frames are identical, but are reverse-mounted on the spring block in the left-to-right direction. The front side of the spring block includes a projection which fits into one end of a jack frame and interlocks therewith. Together, the spring block and jack frame comprise a standard modular jack of the type specified in the FCC Registration Rules. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The invention and its mode of operation will be more clearly understood from the following detailed description when read with the appended drawing in which: FIG. 1 discloses the use of a modular connector to interconnect high speed station hardware with a communication cable; FIG. 2 shows the jack contact wiring assignments for an 8-position, telecommunications outlet (T568B) as viewed from the front opening; FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a high frequency electrical connector in accordance with the present invention; FIG. 4 discloses a top view of the lead frame used in the present invention and its associated carrier; FIG. 5 discloses a side view of the lead frame and carrier of FIG. 4; FIG. 6 shows a top view of a portion of the spring block used in the present invention illustrating the region where crossover of the lead frames takes place; FIG. 7 discloses a partial cross sectional view of the spring block of FIG. 6 in the region where crossover of the lead frames takes place; FIG. 8 shows frequency plots of near end crosstalk between different wire-pairs of an electrical connector; FIG. 9 shows frequency plots of near end crosstalk between different wire-pairs of the same electrical connector used in FIG. 8 after improvement by the teachings of the present invention; and FIG. 10 is a top view of the lead frames shown in FIG. 3, after assembly, illustrating the crossover of certain conductors in region II. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Most communication systems transmit and receive electrical signals over wire-pairs rather than individual wires. Indeed, an electrical voltage is meaningless without a reference voltage--a person can't even get shocked unless part of his body is in contact with a reference voltage. Accordingly, the use of a pair of wires for electrical signal transmission is merely the practice of bringing along the reference voltage rather than relying on a local, fixed reference such as earth ground. Each wire in a wire-pair is capable of picking up electrical noise from noise sources such as lightning, radio and TV stations. However, noise pickup is more likely from nearby wires that run in the same general direction for long distances. This is known as crosstalk. Nevertheless, so long as each wire picks up the same noise, the voltage difference between the wires remains the same and the differential signal is unaffected. To assist each wire in picking up the same noise, the practice of twisting wire-pairs in various patterns emerged. FIG. 1 discloses an interconnection between high speed station hardware 200 and cable 70 which comprises a number of wire-pairs. Electrical interconnection between the station hardware 200 and cable 70 is facilitated by the use of standard telecommunications connectors that are frequently referred to as modular plugs and jacks. Specifications for such plugs and jacks can be found in Subpart F of the FCC Part 68.500 Registration Rules. Assembly 100 is adapted to accommodate the use of modular plugs and jacks and comprises connector 30, jack frame 20 and wall plate 10 which interlock together to provide a convenient receptacle for receiving modular plug 50. Inserted into opening 25, on the front side of jack frame 20, is the modular plug 50 which communicates electrical signals, via cable 60, to and from station hardware 200. Inserted into the back side of jack frame 20 is electrical connector 30 which is constructed in accordance with the principles of the invention. Wires from cable 70 are pressed into slots located on opposite side walls of connector 30 and make mechanical and electrical connection thereto. Four identical slots (not shown) are symmetrically positioned on the opposite side of connector 30. Wall plate 10 includes an opening 15 that receives and interlocks with jack frame 20. Terminal wiring assignments for modular plugs 50 and jacks 20 are specified in ANSI/EIA/TIA-568-1991 which is the Commercial Building Telecommunications Wiring Standard. This Standard associates individual wire-pairs with specific terminals for an 8-position, telecommunications outlet (T568B) in the manner shown by FIG. 2. The Standard even prescribes the color of each wire and Near End Crosstalk performance in the frequency range 1-16 MHz. While the color assignment does not lead to difficulties, the pair assignment does--particularly when high frequency signals are present on the wire-pairs. Consider, for example, the fact that wire-pair 3 straddles wire-pair 1, as illustrated in FIG. 2, looking into opening 25 of the jack frame 20. If the jack frame and connector 30 (see FIG. 1) include electrical paths that are parallel to each other and are in the same approximate plane, there will be electrical crosstalk between pairs 1 and 3. As it turns out, many electrical connectors that receive modular plugs are configured that way, and although the amount of crosstalk between pairs 1 and 3 is insignificant in the audio frequency band, it is unacceptably high at frequencies above 1 MHz. Still, it is desirable to use modular plugs and jacks of this type at these higher frequencies because of connection convenience and cost. FIG. 3 discloses an exploded perspective view of high frequency electrical connector 30 and jack frame 20 showing their assembly in greater detail. Electrical connector 30 comprises spring block 330, metallic lead frames 320-1, 320-2, cover 310, and labels 340 joined together as indicated. Referring briefly to FIG. 4. Lead frame 320 comprises four flat, elongated conductive elements 322 that terminate, at one end, in insulation-displacing connectors 323. Peripheral support structure 321 holds the conductive elements in a fixed relationship with respect to each other so that the lead frame can be easily handled; however, it is removed during assembly. Lead frame 320 is shaped into a desired electrical interconnection pattern which is, illustratively, stamped from 0.015 inch metal stock and gold plated in region I. During assembly, region I is bent around spring block 330 (see FIG. 3) to become the spring contacts within a modular jack. Because a portion of the lead frame is used as a spring contact, the entire lead frame itself is made from a resilient metal such as beryllium-copper although a variety of metal alloys can be used with similar results. Conductive elements 322 are parallel to each other and reside in the same plane. In order to reduce crosstalk between conductive elements, a technique is disclosed in which certain of the conductive elements are made to cross over each other in region II. Such crossover is not apparent in FIG. 4, but can be clearly seen in FIG. 3 where two identical lead frames 320-1, 320-2 are installed on top of each other, but reversed from left-to-right. Each of these lead frames is identical to the one shown in FIG. 4. Although a number of techniques can be used to electrically isolate the lead frames from each other, particularly in the region of the crossover, the preferred embodiment achieves electrical isolation by introducing a re-entrant bend in region II of the lead frame. This is most clearly seen in the side view of lead frame 220 shown in FIG. 5. Thus, when a pair of lead frames 320 are reversed from left-to-right and laid on top of each other, the conductive elements 322 bulge away from each other in region II. Another wy to achieve electrical isolations is to insert a dielectric spacer, such as mylar, between the lead frames. Although this technique avoids the need for a reentrant bend in the lead frame, an additional part is required. FIG. 10 discloses a top view of a pair of lead frames after assembly in accordance with the invention, illustrating the crossover of certain conductors in region II. FIG. 10 is intended to clarify the way in which the conductors 322 of lead frames 320-1 and 320-2 (see FIG. 3) cross over each other. The top lead frame (designated 320-2 in FIG. 3) is shown with shading in FIG. 10, and the bottom lead frame (designated 320-1 in FIG. 3) is shown without shading in FIG. 10. Note that there is no electrical connection between any of the conductors, particularly in region II where the crossover occurs; note also that the top and bottom lead frames are identical to each other, but reversed from left to right. The positioning of region II where the crossover occurs has been empirically determined. Distance "d," indicated in FIG. 5, is located at the approximate midpoint of the signal path between the locations where electrical connections are made at the ends of the conductive paths. Since each conductive path has a different length, different crossover points are required for optimum results. Nevertheless, substantial crosstalk reduction is achieved in easy-to-manufacture lead frame 320 where the entire lead frame is creased along a single line. Referring again to FIG. 3, lead frames 320-1, 320-2 are positioned on the top surface 336 of spring block 330 which includes grooves having the same pattern as the lead frame itself. Heat is, then, selectively applied to the grooves, via ultrasonic welding, in order to deform the thermoplastic material from which the spring block is made to permanently join the lead frames and spring block together. Insulation-displacing connectors 323 are folded down the sides of the spring block while the conductors in region I of lead frames 320-1, 320-2 are wrapped around tongue-like protrusion 331 of the spring block 330. Thereafter, cover 310 is joined to the spring block to create a unitary structure. In the present embodiment, spring block 330 cover 310 and jack frame 20 are all made from a thermoplastic material such as Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). After the insulation-displacing connectors 323 of the lead frame are folded around each side wall 337 on opposite sides of the spring block, the spaces between the opposing contact fingers that form the insulation-displacing connectors are aligned with wire-receiving slots 333 of the spring block so that a wire may pass therebetween. Side walls 337 are substantially parallel to each other and perpendicular to the top surface 336 of the spring block. Furthermore, when cover 310 is joined with spring block 330, its slots 313 are aligned with the spaces between opposing contact fingers of the insulation-displacing connectors 323. As a result, the insulation-displacing connectors are sandwiched between the spring block and cover, and protected from the possibility of an inadvertent electrical short between adjacent connectors. After the cover is joined to the spring block, pins 334 in the spring block protrude through two of the holes 314 in the cover. These pins are heated and deformed, via ultrasonic welding, to permanently join t he cover to the spring block. Cover 310 includes four symmetrically-positioned holes 314 so that it can be interlocked with the spring block in either of two positions. Electrical connector 30 may now be inserted into jack frame 20 which includes latch 26 that cooperates with shoulder 316, molded into the top of cover 310, to interlock the two together. Note that jack frame 20 shows numbers 1 and 8 on its front face that establish a numbering convention for the positioning of terminals within the jack frame in accordance with option B of the ANSI/EIA/TIA-568 standard. Wiring labels 340 also includes numbers 1-8 that identify which slot 313 is interconnected to each specific terminal. Such labeling is particularly useful in the present invention where crossovers made by the conductors of lead frames 320-1, 320-2 change the relative ordering of wires from the ordering that would result if all the conductors were confined to the same plane. Referring now to FIG. 6 there is provided a more detailed view of the top surface 336 of spring block 330 in the region that is inserted into the jack frame. In particular, the pattern of grooves in the top surface are shown in detail to demonstrate the manner in which crossover between conductor paths is accomplished. Grooves 332-1 . . . 332-8, molded in the top surface 336, are approximately 0.03 inches deep and 0.02 inches wide to accommodate a lead frame which includes conductors whose cross-section is generally square (0.015×0.015 inches(that are inserted therein. Dielectric walls separate the grooves to provide electrical isolation for the conductors of the lead frame. However, certain of the dielectric walls, for example the wall between grooves 332-1 and 332-2, are discontinuous in the region were crossover occurs. Furthermore, the grooves are, illustratively, 0.05 inches deeper in this region. This is shown in the FIG. 7 cross-sectional view of the spring block. The purpose of the deeper groove is to accommodate the reentrant bend in the lead frame where crossover occurs. By thus crossing over the conductors of the lead frame, crosstalk between otherwise parallel electrical paths is substantially reduced and the ability to use such telecommunication jacks at higher frequencies is made possible. Indeed, crosstalk reduction in the order of 15 dB is possible at the higher frequencies. The improvement offered by the present invention is dramatically illustrated in the frequency plots of FIG. 8 and FIG. 9. FIG. 8 shows frequency plots of near end crosstalk (NEXT) between different wire-pairs of the electrical connector shown in FIG. 3 in which lead frames 320-1 and 320-2 are replaced with a single 8-conductor lead frame without crossovers. Frequency is plotted logarithmically in the horizontal direction as an exponent of the base 10. For example 1.00 corresponds to 10 1 =10 MHz. At this frequency, the signal power communicated to wire-pair 3 from wire-pair 1, designated (1,3), is 48 dB below the signal power on wire-pair 1. As might be expected (1,3)=(3,1). The results are the far right-hand side of this frequency plot show crosstalk between the various wire-pairs in the 16 MHz region (i.e., 10 1 .25 MHz=17.7 MHz). FIG. 9 shows frequency plots of NEXT between different wire-pairs of the electrical connector shown in FIG. 8 where three crossovers are used in accordance with the invention. A decrease in the amount of crosstalk between one set of wire-pairs often leads to an increase in the amount of crosstalk between another set of wire-pairs. For example, the crosstalk at 10 MHz between wire-pairs (1,3) is 65 dB below the actual signal power which corresponds to an improvement, when compared with FIG. 8, of 17 dB for wire-pairs (1,3); however, crosstalk is increased between wire pairs (1,4) by the present invention. Nevertheless, the net effect is particularly desirable because the worst case crosstalk is so improved to the degree that the subject telecommunications jack is not suitable for use in connection with the IEEE 802.5 token ring. Although a particular embodiment of the invention has been disclosed, various modifications are possible within the spirit and scope of the invention. In particular, it is understood that crossovers between different conductors will result in different amounts of crosstalk between the different wire-pairs. As illustrated, decreasing the amount of crosstalk between specific wire-pairs sometimes results in increasing the amount of crosstalk between other wire pairs. Furthermore, changing the location where crossover takes place influences the amount of crosstalk. These considerations are a matter of design choice. Crossover may be achieved using a double-sided printed wiring board and the use of metal staples or plated-through holes to achieve electrical connection. Finally, the principles of the present invention may be incorporated in numerous connectors including modular plugs and jacks as well as connecting blocks.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 745,587, filed June 17, 1985, now abandoned, which is a continuation of Ser. No. 483,227, filed Apr. 8, 1983, now abandoned. BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to restraint systems for cargo on trucks and similar cargo transporting vehicles having designated cargo carrying space and more particularly to a system for restraining cargo in the bed of a truck such as a pick-up truck or the like or the interior load carrying portion of a van or station wagon. Truck beds are subject to substantial amounts of wear and tear due to the nature of the various types of cargo carried, the lack of care utilized by those placing the cargo in the bed and withdrawing it from the bed, and various environmental effects. Reconstruction of the truck bed is a substantial and costly procedure usually resulting in retirement of the entire vehicle. Furthermore, cargo restraint systems for truck beds, vans, and station wagons generally are limited by the nature of the cargo believed to be utilized. With pick-up trucks and similar load carrying vehicles, cargo is generally variable in size and a multi-faceted, multi-purpose cargo restraint system is believed to be highly valuable. With the ever increasing use of pick-up trucks, vans, station wagons, and the like which also have other day-to-day uses, such as commuting to and from work, for which some aesthetic appeal is desirable, a means of retaining aesthetic appeal in the vehicle used is also significant. Accordingly, in the present invention, a cargo restraint system is presented which may incorporate a liner for the bed of a truck into an improved restraint system for the cargo in the bed. Primary cargo restraining elements which are capable of clamping engagement with various cargo securing devices are implemented in the truck bed on the liner. The liner may have recesses in which the primary elements may be disposed wherein the cargo is supported on the upper surfaces of the bed liner so that the liner may bear the wear or other effects caused by movement of the cargo. The liner, of course, is wear-resistant and puncture-resistant, but is also readily replaceable without impairment of the structure of the underlying truck bed. The primary elements may also be mounted in a manner wherein the primary elements themselves have cargo supporting surfaces either in the same horizontal plane as the support surfaces of the bed liner or above the horizontal plane of the bed liner support surfaces. With any of the above alternatives, the bed liner may also utilize recesses as both drainage elements and also to lower the frictional interface between the cargo and the cargo support surfaces as the cargo is moved across the bed. Additionally, the cargo restraint system may be mounted directly to the truck bed or mounted in the interior of a van or station wagon. If so mounted, various cargo securing or load supporting elements may be utilized with the primary elements of the cargo restraint system. Various cargo securing elements clampingly engageable to the primary element and tailored to the loads carried in the bed are also disclosed here as part of the present invention. Particularly noteworthy cargo securing elements are illustrated here which have ease of operation yet flexibility and control in cargo securing and which are not shown by the prior art (such as U.S. Pat. No. 4,278,376, issued July 14, 1981) due to the multi-faceted uses of the various elements of the present system, the ease of use of the present system, and other advantages as set forth below. The present invention includes a cargo restraint system that has readily releasable components to make the system and the cargo restrained in the system easy to set up, use, adjust, modify, and/or disassemble as desired without interfering with the other functions of the load storage area of a vehicle. The components of the system themselves are also modifiable for various uses. Other objects and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from the following detailed description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is an elevated perspective view of the rear of a pick-up truck having the present invention installed in the bed of the truck; FIG. 2 is a plan view of the bed of the truck of FIG. 1 with cargo loaded in the bed; FIG. 3 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of the cargo restraint system of FIGS. 1 and 2; FIG. 4 is a view similar to FIG. 1 with a different cargo restraint element implemented in the system; FIG. 5 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of an alternative embodiment of the system of the present invention; FIG. 6 is an exploded perspective view of a portion of the system of FIG. 5; FIG. 7 is an elevational view of the elongated stop member of FIG. 5; FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating the present system in a truck bed without a liner; and FIG. 9 is a view similar to FIG. 1 illustrating the present system in a van, station wagon, or hybrid thereof. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Referring to FIG. 1, a pick-up truck 10 is illustrated having a cargo bed portion 12 comprised of two side walls 14 and 16, a forward wall 18, a tailgate 20, and a floor 22. Portions of the side walls 14 and 16 comprise wheel wells 24 and 26. A bed liner 28 is set within and secured to the truck bed 12 by suitable fasteners. The liner 28 is shaped to correspond to the shape of the bed 12 and has corresponding side walls 30 and 32, forward wall 34 and a base 36 to cover the bed floor 22. Outwardly directed flanges 38, 40, and 42 extend from the upper edge of the side walls 30 and 32 and forward wall 34, respectively, to overlap the top portion of the walls 14, 16, and 18 of the bed 12 and also conform and align the liner 28 to the truck bed 12. The conformance and alignment function is also provided by the wheel well cover portions 44 and 46 of the bed liner side walls 30 and 32, respectively. The liner 28 is constructed of a moldable polymeric material with suitable wear characteristics to withstand frictional movement of heavy objects thereon and also withstand piercing by sharp edges or corners of certain objects when moved or disposed on the liner. Recesses, in the form of grooves 48 in this embodiment, may be disposed throughout the liner to lower the amount of surface area and also provide for drainage of fluid from the liner. This is particularly noteworthy in the base 36 of the liner 28, as illustrated in more detail in FIG. 3, where grooves 48 are shown with cargo supporting surfaces 50 disposed between the grooves 48. The grooves 48 need not be uniform in any manner, although the construction shown in FIG. 3 is generally preferred. FIG. 3 also illustrates that at least one of the recesses or grooves 48 is constructed as shown at recess 48a to incorporate the liner 28 as an element of a cargo restraint system by incorporating a further element of the system into the liner. A primary cargo element 52 is secured to the liner 28, either individually as an assembly or to the truck bed 12 through the liner, by suitable fasteners (not shown). The element 52 is comprised of two side walls 54 and 56, two upper surfaces 58 and 60 inwardly directed from the side walls, and means for clampingly engaging a further second cargo securing device of the cargo restraint system to the element 52 comprising in this instance a T-slot channel 62 comprised of longitudinally extending clamping surfaces 64 and 66 interiorly of the element 52, along with interior side walls 68 and 70 and base 72, which walls and base may also be utilized as clamping surfaces with other types of clamping mechanisms. The element 52 may also include a suitable end cap 74 (FIG. 1) at one end or both ends thereof. The upper surfaces 58 and 60 of the primary cargo restraining element 52 are generally cargo supporting surfaces in those similarly constructed elements utilized with luggage carriers on automobiles and designated as slats, and may also be used as such here if the recesses or grooves 48a are constructed of a depth less than the depth of the element 52 or if the element 52 is otherwise mounted on the liner 28 so that the plane formed by the upper surfaces 58 and 60 is the same as or vertically elevated from a plane formed by support surfaces 50 of the base 36 of the liner 28. It is preferred, however, that the upper surfaces 58 and 60 of the element 52 be disposed in a plane below a plane formed by the support surfaces 50 of the base 36 of the liner 28 to reduce the wear on the element 52 and potentially extend the useful life of the entire cargo restraint system. In combination with the element 52 and the liner 28, various cargo securing devices may be utilized that are clampingly engageable with the primary element 52. FIGS. 1 to 3 illustrate a cargo securing device comprising a tie down/positioning member 76 having an abutment portion 78, a first tie down portion 80 and a second tie down 82. The abutment portion 78 has a vertically disposable abutment surface and forms an angle, here a right angle, with a horizontally extending base 84 of the device 76. The first tie down portion 80 extends between the abutment portion 78 and said base 84 and buttresses the abutment portion 78. The base 84 includes a key 86 integrally associated with the base 84 via an integrally associated guide element 88 which has a thickness less than the key portion. An aperture 90 is disposed near the end of the base 84 opposite the end 92 with which the vertically disposed portion 78 and the key 86 are operably associated. Referring to FIG. 3, the tie down/positioning member 76 is disposed in the primary element 52 by turning the longitudinal axis of the base 84 perpendicularly to the longitudinal axis of the primary element channel 62 so that the key 86 may be disposed therein. The width of the key 86 is less than the width of the opening of the channel 62. The member 76 is then turned so that the longitudinal axis of the base 84 is parallel to the longitudinal axis of the primary element channel 62 so that the ends 94 and 96 of the key 86 are disposed with the channel 62. The length between the ends 94 and 96 of the key 86 is greater than the width of the opening of the channel 62. A threaded stud portion 98 extends downwardly from the second tie down member 82 is insertable through aperture 90 into engagement with a threaded aperture 100 in a clamping element 102 within the channel 62 of the primary element 52. The tie down/positioning member 76 may be slidably adjusted to any desired position along the length of the primary element 52 at which point the threaded second tie down member 82 is threadably secured to the clamping element 102 to securely engage the tie down/positioning member 76 in position by manual engagement of the second tie down member 82. Once the series of members 76 are engaged in desired positions, rope spider connectors, elastic hook connectors, or the like may be secured to either the loop 104 of the threaded tie down member 82 or the first tie down 80 of the tie down/positioning member 76 to secure cargo articles to the truck bed 28. As illustrated in FIG. 2, mere abutment by the members 76 may be sufficient for certain loads and the walls of the truck bed can be readily incorporated into the cargo restraint system for this purpose. A further alternative is illustrated in FIG. 4 where an elevated cross rail 120 is disposed on brackets 122 and 124 which brackets have suitable means for clampingly engaging the primary elements 52. Tie downs 126 and 128 may be adjustably positioned both in the cross rail 120 and also in the primary element 52 (not shown). Various other cargo securing elements, such as utility bores, various types of tie down members, and various other brackets may also be clampingly secured to the primary element 52 to be included as part of the system of the present invention. An additional alternative embodiment is illustrated as the cargo restraint system 150 of FIG. 5. The system 150 includes the same primary cargo securing element 52 as the prior embodiments and may be optionally associated with a truck bed liner 28. A cargo securing bracket 152 is clampingly engageable with the primary element 52 comprising a horizontally extending base 154 from which first 156 and second 158 vertically disposed supports extend upwardly to form a slot 159. The first support 156 is integrated with a buttress 160, which buttress 160 is also integrated with the base 154 to form a tie down portion 162. The base 154 includes a key 164 integrally associated with the base 154 by an integrally associated guide element 156 having a thickness less than the key 164 and also less than the distance between the upper surfaces 58 and 60 of the primary element 52 which distance is also the width of the opening to the channel 62. The length of key 164 is greater than the width of the opening to the channel 62 and the width of the key 164 is less than the width of the opening to the channel 62 so that, as shown in FIG. 6, the bracket 152 may be disposed at a right angle of the primary element 52 to permit insertion of the key 164 into the channel 62 of the primary element 52. Then the bracket 152 is rotated 90 degrees to secure the bracket 152 slidably within the channel 62 of primary element 52. The base 154 of the bracket 152 also includes an aperture 166 through which a second tie down member 82, as described above, can be inserted and threadably engage a threaded aperture 100 in a clamping element 102 disposed within the channel 62 of the primary element 52, as described above. The bracket 152 may be slidably adjusted to any desired position along the length of the primary element 52 at which point the threaded second tie down member 82 is threadably secured to the clamping element 102 to securely lock the bracket 152 in position. As shown in FIG. 5, use of at least two of the brackets 152 permits a stop block 168 to be readily implemented into the system. The second vertically disposed support 158 includes a releasing flange 170 canted away from the slot 159 at the upper end of the support and a lug 172 directed inwardly into the slot 159. The stop block 168 is inserted into the slot 159 of each bracket 152 once the brackets 152 are laterally aligned on the primary elements 52. The block 168 has a series of recesses 174 and 176 which cooperate with the lug 172 of each bracket 152 to secure the block 168 in position. The second vertical support 158 has a limited degree of flexion to permit the stop block 168 to be forced over the lug 172 until an aperture 174 or 176 is associated with the lug 174 or 176, at which point the second vertical support 158 will spring back to its vertical position. If the stop block 168 is to be moved vertically or otherwise released, the releasing flange permits movement of the second vertical support 158 and the lug 172 away from the stop block 168. A handle 178 formed by an aperture in the block aids in the movement of the block. FIGS. 8 and 9 illustrate that the present invention can be utilized without a bed liner and also interiorly of a cargo carrying vehicle such as a station wagon, van, or hybrid vehicle once the primary elements 52 are suitably secured. Referring to FIG. 8, the cargo bed portion 12 has no bed liner. The primary elements or slats 180 and end caps 182 are secured by screws or other suitable fasteners directly to the floor 22 of the cargo bed portion 12. The brackets 152 and stop block 168 are then releasably secured to the primary elements or slats 180 as set forth above. As shown in FIG. 9, the primary elements are used with the floor 200 of a station wagon or van 202 and may also have concurrent multiple uses such as for attachment of a seat 204 in addition to adjustably securing a stop block 168. In such an enclosed storage area, the components of the system may be readily disassembled and removed to return the area to its normal uses, such as for seating, or to return the area to one with no storage functions at all, as desired. Again the primary elements or slats 206 are secured to the floor 200, along with end caps 208 by conventional fasteners and the brackets 152 are secured to the primary elements or slats 206 as described above with the stop block 168 operably associated with the brackets 152 as set forth above. The seat 204 may be operably clamped to the primary elements or slats 206 by any conventional means. While it will be apparent that the preferred embodiments of the invention disclosed are well calculated to fulfill the objects above stated, it will be appreciated that the invention is susceptible to modification, variation and change without departing from the proper scope or fair meaning of the subjoined claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to databases, and more particularly to transparently caching and reusing database query execution plans. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Today's object-oriented database environments are typically used as front-ends to more simplistic but efficient data models, such as flat files and relational databases. In a relational database, data is perceived by its users as a collection of tables. The tables in a relational database include a row of column names specifying one or more attribute fields, and zero or more data rows containing one scalar value for each of the column fields. In operation, a client submits a semantic-rich query at the object-level to the database system. Because the object-oriented model is much more sophisticated and complicated than a relational model, it is usually more expensive to process a query in the object space. Therefore, the database system converts the object-oriented query into a relational query that queries the relational database. This is accomplished by generating an execution plan specifying what queries to run against the relational databases, and how to combine those results to compute the final result. As an example, assume that a user has the following query: “Find all employees having a salary greater than $100,000.” This query, which is expressed in English, could be represented as the following object space query (depending on the computer language): “Select e from EmpClassMOHome e where e.salary>100000”. In the example, “EmpClassMOHome,” identifies a class of objects similar to a table in a relational space, and “e” represents a specific instance in that class. This query would then be converted into a corresponding relational query in the execution plan. Relational queries to a relational database are carried out through high-level commands or statements, such as SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE, which are examples of statements from standard SQL (Structured Query Language). The object space query from the example above would be translated into a query execution plan containing the following query: SELECT * FROM Employee WHERE salary>100,000 The SELECT command specifies the desired attributes to be returned FROM a specified table WHERE some specified condition is true. In this example, a “*” in the SELECT clause means that all attributes from the “Employee” table should be returned for all records meeting the condition in the WHERE clause. The WHERE clause includes one or more literals, each of which includes at least one attribute (e.g., salary), an operator (e.g., >), and either a constant value (e.g., 100,000) or another attribute. Unfortunately, generating an execution plan from an object query is CPU intensive and may take significantly longer time than even executing the plan against the relational database. Most time in generating the execution plan is spent parsing and analyzing the complex metadata that maps the object attributes to relations. To minimize this overhead, some systems cache the queries and their corresponding plans. If a new user query matches a cached query, the cached execution plan is reused for the new query. There are generally two methods for caching queries and plans. One method for caching queries is manual in that it requires the database user to explicitly request the database system to prepare a query (also generate and save the execution plan internally), and then return a handle to it. The user may then reuse that query several times by submitting the same handle to the database system each time the user desires to issue that same query. Another method replaces all constant values in the query with host variables. An example is: SELECT id FROM Employee WHERE name=:hostv1 The user then specifies a constant value for the host variable (e.g., :hostv1=“Vader”) and submits the query. The host-variable query can then be reused several times, each time specifying different constant values for host variables. Although the manual and host-variable techniques cache and reuse certain queries, the caching and reuse of the execution plans is non-transparent to the user because the user is aware of, and is required to explicitly facilitate reuse of the execution plans. In addition, some systems that do not support host-variables are limited because they only reuse query execution plans when a new query string exactly matches a cached query string, including constant values. Thus, given the following to queries: (1) SELECT id FROM Employee WHERE name=“Luke” and (2) SELECT id FROM Employee WHERE name=“Skywalker”, conventional methods would consider the two queries different and would spend the time to generate an entirely new execution plan for the second query. Accordingly, what is needed is a system and method for transparently and efficiently caching and reusing database query execution plans. The present invention addresses such a need. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is a method and system for transparently caching and reusing database query execution plans. The method and system include caching a first query that contains a first constant. A first query execution plan is also generated for the query that represents the first constant with a parameter name. The method and system further include receiving a new query that contains second constant. The new query is compared with the first query and a match is determined to exist even when the second constant in the new query fails to match the first constant from the first query. Upon a match, the first query execution plan is reused by substituting the parameter name in the query execution plan with the second constant from the new query without user intervention, thereby avoiding generating a new query execution plan for the new query. According to the present invention, a more flexible definition of a query match is provided, leading to more frequent reuse of execution plans and increase in system speed. Moreover, the reusable execution plan is obtained for a matching new query at a fraction of the cost of generating a new execution plan. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the operating environment of the present invention. FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the steps comprising the process of transparently caching and reusing query execution plans in accordance with the present invention. FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of establishing parameter association to replace the constants from an original query execution plan with the constants from a new query. DETAILED DESCRIPTION The present invention relates to transparently caching and reusing database query execution plans. The following description is presented to enable one of ordinary skill in the art to make and use the invention and is provided in the context of a patent application and its requirements. Various modifications to the preferred embodiment and the generic principles and features described herein will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art. For example, although the present invention will be disclosed in terms of a database environment having an object-oriented front-end and a relational database back-end, the present invention is independent of the object model and independent of the backend database mode. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiment shown but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and features described herein. FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating the operating environment of the present invention. A component broker connector (CBC) application server 30 provides an object-oriented environment for developing and/or administrating applications for background databases 38 , whether relational or IMS. The CBC application server 30 includes a collection of objects 32 and a cache 34 . A CBC client 36 submits semantic-rich queries regarding objects in the database 38 to the CBC application server 30 . The CBC application server 30 , which also manages the details of the interaction with the client (e.g., connection and context), receives the object query and translates the queries from object space into database space (e.g., relational or Customer Information Control System (CICS), an IMS hierarchical database). The CBC application server 30 includes metadata that defines how objects 32 are mapped to the back-end relational data. When a query is received, the CBC application server 30 parses and analyzes the metadata and generates the execution plan that specifies what queries to run against the relational databases. As stated above, generating an execution plan from an object query is CPU intensive and may take significantly longer time than executing the plan against the relational database, unless the result set is large. The goal is to reduce the overhead of parsing and analyzing the complex metadata in generating the execution plan. To minimize this overhead, queries 35 that were processed in the recent past in accordance with the present invention and their corresponding execution plans are saved in the cache 34 . If a new user query 40 matches a cached query 35 , then the corresponding cached execution plan is reused for the new query. Prior methods for caching and reusing query execution plans have several drawbacks. One drawback is that both the manual reuse method and the host-variable method require explicit user interaction. Another drawback is that the systems that do not support host-variables have limited matching schemes because a cached execution plan will not be reused unless its corresponding cached query identically matches a new query. This is important because when a match fails a new execution plan, which can be large (at least 2 K bytes), must be generated. The present invention provides an improved scheme for caching and reusing query execution plans that is transparent to the user. The present invention provides a more flexible definition of a query match, leading to a more frequent reuse of execution plans and an increase in system speed. According to the present invention, the definition of a query match is broadened so that a cached execution plan is reused even when two queries match do not identically match. During a comparison, between two queries, constants are ignored so that a match is declared even when the queries have non-matching constants. FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating the steps comprising the process of transparently caching and reusing query execution plans in accordance with the present invention. In a preferred embodiment, the following steps are performed by the CBC application server 30 , although any software program or hardware for implementing the process may also be used. The process begins once a query 40 is received in step 100 . As described above, a query is a string of words representing database commands and constants. After the query 40 is received, the query 40 is tokenized in step 102 . During tokenization, each word in the query 40 is converted into a number representing the word. The tokens identify object classes, constants, commands, and so on. After the query 40 is tokenized to provide a tokenized query 42 , the tokenized query 42 is compared to queries stored in the cache 34 in step 104 . If no queries are present in the cache 34 , then query 40 is the first query, and must be processed and stored in the cache 34 for possible reuse. The process then proceeds to step 106 , where the tokenized query 42 is parsed using a well-known parsing procedure. The output of parsing and the stored metadata are used to generate a query execution plan in step 108 , as described above. The query execution plan resembles a program or algorithm that defines the mapping between objects and relational data, how touples are returned from the relational database, how to post process the data, and return the results to the client 36 . After the query execution plan is generated, both the tokenized query 42 and the execution plan are parameterized in step 110 . Parameterization is the assignment of parameter names to constants, which facilitates the reuse of cached execution plans. For example, assume a query includes three constants, “ 500 ”, “ 600 ” and “ 700 ”. During parameterization, each of these parameters in both the tokenized query 42 and its execution plan would be assigned parameter names, such as “param 1 ”, “param 2 ”, and “param 3 ”, respectively. Next, the tokenized and parameterized query and its corresponding parameterized execution plan are stored in the cache 34 in step 112 in an attempt to reuse the execution plan for future queries. Thereafter, the execution plan is executed in order to query the database 38 in step 114 . Referring again to step 104 , if a query is present in the cache, then the query 40 received in step 100 (and the corresponding tokenized query 42 ) is not the first query received. It is therefore referred to as a new query 40 . The tokens of the new tokenized query 42 are compared with the tokens of the cached queries 35 . According to the present invention, the definition of a query match is broadened by ignoring the tokens representing constants during the comparison, such a match will be declared even when two queries have non-matching constants. Therefore, the new tokenized query 42 will match a cached query 35 in step 104 when all of their tokens match except for the tokens that represent constants. And since numbers are compared rather than characters during the token comparison, the process is faster which means that the cache 34 may be made larger without impacting performance. If a match is found between the new tokenized query 42 and a cached query 35 , then parameter association is established in step 116 . In parameter association, each constant contained in the new the tokenized query 42 is associated with a parameter name from the matching cached query 35 . Once this association is established, a specific query execution plan is generated for the new tokenized query 42 by substituting the parameters in the cached execution plan of the matching query 35 with the corresponding constants in the new tokenized query 42 in step 118 . After the specific execution plan for the new query 40 has been generated using the original execution plan, the specific execution plan is executed in step 114 , and the database is queried without generating a new plan for the query 40 . FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating an example of establishing parameter association to replace the parameters from an original query execution plan with the constants from a new query. The example shows an original query execution plan that includes two constants having values of “500” and “600”, respectively. After paramertization (step 110 ), parameter names, “parameter name 1 ” and “parameter name 2 ”, are assigned to the constants. Now assume that a new query, containing two constants having values of “1000” and “200”, respectively, matches an original query in the cache corresponding to the query execution plan. Parameter association (step 116 ) will associate the constants in the new query with the parameters from the original execution plan. Thereafter, a new query execution plan is generated for the new query by substituting the parameters in the original query execution plan with the corresponding constants in the new query, as shown. Referring again to FIG. 2, in a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the search for matching cached queries in step 104 is speeded up by generating a signature for each query during tokenization. To generate a signature; key characteristics of the query are identified, such as the number of SELECT statements it contains, for example, and the signature is generated from these characteristics. The query is then hashed based on its signature. The cache is also partitioned according to hash groupings. Given a new query, a search for a matching query in the cache is limited to only the partition in the cache that the new query's signature hashes to, thus reducing the number of comparisons. A method and system for transparently caching and reusing database query execution plans has been disclosed that provides a more flexible definition of a query match, leading to more frequent reuse of execution plans and increase in system speed. In addition, the present invention provides a format for caching queries that increases query matching speed and reduces the overhead of caching, and the cache organization ignores cached queries that are incompatible with new query during the search for a matching queries due to the use of signatures. Although the present invention has been described in accordance with the embodiments shown, one of ordinary skill in the art will readily recognize that there could be variations to the embodiments and those variations would be within the spirit and scope of the present invention. Accordingly, many modifications may be made by one or ordinary skill in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to covered stents for use in various medical procedures. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The following terms used herein are defined as follows: The term “stent” means a frame structure containing openings through its wall, typically cylindrical in shape, intended for implantation into the body. A stent may be self-expanding and/or expanded using applied forces. As used herein, the terms “covered stent” and “stent-graft” are used interchangeably to mean a stent with a cover on at least a portion of its length. The cover can be on the outer surface, the inner surface, on both surfaces of the stent, or the stent may be embedded within the cover itself. The cover may be porous or non-porous and permeable or non-permeable. Active or inactive agents or fillers can be attached to or incorporated into the cover. Referring to FIG. 4 a , as used in this application, the term “wrinkle” 65 a , 65 b means a fold in a stent cover 62 that has a larger peak to valley height 64 than a thickness 66 of an adjacent stent strut 68 . In the illustrated instance where the cover is mounted within the stent, a wrinkle 65 a in a cover 62 on the outer surface of a covered stent 60 may be identified where the cover extends beyond the inner surface of the stent struts 68 . A wrinkle 65 b can also extend radially inward. Referring to FIG. 4 b , a wrinkle 65 a in a cover on the inner surface of a covered stent 60 can extend radially outward. Such an outward-extending wrinkle may be identified where the cover 62 extends beyond the outer surface of the stent struts 68 as shown in FIG. 4 b . A wrinkle 65 b can also extend radially inward as shown in FIG. 4 b Wrinkles can be observed with unaided vision or they can be observed and measured under magnification, such as optical microscopy. “Wrinkle-free” means a stent covering that is substantially free of “wrinkles.” As used herein, the term “expand” has two distinct meanings. When used in the context of describing stents, it refers to the increase in diameter of those devices. When used in the context of ePTFE material, it refers to the stretching (i.e., expansion) process used to render PTFE material stronger and porous. As used herein, the term “self-expanding” means the attribute of a device that describes that it expands outwardly, such as in a general radial direction, upon removal of a constraining means, thereby increasing in diameter without the aid of an external force. That is, self-expanding devices inherently increase in diameter once a constraining mechanism is removed. Constraining means include, but are not limited to, tubes from which the stent or covered stent device is removed, such as by pushing. Alternatively, a constraining tube or sheath may be disrupted to free the device or the constraining means can be unraveled should it be constructed of a fiber or fibers. External forces, as provided by balloon catheters for example, may be used prior to expansion to help initiate an expansion process, during expansion to facilitate expansion, and/or after stent or covered stent deployment to further expand or otherwise help fully deploy and seat the device. As used herein, the term “fully deployed” refers to the state of a self-expanding stent after which the constraining means has been removed and the stent, at about 37° C. over the course of 30 seconds, has expanded under its own means without any restriction. A portion or portions of a self-expanding stent may be fully deployed and the remainder of the stent may be not fully deployed. The phrase, “operating diametric range” refers to the diametric size range over which the stent or stent-graft will be used and typically refers to the inner diameter of the device. Devices are frequently implanted in vessel diameters smaller than that corresponding to the device fully deployed state. This operating range may be the labeled size(s) that appear in the product literature or on the product package or it can encompass a wider range, depending on the use of the device. As used herein, the term “porous” describes a material that contains small or microscopic openings, or pores. Without limitation, “porous” is inclusive of materials that possess pores that are observable under microscopic examination. “Non-porous” refers to materials that are substantially free of pores. The term “permeable” describes a material through which fluids (liquid and/or gas) can pass. “Impermeable” describes materials that block the passage of fluids. It should be appreciated that a material may be non-porous yet still be permeable to certain substances. Stents and covered stents have a long history in the treatment of trauma-related injuries and disease, especially in the treatment of vascular disease. Stents can provide a dimensionally stable conduit for blood flow. Stents prevent vessel recoil subsequent to balloon dilatation thereby maintaining maximal blood flow. Covered stents can provide the additional benefits of preventing blood leakage through the wall of the device and inhibiting, if not preventing, tissue growth through the stent into the lumen of the device. Such growth through the interstices of the stent may obviate the intended benefits of the stenting procedure. In the treatment of carotid arteries and the neurovasculature, coverings trap plaque particles and other potential emboli against the vessel wall thereby preventing them from entering the blood stream and possibly causing a stroke. Coverings on stents are also highly desirable for the treatment of aneurismal vascular disease. The covers may further act as useful substrates for adding fillers or other bioactive agents (such as anticoagulant drugs, antibiotics, growth inhibiting agents, and the like) to enhance device performance. The stent covers may extend along a portion or portions or along the entire length of the stent. Generally, stent covers should be biocompatible and robust. They can be subjected to cyclic stresses about a non-zero mean pressure. Consequently, it is desirable for them to be fatigue and creep resistant in order to resist the long-term effects of blood pressure. It is also desirable that stent covers be wear-resistant and abrasion-resistant. These attributes are balanced with a desire to provide as thin a cover as possible in order to achieve as small a delivery profile as possible. Covers compromise the flow cross-section of the devices, thereby narrowing the blood flow area of the device, which increases the resistance to flow. While increased flow area is desirable, durability can be critical to the long-term performance of covered stents. Design choice, therefore, may favor the stronger, hence thicker, covering. Thick covers, however, are more resistant to distension than otherwise identical thinner covers. Some balloon-expandable stent covers are wrinkle-free over the operating range of the stents because the extreme pressures of the balloons can distend the thick, strong covers that are placed onto the stent at a less than a fully deployed stent diameter. Even the thinnest covers in the prior art such as those made of ePTFE (e.g., those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 6,923,827 to Campbell et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 5,800,522 to Campbell et al.), however, may be too unyielding to be distended by the radial forces exerted by even the most robust self-expanding stents. Non-elastic and non-deformable self-expanding stent covers are, therefore, generally attached in a wrinkle-free state to the stent when the stent is fully deployed. When such covered stents are at any outer diameter smaller than the fully deployed outer diameter, the cover is necessarily wrinkled. These wrinkles, unfortunately, can serve as sites for flow disruption, clot initiation, infection, and other problems. The presence of wrinkles may be especially deleterious at the inlet to covered stents. The gap between the wrinkled leading edge of the cover and the host vessel wall can be a site for thrombus accumulation and proliferation. The adverse consequences of wrinkles are particularly significant in small diameter vessels which are prone to fail due to thrombosis, and even more significant in the small vessels that provide blood to the brain. The use of thin, strong materials is known for implantable devices (e.g., those taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,735,892 to Myers et al.). Extremely thin films of expanded PTFE (ePTFE) have been taught to cover both self-expanding and balloon expandable stents. Typically these films are oriented during the construction of the devices to impart strength in the circumferential direction of the device. Consequently, the expanding forces of the self-expanding stents may be far too low to distend these materials. In fact, such devices are generally designed to withstand high pressures. These coverings, like those of other coverings in the art, are wrinkle-free only when the devices are fully deployed. Thin, extruded but not expanded fluoropolymer tubes have been used to cover self-expanding and balloon-expandable stents (e.g., U.S. Patent Application 2003/0082324 A1 to Sogard). These seamless extruded tube covers are applied to self-expanding stents in the fully deployed state of the stents. The stent coverings, therefore, possess wrinkles upon crushing the device to a diameter smaller than the fully deployed diameter. Expanded PTFE material has been used to cover stents that are self-expanding up to a given diameter, then use the assistance of a balloon catheter or other expansion force to achieve the desired clinical implantation diameter (e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 6,336,937 to Vonesh et al). Such covers are wrinkled in the range of diameters up to the diameter at which the stent expands on its own. Beyond that diameter, the covers may be relatively wrinkle-free, however, the stent may no longer be freely self-expanding. Another type of covered stent previously disclosed (e.g., U.S. Patent Application 2002/0178570 A1 to Sogard) is constructed with two polymeric liners laminated together yet not adhered to the stent. In the absence of bonding a liner to the stent, both an inner and outer liner are necessary and they need to be bonded together at the stent openings in order to construct a coherent stent-graft. This construction provides a relatively smooth liner on one side of the stent. The outer liner follows the geometry of the stent strut and is bonded to the inner liner. As such, according to the definition of a “wrinkle” as provided herein, the outer liner is wrinkled. Expanded PTFE liners of self-expanding covered stents made with shape memory alloys were taught to be laminated together at elevated temperatures, as high as 250° C. (and below 327° C.), while not exceeding a stent temperature which might reset the shape memory state of the alloy. In the absence of bonding the liners to the stent struts, gaps are formed between the liners. Such gaps may become filled with biological materials that compromise the blood flow area and, therefore, may restrict blood flow. Without the addition of other materials, expanded PTFE materials must be heated well above 200° C. in order the heat bond them together. Given that these stent-graft devices are intended to self-expand at body temperature, the temperature at which the alloy may reset is necessarily close to body temperature. This thermal requirement obviates the possibility of heat bonding the liner to the stent at around a 250° C. temperature. Furthermore, the size of the covered stent that can be constructed in this manner is limited by the physics of heat conduction. That is, a 250° C. heat source must be at a suitable distance from the stent during the lamination process. The liners are laminated with the stent at a diameter less than deployed diameter, hence the size of the openings of the stent are smaller than if the liners were laminated at a larger stent diameter. Consequently, small diameter covered stents cannot be made in accordance with these teachings, nor can the liners be bonded to the stent. U.S. Pat. No. 6,156,064 to Chouinard teaches use of dip coating to apply polymers to self-expanding stents. Stents and stent-grafts are dipped into polymer-solvent solutions to form a film on the stent followed by spray coating and applying a polymeric film to the tube. Stent-grafts comprising at least three layers (i.e., stent, graft, and membrane) are taught to be constructed in this manner. Stents have also been covered with a continuous layer of elastic material. As taught in U.S. Pat. No. 5,534,287 to Lukic, a covering may be applied to a stent by radially contracting the stent, then placing it inside a tube with a coating on its inner surface. The stent is allowed to expand, thereby bringing it in contact with the coating on the tube. The surface of contact between the stent and the tube is then vulcanized or similarly-bonded. No teaching is provided concerning the diameter of the tube relative to the fully deployed stent diameter. The patent specifically teaches in one embodiment the application of the coating on a stent in the expanded condition. The inventor does not teach how to eliminate or even reduce wrinkles in the stent cover. In fact, the patent teaches how to increase the thickness of the coating, a process that would only increase the occurrence of wrinkling. The patent teaches away from the use of a non-elastic material to cover the stent, and specifically teaches away from the use of a “Teflon®” (i.e., PTFE) tube. U.S. Patent Application 2004/0024448 A1 to Chang et al teaches covered stents with elastomeric materials including PAVE-TFE. Self-expanding stent-grafts made with this material, like those made of other materials in the art, are not wrinkle-free over the operating range of the devices. These coverings of self-expanding stents are typically applied to the stent in the fully-deployed state. Consequently, wrinkles are formed when the stent-graft is crushed to any significant degree. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention is an improved expandable implantable stent-graft device that provides a smooth flow surface over a range of operative expanded diameters. This is accomplished by applying a unique cover material to the stent through a unique technique that allows the cover to become wrinkle-free prior to reaching fully deployed diameter. The unique cover material then allows the device to continue to expand to a fully deployed diameter while maintaining a smooth and coherent flow surface throughout this additional expansion. In one embodiment the present invention comprises a diametrically self-expanding stent-graft device having a graft covering attached to at least a portion of the stent. The device is adapted to be constrained into a compacted diameter for insertion into a body conduit, which will produce wrinkles along its graft surface. However, when the device is unconstrained from the compacted diameter it will self-expand up to a fully deployed diameter with the graft being substantially wrinkle-free over diameters ranging from 50% to 100% of the fully deployed diameter. Further improvements in the present invention may include providing a fluoropolymer graft component, such as an ePTFE, in the form of either a coherent continuous tube or a film tube. The graft and stent may be combined together through a variety of means, including using heat bonding or adhesive, such as FEP or PMVE-TFE. By modifying the materials and/or the construction techniques, the range of wrinkle-free expansions can be increased to about 30%-100% or even wider ranges. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 a is a three-quarter isometric view of one embodiment of a covered stent of the present invention in the constrained state, having the cover mounted on the outside of the stent; FIG. 1 b is a three-quarter isometric view of the embodiment of a covered stent of the present invention of FIG. 1 a in the fully deployed state; FIG. 2 a is a transverse cross-section view of the embodiment of a covered stent of the present invention deployed to 30% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device; FIG. 2 b is a transverse cross-section view of the embodiment of a covered stent of the present invention deployed to 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device with the smooth gradual transition of the adhesive-stent cover interface shown in detail in an enlarged sectional view; FIG. 2 c is a transverse cross-section view of the embodiment of a covered stent of the present invention taken along line 2 c - 2 c of FIG. 1 b , deployed to 100% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device with the smooth gradual transition of the adhesive-stent cover interface shown in detail in an enlarged sectional view; FIG. 3 a is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the present invention that is constrained in a partially deployed state of about 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device; FIG. 3 b is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the present invention that is constrained in a partially deployed state of about 60% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device; FIG. 3 c is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the present invention that is constrained in a partially deployed state of about 70% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device; FIG. 3 d is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the present invention that is constrained in a partially deployed state of about 80% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device; FIG. 3 e is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the present invention that is constrained in a partially deployed state of about 90% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device; FIG. 3 f is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the present invention that is fully deployed; FIG. 3 g is a photomicrograph showing the inside of a covered stent of the prior art that is constrained in a partially deployed state of about 50% of the fully deployed diameter; FIG. 4 a is a transverse cross-section view of exemplary wrinkles in a cover on the outer surface of the stent; and FIG. 4 b is a transverse cross-section view of exemplary wrinkles in a cover on the inner surface of the stent. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention addresses the problem of wrinkles in the covers in stent-grafts. The covers of self-expanding stent-grafts heretofore exhibited wrinkles when deployed to diameters smaller than the diameter at which the cover was applied to the stent, which is typically the fully deployed diameter. Inasmuch as body conduits are rarely the exact diameter of the stent-graft, rarely uniformly circular in cross-section, and rarely non-tapered, sections or entire lengths of self-expanding stent-grafts frequently are not fully deployed and hence present wrinkled surfaces to flowing blood or other body fluids. Furthermore, covered stents are often intentionally implanted at less than their fully deployed diameters in order to utilize their inherent radial expansion force to better anchor the devices against the host tissue, thereby preventing device migration in response to blood flow. Such practices come at the expense of having to tolerate devices with at least partially wrinkled covers. The present invention involves the use of a unique stent cover material, one that combines two seemingly mutually exclusive properties—being both strong enough to withstand the forces exerted by constant, cyclic blood pressure and also distensible enough to expand in response to the expansion forces exerted by a self-expanding stent. In addition, a unique manufacturing method had to be devised in order to utilize this material to construct a self-expanding stent-graft. The temperature-constrained shape-memory properties of self-expanding stents introduce significant processing challenges. Ultimately, a process was developed which entailed not only applying the cover to the stent in a cold environment, but also entailed bonding the cover to the stent at these cold temperatures. Referring to FIGS. 1 a and 1 b , the present invention is directed to implantable device 60 having a self-expanding stent component 63 with either an inner or outer cover 62 (or both), that is wrinkle-free over an operating diametric range of the device. The cover 62 has wrinkles 65 in the constrained state as shown in FIG. 1 a . The wrinkles disappear once the device self-expands to the diameter at which the cover was applied to the stent. The cover 62 remains wrinkle-free as the device 60 self-expands even further as shown in FIG. 1 b . The invention addresses the clinical problems associated with wrinkles in self-expanding stent covers while providing the minimum amount of covering material. Wrinkles are known to disrupt blood flow and become sites for clot deposition which can ultimately lead to graft thrombosis and embolus shedding. These sequelae may create serious clinical consequences, especially in organs such as the brain. The incorporation of a single, very thin cover enables a stent-graft device with a profile dictated primarily by the stent strut dimensions, not by the mass or volume of the cover. The present invention, therefore, provides a heretofore unavailable combination of deployment diameter for a given size stent-graft and a wrinkle-free cover surface over a wide range of deployed diameters. For use in the present invention, nitinol (nickel-titanium shape memory alloy) and stainless steel are preferred stent materials. Nitinol is preferred for its shape memory properties. The memory characteristics can be tailored for the requirements of the stenting application during the fabrication of the alloy. Furthermore, nitinol used to make the stent can be in the form of wire that can be braided or welded, for example, or it can be tubing stock from which a stent is cut. While nitinol offers a wide variety of stent design options, it should be appreciated that stainless steel and other materials may also be formed into many different shapes and constructs. Stent covers of the present invention are preferably durable and biocompatible. They may be seamless or contain one or more seams. The stent covering of the present invention has a low Young's modulus, which enables it to be distended with the minimal force that is exerted by a self-expanding stent. Furthermore, the covering is provided with a minimal (or non-existent) elastic recoil force so that after stent expansion the covering does not cause the stent-graft to decrease in diameter over time. The cover is also preferably thin. Thinness has the multiple benefits of reducing the introduction size of the device, maximizing the blood flow cross-section, providing less resistance to radial expansion, and introducing less elastic recoil. In a preferred embodiment, a nitinol stent is chilled and crushed to a diameter less than the fully deployed outer diameter. The chilling is desirable to help maintain the stent in the crushed state. The covering is then applied without creating wrinkles. The constrained diameter is selected according to the intended operating parameters of the device, such as about 90% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, about 80% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, about 70% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, about 60% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, and for most applications most preferably about 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less. While maintaining the device in the chilled state, the stent-graft is allowed to dry and then further crimped with a chilled crimping tool and transferred into a delivery catheter. The stent cover may consist of fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) coating the nodes and fibrils of ePTFE film. Most preferably, a cover of ePTFE, is used to practice the invention. Whereas ePTFE is known for its high tensile strength, that strength is imparted only in the direction of expansion. If the ePTFE material is not expanded in the orthogonal direction (i.e., the transverse direction in the case of films) during the processing of the material, the ePTFE material is extremely distensible in that direction. Such materials have both very low tensile strength and very low Young's modulus in the transverse direction. The low Young's modulus property enables the material to distend under low forces. Films used to construct articles of the present invention can be easily elongated in the transverse direction by hand, thereby demonstrating their low Young's modulus values. In the most preferred embodiments, therefore, the ePTFE materials are in the form of very thin, highly porous films that are highly distensible in the transverse direction. The combination of high porosity and thinness result in a cover material that occupies minimal volume of the device. Expanded PTFE stent covers may offer additional advantages by virtue of the ability to provide and control their porosity. Various agents or fillers can be added to the surface or within the pores of the material. Such agents and fillers may include but are not limited to therapeutic drugs, antithrombotic agents, and radio opaque markers. If desired, portions of or the entire ePTFE cover may optionally be rendered non-porous or non-permeable by densifying, filling the pores, or through any other suitable means. Preferably, to provide added stability to the material, the ePTFE material is raised above its crystalline melt point, that is, the ePTFE material is “sintered.” It is believed that thin ePTFE films possessing a thickness of less than about 0.25 mm are preferred for practicing the present invention. It is believed that even more preferred are films possessing a thickness less than about 0.1 mm. Preferred thin ePTFE films possess densities in the range of about 0.2 to about 0.6 g/cc. It is believed that more preferred thin ePTFE films have densities in the range of about 0.3 to about 0.5 g/cc. It is believed that preferred thin ePTFE films possess matrix tensile strengths in the range of about 70 to about 550 MPa and about 15 to about 50 MPa, in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. It is believed that more preferred thin ePTFE films possess matrix tensile strengths in the range of about 150 to about 400 MPa and about 20 to about 40 MPa, in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. The preferred film for use in practicing the present invention is a thin ePTFE film possessing a thickness of about 0.02 mm, a density of about 0.4 g/cc, longitudinal matrix strength of about 260 MPa, and a transverse matrix tensile strength of about 30 MPa. It is believed that preferred thin ePTFE films possess Young's modulus in the range of about 100 to about 500 MPa and about 0.5 to about 20 MPa, in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. It is believed that more preferred thin ePTFE films possess Young's modulus in the range of about 200 to about 400 MPa and about 1 to about 10 MPa, in the longitudinal and transverse directions, respectively. The most preferred Young's modulus values of the film in the longitudinal and transverse directions are about 300 MPa and about 2 MPa, respectively. This film is exceedingly distensible in the transverse direction. The choice of film properties is largely dependent on the force the self-expanding stent exerts on the material during expansion. For example, stronger films may be used with stents that exert higher radial forces during self-expansion. To take advantage of the low Young's modulus of the film, the covered stent may be constructed with the low Young's modulus direction of the film oriented in the circumferential direction of the stent. The high strength direction of the film is therefore oriented in the axial direction of the stent. Preferably, the film is applied to the stent in the shape of a tube. A film tube is constructed by rolling multiple layers of the film around the circumference of a mandrel that is covered with a release material (such as Kapton film, part number T-188-1/1, Fralock Corporation, Canoga Park, Calif.). Preferably, three or fewer ePTFE film layers are applied, more preferably a single layer is applied wherein the overlap seam is narrow and comprises only two layers of the film. The film tube can be attached to the stent by suturing, gluing, and the like. Gluing is preferred, utilizing an adhesive or combination of adhesives by means such as spraying or dipping. It is preferred to dip coat a fully deployed stent with an adhesive, ensuring that the adhesive does not span the openings in the stent. Thermal or ambient cured adhesives can be used. When bonding the film tube to a shape memory metal stent using a thermally-activated adhesive, the adhesive should be curable at a temperature below the critical transition temperatures of the metal. Adhesives such as perfluoroethylvinylether-tetrafluoroethylene (PEVE-TFE) or perfluoropropylvinylether-tetrafluoroethylene (PPVE-TFE) are preferred. Terpolymers containing at least two of the following monomers are also preferred: PEVE, PPVE, perfluoromethylvinylether (PMVE), and TFE. Most preferably, the adhesive is perfluoromethylvinylether-tetrafluoroethylene (PMVE-TFE) material when bonding the cover to a nitinol stent. FIG. 2 a depicts a cross-section of the covered stent of the present invention that was constructed at 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter, crimped and transferred inside a delivery catheter, and then deployed to 30% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device. The stent cover 62 can be attached to the outer surface of the stent by bonding it to stent struts 68 as shown in FIG. 2 a , thereby providing an outer stent cover 51 to the stent 63 . The cover 62 can alternatively be bonded to the inner surface of the stent as shown in FIG. 4 b , providing an inner stent cover 41 . The most preferred way to attach the film tube to the outer surface of the stent involves placing the film tube inside a rigid (e.g., glass) tube that has an inner diameter smaller than the fully deployed out diameter of the stent, then inserting the crimped stent inside the film tube and bonding the stent and film tube together. The film tube covering is first inserted inside the constraining tube without creating wrinkles. The ends of the film tube may be everted over the ends of the constraining tube. Preferably the ends are everted to the extent that modest tension is applied to the film tube, enough to hold the film tube taut and thereby keep the film tube free of wrinkles. As has been noted, the inner diameter of the constraining tube, and hence the constraining diameter, should be less than the fully deployed diameter of the device, such as 90% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, about 80% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, about 70% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, about 60% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less, or about 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter or less. A nitinol stent is prepared by dip coating a thin layer of adhesive to its struts and allowing the adhesive to dry. The preferred adhesive is PMVE-TFE, such as that taught in Example 5 of US Patent Application 2004/0024448 to Chang et al. Contrary to practices in the prior art that teach bonding covers to stents at ambient or even highly elevated temperatures, the cover is applied to the stent at lower than ambient temperatures. Preferably, the stent is chilled and crimped in a cold chamber (e.g., the freezer compartment of a refrigerator). The low temperature process is desired in order to cool the stent in order to dimensionally stabilize it at a diameter less than the film tube diameter while the cover is attached. The crimped stent is next inserted inside the film tube, which is inside a rigid tube. The assembly is permitted to warm to ambient temperature. The stent expands, hence comes in intimate contact with the film tube, as it warms. The assembly is submerged in a solvent that activates the PMVE-TFE adhesive and then warmed above ambient temperature to evaporate the solvent, thus allowing the adhesive to solidify. The device inside the rigid tube is then again chilled in a freezer to a temperature at which at the device does not self-expand if unconstrained and then the stent-graft is removed from the tube. At this point, the stent-graft is further crimped using the chilled crimping machine, and transferred inside of a delivery catheter. Instead of crimping at this stage, alternatively the porous ePTFE cover of the stent-graft device may be rendered non-permeable. One method to do so can be achieved by dipping the device into a chilled dilute solution of elastomeric material, such as PMVE-TFE, PEVE-TFE, PPVE-TFE, or silicone. A dilute solution is preferred inasmuch as the solution becomes significantly more viscous when chilled to the same temperature as the device. Once the solution dries, the stent-graft can be crimped further, as previously described, and transferred inside of a delivery catheter. Therapeutic agents, fillers, or the like can be added to the stent cover, the adhesive used to bond the stent cover to the stent or the elastomer material used to render the cover non-permeable or any combination thereof. Stent-grafts made in this manner exhibit wrinkle-free coverings over the device diameter range extending from the diameter at which the covering was applied up to and including the fully deployed diameter. FIG. 2 b illustrates the wrinkle-free stent cover 62 (in this case, on the outer surface of the stent) at the diameter at which it was bonded to the stent struts 68 , thereby forming the covered stent device 60 . The thin cover 62 stretches and remains wrinkle free up to and including the fully deployed diameter as shown in FIG. 2 c . FIG. 2 c depicts a cross-section of the covered stent of FIG. 1 b . In order to achieve this device performance, the covering should be applied to the stent at a diameter smaller than the fully deployed diameter. This diameter should be no larger than the smallest intended diameter of the implanted device. Crushing the device below the diameter at which the cover was applied induces wrinkles in the stent cover. For example, crushing a device of the present invention to such a degree that it is small enough to be transferred to inside a delivery catheter will induce wrinkles in the stent cover. The wrinkles are no longer present once the deployed stent-graft reaches the diameter at which the cover was applied. Attaching the covering at an intermediate stent size means less crushing is necessary to decrease the stent-graft diameter for insertion into the delivery catheter. The likelihood of perforating the cover during the crushing process is reduced when less crushing is needed. A stent-graft with an inner cover can be fabricated with a film tube and an adhesive-coated stent as previously described. The stent can be chilled then crushed and constrained inside a constraining tube. The film tube can then be mounted onto a balloon, introduced inside the stent, pressed against the stent via inflating the underlying balloon, then bonded to the stent by immersing the assembly into the appropriate solvent for the adhesive, and then allowed to dry. The balloon is then deflated and the stent-graft plus the constraining tube are again chilled to enable removal of the constraining tube prior to further radial crushing of the stent-graft and loading the device into the delivery system. The present invention also minimizes flow disturbances caused by blunt stent strut profiles. As seen in FIG. 2 b and FIG. 2 c the adhesive material 22 bonded to stent strut 68 forms a smooth gradual transition where it attaches to stent cover 62 . In the absence of this transition, the stent strut 68 may present a blunt profile to the flowing blood. The wrinkle-free feature of articles of the present invention can benefit the performance of tapered stent-grafts. Tapered grafts are widely used in the treatment of aortoiliac disease. The present invention, which can include or not include a tapered stent and/or cover, can be implanted inside a tapered vessel without exhibiting wrinkles in the cover. That is, regardless of the shape of the starting materials, the device of the present invention can conform to become a tapered self-expanding stent-graft when deployed within a tapered body conduit. This allows tapered body conduits to be treated with non-tapered devices that are easier and less expensive to construct, without deploying an improperly sized stent-grafts. This also allows for a wider range of effective deployable sizes and shapes without the need to increase the number of different configurations of products. The present invention has particular value in very demanding, small caliber stenting applications. These are applications in which a cover is needed to either protect against plaque or other debris from entering the blood stream after balloon angioplasty or to seal an aneurysm. Perhaps the most demanding applications are those involving the treatment of carotid and neural vessels where even small wrinkles in the stent cover may create a nidus for thrombosis. Given the sensitivity of the brain, the consequences of such thrombus accumulation and possible embolization can be dire. Not only does the present invention overcome the challenging problem of providing a wrinkle-free cover in a viable stent-graft, it accomplishes this with a surprisingly minimal amount of covering material. It was unanticipated that such a distensible, thin, and low mass material could satisfactorily perform as a stent covering. The following examples are intended to illustrate how the present invention may be made and used, but not to limit it to such examples. The full scope of the present invention is defined in the appended claims. EXAMPLES To evaluate the examples, the following test methods were employed. Test Methods Assessment of Wrinkles Stent-graft device covers were visually examined without the aid of magnification at ambient temperatures. Microscopic examination might be warranted for very small devices. The ends of devices were secured within a hollow DELRIN® acetal resin block in order fix the longitudinal axis of the device at an angle of about 45° above horizontal which enabled viewing the inner surface of the stent-grafts. The devices were positioned to allow examination of free edge of the device and stent openings nearest the ends of the device. Stent-grafts that were not fully deployed were constrained inside rigid tubes during examination. Fully deployed devices were submerged in an about 37° C. water bath prior to examination. Alternatively, optical or scanning electron microscopy could be used to look for the presence or absence of wrinkles. Dimensional Measurements Stent and covered stent device outer diameters were measured with the aid of a tapered mandrel. The end of a device was slipped over the mandrel until the end fit snuggly onto the mandrel. The outer diameter of the device was then measured with a set of calipers. Optionally, a profile projector could be used to measure the outer diameter of the device while so placed on the mandrel. The fully deployed outer diameter was measured after allowing the self-expanding device to fully deploy in a 37° C. water bath for 30 seconds, then measuring the device diameter in the water bath in the manner previously described. For devices constrained inside constraining means having a round cross-section, the device outer diameter in the constrained state was taken to be the inner diameter of the constraining means. In order to examine a device at some percentage of the fully deployed diameter of the device, the fully deployed diameter must first be known. A length of a device can be severed from the entire device and its fully deployed diameter can be measured. For example, a length of the device can be released from the delivery catheter and its diameter measured after being fully deployed in a 37° C. water bath. Tensile Break Load, Matrix Tensile Strength (MTS), and Young's Modulus Determinations Tensile break load of the film was measured using a tensile test machine (Model 5564, Instron Corporation, Norwood, Mass.) equipped with flat-faced grips and a 10 N and 100 N load cells for the transverse and longitudinal values, respectively. The gauge length was 1 inch (2.54 cm) and the cross-head speed was 1 in/min (2.54 cm/min). Each sample was weighed using a Mettler AE2000 scale (Mettler Instrument, Highstown, N.J.), then the thickness of the samples was measured using a snap gauge (Mitutoyo Absulute, Kawasaki, Japan). A total of ten samples were tested. Half were tested in the longitudinal direction, half were tested in the transverse (i.e., orthogonal to the longitudinal) direction and the average of the break load (i.e., the peak force) was calculated. The longitudinal and transverse MTS were calculated using the following equation: MTS =(break load/cross-section area)*(density of PTFE)/bulk density of the film), wherein the density of PTFE is taken to be 2.2 g/cc. Young's modulus was determined from tensile test data obtained using a tensile test machine (Model 5500, Instron Corporation, Norwood, Mass.). The test was performed using a sample gauge length of 1 inch (2.54 cm) and a cross-head speed of 1 in/min (2.54 cm/min). A total of ten samples were tested. Half were tested in the longitudinal direction, half were tested in the transverse (i.e., orthogonal to the longitudinal) direction. Inventive Example 1 Tubular, self-expanding nitinol stents constructed using the pattern as described in FIG. 4 of U.S. Pat. No. 6,709,453 to Pinchasik et al., were obtained. The stents had an outer diameter of approximately 8 mm and lengths of about 44 mm. Six sections about 15 mm in length were cut from the stents. Each of the six sections was processed in the following manner. The stent was dip-coated with PMVE-TFE, a liquefied thermoplastic fluoropolymer as described in Example 5 of US Patent Application 2004/0024,448 of Chang, et. al. A short piece of silver-plated copper wire (approximately 0.5 mm in diameter) was fashioned into a hook and used to suspend the stent. The stent was submerged in a 3% by weight solution of PMVE-TFE and FC-77 solvent (3M Fluoroinert, 3M Specialty Chemicals Division, St Paul, Minn.). The dipped stent was removed from the solution and air-dried. The hook attached to the opposite end of the stent and the dipping process was repeated. The stent was next dipped in a 2% by weight solution of the fluoropolymer and the solvent, then air-dried. Once again, the hook was attached to the opposite end of the stent and the stent was again dipped into the 2% solution. This dipping process, therefore, consisted of four total dips, which yielded a uniform and uninterrupted layer of thermoplastic fluoropolymer on the stent struts. The amount of material applied weighed approximately 0.01 grams as determined by weighing the stent before and after the dipping process. A stent covering was made as follows. A 4.0 mm stainless steel mandrel was obtained. A 4 mm inner diameter thin-walled (wall thickness of about 0.1 mm) ePTFE tube was fitted over the mandrel. The purpose of this tube was to later assist in removing the stent cover from the mandrel. Next, a spiral wrapping of ribbon of polyimide sheeting (KAPTON®, Part Number T-188-1/1, Fralock Corporation, Canoga Park, Calif.) was applied on top of the ePTFE tube to completely cover a 75 mm length of the graft. A thin ePTFE film with the following properties was obtained: width of about 50 mm, matrix tensile strength in the longitudinal direction of about 256 MPa, matrix tensile strength in the transverse direction of about 31 MPa, a thickness of 0.02 mm, and a density of about 0.39 g/cc. (The tensile strengths in the longitudinal and transverse directions were 45 MPa and 5 MPa, respectively.) Young's modulus values of the film in the longitudinal and transverse directions were 282 MPa and 1.9 MPa, respectively. An approximately 80 mm length of the film was applied on top of the polyimide sheeting in the axial direction of the mandrel such that the ends of film were in direct contact with the thin-walled ePTFE tube. The corners of these ends were heat bonded to the thin-wall tube with the use of a local heat source (Weller Soldering Iron, model EC200M, Cooper Tools, Apex, N.C.) set to 343° C. With the film tacked in place in this manner, one layer of the film was wrapped about the circumference of the mandrel. Wrapping of the film was performed under minimal tension in order to avoid stretching the film. Approximately a 2 mm width of overlap region was created. The film layers in this overlap region were heat bonded together with the soldering iron set to 343° C. to form a seam. For this construction, therefore, the longitudinal direction of the film, which was its high strength direction, was oriented along the length of the mandrel. The weaker, transverse, film direction was oriented in the circumferential direction of the mandrel. A second layer of polyimde film was helically wrapped on top of the ePTFE film, completely covering it. This entire assembly was then placed in a forced air oven (Model NT-1000, Grieve Corporation, Round Lake, Ill.) set at 370° C. The assembly was removed from the oven after 7 minutes and allowed to cool. After cooling, the outer wrap of polyimide film was removed. The film tube, inner layer of polyimide film, and the thin-walled ePTFE tube, together, were carefully removed from the mandrel. The thin-walled ePTFE tube was everted, thereby removing it from the polyimide film. The polyimide film was then carefully removed from the ePTFE film tube. The stent and film tube were next assembled into a stent-graft. The ePTFE film tube was inserted inside a 60 mm long glass tube having an inner diameter of 4 mm and a wall thickness of 1 mm such that both ends of the film tube extended beyond the ends of the glass tube. The ends of closed forceps were then used to spread the ends of the film tube by placing them inside each end of the tube and then opening them. The film tube ends were everted over the outside of the glass tube. The film was tacky enough to secure the ends to the surface of the tube, thereby holding the wrinkle-free film tube in place. The glass tube with the ePTFE film tube inside it was placed in a conventional freezer set at approximately −15° C. Tools that would later be used to create the stent-graft, namely a set of tweezers and an iris-type stent crimping device, such as taught in US 2002/0138966 A1 to Motsenbocker, were also chilled in the freezer compartment. The chilled crimping device was used to reduce the diameter of the adhesive-coated stent uniformly along its length. The outer diameter of the stent was reduced to about 3 mm. Using chilled tweezers, the following procedure was performed inside the freezer compartment. The stent was removed from the crimper and transferred into the ePTFE film tube that was inside the chilled glass tube. The glass tube, film tube and stent were then removed from the freezer and allowed to warm to ambient temperature. The stent, by virtue of its shape memory characteristics, self-expanded as the assembly warmed. In doing so, the stent exerted radial force against the film tube, creating intimate contact between the stent and the film-tube along the length of the stent. Next, the stent cover was bonded to the stent. This assembly, still constrained by the 4 mm inner diameter of the glass tube, was then dipped in a container of FC-77 solvent for 40 seconds in order to activate the adhesive. The assembly was then allowed to dry for approximately 30 minutes while being warmed to 40° C. through the use of a halogen lamp. The assembly was allowed to cool to ambient temperature. In this way, a stent-graft device was created. The stent-graft device was pushed to one end of the glass tube until the end of the stent was flush with the end of the glass tube. The ePTFE covering was trimmed flush with the stent. The process was repeated to trim the opposite end of the stent-graft. With the stent-graft still inside the glass tube, the device was inspected to ensure thorough and uniform bonding between the stent cover and the stent and to verify the absence of wrinkles in the covering. The next step entailed loading the stent-graft into a delivery system. The stent-graft device, still constrained by the glass tube, was chilled in a freezer as previously described. The device was then transferred to inside a chilled iris crimper and further radially crushed to reduce its outer diameter to the desired delivery profile (i.e., crushed outer diameter), which was about 2 mm. The device was then transferred from the crimper into its intended delivery system. Thus, the device was prevented from self-expanding to its fully deployed outer diameter during the assembly and loading processes. The resultant stent-graft device had a delivery profile of about 2 mm and a fully deployed outer diameter of 8 mm. Photographs were taken of the device at various stages of deployment and subsequent re-crushing. The outer diameter of the device was characterized as a percentage of the fully deployed outer diameter, which was about 8 mm. The fully deployed device outer diameter was about 8 mm at both about 37° C. and at ambient temperature. It should be noted that this may not be the case for other types of nitinol alloys. FIGS. 3 a through 3 f are photomicrographs showing the inside of the six covered stents of this example. One device was transferred from its 2 mm delivery profile constraining sheath into a hollowed DELRIN® resin block with an inner diameter corresponding to about 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device. This 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter corresponds to the outer diameter at which the device was made. Photomicrographs were taken of the end of the device as previously described. A representative image is shown as FIG. 3 a . This photomicrograph indicates the absence of wrinkles in the stent covering. Another device was transferred into a hollowed DELRIN® resin block with an inner diameter corresponding to about 60% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device. A representative image is shown as FIG. 3 b . This photomicrograph indicates the absence of wrinkles in the stent covering. A third device was transferred into a hollowed DELRIN® resin block with an inner diameter corresponding to about 70% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the device. A representative image is shown as FIG. 3 c . This photomicrograph indicates the absence of wrinkles in the stent covering. The fourth and fifth stent-grafts were transferred into hollowed DELRIN® resin blocks with inside diameters of 80% and 90% of the fully deployed outer diameter of the devices, respectively; representative photomicrographs appear in FIGS. 3 d and 3 e , respectively. The coverings were wrinkle-free in both of these states, as indicated in the photomicrographs. The sixth device was fully deployed in a 37° C. water bath and then examined under a microscope. A representative image is shown as FIG. 3 f . This photomicrograph indicates the absence of wrinkles in the stent covering. Comparative Example 2 Film used in the construction of the six stent-graft devices of Example 1 was used to make a stent-graft in accordance with the teachings of the prior art. The cover was applied to a length of a stent of the type previously-described. In this case, the cover was attached to the stent in the fully deployed state under ambient conditions. The cover was applied in the same manner as described previously. The stent-graft device was then transferred to inside a chilled iris crimper as previously described and further radially crushed to reduce its outer diameter to the desired delivery profile (i.e., crushed outer diameter), which was about 2 mm. The device was then transferred from the crimper into its intended delivery system. Thus, the device was prevented from self-expanding to its fully deployed outer diameter during the assembly and loading processes. The resultant stent-graft device had a delivery profile of about 2 mm and a fully deployed outer diameter of 8 mm. This device was deployed within a hollow DELRIN® resin cavity, as described in Example 1. The diameter of the hole in the block corresponded to about 50% of the fully deployed diameter of the device. A representative photomicrograph of the crushed device appears as FIG. 3 g. The advantage of making the stent-graft device of the present invention in the above-described manner is clear when comparing FIG. 3 a with FIG. 3 g . Both photomicrographs were taken at 50% of the fully deployed outer diameter. FIG. 3 a , unlike FIG. 3 g , exhibits no wrinkles. FIG. 3 a demonstrates the wrinkle-free benefit of the present invention. On the other hand, FIG. 3 g demonstrates the wrinkles that result from crushing a film tube that was made at 100% of the deployed diameter, then crushed to 50% of the deployed diameter. Note the wrinkles in the leading edge of the cover in FIG. 3 g. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described herein, the present invention should not be limited to such illustrations and descriptions. It should be apparent that changes and modifications may be incorporated and embodied as part of the present invention within the scope of the following claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] This invention relates to journals and recording lifetime events and history. [0002] Throughout our lives significant events, lessons, relationships, and other experiences are woven into the fabric of our lives, strand by strand. Lives pass too soon without rich and important stories, wisdom, and philosophies being passed on to children, grandchildren, and generations beyond. [0003] Journals are often begun with the intention of continuing them for some time. Yet we can easily become frustrated with not saying what we really want to about an experience, or forgetting the details about an important lesson learned. How many times have we stared at a blank page, eager to record an event but with no clear idea of what to say? A simple blank book does not inspire one to get to the real heart of an experience. This invention accomplishes that abundantly, through the use of thousands of carefully-constructed prompts tailored to life's specific stages. Questions get the writing process flowing, and create a deep and comprehensive inter-generational record of each life and a digital archive of those objects which are important to each life interactively through the Internet. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0004] In accordance with the invention, a system is provided to collect one's life stories as the person lives them. Through different phases of one's life, the system prompts or otherwise interactively cooperates with the person so as to assist the person in describing in the person's own words the important things of each day, creating memories of births, marriages, loss, family events, work experiences and daily life experiences, for example. [0005] Accordingly, it is an object of the present invention to provide an improved system for interactively collecting and archiving a lifetime history which is accessible to generations to follow. [0006] It is a further object of the present invention to furnish an improved lifetime story system to provide guidance and record events throughout a person's life and extending into future generations. [0007] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an improved journaling system and a device presenting publication. [0008] The subject matter of the present invention is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed in the concluding portion of this specification. However, both the organization and method of operation, together with further advantages and objects thereof, may best be understood by reference to the following description taken in connection with accompanying drawings wherein like reference characters refer to like elements. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING [0009] FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a system according to the present invention and related product lines. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0010] The system according to a preferred embodiment of the present invention comprises an intergenerational lifetime interactive diary/journaling/advice book system. [0011] Referring to FIG. 1 , a block diagram of an exemplary structure of a system implementing the invention, a user's computer 10 interacts with the system computer 14 , for example via the internet or other suitable communication link 12 . A vault 13 may be provided on the central computer for storage of information as noted hereinbelow. One or more product vendors 16 or professional assistance providers 18 are also suitably linkable to the system computer, either by interactive communication therewith, or by entry in a database of contact information or an information library. Plural other users 10 ′ may also suitably interact with the user 10 . The system computer may be provided by an internet service provider, as an interactive web page, for example, accessed by a browser, whether operating on a computer, a phone, a pda device, or the like. The system is suitably accessible via the Internet or world wide web, for example. [0012] In use, the system as presented to the user is structured in a manner similar to the progress of a person's life, which may be provided in plural volumes or books. Therefore, the system begins with a first volume which may be called, for example, The Great Event, presenting the beginning of a person's life. [0013] This first volume in the series possesses a fundamental difference from other “baby books” indicative of the uniqueness the system of the present invention brings to a crowded market. The system is structured with the concept that an individual's history begins not with birth, but with conception, and that the record of a life must include the nine months of pregnancy. This first volume moves from conception through birth, following all the amazing milestones of early childhood and ends just at the very beginning of the school experience, that first big step away from home and into the big world. The first seven years of life's experiences are recorded through the use of interactive prompts that parents can respond to alone or with their child. Product sponsors may offer special discounts to users of the system, so in this first volume the new parent might find pages with coupons for diaper services, learning toys and children's furniture. The professional services links may suitably connect them to experts on breastfeeding, attachment parenting, how to deal with stubborn toddlers and whatever else the learning parent needs, just as he or she needs it, any time of the day or night. This volume may be completely self-contained, yet also completely integrated with its companion volumes, discussed hereinbelow. [0014] Hereinbelow are lists of exemplary questions as employed in a preferred embodiment, related to pregnancy, labor and delivery, and the like. Pregnancy [0000] 1. I knew I was pregnant on: 2. How we found out/how I told Dad 3. First trip to OB/GYN, confirming pregnancy, 4. Whom we told, and what they said 5. I felt . . . 6. Baby's projected due date 7. Record of each OB/GYN visit 8. Pre natal weight gain chart 9. Pregnancy cravings 10. Ultrasounds (include photo/print) 11. Mom felt the first flutter of life on: 12. Mom felt the first kicks on: 13. Dad felt the first kicks on: 14. Mom felt the first hiccups on: 15. Mom first heard the baby's heartbeat on: 16. Dad first heard the baby's heartbeat on: 17. Mom first needed to wear maternity clothes on: 18. Things mom did while pregnant (working, playing, exercising, hobbies, travel, holidays) 19. Date the first “outside” person noticed Mom's pregnancy: 20. Baby's movements felt like . . . 21. Special tests Mom had, and why 22. Preparing the house for baby planning/outfitting/decorating nursery w/photo 23. How Mom and Dad prepared for birth, incl. special classes, breathing exercises, nutrition, physical exercises, books read 24. Showers/gifts 25. Describe what is happening to Mom's body (including measurements) weekly/monthly 26. Dreams during pregnancy 27. As the baby's Mother, my hopes are (perhaps written to baby as letter): 28. As the baby's Father, my hopes are (perhaps written to baby as letter): [0043] Labor/Delivery 1. How We Want It To Be: Ask yourself . . . . Where are you when contractions start? What time of day is it? What positions would you like to labor in? What position would you like to deliver in? What medications (if any) are acceptable to you? What objects do you want to make sure you have with you during labor/delivery? Who do you want to be present through labor and/or delivery? How will you get to the place you plan to give birth? What will you wear during labor and delivery? What will you eat and drink after your baby is born? How long will you stay at the place you plan to give birth? What help will you receive at home after the baby arrives? 2. Will you prepare a birth plan, so those assisting you will know exactly what you want and expect? 3. How did you spend the days just before the time came? 4. What did you do to get prepared/packed/ready to go? What special things will you take with you to enhance the birth? 5. Describe the start of labor or the trip to the hospital/birthing center 6. The labor story (how long, who was there, how Mom felt, etc.) 7. The delivery story 8. What was the hospital stay like Visitors Gifts 9. What does baby look like? Length, weight, hair, eyes, who does baby resemble? 10. When baby first saw Mom and Dad first hugs first impressions 11. First days of baby's life 12. Name of doctor or midwife 13. Baby's name and why we chose it Girls' names we liked, boys names we liked, top 5 of each [0057] What was the World Like 1. Snapshot of the world on the day of baby's birth 2. Headlines; world leaders; world stage (politics) 3. Pop Culture: sports heroes; best movies; best books; best music/performers; actors/actresses; popular TV shoes, incl. what Mother and Father watched; fashions; cars; fads. 4. Headlines 5. What things cost (benchmark items like average annual salary; minimum wage; average home price; new car; a gallon of gasoline; a few things everyone owns like TV, computer, etc.; groceries, i.e. gallon of milk/candy bar/loaf of bread/cup of coffee; postage stamp; Baby's Firsts 1. Coming home: day/date/time, what was the weather like, what were you thinking on the car ride home, what did baby wear 2. Meeting brothers and sisters, other relatives; what they did, what baby did 3. First: smile, laugh, coo, lifted head, rolled over, found toes, played peek a boo, responded to name, slept through night, tooth, had all teeth by, sat up alone, started reaching for objects, crawled, stood up holding on to someone, stood up alone, cruised, danced, sang, ate solid food (what was it), fed self, haircut, word, started talking, walked, threw ball, baby initiated hug/kiss, first time child shows kindness/affection to a friend. 4. First outing: when and where, with whom Describe other “first” outings, i.e. first trip to park, zoo, relatives house, playgroup/playdate, party, etc. 5. First big trip in the big world: Plane, train, bus, car or boat? Baby's Development 1. Place for weekly picture of baby and developmental update (ongoing stats) 2. Growth chart (height/weight) 3. Baby's sleep patterns at 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months Who is Baby? 1. Family tree 2. Favorites: sights and sounds, foods, songs and stories (update these each year) 3. Special toys, loveys, blankies, comforts 4. Baby's dislikes 5. “Early discoveries and bright sayings” what did baby do early and well? 6. Medical/immunization records 7. Baby's pets 8. Baby's travels Religion 1. Christening/Briss/Blessing Way describe ceremony, who attended, gifts. How will you bring up baby in your religion/belief system Birthdays 1. For each birthday who was invited/attended, themes, decorations, games played, cake, gifts received Mom and Dad 1. About Mom: I was born . . . What was happening that year . . . My own childhood favorites . . . Pets I had . . . About my family . . . 2. About Dad: I was born . . . What was happening that year . . . My own childhood favorites . . . Pets I had . . . About my family . . . Where/when/how Mom and Dad meet? Describe their first date. What did each of them do for a living at the time they met? What are their shared interests? What do they most like and love about each other? Baby's Family 1. Collected words of wisdom from relatives a sort of time capsule to collect family wisdom and stories 2. Baby Facts to teach to new big brother or sister (how to be one) 3. Family “lingo” the special language of your family [0086] Advice/Coaching 1. Month based pregnancy groups groupings of women/men/couples due in a particular month, so that they can make the journey of pregnancy together, sharing friendship, support and information along the way 2. Mother to mother connection, both before and after birth 3. Father to father connection, both before and after birth 4. Post partum depression/experts/counseling 5. How to find childcare in your town—what options are there—what public entities are in place to help—who can provide me with background and information about providers Products/Services 1. Birth announcements 2. First year calendar 3. Scrapbooks either created/stored 100% on the web or computer, with digitized photos completely integrated to the pages; pages designed on computer to add photographic prints to; or designs printed out and glued to acid free paper and photographic prints added. Links 1. Daily updates of your unborn baby's or born baby's development 2. Daily updates on change in mom's body 3. Mom's and baby's dietary needs and how to meet them, complete with recipes 4. Birth flower (meanings), birth stones (meanings), birth signs (reference book Our Baby Album, published by Burnes yellow book w/teddy bears/bunnies on cover 5. Freebies 6. Coupons 7. Fetal development calendar customizable to your individual baby, based on projected delivery date 8. Tooth chart (web interactive, like a chart to fill out) 9. Parental coaching/reference (i.e. How to stimulate your child's brain for maximum development 10. Best childrearing books (for example, the system advantageously includes the option to purchase these books right off the displayed page, for example, such as an Amazon books partner or the like, to provide additional revenue stream). Site could provide book rating system by subscribers to The Great Event (A-F, with space for comments) [0105] Sponsorship Opportunities [0000] Diapers, formula, photographic film, camera manufacturers, clothing manufacturers and stores, toy manufacturers and stores, retail stores. [0106] Inserts 1. Adoption (as detailed in area of pre birth/preparation process as biological child section) 2. Loss of a child [0109] Here are some example prompts as employable in a preferred embodiment of the system: [0000] The World as it was [0000] 1. News Headlines, Political Figures, Popular Entertainers, Popular Songs, Big Names in Sports, Popular Movies, Best Selling Books, Popular TV Shows, Fashions and Fads Memorable Firsts a. The first little smile appeared at age: b. And the first real laugh was at age: c. The first time baby slept through the night was: d. Mother was first recognized at age: e. Dad was first recognized at age: f. Baby discovered hands and feet on: g. Baby discovered own voice, cooed and babbled: h. Raised head alone and held it up on: i. That little hand first reached for . . . at age . . . j. Baby picked up and handled what . . . on . . . k. Baby kicked vigorously and tried to turn over at: l. Baby first turned over at: m. Baby let Mom and Dad know his or her likes and dislikes: n. The first time baby sat up alone was at age: o. Baby first held cup and drank: p. Baby first held spoon and ate: q. Baby first began to crawl at age: r. Baby pulled self up and stood with aid of furniture: s. Pulled self up and stood alone: t. Baby started creeping: u. That all important first step was taken at age: v. The very first word spoken was . . . and it was said at age . . . w. The time came for the first haircut at age: Special Favorites a. Toys, pets, stories, songs, nursery rhymes, food, games, playmates, activities, places About Me when I was Little b. I began to hear when I was: c. Other people knew I could hear because: d. The sounds I liked best: e. These are the tastes I like, and some of the stranger things I've tried to eat: f. This is when Mommy began feeding me, and what I like: g. I try to touch everything. These are the things I like to touch: h. I got into trouble touching these things: i. During my first year the things I went to sleep with, and my favorite playthings were: j. Here are the words I could say before I was two, and some of the things I thought about the world: From the New Big Brother or Sister to be 1. Mom thinks our baby will come about: (write in the date) 2. What do Mom and Dad say you were like when you were a baby. 3. Mom is wishing for because: 4. Dad is wishing for because: 5. I am wishing for because: 6. This is what other people in my family said when Mom told them about our baby: 7. Boy's names I like best: 8. Girl's names I like best: 9. Girl's names Mom likes best: 10. Boy's names Mom likes best: 11. Boy's names Dad likes best: 12. Girl's names Dad likes best: 13. Girl's names other people like best: 14. Boy's names other people like best: 15. People say babies never remember what it was like living inside their Moms before they were 16. born. Do you remember? 17. What does Mom say you did when you were inside her? 18. If I could write to Baby I would say: 19. If I could talk to Baby, I might ask: 20. If Mom has our baby at home: 21. If Mom goes to the hospital: 22. When Mom and our baby come home I can help by: 23. This is what I saw at the hospital during the delivery: Our Baby's Personality a. Mom says: b. Dad says: [0169] A chart may suitably be provided to record the baby's tooth development. An exemplary chart is shown hereinbelow: Dates Teeth Appeared Upper Left Right Lower Left Right 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 Other information in this section may comprise: 1. Any habits that might affect later development of teeth: 2. Record of Visits to the Dentist 3. Visits Dates 4. Dentist's Comments 5. Dates and comments about loss of teeth [0175] As indicated above, Each particular section or book may including inserts with information on particular topics, sponsorship data noting particular sponsors who have made an association with the book (which might be paid sponsors or public service sponsors), links, which will provide links to websites or other items of interest or having relation to the particular book section, products, services which would be available relevant to the particular section (e.g. diaper services or the like) and advice, support and coaching related inserts, which would have information in general about such coaching or advice, support or references to or advertising from specific coaching/advice/support providers. [0176] At the end of the first phase of this system discussed herein above, denoted “The Great Event”, a next volume may suitably be provided, representative of the next phase in the person's life, School Days. [0177] Beginning in kindergarten, this volume suitably provides prompts that describe the complete educational experience, from finger painting and story books to the day the student throws his or her mortarboard into the air and heads out into the world to begin life as an adult. School Days is conventionally divided into three phases, including elementary school (kindergarten through sixth grade); middle school (seventh through ninth grade); and high school (tenth though twelfth grade). The School Days portion includes content designed and crafted by the very individuals it is targeted to. Content contributors in their teens and early 20s provide the ever-evolving volume with content so that it remains relevant and appropriate for its audience. Subscribers to School Days will have opportunities to assume the role of spokesperson for their own history, as well as meet others their own age, discuss pertinent information, enter contests, get help with homework, e-mail, send photos, build their own Web pages and receive offers for great deals on youth-oriented products. The utility of this book surpasses any diaries or memory books currently offered to this segment of the market, through the use of multiple media. [0178] Presented below are exemplary prompts and pointers raised in the particular embodiment in the school days section. [0179] School Days Book [0000] Grades K-6th [0000] 1. Explore your own feelings about certain situations by imagining a letter asking for help, and answering the letter, advice column style. 2. School data, compiled for each year of grade school 3. Your age at the start of the school year—height and weight at beginning and end—what I wore on the first day of school—my teacher—my best friends—favorites (book, video, animal, cartoon, TV show, game, thing to wear, outdoor activity, food, color, school activity)—what I want to be when I grow up—best memory of the year—best field trip—favorite sport—things I'm good at (I feel great about myself when I . . . )—ways I′d like to improve myself 4. The best thing about being in _ grade is: 5. Each year, note some of the biggest events in the world you heard being talked about on the news and at school 6. You and popular culture (explore pets, hobbies, sports, music, movies, books, magazines, etc.) Grades 7 th -9 th 1. School data, compiled for each year of middle school/junior high 2. Your age at the start of the school year—height and weight at beginning and end my class schedule for the year—my favorite subject(s)—my favorite teacher(s)—my best friends—favorites (book, movie, music, TV show, outfit, shoes, band, food, magazine, hero, hang out, school event, hobbies, things to collect, after school activity)—what I want to be when I grow up—best memory of the year—favorite sport—things I'm good at (I feel great about myself when I . . . }—ways I′d like to improve myself. Things are really different in jr. high school because . . . The hardest thing to get used to has been . . . 3. The best thing about being in _ grade is: 4. Whom I admire most, and why 5. If I could be anyone I wanted to be, it would be . . . 6. Advice I'd give to a kid in the 1st grade 7. My best friend would describe me as . . . 8. How I've changed since starting school: 9. I like time by myself to . . . 10. Coming of age scrapbook: Ask older friends and relatives to share the piece of advice they wish they had received upon becoming a teenager 11. What makes me stand out in a crowd 12. Biggest local, national and international news stories/events of each year 13. I'd like to be better at _. so I plan to . . . 14. You and popular culture (explore—pets, hobbies, sports, music, movies, books, magazines, etc.) 15. People know I'm not a little kid anymore 16. The greatest moment for me this year was . . . 17. High school is coming soon for me. I am excited about that because . . . What I think high school will be like . . . Grades 10 th -12 th 1. School data, compiled for each year of high school 2. Your age at the start of the school year—height and weight at beginning and end—my favorite classes—favorite teachers—hardest classes—snack—my signature—drink—my best friends—favorites (stars, world figures, heroes, food, TV show, movie, music, school activity, place to go on a date, car)—what I want to be when I grow up—best memory of the year—best school dance of the year—favorite after school activity—my biggest accomplishment of the year—things I'm good at (I feel great about myself when I . . . )—ways I'm involved in school. Things are really different in high school because . . . 3. The best thing about being in grade is: 4. Biggest local, national and international news stories/events of each year 5. Things I'd like to change about the world 6. Whom I admire most, and why 7. If I could be anyone I wanted to be, it would be . . . 8. If I were in charge of the school, I would . . . 9. Advice I'd give to a kid in the 7th grade 10. What makes me stand out in a crowd 11. I'd like to be better at _, so I plan to . . . 12. How high school has been different from junior high or middle schools: What is completely cool? What do I miss? What is really hard? I know next year will be better because . . . 13. Coming-of-age scrapbook: Ask older friends and relatives to share the piece of advice they wish they had received upon starting high school 14. What I like to do before school, during lunch and after school 15. School events I loved this year 16. My classes: Most challenging; most enjoyable; most flat-out fun; strangest assignment; best book I read the whole year. 17. Five years from now I hope to be . . . ten years . . . twenty years . . . 18. You and popular culture (explore pets, hobbies, sports, music, movies, books, magazines, etc.) 19. My stats as an athlete—my goals—personal bests—most memorable moment etc. 20. Great parties of the year where they were who was there what I did how I felt about it 21. School dances 22. Concerts: I went to see—I went with—the venue—we stayed out until—you wouldn't believe what happened 23. Road trips—vacations—holidays—long weekends—spring break 24. Weekends: What I like to do—I sleep until—my family and I—I hang out with my buds at—I like to shop at—favorite thing to do on a Saturday—I work at—my boss is—my co-workers are—I earn—my uniform—I work X hours a week—what I do with my money 25. Dating: Best date I've been on—worst date I've been on—dates that were just for fun—I have gone out with—I want to go out with—I fell hard for—how we met—how we got to know each other—favorite memories 26. Moments I want to hold on to: Proudest—most embarrassing—funniest—scariest—happiest—saddest—best—most unforgettable—bravest—rowdiest Prom and Graduation 1. Prom: Theme, the night, where it took place, the band, my date, how I asked him/her or how s/he asked me, dinner, how we got there, what we wore, our flowers, who we went with, what we did after, members of the court, scariest moment, what time we got home 2. Graduation: Senior trip—baccalaureate details—graduation date—where—when—theme—valedictorian—salutatorian—speakers—honors & awards—what I did—who I walked with—reception parties—my thoughts on the day 3. Coming-of-age scrapbook: Ask older friends and relatives to share the piece of advice they wish they had received upon graduating from high school. (Plastics.) 4. What I might be doing this time next year . . . What I think I will be doing in 5 years . . . 10 years . . . 20 years . . . Career goals—outlook on marriage—family plans—where I will live—car I will drive—I'd like to earn $XXX,XXX someday. Non Grade Specific 1. Write down some things you've learned and memories you've collected from your relatives. What are some things you know about your family? 2. Adults in your life: Whom do you like to spend time with? Why? With whom do you talk most about important stuff? What do you value in your relationships with these people? 3. Feelings: One of the keys to learning more about who you are and who you want to be is listening to the clues you give yourself—the things you think about, the ways you feel. Take time to write down some of the most important things you thought about today. 4. When have you felt most . . . proud? Ashamed? Happiest? Saddest? Surprised? Etc. 5. Write your own story, an autobiography of your life so far 6. Jot down the fads and average prices of some basic necessities each year to see how the world changes economically during your school years (average annual salary; minimum wage; average home price; new car price; a gallon of gasoline; average price of a new TV, computer, a gallon of milk, candy bar, loaf of bread, cup of coffee, soda, postage stamp) (What's out—what's in—world snapshot) 7. School sports statistics 8. How do you like to look/dress? What is your style? Do you like your style, or do you wish it were different? 9. Create a ZOOM-like library of fun learning activities 10. Your friends: which friend have you known longest? Known shortest? Your funniest friend—kindest friend—friend who is most like you—friend who is most opposite of you—best advice giver—most trustworthy—wildest—craziest—smartest—most fun—most creative—most stylish—best in a crisis—friend who is most like your brother or sister. 11. What makes a good friend? How I met my friends . . . what I like about them . . . what I admire most about them . . . we are alike . . . we are different . . . things we do together . . . why we fight . . . favorite memories . . . will we be friends forever? 12. List your friend's favorite: stars, singers, song, CD, TV show, color, food, place, hobby, pets, sports, athletes, teacher, school subject, writer, animal, dessert, drink, season, game, possession, expression, store, magazine, etc. [0245] Advice/Coaching 1. Homework help 2. Preparing for the arrival of a new baby in the family 3. Preparing for adolescence 4. Sex and development 5. Friends—how to be one, how to make them, how to keep them 6. How to make major decisions (consulting “experts” in your life, writing a list of pros and cons, researching the issues) 7. How to change bad behavior that is not working in your life 8. How do you deal with peer pressure? Products/Services 1. Senior year memory/scrap book 2. Senior prom memory/scrap book 3. Virtual autograph book a place where friends can go and write the kind of things they might write inside the front and back cover of a yearbook Links 1. Getting involved—in your neighborhood, city, or bigger (like a park that is to littered and filthy to play in, or a neighbor that could use some help, or some need that needs filling—model after ZOOM Into Action) 2. Who are you/what's your style? (Links to pages about mapping your personality, i.e. Myers-Briggs, the Enneagram, Zodiac, Chinese Zodiac, etc.) 3. Explore your creativity 4. Learning games for all ages, preschool-12 th graders 5. Postcards from the world of you—send a message that let's you say hard things you need to say 6. Having fun 7. Your personal address book 8. Birthdays and other important days 9. Social issues: racism, inequality, global pollution, etc. Sponsorship Opportunities 1. Film/camera manufacturers, clothing manufactures, credit card companies, banks, other financial services, clothing retailers, all commodities considered too hip or cool for people over the age of 20 to grok Inserts 1. Teen age pregnancy 2. Loss of a sibling/death in the family 3. Loss of a friend 4. Moving away Examples of Prompts Grades K 6th 1. I was born (where), (when) . . . 2. If I could choose a nickname, I would want it to be . . . 3. My favorite number is . . . 4. My lucky number is . . . 5. What was the name if your first cat or dog? 6. What did it look like? 7. What did you call it? 8. How did you like to play with it? 9. Could it do any tricks? 10. Did you ever lose a pet? 11. If you were given a chance to write something memorable in wet cement, what would it be? 12. Do you remember the first big city you ever visited? 13. Would you rather live in a big city, a small town, or something in between? Why? 14. Have you ever had a bad cut? How did it happen? What did you have to do about it? Did it leave a scar? 15. What do you do when you get money? Do you save it or spend it? Do you have a bank account? Are you saving for something special? 16. What is your favorite thing to eat? What is your least favorite thing to eat? What are some types of food you have always wanted to try? What is something you've always wanted to learn to cook? What is your favorite flavors) of ice cream? Do you prefer to have it in a dish, on a plain cone, or on a waffle cone? Have you ever made homemade ice cream? Do you remember a special occasion when you had ice cream? 17; If you were king or queen of the whole world, what is a law that you would make right away? 18. What were your favorite Halloween costumes? Were they store bought, or did you make them? What do you think you might like to dress as in the future? 19. Are you a morning person or a night person? 20. Did you ever stay up all night? Why? Was it fun? 21. What does your room look like? Is it big, or little? Is it comfortable? Did you get to make decisions about what it looks like? What is your favorite thing about your room? What don't you like about it? What is the view outside your window? 22. If you could make a time capsule and put it away to be discovered by your grandchild, what would you put in it? It should be something(s) that are important, wonderful, and/or something that might change that child's life. 23. What is your favorite way to spend a summer day? 24. Did you ever go to summer camp? What is your favorite camp song? Camping place? Campfire story? If you were lost in the woods and it got dark, what would you do? 25. What are three things for which you feel really thankful? 26. If you could become invisible, where would you go and what would you do? 27. What are some things that really bug you? 28. What would you do if you had a magic wand? 29. What talents do you have (don't be modest!)? 30. Finish this sentence: The best thing about today is . . . 31. If you had to move and could take only three things with you, what would you take? 32. Write about a time when you felt very proud of yourself. 33. What makes you laugh? 34. If you could receive a sixth sense, what would you want it to be? 35. Share one of the happiest days of your life. Share a time in your life when you were embarrassed. 36. What do you like most about yourself? 37. What is the most sentimental possession that you have? 38. My favorite family story so far is about when . . . 39. I love the smell of/I love the feel of/I love the sound of/I love the taste of/ 40. My favorite place is . . . 41. I show people I care by . . . I know people care about me because they . . . 42. My favorite movie so far is . . . because . . . 43. After school I usually . . . 44. My favorite animal is . . . because . . . 45. My favorite relative is . . . because . . . 46. My favorite babysitters . . . 47. I don't like _ because . . . 48. I love my bike. This is what it looks like: 49. I love playing _ with _. 50. When I want to be alone, I . . . 51. I like the name(s) _. I wish my name was _ because . . . 52. The breakfast I love most is . . . 53. My favorite crayon colors are . . . 54. I think I do these things well . . . 55. When it comes to magazines, I read these every month: 56. The most important person I know is: 57. When I feel quiet, I like to . . . 58. My favorite musical instrument to listen to is . . . I play music on . . . 59. I think the best invention ever made is . . . 60. Today at school I learned . . . 61. I'm really upset. The reason is . . . 62. The scariest thing that ever happened to me is . . . 63. A hero can be a woman or man, girl or boy, or an animal. Who is a hero to me? 64. My theme song should be . . . because . . . 65. A favorite artist is . . . because . . . 66. One of the places I've been that I've really, truly loved is . . . because . . . 67. The best place I ever lived was . . . because . . . The worst place I ever lived was . . . because . . . 68. Here's a list of important turning points in my life: 69. If I were to choose one that I think altered my sense of myself, I would pick . . . because. 70. Here is a short list of some things I have wanted during my life and have gotten/achieved: 71. My favorite story to tell about myself is . . . 72. When did you go on your first airplane ride? What kind of airplane is the first you recall seeing? 73. What kind of animal are you afraid of? Why do you think you react badly to it? What do you do when you are faced with it? Grades 7 th -9 th 1. The very first job I ever had was . . . I earned $XX an hour, and spent my money on . . . 2. In school, my favorite subject is . . . because . . . 3. My least favorite subject is . . . because . . . 4. My favorite New Year's Eve was in . . . That night I . . . 5. If I could choose a nickname, I would want it to be . . . 6. My favorite number is . . . 7. One of the most (peculiar, dangerous, caring, adventurous, funny, etc.) things I did in middle school was . . . 8. Life skills middle school might/could/should teach: understanding/accepting people who are different (sexuality, race, religion, color, etc.); social skills; manners; conflict resolution/communication skills; how to fix things; cooking; cleaning; finding a job; driving; how to play sports; self defense; “character education”: caring, respect, personal responsibility. 9. Have you ever been to camp? Where did you go? What is your favorite campfire story? Camp song? 10. Who is your favorite teacher? What was your favorite class? What was your favorite school memory? 11. What are three things for which you feel really thankful? 12. If you were lost in the woods and it got dark, what would you do? 13. If you could become invisible, where would you go and what would you do? 14. What is something that really bugs you? 15. What would you do if you had a magic wand? 16. What talents do you have (don't be modest!)? 17. If you could go anyplace in the world for a vacation, where would it be? 18. Finish this sentence: The best thing about today is . . . 19. If you had to move and could take only three things with you, what would you take? 20. Write about a time when you felt very proud of yourself. 21. What makes you laugh? 22. If you could receive a sixth sense, what would you want it to be? 23. If you could be in a big parade, what would you like to do? March in a band, ride a beautiful horse, sit on a float . . . 24. Share one of the happiest days of your life. 25. What do you like most about yourself? 26. What is the most sentimental possession that you have? 27. Share a time in your life when you were embarrassed. 28. Talk about a situation that made you very irritated. How did you resolve it? 29. What is your favorite book you've read in middle school? 30. Who is your all time biggest hero? 31. Where is your favorite hideaway? 32. What do adults sometimes do that make you angry or frustrated? 33. Have you had any personal experiences with racism? Sexism? 34. What do you think about the job your parents are doing? If you could say anything to your parents about what kind of a parenting job they are doing, what would it be? Who do you know who you think is the very best parent you've met? 35. Who is the best source in your life for support and guidance? How do you know them? 36. In watching adults and peers around me, I find the following attributes to be admirable: 37. I would be so embarrassed if: 38. I spent my summer vacation: 39. I was (or was not) glad to come back to school this year because: 40. My first day back at school I: 41. I once lost a very important friend. I felt . . . I made a new friend. I like him/her because . . . My favorite thing about him/her is . . . Something I don't like about him/her is . . . My favorite things we do together are . . . Something I learned from him/her is . . . Something I taught him/her is . . . 42. I just started a new hobby/sport/activity. It is . . . I like it because . . . I do it this often . . . Some things I had to buy to do this were . . . 43. My main form of transportation is (car, but, taxi, walking, bike) 44. I got my first bike . . . It looked like . . . I received/bought it from . . . how I had take care of it . . . mistakes I made. 45. Do you get regular physical exercise? What physical activity do you most enjoy? How long have you been doing it? What do you like about it? What do you hate about it? How have you gotten better at it? What classes have you taken? 46. Computers are a big part of my life. My experience with computers started . . . My skill level is . . . My favorite ways to learn computers . . . My favorite websites . . . My favorite computer games are . . . My skill level at them . . . 47. My self-image: Who I think I am; who I really hope to become; who I′d like to be in my wildest dreams! 48. I would describe my “style” as: 49. The way I fit in: 50. The ways I'm special: 51. Some things I′d really like to be able to do . . . What steps I need to take to actually do those things in my lifetime . . . 52. This is what I feel/think about the (fill in adult issues) I am facing: Issue: 53. My reaction: 54. This is how I affect my: Family . . . church . . . school . . . circle of friends . . . community . . . world. 55. I wish I could: If I had a million dollars, I would: 56. My idea of the perfect boy/girl is: 57. Here is how I feel about: My planet . . . ecology/nature . . . war/world conflict . . . religion . . . sex . . . children 58. My favorite: Person . . . activity; study . . . way to relax . . . friends . . . weekend activities . . . summer activities . . . winter activities Grades 10 th -12 th 1. I was (or was not) glad to come back to school this year because: 2. My first day back at school 1: 3. How would you define joy? 4. The first time I ever drove a car was . . . The hardest part about learning to drive was . . . When I took my driving test, I felt . . . I got my license (date) . . . I remember, the first time I ever drove a car alone I felt . . . I went . . . 5. Once I got in an automobile accident: circumstances, feelings, injuries, what I learned. 6. I bought/got my first car (make, model, year) on . . . what I liked about it . . . what I didn't like about it . . . what I had to do to take care of it . . . mistakes I made . . . 7. Describe the “ideal” life: 8. Complete the statement: “A new world opened up to me when:” 9. Share a big let down in your life: 10. What makes a house a home? 11. What happened the first time you put a dent in a car? Was it your car? Or your family's car? Did you get in trouble? Could the car be fixed? Was anybody hurt because of the wreck? What did you learn from the experience? 12. If you were convinced that reincarnation was a fact, how would you like to come back? 13. How do you feel when someone laughs at you? 14. If you could take only 3 people with you on a trip around the world, whom would you take? 15. What is one of your hobbies? 16. If someone could give you anything in the world for your birthday what would you like it to be? 17. Who is your favorite teacher? What was your favorite class? What are some of your favorite school memories? 18. What is something you can do very well? 19. What does being an American mean to you? 20. Discuss one of your bad habits: 21. What is your favorite party game? 22. Describe a “good neighbor”. 23. What would you do if you wanted to be a friend to someone whom could not speak English? 24. Tell what makes a happy family. 25. Write about a funny experience in a way that will make people laugh. 26. What are your favorite foods? 27. What TV or movie star would you like to invite to your birthday party? 28. What would you do if you found $1,000 in a vacant lot? 29. Tell about a time when you felt proud of yourself. 30. How do you feel about war? Do you think war is ever justified? 31. What do you think it's like after you die? 32. Sadly, many relationships with friends, boyfriends and girlfriends will come to an end over the course of your life. Writing about the situation can help you deal with your feelings. At the end of a relationship: What will you miss most about the relationship, and about the person with whom you were involved? What you will not miss? What was your role in causing the problems in the relationship or in assisting the relationship to fail? What lessons has this experience taught you? What are you sad about concerning this relationship? What you would do differently if you had it to do over again? What relationship skills do you need to develop or perfect in the future? What did you gain from the relationship? How are you richer, deeper or wiser because of the experience? What did the relationship give you that you are grateful for? What did your “ex” give you that you are grateful for? What things are you willing to forgive? What do you want to be forgiven for? What are you willing to forgive yourself for? 33. A few lessons I learned at home that I'm glad I learned include . . . I think I could have gotten along just fine without learning . . . 34. Some people who strongly influenced my life are . . . They did it—either positively or negatively by . . . 35. If I were casting someone to play me in the movie of my life, I would choose . . . because . . . 36. If I could be anybody in the world, past or present, I would choose to be . . . because . . . 37. If I were living my life as an animal, I would be . . . because . . . 38. Here's a list of important turning points in my life . . . If I were to choose one that I think altered my sense of myself; I would pick . . . because . . . 39. A recurring theme or experience in my life seems to be . . . 40. Here is a short list of some things I have wanted during my life and have gotten/achieved: 41. When people talk about sex, I feel . . . The one thing I′d like to be free to talk to someone about regarding sex is . . . Things that make me feel guilty are . . . I encountered peer pressure in this situation . . . . The way I handled it was . . . Messages I have received from society about sex are: . . . and they made me feel . . . I feel they apply/don't apply to me because . . . 42. Who gave the best hugs when you were little? Did you get lots of them? Did you wish for more? 43. Do you remember a time when you helped someone with a difficult task? Why did you decide to do that? Did it make a difference in their life? Are you glad you helped? Would you do the same thing again? 44. Do you remember being very sick as a child? What made you sick? What did you have to do about it? What did your family do to take care of you and help you get better? Did it have any lasting effects? 45. Who told the best jokes in your family? Do you remember any? 46. What luxury did you always wish you could have? Why did it seem so wonderful to you? Who did have it? Did you ever get it? Or do you think you might still get it? 47. What was the happiest letter you ever received? When and where were you when it arrived? What answer did you send? How did it change your life? 48. What do you know about the countries your relatives came from? Are you curious about them? Have you ever done any genealogy research? Have you tried to collect family data from your oldest relatives? 49. How do you define “success”? What would be the sign of a truly successful life? Do you think success will be easy to achieve? Do you have any plans in place to achieve that success? 50. What do you do when you feel zany? Do you make others laugh? Do you plan how to do that? Or does it just happen spontaneously? What is the funniest joke you ever pulled on someone? Did you ever play a prank on someone and have something bad or hurtful happen as a result? Did it change your feelings about playing jokes on people? [0453] After the end of School Days, the next phase in a person's life is typically living on their own, so an “On My Own” volume is provided. This volume is not only a system providing an interactive journal of prompts to present questions and solicit input from the user so as to interactively build the journal or diary but also a primer of being on one's own. Links to experts and services range from finances to housework to relationships, getting the first job to furnishing one's first apartment. Advice ranges from the very practical to the more metaphysical, such as: [0454] How do you make friends outside of the controlled atmosphere of school? How do you keep them? How do you keep in touch with the friends you are leaving behind? How do you select a roommate? [0455] What actual steps do you need to take to make your dreams come true? [0456] This is an especially poignant time to record a life, as the child becomes an adult and begins to learn and accept who he or she truly is. On My Own ends when the individual begins the transformation from ‘me’ to ‘we’. [0457] On My Own transitions a couple-oriented journal called Living Together. Living Together begins with whatever form a couple's permanent commitment takes, whether marriage or something else, and chronicles their times and “firsts” together, such as first apartment, home, vacation, etc. Links to couple counseling and other pertinent services will be provided to chronicle this important time. [0458] Living Together segues from a couple's permanent relationship together into a family oriented journal called The Family Book. The Family Book moves through the transformation from a couple into parents, from two individuals to a family. The volume follows the family's development and encourages interaction through prompts. In accordance with this system invention an interactive website is suitably available to the user wherein the user can go to the website and access a so-called “family vault” (see vault 13 of FIG. 1 ) which offers virtual safety deposit boxes wherein online participants can securely and confidently keep their own journals, private information, and photos. As a community, members encourage each other using instant messaging, online chats, video chats, and e-mail. Ever-expanding technology will allow families separated by great distance to meet online around the virtual kitchen table and share dinner while they chat. Online coaching will be instantly available to the frustrated mother whose newborn won't stop crying or whose 11 year-old didn't make the all-star team, for example. Professional help can also be secured through subcontractors who can provide trained parental coaching or even serve a counseling function. [0459] The next phase, which may be denoted On My Own, Again, is also suitably provided and enables the user to examine the time in life when many individuals whose identity has been predominantly that of parent or partner find themselves abruptly finished with that role, and face the opportunities and struggles of re-building a new life. For the first time in decades, attention moves inward. It is a time of tough questions and new decisions: [0460] Who am I now? What do I have to offer? What makes me happy? [0461] Interactive prompts along this line gently help with this internal examining and external rebuilding to create a record of a time rich with new understanding and possibilities, as well as providing encouragement, coaching and inspiration. [0462] Topics in the On My Own module in a preferred embodiment include: [0000] Moving Out and on Your Own [0000] 1. Finding a place to five 2. Finding a roommate Home Maintenance and Repair 1. Your basic tool kit 2. Painting, basic plumbing, removing stains, mildew, 3. How to buy, drive, and maintain a car so that it is in top shape 4. Don't end up with a lemon: taking your time, doing your homework 5. Buying a used car 6. Negotiating the best loan 7. Maximizing your car's mileage 8 . Basic self maintenance and the maintenance schedule you should try to keep 9. Your car kit keeping you safe on the road 10. How to change a flat tire 11. Be a defensive driver 12. How to find a mechanic who won't rip you off College 1. How to choose the one that's best for you 2. How you're going to pay for it 3. What's your major? 4. How to study 5. Writing for college 6. Higher Education Assistance—Scholarships, Grants, Work Study, etc. Your World of Work 1. What do you want to do with your life? 2. Mapping out the career you want. 3. How to make contacts in your field 4. How to have the best job interview 5. After you get hired how to keep the job and thrive in it 6. Benefits to look for 7. How to ask for a raise 8. How to leave a job 9. Professional dress and demeanor 10. Maintaining a household Food 1. The basic, well stocked kitchen tools, gadgets, storage, staples 2. The basics of cooking preparation of staple foods (i.e., how long to boil an egg, how to cook rice and beans and vegetables and meat a primer) 3. Buying food and storing it 4. Brown bag lunches 5. First recipes and cookbooks you can't live without (recipe exchange) Using Good Consumer Sense 1. Contracts: Getting out of a contract 2. Product warranties 3. Guarantees 4. Getting your money back 5. Small claims court Financial Fitness 1. The language of money 2. Setting up a budget 3. Calculate your net worth once a year 4. The truth about debt 5. Start investing now: the time value of money 6. Record keeping 7. Financial hardships what to do? (Which bills always get paid first, how to become a saver, how to trim your budget even further, emergency funds, how much credits cards really cost) 8. Establishing credit the right way (how does credit work, what to watch out for, your credit report, credit mistakes, what is a co signor?) 9. How to keep financial records Your Health, Diet and Well being: 1. Learning to take care of yourself Traveling Cheap, But Well Medical Info/Referral 2. Health insurance 3. Choosing a doctor 4. Assess your health Personal Safety 1. At home 2. On the road 3. In your car 4. In the big world Relationship Building 1. The basics of communication 2. Conflict management 3. Modern courtship Buying Your First Home Advice/Coaching 1. Learn who you are personality tests/analysis 2. Conflict resolution 3. Healthy hassling 4. Making friends outside the controlled world of school 5. Sex 6. Dealing with criticism 7. Being your own person 8. Discover your values 9. Relationship counseling 10. Creating support groups 11. Developing your intuition Products/Services 1. Budget guide 2. Cookbooks 3. Housewarming kit providing the basics you need for every room in your first house! 4. Lock box 5. Custom stationary Links 1. Interest and values assessment tests to help choose your college, major and careers 2. http://www.c3apply.org/ ACT CollegeNet college search engine 3. www.campustours.com 4. http://www.coUegeboard.com/ SAT information and college search program 5. College home pages 6. http://www.nees.ed.gov/ipeds/cool/ College Opportunities On Line (COOL) Department of Education database of 9000 U.S. colleges 7. http://www.library.uiuc.edu/edx/rankgen.htm—Illinois Library Gateway ranking college resources 8. http://iiswinprd03.petersons.com/ugchannel/ Petersons Collegequest 9. http://www.review.com/ Princeton Review, the student perspective on schools 10. http://www.usnews.com/usnews/edu/college/coh ome.htm US News' US college rankings based on a range of criteria 11. www.betterbudgeting.com/ 12. financialplan.about.com/cs/budgeting/ 13. womensinvest.about.com/cs/livingsingle/ 14. www.personal-budget-planning-saving-money.com/ 15. www.ivillage.com/topics/relation/0,10707,196073,00.html 16. www.singingoutloud.com/singles 17. wwmetlife.com/Applications/Corporate/WPS/CDA/PageGenerator/0,1674,P1337,00.html 18. www.hrblock.com/taxes/plannbig/lif4zevents/first_job.html 19. www.monster.com 20. wwwl.umn.edu/ohr/ecep/resume/ 21. www.rockportinstitute.com/resumes.html 22. anywherebutinthekitchen.com/onedinner.shtml 23. www.digsmagazine.com/nourish/nourish_cooking forone.htm 24. ohioline.osu.edu/ss-fact/0161.html 25. www.springstreet.com/apartments/mme/student/tip/first_apartment.jhtml 26. www.homestore.com/HomeGarden/Decorate/ByRoom/Apt/First.asp Sponsorship Opportunities 1. Donation agencies (Goodwill, Salvation Army, etc.), frozen foods, Monster.com, department stores, home repair, decorating and hardware stores, discount stores, chain retailers, fast food chains, restaurant chains, Public Libraries, Exemplary Prompts for the On My Own module are provided below: College 1. What careers interest you most? Do you know someone who does that job? Try to arrange to have a conversation with that person. Take a list of questions you have. 2. Make a list of your interests and abilities 3. What activities have you explored and enjoyed? 4. What kind of college do you want to attend (small, large, liberal arts, specialized study, community college, trade school?) 5. How far do you want to be from home? Your Life's Work 1. What is the first impression you give to other people? 2. What is your greatest strength and/or weakness? 3. What was the most important success and/or failure in you life? 4. You have just been told that you have six months to live. What would you do in that time? 5. If you suddenly won one hundred thousand dollars in the lottery, what would you do with it? 6. If you had one month and adequate funds to take a trip, where would you go? Why? 7. If you could have any kind of job, what would it be? 8. What do you plan to do when you retire? When will that be? 9. Where will you be living twenty years from now? Why? 10. What is the most adventuresome thing you have ever done? 11. What did you want to be most when you were a child? 12. What is the one thing you can do better than any other? 13. What skill do you value the most? Why? 14. Complete the following statement: I wonder . . . 15. Complete the following statement: I am proud that I . . . 16. Complete the following statement: I feel best about myself when . . . 17. Complete the following statement: Secretly I wish . . . 18. Complete the following statement: I would consider it risky . . . 19. Tell about the missed opportunity in your life you regret the most 20. What is the biggest risk you have ever taken? 21. What misconceptions do people commonly have about you? 22. Have you ever been fired? Have you ever quit a job? What did you learn from those experiences? 23. Do you find it easier to give orders than to take orders? 24. Do you consider yourself a highly competitive person? 25. Do you find it easy to work with others? 26. Do you like the work you are doing, i.e., your profession? 27. Do you like the job you have? 28. Do you find your present job fulfilling? 29. Do you feel you are fairly paid in your present position? 30. Do you enjoy a good working relationship with your boss? Subordinate? Peers? 31. Do you feel you are fairly paid in your present position? 32. Do you enjoy a good working relationship with your boss? Subordinate? Peers? Healing You 1. What incompleteness remains left over from your past? 2. What incompleteness are you experiencing in your life right now? 3. What key that would unlock the puzzle in your life? 4. How do you avoid feeling and expressing your feelings? 5. What do you see as the first step in your healing process? What actions do you need to take this step? 6. How do you sabotage yourself? 7. What parts of yourself do you disown? 8. How do you nurture yourself? 9. How could you do that better? 10. What self doubts do you struggle with? Why? 11. What might be the result of forgiving yourself? 12. What parts of yourself do you really like? 13. What parts do you want to grow and expand? 14. What feelings do you have that you don't allow yourself to express? 15. What remains unlived about your life? 16. Who and what are most precious to you? 17. What losses both great and small have you experienced? 18. Do you ever catch yourself withdrawing from your surroundings and not relating as a result? Expand on that. 19. What have you ever done to successfully reverse that process? 20. Do you have unfinished business in your life? 21. How do you manifest your self image? 22. How have your attempts to “keep it together” and maintain control in your life intensified your pain? Do you see places in your life where you do not have control? 23. How can you become more alive? 24. What is the heart of the problem you are struggling with? 25. What are some things you truly long for? 26. What would it take to rip down your armor? 27. What has been the scariest thing that has happened to you in intimacy? Did it cause you to close yourself off from future intimacy? 28. What does living well mean to you? Are you living well? Can you love well? 29. Where do you turn for wisdom? 30. Are you holding on to shame? 31. Is your life different from how you thought it would be when you were a kid? How is it different? 32. How can you have more fun? Do you want to? 33. What do you want from life that you don't currently have? What are some real steps you might take to get it? 34. How do you express yourself spiritually? Are you happy with that? Would you like to become more spiritual? 35. What is it time for right now in your life? [0637] The family book includes facilities whereby families and groups can record their stories and experiences for the benefit of other family members, future generations, friends and associates. Even the most mundane and seemingly trivial bits of information become a treasure when they pass down the line to future generations. [0638] Examples in the family book include topics of: 1. And Two Become One . . . 2. And Baby Makes Three . . . 3. We Are A Family 4. Our Family Traditions [0643] ADVICE/COACHING related to this includes: 1. Good books to read 2. Family decorating techniques 3. Building holiday traditions 4. Framing family pictures 5. Making memories 6. Dates to remember 7. Family real estate 8. Family medical histories [0652] Prompts for the Family Book include: [0000] Getting to Know Your One and Only [0000] 1. On our first date, we . . . 2. As I saw more of you, what really made me fall in love was . . . 3. I knew that you just might be the one when . . . 4. An obstacle in the path of our romance early on was . . . 5. Our families were different and similar in these ways . . . 6. A special intimate moment or time was when . . . 7. The first time I met your family . . . 8. The first time you met my family . . . 9. Here's what family and fiends had to say about us as we became a couple . . . 10. When we were apart, we stayed in touch by . . . 11. These things symbolized our growing love (special song, place, poem, etc.) . . . 12. We shared this vision for the future . . . 13. Special pre marriage milestones I remember are (first meeting, fast date, first kiss, etc.) 14. We had these differences to work out. 15. Some of the things we both believed in were . . . 16. Our romance almost broke up when . . . Tying the Knot 1. The cast of wedding party members, and why they were chosen, included . . . 2. The wedding location, and why it was chosen, was . . . 3. What everyone wore . . . 4. Our colors and theme: 5. our cake: 6. What we ate and drank . . . Starting Out Together 1. This challenged our relationship: 2. We bought our first home . . . 3. How we went about combining our belongings . . . 4. This is how our finances were set up early on . . . 5. Living together taught us these new things about each other and our habits . . . 6. We started talking about having children . . . 7. Having children changed our relationship in these ways . . . 8. These are some ways we took care of each other . . . 9. Special nicknames we had for each other . . . The Middle Years 1. A memorable hobby or project we worked on together was . . . 2. What we liked to do to relax together . . . 3. A memorable party we gave or attended . . . 4. Our relationship evolved over the years in this way . . . 5. A very sad time for us was when . . . The Later Years 1. When our children became adults, it changed our lives as a couple by . . . 2. After we retired, we had more time to . . . 3. We traveled to these places . . . 4. After all these years, I learned this new aspect about you . . . 5. The hard part of our relationship was . . . 6. These are the reasons I am thankful for you . . . 7. As our bodies grow older, this is how it affected our relationship (hearing loss, etc.) 8. We mourned the loss of this dear person/people together . . . 9. A lesson or two about marriage I′d like to share with the next generation is . . . 10. This is a story I love to tell about us to others . . . Family Backgrounds 1. From where did your ancestors emigrate? 2. How did they get here? 3. Where did they settle, and why? 4. What do you remember about your oldest relative you knew personally? 5. What do you know about your family's values, philosophies and religious beliefs? 6. What memories do you have of your mother during your childhood? 7. What memories do you have of your father during your childhood? 8. What is the happiest memory that you have of your childhood? 9. What is the most painful memory from your childhood? 10. What are the most important things you learned growing up? Childhood 1. Was there anything unusual about your birth? 2. Do you know why you were given your name, and does it have a special meaning? 3. What was your birth order among your siblings? 4. What were you like as a child? 5. Describe the homes and neighborhoods in which you grew up. 6. Describe your family's economic conditions, and the other factors that affected your lifestyle. 7. Tell about your other siblings, and your relationships with each of them. 8. What memories do you have about school? 9. What were the genetic, hereditary and primary health issues in your family? 10. What serious accidents occurred within your family? 11. What were your greatest fears, when you were a child and at present? 12. Who influenced you most in your childhood? 13. Share your funniest memory from childhood? The Teen Years 1. List your best friends. Give a thorough description of each of them. 2. What were some of the fads when you were a teen? 3. What did you like best and least about your appearance during these years? 4. What slang expressions were popular? 5. Describe your relationship with your parents during your teens . . . Who did you turn to for advice? 6. What was your greatest accomplishment as a teenager? 7. What was your greatest fear? 8. Whom did you admire most, and why? 9. Tell a story about something funny and embarrassing that happened to you. 10. Did you have a nickname? What was it and how did you get it? 11. What was the most historic event that took place, and how did it affect you as a teenager? 12. When you moved away from home, where did you go? 13. Did you go to college? Where? Why did you choose it? What did you study? Did you earn a degree? Military Service 1. Did you enlist into the military, or were you drafted? 2. What branch did you serve in? 3. Where did you take basic training? 4. What was basic training like for you? 5. Where were you stationed, and for how long? 6. What was your specialty? 7. Were you ever in combat? If so, describe some of your experiences. 8. What did you do for rest and relaxation? 9. Did you win any medals or decorations, and for what? 10. What was it like for you when the war ended, or when you left the service? 11. Altogether, how long did you serve, and what was the highest rank you obtained? 12. What are your most painful memories of the military? Independence, Work and Career 1. Write about the jobs you've had, and what you're doing now. 2. What was your very first job? 3. What were your dreams and goals during your first years of independence? 4. Do you have any interesting work related stories to tell? 5. What has been your motivation to achieve or succeed in your career? 6. How did your level of education influence your career? 7. Tell about the high/low points in your career. 8. What accomplishments in your career make you proudest? [0754] Personal Family Profiles [0755] Father 1. Brothers and sisters 2. Their names and nicknames 3. Whom they were named for 4. Their good and bad sides 5. Their hobbies 6. What they do for work Good Times and Bad 1. I got my first pet . . . 2. I was in a contest . . . 3. I was in a play . . . 4. I learned to dance . . . 5. I had my first date . . . 6. I had chicken pox . . . 7. I had my tonsils out . . . 8. I broke my . . . When I Look Back, I have to Laugh 1. The silliest thing I ever did . . . 2. The dumbest thing I ever did . . . 3. The smartest thing I ever did . . . The Best 1. The best vacation I ever had growing up . . . 2. The best year I enjoyed in school . . . 3. The best car we ever owned . . . 4. My first, best sweetheart until I was 10 . . . 5. My next, best sweetheart until I was 20 . . . 6. My best, best sweetheart since . . . Favorites in My Memory 1. My favorite color . . . 2. My favorite food . . . 3. My favorite animal . . . 4. My favorite after shave . . . 5. My favorite season . . . 6. My favorite day of the year . . . 7. My favorite time of the day . . . 8. My favorite musical instrument . . . 9. My favorite song . . . 10. Some of my best friends before I was 10 . . . 11. Some of my best friends as a young man . . . 12. Some of my best friends for life . . . 13. The happiest holiday that I remember as a child . . . 14. The happiest holiday that I remember in my teens . . . 15. The happiest holiday that I remember all grown up . . . 16. The holiday I would rather forget . . . The United States of America 1. Places I have visited . . . 2. Places I have always wanted to visit . . . 3. Places I never want to visit . . . My Best Advice to My Children/Grandchildren Good Deeds 1. The three nicest good deeds others have done for me . . . 2. The three nicest good deeds I have tried to do for others . . . 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as an adult 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a adult A Father's Final Footnotes [0806] Personal Family Profiles [0807] Mother 1. Brothers and sisters 2. Their names and nicknames 3. Whom they were named for 4. Their good and bad sides 5. Their hobbies 6. What they do for work Good Times and Bad 1. I got my first pet . . . 2. I was in a contest . . . 3. I was in a play . . . 4. I learned to dance . . . 5. I had my first date . . . 6. I had chicken pox . . . 7. I had my tonsils out . . . 8. I broke my . . . When I Look Back, I have to Laugh 1. The silliest thing I ever did . . . 2. The dumbest thing I ever did . . . 3. The smartest thing I ever did . . . The Best 1. The best vacation I ever had growing up . . . 2. The best year I enjoyed in school . . . 3. The best car we ever owned . . . 4. My first, best sweetheart until I was 10 . . . 5. My next, best sweetheart until I was 20 . . . 6. My best, best sweetheart since . . . Favorites in My Memory 1. My favorite color . . . 2. My favorite food . . . 3. My favorite animal . . . 4. My favorite perfume . . . 5. My favorite season . . . 6. My favorite day of the year . . . 7. My favorite time of the day . . . 8. My favorite musical instrument . . . 9. My favorite song . . . 10. Some of my best friends before I was 10 . . . 11. Some of my best friends as a young woman . . . 12. Some of my best friends for life . . . 13. The happiest holiday that I remember as a child . . . 14. The happiest holiday that I remember in my teens . . . 15. The happiest holiday that I remember all grown up . . . 16. The holiday I would rather forget . . . The United States of America 1. Places I have visited . . . 2. Places I have always wanted to visit . . . 3. Places I never want to visit . . . My Best Advice to My Children/Grandchildren Good Deeds 1. The three nicest good deeds others have done for me . . . 2. The three nicest good deeds I have tried to do for others . . . 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as an adult 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a adult Mother has the Last Word [0858] Personal Family Profiles [0859] Brother 1. Brothers and sisters 2. Their names and nicknames 3. Whom they were named for 4. Their good and bad sides 5. Their hobbies 6. What they do for work Good Times and Bad 1. I got my first pet . . . 2. I was in a contest . . . 3. I was in a play . . . 4. I learned to dance . . . 5. I had my first date . . . 6. I had chicken pox . . . 7. I had my tonsils out . . . 8. I broke my . . . When I Look Back, I have to Laugh 1. The silliest thing I ever did . . . 2. The dumbest thing I ever did . . . 3. The smartest thing I ever did . . . The Best 1. The best vacation I ever had growing up . . . 2. The best year I enjoyed in school . . . 3. The best car we ever owned . . . 4. My first, best sweetheart until I was 10 . . . 5. My next, best sweetheart until I was 20 . . . 6. My best, best sweetheart since . . . Favorites in My Memory 1. My favorite color . . . 2. My favorite food . . . 3. My favorite animal . . . 4. My favorite after shave . . . 5. My favorite season . . . 6. My favorite day of the year . . . 7. My favorite time of the day . . . 8. My favorite musical instrument . . . 9. My favorite song . . . 10. Some of my best friends before I was 10 . . . 11. Some of my best friends as a young man . . . 12. Some of my best friends for life . . . 13. The happiest holiday that I remember as a child . . . 14. The happiest holiday that I remember in my teens . . . 15. The happiest holiday that I remember all grown up . . . 16. The holiday I would rather forget . . . The United States of America 1. Places I have visited . . . 2. Places I have always wanted to visit . . . 3. Places I never want to visit . . . Good Deeds 1. The three nicest good deeds others have done for me . . . 2. The three nicest good deeds I have tried to do for others . . . 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as an adult 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a adult [0910] Personal Family Profiles [0911] Sister [0000] Brothers and Sisters [0000] 1. Their names and nicknames 2. Whom they were named for 3. Their good and bad sides 4. Their hobbies 5. What they do for work Good Times and Bad 1. I got my first pet . . . 2. I was in a contest . . . 3. I was in a play . . . 4. I learned to dance . . . 5. I had my first date . . . 6. I had chicken pox . . . 7. I had my tonsils out . . . 8. I broke my . . . When I Look Back, I have to Laugh 1. The silliest thing I ever did . . . 2. The dumbest thing I ever did . . . 3. The smartest thing I ever did . . . The Best 1. The best vacation I ever had growing up . . . 2. The best year I enjoyed in school . . . 3. The best car we ever owned . . . 4. My first, best sweetheart until I was 10 . . . 5. My next, best sweetheart until I was 20 . . . 6. My best, best sweetheart since . . . Favorites in My Memory 1. My favorite color . . . 2. My favorite food . . . 3. My favorite animal . . . 4. My favorite after shave . . . 5. My favorite season . . . 6. My favorite day of the year . . . 7. My favorite time of the day . . . 8. My favorite musical instrument . . . 9. My favorite song . . . 10. Some of my best friends before I was 10 . . . 11. Some of my best friends as a young man . . . 12. Some of my best friends for life . . . 13. The happiest holiday that I remember as a child . . . 14. The happiest holiday that I remember in my teens . . . 15. The happiest holiday that I remember all grown up . . . 16. The holiday I would rather forget . . . The United States of America 1. Places I have visited . . . 2. Places I have always wanted to visit . . . 3. Places I never want to visit . . . Good Deeds 1. The three nicest good deeds others have done for me . . . 2. The three nicest good deeds I have tried to do for others . . . 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as an adult 1. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a child 2. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a teen 3. The one time in my life I would most like to live over as a adult [0961] After the On My Own Again/Family phase, a volume directed towards the end of life, called Before I Go, is provided. This last book in the series takes a person through the natural order of aging and coming to grips with the end of his or her existence here. Foremost, it is a chance to try to encapsulate and pass on the accumulation of wisdom and understanding of an entire lifetime, to let it live past the end of that life and be carried on to successive generations. Questions and prompts are designed to lead individuals to a passage of peace, with the knowledge that they took care of the loose ends and unfinished business and told their story as best they could. This volume is suitably constructed so that it is appropriate for and works as well for those who face dying prematurely as for those whose life has been long. [0962] A lifetime is full of events, tragedies, passions, achievements and adventures, but so often our parents, grandfathers, grandmothers, and all manner of kin leave this world without sharing many of their stories with us either verbally or in writing. This book is designed to prompt an individual to reveal their inner self to their loved ones by telling important life stories of their beginnings, bits and pieces of growing up, adventures of adult achievements and so much more. These prompts not only provide a written legacy for the next generation, but also the opportunity for transcendence in the release of painful memories and the experience of forgiveness and mercy. [0000] Topic Areas for Before I go [0000] Vital Statistics [0000] 1. Birth date, birth place, marriage(s), divorce(s), children born to you Family Tree 1. From as far in the past as possible, to the present day (preferably including as many portraits you can collect) Cultural Heritage/Ethnic Background Information 1. Place of origin for as many relatives as you can ascertain, history of passage from the old country to the new, collected customs and practices kept alive within your family Personal History 1. Story of your birth 2. Childhood stories 3. Education 4. Religion 5. Significant relationships in my lifetime 6. Grandchildren 7. Great grandchildren 8. Places I lived during my lifetime (pictures): 9. Places I have traveled (pictures, stories, years): 10. Things I always wanted to do and did: 11. Things I always wanted to do and wish I had done: 12. Events and experiences that made my life happy: 13. My true loves 14. My greatest achievements: 15. Things I most wanted to achieve, and did not: 16. My proudest moments: 17. My moments of deepest humility: 18. I want to thank for . . . 19. I want to vent at for . . . 20. My feelings about death and dying are . . . 21. Bits of wisdom I wish to share: 22. Important books I read: 23. Music I loved: 24. Favorite quotes: 25. Favorite: colors, foods, smells, sounds, tactile feelings, visual experiences, movies, songs, cars, piece of furniture, books, objects, pets, people, friends, truths 26. Describe some of your most precious possessions: 27. Life changing events I want to share: 28. When I was young, we did this way, and now it is done this way. 29. Advances in technologies during my lifetime 30. My last picture before I leave: 31. Spiritual beliefs/thoughts/adventures during my life: what I have believed in the past, and what I believe now 32. Jobs I held during my lifetime: 33. My very favorite jobs: 34. Jobs I have hated: 35. Retirement experiences: 36. Wild stories and things I did that might be hard to believe: 37. Traumatic events and stories I have rarely shared: 38. My wishes for my body after death . . . 39. My desires regarding memorials or services after my passing . . . 40. Living will/legal issues/my lawyer: To be Read and Opened after My Passing: 1. My final thoughts (to include: amends, confessions, letters to relatives/friends, love stories, legal will and testament, painful stories, etc). Advice/Coaching 1. Connections to people experiencing a similar end to their lives 2. Death and dying counseling 3. Help dealing with family members as your life winds down 4. Remembering to take care of yourself during this time 5. Remembering that you and all significant people in your lives are a part of this event 6. Medical advice to ease pain and maximize comfort Products/Services 1. Storage boxes and durable envelopes to hold valuable papers, letters, and objects destined to pass on to someone after death. 2. Custom death announcements that can be completely personalized to your situation Links 1. Hospice Foundation 2. Funeral Consumer's Alliance 3. Alzheimer's Foundation 4. Writing your obituary Inserts 1. Premature illness and death [1020] In addition to the above volumes or journals, other optional sections are also suitably provided. One such volume, Book of Days, serves as a companion piece to help manage time and keep track of goals and projects. This electronic book includes a family calendar, address book, concise daily journal, daily schedule, bulletin board for notes, and reminder service. Information can be downloaded into hard copy. Users can store virtual copies of important documents in the electronic safety deposit boxes. By linking to a central database, certain information can be automatically updated, for instance contact information for old friends. Services may be offered to help old friends stay in touch, in groupings ranging from two people to a large segment of one's graduating class, for instance, or to aid in finding new friends or romantic interests in a new and unfamiliar city. [1021] In addition to the Book of Days, the system also provides other “inserts” focusing on the areas of adoption, death and divorce, since not all lives neatly follow the regular structured pattern described thus far. These areas are to be developed by knowledgeable professionals and by people who have lived through the particular experiences. Each of the segments has tie-ins in a number of areas. Ancillary products can be offered, such as templates for scrapbooking and so on, boxes, time capsules, hope chests and other tangible places to hold treasures and memory-laden objects, informative books about how to deal with some of the challenges particular to each segment, and others that can be created as markets seem open to them. [1022] Each book described above includes areas that address life's most joyous moments as well as its most difficult passages, for example the course of receiving a child during adoption, the heartbreak and process of divorce, the poignancy of watching a parent become fragile, and vast other elements that affect one's life. The system is designed to operate via online interaction with users, but can alternately be downloaded into a hard copy version of each user's own design, created from resources available as part of the online system. These include scrap book and manuscript templates, as specific examples. [1023] Users can have videos available on member websites, for example, where a family can have video to be viewed by distant family members or friends, showing a child's performance, family event, sports games, etc. [1024] Each member is able to keep a personal journal under “lock and key” so that access is restricted. [1025] Different levels of service are available, with varying storage amounts or services (e.g., still picture presentation and storage might be provided at one level, while video storage and access might be provided at another). Scrapbook templates, book publishing tools, borders, designs, boxes, family totem boxes and the like may be provided. The book publishing tools provided enable the user to easily turn their writings into a book form, for publication, for example. The electronic safety deposit box concept can allow storage of important papers, which are then easily accessed from anywhere. Living wills can be stored, for example. The system can provide, in the book of days, for example, an index of keywords or dates, and links to the particular entries related thereto, of the person's entries. [1026] The various volumes or books can cover age ranges in a preferred embodiment as follows: The Great Event, conception to 7 years old School Days—kindergarten through high school subdivisions thereon: age 5 through 11 (grades K-6) age 11-13 (grades 6-8) age 13-17 (high school) [1033] On my Own—18 years and beyond, up to the point where the commitment to another book (I to We) would take over [1034] The Family Book (various age ranges of adults) [1035] On my Own Again (after children move away, or divorce or other separation occurs) [1036] Also, a “Book of Days” may be provided which includes a calendar, address book, personal history, footnotes, daily journal, reminders, notes and the like. [1037] Thus, in accordance with the invention, an interactive journal/diary system is provided, which includes life coaching or advice capabilities. Products and services appropriate to a stage of life or particular issue in the user's life can be suitably presented to the user, and may be provided through the system. Products and services simultaneously pertinent to multiple generations, such as life insurance or photographic film, may also be offered. Journaling storage boxes, which may comprise shoe-box or cigar box size storage containers up to hope chests or the like, may also be provided and offered as an add on product for sale to users, for storing personal items or collectibles that have meaning to the user. By providing the association with specific products and service providers that are appropriate and which may be timely and desirable to a user of the journal system, a more useful journal is created that provides not only a place to store thoughts and memories, but also a place to go to in order to seek guidance and needed information and products at a specific time in a user's life. [1038] The overall system can be sold as a stand alone software product, in separate modules or volumes or as an entire set. Alternatively, access is provided on a subscription or membership basis, whether by selling use time increments, or by the day/month/year, etc. [1039] Products and benefits and services that can be associated with and incorporated into the system include: coaching, diaper service, doctor referral, on-line support groups, medical information and referral, classified ads, name banks (random name generators (for naming children or pets, for example)), furniture manufacturing, collecting box mementos, photo and video posting, message centers, calendars, announcements, party supplies, rituals, big brother/big sister programs, latest scientific research, year you were born, sponsors, community buildings, online interaction and archiving, online support, professional help and support, sponsorship partners, corporations, volunteers, organizations, list serves, garage sales, block parties, neighborhood watches, neighborhood moderators, classmates, alumni associations, Corporate sponsors for different sections, coupons, Product rating, No identifying data collection, Music—archivist, Photo collection, Advising center for School Days, Job finding for On My Own and On My Own Again, Genealogy links, Higher education assistance scholarships, info., Vacation planning for Book of Days/family financial advice from corporate sponsors, On My Own budgeting, On My Own Again retirement Planning, Family Book college fund assistance, workshops on use of the journaling system (hints, tips, ideas), Medical info/referral/supply, Clothing manufacturers, Furniture manufacturing, Party supplies, Latest scientific research health/will, Dieting/diet, Calendar, Secure age appropriate chat rooms, Training/skill/relationship building, Life Time phonebook to forever keep in touch, One line Zines, Contests, Mentoring/peer training, College/vacation prep, Personal bulletin boards, Central/virtual message center, Virtual family/friend get togethers, Holidays, meals, special occasions, graduations, birthdays, family reunions, email, Holiday ordering of gifts special prices, Hope chests, Photo album, Souvenir/scrap books, Frames, Great Event specifics, Name book, Time capsule, On line birth support for mom and dad, Diaper service, Dr. Referrals, Medical info and referral (for all books), Birth announcements, Ritual contracts (for all books), Big brother/sister advice/info, Family book specifics, Family calendar, Birthdays, anniversaries, recitals, graduation, Photo/video Gallery, Central messaging center—accessible by voice mail, Homework/tutoring/research help, Cool school nominations and contests, Student exchange Annotate memories when saving, Real-time memory exchange-baby pictures Birth broadcasts Real-time (parent to kid—we have to talk about this bill and show the bill after scanned) Discussion—groups Birth announcements Wedding albums Exchange of vows Special events celebrations, Real-time memory search of journal/prompt responses, “The perfect memory” internal journal/prompt response search, for example. [1040] The system can suitably be implemented as an add on content or subscription option for internet providers [1041] While a preferred embodiment of the present invention has been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that many changes and modifications may be made without departing from the invention in its broader aspects. The appended claims are therefore intended to cover all such changes and modifications as fall within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

This is a division of application Ser. No. 60,054, filed July 24, 1979. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to non-thrombogenic material, and particularly relates to polymeric material heparinized through covalent bonds. Said invention is particularly concerned with a novel procedure for producing said non-thrombogenic material. 2. Description of the Prior Art In general, contact of blood with nearly any foreign surface leads to blood coagulation. This problem would severely limit the use of many otherwise useful medical procedures. The coagulation is initiated through an activation factor (also known as Hoegeman factor or Factor XII) that activates clotting factors culminating in polymerization of fibrinogen to fibrin. This surface-induced coagulation has presented obvious difficulties in such theraputic procedures as the use of an artifical kidney, heart, lung etc. Without systemic anticoagulants such as heparin, their use would have been impossible. Similarly, heart valves made from metals and polymeric materials produce emboli so that it is necessary to maintain patients on anti-coagulant therapy indefinitely. In other procedures, for example, catheterization and blood shunting, a choice has had to be made between the systemic heparinization and the risk of clot formation. Systemic anti-coagulation is, of course, not a satisfactory answer due to control problems and the possibility of hemorrhage. In spite of all the foregoing difficulties, it is well known that artificial kidneys and blood oxygenators have been widely used. This is only made possible by administration of heparin, naturally occurring anticoagulant, into the patient's blood stream. Such procedures to prevent clotting are of a short-term nature, since the heparin is ultimately dissipated by the body. Thus, it has long been desirable that a material possessing long-term non-thrombogenic effect be materialized. The first significant advance toward permanently non-thrombogenic surface has come with the development of heparinized surface by Gott et al. (Gott, V. L., Whiffen, J. D. and Dutton, R., Science 142, 1297 (1963)). In their procedure, graphite is first coated on the polymer surface. The graphite, in turn, serves to absorb a cation, usually benzalkonium group, which then ionically binds heparin molecule. The method of binding heparin to the surface of a polymeric material through a quaternized amine has been further developed by other researchers. In one instance, phenyl groups of polystyrene are chloro-methylated, quarternized with dimethylaniline and then subjected to binding with the heparin. In the above reaction, the heparin is bonded only ionically as a quarternary ammonium salt. The ionically bonded heparin does, in fact, slowly dissociate from the surface in the presence of blood. This means that anti-coagulant properties obtained with ionically-bonded heparin are of a short-term nature. There have been several attempts with limited success to link or bind heparin covalently to a certain polymer. For example, polyvinyl alcohol is allowed to react with the heparin in the presence of a dialdehyde such as glutaraldehyde. This utilizes the reaction between the aldehydes and the hydroxyls on the adjacent carbon atoms to form 6-membered 1,3-dioxane ring. The procedure can link the heparin to the polymer with a covalent bond, from which permanent non-thrombogenic properties may be expected. The vital drawback of the above procedure lies in the fact that the bi-functional dialdehyde does not always react only between the heparin and the polyvinyl alcohol, but, more likely, reacts between the heparin molecules and also reacts between the polyvinyl alcohol molecules to form many heparin-heparin and polyvinyl alcohol-polyvinyl alcohol cross-linkages. This reaction procedure develops cross-linked heparin gels or the cross-linked polyvinyl alcohols. These products are, of course, unfavorable (undesired) by-products. The ideal picture of the reaction is that one aldehyde in the dialdehyde molecule reacts with the heparin while another aldehyde reacts with the polyvinyl alcohol so that the heparin and the polyvinyl alcohol are bonded each other through aldehyde-OH reaction. Also, as has been known, the anti-coagulant effect of the heparin is remarkably reduced by chemical modifications. Therefore, the linking of the heparin and the polyvinyl alcohol by the action of the dialdehyde can not be called "successful" in view of the fact that the non-thrombogenic property obtained is less than one would expect. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of this invention is to provide non-thrombogenic materials covalently linked with heparin without the formation of a by-product, and a method for producing such non-thrombogenic materials. Another object of this invention is to provide a hollow fiber with long-term non-thrombogenic properties when exposed to blood, and a method for producing such hollow fiber. A further object of this invention is to provide a method for producing non-thrombogenic materials which involves a reaction between heparin and aldehyde-containing polymers. A still further object of this invention is to provide a method for producing non-thrombogenic materials between heparin and an aldehyde-containing polymer which is prepared by the cleavage of carbon-carbon bond by the reaction of periodic acid (or its salt) or lead tetraacetate to give aldehyde groups. A still further object of this invention is to provide a medical device having non-thrombogenic properties. A still further object of this invention is to provide a method for producing non-thrombogenic medical devices which are used in contact with blood, such as artificial kidney, heart, lung, devices in intravascular implantation or extra corporeal connections or prostheses, and membranes for blood dialysis, blood filtration and oxygenation. According to an aspect of this invention, the invention is directed to non-thrombogenic material comprising a base polymer treated with heparin, in which the heparin is covalently bonded with the base polymer through only one acetal bond or hemiacetal bond at each bonding site between the heparin and the base polymer. The above and other objects, features and advantages of this invention, will be apparent in the following description and examples. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS This invention relates to a method for producing non-thrombogenic materials which involves a reaction between heparin and an aldehyde group-containing polymer. This invention differs from the prior art, which has been directed to linking heparin and a polymer by the function of a dialdehyde, in that the present invention does not involve undesirable side reactions such as heparin-heparin bonding or polymer-polymer bonding. Therefore, there are no unfavorable gelled materials formed as by-products and probably because of the minimum chemical modification of the heparin, non-thrombogenic properties of the composition of this invention are outstanding. This is surprising from the fact that it has been observed that the anti-coagulant function of heparin is appreciably decreased by any sort of chemical modification. In practice of the present invention, the "aldehyde group-containing polymer" can be prepared by the polymerization or copolymerization of the monomer which has an aldehyde or aldehyde group-forming group, namely, acetal or hemiacetal group. Thus, the "aldehyde group containing polymer" means the polymer containing aldehyde group or aldehyde group-forming group such as acetal or hemiacetal along the polymer chain. Examples of these monomers are acrolein, methacrolein, p-formyl styrene, N-formyl amino ethyl acrylamide, N-formyl ethyl acrylamide, formyl ethyl acrylamide, formyl ethyl methacrylate, ketene dimethyl acetal, ketene diethyl acetal, acrolein acetal, methacrolein acetal and so forth. The polymerization or copolymerization of this kind of the monomer with other copolymerizable vinyl compounds can be performed in the usual manner by using a common radical initiator. An example of the copolymerization is given below to form "aldehyde group-containing polymer". Allylidene diacetate (CH 2 ═CH--CH (OAc) 2 ) prepared by the reaction between acrolein and acetic anhydride can be copolymerized with another vinyl compound like vinyl acetate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed to an "aldehyde group-containing polymer" as follows: ##STR1## Other monomer such as vinyl chloride, acrylonitrile, methacrylonitrile,methyl methacrylate, isopropyl methacrylate, isopropenyl acetate, ethyl methacrylate, methyl acrylate, ethyl acrylate, methacrylic acid, acrylic acid, styrene, or α-methyl styrene may be used for copolymerization with "aldehyde group-containing monomer". The "aldehyde group-containing polymer" may be prepared, in turn, by periodic acid (or its salt) or lead tetraacetate cleavage of carbon-carbon bonds, which is a characteristic reaction of carbon-carbon bonds, where adjacent carbon atoms possess OH groups, i.e., vic-glycol. The typical polymers having vicinal hydroxyl groups can be natural polymers having glucose units. The natural polymers may be cellulose, cellulose derivatives such as oxycellulose, benzyl cellulose, cyanoethyl cellulose, cellulose acetate, polysaccharide, starch, gum arabic,chitin,chitosan,galactane, araban, galactomannane, xylane, alginic acid (or its salt), heparin and so forth. These natural polymers have repeating glucose units in the chain molecule. The glucose unit has a vic-glycol moiety which can be cleaved by the action of periodic acid (or its salt), or lead tetraacetate as follows: ##STR2## Therefore, by treating with periodic acid, the polymer having glucose units can be easily converted to "aldehyde group-containing polymer" ("P-CHO" will be used short for "aldehyde group-containing polymer".) by the simple treatment with periodic acid or lead tetraacetate. In the case of cellulose, the reaction can be visualized as follows: ##STR3## Hereafter, we use ##STR4## for the above reaction product ##STR5## for generalization; P means polymer chain). On the other hand, the chemical structure of heparin has a repeating unit described below: ##STR6## Heparin also has vic-glycol moieties in the chain. Hereafter we use simplified formula ##STR7## for heparin. The vic-glycol moiety in the heparin molecule reacts with an aldehyde in an acidic medium. Thus, the reaction between the vic-glycol moiety of the heparin and the aldehyde groups in the polymer forms a 5-membered ring, i.e., dioxolane ring which is very stable by nature, in accordance with the following reaction: ##STR8## The hemiacetal structure is likely to be converted to more stable acetal by elimination of one water molecule. The aldehyde group in the polymer may be converted to acetal or hemiacetal in the presence of an alcohol as follows: ##STR9## The chemical reactivity of acetal or hemiacetal shown above does not make any difference from "free" aldehyde, and these react with heparin in the same way as "free" aldehyde. ##STR10## When the reaction (1) is carried out in an acidic medium in the presence of alcohol, hemiacetal structure may be formed. ##STR11## But this structure is liable to react further to form stabler 1,2-dioxolane ring by liberating ethanol. ##STR12## Thus, the reaction in this invention can be summarized as follows: ##STR13## By the above reaction, heparin and the "aldehyde group-containing polymer" can be covalently bonded, which means that the linked heparin does not dissociate, thus, the heparin can not be leach out when exposed in the blood stream. In this reaction, there is neither a heparin-heparin side reaction, nor a polymer-polymer reaction as occurs to a great extent in the prior art. In the present invention, from the principle of the above reaction, one can understand that any polymer which has aldehyde or acetal group can be obviously used. The polymer may be a homopolymer, copolymer, block copolymer or a graft copolymer and blends of the above polymers. The aldehyde group-containing polymer contains preferably aldehyde group ranging from 1.0 to 20.0% by weight of the polymer, and heparin solution preferably has 50 to 100,000 USP unit heparin when applied to the reaction. The above reaction can be carried out in a homogeneous phase or in a heterogeneous phase. For example, a water soluble starch is dissolved in water to form a homogeneous solution, treated with sodium metaperiodate and then allowed to react with heparin in an acidic medium. On the other hand, the surface of medical device which is exposed to blood can be coated with the above reaction product which can be rendered insoluble by the cross-linking with a dialdehyde such as glyoxal or glutaraldehyde. The invention may also be applied to any shaped article made from cellulose. For example, the interior of a cellulose hollow fiber, or cellulose tube may be treated with periodic acid to form aldehyde groups, followed by the above-described treatment with heparin. Cellulose film may also be treated in the same way. The polymer treated is not always limited to a sole polymer, but may be a composite material or a blend material. This invention may be applied on the surface of a shaped article which is exposed to blood when in use. Thus, the coating material having aldehyde groups which can cover foreign surface may be utilized. In the case of cellulose hollow fiber, the present invention may be applied in a hollow fiber manufacturing process. The inventor has already disclosed a novel method for producing cellulosic hollow fiber. According to his above-mentioned disclosure, cellulose ester, preferably cellulose acetate is dissolved in an organic solvent, for example, acetone. The hollow fiber can be spun through a "tube in orifice" spinnerete. The key to the success for forming the hollow fiber at a high speed (200 m/min) lies in the fact that a core solution which contains an effective amount of a salt which plays an important role in developing phase separation between the core solution and the spinning dope is used. Examples of said water soluble salt are sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride, sodium phosphate, ammonium chloride, sodium acetate, sodium oxylate and so forth. When this technique is applied in the dry-jet wet spinning method, and spun-dope filament from the orifice is not gelled during the dry passage because the phase separation prevents the diffusing of the core solution into the sheath dope filament. Therefore, the spun dope-filament can be easily stretched during the air gap before being introduced into the coagulation bath. The present invention may also be applied to the above hollow fiber producing process. When the core solution contains sodium metaperiodate, for example, in the form of a mixture with another water soluble salt such as sodium chloride, calcium chloride or sodium acetate, the inner surface or the hollow surface of the filament is contacted with sodium metaperiodate which selectively attacks vic-glycol of the cellulose ester to develop aldehyde groups. The core solution can contain an alkali metal hydroxide such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide. In this case, the inner surface or the hollow surface can be simultaneously hydrolyzed so as to regenerate cellulose, which is attacked simultaneously by the periodate to give rise to aldehyde groups. Preferable concentration of periodic acid or its salt in the core solution is 0.01 to 3 mol/l and more preferably 0.05 to 1.0 mole/l. When the concentration is lower than 0.01 mole/l, reaction will not proceed satisfactorily, and, when the concentration is more than 3.00 mole/l, degradation due to cleaverage of cellulose molecule may take place. The core solution may be acidic, for example, the core solution can contain periodic acid. This acidic core solution, can contain other inorganic or organic acids, such as hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulfuric acid or acetic acid. The solution also may contain neutral salts or acidic salts such as sodium chloride, potassium chloride, ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide and so on. The hollow fiber thus formed can be successively treated with heparin in an acidic medium. Thus, heparin can be linked co-valently on the inner surface of the hollow fiber. The follow fiber thus obtained has a long-term, almost permanent non-thrombogenicity, which has long been needed. The core solution may be an organic liquid containing periodic acid which does not gel the spinning solution, namely, a liquid having a swelling effect for the dope-polymer, or a solvent for the dope polymer. In this case, the core solution does not coagulate the spinning dope during the dry-passage (or in the air gap) when applied to dry-wet jet spinning method. The spun dope can be stretched before being introduced into the coagulation bath, where gellation take place instantaneously. This makes the spinning speed extremely high (180 m/min), compared to the known process. The example of this type of core solution may be formamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, dimethyl acetamide, dimethyl formamide, γ-butyrolactone, tetromethylene sulfone, 2-pyrrolidone, or mixtures of the above compounds, for cellulose acetate as dope polymer. These core solution can contain heparin to react based on the same principle. The principle presented in the present invention can also be applied in a different mode. Heparin, which also contains vic-glycol, is first treated to form aldehyde groups in its molecule as follows: ##STR14## The product can react with a polymer having vicinal hydroxyl groups such as cellulose or polyvinyl alcohol as follows: ##STR15## When the hydroxy polymer is cellulose, the heparin is linked through a 5-membered substituted dioxolane ring: ##STR16## When the hydroxy polymer is polyvinyl alcohol, the acetal linkage is in the form of a 5-membered substituted 1,3-dioxane ring: ##STR17## The both 5- and 6-membered acetal rings are very stable by nature, thus, the heparin molecules are bonded firmly by the covalent bonds. This is the reason why the above reaction products have long-term thrombogenicities. The procedure presented in this invention can be applied in any form of the shaped articles. The invention also is applied as a coating material which has previously been subjected to this invention to link heparin. Also the present invention can be applied after being coated with the polymer having vic-glycol or aldehyde (or acetal) groups, through said functional groups. The heparin can be bonded as described in detail supra. This invention is further illustrated in and by the following examples which are given merely as illustration and are not intended to restrict in any way the scope of the invention nor the manner in which it can be practiced. EXAMPLE 1 Sodium metaperiodate was dissolved in 100 ml of water and the solution thus obtained was maintained at 5° C. Into this solution, a commercial cuprophane film prepared from cuproammonium solution was immersed for 30 minutes, the solution was then washed with distilled water and dried at ambient temperature. The film was next immersed in 50 ml of an aqueous solution containing 25,000 unit/ml heparin for 30 minutes at 40° C. The heparin solution was adjusted at pH 4 with sulfuric acid. After being treated in the heparin solution, the film was washed with water again, and dried at ambient temperature. EXAMPLE 2 A 100 ml aqueous solution having 0.01 mole of sodium metaperiodate was adjusted to pH 8 with H 2 SO 4 . The solution was placed in a dark place at 10° C. Into this solution, a commercial cellophane film was immersed and allowed to react for 20 minutes. Then, the film was thoroughly washed with distilled water. The film was then allowed to react with heparin by being immersed in an aqueous solution having 5,000 unit/ml of heparin at pH of 3. Temperature was maintained at 50° C. during the reaction. After ten minutes, the film was taken up from the solution, washed with a sufficient amount of distilled water and then dried at ambient temperature. EXAMPLE 3 50 g of water soluble starch was dissolved in 300 ml of water and the solution obtained was maintained at 30° C. To this solution, an aqueous solution (50 ml) containing 1 g of sodium metaperiodate was added, and the mixture was stirred for 10 minutes. The reaction product was precipitated by pouring the reaction mixture into large excess of methanol. The precipitant was filtered, and then the residual material was dissolved in water again. After the aqueous solution thus obtained had been adjusted to pH 3.5 with H 2 SO 4 , 5 ml of a solution having 25,000 unit/ml of heparin was added, and the solution was allowed to react at 40° C. for 30 minutes. The reaction mixture was again precipitated in a large excess of methanol under agitation. The precipitant was sufficiently washed with methanol. Purification of the reaction product was performed by reprecipitation using a water-methanol system. Thus, heparinized starch was obtained. Using a tube made from polyvinyl chloride (100 mm long and 10 mm in inner diameter), a test tube was prepared by closing one end of the tube. The heparinized starch obtained above was dissolved in water to form a 25% solution; the pH thereof was adjusted to 1.0 with H 2 SO 4 and an amount of glutaraldehyde calculated to form a 3% solution was added thereto. Immediately after the addition of the glutaraldehyde, the solution was poured into the polyvinyl chloride test tube, then the tube was rotated so that the inner surface was covered uniformly with the solution. After this operation, excess solution was decanted, then the tube was dried at 50° C. As the result, the inner surface was uniformly coated with cross-linked, heparinized starch. Another experiment was conducted as follows, using soft-polyvinyl chloride film containing dioctyl phthalate (DOP) as a plasticizer: Immediately after the addition of glutaraldehyde to the acidic aqueous solution of the heparinized starch, the aqueous solution was coated on the surface of the film described in Example 2, then the coated film was heat-treated at 60° C. to evaporate water therefrom. As a result, glutaraldehyde-cross-linked heparinized starch, which is no longer soluble in water, was uniformly coated on the surface of the film. After being washed with a sufficient amount of water to eliminate the soluble portion, the film was dried at ambient temperature. EXAMPLE 4 Using a tube made from cellulose butyrate acetate by Eastman Kodak Co., the following experiment was carried out. First, the inner surface of the tube was treated with 3 normal aqueous solution. By this procedure (KOH treatment), the inner surface of the tube was partially hydrolyzed to regenerate cellulose. After being washed thoroughly with water, the inner surface of the tube was contacted with the aqueous solution of sodium metaperiodate as in example 1 at 5° C. in dark place. After this, the periodate solution was removed from the tube, which was then washed with water. The water-washed tube was then immersed in an aqueous solution containing 10,000 unit/ml of heparin at pH 3 for 30 minutes at 40° C. The tube was then washed with water and dried. EXAMPLE 5 Anti-coagulant tests were carried out using surface-heparinized film obtained in the examples 1 to 3. The following tests were employed. For comparison, un-heparinized films of the same materials were tested as controls. The test for non-thrombogenetic properties was made by two methods described below: The first method (Test I) The film was first thoroughly washed with the saline solution, then placed on a watch glass. On this film, 1 ml of the fresh human blood was placed, then the test was made in such a manner that a silicon-coated needle was tipped into blood and pulled up, and checked if any fibrous material may be pulled up with the needle or not. The time that the fibrous material was first observed was defined as the initial coagulating time. The complete coagulation time was defined as the time that the blood was no longer flow down when the watch glass was tilted and tipped over. The second method (Test II) This test was carried out using dog's ACD blood. For one sample, 5 pieces of films were prepared and placed in watch glasses independently. These are kept at 37° C., then the fresh dog's ACD blood (0.25 ml each) was placed on every pieces of the films. Immediately after this, the addition of 0.025 ml of aqueous CaCl 2 solution, the concentration of which was 0.1 mole/l, was followed. This will start coagulation of the blood. After appropriate time intervals, coagulated blood mass was fixed with formation. This was again washed with water. After removing the water, the blood mass was weighed. The weight percent of the blood mass based on the control means which was prepared in the same condition on the glass plate. The results obtained are summarized in the following table. ______________________________________ Test ITest Sample Coagulation Time Test IIKind Heparinized Initial Complete Blood Mass______________________________________Example 1 yes 300 min >10 hrs 3% no 11 min 16 min 81%Example 2 yes 240 min >10 hrs 6% no 10 min 19 min 89%Example 3 yes 240 min >10 hrs 8% no 8 min 14 min 72%Glass plate(control) no 6 min 12 min 100%______________________________________ From the above results, it is obvious that the heparinization in the present invention shows outstanding effect. EXAMPLE 6 In this example, the tests of coagulation of the blood were examined using Lee-White method. Specimens used in this example were polyvinyl chloride tube coated with the heparinized starch obtained in the Example 3, and the partially hydrolyzed and heparinized cellulose acetate butyrate tube obtained in Example 4. For comparison, unheparinized tube specimens of the same kind, and glass test tubes with and without the treatment with silicone were tested in the same condition. The results are summarized in the following table. ______________________________________Tube Specimen CoagulationKind Heparinized Start Time______________________________________Example 3 yes >5 hrs no 16 minExample 4 yes >5 hrs no 10 minGlass tube* -- 8 min Glass tube** -- 32 min______________________________________ *without treatment with silicone **treated with silicone REFERENCE EXAMPLE 1 215.2 mg of sodium heparin was dissolved in 100 ml of distilled water. To this, 0.0624 mole of sodium metaperiodate was added, and the mixture was kept for 28 hours at 5° C. By this procedure, one glycol per 16 glucose units of heparin was cleaved on an average. This solution was used as solution (I). After this solution was maintained for an additional 20 hrs in the dark, two glycols per 16 glucose units of heparin were cleaved. This solution was used as the solution (II). EXAMPLE 7 The commercial Cuprophan® and Cellophan® film were cut to square (5×5 cm). The films were treated with solutions (I) and (II) at pH 3 adjusted with H 2 SO 4 for 60 min. Temperature was maintained at 60° C. The films were then washed with water and dried. EXAMPLE 8 A polyvinyl alcohol aqueous solution was prepared using a commercial polyvinyl alcohol. From the solution, a polyvinyl alcohol film was prepared by usual casting method. After heat-treatment of the film at 80° C. for 4 hours, the film became insolube in water because of the crystallization. This film was treated at pH 1.0 for 4 hours at 50° C. with solution (I). EXAMPLE 9 A film made from a copolymer of vinyl acetate-ethylene copolymer was treated in a KCl saturated aqueous solution with 1 N of potassium hydroxide for 1 hour at 40° C. The surface of the film was hydrolyzed, which was confirmed by IR spectrum, showing the presence of --OH group. This surface-hydrolyzed film was treated with solution (II) at pH 1.0 for 1 hour at 40° C. The film was then washed with water and dried. EXAMPLE 10 A commercial vinyl chloride-ethylene-vinyl acetate graft copolymer (GRAFTMER® from the Nippon Zeon Co.) was shaped into a tube. The interior of the tube was hydrolyzed by contact with 2 normal potassium hydroxide aqueous solution. Thus interior surface of the tube became vinyl chloride-ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer. After being washed sufficiently, the tube was treated with solution (I) at pH 3 for 1 hour. Temperature was maintained at 30° C. After being washed with H 2 O, the tube was cut to 10 cm length, and one end of the tube was heat-closed to form a test tube. EXAMPLE 11 A tube from cellulose butyrate acetate was surface-hydrolyzed in the same manner as in Example 10. After being washed thoroughly with water, the tube was treated with solution (II) at 30° C. for 1 hour at pH 4.0. EXAMPLE 12 Using the specimens obtained from Examples 7 to 11, non-thrombogenic properties were examined by the method proposed in Example 5. The results obtained are summerized in the following table. ______________________________________ Test ITest Specimen Coagulation time Test IIkind Heparinized Initial Complete Blood Mass______________________________________Example 7 yes 230 min >10 hrs 3% no 8 min 12 min 82%Example 8 yes 300 min >10 hrs 6% no 6 min 17 min 91%Example 9 yes 120 min >10 hrs 8% no 5 min 14 min 88%Glass -- 8 min 14 min 100%______________________________________ From the above results, the effect of the present invention is obvious. EXAMPLE 13 The tubes obtained by Examples 10 and 11 were tested by Lee-White method. For comparison, glass tubes were tested with and without silicone treatment. The results are summarized in the following table. ______________________________________Tube Specimen CoagulationKind Heparinized Start Time______________________________________Example 10 yes >10 hours no 13 minExample 11 yes >10 hours no 18 minGlass tube* -- 12 min Glass tube** -- 43 min______________________________________ *without treatment with silicone **treated with silicone EXAMPLE 14 A film was prepared from the hydrolyzed product of the allylidene diacetate-vinyl acetate copolymer. The hydrolyzed product has acrolein unit (6.9 mole %) and vinyl alcohol unit in the polymer. By heat-treatment, the film became insoluble in water because of the crystallization. The film was immersed in the heparin solution containing 10,000 units of heparin for 30 min, which was adjusted at pH 3.0 with H 2 SO 4 . After being washed, the film was dried at ambient temperature. EXAMPLE 15 A copolymer comprising methyl methacrylate and methacrolein (6.1 mole %) was dissolved in acetone. Using this solution, a film was casted by the usual method. The film was immersed in the solution containing 50,000 units of heparin for 40 minutes, adjusted at pH 2 with H 2 SO 4 . The dried film was presented for non-thrombogenetic test. EXAMPLE 16 The powdered copolymer of methylmethacrylate and methacrolein was suspended in the aqueous solution containing 50,000 units of heparin at 50° C. for one hour at pH 3.2 adjusted with H 2 SO 4 . The polymer was filtered and dried. This was dissolved in acetone, and after the insoluble part had been removed, the solution was casted to form a film. The film obtained was presented for non-thrombogenicity test. EXAMPLE 17 A copolymer of acrylonitrile-methyl acrylate-methacrolein acetal (86:9:5 by weight) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide. From the solution thus obtained, a film was prepared by casting the solution. The film was treated in boiled water to remove traces of dimethyl formamide retained in the film. This film was treated in the acidic aqueous solution having 10,000 units of heparin and the film was presented for non-thrombogenic test. EXAMPLE 18 A copolymer of acrylonitrile-vinyl acetate-p-formyl styrene (91:3:6) was dissolved in dimethyl formamide. From this solution, a film was prepared in the same manner as in Example 17. Heparinization process was the same as in Example 17. EXAMPLE 19 From homogeneous blend of 30 parts of methyl methacrylate-methacrolein copolymer (84:16) and 70 parts of soft-polyvinyl chloride plasticized with DOP (dioctyl phthalate) a tube having inner diameter of 8 mm was shaped. The tube was transparent and flexible. One end of the tube was heat-sealed to form a test tube. The test tube was filled with the heparin solution used in Example 17. After being stood over night at 30° C., the heparin solution was removed by decantation, and the tube was dried. EXAMPLE 20 The non-thrombogenic tests were performed according to the method described in Example 5 using the film specimens obtained in Examples 14 to 18. The results are summarized in the below. ______________________________________ Test ITest Specimen Coagulation Time Test IIKind Heparinized Initial Complete Blood Mass______________________________________Example 14 yes 300 min >10 hrs 3% no 12 min 16 min 82%Example 15 yes 260 min >10 hrs 2% no 8 min 19 min 89%Example 16 yes 120 min >10 hrs 8% no 5 min 14 min 81%Example 17 yes 280 min >10 hrs 4% no 6 min 12 min 86%Example 18 yes 245 min >10 hrs 2% no 7 min 12 min 86%Glass -- 6 min 12 min 100%______________________________________ EXAMPLE 21 The non-thrombogenic test was performed by Lee-White Method using the tube obtained in Example 19. The result is shown with control data for comparison. ______________________________________Specimen CoagulationKind Heparinized Start Time______________________________________Example 19 yes >10 hrs no 14 minGlass tube* -- 8 min Glass tube** -- 32 min______________________________________ *without treatment with silicone **treated with silicone EXAMPLE 22 Cellulose acetate (Eastman Kodak Co., E-400-25) was dissolved in acetone-formamide mixture to form a spinning solution. The hollow fiber was produced using a "tube-in-orifice" spinneret, namely, the spinning solution was extruded through an annular slit, and simultaneously from a tube which was placed at the center of the annular orifice, core solution was introduced. The core solution (A) was a 20% aqueous solution of CaCl 2 , while core solution (B) has 0.5 mole/l sodium metaperiodate in addition to 20% of CaCl 2 . The spinning method employed was the so-called dry-jet wet spinning. The spun filament was introduced into a water coagulation bath after passing through an air gap of 30 cm. The filament was washed with water, and then wound up on a reel. This was immersed in water overnight, during that period, gradients in the core solution were dialyzed. In the inner surface of the hollow fiber prepared by using the core solution (B), the presence of aldehyde group was confirmed by infra-red spectrum. Interior surface of this hollow fiber was then treated with acidic (pH 2) heparin solution and then dried. Hemodialyzers were assembled using the fibers obtained in this Example and, using each, blood dialysis was performed on a dog. There was observed non-thrombogenecity for the dialyzer assembled by use of the heparinized hollow fibers, while the hollow fiber without heparinization (using the core solution (A)) shows considerable blood clotting. EXAMPLE 23 The same spinning solution in example 22 was used. Ammonium chloride was dissolved in 1 N HCl aqueous solution to form core solution (C). To this, 0.1 mole percent of periodic acid was added (core solution (D)). As in Example 22, the hollow fiber was prepared using the core solutions (C) and (D). The spinning was performed using usual dry-jet wet spinning (air gap:30 cm) as in example 22. The hollow fiber obtained on the reel was cut to be 30 cm long, then the core solution was removed from the hollow portion. The fiber was washed with water, followed by the treatment with acidic (pH 2) heparin solution. Using the hollow fibers thus obtained, a hemodialyzer was assembled. The non-thrombogenenic properties of the dialyzer were tested using a dog. The hollow fiber dialyzer using the heparinized hollow fibers obtained in this example shows no blood clotting. EXAMPLE 24 Except for the use of the core solution having 0.1 mole of periodic salt (potassium periodate) in propylene glycol-water mixture (55:45), all the procedure was the same as in Example 22. The hollow fibers wound up on the reel was cut to be 30 cm long, then the core liquid was removed. The fiber was then treated with dilute acetic acid, then washed with H 2 O, followed by the treatment with the heparin solution acidified with HCl. The hemodialyzer using this hollow fibers shows a minimum clotting of the blood, and outstanding effect of the present invention was confirmed.

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Appl. Ser. No. 08 / 437 , 874 , filed May 9 , 1995 and Appl. Ser. No. 09 / 198 , 506 , filed Nov. 24 , 1998 , and are each reissues of U.S. Pat. No. 4 , 911 , 843 ( which issued from Appl. Ser. No. 07 / 281 , 747 , filed Dec. 9 , 1988 ) Appl. Ser. No. 09 / 198 , 506 is a Continuation of Appl. Ser. No. 08 / 437 , 874 , now U.S. Pat. No. Re. 36 , 651 . BACKGROUND AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a process for the removal or reduction of dissolved hydrogen sulfide, and reduction of BOD in sewer systems, municipal waste treatment plants and in other industrial waste applications. It is known to add nitrates or nitrites to sewage to effect reduction in BOD and even to suppress the formation of hydrogen sulfide gas via bacterial action. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,300,404; 4,446,031; and 4,681,687. It is also known to add nitrates to sewage in order to control objectionable odors. See, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,966,450; 4,108,771. There have also been attempts to remove hydrogen sulfide directly from waste. For example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,680,127, the patentee adds amounts of glyoxal, or glyoxal in combination with formaldehyde or glutaraldehyde, in order to reduce or scavenge the amount of hydrogen sulfide in aqueous or wet gaseous mediums. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,501,668, the patentee utilizes polycondensation products produced by the condensation of acrolein and formaldehyde to eliminate hydrogen sulfide present in aqueous systems, such as waste water clarification plants. Merk also mentions benefits relating to corrosion prevention and deodorization. In U.S. Pat. No. 3,959,130, the patentee decontaminates sewage systems, waste water treatment plants and other industrial waste applications containing hydrogen sulfide by adjusting the pH of the sewage of a value over 7.0 and bringing the sewage into contact with an ash product. It has now been discovered that the addition of nitrate, via an aqueous sodium nitrate solution, to sewage systems, waste treatment plants and other industrial waste applications containing dissolved hydrogen sulfide will result in the elimination or substantial reduction of the hydrogen sulfide, as well as the elimination of other “minor” odors associated with other sulphur-containing compounds. It is believed that the addition of nitrate provides an oxygen source which promotes the growth of naturally occurring bacteria which utilize in their metabolism the sulfur tied up as hydrogen sulfide. It has been demonstrated both in lab jar tests and in an actual sewage collection system test, that dosing sewage containing over 50 mg/L of dissolved hydrogen sulfide with a sodium nitrate solution reduces the dissolved hydrogen sulfide to less than 0.1 mg/L. Along with this phenomena a significant reduction in sewage biological oxygen demand, BOD, of up to about 70%, and overall “sweetening”, i.e., removal of other minor odors, of the sewage has been observed. These phenomena are believed to be the results of the biological process promoted by the nitrate addition. More specifically, it has been found that 2.4 parts of nitrate oxygen (NO 3 —O) are necessary to remove 1 part dissolved sulfide (S 2− ). The source of nitrate to accomplish removal of the hydrogen sulfide is not specific, and aqueous solutions of both sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate appear to be suitable. Because the necessary reaction is biochemical, it will not occur within a sterile solution, i.e., naturally occurring bacteria must be present. Moreover, the removal of hydrogen sulfide is not instantaneous. According to applicant's tests, an “incubation” period of about 8 to about 96 hours, and preferably about 24 to about 48 hours, is necessary to culture the bacteria, followed by about 1.5 to about 20 hours, and preferably about 3 to about 12 hours, for ongoing sulfide removal. It has further been determined that the process in accordance with this invention achieves a significant reduction in sewage BOD due to the utilization of organic matter in the metabolism described. Other objects and advantages will become apparent from the detailed description which follows. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING The FIGURE is a schematic diagram representing a sewage system employed in the Example described herein. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Removal of dissolved hydrogen sulfide and a reduction in BOD in waste systems treated with sodium nitrate or calcium nitrate is believed to occur for the reasons described below. The presence of dissolved hydrogen sulfide in sewage occurs as a result of a lack of dissolved oxygen. The addition of nitrate ions NO 3 provides an oxygen source for certain bacteria already present in the waste or sewage to thrive. The bacteria that grow as a result of the nitrate oxygen utilize the dissolved hydrogen sulfide as part of their metabolism. The dissolved hydrogen sulfide contains sulfur which the bacteria also require in their metabolism. It is theorized that the biochemical reaction which occurs has the following half reactions: 8 NO 3 — O 3 →4N 2 +120 2 O 2 120 2 O 2 +5H 2 S→5SO 4 2− +4H 2 O+2H + Based upon the above it is calculated that 2.4 parts of nitrate oxygen (NO 3 —0) (NO 3 —O ) are necessary to remove 1 part of dissolved sulfide (S 2− ): 8     moles     NO 3 - 5     moles     H 2  S × 48     lb     Oxygen / mole     NO 3 - 32     lb     Sulfide / mole     H 2  S yields 2.4 lb lbs nitrate oxygen/lb sulfide. This ratio of oxygen to sulfide has been confirmed in both bench and field tests. The source of nitrate to accomplish the sulfide removal is not critical, and both aqueous solutions of sodium nitrate and calcium nitrate have been used successfully. This reaction is biochemical and it will not occur within a sterile solution, i.e., naturally occurring bacteria in sewage must be present. Additionally, the sulfide removal is not instantaneous; tests have shown that an “incubation” period of 24-48 hours is necessary to culture the bacteria and thereafter 3-12 hours for ongoing sulfide removal. It is believed, however, that the incubation period may extend from about 8 to about 96 hours, and the ongoing removal period from about 1.5 to about 20 hours, depending on conditions. The promotion of biological activity via nitrate addition as described also achieves a reduction in sewage BOD due to the utilization of organic matter in the metabolism described. EXAMPLE With reference to the FIGURE, sodium nitrate was added to a sewer system in Jacksonville, Florida at a master pump station, or feed point B, upstream of a second master pump station comprising a monitoring point A. The feed point B was at a point removed from an intersection C of the feed line and main sewage line, as indicated in the FIGURE. The treated sewage continued to a downstream waste water treatment plant in Jacksonville, indicated as point D. Average detention times (based on average daily flows, line sizes and lengths are as follows: B→C 7 hours C→A 3.3 hours B→A 10.3 hours In terms of the description provided above, the B→C distance and retention time of 7 hours constitutes the incubation period, coupled with the distance C→A and associated retention time of 3.3 hours comprises a total of 10.3 hours from addition of the nitrate station at point B to the monitoring at point A, thereby permitting sufficient time for the bacteria to culture. The following table shows the change in dissolved hydrogen sulfide at point A, with addition of nitrate occurring at point B. TABLE I SODIUM NITRATE DAILY AVERAGE SOLUTION DISSOLVED H 2 S DATE FEED · GPD PPM AT POINT A 2/22/88 0 35-40 2/23/88 0 30-50 2/24/88 1800 30   2/25/88 1800 15-20 2/26/88 1800 0.1-15  2/27/88 1200 0.1-   2/28/88 1200 0.3-   2/29/88 1200 0.1-8   3/01/88 650 0.7-1.5 3/02/88 650 1.0-1.5 During the period of time, the average daily H 2 S at point B was 25-30 ppm. It is readily apparent from the above chart that significant reduction in H 2 S was achieved over a nine day period of time, commencing about 24 hours after the addition of the sodium nitrate, with maximum reductions occurring after 48 hours. Subjective sampling also indicated a significant reduction in sewage odors other than hydrogen sulfide. It was also found that sewage BOD was also reduced or indicated as in the following table: TABLE II BOD (mg/L) DATE POINT B POINT A POINT D 03/02/88 165 112 138 03/03/88 145 55 135 It will thus be appreciated that the present invention provides for the removal of significant amounts of existing dissolved hydrogen sulfide and a corresponding reduction in sewage BOD. By properly feeding sodium nitrate into the sewage or waste, odor and corrosion problems can also be substantially eliminated. While the invention has been described in connection with what is presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that the invention is not to be limited to the disclosed embodiment, but on the contrary, is intended to cover various modifications and equivalent arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to couplers for connecting two shafts together for the purpose of transferring rotational motion from one shaft to the other. The coupler has particular application in the agricultural irrigation field where irrigation pipeline support towers have centrally located drive motors for propelling wheels located at the ends of the towers. The motor's gear box is connected to worm drives at the wheels by drive shafts. Drive couplers are used to connect the drive shaft to both the motor gear box and the worm drives. Of course couplers could also be used in other applications where two generally aligned but spaced shafts have to be connected such that rotational motion of one shaft is transferred to the other. Additionally, it is quite often desirable that the coupler be able to tolerate some degree of misalignment between the shafts. Misalignment usually takes the form of the shafts not being parallel to one another. The invention is particularly concerned with situations where the ends of the shafts remote from the coupler have to be fixed in position prior to installing the coupler. Accordingly, the shafts have no axial movement and perhaps little or no transverse movement available with the result that the coupler has to be installed generally between and/or around the pre-installed shafts. Prior art couplers of the above type are known as split couplers and have what might be described as a built-up construction wherein a plurality of arms are placed about the end of a shaft and bolted together. The arms extend beyond the end of the shaft where they intersect with the arms of the opposite shaft or some intervening third part in some sort of engagement. Sometimes a rubber connecting block is involved to accommodate misalignment but this leads to problems with the rubber block adding lots of torsional movement called wind-up, with attendant backlash problems. In addition to wind-up, a major problem with the built-up construction is the high number of components and the large number of fasteners required. The high part count adds to cost and installation time. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention concerns a coupler for transmitting rotational motion from one shaft to an adjacent but spaced shaft. A primary object of the invention is a coupler whose installation can be completed after that of the shafts and with a minimal number of parts. Another object of the invention is a coupler of the type described which can accommodate misalignment of the shafts. A further object of the invention is a coupler that reduces lost torsional movement or wind-up. These and other objects which may become apparent in the following specification are realized by a coupler for connecting first and second shafts. The coupler has first and second connector elements attached to the ends of the respective shafts. The connector elements each include a plurality of splines defining grooves therebetween. One set of splines is internal and the other external such that the splines of one connector element fit into the grooves of the other connector element to interlock the connector elements in rotationally-driving relation. A sill is attached to the second connector element and defines a pocket into which an end portion of the second shaft can be placed by means of a non-axial relative movement between the sill and second shaft. A clamp member is engageable with the sill to enclose the end portion of the second shaft and fix the shaft in rotationally-driving relation with the second connector element. The clamp has a lug which fits into a slot formed in an end wall of the second connector element. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a side elevation view of a portion of the drive system of an agricultural irrigation machine, showing three of the couplers of the present invention. FIG. 2 is an enlarged side elevation view of the coupler assembly, showing the clamp both in phantom and solid lines to illustrate its installation procedure. FIG. 3 is a section taken along line 3 — 3 of FIG. 2 . FIG. 4 is a side elevation view of a wear pad. FIG. 5 is a side elevation view of a connector element in the form of a male cross piece. FIG. 6 is an end elevation view of the cross piece of FIG. 5 . FIG. 7 is a top plan view of a connector element in the form of a female body. FIG. 8 is an end elevation view of the female body. FIG. 9 is a side elevation view of a clamp. FIG. 10 is an end elevation view of the clamp. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 illustrates the drive coupler 10 of the present invention as applied to the propulsion system of a support tower for an agricultural irrigation machine. That system includes an electric motor 12 mounted near the center of the tower and coupled to a gear box 14 . The gear box has two output shafts 16 , one on each side of the box. Each output shaft 16 is connected by a coupler 10 to a square drive shaft 18 . The drive shafts 18 extend to the ends of the tower where they are connected by a coupler 10 to an input shaft 20 of a wheel box 22 (only one of a tower's two wheel boxes in seen is FIG. 1 ). The wheel box 22 includes a worm gear 24 driving a hub 26 to which a wheel (not shown) is attached. FIGS. 2 and 3 show the assembly of the coupler 10 . Generally, the coupler comprises first and second connector elements 28 and 30 in the form of a male cross piece and a female body member. The first connector element 28 fits on the end of the square drive shaft 18 while the second connector element 30 is fastened to the input shaft 20 . The cross piece fits within the body member in interlocking engagement as will be explained below. The first and second connector elements are preferably die-cast aluminum, although other materials and fabrication methods are possible. Turning now to FIGS. 5 and 6, details of the first connector element 28 will be described. Element 28 has a body 32 including four walls 34 and a circular stop or flange 36 at one end. As seen in FIG. 6, the stop 36 has a diameter larger than the outside perimeter of the walls 34 . The walls 34 define a central socket 38 . The socket extends through the stop 36 but is closed off at the opposite end by an end wall 39 . The socket is sized and shaped to receive the drive shaft 18 therein. Thus, in the illustrated embodiment the socket matches the square cross section of the drive shaft. The body 32 is retained on the shaft by a cross pin 40 (FIG. 3) which extends through aligned holes 42 in two of the walls 34 and an aligned opening in the end of the shaft 18 . Alternately the body 32 could be fixed to the shaft by staking, swaging, set screw or other suitable method. Extending from the body 32 are four splines 44 . Each spline has a root 46 located at a corner of the intersecting walls 34 . The spline extends radially to a distal or free end 48 , giving the element a cross shape when viewed endwise as in FIG. 6 . FIG. 5 illustrates that each spline extends axially from the stop 36 to a taper or relief 50 at the opposite end of the body. The clearances between the mating parts of the coupler, together with the taper 50 , permit the coupler to run with a slight misalignment between the shafts. The design shown has been found to tolerate between three and five degrees angularity between the shafts. The splines 44 define a groove or channel 52 between them. Details of the second connector element 30 can be seen in FIGS. 7 and 8. This connector element includes a cylindrical housing 54 having an open end at 56 and a closed end at wall 58 . The wall has an aperture 60 therethrough with a semi-circular bottom edge 62 and an angled top edge 64 . The housing 54 defines a cavity into which four internal splines 66 (FIG. 3) extend. The splines 66 have an anchor portion 68 and a wear pad or cushion 70 . The splines include a root 72 at the anchor and a free end 74 on the pad. Details of the wear pad 70 will be described below. The second connector element 30 further includes a sill 76 integrally formed on the wall 58 on the side opposite the housing 54 . The sill terminates at a ledge 78 which has a central depression forming a pocket 80 . The pocket aligns with and conforms to the shape of the bottom edge 62 of the aperture 60 . A bore 82 extends through the ledge 78 at the base of the pocket 80 . A clamp 84 is shown in FIGS. 9 and 10. The clamp has a body 86 with flat bottom surfaces 88 engageable with the ledge 78 of sill 76 . One edge of surfaces 88 is beveled as at 90 to facilitate installation of the clamp. A central, semi-circular groove 92 extends through the body. Just above the groove, on one side of the body is an upwardly angled lug 94 . The lug has a semi-circular cutout on its underside. The cutout is aligned with the groove 92 . The angle of the lug matches the angled top edge 64 of the aperture 60 . A bore 96 extends through the body of the clamp for receiving a retention bolt 98 (FIG. 2 ). Bolt 98 also extends through a hole in the input shaft 20 and through the bore 82 in the sill. It is held in place by a nut 104 . The wear pads or cushions 70 are shown in FIGS. 3 and 4. Each pad has a pair of legs 100 which define a channel 102 in the shape of the anchor 68 . Thus, the pads 70 slide lengthwise onto an anchor 68 as best seen in FIG. 3 . The pads are preferably made of urethane having a Shore D 75 durometer. The pads leave a space between them which is just wide enough to accept a spline 44 of the cross piece 28 in a snug fit. Similarly, the channels 52 have a size and shape that receives the splines 66 in interlocking engagement. The use, operation and function of the coupler are as follows. A common situation encountered in assembly of drive couplers is the need to assemble a portion of the drive train in between two components of the drive train which are already fixed in position. In terms of the drive system of FIG. 1, such a situation would arise when the gear box 14 and wheel box 22 are mounted first and the drive shaft 18 has to be inserted between them. The drive coupler 10 permits this to be done through the following assembly sequence. Two of the first connector elements 28 are attached to the ends of the drive shaft 18 by inserting the shaft into the socket 38 and placing the cross pin 40 through holes 42 . This locks the cross pieces 28 on the shaft 18 . Two of the second connector elements 30 are prepared by sliding a wear pad 70 onto each of the anchors 68 . The second connector elements are then placed over the first connector elements such that the cross piece 28 fits into the housing 54 with the splines of one element engaging the grooves of the other as best seen in FIG. 3 . That is, splines 66 of housing 54 fit into the grooves 52 of the cross piece 28 and the splines 44 of the cross piece fit into the spaces between the pads 70 . The stop 36 of the cross piece 28 will engage the pads 70 to prevent them from working off of the anchors 68 . With the first and second connector elements 28 and 30 interlocking with one another and attached to the ends of the drive shaft 18 , the assembly can be placed between the gear box 14 and wheel box 22 . Considering the coupler near the wheel box, the shaft 18 is lifted transversely to shaft 20 so that shaft 20 settles into the pocket 80 of the sill 76 . Then the shaft 20 is rotated so its bore aligns with the bore 82 in sill 76 . Next the clamp 84 is placed over shaft 20 . This is done by first tipping the clamp as shown in phantom in FIG. 2 . Tipping the clamp allows the lug 94 to clear the top edge 64 of aperture 60 . The clamp is then rotated as indicated by the arrow in FIG. 2 . As the clamp rotates it can also slide (to the right in FIG. 2) to fully seat the lug 94 in the aperture 60 in an interference fit. Bevel 90 provides clearance from the ledge 78 as this movement proceeds. Once the groove 92 of the clamp engages the shaft 20 , the retention bolt 98 is placed through bore 82 , shaft 20 and bore 96 . Tightening the nut 104 locks the second connector element 30 onto shaft 20 . The clamp and sill fit tightly about shaft 20 . The clearance for the bolt 98 in bores 82 and 96 is minimized so that the bolt is not subjected to backlash that could otherwise lead to premature fatigue failure of the bolt. It will be understood that in cases where shaft 18 has sufficient flexibility it may be possible to connect a coupler at one end of the shaft 18 first and then finish the connection at the other end. Alternately, both ends of the shaft 18 could be lifted into place and clamped onto their respective adjoining shafts simultaneously. The important point is the couplers 10 allow the shaft 18 to be lifted into position even though the axial position of shafts 16 and 20 is essentially fixed. Some axial adjustment of the length of the drive train is afforded by varying the depth to which the cross piece 28 extends into the housing 54 . One of the advantages of the coupler of the present invention is the single bolt locking method. Only bolt 98 is required to lock the clamp 84 on the sill. This reduces the number of parts and allows for relatively quick installation of the coupler. While a preferred form of the invention has been shown and described, it will be realized that alterations and modifications may be made thereto without departing from the scope of the following claims.

4y

This invention relates to rubber compositions containing N-(carboxyalkyl)maleamic acid which compositions exhibit improved adhesion, and, to reinforced rubber articles comprising vulcanized rubber bonded to a reinforcing member. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Good adhesion between vulcanized rubber and reinforcing members (either in the form of continuous filaments, fibers, or sheets) is required to manufacture rubber articles, such as, tires, hoses, moldings, and others. It is especially difficult to adhere reinforcing members to saturated rubber cured with free radical vulcanizing agents. U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,542, issued Mar. 24, 1970, describes the use of N-(carboxyphenyl)maleamic acid as a rubber additive to increase the adhesion of rubber to metals. However, rubber articles often fail by loss of adhesion between the rubber and the reinforcing member. Thus, better adhesion is needed to extend the useful life of rubber articles. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been found that incorporation of N-(carboxyalkyl)- or N-(dicarboxyalkyl)maleamic acid into vulcanizable rubber gives compositions exhibiting excellent adhesion. Vulcanization of an assembly of vulcanizable rubber compositions of the invention and reinforcing members (e.g., in the form of continuous filaments, fibers, or sheets, etc.) gives a reinforced rubber article with superior bonding between the vulcanized rubber and reinforcing member. Vulcanizable rubber composition of the invention comprises vulcanizable rubber, vulcanization system, and an adhesive amount of a compound of the formula ##STR1## in which n is one or two, and R is a straight or branched divalent or trivalent saturated aliphatic radical of 1-6 carbon atoms. Generally, amounts of about 0.2 to 20 parts by weight of the formula compound per 100 parts by weight of rubber give satisfactory adhesion, with amounts of about 0.5 to ten parts by weight being preferred. The use of about 1 to 6 parts of the N-(carboxyalkyl)maleamic acid per 100 parts of rubber is more preferred. The nature and size of the radical R are important. For example, compounds in which R is alkylene are better adhesives than corresponding compounds in which R is phenylene. Also, adhesion decreases when the number of carbon atoms exceeds six. Preferably, R is alkylene of 1-5 carbon atoms. The substituted almeamic acids useful for preparing vulcanizable rubber compositions of the invention may be named as derivatives of 4-oxo-2-butenoic acid, i.e., 4-(carboxyalkylamino)-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid. However, for convenience, they shall be named herein as derivatives of maleamic acid. Examples of substituted maleamic acids suitable for the practice of this invention are: N-(carboxymethyl)maleamic acid N-(1-carboxyethyl)maleamic acid N-(2-carboxyethyl)maleamic acid N-(1-carboxypropyl)maleamic acid N-(2-carboxypropyl)maleamic acid N-(3-carboxypropyl)maleamic acid N-(1-carboxybutyl)maleamic acid N-(2-carboxybutyl)maleamic acid N-(3-carboxybutyl)maleamic acid N-(4-carboxybutyl)maleamic acid N-(5-carboxypentyl)maleamic acid N-(6-carboxyhexyl)maleamic acid N-(1,2-dicarboxyethyl)maleamic acid N-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)maleamic acid N-(1,2-dicarboxypropyl)maleamic acid N-(1,4-dicarboxybutyl)maleamic acid N-(1,5-dicarboxypentyl)maleamic acid N-(1,6-dicarboxyhexyl)maleamic acid N-(2,2-di[carboxymethyl]propyl)maleamic acid One embodiment of the invention comprises reinforced articles comprising metal reinforcement (e.g., in the form of filaments, discontinuous fibers, or sheets, etc.) and vulcanized rubber bonded thereto. Improved adhesion between the metal and rubber is achieved by incorporation of N-(carboxy-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)maleamic or N-(dicarboxy-C 1 -C 6 -alkyl)maleamic acid into a vulcanizable rubber composition. A composite structure is then formed by contacting the said vulcanizable rubber composition with metal reinforcing member; preferably sufficient pressure is applied to assure the vulcanizable rubber composition completely covers the metal surface, and vulcanizing the structure. A bond between the rubber and metal forms during vulcanization. Any amount of N-(carboxyalkyl)maleamic acid which increases the adhesion between the metal and the vulcanized rubber is satisfactory for making the improved articles of the invention. The amount required varies depending upon the type of metal, type of rubber, and type of vulcanization system used. However, the amount is readily ascertained by trial within the skill of the art. The amount is incrementally increased until sufficient adhesion is achieved. It is understood that reinforced articles of the invention include composites, laminates and structures in which the metal member is in the form of a film, foil, sheet, or continuous or discontinuous fibers. Vulcanizable rubbers are generally satisfactory for the practice of the invention. Rubbers which are vulcanizable by using vulcanization systems which comprise peroxide- or sulfur-vulcanizing agent are especially suitable. Both saturated and unsaturated rubbers are satisfactory with diene rubbers (such as natural rubber and styrene-butadiene rubber) and EPDM rubber being preferred. For examples of suitable rubbers and vulcanization systems, see Vulcanization and Vulcanizing Agents, by W. Hofmann, Palmerton Publishing Co., Inc., New York. Metal structural members are generally suitable for making articles of the invention; particularly suited are metals exhibiting valence states of two or more and melting temperatures about 200° C. Preferred metal members are selected from the group consisting of iron, aluminum, zinc, copper, and their alloys, such as brass and steel, with aluminum being especially preferred. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS To prepare vulcanizable rubber composition of the invention, a masterbatch is prepared by conventional means, said composition comprising (all parts by weight) 100 parts of EPDM rubber (Epsyn 70A), 90 parts of carbon black (N-550), 50 parts of paraffinic extender oil and 2 parts of magnesium oxide. To 242 parts of the masterbatch there are incorporated by mastication in an internal mixer at about 100° C., 3 parts of peroxide vulcanizing agent (dicumyl peroxide Dicup R) and 4 parts of adhesion promoter. Cured specimens are prepared by press-curing at 165° C. for 30 minutes. Stress-strain properties are shown in Table 1. To illustrate reinforced articles of the invention, a reinforced article is formed by bonding two 5 mil. thick aluminum sheets (5"×5" square) together with about 1 gram of the vulcanizable compositions prepared as described above. An aluminum sandwich comprising the two aluminum sheets bonded by a vulcanized rubber interlayer is formed by press curing at 165° C. for 30 minutes and at a pressure sufficient to give a rubber interlayer about 5 mils. thick. The sandwich is cut into one inch strips. The peel force required to pull the two aluminum strips apart at 180° is measured with a tensile tester by using a jam separation speed of 10 inches per minute. The adhesion values are recorded in pounds per linear inch, pli. After pulling the sandwich apart, the amount of rubber covering the metal surface is visually estimated using a scale of 0-5. Zero indicates no coverage with all the rubber completely pulling away from the metal surface. A 5 rating means that the rubber completely covers the metal surface and that separation of the sandwich is due to tearing of the cured rubber. The adhesion results are shown in Table 1. TABLE 1__________________________________________________________________________ Aluminum Adhesion TS, M.sub.100,STOCKADDITIVE Peel, pli Coverage MPa MPa Elong., %__________________________________________________________________________1 None 4.5 0.0 10.3 1.34 5602 HVA-2 24.0 5.0 13.6 3.21 2603 N-(4-carboxyphenyl- 25.5 0.5 11.4 1.34 550maleamic acid4 N-(carboxymethyl)- 38.8 5.0 14.6 1.90 490maleamic acid5 N-(3-carboxypropyl)- 46.4 5.0 13.0 1.72 500maleamic acid6 N-(5-carboxypentyl)- 38.5 4.0 13.6 1.63 480maleamic acid7 N-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)- 40.0 5.0 12.9 1.45 480maleamic acid__________________________________________________________________________ Stock 1 is a control containing no adhesion promotor. Stock 2 is a control containing m-phenylene bis-maleimide, HVA-2, a commercially available rubber curative and adhesion promotor. Stock 3 is a control containing N-(4-carboxyphenyl)maleamic acid, an adhesion promotor described in U.S. Pat. No. 3,502,542. Stocks 4-7 illustrate the invention; the adhesion promotors are N-(carboxymethyl)maleamic acid, N-(3-carboxypropyl)maleamic acid, N-(5-carboxypentyl)maleamic acid, and N-(1,3-dicarboxypropyl)maleamic acid, respectively. The data show the N-(carboxyalkyl)maleamic acid compounds give superior adhesion measured either by peel or surface coverage. Stock 1, without adhesion promotor, gives only 4.5 pli peel force and zero coverage, both values indicating no practicable adhesion. Stock 2, containing HVA-2, gives a 24 pli peel value and complete coverage; however, it caused an increase in 100 percent modulus and a descrease in ultimate elongation. Stock 3 containing a known adhesion promotor gives 25.5 pli peel value but only 0.5 coverage. Stocks 4-7 containing adhesion promotors of the invention give superior peel values of 38.5 to 46.4 pli. Surface coverage values are 5.0 except for Stock 6 which is 4.0. Thus, the adhesion promotors of the invention by either test method are superior to the promotors of Stocks 2 and 3. Although the invention has been illustrated by typical examples, it is not limited thereto. Changes and modifications of the examples of the invention herein chosen for purposes of disclosure can be made which do not constitute departure from the spirit and scope of the invention.

4y

The present application is a continuation-in-part of my prior application Ser. No. 07/774,064, filed Oct. 9, 1991, abandoned, and entitled AQUEOUS GEL AND PACKAGE FOR A WOUND DRESSING AND METHOD. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates to an aqueous gel for dressing wounds which contains a biologically active constituent as well as to a package for mixing solid and aqueous components and to a method of preparing the biologically active dressing for application to a wound. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The healing of wounds, such as wounds resulting from injury, surgical wounds or decubitus ulcers, is greatly dependent upon the dressing used. Conventional bandages often do not provide optimum results. In the case of a decubitus ulcer, treatment should include the removal of necrotic tissue and the establishment of an environment that enhances wound healing. Special pressure-relieving or reducing measures should also be taken. A moist dressing is often beneficial. Some of the advantages of a moist wound dressing are the rehydration of dehydrated tissue; increased angiogenesis, i.e., proliferation of new blood vessels; minimized bacterial growth; physical protection; and the maintenance of the proper pH for stimulating the release of oxygen and for allowing proteolytic enzymes to work more efficiently. In the past, starches in granular form have been applied to wounds and dextrans have been applied as beads or as a paste. Calcium alginates have also been applied to wounds in powdered or granular form. These prior products have certain disadvantages. Powder or granules cannot be applied evenly. Consequently, they do not absorb tissue moisture evenly, causing nonhomogeneous hydration or swelling of the dry granules. Pastes must be spread onto the tissue. Generally speaking, granular absorbent dressings are difficult to remove completely from the wound bed. Dressing changes typically require irrigation of the wound bed to remove the gel granules. The pressure required to spread the paste can be painful or further traumatize the tissue. In addition, an even application is not always easy to achieve because the product retains its plastic character. If made part of a cloth bandage, the dressing may not have intimate contact with the tissue. In the case of a powder, sterility may be difficult to maintain because air containing airborne pathogens will enter the package, replacing and contaminating the powdered product as it is poured from the container. British patent GB 2 229 443A describes a two component wound dressing that is a mixture of a gel-forming component together with a film forming component. This mixture forms a coherent film over the wound. The composition has to be kept refrigerated prior to use (pg. 3, lines 1-6). The gel former comprises block copolymers of polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene sold under the name Pluronic. The film formers comprise hydroxyethylcellulose, hydroxypropylmethylcellulose or polyvinyl alcohol. Unlike the present invention, these compositions have reversible thermosetting gel properties and have to be kept refrigerated prior to use (pg. 11, lines 14-15). The composition experiences a reversible temperature controlled liquid/gel transition at a temperature range of 16° C. to 20° C. By contrast, the present invention does not revert to a liquid upon heating or cooling and requires no film former, only a gel former. In tests conducted with the composition of the present invention through a range of 13° C. to 33° C., the gel was found to remain elastic but nonfluid, i.e., in a gelled condition and thus is a solid that is temperature non-reversible. This was shown by appyling pressure to the surface of the gel with an instrument. As pressure is increased, the gel will deform and eventually fracture rather than flow around the instrument. Moreover, the hydrocolloid composition of the present invention is stored dry and is mixed with water just before use, preferably under sterile conditions, forming a dispersion which is initially fluid but which sets up without the necessity of a temperature change. The present invention does not contain a film former comprising a cellulose derivative or polyvinyl alcohol. The invention also includes a biologically active constituent, such as a coagulant, antibiotic, disinfectant, growth factor or other biologically active substance to be described more fully hereinbelow. In view of these and other deficiencies of the prior art, it is a major objective of the invention to provide a sterile wound dressing and package enabling the dressing to be prepared from two components and which is initially fluid to facilitate application to the wound but which, after being applied, will form a stable, elastic gel in situ to protect the wound and maintain a moist environment at the tissue surface. Another object is to provide a dressing that is shelf stable yet is easily prepared and requires no refrigeration. Another object is to provide a gel for dressing wounds that holds its shape through a wide range of temperatures, i.e., that forms a solid that is temperature non-reversible, and can be removed from the wound bed in a solid plug. Still another object is to provide a dressing that will conform to the exact shape of the wound. The term "wound" herein includes burn injuries. Yet another object is to provide a package that protects the dressing product, facilitates mixing and allows precise application to the wound. A further object is to provide a moist, initially fluid wound dressing which sets up in situ shortly after being applied, contains a quantity of moisture and, optionally, one or more medications or disinfectants to promote healing. When biologically active preparations are applied to a wound in a dry state, absorption is reduced and tends to be spotty. However, if diluted with water, the biologically active preparation can flow away from the point where it was applied. It is therefore a general object to apply a biologically active agent to a wound in a manner that will ensure uniform and continuous delivery of the biologically active agent to the wound and will provide the agent to the tissue interface in its most active form. Another more specific object is to provide means through which a gel dressing provides a biologically active function. Still another object is to provide the biologically active agent in a form that has excellent storage characteristics and will therefore maintain its biological activity when stored for long periods of time. These and other more detailed and specific objects of the present invention will be apparent in view of the following description setting forth by way of example but a few of the various forms of the invention that will be apparent to those skilled in the art once the principles described herein are understood. THE FIGURES FIG. 1 is a perspective view illustrating one form of package used in accordance with the invention; FIG. 1A is a semi-diagrammatic cross-sectional view taken on line 1A--1A of FIG. 1 showing sterilization of the package; FIG. 2 is a view similar to FIG. 1 of an optional, modified form of the package with a clip partially removed; FIG. 3 is a view of the package of FIG. 1 on a smaller scale illustrating the mixing of its contents; FIG. 4 is similar to FIG. 3 but shows the package being opened; FIG. 5 illustrates the application of the dressing to a wound; FIG. 6 illustrates the dressing after being applied to the wound; FIG. 7 is a vertical cross-sectional view taken on line 7--7 of FIG. 6 while the dressing is still fluid; FIG. 8 is a view similar to FIG. 7 after the dressing has solidified to form a self-supporting gel; and FIG. 9 shows a modified form of package. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a prepackaged wound dressing comprising a natural or synthetic hydrocolloid in dry particulate form. A source of a measured quantity of water and a biologically active agent are also provided. These constituents are mixed just before use to form a briefly pourable, water-based natural or synthetic water soluble or water swellable hydrocolloidal polymeric gel for dressing wounds. Just after mixing, the gel is initially sufficiently fluid to be poured or spread into a wound but after application it forms a moist, solid elastic protective gel that contains the natural or synthetic polymeric hydrocolloid in a hydrated state. A biologically active agent is dispersed in the gel. The separate liquid and solid components are preferably contained in separate compartments of the same sealed container for being mixed together just before use. Just after mixing, the liquid component (water) gives the dispersion a fluid consistency initially, allowing it to be poured or spread into or onto the wound and to be precisely applied in the exact quantity and to the precise location required. The dispersion then solidifies to form a solid but elastic and pliable, self-supporting moist dressing structure which holds the biologically active agent in contact with the wound. Water can be provided as one component of the package or, if desired, any available source of water can be used provided it is maintained in a sterile condition when mixed with the dry hydrocolloid. However, to best assure that the entire composition is sterile prior to application and that the correct amount of water is used, it is preferred to provide the required water in either the same container as the solid ingredients or in a companion container which can be easily mixed with the solid constituents under sterile conditions. The resulting dressing sets up on or within the wound so as to become molded to the shape of the wound and contains a large quantity of moisture that will maintain the wound in a moist condition. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION In a preferred form of the invention, both solid and liquid constituents, typically a dry hydrocolloid polymer in particulate form, water and a biologically active agent, are prepackaged in a container having at least two separate compartments. The water is separate from the dry hydrocolloid polymer. The invention facilitates mixing of these constituents under sterile conditions while still enclosed in the same package provided for shipping and storing the product. It is also preferred that a portion of the package be removed to enable the initially fluid gel, which is in a pourable condition, to be easily expelled onto the wound. The hydration of the dry particulate hydrocolloid begins the moment the solid and liquid constituents come in contact with each other, i.e., upon mixing. The product, a dispersion, is, however, liquid at this stage and therefore can be easily applied to cover or fill a wound of any shape. As soon as it is applied, the dressing occupies the void within a wound. The lower surface of the dressing has the same contour as the wound itself, i.e., the wound serves as a mold for shaping the dressing which then begins to solidify into a solid but flexible, three-dimensional form. The gel thus formed in the wound is also strong enough to allow for easy removal and to provide some cushioning for the wound bed, i.e., protecting the wound. Besides maintaining a moist wound surface, the dressing also absorbs exudate from the wound and supplies the biologically active agent to the tissue. In a typical application, the freshly mixed solid and liquid components will remain fluid and pourable for about 10 second to 3 minutes. The fresh mixture typically has a viscosity of less than 6,000,000 cp at the beginning. At higher temperatures, the composition tends to solidify more rapidly. For example, at 34° C., a typical composition of the present invention reaches 6 million centipois in about 25 minutes, whereas at 15° C. it takes an hour. Other factors that affect the length of time that the dispersion remains as a fluid and the ultimate strength of the gel include the chemical composition of the polymer and cross-linker, if any, as well as the concentration of each. It is highly preferred that the liquid dispersion have sufficient body or viscosity to allow the wound to be filled with little or no tendency to flow out of or away from the wound; i.e., it is preferred that the dressing is not watery enough to flow or drip from the wound. The term "gel" herein refers to a solid or semi-solid, elastic, pliable substance formed by the solidification of an aqueous colloidal disperson. The term "fluid" refers to a water-based hydrocolloidal composition that has sufficient liquidity to be poured or spread onto a wound. The chemical composition of the natural or synthetic hydrocolloidal polymer employed should be selected to form a gel spontaneously after hydration or, if desired, the hydrocolloid can be one requiring a cross-linking agent to induce or enhance solidification of the polymer. The present invention encompasses both of these systems. The unique wound dressing of the present invention is easy to ship and mix. It is also easy to apply and use. It is supple, elastic, pliable, soft, semi-solid and conforms naturally to the contours of the wound. The water in the dressing keeps the wound moist. The dressing is non-irritating, has no odor and promotes healing. The dressing will remain in place after application but can be easily removed when required. The invention is illustrated by way of example in FIGS. 1-8. Shown in FIGS. 1-8 is a receptacle or container 10, in this case a pouch formed from flexible sheet material including upper and lower sheets, in this case consisting of an upper sheet of paper 12, an upper sheet of plastic 14 and a lower sheet of plastic 16. The sheets are sealed together at their edges, e.g., by means of heat and pressure (a heat seal) to form a peripheral fin seal 18 which extends around the entire container 10. The paper sheet 12 is sealed to the plastic sheet 14 along a transverse seal line 20. Communication inside the container 10 on either side of the seal line 20 is prevented by means of a barrier, in this case a pair of inter-fitting inner and outer plastic C-shaped clips or channels 22 and 24, respectively, which are placed on opposite sides of the pouch 10 at the seal line 20 and snapped together with the pouch 10 pressed between them and forming a sharp bend in the pouch 10 over the inner clip 22. In this way, two separate compartments are formed, preventing contact between dry powder constituents 26 and liquid constituents 28 (water). The package 10 is shipped as shown in FIG. 1 with the water solution 28 separated from the dry particulate gel-forming hydrocolloid polymer 26 together with other desired ingredients such as dry cross-linking agents which at this stage are inactive. Biologically active agents are mixed either with the dry hydrocolloid polymer or with the water. The package containing liquid and solid constituents 28, 26 is preferably sterilized. In this case, the contents are sterilized as shown in FIG. 1A. The paper sheet 12 is porous, allowing a sterilizing gas such as ethylene oxide to be introduced into the pouch 10 to the left of the barrier 22, 24, e.g. through a gas applicator manifold 30. The paper 12 is also impervious to pathogenic organisms. Exposure to ethylene oxide for a period of 360 minutes has been found satisfactory. To the right of the barrier 22, 24 the liquid constituents 28 are sterilized by being exposed to ionizing radiation 32 from a gamma radiation source 34 of ≧2.5 Mrad. The ionizing radiation should be used to sterilize the water or aqueous solution prior to adding the dry particulates to the pouch. The paper sheet 12 can be 37.5-pound per ream porous, waterproof paper, e.g., Tyvek® paper (available from DuPont, Inc. of Wilmington, Del.), and the plastic sheets 14, 16 can be a 5 mil laminate, e.g. of polyethylene, aluminum foil, polyethylene and Mylar® as available from Technipaq Corporation of Chicago, Ill. Indentations 36, 38 can can be provided at one end of the pouch to facilitate opening. In the alternative, as shown in FIG. 2, the pouch 10 can be provided with an extension 40 at one end which narrows to form a pointed dispensing point 42 containing a central duct 44 between edge seals 46 and 48. The dispensing point 42 can be cut with a scissors at 50 to provide a pointed spout through which the contents can be expelled when desired. To use the package 10, the clips 22, 24 are removed by sliding portion 24 away from portion 22 as shown in FIG. 2. This allows communication between solid and liquid ingredients 26 and 28, respectively. Mixing of solid and liquid ingredients is accomplished manually as shown in FIG. 3, for about one minute until a homogeneous slurry is produced. As shown in FIG. 4, the end portion of the package 10 above the indentations 36, 38 is then removed. At this stage the aqueous hydrocolloid dispersion is a liquid and preferably sufficiently fluid to allow it to be poured into the wound as shown in FIG. 5. The dry solid constituents 26 begin to hydrate the moment the solid and liquid contact each other. After mixing, the mixture will remain fluid and pourable for typically about 10 seconds to 3 minutes. During this time, while the hydrocolloid dispersion is fluid, it will typically have a viscosity of less than 6,000,000 cp (Brookfield). It should at least be sufficiently fluid to allow it to be easily spread onto the wound, e.g. with a spatula. However, pouring is preferred. It will be noticed that the liquid hydrocolloid mixture 52, as it is poured from the package 10 into the wound 41, will form a three-dimensional body substantially filling the wound; in other words, having a lower surface which conforms exactly to the shape of the wound. The hydrocolloid is in effect molded by the contour of the wound. Within a short time after application, typically five to ten minutes, the liquid hydrocolloid 52 solidifies to form a three-dimensional, self-supporting solid but elastic dressing body 54 with a substantially flat or slightly upwardly curved upper surface 56 and a lower surface 58 which conforms to the lower surface of the wound 41. The combination of gas pervious and gas impervious materials in a single container has highly beneficial and unique properties, allowing a liquid to be held on one side of the barrier 22, 24 and a dry ingredient on the other side but both can be efficiently sterilized while in the same package. In this way, the package 10 provides for two kinds of sterilization in a single package. This is accomplished by providing two distinct components; paper 12 and plastic 14, 16. This eliminates the need for filling the package under sterile conditions which can substantially complicate and increase the cost of assembling packages. Thus, the invention provides the ability to mix two separate sterile components just before use. A sterile dressing can thus be delivered to a wound whenever needed with no requirement for refrigeration. The invention can be applied to all kinds of wounds, including abrasions which are flat, but it is particularly useful in filling a wound which has a cavity or uneven surface. The unique wound dressing body 54 is easy to apply and use. The dressing 54 is supple, pliable, soft, solid but elastic, and conforms exactly to the contours of the wound 41. The moisture in the dressing 54 facilitates healing. The dressing is non-irritating, has little odor, and promotes healing. The dressing 54 will remain in place after being applied to the wound 41, but it can be easily removed later when required. Besides maintaining the wound 41 in a moist condition, the dressing 54 will absorb exudate from the wound as well as evaporate moisture from its top surface. The solid dressing 54 is also non-cytotoxic. Removal of the dressing as a solid plug which is then weighed provides a convenient method of monitoring progress of wound healing. Since it is elastic, the dressing provides a cushioning function for the wound. Refer now to FIG. 9 which illustrates a package that includes a flexible envelope 64 similar to the envelope 12 sealed along its edges as shown at 66, e.g. by means of a heat seal, and containing the same dry powdered dressing composition 26 as well as a pressure-rupturable envelope 68 containing water in which is dissolved a cross-linking agent when used and sealed along its edges at 70 similar to the envelope 12 but having a rupturable section 72 in which the seal 70 is narrower and hence weaker to provide a sealed vent opening at 72 which will rupture when the envelopes 64 and 68 are pressed between the fingers, thereby expelling the water 28 from envelope 68 into the dry gel-forming hydrocolloid polymer particles 26. Continued manipulation causes the solid and liquid to mix, forming a sterile uniform dispersion which can be expelled onto the wound after the envelope 68 is opened. The following method is used to form and use the package of FIG. 9. A predetermined quantity of water is sealed in pouch 68 and is then sterilized, e.g., by gamma radiation as described above. The pouch 68 and hydrocolloid particles 26 are then sealed in the envelope 64 which is preferably composed at least in part of a material such as Tyvek® which is permeable to a sterilizing gas. The envelope 64 is then exposed to a sterilizing gas, in this case ethylene oxide as described above. The package is then ready for use. The hydrocolloid polymer particles employed can be any suitable biocompatible natural or synthetic gel forming hydrocolloid which, when mixed with water, will form a solid temperature non-reversible elastic gel, i.e., flexible hydrogel with or without a cross-linking agent to assist in the formation of a nonfluid dressing. Both the hydrocolloid and the cross-linking agent must, of course, be nontoxic. When boric acid is used as a cross-linking agent, it provides a bacteriostatic effect. Moisture evaporates from the dressing 54, thereby minimizing dimensional changes resulting from wound exudate absorption. Evaporation also cools the gel, which provides a soothing effect for the patient. While constituents can be sterilized before packaging, it is preferred to sterilize them after they are in the package as described above to more reliably ensure sterility. If the gel forming hydrocolloid polymer is a natural polysaccharide gum, it is preferred that the molecular weight be typically between about 50,000 and 500,000. One preferred natural gum is guar gum in an amount between about 3% and 15% and preferably between 9% and 12%, the balance being water and trace quantities of cross-linker. Another suitable polymer is locust bean gum. Both guar and locust bean gum are polyglucomannan gums. While the quantities of the several components used in the gel composition can be varied widely depending upon the properties employed, at least a sufficient amount of polymer should be provided to give the gel a solid consistency after being allowed to set in contact with the wound. Generally greater amounts of polymer and cross-linking agent provide a more solid dressing. Sufficient water should be present to provide the initial fluidity required for pouring or spreading the composition onto the wound. When a cross-linker is employed, only enough is needed to cause the polymer to solidify. For most applications, the cross-linking agent can be varied from about 0% to 8% by weight and preferably from about 0.1% to about 5.0% by weight, with the balance, e.g., about 80% to 95% by weight, being water. All quantities herein are expressed as percent by weight. Any suitable nontoxic cross-linking agent of a composition can be used to form a chemical bond between the molecules of the polymer to gel the dispersion 52, forming a solid body. Examples of cross-linking agents for locust bean gum, guar or chemically modified guar are galactose, organic titanate or boric acid. When the hydrocolloid is a polyglucomannan (e.g., Konjak®), borax can be used as a cross-linking agent. When xanthan gum is used, a suitable cross-linker for xanthan gum is mannose. If locust bean gum is used as the principle hydrocolloid, lactose or other suitable oligosaccharide can be used. The cross-linked polymers loose water solubility as well as any ability to soften in response to temperature changes. Consequently, once solidified, the dressing is non-thermoplastic, i.e., it will not return to a liquid state by heating or cooling. When a cross-linking agent is used in the following examples, it is packaged with the water. However, if desired, it can be packaged with the dry ingredients. Any of the following kinds of biologically active substances can be included in the composition: medications and disinfectants as well as wound healing enhancers, e.g., a vitamin preparation, blood coagulants for battlefield applications, antiseptic compounds, antibiotic compounds, or a source of oxygen. Among other biologically active substances are astringents, antibiotics, oxidants, proteolytic enzymes, collagen cross-link inhibitors such as natural or synthetic diamines, e.g., cystamine or histadine, putrescine, spermidine, cadaverine, alpha, omega diamino polyethylene or polypropylene oxide (available as Jeffamine® from Texaco Chemical, Houston, Tex.) and the like, various growth factors, amino acids, macrophage stimulating factors, narcotic analgesics, anesthetics, and the like. The moisture containing hydrogel can also be formed into an implantable delivery device having the form of a rod, disc or other convenient shape and implanted under the skin through an incision made for that purpose. In this application, the gel is formed from a pharmaceutical grade hydrocolloid, such as a pharmaceutical grade guar gum which has the property of providing a low endotoxin content. One or more of the biologically active agents is incorporated into the liquid gel. In forming an implantable delivery device, the freshly prepared liquid gel is poured into a mold to form the implantable delivery unit containing a biologically active agent. The molded unit, e.g., having a rod form, is then implanted through an incision beneath the skin where it serves as an errodable implanted delivery device for delivering the biologically active composition into the bloodstream of the animal or human patient. While some of the biologically active agents that are listed in examples 44-69 are stable in a liquid or semi-solid gel matrix, most of the biologically active ingredients exhibit their best stability when stored in dry solid state mixed with the dry hydrocolloid which is in particulate form. This is especially true for enzymatic and proteinaceous molecules such as growth factors, some immunostimulators and proteolytic enzymes. The present wound dressing exhibits a great advantage over ordinary dressings since the dressing of the present invention will permit the storage of relatively unstable biologically active molecules in a solid (freeze dried) state. Freeze drying of biologically active agents (lyophilization) is a common method of preserving many unstable biologically active molecules. Mixing the dried, e.g., freeze dried biologically active agent with liquid components just prior to use in accordance with the present invention will ensure the longest useful lifetime for the biologically active molecules and the resulting gel will hold the biologically active agent in contact with the tissue. The invention will be better understood by reference to the following additional examples of some of the typical hydrocolloid compositions that can be employed in accordance with the invention. Quantities given are expressed as percent by weight. All quantities in units/g or mg/g refer to grams of the hydrated gel dressing. In all formulations, liquid and solid particulate components are stored separately and are mixed just before use at approximately room temperature (23° C.). Unless otherwise stated, before use the boric acid, borax or other cross-linking agent is present in solution in the water portion of the formula. EXAMPLES ______________________________________ % byIngredient Weight Comments______________________________________Hydroxy propyl guar* 9.0 Dressing thickenedBoric acid 4.4 very slowly, aboutBorax 0.6 5 minutesWater 86.0 pH = 6.2*Galactasol 418 ®, a hydroxy propyl quar manufacturedby the Agualon Company of Wilmington, Delaware. Thehydroxy propyl group can be linked to either thegalactose or mannose base of the guar molecule.2Hydroxy propyl guar 9.0 Liquid phaseBoric acid 4.5 lasted lessBorax 0.5 than ten seconds.Water 86.0 pH = 6.23Hydroxy propyl guar 10.0 Crosslinks slowly,Borid acid 4.2 somewhat brittleBorax 0.8 gel.Water 85.0 pH = 6.54Guar (Supercol ® ) 10.0 Short liquidWater 90.0 phase, weak gel.5Boric acid 3.6 Very short liquidBorax 0.4 phase, nice gel.Guar (Supercol ® ) 5.0Water 87.06Boric acid 1.7 Very short liquidBorax 0.3 phase, chunkyGuar (Supercol ® ) 8.0 gel.Water 90.07Cationic guar 9.0 Long liquid phaseBoric acid 4.0 and a soft gel.Water 87.0 pH = 6.08Cationic guar 10.0 Hardened slightlyBoric acid 5.0 faster thanWater 85.00 example #7. pH = 5.49Hydroxy propyl guar* 11.0 very slow gelDihydroxy aluminum 1.0 formation fromsodium carbonate liquid phase.(DHSC).9% saline (NaCl) 88.010Hydroxy propyl guar* 10.0 Nice gel withinCitric acid .01 10 minutes..9% saline (NaCl) 89.0 pH = 6.711Hydroxy propyl guar* 10.0 Slightly weakBoric acid 1.0 gel in 10Citric acid .01 minutes..9% saline (NaCl) 89.0 pH = 6.7*Galactasol 418 ® , Aqualon Company of Wilmington,Delaware.12Hydroxy propyl guar* 10.0 Nice gel inBoric Acid 1.0 5 minutes.Citric acid 0.1 pH = 5.8.9% saline (NaCl) 89.0*Galactasol 418 ® , Aqualon Company of Wilmington,Delaware.13Hydroxy propyl guar 10.0 Lumpy liquidBoric acid 0.5 phase lastedCitric acid 0.05 less than 15.9% saline (NaCl) 89.5 seconds. pH = 6.614Hydroxy propyl guar 10.0 Nice gel inBoric acid 3.0 1 minute..9% saline (NaCl) 87.015Hydroxy propyl guar 11.0 Gel more brittleBoric acid 1.0 than elastic..9% saline (NaCl) 88.016Hydroxy propyl guar 10.0 Liquid phase lessBoric acid 1.0 than 2 minutes;.9% saline (NaCl) 89.0 great gel in 30 minutes. pH = 6.617Hydroxy propyl guar 10.0 Pourable liquidBoric acid 0.5 after exactly 19% saline (NaCl) 89.5 minute, weak gel. pH = 7.018Hydroxy propyl guar 5.0 Liquid for 30Boric acid 1.0 seconds, goodGuar (Supercol ® ) 5.0 gel..9% saline (NaCl) 89.0 pH = 6.119Hydroxy propyl guar 5.0 Gel formed moreBoric acid 0.5 slowly thanGuar (Supercol ® ) 5.0 example #18..9% saline (NaCl) 89.5 pH = 6.620Cationic guar* 5.0 Two-phase liquid,Boric acid 1.0. chunky gel pro-Guar (Supercol ® ) 5.0 duced rapidly..9% saline (NaCl) 89.0 pH = 6.9*Enhance ®, Aqualon Company of Wilmington, Delaware.21Hydroxy propyl guar 9.0 Pourable in 1Boric acid 0.25 minute, strongGalactose 2.0 gel..9% saline (NaCl) 88.75 pH = 6.522Hydroxy propyl quar 9.0 Mixable liquidBoric acid 0.5 1 minute, strongGalactose* 2.0 gel..9% saline (NaCl) 88.5 pH = 6.4*Other samples are made in which galactose isreplaced by galactose pentasaccharide or mannosetetrasaccharide. Another sample is made with atetrasaccharide containing both mannose andgalactose in equal quantities.23Hydroxypropyl guar 9.0 Gel formed inBoric acid 0.25 less than 2 minutes,Galactose 3.0 strong gel in.9% saline (NaCl) 87.75 5 minutes. pH = 6.724Cationic guar 9.0 HomogeneousBoric acid 1.0 liquid more thanGalactose 1.0 3 minutes.Mannose 2.0 pH = 6.3.9% saline (NaCl) 87.025Cationic guar 9.0 Pourable liquidBoric acid 1.0 in 2 minutes.Galactose 3.0 pH = 6.2.9% saline (NaCl) 87.926Cationic guar 9.0 Thickened moreBoric acid 1.0 slowly thanMannose 3.0 example #25..9% saline (NaCl) 87.0 pH = 6.327Hydroxy propyl guar 9.0 Gel slightlyBoric acid 0.5 weaker, moreLactose 3.0 elastic.Water 87.5 pH = 7.128Hydroxy propyl guar 9.0 Clear translucentCalcium chloride 3.0 gel, fair strengthCitric acid 0.5 and resilience.Water 87.5 pH = 2.829Hydroxy propyl quar 9.0 White, very toughMagnesium carbonate 2.0 elastic gel.Citric acid 0.25 pH = 7.6Water 88.7530Hydroxy propyl guar 9.0 Nice gel; fairlyPotassium antimony 2.0 weak.tartrate pH = 6.4Water 89.031Hydroxy propyl guar 9.0 Translucent gel.Tyxor* 2.0 pH = 7.4Water 89.0*An organic titanate, namely, titanium-ammonium lactatechelate, available from E.I. duPont of Wilmington, Delaware.32Anionic guar 12.0 Much strongerBoric acid 0.63 gel thanBorax 4.37 example #31.Water 83.0 pH = 6.133Glucomannan 12.0 Long liquid(Konjak ®) phase, weakBoric acid 2.0 gel.Water 86.0 pH = 5.434Hydroxy propyl guar 12.0 Low cross-linking,Borax 0.5 slimy gel.Alum 3.0 pH = 4.1Water 84.535Hydroxy propyl guar 12.0 Gel had lowCalcium phosphate 3.0 cohesive strength.Citric acid 0.1 pH = 6.8Water 84.936Guar (Supercol ®) 8.0 Gel forms rapidly andMagnesium acetate 2.0 uniformly in aboutBoric acid 0.25 10 to 15 seconds.Water 89.7 pH = 6.937Xanthan Gum 10.0 Rapid surfaceBoric acid 3.0 hydration.Water 87.038Xanthan gum 3.0 Lumps from rapidHydroxy propyl guar 6.0 surface hydration.Boric acid 0.25Galactose 2.0Water 88.7539Xanthan gum 5.0 Lumps from rapidLocust bean gum 5.0 surface hydration.Boric acid 3.0Water 87.040Potassium alginate 3.1 Stiff, grittyCalcium sulfate 3.1 gel.Trisodium phosphate 1.6Diatomaceous earth 12.2Water 80.041Sodium alginate 3.55 Stiff gel, notCalcium sulfate 3.55 very elastic.Sodium pyrophosphate 0.71Fine diatoinaceous 21.28earthWater 70.9142Boric acid 3.0 Gel strengthBorax 5.0 moderate to low.Guar (Supercol ® ) 3.0Water 89.043Hydroxy propyl guar 15.0 Gel like exampleCalcium sulfate 3.5 #36 except somewhatCitric acid 0.1 greater cohesiveWater 81.4 strength.______________________________________ EXAMPLES CONTAINING BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE SUBSTANCES In the folloiwng examples, the symbol "D" indicates that the biologically active agent is in the dry constituent and "W" in the water. 44 A dressing is made as in Example #1 except that an antibiotic comprising 5 mg/g neomycin sulfate is added to the dry constituents to prevent and fight opportunistic infections. This medicament-containing dressing gel can be used for treating pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. D 45 A dressing is made as in Example #2 except that an antibiotic comprising 400 Units/g of bacitracin is added to the dry ingredients to prevent and fight opportunistic infections. D 46 A dressing is made as in Example #3 except that 500 units/g of polymyxin B sulfate is included for preventing infections. D 47 A dressing is made as in Example #4 except that oxy tetracycline HCl is provided in the amount of 30 mg/g for infections. D 48 A dressing is made as in Example #5 except that 2.5 mg/g of gramacidin is included as an antibiotic for preventing and fighting infections. D 49 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #6 except that a coagulant/astringent comprising alum in the amount of 75 mg/g is included to provide an emergency or battlefield dressing for reducing blood loss. W 50 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #7 except that witch hazel in the amount of 200 mg/g is used as an astringent to provide an emergency or battlefield dressing for reducing blood loss. W 51 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #8 with 2% to 10% in separate samples of povidone iodine is included in the composition as a disinfectant for treating pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. D or W 52 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #9 with ozone included in the amount of 50 mg/g as an oxygen base and a disinfectant for treating pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. D 53 A wound dressing composition is prepared as in Example #10 with hydrogen peroxide used in the amount of 50 mg/g as a disinfectant for pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. W 54 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #11 containing a proteolytic enzyme comprising 20 units/g of collagenase to provide enzymatic debraidment of pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. D 55 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #12 containing a proteolytic enzyme comprising 10 units/g of streptokinase to provide enzymatic debraidment of pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. D 56 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #13 containing a proteolytic enzyme comprising 10 units/g of streptodornase to provide enzymatic debraidment. D 57 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #14 including a diamine for reducing collagen cross-linking comprising 5 mg/g of putrescine. W 58 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #15 including a polyamine for reducing collagen cross-linking comprising 10 mg/g of spermidine. W 59 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #16 including a diamine for reducing collagen cross-linking comprising 15 mg/g of cadaverine. W 60 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #17 including a growth factor comprising 40 units/g of platelet-derived growth factor to enhance natural healing processes and stimulate growth. D 61 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #18 including a growth factor comprising 10 units/g of fibroblast growth factor to stimlate growth. D 62 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #19 including a growth factor comprising 10 units/g of epidermal growth factor to stimulate growth. D 63 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #20 including a growth factor comprising 10 units/g of transforming growth factor to stimulate growth. D 64 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #21 including an immuno stimulator comprising 15 mg/g of L-arginine to stimulate the inflammatory phase of wound healing. D or W 65 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #22 including an immuno stimulator comprising 5 mg/g of nitric oxide to stimulate wound healing. D or W 66 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #23 including an immuno stimulator comprising 50 mg/g of quadrol to facilitate wound healing. W 67 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #24 including an immunostimulator comprising 50 μg/g of muramyl dipeptide to enhance wound healing. D 68 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #25 including an immunostimulator comprising 10 μg/g of macrophage activating factor to facilitate wound healing. D 69 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #26 with 1 mg/g of hyaluronic acid added to facilitate healing of pathogenic wounds, stasis ulcers and chronic wounds. D or W 70 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #36 with 20 mg/g of diamino polyethylene oxide (Jeffamine® EDR-148) for reducing collagen cross-linking. D or W 71 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #1 with 5 mg/g morphine sulfate added as an analgesic for treating trauma wounds encountered in emergency or battlefield medicine. D or W 72 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #6 with 1 mg/g of fentanyl citrate as an analgesic tranquilizer for treating emergency or battlefield wounds. D or W 73 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #2 with 5 mg/g lidocaine hydrochloride as a local anesthetic for painful wounds. D or W 74 A wound dressing is prepared as in Example #7 with 10 mg/g of a 100:1 ratio of procaine hydrochloride and epinephrine as a local anesthetic which is also vasoconstrictive. This will lessen bleeding as well as aid in retention of the anesthetic to the site of need. D or W Many variations of the present invention within the scope of the appended claims will be apparent to those skilled in the art once the principles described herein are understood.

4y

This application claims the priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(e)(1) of the following co-pending U.S. provisional applications: 60/186,326 filed on Mar. 2, 2000 now U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/798,173; and 60/219,340 originally filed on Mar. 2, 2000 as non-provisional U.S. Ser. No. 09/515,093 and thereafter converted to provisional application status by a petition granted on Aug. 18, 2000. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The invention relates generally to electronic data processing and, more particularly, to emulation, simulation and test capabilities of electronic data processing devices and systems. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Advanced wafer lithography and surface-mount packaging technology are integrating increasingly complex functions at both the silicon and printed circuit board level of electronic design. Diminished physical access is an unfortunate consequence of denser designs and shrinking interconnect pitch. Designed-in testability is needed, so that the finished product is still both controllable and observable during test and debug. Any manufacturing defect is preferably detectable during final test before a product is shipped. This basic necessity is difficult to achieve for complex designs without taking testability into account in the logic design phase, so that automatic test equipment can test the product. In addition to testing for functionality and for manufacturing defects, application software development requires a similar level of simulation, observability and controllability in the system or sub-system design phase. The emulation phase of design should ensure that an IC (integrated circuit), or set of ICs, functions correctly in the end equipment or application when linked with the software programs. With the increasing use of ICs in the automotive industry, telecommunications, defense systems, and life support systems, thorough testing and extensive realtime debug becomes a critical need. Functional testing, wherein a designer is responsible for generating test vectors that are intended to ensure conformance to specification, still remains a widely used test methodology. For very large systems this method proves inadequate in providing a high level of detectable fault coverage. Automatically generated test patterns would be desirable for full testability, and controllability and observability are key goals that span the full hierarchy of test (from the system level to the transistor level). Another problem in large designs is the long time and substantial expense involved. It would be desirable to have testability circuitry, system and methods that are consistent with a concept of design-for-reusability. In this way, subsequent devices and systems can have a low marginal design cost for testability, simulation and emulation by reusing the testability, simulation and emulation circuitry, systems and methods that are implemented in an initial device. Without a proactive testability, simulation and emulation approach, a large amount of subsequent design time is expended on test pattern creation and upgrading. Even if a significant investment were made to design a module to be reusable and to fully create and grade its test patterns, subsequent use of the module may bury it in application specific logic, and make its access difficult or impossible. Consequently, it is desirable to avoid this pitfall. The advances of IC design, for example, are accompanied by decreased internal visibility and control, reduced fault coverage and reduced ability to toggle states, more test development and verification problems, increased complexity of design simulation and continually increasing cost of CAD (computer aided design) tools. In the board design the side effects include decreased register visibility and control, complicated debug and simulation in design verification, loss of conventional emulation due to loss of physical access by packaging many circuits in one package, increased routing complexity on the board, increased costs of design tools, mixed-mode packaging, and design for produceability. In application development, some side effects are decreased visibility of states, high speed emulation difficulties, scaled time simulation, increased debugging complexity, and increased costs of emulators. Production side effects involve decreased visibility and control, complications in test vectors and models, increased test complexity, mixed-mode packaging, continually increasing costs of automatic test equipment even into the 7-figure range, and tighter tolerances. Emulation technology utilizing scan based emulation and multiprocessing debug was introduced over 10 years ago. In 1988, the change from conventional in circuit emulation to scan based emulation was motivated by design cycle time pressures and newly available space for on-chip emulation. Design cycle time pressure was created by three factors: higher integration levels—such as on-chip memory; increasing clock rates—caused electrical intrusiveness by emulation support logic; and more sophisticated packaging—created emulator connectivity issues. Today these same factors, with new twists, are challenging a scan based emulator's ability to deliver the system debug facilities needed by today's complex, higher clock rate, highly integrated designs. The resulting systems are smaller, faster, and cheaper. They are higher performance with footprints that are increasingly dense. Each of these positive system trends adversely affects the observation of system activity, the key enabler for rapid system development. The effect is called “vanishing visibility”. Application developers prefer visibility and control of all relevant system activity. The steady progression of integration levels and increases in clock rates steadily decrease the visibility and control available over time. These forces create a visibility and control gap, the difference between the desired visibility and control level and the actual level available. Over time, this gap is sure to widen. Application development tool vendors are striving to minimize the gap growth rate. Development tools software and associated hardware components must do more with less and in different ways; tackling the ease of use challenge is amplified by these forces. With today's highly integrated System-On-a-Chip (SOC) technology, the visibility and control gap has widened dramatically. Traditional debug options such as logic analyzers and partitioned prototype systems are unable to keep pace with the integration levels and ever increasing clock rates of today's systems. As integration levels increase, system buses connecting numerous subsystem components move on chip, denying traditional logic analyzers access to these buses. With limited or no significant bus visibility, tools like logic analyzers cannot be used to view system activity or provide the trigger mechanisms needed to control the system under development. A loss of control accompanies this loss in visibility, as it is difficult to control things that are not accessible. To combat this trend, system designers have worked to keep these buses exposed, building system components in a way that enabled the construction of prototyping systems with exposed buses. This approach is also under siege from the ever-increasing march of system clock rates. As CPU clock rates increase, chip to chip interface speeds are not keeping pace. Developers find that a partitioned system's performance does not keep pace with its integrated counterpart, due to interface wait states added to compensate for lagging chip to chip communication rates. At some point, this performance degradation reaches intolerable levels and the partitioned prototype system is no longer a viable debug option. We have entered an era where production devices must serve as the platform for application development. Increasing CPU clock rates are also accelerating the demise of other simple visibility mechanisms. Since the CPU clock rates can exceed maximum I/O state rates, visibility ports exporting information in native form can no longer keep up with the CPU. On-chip subsystems are also operated at clock rates that are slower than the CPU clock rate. This approach may be used to simplify system design and reduce power consumption. These developments mean simple visibility ports can no longer be counted on to deliver a clear view of CPU activity. As visibility and control diminish, the development tools used to develop the application become less productive. The tools also appear harder to use due to the increasing tool complexity required to maintain visibility and control. The visibility, control, and ease of use issues created by systems-on-a-chip are poised to lengthen product development cycles. Even as the integration trends present developers with a difficult debug environment, they also present hope that new approaches to debug problems will emerge. The increased densities and clock rates that create development cycle time pressures also create opportunities to solve them. On-chip, debug facilities are more affordable than ever before. As high speed, high performance chips are increasingly dominated by very large memory structures, the system cost associated with the random logic accompanying the CPU and memory subsystems is dropping as a percentage of total system cost. The cost of a several thousand gates is at an all time low, and can in some cases be tucked into a corner of today's chip designs. Cost per pin in today's high density packages has also dropped, making it easier to allocate more pins for debug. The combination of affordable gates and pins enables the deployment of new, on-chip emulation facilities needed to address the challenges created by systems-on-a-chip. When production devices also serve as the application debug platform, they must provide sufficient debug capabilities to support time to market objectives. Since the debugging requirements vary with different applications, it is highly desirable to be able to adjust the on-chip debug facilities to balance time to market and cost needs. Since these on-chip capabilities affect the chip's recurring cost, the scalability of any solution is of primary importance. “Pay only for what you need” should be the guiding principle for on-chip tools deployment. In this new paradigm, the system architect may also specify the on-chip debug facilities along with the remainder of functionality, balancing chip cost constraints and the debug needs of the product development team. The emulation technology of the present invention uses the debug upside opportunities noted above to provide developers with an arsenal of debug capability aimed at narrowing the control and visibility gap. This emulation technology delivers solutions to the complex debug problems of today's highly integrated embedded real-time systems. This technology attacks the loss of visibility, control, and ease of use issues described in the preceding section while expanding the feature set of current emulators. The on-chip debug component of the present invention provides a means for optimizing the cost and debug capabilities. The architecture allows for flexible combinations of emulation components or peripherals tailored to meet system cost and time to market constraints. The scalability aspect makes it feasible to include them in production devices with manageable cost and limited performance overhead. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of an emulation system according to the invention. FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a condition detector according to the invention. FIG. 3 illustrates an exemplary truth table which describes a desired relationship between the monitored signals of FIG. 2 and the register contents of FIG. 2 . FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates exemplary embodiments of an extended condition detector according to the invention. FIG. 5 diagrammatically illustrates examples of how the monitored signals of FIGS. 2 and 4 can be developed. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Emulation, debug, and simulation tools of the present invention are described herein. The emulation and debug solutions described herein are based on the premise that, over time, some if not most debug functions traditionally performed off chip must be integrated into the production device if they are to remain in the developer's debug arsenal. To support the migration of debug functions on chip, the present invention provides a powerful and scalable portfolio of debug capabilities for on-chip deployment. This technology preserves all the gains of initial JTAG technology while adding capabilities that directly assault the visibility, control, and ease of use issues created by the vanishing visibility trend. Four significant architectural infrastructure components spearhead the assault on the control and visibility gap described earlier herein: 1. Real-time Emulation (RTE); 2. Real-time Data Exchange (RTDX™ a trademark of Texas Instruments Incorporated); 3. Trace; and 4. Advanced Analysis. These components address visibility and control needs as shown in Table 1. TABLE 1 Emulation System Architecture and Usage Architectural Visibility Control Component Provisions Provisions Debug Usage RTE Static view of Analysis Basic debug the CPU and components Computational memory state are used to problems after background stop Code design program is execution of problems stopped. background Interrupt driven program. code continues to execute. RTDX ™ Debugger Analysis Dynamic software components instrumentation interacts with are used to Dynamic the application identify variable code to exchange observation adjustments commands and points and Dynamic data data while the interrupt collection application program flow continues to to collect execute. data. Trace Bus snooper Analysis Prog. Flow hardware components corruption collects are used to debug selective define Memory program flow and program corruption data segments and Benchmarking transactions for bus Code Coverage export without transactions Path Coverage interacting with that are to Program timing the application. be recorded problems for export. Analysis Allows Alter program Benchmarking observation of flow after Event/sequence occurrences of the detection identification events or event of events or Ext. trigger sequences. event generation Measure elapsed sequences. Stop program time between execution events. Generate Activate Trace external and RTDX ™ triggers. Real-Time Emulation (RTE) provides a base set of fixed capabilities for real-time execution control (run, step, halt, etc.) and register/memory visibility. This component allows the user to debug application code while real-time interrupts continue to be serviced. Registers and memory may be accessed in real-time with no impact to interrupt processing. Users may distinguish between real-time and non real-time interrupts, and mark code that must not be disturbed by real-time debug memory accesses. This base emulation capability includes hardware that can be configured as two single point hardware breakpoints, a single data watchpoint, an event counter, or a data logging mechanism. The EMU pin capability includes trigger I/Os for multiprocessor event processing and a uni-directional (target to host) data logging mechanism. RTDX™ provides real-time data transfers between an emulator host and target application. This component offers both bi-directional and uni-directional DSP target/host data transfers facilitated by the emulator. The DSP (or target) application may collect target data to be transferred to the host or receive data from the host, while emulation hardware (within the DSP and the emulator) manages the actual transfer. Several RTDX™ transfer mechanisms are supported, each providing different levels of bandwidth and pin utilization allowing the trade off of gates and pin availability against bandwidth requirements. Trace is a non-intrusive mechanism of providing visibility of the application activity. Trace is used to monitor CPU related activity such as program flow and memory accesses, system activity such as ASIC state machines, data streams and CPU collected data. Historical trace technology also used logic analyzer like collection and special emulation (SEs) devices with more pins than a production device. The logic analyzer or like device processed native representations of the data using a state machine like programming interface (filter mechanism). This trace model relied on all activity being exported with external triggering selecting the data that needed to be stored, viewed and analyzed. Existing logic analyzer like technology does not, however, provide a solution to decreasing visibility due to higher integration levels, increasing clock rates and more sophisticated packaging. In this model, the production device must provide visibility through a limited number of pins. The data exported is encoded or compressed to reduce the export bandwidth required. The recording mechanism becomes a pure recording device, packing exported data into a deep trace memory. Trace software is used to convert the recorded data into a record of system activity. On-chip Trace with high speed serial data export, in combination with Advanced Analysis provides a solution for SOC designs. Trace is used to monitor CPU related activity such as program flow and memory accesses, system activity such as ASIC state machines, data streams etc. and CPU collected data. This creates four different classes of trace data: Program flow and timing provided by the DSP core (PC trace); Memory data references made by the DSP core or chip level peripherals (Data reads and writes); Application specific signals and data (ASIC activity); and CPU collected data. Collection mechanisms for the four classes of trace data are modular allowing the trade off of functionality verses gates and pins required to meet desired bandwidth requirements. The RTDX™ and Trace functions provide similar, but different forms of visibility. They differ in terms of how data is collected, and the circumstances under which they would be most effective. A brief explanation is included below for clarity. RTDX™ (Real Time Data eXchange) is a CPU assisted solution for exchanging information; the data to be exchanged have a well-defined behavior in relation to the program flow. For example, RTDX™ can be used to record the input or output buffers from a DSP algorithm. RTDX™ requires CPU assistance in collecting data hence there is definite, but small, CPU bandwidth required to accomplish this. Thus, RTDX™ is an application intrusive mechanism of providing visibility with low recurring overhead cost. Trace is a non-intrusive, hardware-assisted collection mechanism (such as, bus snoopers) with very high bandwidth (BW) data export. Trace is used when there is a need to export data at a very high data rate or when the behavior of the information to be traced is not known, or is random in nature or associated with an address. Program flow is a typical example where it is not possible to know the behavior a priori. The bandwidth required to export this class of information is high. Data trace of specified addresses is another example. The bandwidth required to export data trace is very high. Trace data is unidirectional, going from target to host only. RTDX™ can exchange data in either direction although unidirectional forms of RTDX™ are supported (data logging). The Trace data path can also be used to provide very high speed uni-directional RTDX™ (CPU collected trace data). The high level features of Trace and RTDX™ are outlined in Table 2. TABLE 2 RTDX ™ and Trace Features Features RTDX ™ Trace Bandwidth/pin Low High Intrusiveness Intrusive Non-intrusive Data Exchange Bi-directional or uni- Export only directional Data Cpu assisted CPU or Hardware collection assisted Data transfer No extra hardware for Hardware assisted minimum BW (optional hardware for higher BW) Cost Relatively low Relatively high recurring cost recurring cost Advanced analysis provides a non-intrusive on-chip event detection and trigger generation mechanism. The trigger outputs created by advanced analysis control other infrastructure components such as Trace and RTDX™. Historical trace technology used bus activity exported to a logic analyzer to generate triggers that controlled trace within the logic analyzer unit or generated triggers which were supplied to the device to halt execution. This usually involved a chip that had more pins than the production device (an SE or special emulation device). This analysis model does not work well in the System-on-a-Chip (SOC) era as the integration levels and clock rates of today's devices preclude full visibility bus export. Advanced analysis provides affordable on-chip instruction and data bus comparators, sequencers and state machines, and event counters to recreate the most important portions of the triggering function historically found off chip. Advanced analysis provides the control aspect of debug triggering mechanism for Trace, RTDX™ and Real-Time Emulation. This architectural component identifies events, tracks event sequences, and assigns actions based on their occurrence (break execution, enable/disable trace, count, enable/disable RTDX™, etc.). The modular building blocks for this capability include bus comparators, external event generators, state machines or state sequencers, and trigger generators. The modularity of the advanced analysis system allows the trade off of functionality versus gates. Emulator capability is created by the interaction of four emulator components: 1. debugger application program; 2. host computer; 3. emulation controller; and 4. on-chip debug facilities. These components are connected as shown in FIG. 1 . The host computer 10 is connected to an emulation controller 12 (external to the host) with the emulation controller (also referred to herein as the emulator or the controller) also connected to the target system 16 . The user preferably controls the target application through a debugger application program, running on the host computer, for example, Texas Instruments' Code Composer Studio program. A typical debug system is shown in FIG. 1 . This system uses a host computer 10 (generally a PC) to access the debug capabilities through an emulator 12 . The debugger application program presents the debug capabilities in a user-friendly form via the host computer. The debug resources are allocated by debug software on an as needed basis, relieving the user of this burden. Source level debug utilizes the debug resources, hiding their complexity from the user. The debugger together with the on-chip Trace and triggering facilities provide a means to select, record, and display chip activity of interest. Trace displays are automatically correlated to the source code that generated the trace log. The emulator provides both the debug control and trace recording function. The debug facilities are programmed using standard emulator debug accesses through the target chips' JTAG or similar serial debug interface. Since pins are at a premium, the technology provides for the sharing of the debug pin pool by trace, trigger, and other debug functions with a small increment in silicon cost. Fixed pin formats are also supported. When the sharing of pins option is deployed, the debug pin utilization is determined at the beginning of each debug session (before the chip is directed to run the application program), maximizing the trace export bandwidth. Trace bandwidth is maximized by allocating the maximum number of pins to trace. The debug capability and building blocks within a system may vary. The emulator software therefore establishes the configuration at run-time. This approach requires the hardware blocks to meet a set of constraints dealing with configuration and register organization. Other components provide a hardware search capability designed to locate the blocks and other peripherals in the system memory map. The emulator software uses a search facility to locate the resources. The address where the modules are located and a type ID uniquely identifies each block found. Once the IDs are found, a design database may be used to ascertain the exact configuration and all system inputs and outputs. The host computer is generally a PC with at least 64 Mbytes of memory and capable of running at least Windows95, SR-2, Windows NT, or later versions of Windows. The PC must support one of the communications interfaces required by the emulator, for example: Ethernet 10T and 100T, TCP/IP protocol; Universal Serial Bus (USB), rev 1.x; Firewire, IEEE 1394; and/or Parallel Port (SPP, EPP, and ECP). The emulation controller 12 provides a bridge between the host computer 10 and target system 16 , handling all debug information passed between the debugger application running on the host computer and a target application executing on a DSP (or other target processor) 14 . One exemplary emulator configuration supports all of the following capabilities: Real-time Emulation; RTDX™; Trace; and Advanced Analysis. Additionally, the emulator-to-target interface supports: Input and output triggers; Bit I/O; and Managing special extended operating modes. The emulation controller 12 accesses Real-time Emulation capabilities (execution control, memory, and register access) via a 3, 4, or 5 bit scan based interface. RTDX™ capabilities can be accessed by scan or by using three higher bandwidth RTDX™ formats that use direct target-to-emulator connections other than scan. The input and output triggers allow other system components to signal the chip with debug events and vice-versa. The emulator 12 is partitioned into communication and emulation sections. The communication section supports communication with the host 10 on host communication links while the emulation section interfaces to the target, managing target debug functions and the device debug port. The emulator 12 communicates with the host computer 10 using e.g., one of the aforementioned industry standards communication links at 15 . The host-to-emulator connection can be established with off the shelf cabling technology. Host-to-emulator separation is governed by the standards applied to the interface used. The emulation controller 12 communicates with the target system 16 through a target cable or cables at 17 . Debug, Trace, Triggers, and RTDX™ capabilities share the target cable, and in some cases, the same device pins. More than one target cable may be required when the target system deploys a trace width that cannot be accommodated in a single cable. All trace, RTDX™, and debug communication occurs over this link. FIG. 2 diagrammatically illustrates an exemplary embodiment of a condition detector that can be provided in the target chip 14 of FIG. 1 according to the invention. The condition detector of FIG. 2 includes a lookup table (LUT), embodied in this example as a multiplexer 22 . A register 21 can be loaded with appropriate data to program the lookup table 22 . A plurality of monitored signals are input to the lookup table at 23 , and one of the register bits B 0 –BN is output from the lookup table 22 in response to the monitored signals 23 . The monitored signals could be, for example, architecture-specific bus control signals of the target chip, such as a read/write (R/W) signal, an ABORT signal, a memory select signal, etc. When driven by bus control signals, the condition detector of FIG. 2 performs the function of a bus comparator, detecting when the bus is in a predetermined condition or conditions. The lookup table arrangement of FIG. 2 is particularly advantageous when monitoring bus control signals because such signals are typically architecture-specific. That is, although signaling such as address and data signaling is typically the same from one data processing architecture to another, bus control signals are often architecture-specific in nature. Using the lookup table of FIG. 2 , the desired bus condition or conditions can be identified regardless of which architecture-specific bus control signals are input to the lookup table 22 . Because the behavior of the monitored signals 23 is known, the desired condition detection bits can be loaded into the register 21 to program the lookup table. Regardless of the data processing architecture that produces the monitored signals 23 , the register 21 can be programmed to indicate the condition or conditions of interest. The condition detection indication produced by the lookup table 22 of FIG. 2 can be provided, for example, to conventional debug facilities within the target chip 14 or emulator 12 for use in emulation/test/debug operations. FIG. 3 illustrates an example of a truth table which can be implemented by the lookup table 22 of FIG. 2 . The truth table of FIG. 3 is applicable to a first data processing architecture, but another truth table, with different values of B 0 , B 1 . . . BN, could be used for another data processing architecture whose monitored signals are not identical to the monitored signals used to generate the truth table of FIG. 3 . Thus, according to the invention, any set of architecture-specific signals can be monitored by simply loading the register 21 to program the lookup table 22 according to the truth table needed to detect the desired condition or conditions with respect to the monitored signals. Thus, the condition detector of FIG. 2 can be easily used with any target device, regardless of its data processing architecture. Loading the register 21 to program the lookup table 22 for any given set of monitored signals is advantageously much simpler than designing, for each possible set of architecture-specific signals, a unique combinational circuit that implements the truth table required to detect the selected condition or conditions associated with the monitored signals. FIG. 4 diagrammatically illustrates another exemplary embodiment of a condition detector according to the invention. The embodiment of FIG. 4 includes a plurality of lookup tables 22 whose condition detection outputs are provided to a combinational logic circuit, in this example an AND gate 31 , which produces the desired condition detection. This embodiment thus permits the user to monitor the behavior of a plurality of different sets of signals 23 , and combine the detected behavior as desired to produce a “compound” condition detection indication from the various individual condition detection indications of the lookup tables. FIG. 5 illustrates examples of how the monitored signals 23 of a given lookup table 22 can be developed. As shown, an emulation signal 51 can select the monitored signals 23 from among a plurality of buses. The buses Bus 1 –BusN can be, for example, buses of a single data processing core or buses from a plurality of data processing cores. As mentioned earlier, the signals and their meanings can vary from bus to bus, but the lookup table 22 can be programmed specifically for the selected bus. Although exemplary embodiments of the invention are described above in detail, this does not limit the scope of the invention, which can be practiced in a variety of embodiments.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to gas-scrubbers, particularly scrubbers suitable for use in cleansing exhaust gases from internal combustion engines. South African Pat. No. 77/1706, commonly assigned, describes a gas-scrubber for use in an internal combustion engine wherein a gas inlet conduit opens upwardly into an upwardly extending receiving conduit, with the space between these two conduits adapted to be maintained below a predetermined liquid level in the scrubber. A cap is located over the open upper end of the receiving conduit to form a passage opening downwardly on the outside of the receiving conduit in a region above the liquid level so that the gas and liquid can separate and the scrubbed gas can leave the scrubber. In order to achieve satisfactory scrubbing of the gas it was, in many cases, necessary to have two stages which were substantially independent of each other. In one case the upwardly opening gas inlet conduit supplied the gas from a primary scrubbing stage laterally offset therefrom. In another case two substantially identical stages were provided in adjacent housings which could either be of a unitary construction or separate. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It has now been found that improved gas-scrubbing can be achieved by the use of a compact arrangement of flow passages all located substantially symetrically about a main axis for the scrubbing mechanism. In accordance with this invention there is provided a gas-scrubber comprising a scrubbing mechanism located within a container shaped housing adapted to contain a scrubbing liquid to a predetermined level therein and wherein the scrubbing mechanism is arranged concentrically with a downwardly extending gas inlet conduit, means for distributing gas emanating from the lower end of the inlet conduit around the circumference thereof and such that the path of the gas is upwardly on the outside of the conduit, a first scrubbing liquid inlet located adjacent the passage for upwardly moving gas emanating from the conduit end and communicating with the body of liquid contained in the container shaped housing, a plurality of angularly spaced upwardly directed transfer conduits co-operating with larger diameter co-axial tubular passages which define therewith both a second scrubbing liquid inlet and venturi means for drawing further quantities of scrubbing liquid into admixture with the initial gas-liquid mixture and wherein the tubular members are located directly above the transfer conduits, and a cowling enclosing the above mentioned gas inlet conduit and associated parts and defining a mixing chamber above the tubular members for promoting adequate mixing of the gas and scrubbing liquid and an outlet at the upper end of the cowling which is co-axial with the inlet conduit for directing a gas liquid mixture outwardly above the level of liquid in the scrubber housing. Further features of the invention provide for a third scrubbing liquid inlet to be defined on the outlet side of the tubular members and between the tubular members and a venturi shaped throat which is also concentric with the inlet conduit and cowling and for a deflector arrangement to be provided within the mixing chamber for promoting turbulence of gas-scrubbing liquid mixtures above the liquid inlet; for the outlet at the top of the cowling to be directed laterally by means of a plate located over the top of the cowling and for a skirt to extend downwardly from the top of the scrubber housing concentrically with the cowling but spaced radially therefrom to provide a downward flow path for gas-scrubbing liquid mixtures emanating from the cowling. Clearly the cowling must have suitable liquid inlets to provide access for liquid to the various inlet arrangements and there are preferably two such inlets. The first inlet is in the form of a circumferentially extending slot in the side wall of the cowling and which communicates by way of passages with a centrally located inlet for scrubbing liquid located concentrically beneath the outlet end of the inlet conduit. The second inlet is similarly a circumferentially extending slot located above the first inlet and which provides access for liquid to both the transfer conduit and tubular member assemblies and the venturi throat at the outlet end of the tubular members. The inlet to the gas-scrubber can either be by way of a right angled bend communicating with a transverse connection conduit so that connection is effected at right angles to the gas inlet conduit or, alternatively, the gas inlet conduit could extend up the entire height of the scrubber housing to provide a connection at the top thereof for an inlet pipe conveying exhaust gases to the scrubber. Clearly the scrubber will have a scrubbing liquid supply which is maintained at a predetermined level by any suitable means and, conveniently, by a float controlled valve. In the latter instance the float controlled valve is preferably shielded from the gas-scrubbing liquid mixture emanating from the outlet end of the scrubbing mechanism and this can be achieved by means of a suitable baffle which defines, in effect, a float valve chamber. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a sectional elevation of a preferred form of a gas-scrubber according to this invention; FIG. 2 is a section taken along line II--II in FIG. 1; and, FIG. 3 is a sectional side view taken along line III--III in FIG. 1 illustrating the float chamber. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the disclosed embodiment of the invention the gas-scrubber comprises a housing or chamber 1 having a removable lid 2 secured thereto, a drain conduit 3A having a plug 3 is positioned at the bottom end thereof and a filler conduit 4A having a plug 4 at a chosen position up the height of the chamber and which corresponds with the liquid level to be maintained in the housing in use. Such liquid level is indicated by reference numeral 5 in FIGS. 1 and 2. A downwardly directed exhaust inlet conduit 6 communicates with a transverse inlet connection 7 by way of a pipe bend 8. The open lower end 9 of the inlet conduit is flared outwardly and cooperates with a distribution member 10 having a concentric conical portion 11 of large cone angle for distributing gases equally angularly about the inlet conduit. The distribution member also has a basically cupped configuration so that the free periphery 12 thereof is roughly co-planar with the end of the inlet conduit and defines together therewith an annular outlet 13. A first liquid inlet defining member 14 is of basically cup shape and defines with the outer periphery of the distribution member an annular inlet 15 for liquid immediately adjacent that for the gases. The inlet defining member has an inlet 16 co-axial with the inlet conduit but below the distributor member 10. An inlet passage 17 is defined between the member 14 and a lower cowling member 18 which defines a circumferentially extending slot 19 communicating with the interior of the housing and well below the liquid level 5. Located a short distance above the annular inlets 13 and 15 for the gas and liquid, respectively, are a plurality of equally angularly spaced transfer conduits 20 supported by and forming passages through a dividing plate 21 secured to the upper and lower cowling members 22 and 18, respectively. The upper ends of the transfer conduits open a short distance below larger diameter tubular members 23 so that a venturi effect is created whereby further liquid may be drawn in through the space between the upper ends of the transfer conduits and the lower ends of the tubular members. An inlet passage 24 is defined between these members and the upper cowling member 22, and a slot shaped inlet 25 communicates between the inlet passage 24 and the interior of the housing well below the liquid level 5 and at the lower end of the upper cowling member 22. The inlet passage 24 also feeds the upper ends of the tubular members 23 where they are directed to feed into a venturi shaped throat 26. The passage 24 communicates with the throat by way of a space 27 between the lower end of the throat and the upper ends of the tubular members. The throat itself opens into a chamber 28 where mixing is to continue between the gases and the scrubbing liquid. Preferably a deflector plate 29 in the shape of substantially a reverse throat is included at a position spaced upwardly from the throat 26. The chamber is defined by the cowling 22 in its upper region, and the top of the cowling has a transverse plate 30 secured thereover and comprises a substantially circumferentially extending outlet 31 directed outwardly at the top of the cowling. The cowling can, for convenience, be flared outwardly at its upper end 32. A downwardly extending skirt 33 is provided to encircle the outlet 31 at a position spaced radially outwardly to an extent adequate to ensure that gas and liquid flow is not impeded to any great extent but simply directed downwardly. The skirt terminates short of the liquid level and, in fact, the skirt may have different lengths at different angular positions so that at a position remote from the inlet connection 7 it has its maximum height. Laterally offset from the cowling which, as will be clear from the drawings, is concentric with the inlet conduit 6, is a baffle defining wall 34 forming a float chamber 35 which communicates with the interior of the housing by way of a large space 36 at the lower end of the wall. A small slot 37 is provided between the upper end of the wall and a plate 38 defining the outlet for gases, which communicates with a downwardly extending passage 39 from where gases ultimately leave the scrubber. The float chamber has a float controlled valve 40 installed therein for maintaining the scrubbing liquid level at that indicated by reference numeral 5. For convenience sake access apertures (shown clearly in FIG. 3) 41 and 42 are provided to enable the float controlled valve to be removed and serviced easily without necessitating removal of the lid or dismantling of the apparatus. This arrangement also enables the outlet defining plate 38 and baffle wall 34 to be permanently welded in position in the housing, and provides for simple maintenance of the float controlled valve by the simple removal of the valve through a side aperture. In use, exhaust gases from an internal combustion engine are introduced through the connection 7 and thence into the inlet conduit 6 which feeds the gases downwardly onto the distribution member 10. The distribution member, by virtue of its shape, distributes the exhaust gases substantially equally around the inlet conduit, and the annular passage 13 ensures that the exhaust gases are then directed upwardly. At the same time as they proceed upwardly they draw with them scrubbing liquid through the adjacent annular inlet 15, and mixing of the exhaust gases and scrubbing liquid immediately commences. This mixture proceeds through the transfer conduits 20 and into the lower ends of the tubular members 23. This process draws further scrubbing liquid in through the space between the adjacent ends of the tubular members and transfer conduits and further mixing takes place in the tubular members. At the upper ends of the tubular members still further scrubbing liquid is drawn in through the spaces 27 defined by the throat 26. Still further mixing takes place during passage through the throat and into the mixing chamber 28 above. The deflector plate 29 causes additional turbulence to take place thereby again enhancing the mixing. Ultimately the gas and liquid mixture emanates from the outlet 31 at the top of the cowling and separation proceeds to take place within the skirt as the mixture proceeds downwardly. The separated gas then proceeds through the outlet 39 to atmosphere or any other destination which has been determined therefor. It has been noted that the scrubber of the present invention tends to provide for increased liquid circulation within the scrubber with increased gas flow therethrough which was not the case with the scrubber defined in the earlier patent mentioned above. Also, the gas-scrubber according to this invention is entirely flame-proof in operation and can therefore be employed in flammable atmospheres such as are present in many underground mines and, in particular, coal mines or the like. Also, in many factories inflammable or explosive atmospheres exist and such flame-proof gas-scrubbers are most useful in such instances. It will be appreciated that the entire gas-scrubber described above can be manufactured from pressed or otherwise fabricated parts, and costly castings or similar parts are not required. This also has the advantage that the gas scrubbers can easily be made from stainless steel parts welded together in known manner. It will be understood that many variations may be made to the above described embodiment of the invention without departing from the scope hereof. In particular the number of liquid scrubbing inlets could be limited to two and a throat could be positioned on the inlet side of the transfer conduits. Also, the transfer conduits and tubular member arrangements could be replaced by venturi systems. Also the throat and deflector plate could be omitted, or replaced by comparable equivalent structural elements.

4y

This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 843,059, filed Mar. 24, 1986 and now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to electronic means for music generation and more particularly has as its object the provision of such instrument with a sound engine comprising an architecture enabling the application of thousands of stored units of music digital data to rapid production of analog speaker-driving forms, utilizing practical solid state circuit means. The invention is described below with reference to electronic piano usage, but is also usable in a number of other electronic musical instrument roles to provide, singly or combined, the sounds of a variety of instrument, elements of human voice and other sound sources and in analogous instrument contexts not involving music or voice, but involving comparably varying waveform data. Multiple Partial (Fourier) Synthesis is a technique well known in engineering practice. Any arbitrary periodic waveform (e.g., musical instruments' sound) may be reproduced by summing up a series of sine waves of appropriately determined frequencies, amplitudes, and relative phases. This technique allows great flexibility, much more so than subtractive synthesis (which starts out with a complex waveform and filters out unwanted spectral content) or wave-table synthesis (which can only reproduce whatever is in the table). It is the object of the present invention to establish effective instrumentation using Fourier synthesis. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The musical apparatus of the invention inputs a stream of digital signals which represent a sequence of audio notes to be ultimately produced. The apparatus creates a sequential list of partials and impresses time-varying amplitude envelopes on them, such that the sequential list completely characterizes the desired audio signal. A multiple partial synthesis, sometimes referred to as a Fourier Synthesis, is formed. Each partial from the sequential list is digitally generated by stepping through a ROM containing a single cycle forming the frequency of that partial and combining it with the amplitude envelope for that partial resulting in a signal with the desired frequency, amplitude, duration and attack and decay rates. All the partials are summed into a digital data stream which is converted to an analog form, filtered and made available for use, for example by an audio amplifier and speakers producing sound. With reference to the preferred embodiment a sine wave is digitally stored and sensed at an appropriate rate of change of phase angle per sample frequency of a given partial. The phase angle determines the next value selected from the stored sine wave so that changing the rate of change of the phase angle changes the resulting frequency. The stored amplitude is scanned synchronously with the sine wave scanning in a pipe line design ensuring the proper time relationship between the two. Since a partial is a waveform multiplied by an amplitude, both are stored in log form, then added and the anti-log generated forming the resultant partial as a digital stream of signals. The technique has many useful properties. One is that the quality of a given sound increases as more partials are used to represent it. Another is that partials are controlled independently of one another. This feature allows less important partials to be "stolen" from notes already sounding, and used to form new notes. Taken together, these two properties allow both the ability to play many complex timbres simultaneously, as well as allowing enhanced quality for notes played singly or in some instances against a demanding background of silence. This is in contrast to many commercially available synthesizers, which allow only a limited number of voices. The latter force entire previously played notes to be silenced as more notes are played (e.g., a 10-note chord played on an 8-voice synthesizer). Additionally, multiple partial synthesis can be used with sound modelling data stored in one or more read only memories to lower the cost of extra installed voices, because of the greatly reduced storage requirements that go with partials-synthesis. One second of waveform table as in conventional wave table storage may be tens of Kilobytes, whereas the information that describes a sound and the 10 to 50 partials needed to synthesize the same sound with the present invention would be smaller by a factor of up to 20. Similarly, having several voices available at once for a keyboard split or orchestral effect is much less expensive. The sound model data comprises, in accordance with the invention, the amplitude envelope for each partial as a series of exponential "segments" stored in ROM. Segments have the properties of duration (time) and rate/direction of change (attack/decay). During each segment, the amplitude of a given partial increases or decreases exponentially at a fixed rate maintained by the hardware of what is described herein as a sound engine. Thus, all the processor of such engine has to do is update the rate of change of amplitude for each partial after the apropriate duration, starting the next segment. The invention allows maintenance of a far greater number of accurate models for sounds available at all times compared to prior art capability. A digital model of the sound generation process is calculated in real time, as opposed to playing out a sample table. Each note on each pitch of each voice can be modeled separately, to any required accuracy, if so desired. The "engine" comprises the hardware in VLSI and or TTL and/or other integrated and modular versions to synthesize, control, and sum up a number of sine waves. It can generate (in a typical configuration) up to 240 independent partials, and additionally can impress time-varying amplitude envelopes upon them. These partials can be put together in any combination, producing 10 different sounds that each require 24 partials, one sound of 236 partials and 2 sounds of 118, or any other arbitrary combination. Each partial is controlled by four parameters: frequency, amplitude, phase, and attack/decay rate. All these parameters are made available to the programmer, and are described in detail below. Generation of each partial is handled by stepping a pointer through a ROM containing a quarter cycle of a sine wave. This pointer is maintained automatically for each partial by one of two partial control chips, each of which contains storage for 240 16-bit phase pointers and 240 16-bit frequency control values (one of each per partial). Each partial's phase pointer is incremented by the frequency control value one per sample cycle, and the resulting new pointer is handed to a data path chip (DPC) for processing. Thus, the larger the frequency constant, the fewer cycles required to step through the sine wave ROM and the higher the resultant frequency. Amplitude envelope generation is handled in a VLSI version of the invention by a partial control chip (PPC). The PCC contains RAM arrays for the 240 current amplitude values and the 240 attack/decay increments. Values for the current amplitude of each partial are derived in a similar manner to that used for the phase pointers, and handed to the DPC for processing. The DPC takes in the phase and amplitude values in a pipelined stream, and uses the phase pointer to look up the value of the sine wave for that partial (stored in an internal sine wave ROM table herein). It then scales the value of the sine for that partial by the amplitude value (functionally performing a multiplication). It also accumulates all 240 partials into the final output sample, and provides stable data to a digital to analog converter for conversion via its sample bus. A host processor maintains control over all this by creating and maintaining a model of the sound desired, and modifying the frequency, attack/decay rate, amplitude, and phase of each partial required, all in real time. The use of phase angle and frequency information in address form facilitates generating log-sine functions through a look-up table (avoiding use of logarithmic conversion circuitry of analog or digital form and providing an inherently fast, clean source of the data). Relevant prior art includes the article of Snell, "Design of Digital Oscillator Which Will Generate Up To 256 Low Distortion Sine Waves In Real Time," Computer Music Journal, pp. 4-25 (April, 1977). Snell provides--in electronic musical instrument context--slope and data phase angle RAM's which yield digital information, an adder thereof, a phase angle RAM determining stored sine wave scan parameters, addition of the phase and slope/delta phase, all with feedback essentially as described for corresponding components of the present instrument. Also, Snell provides a sine wave look up table (but not log-sine information). Amplitude information is multiplied by the sine wave information--rather than providing an adding of logs as taught herein. The product of such multiplication comprises the partials information which is used (typically as 28 bit words) for later truncation (to 16 bit words) and then provision to a holding register, DAC's and music output elements. There is no correction or accuracy enhancement of the rounding. Parks, "Hardware Design Of A Digital Synthesizer," Computer Music Journal, pp. 44-16 (Spring, 1983), shows usage of a log look-up table for sine wave frequency (in effect, phase angle as well) information and the resultant elimination of multiplier circuits. The system context of Parks is a pipelined architecture differing from the system context of the present invention. The present invention is also characterized by the above described dedicated logic of the sound engine. This affords separation of engine functions from other musical instrument functions and minimizes timing, hardware and software constraints of multi-use logic/RAM elements. Other objects, features, and advantages will be apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments thereof taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawing, in which: BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING FIG. 1 is a block diagram representation of a preferred embodiment of the invention preferably of VLSI construction; FIGS. 2-4 and 6-9 are similar block diagrams of component portions of the FIG. 1 apparatus--respectively, data path chip (2), data path chip (3), log sine generator (4), inverse log generator (6), modulo-sum-dither (7-8), and pitch processor (9); including pitch-processor system schematic diagrams of hardware arrangement and multi-bit structure for a pitch value (8a, 8b, respectively). FIG. 5 is a sine-wave graph form showing normalized sine values-phase angle correlation utilized in connection with the FIG. 4/6 components. FIGS. 10-14 show a TTL hardware-simplified embodiment, incorporating complex system approaches to enable hardware simplification consistent with performance values. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 shows in block diagram form, the apparatus of a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such apparatus comprises a the host processor 10 which handles input signals representing one or more selected parameters (such as notes being played) from a keyboard port 16, front panel port 18, and/or the musical instrument digital interface (MIDI) link 20, and creates a list of notes. The apparatus then processes these notes using information contained in an internal sound modelling ROM 12 (which may be supplemented by one or more external complementary ROM(s) 30 of the same type), to produce the list of partials required to produce the sounds requested by the player. These partials are then allocated from an available pool of 240. Amplitude envelopes are also produced by the host processor 10 according to the list of envelope segments also contained in ROM 22 (or 30). Durations for each segment are timed by an event timer module 24 and attack/decay rates are handled automatically by the engine 14, for the duration of each note. By judicious use of this automatic envelope generation feature, host processor 10 overhead can be minimized. At the end of the note, all partials are returned to the pool. The host processor 10 directly controls three memory arrays. These are the program ROM 26, the sound modelling ROM 22, and scratchpad RAM 28 which provide for multiply, typically 7-8 basic voices (e.g., a grand piano, Rhodes, B3, and other instruments). The additional sound modelling ROM(s) 30 can be added in interchangeable modules, allowing additional voices for the instrument. Scratchpad RAM 28 is divided up into two parts: a nonvolatile RAM (battery backup) for storing keyboard and panel setups, and a scratchpad RAM which may also have battery backup. Resident ROM 26 typically comprises sixty four kbytes of stored data for sound modelling use, to support the installed voices, and thirty two K-bytes for program use. All peripherals are memory mapped. Functionally, the operating software of the apparatus has five basic tasks to address. First, it must service requests for notes to be played, whether received from the keyboard 16 or the MIDI link 20. Secondly, it must assemble (from the currently selected sound model resident in the host processor's sound moddeling ROM) a list of partials and their associated amplitude envelopes necessary to create that note. Third, it must allocate these partials from the engine's 14 free pool of 240, diverting partials from other notes whose decays have nearly finished if need be. This is accomplished by writing the appropriate data in the partial descriptors maintained in the engine parameter store. Fourth, it must then maintain the envelopes for all current partials by updating the attack/decay values in real time, as required by the currently selected notes. It is aided in this task by the event timer 14, allowing it to set up an interrupt for the host processor 10 for some future time. Finally, it provides for self-test functions. Data flows are over a data bus 44 with appropriate buffers (e.g. 44B, interface chip 42, or other interface equipment) sample data line 184, read/write address line 46. The engine 14 constitutes a dedicated high-speed digital additive synthesizer, which automates the processes of sine-wave generation, scaling, and envelope generation, allowing high performance with minimal host processor intervention and minimum cost. The engine is made up of two partial control (PCC) VLSI chips 32, 33 one data path VLSI chip (DPC) 36 and a 16-bit linear digital to analog converter (DAC) 38 (typically a Burr-Brown PCM 53JPV 16-bit DAC) and its associated analog filter circuitry 40--specifically an anti-alias or anti-image filter comprising typically a ninth order low pass filter. The engine produces a 16-bit sound sample once overy 51.2, uS, for an overall sample rate of 19.53125 KHz. This allows, approximately, an 8.4 KHz output bandwidth after anti-image filtering. The engine produces each sample by summing up the values of 240 partials, each of which is a separate sampled sine wave of arbitrarily programmable frequency, magnitude, and relative phase. The four coefficients required to control each of these partials are stored in the logical engine parameter store, which is mapped into RAM arrays contained in the two PPCs by the interface chip (IFC) 42. Wave generation is handled by stepping a pointer through a ROM containing a single quarter-cycle of a sine wave. This pointer is maintained automatically for each partial by PCC 32 which will hereafter be referred to as the Phase PCC. It contains RAM arrays which accomodate the 240 16-bit phase pointers and the 240 16-bit frequency control values. Each partial's phase pointer is incremented by the frequency control value once per sample cycle, and the resulting new pointer is handled to the DPC for processing. A pointer is used to facilitate a table look up in the DPC as noted below. Thus, the larger the frequency constant, the fewer cycles required to step through the sine wave ROM and the higher the resultant frequency. Amplitude envelope generation is handled by PCC #2, i.e. item 34, also referred to as the Amplitude PCC. The Amplitude PCC 34 contains RAM arrays for the 240 current amplitude values and the 240 attack/decay increments. Values for the current amplitude of each partial are derived in a similar manner to that used for the phase pointers, and handed to the DPC for processing. The DPC 36 takes in the phase and amplitude values, and performs the sine wave lookup and scaling functions on each partial. It also accumulates the final output sample, and provides stable data to the DAC 38 for conversion via its sample bus. FIG. 2 shows a PCC chip in detail. Each PCC 32, 34 has as input the bidirectional engine data bus 44, the buffered host processor address bus 46 (see FIG. 1), and the interface control signals 48 (including interface handshaking and global synch) and address bus 48A. The master/slave pin 45 allows the PCC to be tailored for the different jobs when master Phase PCC and when slave Amplitude PCC. Each contains two times 240 (i.e. 480) 16-bit words of RAM (58, 60) address multiplexing 54 and decoding logic 56, a 16-bit adder 66, a programmable arithmetic clipper network 68 at the adder's output and control logic 62. They also contain a partial (sync address counter) section 52, used to maintain synchronization between both PCCs and the DPC. When in the master mode the PCC functions as the wave generator by enabling the RAM 58 to contain the frequency data, and RAM 60 to contain the phase data. Correspondingly in the slave mode RAM 58 contains the attack/decay, and RAM 60 the amplitude information. The arithmetic clipper is allowed to wrap around when overflowing or underflowing during wave generation since wave generation is cyclical containing positive and negative values. However, during amplitude generation the clipper 68 is constrained to stop at its maximum count (FFFF in hex notation) and at its minimum count (0000 in hex notation) The DPC 38 is responsible for taking in the phase and amplitude information generated for each partial by the PCCs, performing the sine wave lookup and scaling required, accumulating the final sixteen-bit sample, and presenting it to the DAC 38. It inputs the data from PCC 32 and PCC 34 bus and a SYNC signal from PCC 32 which synchronizes the engine 14, and produces a data result containing all the audio information desired by the player. Due to the nature of the processing that it performs, it is a highly pipelined configuration. Normally, the process of scaling a given partial value by an amplitude value requires a multiplication. However, due to the cost and complexity of performing a fast sixteen bit by sixteen bit multiplication these operations occur in the log-base two domain. Here, the multiply becomes an add, followed by a lookup in an antilog table. The data provided by the Amplitude PCC 34 is also in the log-base two domain, which yields piecewise-exponential envelopes. This is preferable, as the human hearing mechanism is logarithmic in nature. FIG. 3 shows the DPC 36 in detail. Phase data is input via the engine data bus 100 and latched in the phase data latch 104. Since the phase data, as noted above, as in the log-base two conversion is accomplished by a look up table for the log in logsine ROM 108. The phase data is used as a pointer or address. The amplitude data also is input via the engine data bus 100 and latched in the amplitude data latch 102. After the log-base two conversion is complete the amplitude value and the phase value, both in log-base two form are input to the adder 119. The added logarithms represent the linear multiplication of amplitude and waveform discussed previously. Since the DPC is a pipelined design it is required that the amplitude and waveform information are added in synchronism, requiring that the clocking delays in the path from the amplitude data latch 102 and the phase data latch 104 be equal. Between the amplitude data latch 102 and the adder 119 there are three clock delay latches 112. There are three clock delay latch equivalents from the phase latch 104 to the adder 119 through the log sine generator 108. In the log sine generator (shown in FIG. 4), storage locations are reduced by exploiting the symmetry of a sine wave. The sine wave portion from 0° to 180° is identical to the portion from 180° to 360° bit for the sign. Hence, the most significant bits of the sixteen-bit output from the phase data latch 104 are sent directly to the scaling shift comparator 132, shown in FIG. 6, to control the sign of the resulting waveform. For the purposes of this description the most significant bit (MSB) is bit 15 and the least significant bit is 0. The MSB travels through eight clock delay latches 122,146 (shown in FIG. 9), to maintain synchronism with the other conversions. The sine wave symmetry from 0° to 180° is also exploited to reduce storage required. Here the sine wave from 0° to 90° is a mirror image of the portion from 90° to 180°. The result is that only 1/4 of the sine wave need be stored. The values stored are calculated by dividing the 0°-90° range into, typically, 4096 parts and storing in the ROM the sine function at each interval's center. FIG. 5 illustrates this process. Starting at 0° the sine 0°=0, as the sine wave is traversed from 0° to 90° the values V 1 , V 2 and 1 are generated for the phase angles X 1 , X 2 , 3 and 90°, respectively. Now as the sine wave is traversed from 90° to X 3 , X 4 , and finally 180° bit 14 through the OR array 107 causes in effect the sine wave to be traversed from 90° back to 0° and the values V 2 , V 1 and 0, are generated for the phase angles X 3 , X 4 , and 0, which are the correct values due to the mirror image summetry of the sine wave from 0° to 90° and 90° to 180°. The MSB, bit 15, of the data from the phase data latch 104, provides the negative sign as the sine wave is traversed from 180° to 360° and bit 14 controls the generation from 180° to 270°, and then bit 14 reverses the generation from 270° to 360°. The result is that only 1/4 of sine wave is stored in ROM. FIG. 4 shows in detail the log sine generator 108. Only fifteen bits are input to an exclusive OR array 107. Bit "14", called the quadrature bit since it determines which quadrant 0° to 90° or 90+ to 180° is being used to generate the log sine wave. The operation of the OR array 107 and bit 14 is to reverse the order of the access to the stored values in the ROM 110 and the difference ROM 114. The actual values for the sine wave stored in two read only memories, log sine ROM 110 and difference ROM 114. Both these ROM's are addressed by the most significant eight bits from the OR-array 104, so each has 256 locations. The log sine ROM 110 contains values, each fifteen bits, representing 256 positions of a sine wave from 0° to 90°. The difference ROM 114 contains values, each eight bits, representing the difference between successive values from the log sine ROM 110. The value from the difference ROM 114 is multiplied by the bits "2", "3", "4", and "5" from the OR-array 107 by the parallel multiplier 116 producing a twelve bit product. The effect is to scale the difference value by the least significant bits from the OR-array 107, thereby generating an interpolation between values in the log sine ROM 110. This scaled difference value output from the parallel multiplier 116 is delayed by the clock delay latch 117 to synchronize it with the delay of the data through the clock delay latch 109 and the log sine ROM 110. The scaled difference is then added to the value from the log sine ROM by adder 118 resulting in a sixteen bit value which is delayed by the clock delay latch 121, again for synchronization, and is added to the amplitude data by adder 119. The effect of the configuration shown in FIG. 4 provides values for producing a sine wave with a resolution approaching that achieved by a single 4096 word by sixteen bit ROM. The clip network 120 causes overflow to be clamped at FFF in hex notation if overflow occurs. The inverse log function is formed similarly to the formation of the log sine shown in FIG. 5. The sixteen-bit value from the clip network 120 is delayed by the clock delay latch 121 and input to the inverse log ROM 125. FIG. 6 details the inverse log ROM 125. The most significant 4 bits "12", "13", "14" and "15" are delayed and input to a scaling shifter 132 causing a possible 16 bit shift to a larger value depending upon the contents of the 4 most significant bits. The delayed sign bit, the MSB for the phase data latch 104, in FIG. 3, is input to the scaling shifter 132 changing the sign of the resulting output from the scaling shifter. The operation of the inverse log ROM 124, difference ROM 126, and parallel multiplier 128, adder 130 and the clock delay latches are identical to that described previously in the log sine ROM 108 in FIG. 4. Referring back to FIG. 3 and to FIGS. 7, 8, 8A, 8B and 9, the sum of all the possible 240 scaled partials, that is partials including amplitude envelopes, occurs at adder 134 and the accumulator 138 and is latched in the sample register 136. Signals from the bus interface logic 106 control proper operation within the DPC ensuring proper synchronization and prevention of spurious values from being entered into the sample register 136. The sum of the scaled partials is 24 bits wide, however, the 4 MSB's are used in intermediate summing but, essentially, are in final output, and only twenty bits are input to the clipper 140. The clipper 140 outputs the sixteen most significant of the 20 bits and clamps the maximum value to FFFF in hex notation and the minimum value to 0000 in hex notation when over and underflow occurs. The four MSB's from the scaled partials from adder 134, are logically used by clipper 140 to determine overflow and underflow and to cause the clipper 140 to clamp its output. The loss of the four MSB's during very loud passages is not a problem but the loss of the four LSB's during very quiet passages in the present invention uses a technique of oversampling in conjunction with a Modulo-Sum Dither to lower quantization noise. The four LSB's output from the sample register 136 is input to adder 142, the adder 142 output is accumulated at four times the rate that sample sums are accumulated in the Modulo-Sum Dither (MSD) accumulator 144. Carry out 143 controls a one bit DAC component 172 of DAC system 38 (FIG. 8) implemented as a transistor and resistor whose output carries the average energy in the four LSB's of the original sample and this energy is summed with the output of the 16 bit DAC component 170 of DAC system 38 in the analog domain, by analog adder 171 and sample and hold circuit 176. The analog signal is processed by an anti-aliasing filter producing a signal for use, for example, by an audio amplifier driving speakers. Characterization of a note being played includes not only a list of partials and an amplitude envelope, but a frequency or pitch envelope. "Pitch" denotes frequency on a logarithmic scale (corresponding to human perception). As an aid to the software's computation of frequencies (corresponding to pitches) the pitch processor hardware diagrammed in FIG. 8A is provided. The software must operate in the domain of logarithmically spaced pitches. The hardware comprises a log-to-linear converter for converting logarithmic pitch to linear frequency. FIG. 8A shows the handling of the conversion pursuant to the formula for f below and referring to the FIG. 8B showing of a pitch value. Ten bits (P2) are latched by digital latch 206 from the CPU bus as determined from the sound moddeling ROM 22, and simultaneously four bits (P1) are loaded into a four bit counter 202. P2 is a base 2-log mantissa controlling table look up and P1 is an integer base 2-log characteristic corresponding to a bit shift right. f=f.sub.o.2.sup.-[P/2048] Where P is relative pitch in units of 1/2048 octave on a scale where zero is D9 and increasing values correspond to decreasing frequency and where f and fo are in the engine's units of frequency (5×10 6 /2 24 , i.e., approximately 0.29 Hz per unit), fo being 9397.273 Hz corresponding to 31532 of engine units. The control logic guides the look up of the 10 bit mantissa from register 206 into the ROM 208 yielding a 16 bit frequency result on the pitch processor bus 216. This result is put on the bus 8 bits at a time loading sequentially into 8 bit shift registers 212 and 214. Once this is done the control object guides the bit shift right of the two registers, together, according to the count held in counter 202. The shifted number is retained in the shift register for later reads by the CPU on the CPU buss through buffer 215. The DPC also has a duplicate of the sync counters The DPC also has a duplicate of the sync counters contained in the PCC's and is able track of "dummy" partials by monitoring the global sync signal. This prevents spurious 1/10 transactions from being interpreted as valid partial data. The one-bit modulo sum dither DAC is driven by modulo-sum dither logic imbedded in the DPC. This logic takes the unused four LSBs of the output sample and sends it to the modulo-sum accumulator, a four-bit accumulator operating at four times the sample clock rate. (See FIGS. 3-6). When the accumulators' carry out is set, corresponding to one LSB at the main DAC, the one-bit DAC is turned on. This causes the energy represented by the four LSBs to make its way into the final output. This has the effect of decreasing the noise present in the audible portion of the spectrum while increasing it in the 20-40 KHz range, where it will be easily taken care of by the anti-imaging filter. Referring now to FIG. 10 there is shown an embodiment of the invention comprising at 300, input means such as a keyboard, musical instrument digital interface or the like; at 302 a host processor incorporating a Motorola 68000 chip and related program ROM, RAM, timers and ROM for installed sounds (see FIG. 1) an interconnection device between the 16 bit bus and the 8 bit bus; at 304, 306, 308, 310, memory devices for, respectively, providing stored information of sine wave partials' phase (304), frequency (306), log of amplitude (308) and log of attack/decay rate data (310) in stored addresses corresponding (for 304 and 306) to eventual, log-sin, look-up table usage at ROM 322. The data output of 304 and 306 are added at 312, of 308 and 310 at 314. The output of 312, processed via log-sin noise ROM 322, and 314 is added at 316 to provide a sum for inverse log, at ROM 324. A combinatorial logic unit is provided at 326 to control the address complementing unit (folder) 327 which comprements addresses for second and fourth quadrants of sine wave cycles but does no complementing for noise partials. The adding is done by summing gate arrays 312(A) and 314(B) and that sum is processed via similar gate array adders 316(C) and 318(D) to a digtial analog converter (DAC) 320. The adders (B) (C) are clipped at over/under range and modulo sum dither is applied to the end product (out of (D) analogously to the system described above for the FIGS. 1-10 embodiment; D's output modification involves 1's complements adding. The form of clipping at (B) is sticking at max/min values while underflow is used at (C). The added sine wave partials converted to an analog output of the DAC is processed via conventional per se sample/hold (S/H), filter (FLTR), buffer (BF) equipment to headphone or other terminals (TL) and amplifier (AMP) and/or speaker (SPKR) components. The logarithmic information is stored in a base-2 log convention to match oscillator frequency, sound range and computational needs. While the above structure comprises the sound system for numerous voices, piano range is significantly provided with 32 kilobytes of stored information, compared to multi-megabyte order of magnitude storage for other synthesizers. Piano-like random noise is imposed by a noise ROM 322 comprising two interleafed spectral sets of random noise; each set may be associated, selectively, with a particular partial. The noise spectra are originally obtained as random number sets. Fourier transforms are obtained, modified to match or nearly match desired noise spectra. Then inverses of such modified transforms are derived to provide time domain information at 223. FIGS. 11-14 show the truncation or other structuring of 16 bit words using or ignoring specific end bits to leave a (10 to 16 bit) core of information used. Bit 15 is taken for sign information before (A) and bit 14 of the same word is taken for quadrant selection, the remaining 14 bits going to the log-sin ROM 322. A clipped output amplitude level to the DAC 320 is established by a combined dither and clip hardware/software including the adder 318 and accumulator elements X1, X2 thereof, a 2:1 MUX unit 330, holding register 330-1, and the modulo sum dither unit (MSD), as described above in connection with FIG. 7 above. A baseline digital offset of minus (hexadecimal) 0801 from mid-range is used to avoid operation at the non linear cross-over point of the DAC. A pitch processing unit 332, as described above enables the user's input via input means 300 and CPU 302 to call desired pitch information i.e., determining linear frequency increments (eventually to be fed to frequency processing RAM 306 from CPU 302). It will now be apparent to those skilled in the art that other embodiments, improvements, details, and uses can be made consistent with the letter and spirit of the foregoing disclosure and within the scope of this patent, which is limited only by the following claims, construed in accordance with the patent law, including the doctrine of equivalents.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a piston defining a combustion chamber for an internal combustion engine and, more particularly, to such a device in which fuel is effectively mixed to activate the combustion state at a latter period of combustion. As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, in a combustion chamber 22 of a conventional internal combustion engine, peripheral wall 24 provides a substantially square contour in the center of a crown portion of a piston 2. An upwardly projecting conical portion 26 is provided at the center of a bottom wall 25, and the peripheral wall 24 has a narrowed edge portion 23. Fuel is injected obliquely from the center on the upper side of the combustion chamber 22 against the square peripheral wall 24. Such a combustion chamber for an internal combustion engine as described, for example, in Japanese Patent Laid-Open No. 62-157221. In the aforementioned construction, a change in time of the combustion cycle is represented by a crank angle, as indicated by curve 29 in FIG. 11. The heat generation rate existing while fuel moves in an intake swirl x at an initial period of combustion is high, whereas at a latter period of the combustion cycle, fuel impinges upon the peripheral wall 24 of the combustion chamber 22 and is adhered thereto completely unburned. Therefore, the heat generation rate is reduced significantly. During the initial period of the aforementioned combustion cycle, excessive heat is generated to cause engine knocks, whereas during the latter period of combustion when lesser amounts of heat are generated, black smoke resulting from incomplete combustion of fuel is produced. Injection of fuel under high pressure is effective to reduce the rate of black smoke production but it also tends to increase engine knock. Consequently, it is difficult to simultaneously limit both engine knock and the production of undesirable black smoke. Improved performance would be obtained by increasing combustion during the latter period of the combustion cycle as indicated by line 30 in FIG. 11. It is the object of the present invention, therefore, to provide a combustion chamber defining piston for an internal combustion engine which can disturb the motion of combustion gases or flame to promote the combustion of fuel. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention is a piston for use in an internal combustion engine and including a central body portion; a side wall portion adapted for sliding engagement with a cylinder; a connector end adapted for connection with a connecting rod; and a driven end adapted to receive combustion generated forces. The driven end defines a primary chamber adapted to receive fuel and accommodate combustion thereof; and the central body portion defines an auxiliary chamber, an inlet port providing a fuel injection path between the primary and auxiliary chambers, and outlet port means providing between the auxiliary and primary chambers a discharge path for combustion products generated by combustion in the auxiliary chamber. Gases directed through the outlet port means remove unburned fuel from wall surfaces of the primary chamber to improve the combustion process. According to particular features of the invention, the primary chamber is partially defined by a cylindrical wall portion, the inlet port extends between a central portion of the primary chamber and a central portion of the auxiliary chamber, the outlet port means comprises a plurality of outlet ports disposed to discharge combustion products from said auxiliary chamber and obliquely toward the cylindrical wall portion. This arrangement facilitates the removal of unburned fuel from the cylindrical wall portion. According to other features of the invention, the central body portion comprises an inner body portion formed integrally with the side wall portion and an insert portion detachably joined to the inner body portion and having one surface partially defining the primary chamber and another surface partially defining the auxiliary chamber. These features provide the desired primary and auxiliary chambers in an efficient structural arrangement. DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS These and other objects and features of the invention will become more apparent upon a perusal of the following description taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings wherein: FIG. 1 is a front sectional view of a piston and a connecting rod according to the invention; FIG. 2 is a partial front sectional view illustrating a combustion chamber according to the invention; FIG. 3 is a plan view of the chamber shown in FIG. 2; FIGS. 4 to 7 are front sectional views showing modified combustion chamber embodiments of the invention; FIG. 8 is a front sectional view illustrating a combustion chamber in which the present invention is applied to a conventional engine piston; FIG. 9 is a bottom view showing a combustion chamber of a conventional internal combustion engine; FIG. 10 is a front sectional view of the chamber shown in FIG. 9; and FIG. 11 is a diagram illustrating characteristics of a combustion cycle. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 illustrates a connecting rod and piston assembly of the present invention. A piston 2 in, for example, a Diesel engine includes a combustion chamber 33 formed by a cavity provided in a crown surface 2a. Piston rings (not shown) can be mounted in an outer peripheral wall of the piston 2 and the interior of a skirt portion 7 typically is hollow. The crown portion of the piston 2 defines a convex portion 4 provided with a downwardly projecting spherical surface 5. The periphery of the convex portion 4 provides an annular space 6 adapted to be filled with lubricating oil for cooling. In addition, the spherical surface 5 of the convex portion 4 is provided with a depression 5afor retaining oil for cooling and lubrication. A bowl-shaped receiving plate 12 is formed integrally with an extreme end of a connecting rod 13. Slidably engaging the spherical surface 5 is a spherically shaped concave portion 12a on a receiving plate 12. An annular retainer member 8 having a spherically shaped concave portion 8a engages a back surface of the receiving plate 12 to maintain engagement between the convex portion 4 and the receiving plate 12. The retainer member 8 is supported by a tubular nut 9 threadedly engaged with the skirt portion 7. Securing the nut 9 is a split retaining ring 10 engaged with the skirt portion 7. An axial portion at the extreme end of an arm of a crank shaft 16 (represented by an axial center) is connected between a semicircular depression 14a at the base end 14 of the connecting rod 13 and a semicircular depression 15a of a bearing cap 15 similar to the prior art. The receiving plate 12 at the extreme end of the connecting rod 13 supports the convex portion 4 of the crown portion and oscillates as the crank shaft 16 rotates. According to the above-described construction, the concave portion 12a of the receiving plate 12 of the connecting rod 13 is engaged with the convex portion 4 of the piston's crown portion so that the concave portion 12a may be oscillated. Therefore, as compared with a conventional pin connection construction, the center a of oscillation of the connecting rod 13 is moved considerably closer to the crown surface 2a and, in addition, a deep combustion chamber 33 can be disposed in the crown portion of the piston 2. Furthermore, a dimension p between a center of oscillation and the crown surface 2a is reduced so that when an arm (length r) of the crank shaft 16 is extended through that reduced amount, the stroke of the piston 2 is increased, and piston displacement also is increased without changing a height h of a cylinder body. Illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 is a primary combustion chamber 33 defined by a cylindrical wall portion 34 formed in a crown portion of a piston 2. An inwardly directed rim portion 34a slightly narrows the combustion chamber 33. At the bottom of the combustion chamber 33 is a shallow circular recess 35 formed in an inner body portion and having a surface interrupted by a concave surface defining a cavity 36. An insert 37 having an upwardly projecting conical column is fitted into the recess 35 and is secured to the inner piston body portion by a plurality of bolts 42. One surface 37a of the insert 37 partially defines the primary chamber 33 while another inner surface defines a concave cavity 39 communicating with the cavity 36. Together, the first cavity 39 and the second cavity 36 form an auxiliary combustion chamber 41. A fuel injection path is provided by an inlet port 38 formed in the upwardly projecting column portion of the insert 37 and communicating between the central portions of the primary chamber 33 and the auxiliary chamber 41. Also formed in the insert 37 are a plurality of outlet ports 40 that provide discharge paths between the auxiliary chamber 41 and the primary chamber 33 The outlet ports 40 are directed obliquely to the wall portion 34 of the combustion chamber 33. More specifically, the bottom wall 37a of the insert member 37 is so shaped that combustion gases are directed obliquely against the cylindrical wall portion 34. During operation of the present invention, fuel first is injected from a plurality of jets of a fuel injection nozzle (not shown) disposed above the piston 2 toward the wall portion 34 of the combustion chamber 33 (refer FIGS. 9 and 10). Subsequently, fuel from the fuel injection nozzle is injected into the auxiliary chamber 41 via the inlet port 38 in the insert member 37. Before reaching the peripheral wall portion 34, a portion of the injected fuel is mixed with air in the primary chamber 33 and that mixture is fired and burned. The remaining fuel adheres to the peripheral wall portion 34. Fuel injected from the fuel injection nozzle to the auxiliary chamber 41 via the inlet port 38 is burned and the resulting combustion product gases are discharged through the outlet ports 40. Those gases whirl along the peripheral wall portion 34 as indicated by an arrow y (in a direction opposite to an intake swirl x) as a whole. The fuel adhering to the peripheral wall portion 34 is rapidly removed by the combustion gases which flow along the surface of the peripheral wall portion 34 from the auxiliary chamber 41. After being removed by the gases the fuel is mixed with air and burned. Therefore, the level of combustion at the latter period of the combustion cycle is increased in comparison with the prior art to reduce black smoke in the exhaust gases. As shown in FIGS. 5 and 6, the shape of the auxiliary chamber 41 may be of spherical or oval section. In order to increase the volume of the auxiliary chamber 41, the inside diameter of the cavity 36 in the inner piston body portion may be made larger than that of the cavity 39 in the insert member 37 as shown in FIG. 2, or, if the inner body portion has not enough wall thickness, the inside diameter of the cavity 36 may be made smaller than that of the cavity 39 in the insert member 37 as shown in FIG. 7. In the latter case, fuel and air in the auxiliary chamber 41 are effectively stirred due to the presence of a difference in the interface between the cavity 36 and the cavity 39. The inlet 38 port can have a shape such that its inner end is expanded into the cavity 39, as shown in FIG. 4, or its inner end is enlarged in a tapered fashion into the auxiliary chamber 41, as shown in FIGS. 6 and 7. With those arrangements, fuel and air can be well mixed even in a relatively flat auxiliary chamber 41. While in the foregoing, a description has been made of a piston assembly having a construction shown in FIG. 1, it is to be noted that the invention can also be employed in a conventional piston pin connected assembly as shown in FIG. 8. In that case, an insert member 37 is disposed on the bottom of a piston body portion having a conical projecting portion 26. Together, the insert 37 and conical projection 26 form a flat auxiliary chamber 41. Fuel again is injected into the inlet port 38 in the center of the insert member 37. That fuel is fired in the auxiliary chamber 41 and combustion gases are directed by the outlet ports 40 against the peripheral wall portion 34 of the primary combustion chamber 33. Therefore, fuel adhered to the peripheral wall portion 34 is separated and burned. Obviously, many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in light of the above teachings. It is to be understood, therefore, that the invention can be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a four-way directional control valve, and particularly to a four-way directional control valve designed to switch between several refrigerant lines, e.g. in a heat pump type air conditioning system for an automotive vehicle, e.g., to switch between a state where a pipe A communicates with a pipe D while a pipe B communicates with a pipe C and another state where said pipe A communicates with pipe C while pipe B communicates with pipe D. 2. Description of the Related Art According to U.S. Pat. No. 4,805,666 a four-way directional control valve of a refrigerating cycle includes a flat valve seat formed with several openings communicating with respective pipes and a hemispherical valve slider slidably arranged on said valve seat. Sliding of said valve slider switches between the different states of communications between the pipes. Said valve slider and said valve seat need to be formed of solid material and need to have excellent sliding performance and a very high precision flatness at a mirror surface level in order to prevent leakage. Said components are costly to manufacture. A rubber sealing or the like cannot be used, because that material suffers from abrasion when said components are slid on each other. Earlier European patent application EP-A-0927846, published after the priority date of the present application, proposes a four-way directional control valve capable of performing positive four-way directional control or four pipes without needing very high precision sealing components but with a combination of components at a normal precision level. Between two axially aligned oppositely facing valve seats first and second hollow and coaxial cylindrical valve elements are arranged in an axially moveable manner. First and second coaxial and flat valve closure elements are associated to and urged against said valve seats from their axial outer sides. Each valve seat defines together with an associated to partition wall a connecting portion communicating with one of said pipes, while within said casing a first pipe is communicating with a common high pressure passage extending to both valve seats. Both cylindrical valve elements penetrate said partition walls and alternatingly co-operate with said first and second valve closure elements in order to let them be seated on the respective valve seat or to lift them. Stationary further partition walls confine an isolated low pressure chamber communicating with a second pipe. Both cylindrical hollow valve elements are open towards said isolated low pressure chamber. Each cylindrical hollow valve element carries a separator wall defining a ring piston located within a respective first and second pressure regulating chamber. The pressures in said first and second pressure regulating chambers are varied by a solenoid actuated pilot valve adapted to alternatingly vent one of first and second pressure regulating chambers into said isolated low pressure chamber, while both first and second pressure regulating chambers permanently are connected to said common high pressure passage via orifices. Said proposed control valve design has a plurality of axially arranged spaces, namely nine spaces among which some are constantly are under high pressure while others are under medium or even under low pressure. The design needs a plurality of components and particularly a large number of sliding sealing portions for the cylindrical hollow valve elements. There are six sealing portions where during a relative axial motion has to be sealed, and eighth stationary sealing portions, each containing at least one resilient sealing element, resulting in an increase in manufacturing efforts and costs. OBJECTS AND SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide a four-way directional control valve which is simplified in construction and can be manufactured at lower costs. Said object can be achieved with the feature combinations contained in independent claims 1, 3, 5 and 7. When in the four-way directional control valve of claim 1 the pilot valve opens the communication between the common high pressure passage and the first pressure regulating chamber, the first hollow cylindrical valve element axially displaces the second hollow cylindrical valve element until the second hollow cylindrical valve element opens the second valve closure element while the first valve closure element is kept closed by its spring force. Then the first pipe communicates with the fourth pipe via the second valve seat, while the second pipe communicates with the third pipe via the hollow interior space of the first hollow cylindrical valve element. In its other switching position the pilot valve communicates the common high pressure passage and the second pressure-regulating chamber. The high pressure causes the second hollow cylindrical valve to axially displace the first hollow cylindrical valve which then opens the first valve closure element while the second valve closure element is kept closed by its urging spring force. Consequently, the first high pressure pipe communicates with the third pipe via the open first valve seat, while the second pipe communicates with the fourth pipe via the hollow space of the second hollow cylindrical valve element. In other words, the four-way directional control valve according to the present invention only has seven pressure containing spaces in total defined therein, i.e. two spaces at the axially opposite end portions of the casing being constantly at high pressure and in communication with the first pipe, one space or the isolated low pressure chamber defined in the central portion of the casing constantly at low pressure and in communication with the second pipe, two spaces or said connecting portion defined at respective locations between the spaces constantly at high pressure and the low pressure isolated chamber, said connecting portions constantly communicating with the third and fourth pipes, respectively, and two pressure regulating chambers either defined on opposite sides of said low pressure isolated chamber or only at one side of said isolated low pressure chamber. Therefore, component parts and elements like sealing members for separating the respective spaces can be decreased in number which contributes to a reduction of manufacturing costs of the four-way directional control valve. According to claim 5 the separator walls of both hollow cylindrical valve elements basically serving to drive said valve elements back and forth additionally serve to confine said central low pressure isolated chamber. By said measure at least two sealing portions where axial sliding motions occur and two stationary sealing portions are saved. Since, furthermore, both partition walls necessary to confine said connecting portions of the third and fourth pipes, additionally serve to define said first and second pressure regulating chambers, also here sliding sealing portions and stationary sealing portions can be saved. According to claim 7 only a single cylindrical hollow valve element is provided carrying a single separator wall for driving said cylindrical hollow valve element back and forth. Said single separator wall also structurally separates said first and second pressure regulating chambers. Said first and second pressure regulating chambers are confined by one of the partition walls of the connecting portion of one of the fourth or third pipe and an additional partition wall stationary provided within said casing bore. Finally, said isolated low pressure chamber is confined by the other of the partition walls of the other connecting portion and said additional partition wall. By said measure only a minimum of sealing portions for sliding motions and stationary sealing portions can be achieved, totally resulting in reduced manufacturing costs and a reduction of potential leakage spots. In any case, furthermore, the sliding resistance of the cylindrical hollow valve elements or the single cylindrical hollow valve element is significantly reduced due to the reduced number of sliding sealing portions. Further, advantageous embodiments are contained in the depending claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic diametrical view of a four-way directional control valve integrated into a refrigerating cycle, in one operational state, FIG. 2 is a similar schematic view of the valve in another operational state of a heat pump type air conditioning system for an automotive type vehicle, FIG. 3 is a front view of a directional control valve as shown in detail in FIGS. 4 to 9, FIG. 4 is a sectional view in plane X--X of FIG. 3, FIG. 5 is a longitudinal section in section plane Y--Y of FIG. 4 in an "off" state of a solenoid; FIG. 6 is a longitudinal section in plane Z--Z of FIG. 4 in the "off" state of the solenoid; FIG. 7 is a longitudinal section showing a transitional state of valve switching immediately after the solenoid is switched on; FIG. 8 is a longitudinal section in an "on" state of a solenoid; FIG. 9 is a longitudinal section showing a transitional state of valve switching immediately after the solenoid is switched off; FIG. 10 is a front view of a four-way directional control valve according to a second embodiment of the invention; FIG. 11 is a longitudinal section of the valve of FIG. 10 in an "off" state of a solenoid; FIG. 12 is a longitudinal section of the same valve showing a transitional state of valve switching immediately after the solenoid is switched on; FIG. 13 is a longitudinal section of the control valve in an "on" state of the solenoid; and FIG. 14 is a longitudinal section of the control valve showing a transitional state of the valve switching immediately after the solenoid is switched off. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS FIG. 1 outlines a cooling operational state of an air conditioning system, e.g. a heat pump type air conditioning system for a automotive vehicle. The air conditioning system comprises a compressor 1, an accumulator 2, an outdoor heat exchanger 3, an expansion device 4, an indoor heat exchanger 5, and a four-way directional control valve 6 having ports for first to fourth pipes A, B, C, D. Pipe A is connected to an output side of compressor 1. Pipe B is connected to an input side of accumulator 2. Pipe C is connected to an output side of indoor heat exchanger 5, and pipe D is connected to an input side of outdoor heat exchanger 3. Control valve 6 has a valve casing 11 communicating in its interior space, as a totally hermetically sealed enclosure, with first pipe A. An isolated chamber 12 is separated from the interior space and communicates with second pipe B. A first valve seat 13 in the form of a hollow cylinder is formed at a location of casing 11 towards one end thereof. Said hollow cylinder has opposite open ends. The third pipe C is connected to first valve seat 13. At a location towards the other end of casing 11 a second valve seat 14 is formed as a hollow cylinder with forth pipe D being connected to second valve seat 14 for communication therewith. Opposite to first valve seat 13 a first a valve closure element 15 is arranged urged by a compression coil spring 16 in a valve closing direction against first valve seat 13. A second valve closure element 17 is arranged opposite to the second valve seat 14 and is urged by compression coil spring 18 in a valve closing direction against second valve seat 14. A slender hollow cylindrical valve element 20 is axially moveable within valve casing 11. Valve element 20 has an intermediate portion extending through said isolated chamber 12 and opposite outer end portions inserted into pipe-shaped connecting portions of said first and second valve seats 14, 13 communicating with said third and fourth pipes C, D, respectively. The axial length of valve element 20 is approximately equal to the axial distance between first and second valve seats 13, 14. In an intermediate portion of valve element 20 within isolated chamber 12, a cut-out hole 21 is formed. Annular sealing members 9 such as elastic O-rings are surrounding valve element 20 for preventing undesired leakage of refrigerant gas between the interior space of the valve casing 11 and pipes B, C, D. In the state of FIG. 1 valve element 20 presses second valve closure element 17 and overcomes the force of compression coil spring 18 such that second valve closure element 17 is lifted from second valve seat 14. First valve closure element 15 maintains its intimate contact with first valve seat 13. High-pressure refrigerant gas compressed by compressor 1 and introduced into control valve 6 through first pipe A, passes through second valve seat 14 into fourth pipe D, further through heat exchanger 3 before it passes in condensed form through expansion device 4 for separation into low-pressure low-temperature gas and liquid. The liquid refrigerant undergoes heat exchange with the indoor heat exchanger 5 whereby it is vaporised. The resulting gaseous refrigerant enters the control valve 6 through third pipe C. Said gaseous refrigerant reaches second pipe B via the interior space of valve element 20 and enters the accumulator 2 where it undergoes gas/liquid separation prior to entering the compressor 1. Air having undergone heat exchange or being cooled by the indoor heat exchanger 5 is introduced into the compartment of the vehicle. In FIG. 2 control valve 6 has switched for heating of the air conditioning system. Valve element 20 lifts first valve closure element 15 from valve seat 13, while second valve closure element 17 maintains its intimate contact with the second valve seat 14. High-temperature pressure refrigerant gas compressed by compressor 1 enters control valve 6 through first pipe A and reaches third pipe C via first valve seat 13. Said refrigerant gas is contained in indoor heat exchanger 5 and passes then through expansion device 4 where it is separated into low-pressure low-temperature gas and liquid. The liquid refrigerant undergoes heat exchange within indoor heat exchanger 5 and is vaporised. The resulting gaseous refrigerant is introduced into control valve 6 via fourth pipe D and further through the interior space of cylindrical valve element 20, and through cut-out 21 into second pipe B and further into the accumulator for gas/liquid separation prior to being introduced into compressor 1. Air having undergone heat exchange or been heated by indoor heat exchanger 5 is introduced into the compartment of the vehicle. In FIGS. 3 and 4 pipes A, B, C and D are arranged in a front wall of the casing 11 and a solenoid-driven pilot valve 30 is mounted on a side wall of said control valve 6. In the sectional plane X--X of FIG. 3 FIG. 4 shows a high pressure introducing hole 32 branching from a common high pressure passage 31 communicating with first pipe A, and two pilot holes 34, 33 extending respectively into two here not shown pressure regulating chambers connected to pilot valve 30. Control valve 6 is switched by introducing high-pressure refrigerant gas via introducing hole 32 and changing the flow direction by on/off control of a solenoid to thereby guide the refrigerant gas into a selected one of the pressure-regulating chambers via a corresponding one of the pilot holes 33, 34 in order to thereby axially move hollow cylindrical valve element 20. FIG. 5 shows an "off" state of the solenoid of control valve 6 shown in section plane Y--Y, while FIG. 6 shows the same "off" state of the solenoid in a section in plane Z--Z of FIG. 4. In the valve casing 11 a space or longitudinal inner casing bore for receiving a valve mechanism is formed. High pressure passage 31 extends outside said casing bore. Both ends of said valve casing 11 are hermetically closed by lids. The valve mechanism comprises a first compression coil spring 16, a first valve element 15, a first valve seat 13, a first partition wall 35, first and second hollow cylindrical valve elements 20a, 20b, a second partition wall 36, a second valve seat 14, a second valve element 17, and a second compression coil spring 18. A space or connection portion defined between first valve seat 13 and first partition wall 35 communicates with third pipe C, while a space or connection portion defined between second valve seat 14 and second partition wall 36 communicates with fourth pipe D. First and second hollow cylindrical valve elements 20a, 20b have cut-out holes 21a, 21b formed in portions adjacent respective axial inner end faces thereof abutting each other, said cut-out holes communicating with isolated chamber 12 to second pipe B. Each of said first and second valve elements 20a, 20b has an exterior annular flange portion defining separator walls 37, 38, respectively. Between said flange portions or separator walls 38, 37 and the first and second partition walls 35, 36, respectively, first and second pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 are defined. Said separator walls 37, 28 of valve elements 20a, 20b form portions of the walls of the isolated low pressure chamber 12 shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 communicating with second pipe B. Each separator wall 37, 38 is formed with an orifice 43, 44, respectively, for communication between the first and second pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 and the isolated chamber 12. Within said casing bore a reduced diameter stepped-up portion 45 is formed at an axially central portion thereof. Said step-up portion 45 has axially opposite end faces for abutment of a corresponding one of said separator walls 37, 38 with the mouth of the respective orifice 43, 44 in order to temporarily close said orifice 43 or 44. In FIG. 6 pilot valve 30 comprises an electromagnetic coil 51, a moveable core 52 serving as a valve element, a fixed core 53 containing a high-pressure introducing hole 32 and a pilot hole 33, a valve seat 54 formed at the mouth of a pilot hole 34, and a compression coil spring 55 for constantly urging moveable core 52 away from fixed core 53. High pressure-introducing hole 32 communicates with the common high pressure passage 31. Pilot hole 33 communicates with first pressure-regulating chamber 41. Pilot hole 34 communicates with second pressure-regulating chamber 42. In the "off" state of the solenoid (coil 51 not energised) moveable core 52 is held by compression spring 55 to close pilot hole 34 and to maintain pilot hole 33 open. High-pressure refrigerant gas entering from common high pressure passage 31 flows through high-pressure introducing hole 32 into a cylindrical chamber containing moveable core 52 with radial clearance so that said gas reaches first pressure-regulating chamber 41 via pilot hole 33. At the same time second pressure-regulating chamber 42 communicates via orifice 44 with isolated low-pressure chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B. Pressure within second pressure-regulating chamber 42 is approximately equal to said low pressure within isolated low pressure chamber 12. A differential pressure between both pressure-regulating chambers 41 and 42 causes first and second valve elements 20a, 20b to press on second valve closure element 17, to overcome the force of compression coil spring 18, and to lift second valve closure element 17 off second valve seat 14. At the same time first valve closure element 15 is held closed by first compression coil spring 16. The flange portion or separator wall 37 of valve element 20a abuts against stepped-up portion 45 so that orifice 43 is closed at its mouth to minimise the amount of refrigerant gas leaking through orifice 43. Refrigerant gas from first pipe A flows through second valve seat 14 into pipe D while refrigerant gas from pipe C passes through the interior of cylindrical valve element 20a and the cutout holes 21a, 21b into isolated low-pressure chamber 12 and further into second pipe B. In FIG. 7 a transitional state of valve switching immediately after switching the solenoid on is shown, while FIG. 8 shows the control valve 6 in the "on" state of the solenoid. Upon energisation of electromagnetic coil 51 moveable core 52 is magnetically attracted towards fixed core 53 and counter to the force of compression coil spring 55. Pilot hole 33 is closed, pilot hole 34 is open. High-pressure refrigerant gas from pipe A is brought through hole 32 into the cylindrical chamber of moveable core 52 and flows through a gap between the inner wall of said cylindrical chamber and said moveable core 52 into pilot hole 34 and further into second pressure-regulating chamber 42. At the same time, first pressure-regulating chamber 41 communicates via orifice 43 with low pressure isolated chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B such that the pressure within first pressure-regulating chamber 41 is reduced progressively. A differential pressure between both pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 causes both valve elements 20a, 20b to move towards first valve closure element 15. Due to this motion second valve closure element 17 is moved against second valve seat 14 by second compression coil spring 18 and into its closed state. Thus, in the course of valve switching, as shown in FIG. 7, there is a state in which first and second valve closure elements 15, 17 are simultaneously in their closed states before completion of the switching operation. When valve elements 20a, 20b are further moved towards first valve seat 13, valve closure element 15 is brought into its opening state against the force of compression coil spring 16. Both valve elements 20a, 20b move further and stop (FIG. 8) as soon as separator wall 38 of valve element 20b abuts against stepped-up portion 45. Also then a minute part of the refrigerant gas may leak through orifice 44 out of second pressure-regulating chamber 42 during the motion of both valve elements 20a, 20b. However, the amount of leakage is reduced to a further minute quantity after separator wall 38 comes into abutment with stepped-up portion 45 so that orifice 44 is blocked. Consequently, refrigerant gas from pipe A passes through first valve seat 13 into pipe C, while refrigerant gas from pipe D passes through the interior space of valve element 20b into pipe B. Thus, the switching operation is completed. FIG. 9 shows a transitional state of valve switching control valve 6 immediately after the solenoid is switched off. Moveable core 52 is pressed against valve seat 54 by compression spring 55. Pilot hole 33 is opened, while pilot hole 34 is closed. High-pressure refrigerant gas from pipe A reaches the cylindrical chamber of said moveable core 52 via introducing hole 32 and flows into first pressure-regulating chamber 41 via pilot hole 33. At the same time, second pressure-regulating chamber 42 communicates via orifice 44 with low-pressure isolated chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B. The pressure within second pressure regulating chamber 42 is reduced progressively. A differential pressure between both pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 causes both valve elements 20a, 20b to move towards second valve closure element 17. Then valve 20b abuts against second valve closure element 17 and lifts the same against compression coil spring 18 until separator wall 37 of valve element 20a abuts stepped-up portion 45, representing the "off" state as shown in FIG. 6. FIGS. 10 to 14 show a four-way directional control valve 6 according to a second embodiment of the invention. In FIG. 10 (front view of the valve casing 11) the pipes A, B, C, D are connected to a front wall of the valve casing 11. A solenoid-operated pilot valve 30 is arranged on a side wall of said valve casing. FIG. 11 shows an "off" state of the solenoid. Differently from pilot valve 30 of the first embodiment used for changing the flow paths of high-pressure refrigerant gas, pilot valve 30 of the second embodiment is used to change between flow paths of low-pressure refrigerant gas. Pilot holes 33, 34 leading into first and second pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42, respectively, are opened and closed by moveable core 52. Distinguished from the former embodiment a low-pressure introducing hole 56 of pilot valve 30 communicates with the isolated low-pressure chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B so that refrigerant gas from the first or second pressure-regulating chamber 41, 42 can flow into second pipe B. The valve mechanism of said four-way directional control valve 6 comprises compression coil spring 16, first valve closure element 15, first valve seat 13, first partition wall 35, a single hollow cylindrical valve element 20, second partition wall 36, second valve seat 14, second valve closure element 17, and compression coil spring 18. Furthermore, the casing bore receiving said valve mechanism component has an inwardly protruding shoulder defining an additional partition wall S in sealed co-action with the periphery of cylindrical hollow valve element 20. Common high pressure passage 31 communicating with first pipe A leads to first and second valve closure elements 15 and 17, respectively. A connection portion or space defined between first valve seat 13 and first partition wall 35 communicates with pipe C, while a space or connection portion defined between second valve seat 14 and second partition wall 36 communicates with pipe D. Second valve seat 14 and second partition wall 36 are integrally formed with each other. An orifice 44 is formed through second vale seat 14 and second partition wall 36 for communication between common high pressure passage 31 and second pressure-regulating chamber 42. A stepped-up portion 45 of a wall defining the common high pressure passage 31 comprises an orifice 43 opening into first pressure regulating chamber 41. In a central portion of hollow cylindrical valve element 20 a cut-out hole 21 is formed which is open to the isolated low-pressure chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B. Hollow cylindrical valve element 20 has a single flange portion or separator wall 57. Between both opposite sides of said separator wall 57 and the second partition wall 36 and the additional partition wall S said first and second pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 are defined. Said separator wall 57 has annular ridge portions on its opposite surfaces at locations opposed to the mouths of said orifices 43, 44. In the "off" state of the solenoid (electromagnetic coil 51 not energised) moveable core 52 closes pilot hole 34 due to the force of compression spring 55 and maintains pilot hole 33 open. Pilot hole 33 and low-pressure introducing hole 56 are communicating with each other. Since pilot hole 33 and low-pressure introducing hole 56 are sufficiently larger in cross-section then the cross-sectional area of orifice 43, pressure within first pressure-regulating chamber 41 is approximately equal (i.e. as low as) to the pressure within the isolated chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B. On the other hand, pilot hole 34 is closed by moveable core 52, and hence the pressure within second pressure-regulating chamber 42 becomes high via orifice 44 communicating with common high-pressure passage 31. A differential pressure between both pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 urges valve element 20 towards first valve closure element 15 to lift the same against the force of first compression coil spring 16 of first valve seat 13. Simultaneously second valve closure element 17 is pressed against second valve seat 14 by compression coil spring 18 and is held closed. Refrigerant gas from first pipe A passes through common passage 31, first valve seat 13 into pipe C. Refrigerant gas from pipe D passes through the interior space of cylindrical valve element 20 and the cut-out hole 21 into pipe B. FIG. 12 shows a transitional state of valve switching immediately after the solenoid is switched on, while FIG. 13 shows the full "on" state. Immediately after the solenoid is on by energisation of electromagnetic coil 51 moveable core 52 is magnetically attracted to fixed core 53 against compression coil spring 55 and closes pilot hole 33 while pilot hole 34 is open. High-pressure refrigerant gas within second pressure-regulating chamber 42 flows through pilot hole 34 and hole 56 into second pipe B, so that the pressure within second pressure-regulating chamber 42 is progressively reduced. At the same time pilot hole 33 is held closed by moveable core 52. High-pressure refrigerant gas from common high pressure passage 31 is introduced into first pressure-regulating chamber 41 via orifice 43. A differential pressure between both pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 urges valve element 20 towards second valve closure element 17. Due to said motion of cylindrical valve element 20 also first valve closure element 15 is brought on first valve seat 13 by compression coil spring 16 and is eventually closed. Valve element 20 then moves further and stops, as shown in FIG. 13, when separator wall 57 abuts against second partition wall 36. Second valve closure element 17 holds its open state, while first valve closure element 15 holds its closed state. Refrigerant gas from first pipe A passes through second valve seat 14 into pipe D. Refrigerant gas from pipe C passes through the interior space of cylindrical valve element 20, cut-out hole 21, into pipe B. Thus, the switching operation is completed. FIG. 14 shows a transitional state of valve switching immediately after solenoid is switched off. Moveable core 52 is pressed against valve seat 54 by compression coil spring 55. Pilot hole 33 is opened, pilot hole 34 is held in a closed state. The pressure within first pressure-regulating chamber 41 is progressively reduced via pilot hole 33 and introducing hole 56 to isolated low-pressure chamber 12 communicating with second pipe B. Since, on the other hand, moveable core 52 cuts off the existing flow path, high-pressure refrigerant gas from first pipe A flows into second pressure-regulating chamber 42. A differential pressure between both pressure-regulating chambers 41, 42 causes the valve element 20 to move towards the first valve closure element 15. Then valve element 20 lifts first valve closure element 15 against compression coil spring 16 until separator wall 57 abuts against stepped-up portion 45 or additional partition wall S. The four-way directional control valve 6 now is placed in the solenoid "off" state as shown in FIG. 11.

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[0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 60/802,399 filed May 22, 2006 which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention involves methods for implementing and reporting network measurements between a source of probe packets and an element, such as a router. The invention exploits commonly implemented features on commercial elements. By exploiting these features, the expense of deploying special purpose measurement devices can be avoided. [0003] Network traffic measurement is an essential component of communications network management. Both passive and active measurement methods are currently deployed. In passive measurement methods, ordinary traffic packets are observed at network elements, such as routers, which then compile reports on the packets, either singly or in aggregate. The reports are either stored at the network element for retrieval by the network management system (the pull model, e.g. for SNMP statistics) or dispatched to a collector (the push model, e.g. NetFlow statistics). Passive measurement is most commonly used to determine the amounts of traffic of various types (e.g. as indicated by packet header fields) flowing in the network. [0004] In active measurement, probe packets are introduced into the network (e.g., by a special purpose source measurement device) and dispatched to one or more destination network elements. Active measurement is most commonly used to determine the performance properties of the path between the source and the destination(s), and/or the performance properties of the destination device(s) themselves. Determining these properties is essential for network management purposes including anomaly detection, network health monitoring, SLA conformance monitoring, and root cause analysis. [0005] A large number of active measurement techniques have been developed in order to measure or infer various path performance properties. From the service provider point of view, it is useful to classify each technique according to whether it suffices for the measurement destination to be an ordinary production device (such as an already deployed router) or whether it must be a special purpose measurement device. This is an important distinction because the introduction of an additional measurement device carries equipment, management and administrative costs which can be substantial if many such devices are required to be deployed at the scale of a large network. One role that may be performed by such a special purpose measurement device is to terminate active measurements by receiving the probe packets and to compile and dispatch reports on them. This functionality not routinely provided by ordinary production devices. For this reason, it would be advantageous if such functionality could be effectively performed by ordinary production devices. [0006] Another way in which ordinary and special purpose devices can be distinguished is in the way they treat probe sequence numbers. In several measurement applications one wants to keep track of an application sequence number that could be used to identify the same packet seen at multiple points along its path, or at distinct endpoints in the case of multicast probes. The measurement capabilities supported by ordinary routers do not typically read or report on such sequence numbers, whereas a special purpose device can be configured to do so. Again, it would be advantageous if such functionality could be effectively performed by ordinary production devices. [0007] An example of an active measurement technique is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,958,977. The '977 patent involves a plurality of capture-capable network agents (CCNAs) that are controlled by a testing center and are coupled to the network at various locations. The CCNAs intercept packets that meet a predetermined filtering criterion that is specified by the testing center, and report to the testing center on the intercepted packets. By collecting reports from multiple CCNAs that intercept a given packet passing through the network from one end-point to another, a testing center is able to analyze details of the route and timing characteristics of the multiple links and nodes within the network. [0008] The CCNAs may comprise software agents associated with an existing piece of network equipment, such as a switch or router, or they may comprise stand-alone probes. The CCNAs are directed by the testing center to perform various functions and pass the results back to the testing center. With these results, the testing center is able to calculate various network parameters. [0009] In the method of the '977 patent, the testing center, which creates the unique packets, must inform the CCNAs about those packets. With that information, the CCNAs then filter out and report on the packets that meet the designated criteria, letting the other network packets continue on their course. If the testing center does not inform the CCNAs about these packets, the CCNAs would not know to filter and analyze the relevant packets from all of the other packets traveling through the network. In such “instructioned” measurements, the network element must be instructed on, for example, which packets to measure and what measurements to make. We refer to such network elements as “instructioned” network elements and to such measurements as “instructioned” measurements. [0010] As opposed to instructioned” measurements, certain measurements are made by the network element without any specific, special instruction being given to the network element, either directly or by the packet to be measured, regarding what specific action is to be taken with regard to this measurement, or the specific packets to be measured. Rather, the measurement is made in the normal course of management by the network element—the specific nature of the report is prompted by the characteristics of the packet and the normal management protocol of the network element, rather than by any special instruction to the network element relating to a specific measurement. We refer to such measurements as “instructionless” measurements, and to such network elements as “instructionless” network elements, because the network elements do not receive any specific instructions, either directly or by the packet to be measured, regarding the specific measurement to be made or the specific packets to be measured [0011] Another classification of network measurement techniques depends on whether they measure properties of the one-way path from the source measurement device to the destinations, or whether they measure round trip properties. Roundtrip properties are typically easier to measure, because they do not require the destination to participate in the collection of probe packets and compilation and dispatch of reports. Rather, they are required only to use their normal capabilities to respond to probe packets by sending a packet, usually back to the probe source, which terminates the measurements. The commonly used ping and trace-route tools fall into this category. [0012] On the other hand, roundtrip measurements are less useful than one-way measurements since it is not possible to distinguish (at least with any certainty) whether the observed performance should be attributed to the outward or return path. For example, when roundtrip loss is observed for a probe packet stream, it is not known what portion of the loss occurs on the outward path and what portion on the return path. The inherent ambiguities of interpreting round-trip measurements make one-way measurement more attractive for understanding network properties, while at the same time they are more challenging to implement because ordinary network elements cannot terminate arbitrary probe packet streams. [0013] Accordingly, it would be advantageous to have more efficient network measurement techniques which do not require specialized network equipment other than a probe source and which could be used to make one-way network measurements. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0014] The present invention involves an improved network measurement technique. In one aspect of the invention, a plurality of probe packets is transmitted in a packet network with each of the probe packets having the same key and the same aggregation characteristic. A report is then received from an instructionless network element regarding the plurality of probe packets, thereby enabling measurement of a parameter of the packet network. [0015] In at least one embodiment, the present invention involves a probing strategy that exploits and matches the inherent spatial and temporal granularity of NetFlow or SNMP MIB polling in order to coerce reports on discrete groups of probe packets. Specifically, a source device sends a sequence of probe packets into the network. The Netflow records or SNMP queries are used to determine whether and how many of these packets are received at one or more routers in the network. In this way, the one-way loss rate along each link in the path can be determined. Further, if the routers provide synchronized clocks, the one-way delay of a subset of the probe packets may be determined. [0016] One benefit of this embodiment of the invention is the ability to conduct one way active measurements from a device using existing functionality at the target or intervening network element (such as a router on the packet path) without requiring the deployment and management of additional measurement infrastructure, and the costs that would be concomitant to such deployment. Employing the inventive measurement mechanisms would provide more flexible measurement capabilities and improve the ability to troubleshoot a network, thereby offering better service to network customers. [0017] An example of using the existing functionality of a Network to determine one-way measurements is seen in one of the embodiments of the current invention. When packets pass through a router along their path, the router automatically aggregates information about certain of the packets. Periodically the router makes reports on the various aggregated sets of packet information. The router sends these reports as part of its normal protocol to a router report collector within the Network. At the collector, the reports can be further analyzed offline. [0018] In this embodiment, there is a probe packet source that creates a packet or a set of packets that will cause the router to make a unique report among the various aggregated reports. Since the packet set already contains a unique key that will cause the router to make a unique report, there is no need to communicate to the router or any other network or non-network element any property of the probing packet sent. [0019] Another benefit of the present invention is the ability to measure one-way parameters to the network edge. Currently measurements are performed between dedicated devices in router centers. The inventive method would allow one way measurement out to thousands of peering and customer edge points without the need to deploy and manage additional measurement boxes at those edge points. This represents a large cost saving. Since customers are increasingly sensitive to provider network performance, the additional measurement functionality would be a positive factor in attracting and retaining customers. [0020] These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0021] FIG. 1 is a block diagram that schematically illustrates an embodiment of the invention for determining one-way parameters of a packet network; and [0022] FIG. 2 is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method of measuring network parameters of a packet network. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0023] This invention exploits the fact that the limited measurement capabilities of ordinary production network elements, such as exemplary routers, typically have a temporal and spatial granularity. Measurement capabilities within current network elements such as routers enable the creation of reports that relate to a subset or aggregation of the traffic that are, for example, incident at the router during some limited time frame. Furthermore, all packets of the subset share certain properties—a “common key”—that can be discerned by the router measurement capability, and which distinguishes the packets in the subset from all other traffic incident at the router during that time frame. This common key can be single dimensional or multidimensional, i.e., the key can be a single property characteristic of each packet in the subset, such as for example the source address, or a plurality of properties characteristic of each packet in the subset, such as for example the source and destination addresses. In addition to the common key, the plurality of packets has another characteristic which causes them to be aggregated by the network element for a single report. Most simplistically, this “aggregation characteristic” may relate to the fact that the plurality of packets was sent within a given time period. [0024] In one aspect, our method entails tailoring a set of active measurement packets, or probe packets, such that if one or more of them reach an ordinary router, they will cause the router to form a measurement report that relates to the set of probe packets, and to no other traffic. This achieves effective termination of the active measurement for that set of packets. Such tailoring of a stream of active measurement packet sets results in distinct packet sets causing the formation of distinct reports if any of their packets reach the ordinary router. (Much of the discussion herein will be in terms of exemplary routers, but persons having ordinary skill in the art will recognize that other network elements besides routers may be used in other embodiments to practice the invention. [0025] FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of elements that may be used to practice this invention. FIG. 1 is best understood in the context of FIG. 2 which is a flow chart that schematically illustrates a method of measuring a parameter of a packet network in accordance with an aspect of this invention. In FIG. 2 at 210 a probe packet source transmits a plurality of probe packets into a packet network. The probe packets have a common key which distinguishes the probe packets from other packets in the network. The plurality of probe packets have the same aggregation characteristic which will result in the packets being the subject of a report by a network element. At 220 , the probe packets pass through one or more instructionless network elements triggering each element to create an aggregate report on the probe packets. At step 230 , at least one router sends an aggregate report to a report receiving element. At step 240 , the probe packet reports are analyzed to determine at least on parameter of the network. Such reports may include information on one-way parameters of the network. [0026] As indicated above, FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of elements that may be used to practice this invention. In FIG. 1 , 110 is a probe packet source that transmits a plurality of probe packets addressed to probe packet destination, 120 . 140 , are various network elements such as routers, and 130 is a report collector. The report collector receives the reports from one or more of the network elements, such as the routers, 140 . While the report collector is shown as a separate element, in other embodiments it can be part of the probe source or any other element. The probe packet destination, 120 , may be an end user or a specific network element. The probe packets contain a unique key and common aggregation characteristic that cause the router 140 to make a report that relates to the plurality of packets and to substantially no other packets. [0027] Whenever packets pass through any of the elements 140 , the element makes a record of the packet and aggregates the packet with other like packets. In this embodiment, the element aggregates a plurality of the probe packets separately from any other packets passing through the element. Periodically, the element 140 sends reports on the various aggregate sets of packets to a report collector 130 . At the collector, the single or multiple reports documenting the journey of the probing packets can easily be isolated from the other aggregated reports for analysis to determine at least one parameter of the network, including, is some embodiments, a one-way parameters. [0028] When there is a sequence of probe sets, we are able to correlate each probe set that is sent with the resulting measurement record(s) generated by a collector. So if, in particular, each packet carries a sequence number or some other unique identifier, we can associate the sequence number of the first packet of any group to the corresponding measurement record(s). The correlation can be achieved by using one (or both) of the following methods: Time Comparison: Probe groups and reports are matched up by using suitably synchronized clocks at the probe source and the observation point (if it timestamps reports) or the collection subsystem. This method requires knowledge of propagation times and their variability, together with sufficient separation between groups in order to unambiguously match probe groups to reports. Timing artifacts due to external synchronization (e.g. NTP or GPS) may need to be removed by one of a number of available methods. Dead Reckoning: Probe groups and reports are matched by counting from the commencement of probing. Gaps in the report sequence due to complete loss of a probe set must be identified and filled. This requires sufficient temporal separation between groups. [0031] The implementation of our method relies on the measurement capability of the ordinary router which is to be exploited. Following are two embodiments utilizing the operating system Netflow. NetFlow is an operating system feature of Cisco routers; related capabilities are provided by other router vendors, and flow measurement capabilities based on NetFlow are the subject of standardization in the IETF. [0032] We now give a brief description of NetFlow in order to explain how our method applies. NetFlow compiles reports on flows of IP packets—a flow being a set of packets sharing a common property, known as the key, and incident at an exemplary router network element during a certain time frame. When an IP packet arrives at the router, the router calculates the key for the packets, which is typically a function of the IP packet header (including source and destination address) and transport protocol (UDP/TCP) header (including protocol type and source and destination port numbers). In future versions of NetFlow, additional information, such as MPLS labels, may also form part of the key. The router maintains a summary for each packet key that it observes, including the total packets and bytes seen with that key, and time of first and most recent arrival. These are updated accordingly when the packet arrives. If no summary is currently kept for the arriving packet's key, one is first instantiated. [0033] The router is said to terminate the flow by closing out the summary, exporting it as a record to the collector (i.e., a separate network device), and freeing up storage for statistics for new flows. Termination can occur for several reasons: (i) inactive timeout: the time since the router last observed a packet bearing the summary's key exceeds a threshold. Common values for the threshold are of the order of 30 s or 1 min. (ii) active timeout: the time since the summary was first instantiated exceeds a threshold. The active timeout period is usually long compared with the inactive timeout, e.g. 30 minutes. (iii) protocol based: a packet signaling the end of a connection at the transport level is observed, for example, a TCP packet with the SYN or RST flag set. (iv) resource management: a flow may be terminated to free up the router's flow cache if this is becoming full. [0038] These methods of flow termination afford an opportunity to terminate the active measurement of a suitably crafted set of probe packets. We describe two ways to terminate the active measurements. (i) Timeout based. A set of probe packets is dispatched bearing packet header information distinct from all other traffic, i.e., by source and destination IP address and TCP/UDP port number, and/or by MPLS label. Address spoofing could possibly pollute IP header based identification, although this has low probability to succeed and may by independently detected and/or blocked at the ISP level. In order for individual groups of probe packets to each give rise to a single report, the time between dispatch of the first and last packets is preferably less than the inactive timeout, so that loss of one or more packets in transit, coupled with variation in propagation delay, or load balancing possibly causing packet to take different paths, could not cause any observing router to generate two flow records for the set. For example, consider the case that all but the first and last packets are lost. The difference in arrival time at a router must be less than the inactive timeout if they are to be reported in the same flow record. Finally, each set of packets is to be separated by a time exceeding the inactive timeout, in order that each will give rise to separate flow records. Note that each NetFlow enabled router on the path taken by the packets, and not just a NetFlow destination router, will generate flow records in same manner. More generally we might have a probe set that lasts considerably longer than the inactive timeout period, but which is separated from neighboring groups by periods considerably longer than the inactive timeout period. Such a group might generate multiple NetFlow records, which can then be grouped and joined at the collector based on their timestamp relative to other reports. (ii) Protocol Based. IP address or reserved TCP/UDP port or MPLS label are used as in (i) above to distinguish traffic. Flow termination is triggered by sending a TCP FIN or RST packet as the last packet of a set. If this packet is lost before it reaches the router there are at least two options. [0041] One option is to send multiple FIN or RST packets; the first one observed will terminate the desired flow record, the rest will generate extraneous one packet flow records which must be discarded from the analysis. We note that flow cache clearance by the router for resource management (termination method (iv) above) can interfere with both these methods, due to the potential to close out and export a flow record while a group of packets is being processed by the router, hence giving rise to multiple flow records for that group. Events of this type can be detected at a collector as follows. If the time between probe packet sets is substantially longer than the inactive flow timeout, the collector would observe successive flow records with closer arrival times than expected. In this case, the collector could aggregate multiple flow records into a single flow record representing all packets in the probe set. [0042] A second option in dealing with the flow terminating packet being lost before it reaches the router is based on SNMP. Routers ubiquitously maintain, as part of their Management Information Base (MIB), aggregate statistics of all traffic traversing their interfaces in the form of cumulative counts of packets and bytes seen. By regularly polling these counters using the SNMP protocol, the difference between successive counts indicates the average data rate during the polling interval. However these statistics are increasingly being kept at finer spatial granularity. If one can arrange for probe traffic to exclusively cause increments of one such counter, then polling of that counter indicates the cumulative amount of probe traffic that has reached the router. Following are two examples: (i) IP Multicast. Multicast enabled routers maintain a MIB that contains per group, or per source/group pair, counters. Thus we reserve and configure a multicast group, or pair of source and multicast group, for probing. (ii) Virtual Interfaces. We assume a MIB is maintained for each virtual interface configured on an ATM or Frame Relay switch. By configuring a virtual path from a probe source to a target machine and then arranging for probe traffic to pass exclusively through the virtual channel configured at a target network element, the MIB statistics reported for that channel will reflect exactly the probe traffic seen there. By synchronizing probe generation with SNMP polling of a target network element, perhaps only roughly, we may determine, for example, how many packets in a probing set reached the router. This is straightforward when the duration of a probe packet set, plus any uncertainty between the arrival time of probe packets at the target router and the time at which the polling is affected, is less than the polling interval. In this way, we may construct a stream of probe packet sets, one per polling interval. While polling intervals of 5 minutes are the norm, shorter intervals are certainly feasible. Indeed, it has been claimed that a polling interval as small as 1 second may be used without impacting router performance. [0045] The techniques described above can be applied as follows: [0046] Burst Loss Probing. This measurement application aims to determine how many packets in a closely spaced probe set are successfully transmitted and received. This information is useful for investigating the likely performance of TCP transmission along a path, without requiring the measurement endpoint to actually implement the TCP protocol. In the application of our methods, probe packet sets of the desired size and with appropriately closely spaced packets, are dispatched to the target device with e.g., the timeout based method used to delineate the boundary between groups. [0047] Trajectory Monitoring. In our method there need be no essential difference in role between the measurement target (i.e. the destination IP address of the probe packets), and any other ordinary router in the probe packets' path. Thus each ordinary router equipped with NetFlow or an appropriate SNMP MIB may generate reports on the probe packets. These reports, when collated at a collector, enable one to determine the performance experienced by the probe packets at successive hops along a path. For example, by comparing the number of packets that reach successive routers on the path, one can determine the loss experienced on the link connecting them. If the reports contain timestamps generated by synchronized clocks, one can, potentially, determine the latency on the hop, although packet loss may complicate this. For example, if the first packet of a burst is lost on a link, the timestamp of first packet arrival in the NetFlow records generated at the initial and terminal nodes of the links will not correspond to the same packet. One way to ameliorate this would be to set a TCP flag on the first packet of a probe set that is not used by any other packet in the set. Since NetFlow reports the cumulative OR of the TCP flags of the entire packet in a flow, the collector can determine whether or not the first packet reached the reporting router. Delay analysis could then ignore the results of all probe sets for which the flag was not set. On the other hand, this may bias delay estimation against those probes sets that tend to suffer loss. A similar way (tailored to NetFlow version 9) is for the sender to set the TTL of the first packet substantially different from those of other packets. Since the maximum and minimum TTL seen for the flow is reported, if the probe sender sets a substantially different TTL for the first packet, the collector can detect from the reports, whether or not the first packet had been observed. [0048] Multicast Inference from Aggregates. (MIfA). Multicast Inference is a method to infer network internal performance from measurements performed at a network edge. Thus the setting is somewhat different from the previous example: instead of assuming that we can take direct measurement from ordinary routers along a probe packet path, we that the measurements are not available from the network portions whose performance we wish to determine. Possible reasons for this are (i) NetFlow is only enabled in routers at the Network edge, e.g., to reduce measurement load and license costs (ii) there is no access to NetFlow statistics or administrative access to router MIBs e.g. because the routers in question reside in another provider's network. MIfA of loss rates requires (i) setting up a multicast group that is routed through the network under study; (ii) sending probe packet sets from one or more group members; (iii) having each receiver report the number of packets received in each probe set to a collector; and (iv) collating the reports at a collector to infer performance on the logical links of the multicast tree. The analysis requires matching up the reports from different group members on each probe set. Our method is well suited to this requirement since it can distinguish reports in suitably spaced groups. In the setup for this measurement, we do not assume that the ordinary routers are themselves able to serve as multicast group members, although this is not precluded. Instead, some additional devices would serve as multicast group members, while ordinary routers (e.g. peering or other edge routers) sitting at the border of the network under study, each on the path between one of the participating devices and the network under study, would provide the measurements by observing traffic en route. This setup is attractive since, compared with using measurements taken at the group member devices, it enables us to factor out from our measurements the performance on the path portion between the devices and the boundary of the network under study. [0049] The foregoing Detailed Description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the Detailed Description, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention. Those skilled in the art could implement various other feature combinations without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a proportional solenoid valve unit comprising a casing having a receiving chamber for a valve housing, to which valve housing a solenoid is connected. In the valve housing a piston is slidably arranged which is displacable against the force of a pressure spring by a push rod of the solenoid. In this known valve unit the valve housing is sealed in the receiving chamber of the casing with sealing rings. Furthermore, the valve housing is provided with a threaded bore at its end face facing the solenoid in which a threaded part of the solenoid is received. The resulting unit comprised of valve housing and solenoid is secured with a sheet metal member and fastened to a casing. In order to prevent damage to the sealing rings of the valve housing during mounting of the unit into the casing, the casing, respectively, its receiving chamber must be provided with insertion slants at the end of the receiving chamber. This leads to additional manufacturing steps during manufacture of the receiving chamber. Furthermore, the valve housing must be provided in complicated manufacturing steps with grooves for insertion of the sealing rings. The threaded bore also requires a difficult and expensive manufacture. Furthermore, securing the unit comprised of valve housing and solenoid with a sheet metal member is complicated, especially in view of the fact that for this purpose an additional component in the form of the sheet metal member and corresponding screws are required. Thus, this proportional solenoid valve unit of the prior art is expensive to manufacture and difficult to assemble. It is therefore an object of the present invention to improve a proportional solenoid valve unit of the aforementioned kind such that it is comprised of only few components that are preferably standardized components and that can be inexpensively and simply manufactured and mounted. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A proportional solenoid valve unit according to the present invention is primarily characterized by: A casing with a receiving chamber; A valve housing received in the receiving chamber; A solenoid with a push rod connected to the valve housing; A piston positioned in the valve housing so as to be slidable; At least one pressure spring positioned at one end of the piston opposite the solenoid; The piston displacable by the push rod of the solenoid against the force of the at least one pressure spring; The receiving chamber having a longitudinal extension and a constant diameter along the longitudinal extension; and Flange means for connecting the valve housing to the casing and the solenoid. Advantageously, the valve housing has at least one annular groove for receiving a first one of the flange means connected to the casing. Preferably, the casing has a projection and the first flange means is connected to the projection. Expediently, the valve housing has an annular projection and a second one of the flange means is connected to the annular projection. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention the solenoid has a connecting portion and the annular projection of the valve housing engages the connecting portion. Preferably, the first and second flange means are located at opposite ends of the valve unit. Advantageously, the valve housing has at least one plastically deformable section for supporting the at least one pressure spring. Preferably, the valve housing has an annular projection and the at least one plastically deformable section is a tongue bent from the annular projection. Advantageously, the piston has a transverse center plane and is symmetrical to the transverse center plane. In the inventive proportional solenoid valve unit the receiving chamber of the casing has a constant diameter along its longitudinal extension. Accordingly, this receiving chamber can be produced in a single manufacturing step, for example, by drilling. The receiving chamber has no steps or threads. Thus, the valve housing can be provided with a smooth outer wall that contacts in a sealing manner the inner wall of the receiving chamber of the casing. Additional sealing rings are no longer required. The sealing action is ensured by engagement between the inner wall of the receiving chamber of the casing and the outer wall of the valve housing. The connection of the valve housing to the casing and the solenoid is achieved with flange means that can be easily produced. The inventive proportional solenoid valve unit thus comprises only few components that can be manufactured inexpensively. Assembling the components does not require additional manufacturing or method steps. Accordingly, the inventive proportional solenoid valve unit can be manufactured and mounted extremely inexpensively and very easily. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The object and advantages of the present invention will appear more clearly from the following specification in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which: FIG. 1 shows a side view of an inventive proportional solenoid valve unit which is inserted into a casing; and FIG. 2 shows an enlarged representation of the inventive proportional solenoid valve unit, partly in section and partly as an elevated view. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The present invention will now be described in detail with the aid of several specific embodiments utilizing FIGS. 1 and 2. The proportional solenoid valve unit serves to control a non-represented consuming device. Such a consuming device can be, for example, a piston/cylinder unit that is, for example, part of the power steering system of a motorized vehicle. The proportional solenoid valve unit has a solenoid 1 which is of a conventional design and therefore not described in detail. The solenoid 1 comprises a push rod 2 (FIG. 2) that is displaced in the axial direction upon exciting the solenoid 1. With the push rod 2 the piston 3 is displaced counter to the force of the pressure spring 4. The piston 3 and the pressure spring 4 are arranged within the valve housing 5 that is connected within the casing 6. As shown in FIG. 2, the casing 6 has a receiving chamber 7 that has a constant diameter over its entire longitudinal extension and that extends through the casing 6 from end to end. Accordingly, this receiving chamber 7 can be manufactured in a single manufacturing step. Into this receiving chamber 7 the valve housing 5 can be easily inserted. The valve housing 5 thus contacts with its cylindrical outer wall 8 the inner wall of the receiving chamber 7. The casing 6 has an annular projection 9 at its end face facing away from the solenoid 1. This annular projection 9 is penetrated by the receiving chamber 7. The valve housing 5 extends axially past the annular projection 9. The valve housing 5 has no grooves for insertion of sealing rings on its exterior wall 8. The sealing between the casing 6 and the valve housing 5 is achieved exclusively by overlapping or matching of the inner wall of the receiving chamber 7 and the outer wall 8 of the valve housing 5. The valve housing 5 has two hydraulic connectors 10 and 11 as well as a pressure connector 12 arranged therebetween in the longitudinal direction. The casing 6 is provided with bores that are aligned with the hydraulic connectors 10, 11 whereby in FIG. 2 only the bore 13 connected to the hydraulic connector 10 is represented. The pressure connector 12 is connected via a non-represented bore in the casing 6 to the pump of the hydraulic system which is also not represented in the drawings. Via the pressure connector 12 the hydraulic medium is supplied to the valve unit and depending on the position of the piston 3 is supplied to the hydraulic connector 10 or the hydraulic connector 11. The valve housing 5 is provided with an annular groove 14 in the vicinity of the end face which is adjacent to the solenoid 1. The projection 9 of the casing 6 with its flange means 15 engages the annular groove 14. The projection 9 has a wall thickness such that the flange means 15 can be easily applied after insertion of the valve housing 5 into the receiving chamber 7 of the casing 6. In this manner, the valve housing 5 and the casing 6 can be easily connected with one another. The end face of the valve housing 5 which is facing the solenoid 1 is provided with a thin-walled sleeve-type projection 16 that engages a cylindrical connecting portion 17 of the solenoid 1. The cylindrical projection 16 is flanged inwardly at a slant and engages over the connecting portion 17 which is conically shaped in this area. It is also possible to provide the cylindrical projections 16 of the valve housing 5 with tongues distributed over its circumference and bent inwardly at a slant. In this manner it is also possible to provide a form-fitting connection between the solenoid 1 and the valve housing 5 that acts in the axial direction. The projection 16 projects from the end face 18 of the valve housing 5. The connecting portion 17 rests at this end face 18 which is penetrated by the central bore 19 of the valve housing 5. The push rod 2 of the solenoid 1 thus extends into the bore 19 and rests at the end face of the piston 3. The piston 3 is mirror-symmetrical to its transverse center plane. For mounting it in the valve housing 5, it is thus of no consequence which free end is inserted into the valve housing. The piston 3 is provided with two annular stays 20 and 21 that are spaced from one another. Their width is slightly greater than the width of the hydraulic connectors 10 and 11. In the center position of the piston 3 represented in FIG. 2 the two hydraulic connectors 10 and 11 are closed by the annular stays 20, 21 of the piston 3. The free end or end face of the valve housing 5 which is remote from the solenoid 1 is provided with an axially projecting cylindrical projection 22. The projection 22 is provided with axial cuts in order to provide plasticly deformable tongues 23. The tongues 23 thus can be bent axially inwardly bent. The tongues 23 serve for axially securing the pressure spring 4. By plastically deforming the tongues 23 at various degrees, they can be bent such that the pressure spring 4 has a required prestress for a desired application. The piston 3 should assume the center position represented in FIG. 2 at a predetermined amperage supplied to the solenoid 1. In this center position the hydraulic connectors 10, 11 of the valve housing 5 are closed by the two annular stays 20, 21 of the piston 3. During assembly of the valve unit the solenoid 1 is loaded with a respective predetermined amperage so that the push rod 2 extends axially from the solenoid 1 and displaces the piston 3 to the right in FIG. 2. While the solenoid is supplied with current, the tongues 23 are plastically deformed inwardly to such an extent that the annular stays 20, 21 of the piston 3 close the hydraulic connectors 10, 11. In this manner the valve unit can be adjusted during assembly in a simple manner exactly such that, for a predetermined current supplied to the solenoid, the hydraulic connectors 10, 11 are reliably closed. The tongues 23 thus secure not only the pressure spring 4 in its mounted position, but also serve as an adjusting means in order to adjust the valve unit as a function of the respective current supplied to the solenoid. While in conventional valve housings an adjusting screw is required for axially supporting the pressure spring and a corresponding thread must be manufactured, in the inventive valve housing the adjusting screw as well as the manufacture of the thread are obsolete. With the inventive valve unit an expensive component is thus obviated, and an expensive and complicated manufacture is also avoided. However, these measures have no disadvantageous effect on the function and especially the adjustability of the valve unit. Since the two annular stays 20, 21 are positioned at a distance from the free ends of the piston 3, the piston end 24 projects into the pressure spring 4. Advantageously, the outer diameter of the piston end 24 corresponds to the inner diameter of the pressure spring 4 which is thus safely guided at the piston end 24. The described valve unit with solenoid 1 can be manufactured and mounted inexpensively with only a few components and can be inserted inexpensively and easily into the casing 6. It is especially advantageous that no difficult and expensive manufacturing steps for the manufacture of the casing 6 and the valve housing 5 are required. The present invention is, of course, in no way restricted to the specific disclosure of the specification and drawings, but also encompasses any modifications within the scope of the appended claims.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a lithium secondary battery comprising a cathode made by sintering a hthium-transition metal oxide and having a high battery capacity and excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristic, and a method of producing the same. 2. Description of Related Art With the popularization of cellular phones and notebook computer, the lithium secondary batteries that are capable to provide a high-energy battery density have attracted much attention. The lithium secondary battery comprises a cathode and an anode both including an active material capable of incorporating and releasing lithium ions, and a lithium ion conductive electrolytic solution or solid electrolyte. However, there is such a problem that the electrode includes such materials as a binder and an electrically conductive material that do not contribute to the battery capacity, thus resulting in a limitation to the capacity per volume of the battery. As means for increasing the capacity per volume of the battery, an attempt to make the electrode from a sintered material, which is substantially made of an active material. When the electrode is constituted from a sintered material made of an active material, no binder is included and the addition of an electrically conductive material can be elimated or reduced, thus making it possible to increase the active material filling density and increase the capacity per volume. For example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.8-180904 discloses a cathode made of a sintered lithium-transition metal oxide. According to this disclosure, powder of a lithium-transition metal oxide or raw material powder thereof is pressed to form a molded material by using a die, with the mold material being fired at a predetermined temperature in the presence of oxygen, thereby to obtain a sintered material. However, an electrical conductivity of the sintered material is not sufficient for the cathode, and therefore it is necessary to improve the performance further. For making the lithium secondary battery thinner, it is effective to reduce the thickness of the cathode and the anode that make up most of the thickness of the battery. In order to reduce the thickness of the cathode made of a sintered material, it is necessary to increase the surface area of the sintered material for securing a predetermined battery capacity. When the sintered material is made by the press molding, however, increasing the area of the die for the purpose of increasing the surface area of the sintered material makes it difficult to fill the cavity of the die uniformly with the powder of lithium-transition metal oxide or raw material powder thereof, resulting in unevenness of the thickness and a density of the molded material in a planer direction. As a result, sintering reaction does not proceed uniformly in the molded material, thus resulting in unevenness in the density of the sintered material in the planer direction. When such a sintered material is used as the electrode in a battery, there have been problems of a decrease in the battery capacity and poor charge/discharge cycle characteristic. In case there is a portion where sintering reaction has not progressed enough, on the other hand, bonding strength between primary particles that constitute the sintered material decreases in the portion, resulting in lower mechanical strength of the sintered material This leads to such problems, as the electrode is likely to disintegrate during charging or discharging, and a decrease in the battery capacity and poor charge/discharge cycle characteristic. In case a current collector is pressed to the sintered material of lithium-transition metal oxide to form a laminate, there is a significant contact resistance between the current collector and the sintered material, leading to a filure in improving the battery capacity and the charge/discharge cycle characteristic. To counter this problem, for example, Japanese Laid-Open Patent Publication No.8-180904 described above discloses a method of decreasing the contact resistance by sintering the powder of a lithium-transition metal oxide or raw material powder of a lithium-transition metal oxide and, at the same time, integrating the sintered material with a current collector of aluminum. However, since sintering and integration with the current collector are carried out simultaneously, the firing temperature cannot be made sufficiently high. As a result, the sintering process tends to be insufficient thus leading to lower strength and/or lower electrical conductivity of the sintered material, resulting in insufficient improvement in the charge/discharge cycle characteristic. Also when producing a battery wherein at least the cathode is made of a sintered material, the electrode cannot be wound as in the case of the conventional coated electrode because the sintered material has a low bending strength. When an electrode unit consisting of one sintered cathode and one sintered anode is to be assembled, for example, both electrodes can be easily aligned with each other simply by stacking the cathode and the anode to oppose each other while interposing a separator therebetween. However, when a battery having an electrode unit consisting of a number of pairs of cathode and anode is to be assembled for the purpose of achieving a large battery capacity, a plurality of cathodes and anodes must be accurately aligned to oppose each other via separators. This leads to a longer period of time for stacking the electrodes and the electrode unit, or requires it to use a high precision apparatus for alignment. Also there has been such a problem that, when moving a stacking electrode unit or housing the stacking electrode unit in a battery casing after the stacking process, the electrodes are shifted from the predetermined positions, thus leading to a decrease in the area over which the mating electrodes face each other, and resulting in a decrease in the battery capacity of the completed battery. Moreover, there has been such a problem that a current collecting lead wire is required for each electrode to ensure conduction to the plurality of cathodes and the anodes, thus giving rise to the difficulty of disposing the lead wires. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery that, by providing a cathode of larger surface area and higher mechanical strength, has a large battery capacity and excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristic. Another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium secondary battery that, with a current collector being integrated with a sintered material of a lithium-transition metal oxide without lowering the mechanical strength and electrical conductivity thereof, has a large battery capacity and excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristic. Still another object of the present invention is to provide a lithium battery that comprises the electrode made of a plurality of sintered materials, where the cathodes and the anodes will not be shifted from the predetermined positions and high reliability is ensured. The present inventors completed the present invention by finding out that the electrical conductivity can be used as an index of the bonding strength between primary particles that constitute a sintered material when forming the sintered material of a lithium-transition metal oxide, and that sufficient mechanical strength can be obtained by using a sintered material having a high electrical conductivity. The lithium secondary battery of the present invention includes a cathode and an anode, each electrode containing an active material capable of storing and releasing lithium ions, wherein the cathode is a porous sintered material made of a lithium-transition metal oxide that has a porosity in a range from 15 to 60% and an electrical conductivity of more than 0.1 mS/cm. According to the present invention, since the porosity of the sintered material that constitutes the cathode is in a range from 15 to 60%, an electrolytic solution infiltrates sufficiently into the sintered material under such a condition that filling density of the active material is maintained at a high level. With this constitution, the internal electrical resistance can be decreased without decreasing the battery capacity. Also by sintering enough to achieve electrical conductivity of more than 0.1 mS/cm, high bonding strength between primary particles of the sintered material can be achieved so that the primary particles do not come off and the electrode does not disintegrate even when the sintered material expands and shrinks during charging and discharging cycles of the battery. High mechanical strength also makes it possible to form the cathode of larger surface area. Thus the cathode having the porosity in a range from 15 to 60% and the electrical conductivity of more than 0.1 mS/cm provides the battery with a large battery capacity and excellent charge/discharge cycle characteristic. A method of producing a lithium secondary battery including a cathode and an anode, each containing an active material capable of incorporating and releasing lithium ions according to the present invention, cathode being made by sintering the lithium-transition metal oxide at a temperature higher than the melting point of the current collector, the method includes the steps of pressing the sintered material to the current collector, and heating at a temperature lower than the melting point of the current collector so as to join the sintered material to the current collector, thereby integrating the sintered material and the current collector. Since sintering is carried out at a temperature higher than the melting point of the current collector, sintering reaction can be accelerated and therefore the strength and electrical conductivity are increased. Further, since the sintered material and the current collector are integrated at a temperature lower than the melting point of the current collector, so that the current collector is not damaged by thermal deformation, and the contact resistance can be decreased. Consequently, strength and electrical conductivity of the sintered material are improved, and the cathode having lower contact resistance improves the charge/discharge cycle characteristic. In the method of producing the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention, the step of forming the sintered material includes a) adding a binder and a solvent to a cathode material consisting of the powder of a lithium-transition metal oxide, thereby to prepare a coating solution; b) applying the coating solution to a base material and removing the solvent to form the coating film; and c) firing the coating film in the presence of oxygen to sinter the cathode material, thereby to form the sintered material. Since the coating film containing the cathode material consisting of the powder of a lithium-transition metal oxide is fired to form the sintered material, the cathode having a larger surface area and an uniformity in thickness and density can be obtained. The cathode can improve the battery capacity and cycle characteristic. The method of producing the lithium secondary battery according to the present invention is capable of forming the sintered material with a uniform thickness and pressing the sintered material to the current collector. The sintered material with uniform thickness makes it possible to press the current collector uniformly over the entire surface of the sintered material. As a result, adhesion between the sintered material and the current collector can be improved and the electrical contact resistance can be decreased without causing the sintered material to deform and crack when pressing. The lithium battery of the present invention is a battery comprising a stacked electrode formed of a multilayered electrode unit which includes cathodes and anodes piled via a separator and has strip-shaped current collector, wherein at least the cathodes are sintered materials which are aligned on and joined to one of the current collectors and spaced from one another at bending portions defined by desirable intervals on the current collector, and the cathodes and the anodes are disposed in the stacked electrode, with each anode opposed to the respective cathode. The cathodes and the anodes are accurately aligned so that the electrodes will not be shifted from the predetermined positions, and a current collection can be easily made since providing only one lead wire for each of the cathodes and the anodes suffices, and therefore a lithium secondary battery of high reiability can be achieved. The battery including the stacked electrode described above is produced by a method, which includes the step of forming at least a cathode electrode sheet, on at least one side of the strip-shaped current collector, having a plurality of sintered material electrodes aligned on and joined thereto and spaced from one another at bending portions defined by desirable intervals on the current collector; the step of bending the stack which includes the cathode electrode sheet and an anode electrode sheet piled via a separator so that each cathode oppose the respective anode; and the step of housing the stack in a battery casing. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The above and other objects and features of the present invention will become more apparent from the following description of preferred embodiments thereof with reference to the accompanying drawings, throughout which like parts are designated by like reference numerals. FIG. 1A to 1 F is a schematic sectional view showing a method of producing a battery A according to the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 2A to 2 F is a schematic sectional view showing a method of producing a battery B according to the third embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 3A to 3 F is a schematic sectional view showing a method of producing a battery C according to the third embodiment of the present invention. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS This application is based on application No.11-165185 filed Jun. 11, 1999 in Japan, the content of which is incorporated hereinto by reference. The lithium secondary battery of the present invention comprises a stack body constituted from, for example, a cathode current collector, a cathode, a separator including a non-aqueous electrolytic solution or a non-aqueous electrolyte made of a polymer solid electrolyte, an anode, and an anode current collector. The cathode used in the present invention includes the lithium-transition metal oxide as a cathode active material. The lithium-transition metal oxide may be any conventionally known material. For example, Li x CoO 2 , Li x NiO 2 , Li x MnO 2 , Li x Mn 2 O 4 , Li x Mn 2−y O 4 or the like may be used. As the compounds of lithium and the transition metal used as the raw material, hydroxide, oxide, nitride and carbide of these metals may be used. The anode material used in the present invention includes such carbon materials as graphite, amorphous carbon or a mixture thereof, for example, such as a material made by carbonizing cokes, natural graphite, artificial graphite or pitch, and a mixture thereof. A sintered material made from a composite material of silicon and carbon material as described in International Publication WO98/24135 may be used As the non-aqueous electrolyte used in the present invention, a non-aqueous electrolytic solution prepared by dissolving a lithium compound such as LiPF 6 , as the electrolyte in an organic solvent such as ethylene carbonate or dimethyl carbonate, or a polymer solid electrolyte made of a polymer that holds a lithium compound in the state of solid solution or an organic solvent, wherein the lithium compound is dissolved, may be used. The sintered material of the lithium-transition metal oxide used in the present invention can be made as described below. A coating solution is prepared by dispersing a powder of a lithium-transition metal oxide or a raw material powder of the lithium-transition metal oxide together with a binder in a solvent, then the coating solution is applied to a base material which is, after removing the solvent, fired to sinter in the presence of oxygen. It is more preferable to fire in the presence of oxygen after removing the solvent and peeling the coating film off the base material, since this prevents the coating film from warping during firing. For the base material, a film or a sheet of an organic polymer or a metal foil or sheet may be used, while an organic polymer film is more preferable. In order to make use of the advantage of the present invention that the sintered material can be made uniform even when it is made to have a large surface area, the sintered material preferably has a size of 20 mm×20 mm or larger, and more preferably 40 mm×40 mm or larger. The sintering temperature is such a level as the binder is completely oxidized and decomposed and the sintering reaction proceeds sufficiently, that is higher than the melting point of the current collector, in a range from 700 to 1100° C. and preferably in a range from 800 to 1000° C. Duration of sintering is from 0.1 to 100 hours, preferably from 1 to 50 hours. As the binder, for example, there can be used thermosetting resins such as urethane resin, phenol resin, and epoxy resin; thermoplastic resins or elastomers, such as polyethylene and polypropylene; homopolymers or copolymers of containing a monomer such as vinylidene fluoride, ethylene fluoride, acrylonitrile, ethylene oxide, propylene oxide and methyl methacrylate; and polyvinyl alcohol or polyvinyl butyral. In order to form communicating holes that are effective as the passage of ions, a pore-forming agent may be used. The pore-forming agent is a substance that is not soluble to the solvent used in the preparation of the coating solution, and may be a substance that is completely oxidized and decompose in air atmosphere at a temperature dose to the thermal decomposition temperature of the binder, for example short fibers of organic materials (diameter from 0.1 to 100 μm) such as nylon fiber, acrylic fiber, acetate fiber and polyester fiber, or organic polymer particles such as polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) having diameters from 0.1 to 100 μm. When the pore-forming agent is fired to oxidize and decompose, ion passages can be effectively formed. Because a diffusion of the ions is not prevented, the ion passages can suppress a concentration polarization of ions, thereby to decrease the internal electrical resistance. The porosity of the cathode that is obtained is preferably in a range from 15 to 60%, and more preferably in a range from 30 to 50%. When the porosity is lower than 15%, the electrolytic solution cannot infiltrate into the sintered material sufficiently, resulting in a high internal electrical resistance. When the porosity is higher than 60%, filling density of the active material becomes lower and the desired battery capacity cannot be obtained. As used herein, the porosity is an open pore volume, and is measured on the basis of the Archimedean principle described below. Archimedean principle: Porosity can be determined by the following equation: Porosity =    Ratio     of     open     pore     volume =    ( W 3 - W 1 ) / ( W 3 - W 2 ) × 100 where W 1 is an initial weight of a sample, W 2 is a weight measured in water after purging air from pores by decreasing the pressure or boiling in water and then cooling, and W 3 is a weight measured after being taken out of water and wiped to remove water drops on the surface, then the porosity is given as shown above. The electrical conductivity of the sintered material used in the cathode is preferably 0.1 mS/cm or higher, and more preferably 1 mS/cm or higher This increases the bonding strength between primary particles of the sintered material and improves the mechanical strength of the electrode. The sintered material of the lithium-transition metal oxide formed in the process described above and the current collector can be integrated as follows. The sintered material and the current collector are laminated under a pressure, and heated at a temperature lower than the melting point of the current collector. When aluminum is used for the current collector, heating temperature is from 50 to 600° C., preferably from 100 to 300° C., while there is no particular limitation on the heating time as long as the duration is not less than one second. While there is no limitation on the ambiance during heating, air atmosphere or non-oxidative atmosphere is preferable. The sintered material with a uniform thickness makes it possible that the current collector is pressed to the sintered material uniformly over the entire surface thereof. For the purpose of forming the sintered material with a uniform thickness, the method described previously where the coating film is formed on the organic polymer film is preferable, but a method of polishing the surface of the sintered material may also be employed. As the cathode current collector in the present invention, aluminum, titanium or stainless steel, or an alloy that includes any of these may be used, while aluminum is preferable. This material may be in the form of either foil or mesh. When a sintered material is used for the anode, it may be joined with the anode current collector by, for example, a method described below. The sintered material is pressed to the current collector and heated at a temperature lower than the melting point of the current collector. When copper is used for the current collector, heating temperature is from 50 to 1000° C., while there is no particular limitation on the heating time as long as the duration is not less than one second. The ambiance during heating is preferably air atmosphere or non-oxidative atmosphere. Or, alternatively, a coating film including an active material may be formed on the current collector, which is then heated to sinter. The present invention will now be described in detail below, by way of preferred embodiments thereof. Embodiment 1 A battery of the first embodiment was produced by a method described below. (Formation of Cathode) 60 Parts by weight (hereinafter parts by weight are abbreviated to parts) of LiCoO 2 was mixed with 3.4 parts of polyvinyl butyral as a binder, 0.85 parts of dioctyl adipate as a plasticizer and 28 parts of a mixed solvent of toluene and 1-butyl alcohol in a volume ratio of 4:1, and the mixture was kneaded in a ball mill for 24 hours. This coating solution was applied to a polyester film having a thickness of 50 μm that had been treated with silicone, then the film was dried at 80° C. for 20 minutes thereby to obtain a coating film having a size of 300×150 mm. The coating film was removed from the polyester film and was cut into pieces having a size of 30×40 mm, which were fired at 900° C. in air atmosphere for 10 hours, thereby to obtain a sintered body of LiCoO 2 having a thickness of 300 μm ±3% and porosity of 41%. The shrinkage ratio after firing {=1−(Length after firing/Length before firing) was about 7%. The electrical conductivity of the sintered material was measured by the method described below. As a result, it was 13 mS/cm. The electrical conductivity of the sintered material was measured by the four-terminal method. Four leads were connected to the sintered material parallel to each other at a predetermined space from each other, with the outermost two leads used for supplying current and the innermost two leads used for measuring voltage, being connected to current source and a volt meter, respectively. While changing the current I from −1 mA to +1 mA, voltage V was measured to determine the resistance R, and the conductivity a was calculated by the following equation:  σ=( R×A/l ) −1 where l is a distance between the two voltage measuring leads, and A is a cross sectional area of the sintered material perpendicular to the direction of current. With an aluminum foil having a thickness of 14 μm being attached to the sintered material, the sintered material was heated to 300° C., then cooled down to the room temperature, thereby to obtain a cathode integrated with the current collector. (Formation of Anode) 90 Parts of crystalline silicon powder of purity 99.9% having a mean particle diameter of about 1 μm and 70 parts of a N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (hereinafter abbreviated to NMP) solution of poly (vinylidene fluoride) (14% by weight) were mixed to prepare a uniform coating solution. This coating solution was applied to the copper foil of the current collector and dried at 80° C. for 20 minutes. The dried film was punched through to obtain a piece having a size of 20×40 mm, that was fired at 800° C. in nitrogen atmosphere for three hours, thereby to form an anode integrated with the current collector. (Production of Battery) An electrolytic solution was prepared by dissolving 1 mol/L of LiPF 6 in a mixed solvent of propylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1. The cathode and the anode described above were piled via a separator made of a porous polyethylene film, and the stack was put into a battery housing, with the battery housing being filled with the electrolytic solution and sealed, thereby maling the battery. The battery made by the method described above will be referred to as sample No. 1. After leaving the sample No. 1 to stand at the room temperature for a full day, charge and discharge test was conducted, with the result showing the discharge capacity of 55 mAh in the first cycle and the capacity retention ratio {=(discharge capacity in 50 th cycle/discharge capacity in 1st cycle)×100} of 90% in the fiftieth cycle. Sample No. 2 is a battery that employs a cathode made by the cathode forming method described above, except that 3 parts of spherical polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) having a diameter of 5 μm was added as a pore forming agent to the coating solution. Sample No. 2 had a porosity of 43%. The shrinkage ratio of the sintered body after firing was about 7%, and the electrical conductivity was 5 mS/cm. The discharge capacity in the first cycle was 60 mAh and the capacity retention ratio in the fiftieth cycle was 90%. Sample No. 3 is a battery that employs a sintered material having a thickness of 300 μm ±3% and porosity of 43% made by the cathode forming method described above by firing at a temperature of 900° C. for three hours in air atmosphere. The shrinkage ratio of the sintered body after firing was about 2%, and the electrical conductivity was 0.04 mS/cm. The discharge capacity in the first cycle was 60 mAh and the capacity retention ratio in the fiftieth cycle was 10%. Sample No.4 employed a molded material instead of a coating film in forming the cathode. 10 Parts of polyethylene powder was added as an auxiliary forming agent to 100 parts of LiCoO 2 powder. Although it was attempted to press the mixture in a die to make a molded material having a size of 20×40 mm, the powder could not be packed uniformly and the molded material could not be made. The results obtained from the samples No. 1 to No. 3 show that a sintered material having higher electrical conductivity has higher shrinkage ratio after firing, indicating bonding between the primary particles that constitute the sintered material is accelerated resulting in increased bonding force between the primary particles. Also higher battery capacity retention ratio was achieved with a sintered material of higher electrical conductivity. This is supposedly because the high bonding force between the primary particles prevents the primary particles from coming off and the electrode from disintegrating even after the electrode has repeated expansion and shrinkage during the charge and discharge cycles. Moreover, since the sintered material is used, filling density of active material is high and the battery capacity per unit area is large. The result of sample No.4 shows that it is difficult to make the cathode having a large surface area by the method of using molded material. Embodiment 2 Batteries according to the second embodiment were produced by the following method. (Formation of Cathode) Lithium carbonate powder and cobalt carbonate powder were mixed in a molar ratio of Li/Co=1/1, and the mixture was calcinated at a temperature of 800° C. for 5 hours in air atmosphere. This was ground to make calcinated powder. Spherical PMMA particles having a mean particle diameter of 5 μm was mixed as a pore-forming agent by 5 wt % to the calcinated powder, with the mixed powder being pressed into a molded material which was fired at a temperature of 900° C. for 10 hours in air atmosphere, thereby to obtain a pellet-shaped sintered material of 19 mm in diameter and 94 μm in thickness, having a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 and porosity of 4l%. The electrical conductivity of this sintered material was 5 mS/cm. With an aluminum foil having a thickness of 14 μm being attached, the cathode was heated to 300 ° C. After cooling down the cathode to the room temperature, peel-off test was conducted to make sure that the aluminum foil and the sintered material were integrated. (Formation of Anode) With 3 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride being dissolved in 70 parts of NMP, 27 parts of natural graphite having a particle diameter of about 10 μm was added and mixed in a vibration mill to prepare a coating solution. The coating solution thus prepared was applied to a copper foil having a thickness of 14 μm by using a Baker's applicator thereby forming a coating film having thickness of 74 μm which was used as the anode. (Preparation of Battery) The cathode integrated with a current collector, the anode and a porous polyethylene film were stacked so that the active material surfaces of both electrodes face each other via the porous polyethylene film, and the laminate was immersed in an electrolytic solution that was prepared by dissolving LiPF 6 in a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1, with the concentration being adjusted to 1 mol/L, thereby making the battery of sample No.5. Charge/discharge test was conducted under the following conditions. Current, upper limit of voltage and charging period of constant current-constant voltage charging were set to 4 mA, 4.1 V and 3 hours, while current and lower limit of voltage of constant current discharging were set to 2.6 mA and 2.5 V, respectively. Charging and discharging operations were repeated for 50 cycles, and the charge and discharge capacities were measured. Sample No. 6 is a battery that employs cathode made by the method described below. Lithium carbonate powder and cobalt carbonate powder were mixed in molar proportion of Li/Co=1/1, and the mixture was calcinated at a temperature of 800° C. for 5 hours in air atmosphere. This was ground to make calcinated powder. 100 Parts of the calcinated powder and 8 parts of polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed in NMP thereby to prepare a coating solution. The coating solution was applied to an aluminum foil having a thickness of 14 μm and dried. The dried film was punched through to obtain a pellet having a size of 19 mm in diameter, that was pressed to an aluminum foil and heated to 500° C. thereby to fire the coating film and integrate it with the aluminum foil The sintered material thus obtained was 100 μm in thickness, and had a density of 3.0 g/cm 3 and a porosity of 41%. As described above, sample No. 6 has cathode sintered and integrated with the current collector simultaneously. Sample No. 5, on the other hand, has cathode formed by integrating the sintered material made by sintering at 900° C., higher than the melting point of the aluminum foil of the current collector, and the current collector at 300° C., lower than the melting point of the current collector. In the charge/discharge test, the initial charging capacity of sample No. 6 was 25% that of samples No. 5. The initial charge/discharge efficiency was 98% with sample No. 5 and 20% with sample No. 6. The discharge capacity in the 50th cyde was 93% of the initial charge capacity with the sample No. 5, while that of the sample No. 6 was 0% which meant that charging and discharging were impossible. While the discharge voltage of the sample No.5 did not change after repeating 50 cycles of charge and discharge, the sample No. 6 showed a decrease in the discharge voltage. The cathode of the sample No. 5 showed a high strength and a high electrical conductivity, and larger battery capacity and better cyde characteristic than the sample No. 6. Embodiment 3 FIGS. 1A-1F, FIGS. 2A-2F and FIGS. 3A-3F show schematic sectional views of processes for producing the lithium secondary batteries according to this embodiment of the present invention. The secondary battery of this embodiment includes a stack formed of a multilayered electrode unit that includes cathodes and anodes piled via a separator and has strip-shaped current collectors. FIGS. 1A-1F shows a battery A having a stacked electrode formed by folding a multilayered electrode unit, FIGS. 2A-2F shows a battery B having a stacked electrode formed by winding a multilayered electrode unit, and FIGS. 3A-3F shows a battery C having a stacked electrode formed by folding the multilayered electrode unit in a different way from the battery A. The process of producing the battery A will be described first. FIG. 1A is a perspective view showing the structure of a multilayered electrode unit 1 . The multilayered unit 1 comprises a cathode sheet 2 and an anode sheet 6 that oppose each other via a separator 11 . The cathode sheet 2 comprises a strip-shaped cathode current collector 4 and a plurality of cathodes 3 made of sintered material aligned on and joined to one side of thereof. The plurality of cathodes 3 are joined while being spaced from one another at a plurality of bending portions 5 that secure spaces required for bending and are defined by desirable intervals on the cathode current collector 4 . The anode sheet 6 has a structure similar to that of the cathode 2 , including a strip-shaped anode current collector 8 and a plurality of anodes 7 made of sintered material aligned on and joined to one side of thereof, the plurality of anodes 7 being joined while being spaced from one another at a plurality of bending portions 10 defined by desirable intervals on the anode current collector 8 . In the anode sheet 6 , one end of the strip-shaped anode current collector 8 is stretched in the longitudinal direction to form the anode lead 9 . When producing the battery A, the spaces of the bending portion 5 on the cathode side and the bending portion 10 on the anode side are made substantially equal to each other. The space of the bending portion of the electrode sheet on the outside of bending should ideally be made larger by the amount of thickness of the multilayered electrode unit. However, since the size of the width of the electrode is 10 mm or larger in contrast to the multilayered electrode unit having thickness of about several hundreds of micrometers, the space of the bending portion may be made substantially the same. Therefore, when a pair of the cathode 3 and the anode 7 disposed on the ends of the cathode sheet 2 and the anode sheet 6 are piled to oppose each other, the multilayered electrode unit 1 can be made so that all cathodes 3 and the anodes 7 oppose each other as shown in FIG. 1 B. FIG. 1B is a sectional view taken along lines I-I′ of FIG. 1A Then the multilayered electrode unit 1 is folded by alternately folding up and folding back at the bending portions 5 and the bending portions 10 as shown in FIG. 1C, so that the adjacent cathodes 3 oppose each other and the adjacent anodes 7 oppose each other. Then a stacked electrode 15 is formed by completely folding the multilayered electrode unit 1 (FIG. 1 D). Then the anode lead 9 that extends from the front end of the stacked electrode 15 is welded onto an anode terminal 20 via an insulation plate 16 , while the stacked electrode 15 is housed in a can 17 so that the rear end of the stacked electrode 15 and the cathode current collector on the outermost layer are brought into contact with the bottom and wall surfaces of the can 17 (FIG. 1 E). Then the can 17 is sealed with a lid 18 that has a gas purging hole 21 and welded by laser. After filling the can with a non-aqueous electrolytic solution in a non-aqueous environment, the can is sealed to complete the battery (FIG. 1 F). The anode terminal 20 is fastened onto the lid 18 via insulating packing 19 . FIGS. 2A-2F shows the process of producing the battery B. Processes other than those shown in FIGS. 2A to 2 E and the formation of the electrodes can be done similar to the process of producing the battery A. FIG. 2A is a perspective view showing the structure of a multi-layered unit 1 ′. A cathode sheet 2 ′ and an anode sheet 6 ′ have a plurality of cathodes 3 and a plurality of anodes 7 , both made of the sintered material, being joined on both sides thereof. An end of the cathode sheet 2 ′ is located on the outermost layer after being wound, and therefore the cathode may be joined only on one side of the cathode current collector 4 . The spaces of the bending portion 5 ′ on the cathode side and the bending portion 10 ′ on the anode side are increased along the longitudinal direction of the current collector, to provide allowance for winding. Connected to the anode sheet 6 ′ is the strip-shaped lead 9 that protrudes sideways. The cathode sheet 2 ′ and the anode sheet 6 ′ are held between two halves of one folded separator, and piled as shown in FIG. 2B, to form a multilayered electrode unit 1 ′. FIG. 2B is a sectional view taken along lines II-II′ of FIG. 2 A. Then the multilayered electrode unit 1 ′ is bent at the bending portions 5 ′, 10 ′ as shown in FIG. 2C, and piled so that the plurality of cathodes 3 and the plurality of anodes 7 oppose each other via the separator 11 , to form a stacked electrode 15 ′ (FIG. 2 D). Then the strip-shaped anode lead 9 that protrudes sideways from the anode sheet 6 ′ is welded onto the anode terminal 20 via an insulation plate 16 , while the stacked electrode 15 ′ is housed in the can 17 from the side opposite to the anode lead 9 so that the cathode current collector on the outermost layer of the stacked electrode 15 ′ makes contact with the wall of the can 17 (FIG. 2 E). The subsequent process to complete the battery is similar to the case of the first embodiment (FIG. 2 F). Since the battery B has the plurality of cathodes and the plurality of anodes on both sides of the cathode sheet and the anode sheet, respectively, the amount of the active material contained can be made larger than the case of providing the cathodes or the anodes only on one side, thus achieving a higher energy density of the battery. FIGS. 3A-3F shows a process of producing the battery C. FIG. 3A is a perspective view showing the structure of the cathode sheet 2 , and FIG. 3B is a sectional view taken along lines III-III′ of FIG. 3 A. In FIG. 3B, a pair of anodes, which are joined on one side thereof to the anode current collector 8 ′, are placed on the cathode 3 at the end of the cathode sheet 2 . The cathode sheet 2 includes the strip-shaped cathode current collector 4 and a plurality of cathodes 3 formed on one side thereof from the sintered material. The plurality of cathodes 3 are joined while being separated by a plurality of bending portions 5 that provide spaces necessary for bending. The cathode sheet 2 is folded on the bending portion at the end so that the adjacent cathodes 3 hold therebetween a pair of anodes 7 that are placed on the cathode 3 via the separator 11 . Then the cathode sheet 2 and the separator 11 are folded back at the bending portion 5 so that the adjacent cathodes 3 opposes each other (FIGS. 3B, 3 C). This operation is repeated a plurality of times to fold up the cathode sheet 2 , so that the cathodes and the anodes oppose each other, thereby to form the stacked electrode 15 (FIG. 3 D). For the anodes, for example, a pair of anodes 7 made of the sintered material joined onto a rectangular anode current collector 8 ′ may be used. The anode current collector 8 ′ has the strip-shaped anode lead 9 that protrudes at one end thereof The plurality of anode leads 9 extending from the front end of the stacked electrode 15 is bundled into an anode-connecting conductor 12 (FIG. 3 D). Then the anode connecting conductor 12 is welded onto the anode terminal 20 via an insulation plate 16 , while the stacked electrode 15 is housed in the can 17 so that the rear end of the stacked electrode 15 and the cathode current collector on the outermost layer make contact with the bottom and the wall of the can 17 (FIG. 1 E). The subsequent process to complete the battery is similar to the case of the first embodiment (FIG. 3 F). An anode sheet that includes a plurality of anodes made of sintered material may be used instead of the cathode sheet, and sintered cathodes may be used instead of the sintered anodes. In the battery C, since the sintered electrode sheet is folded after covering the sintered electrodes, the electrodes can be aligned easily and displacement of the electrodes can be prevented. In FIGS. 1A-1F or FIGS. 2A-2F, the anodes 7 may also be constituted from coating film electrodes. When forming the coating film electrodes, a heat treatment at a high temperature is not necessary unlike the case of forming the sintered electrodes. Therefore, the electrodes can be formed more easily than the case where the sintered material is used for the cathodes and the anodes. The coating film electrode may be a strip-shaped current collector coated with a coating solution containing the active material and a binder, which is then dried to integrate therewith. For example, a coating film that includes a compound of silicon and a carbon material or a carbon material as the anode active material may be used. Now an example of the method of producing the battery A will be described below. (Formation of Cathode) Two sintered materials made similarly to the sample No. 1 of the first embodiment were placed on an aluminum foil having thickness of 14 μm and spaced from one another at a distance equal to the space of the bending portion and, while being pressed thereon, were heated to 300° C. thereby to form the cathode sheet. After cooling down the cathode to the room temperature, peel-off test was conducted to make sure that the aluminum foil and the sintered material were integrated. The sintered cathode having a size of 300 μm in thickness, 2 cm in width and 4 cm in length. (Formation of anode) Two anode coating films were formed similary to the anode of the first embodiment, being spaced from one another at bending portion substantially the same space as the bending portion of the cathode, and were fired at 800° C. in nitrogen atmosphere for 3 hours, thereby to form an anode sheet. (Production of battery) The cathode and the anode were piled via a separator made of porous polyethylene film thereby to form a multilayered electrode unit. The multilayered electrode unit was folded at the bending portions to make the stacked electrode. By covering the stacked electrode with an insulating film, a battery element was made. The battery element was put into a square battery can which was filled with an electrolytic solution prepared by adding 1 mol/L of LiPF 6 to a mixed solvent of ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate in a volume ratio of 1:1. The battery can was sealed thereby completing the battery. With the method described above, since two cathodes are joined onto the cathode current collector into a single body, handling is made easier than the case of handling individual cathodes. Charge/discharge test conducted on 20 batteries thus produced showed that all the batteries provided the charge and discharge capacities corresponding to the active material. Since the lithium secondary battery of the present invention employs the cathode including the porous sintered material made from the lithium-transition metal oxide with a porosity in a range from 15 to 60% and the electrical conductivity of more than 0.1 mS/cm, as described above, the cathode has higher mechanical strength. Also because the internal electrical resistance of the battery is decreased, the battery has larger capacity and excellent cycle characteristic. According to the method of producing the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, since the cathode made of the material sintered at a temperature higher than the melting point of the current collector is heated to a temperature lower than the melting point of the current collector thereby to integrate with the current collector, strength and electrical conductivity of the cathode can be improved and, at the same time, contact resistance can be decreased without damaging the current collector by thermal deformation. Thus the lithium secondary battery having larger capacity and excellent cycle characteristic is provided. The method of producing the lithium secondary battery of the present invention also makes it possible to form the cathode having larger surface area and uniform thickness and density and decrease the thickness of the lithium secondary battery, because the coating film containing the cathode material consisting of the lithium-transition metal oxide is sintered. The method of producing the lithium secondary battery of the present invention also makes it possible to improve the adhesion between the sintered material and the current collector and decrease the electrical contact resistance, thereby improving the cycle characteristic of the lithium secondary battery, because the sintered material with uniform thickness is joined to the current collector by pressing and heating. In the lithium secondary battery of the present invention, since the electrodes made of the sintered material are piled by accurately aligning the cathodes and the anodes, the electrodes does not shift from the predetermined positions. Since only one lead is required for each of the cathodes and the anodes, electrical collection is made easier. Thus the non-aqueous secondary battery of low cost and high reliability can be provided.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part of Ser. No. 874,245 filed Feb. 1, 1978, now abandoned. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The instant invention relates to liquid membrane capsule systems which have been made resistant to coalescence by means of an irreversible coating which coating is typified by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose and aluminum sulfate added to an emulsion-suspension system resulting in irreversibly coated globules containing both the emulsion, comprising an internal and external phase, and the suspension phase. As a result of this irreversible coating the liquid membrane systems will maintain their initial size distribution for a long period of time in the absence of agitation. Furthermore, the liquid membrane capsule systems will be pumpable for extended periods of time. The liquid membrane systems will also be resistant to rupture caused by bile, high HLB surfactant (13 or greater), stress pancreatin or solid matter. Such irreversibly coated liquid membrane capsule systems will be of advantage in medicinal fields where it is desirable to have high stability liquid membrane systems encapsulating detoxification chemicals as the internal phase of the liquid membrane. These liquid membrane capsule systems will be particularly useful for extracorporeal medical treatment. Such irreversibly coated liquid membrane capsule systems will also be of use in detoxification and water purification systems wherein strong, long-lived encapsulated materials are desirable for the concentration of toxins or wastes wherein the handling will not be as gentle as that which can be performed under laboratory conditions, i.e. irreversibly coated liquid membrane capsule systems will be of use in general industrial applications. Extracorporeal Use of Stabilized LMC One of the most attractive uses of these stabilized LMC is the treatment of patients with the LMC in an extracorporeal device containing these LMCs. An extracorporeal device is, of course, outside the body but in communication with the patient via a body fluid. In chronic uremia, the most common extracorporeal treatment is hemodialysis. Here blood is removed from the patient and passed through the hemodializer before returning to the patient. In the device, the blood passes on one side of a solid dialysis membrane and on the other side of this membrane a large volume of dialysis fluid (i.e. about 200 liters) is used to dilute the toxins from the blood. The volume of dialysis fluid required might be greatly reduced (i.e. to about 1 liter) by continuously removing toxins with the stabilized LMC suspended in a recirculating dialysis fluid. The volume of dialysis fluid can be reduced by about 99%. A newer type extracorporeal treatment is hemofiltration. Here the blood is ultrafiltered, the ultrafiltrate discarded and sterile saline is reinfused into the patient. Here the requirement for large volumes of sterile saline could be eliminated by treating the ultrafiltrate with LMC to remove the toxins and reinfusing the treated ultrafiltrate. Of course, the LMC would have to be removed from the ultrafiltrate by, for example, gravity settling and/or filtration, before reinfusion into the patient. A type of extracorporeal treatment under experimental investigation is hemoperfusion. Here the blood removed from the patient is directly treated with sorbents before reinfusion. These LMCs might be used to remove the toxins from the blood by suspending the LMC directly in the blood. Of course, they would have to be removed before reinfusion. An additional type of dialysis in extensive clinical use is peritoneal dialysis. In this method, sterile fluid is introduced into the peritoneal cavity, where it is separated from the blood by the natural peritoneal membrane, and is used to dilute the toxins. This fluid is later drained from the cavity and discarded and replaced by additional sterile fluid. The volume of sterile fluid could be greatly reduced by an extracorporeal device to treat the fluid drained from the peritoneal cavity with suspended LMC before reinfusing the purified fluid. It is preferred that the LMC be removed from the fluid before reinfusion. However, if LMCs which were completely degraded by the body were used, this complete removal would not be essential. The Stabilized Liquid Membrane Capsules (LMC) of the present invention make possible very significant improvements in the various apparatus employed in the dialysis of blood. Hemodialysis apparatus are improved and significantly reduced in size by using the LMC. The volume of dialysis fluid employed can be reduced by over 99% since rather than using a large volume of dialysis fluid to dilute the toxins picked up, the LMC captures the toxin or converted toxin (ammonia) and carries it off in a small volume. This is accomplished by using means for suspending the LMC wherein the interior phase is citric acid, in the dialysis fluid which, by means of urease has converted urea into ammonia. The LMC removes the ammonia. The combination of dialysis fluid and LMC are passed into a contacting zone wherein they encounter activated carbon and phosphate ion exchange materials to remove other toxins. The dialysis fluid and suspended LMC may then be separated by standard means such as filtration, settling, etc., the purified small volume of dialysis fluid being recirculated to contact the blood, while the LMC goes to treat another volume of dialysis fluid. This separation is purely optional. Clearly the apparatus can function on either a batch or continuous basis. In peritoneal dialysis, the saline solution is purified using the LMC wherein the interior phase is citric acid by employing means for suspending the LMC in the contaminated saline withdrawn from the peritoneal cavity. This combination is contacted in a contacting zone with immobilized urease, which converts urea to ammonia (which in turn is removed by the LMC), activated carbon and phosphate ion exchange material to remove the toxins and suspended matter. The saline and LMC are then separated in a separating means. The purified saline being recycled to the peritoneal cavity and the LMC being used to cleanse another portion of saline. Likewise, in hemofiltration, the ultrafiltrate containing the toxins has suspended in it the LMC, again containing citric acid, and this combination passed to, i.e., contacting means wherein it contacts immobilized urease, activated carbon and phosphate ion exchange material. In much the same way as peritoneal dialysis, the ultrafiltrate is cleansed of the ammonia and other toxins, separated from the LMC and reintroduced into the blood thereby eliminating the need to use saline and thus also reintroducing into the body its own cleansed plasma containing the essential components which are beneficial to the patient. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURE FIG. 1 is a highly simplified schematic of the invention of the instant application showing the irreversible coating external layer, the continuous emulsion phase contained inside the coating layer, i.e. the micro droplets comprising an internal phase suspended in the continuous external phase. FIG. 2 shows ammonia removal by the liquid membranes of Example 12. The irreversibly coated, coalescence resistant liquid membrane capsule systems of the instant invention will find primary use in medicinal applications, for example, in the treatment of chronic uremia as a valuable adjunct to dialysis. In such a medicinal use, liquid membrane capsule systems which have been irreversibly coated will comprise an internal aqueous phase containing a reactive substance such as a medicinal, toxin trap or an enzyme, for example, urease. The external phase will comprise an oil layer to which has been added a strengthening agent and/or a surfactant. This internal/external phase droplet (emulsion) will in turn be suspended in a suspensing phase, typically a saline type medically acceptable solution. Each of these internal/external droplets-suspension phase materials will in turn be encapsulated by the irreversible coating system of the instant invention thereby rendering large portions of the liquid membrane capsule systems resistant to coalescence. In the practice of the instant invention, the micro droplets identified as No. 1 in the Figure will be formed by any means common in the art, i.e. dropwise addition of the internal phase material to the oil phase with appropriate agitation. The encapsulating phase will be a hydrocarbon oil phase which, if the application of the encapsulated system is medicinal, will be nontoxic. The same is true for the strengthening agents and/or surfactants which are used in the practice of this invention. The internal phase will contain the reactive substrate and can be chosen from those substances which either complex with permeated toxin thereby rendering it impermeable to retransfer across the external phase boundary, or will react with the toxin thereby rendering it nontoxic. The suspension phase will be present so as to dilute the liquid membrane system thereby rendering it amenable to injection or ingestion as the case may be. The choice of the suspension system is left to the discretion of the practitioner, subject to the constraints enumerated later, as is the concentration of the emulsion in the suspension phase, since such parameters are dependent upon the use to which it is to be put. In those situations wherein the liquid membrane capsule system is to be used in a medicinal form, the suspension phase of course must be nontoxic and will preferably constitute a saline type solution. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Liquid membrane compositions comprising an aqueous internal phase surrounded by a nonaqueous hydrophobic oil external phase suspended in an aqueous suspension media are rendered resistant to coalescence by the inclusion of an irreversible coating material in the suspension media phase. The liquid membrane compositions in general comprise an aqueous internal phase. The aqueous internal phase may contain any material which can be suspended or dissolved in an aqueous media. In general, the aqueous phase solution may contain from 0 to 60% solute or from 0 to the saturation point of the solute. Preferably, the aqueous internal phase is a dilute solution, that is, of less than 10% solute. The composition of the material in the aqueous phase is left to the discretion of the practitioner. As such, the aqueous internal phase can comprise plain water if such is desirable or it may contain an acid or base material or it may contain a suspended medicinal or enzyme or toxin trap if the overall liquid membrane is intended for medical purposes. When the material in the aqueous internal phase is an acid, the concentration range is from 0 to the saturation point. Such materials containing an acid or base internal or aqueous phase are normally utilized in water decontamination processes. This aqueous internal phase is in turn encapsulated by an external phase comprising an hydrophobic nonaqueous oil phase. Again, the composition of the oil phase is left to the discretion of the practitioner, the ultimate composition depending upon the use to which the liquid membrane composition is to be placed. If the liquid membrane composition is to be used for medicinal purposes, obviously the oil external phase components must be nontoxic. The oil is designed to be immiscible with the liquids present in the environment of use, for example, in the G.I. tract. The oil is also to be immiscible with the ultimate suspension phase to be described in further detail later. Normally, the polynuclear aromatic oils are known to be harmful to the body and consequently are outside the scope of this application when the materials are to be used for medicinal purposes and/or ingested or injected into the human body. Some nonlimiting examples of oils which can be utilized in forming the compositions of the instant invention for use in the body include hydrocarbon oils that are refined to remove toxic ingredients and possess molecular weights up to 1000, for example, paraffins, isoparaffins, naphthenes and nonpolynuclear aromatics. Particularly desirable are the mineral oils which have been highly refined for use in human ingestion. A 1 to 60% mono-olein-mineral oil blend can also be used. Additionally, oil or treated oils from animal or vegetable sources may be used if they are unconverted in the environment of use. For example, vegetable oil and animal fats that are heavily hydrogenated to contain at least 10 wt. % more hydrogen than at normal saturation may be used herein. Furthermore, silicon fluids containing the repeating unit ##STR1## can be used. The fluorinated hydrocarbon oils may also be used. Any of these oils should have a viscosity of about 1 to a 1000 centistokes at the temperatures at which they are utilized. The preferred range is about 1 to 130 centistokes at approximately 100° F. Most preferably, the materials have a viscosity of 9 to 17 centistokes. Mineral oils are the most preferred oil phase components. For general applications, the oil external phase comprises material which is immiscible with the aqueous internal phase and which will not react with the aqueous phase or the components of the aqueous phase or with the suspension phase. This oil external phase has dissolved therein optionally, a surfactant. In general, the surfactants have HLB ranges of 4 to 5.5. The most preferred HLB range is 4.2 to 4.4. In general, the amount of surfactant utilized ranges from 0 to 5 wt. %. Ideally, the amount of surfactant utilized is zero if the material used for coating is carboxymethyl cellulose. In addition, the oil external phase must contain a strengthening agent. The amount of strengthening agent used in general, ranges from 0.5 to 40 wt. %, preferably 2 to 10 wt. %. Ideally, the same material will be utilized as both the surfactant and strengthening agent. Surfactants which may be utilized in the invention are those known in the art; see, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 3,779,907. A detailed treatis on surfactants is Surface Active Agents and Detergents by Schwartz, Perry and Berch, Interscience Publishers, Inc., New York, N.Y., and Surface Chemistry by Osipow, Reinhold Publishing Company, New York, N.Y., 1962, Chapter 8. The only requirement which must be met is that the surfactant be oil soluble, i.e., an HLB of ≦8. Various polyamine derivatives which function both as surfactants and strengthening agents, are useful within the scope of the instant invention. The preferred polyamine derivatives are those having the general formula: ##STR2## wherein R 3 , R 4 [R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 , R 9 ] and y are chosen from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1 to C 20 alkyl, C 6 to C 20 aryl, C 7 to C 20 alkaryl radicals and substituted derivatives thereof; and x is an integer of from 1 to 100. More preferably, R 5 , R 6 , R 7 , R 8 and R 9 are hydrogen, and x varies from 3 to 20. y may be further selected from the group consisting of hydrogen containing nitrogen radicals, hydrogen and oxygen containing nitrogen radicals and alkyl radical having up to 10 carbons which contain nitrogen, oxygen or both. The substituted derivatives previously mentioned are preferably selected from the group consisting of oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, phosphorus and halogen containing derivatives. Other polyamine derivatives which are useful are polyisobutylene succinic anhydride derivatives selected from the group consisting of compounds of the structure ##STR3## wherein R' is a C 10 -C 60 hydrocarbon. The most preferred polyamine derivatives have the general formula ##STR4## When the LMCs are to be utilized in medicinal applications, especially when injected or ingested, the surfactants, if used, must not be harmful to the human body. Nonionic surfactants are the preferred surfactant types for the practice of this aspect of the invention. A surfactant is nonionic if it does not ionize when added to the aqueous phase that will be the suspending phase or the internal aqueous phase. Examples of oil-soluble surfactants possessing the desired characteristics include sorbitan monooleate and other types of sorbitan fatty acid esters, e.g., sorbitan, sorbitanmonolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan stearate, sorbitan tristearate, sorbitan trioleate, poly oxyethylene sorbitan, fatty acid esters, and mono and diglycerides. Preferred surfactants include the polyamine derivatives previously described. This internal aqueous phase/external oil phase emulsion is in turn suspended in a suspension phase which is an aqueous material. The composition of this suspended aqueous phase material is again left to the discretion of the practitioner. In general, when the liquid membrane compositions are intended for medicinal uses, the aqueous suspending phase must be nontoxic and in general will constitute a medically acceptable saline solution. For other applications, this aqueous suspending phase may contain any useful component. The amount of suspending phase to emulsion represented as Vs/Ve (Volume suspending to volume emulsion) ranges from L;L to 5:1 with the preferred ratio ranging from 2:1 to 3:1. This overall emulsion containing suspension is rendered resistant to coalescence by the addition of materials of the type represented by sodium carboxymethyl cellulose to which has optionally been added a trivalent metal salt component or heavy divalent metal salt of the type represented by aluminum sulfate. The compositions of the instant invention are resistant to coalescence, that is, the coated liquid membrane compositions when allowed to stand in a container which is not being subjected to agitation will not coalesce, that is, will not significantly deteriorate in particle droplet size, said deterioration being characterized by an increase in the overall size of each LMC droplet. Coalescence can be broken down into three different ranges. They are severe coalescence in which is observed two distinct phases at the time of inspection. One phase constitutes the aqueous internal and the nonaqueous external phase emulsion completely distinct from the suspending phase at the time of inspection. The next level constitutes minimal coalescence. At the time of inspection, the liquid membranes are identifiable as distinct phases; that is, the internal aqueous-external nonaqueous emulsion component is seen to still be in suspension. However, there is recognized at the time of inspection a change in the size distribution. A broadening of the size range by a factor of 3 is seen. For example, if at time zero, that is, upon immediate cessation of agitation, the liquid membrane composition exhibits a size range of from X to 3X with an average size of 1.3 X, while at the time of inspection, some arbitrary time after t=o, the size range goes from X to 10X with the average size being 1.7X to 2.1X which constitutes a 30 to 60 % increase in the average size. X is defined as the smallest liquid membrane particle typically 5 to 50μ. In general, formulations exhibiting minimal coalescence at the time of inspection exhibit negligible coalescence for some length of time before the inspection time. Negligible coalescense is the final category and in order to exhibit negligible coalescence, liquid membrane capsules at the time of inspection exist as distinct materials; that is, the emulsion has remained in suspension with a minimal change in average particle size and particle distribution. No broadening of size range is seen. For example, if at time 0, the size distribution ranges from X to 3X with an average of 1.3X, while at the inspection time, some arbitrary time after time 0, the size range ranges from X to 3X, with an average size of 1.7X. Negligible coalescence is identified as no change in the size range of the liquid membrane capsules with less than a 30% change in the average size. Non-irreversibly coated, prior art liquid membranes exhibit severe coalescence in one minute to one hour. Some formulations of irreversibly coated liquid membranes exhibit minimal coalescence over a time span of from two hours to two years. Other formulations of irreversibly coated liquid membranes exhibit only negligible coalescence after 1 year or more of standing. The irreversibly coated liquid membrane compositions of the instant invention, can also be characterized by the following test criteria. Emulsions suspended in a suspension phase were coated with a preselected coating material. These irreversibly coated liquid membrane compositions were then exposed to a suspending phase which contained a high HLB surfactant (HLB greater than 8, for example, bile or Renex 690) and/or solids (0.03 to 0.07% pancreatin, silica gel) with gentle agitation (a propeller mechanism stirring at 30 to 60 rpm). Under these test criteria, severe coalescence constituted an increase in average liquid membrane size ranging to five times the original liquid membrane size in from 5 to 15 minutes. Visual observation indicated that the material after that time period contained some nonspherical shaped liquid membranes. Noncoated liquid prior art membrane compositions subjected to the test criteria coalesced to form separate emulsion-suspension phases within one minute after the cessation of agitation. Minimal coalescence under the test conditions are described by the following change in size distribution which occurs gradually over a two-hour period. Here, as before, a broadening of the size range by a factor of three is seen, but this time at a time of two hours of continuous exposure to high HLB surfactant and/or solids as described before. For example, if at time=0 the size ranges from X to 3X with an average size of 1.3X, at a time of two hours, the average size ranges from X to 10X with an average size of 1.7X to 2.1 X (a 30 to 60% increase in size) X=the smallest liquid membrane capsule size. In order to be considered to exhibit minimal coalescence, liquid membranes will coalesce to form separate emulsion and suspension phases within 1 day after cessation of agitation. For a liquid membrane to exhibit negligible coalescence under the test conditions, size range of the liquid membrane is maintained as before with less than a 30% increase in the average diameter in the liquid membrane capsule average diameter but this time in two hours. In order for a liquid membrane capsule to exhibit minimal coalescence, liquid membranes will separate on visual inspection into emulsion and suspending phases only after more than one day without agitation. The irreversibly coated liquid membrane compositions of the instant invention when subjected to the test criteria fall into the latter two categories. The irreversibly coated liquid membrane compositions of the instant invention are generally prepared by encapsulating the aqueous interior phase component in the nonaqueous external oil phase component by mixing the two materials at a shear rate, for example, of from 500 to 8000 reciprocal seconds (sec -1 ). This emulsion in turn is suspended in a suspending phase by the addition of the emulsion to the suspension phase and exertion of a shear rate of 50 to 8000 reciprocal seconds for a duration of from 0.5 to 150 seconds per 100 grams total material (the suspending phase plus emulsion). When using high shear rates (i.e. >1000 sec -1 ), the emulsion micro droplet size must be ≦1μ to avoid excessive leakage during the coating process. The suspending phase has added to it before the preparation of the liquid membrane compositions a quantity of irreversible coating materials such as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose which is characterized by a molecular weight of from 80,000 to 800,000. Preferably, the sodium carboxymethyl cellulose is of the lower viscosity type with a molecular weight of from 80,000 to 200, 000. As an alternative to sodium carboxymethyl cellulose as one of the irreversibly coating components may be used albumin or hydroxypropyl cellulose or xanthum gum (a polysaccharide). As further alternates to these materials, there may be used long chain polymers having surface activity; that is, those polymers used commercially as emulsion stabilizers, which have the ability to gel or have their chains crosslinked by the action of the trivalent/heavy divalent cations. After the formation of this liquid membrane composition comprising an emulsion in water combination wherein the final water phase contains the irreversibly coating material which for the sake of convenience will be identified as sodium carboxymethyl cellulose there is added an additional material constituting a trivalent metal salt or heavy divalent metal salt. As examples of such salts, one may consider Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .18H 2 O, aluminum acetate or aluminum hydroxide may be used. Further, any trivalent cation containing salt or heavy metal divalent cation, for example, cuprous, cupric, silver, ferrous, uranic, chromium, stannous, lead or zirconium materials may also be used. This trivalent heavy divalent cation shall for the sake of convenience, be identified as aluminum sulfate. The amount of aluminum material added to the liquid membrane composition is determined on the basis of the ratio of the cellulose component weight to the aluminum cation weight. Preferably, the ratio ranges from 50 to 999, preferably from 70 to 200. The typical pH of the cellulose material in water is aout 5.5. This pH may be adjusted higher, to about 8.0 by addition of a base, such as NaHCO 3 or NaOH. The manner of the addition of the aluminum material is of importance. When aluminum sulfate is added as a solid, it is added to the suspending phase before the emulsion has been suspended in the suspending phase, that is, before the liquid membrane capsules are formed. If the aluminum sulfate is added from aqueous solution, again the material is added dropwise to the irreversible coating component containing the suspending phase before the liquid membrane composition is formed. In this case, the suspending phase (containing cellulose material and Al) will have a pH of 3.0-5.5, regardless of whether the pH of the suspending phase (containing only cellulose material) was adjusted as far as up to 8 before the Al was added or not. When Al is added in this manner, best results are obtained when the emulsion and suspending phases are subjected to shear rates of from 4000 to 5000 seconds -1 for from 0.8 to 1.3 sec. per 100 gms. In another embodiment, citric acid or some other acid such as any alkali metal salt of citric or maleic acid or short chain carboxylic acid or metal salt acids is added to a solution containing the aluminum sulfate materail, with the pH of the acid-Al solution having been adjusted to 2 to 7, and the solution is added after the liquid membrane capsules have been formed. The pH of this cation containing material which is added after the liquid membrane is formed is preferably adjusted to from 5 to 7 by the addition of sodium hydroxide. Typically, when the aluminum sulfate is added from a citric acid solution, the mole ratio of citrate as citric acid to aluminum ranges from 0:1-1:1, preferably the mole ratio is 0.6:1-1:1. When this embodiment is used, the shear rate for forming the LMC is preferably 70-700 sec -1 for a duration of 1-150 sec/100 gms. material (suspending phase +emulsion). The citric acid-Al sulfate is added over a period of 1-5 min. after the LMC have formed while the LMC are being sheared at a rate 5-40% of that used to form the LMC. To summarize, the irreversibly coated LMC composition comprises an emulsion, comprising an aqueous internal-nonaqueous external phase, in an aqueous suspending phase, which aqueous suspending phase has added to it an irreversible coating component, present at a concentration of from 0.5 to 100 grams ICC per liter suspending phase, preferably 1 to 50 grams ICC per liter suspending phase. To this is added, optionally a heavy tri or divalent metal salt at an ICC to salt rates based on weight, of from 50 to 999. The typical pH of the ICC containing suspension phase is about 5.5. When the trivalent or heavy divalent cation salt material is added from solution, the salt is preferably dissolved in an acidic solution, the pH of which is between about 2 and 7, preferably between about 5 and 7. In such a situation the mole ratio of acid to trivalent or heavy divalent cation salt ranges from 0:1 to 1:1, preferably 0.6:1 to 1:1. Following are examples of irreversibly coated LMC, the method of preparing them and the stability observed when left to stand with no agitation. TABLE I__________________________________________________________________________ Suspending Phase Characteristics Components of Suspending Phase Ratio of Composition Conc., type pH of (In addition Suspending Emulsion Internal of long Suspending long chain Phase toEx Oil Phase Phase Chain Polymer Phase polymer) Emulsion__________________________________________________________________________1 96% Markol 87* 60.9% citric Sodium 5.5 -- 2:1 4% Polyamine A ↓ Carboxy ↓ ↓ ↓ 20 g/l ↓ ↓ ↓ Methyl ↓ ↓ ↓ Cellulose ↓ ↓ ↓ Low vis type ↓2 ↓ ↓ ↓ -- 2:13 ↓ ↓ 10 g/l ↓ -- 2:14 ↓ 5 g/l NaCl 20 g/l ↓ -- 2:1 ↓ 4 g/l NaHCO.sub.3 ↓5 96% Markol 87* 69.9% citric 5.0 g/l ↓ -- 1:1 4% Polyamine A acid ↓6 ↓ ↓ 10 g/l 7.7 20 g/l NaHCO.sub.3 2:17 96% Markol 87* 59.2 wt. % 10 g/l Sodium 7.7 20 g NaHCO.sub.3 /l 2:1 4% Polyamine A tartaracid Carboxy-methyl ↓ 1.5 g Al.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub. 3 ↓ ↓ ↓ 18 H.sub.2 O/l ↓8 95% Markol 87* ↓ Cellulose ↓ ↓ 4% Polyamine A ↓ (low viscosity ↓ ↓ 1% sorbitan type) Mono-oleate9 95% Markol 87* 59.2 wt. % 8 g/l egg 7 5 g NaCl 2:1 4% Polyamine A tartaricacid albumin ↓ 4 g NaHCO.sub.3 ↓ 1% Sorbitan ↓ ↓ ↓ 1.5 g Al.sub. 2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3 ↓ Mono-oleate ↓ ↓ ↓ 18 H.sub.2 O ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ per liter ↓10 96% Markol 87 ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ 4% Polyamine A ↓ ↓ ↓__________________________________________________________________________ *White oil with viscosity of 17 cs at 100° F. Trivalent Cation (Al) Characteristics MoleShear Conditions Ratio Shear of Duration Chelating Stability Characteristics Shear mass Wt. Ratio Agent pH of Stability Rate, material Manner of L.C. Polymer (Citrate) Citrate/ (Degree InspectionEx 1/sec. sec./(100g) Addition Cation to Al Al Soln. Coalescense) Time__________________________________________________________________________1 378 133 As citric 72/1 1/1 7 Minimal 3 months ↓ ↓ Al soln. ↓ ↓ Minimal 21 months. ↓ ↓ after LMC ↓ ↓2 ↓ ↓ formed at 72/1 ↓ ↓ Minimal 3 months ↓ ↓ Shear Rate ↓ Severe 21 months ↓ ↓ of 27/sec. ↓3 ↓ ↓ Plus continued 32/1 ↓ 2 Minimal 10 min. ↓ ↓ shearing after ↓ Severe 1 day citric Al soln ↓4 76 8 added at rate ↓ 2 Negligible 1 Year of 27/sec for 178/1 ↓ 7300 sec./ ↓ 100g only for 25 3600 1.3 Al add. in vol- 19 -- -- Negligible 1 day ume of water equal to that Severe 2 weeks of suspending phase, after LMC formed at shear rate of 3600/sec. for 3 sec/100 g.6 3600 10 Al placed in 76 -- -- Minimal 8 months suspending phase as powder before LMC formed7 378 133 Al present in 76/1 -- -- Minimal 1-4 days8 ↓ ↓ suspending phase ↓ -- -- Severe 10 min.9 ↓ ↓ with long chain 61/1 -- -- Minimal 1-4 days10 ↓ ↓ polymer before ↓ -- -- Severe 1/2 hr. LMC formed ↓__________________________________________________________________________ EXAMPLE 11 ______________________________________Emulsion: 96% 1P17; 4% Polyamine(A) 100 g 59.2% tartaric acid 75g prepared in colloid mill, 900 g of material circulating for 10 min., 85% open (Shear Rate 4000 sec.sup.-1)Suspending Phase: 1.5 g Al.sub.2 (SO.sub.4).sub.3 . 18H.sub.2 O 20 g NaHCO.sub.3 per liter 10 g sodium carboxymethyl of water cellulose (Matheson, Coleman & Bell)______________________________________ 400 ml of suspending phase and 200 ml of emulsion were circulated in a colloid (J. W. Greer; Gifford Wood Model W200) at full power, 85% open setting to form the liquid membrane suspension. 270 ml of the suspension were combined with 225 ml of an albumin solution, 8 g albumin, 20 g NaHCO 3 /liter H 2 O and 10 mM bile and 0.5% pancreatin added. Extreme coalescence within five minutes of contacting with bile and pancreatin of reversibly coated (with methyl cellulose) liquid membranes compared to the irreversibly coated liquid membrane was observed. The remaining suspension stood in a container with no agitation for 51/2 months at room temperature. 100 ml of the 51/2 month old suspension (33 ml of liquid membrane capsules) and 500 ml of an albumin solution were combined in a beaker and pumped at 500 ml/min over a bed (5 cm diameter, 15 cm length) of glass beads for 48 hours. The beads were used to simulate other sorbent systems that might be used in a dialysate system. The suspension appeared to maintain is original appearance throughout the pumping procedure. No significant change in the size of the liquid membrane capsules occured after 21/2 hours of pumping. The pH of the suspending phase changed very little (from 8.16 to 7.06) over a 19 hour period indicating very little leakage of internal phase with this severe prolonged condition. EXAMPLE 12 Emulsion: Same as Example 11 Suspending Phase: 20 g sodium carboxymethyl cellulose per liter water Suspension was formed by stirring 30 ml of suspending phase and 15 ml of emulsion with a propeller (4 cm diameter, 3 blades tilted 45°) at 1800 RPM for one minute in a 5.5 cm diameter glass jar shear rate 400 sec -1 . A length of 18" O.D. steel tubing in the jar served as a baffle. The distance between the propeller tip and baffle was 3 mm. The propeller speed was lowered to 132 RPM and 3 ml of a solution containing 0.608 g of citric acid and 3.2 g Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 .18H 2 O per 100 ml water added. The pH of the citric-aluminum solution was adjusted to 7.0 with NaOH before addition. 90 ml of the suspension were added to 270 ml of a solution containing 20 g/l NaHCO 3 and 20 mg/100 ml NH 3 . FIG. 2 indicates the removal of ammonia with liquid membranes coated in the above manner. The rate constant of 0.31/min at a pH of 7.8 compares favorably with 0.40/min for a reversibly coated liquid membrane system.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/540,633, titled HUMAN-RECHARGEABLE ELECTRIC VEHICLE, filed Sep. 29, 2011. BACKGROUND [0002] Many workers use a bicycle as the primary means of commuting to and from work. Bike commuting is a good alternative for many urban dwellers, but still impractical for most due to factors such as weather conditions and safety. People with longer commutes may have the desire to travel by bike, but simply can't because of the time/distance each way, every day. Each U.S. rush-hour conventional auto commuter spends on average 200 hours per year driving to and from work, plus an average of 36 hours a year stuck in traffic. This results in lost productivity and wasted fuel. Further, people incur substantial expense on exercise equipment and health club memberships. [0003] The present invention helps solve all of these problems by producing an affordable electric vehicle fused with an enclosed recumbent exercise bicycle. The experience of bike commuting, previously reserved for the most passionate sub-culture of bikers, will be opened up to the rest of the population who have a hard time riding in the rain, cold, dark, or other road conditions. The carbon fiber body provides protection from the elements while this three-wheeled vehicle travels up to highway speeds powered by an in-wheel hub motor with sufficient range to reach the office, home or other desired location. Recharge is by standard household AC current, plus contribution from the integrated exercise pedals. Finally, a mobile platform with GPS navigation links exercise profiles selected by the user to pedal resistances, simulating the hills and course of any length of road in the world, even while stuck in traffic. The present invention will allow commuters to get their exercise during time that would otherwise be spent just sitting in a car. Bicycling can reduce transportation fatalities and promote health improvement. [0004] The primary goal of the present invention is to provide a better bike commuter vehicle—a highway speed, covered, safe, one- or two-passenger, all weather, pedal recharging electric bike. The central challenges of this project are how to build a system to vary the resistance at the pedals (like an exercise bike), send all the power that the person generates to the batteries without throwing any of it away, and generate enough power so that the rider contributes to the system as much as possible. SUMMARY [0005] In general terms, the present disclosure is directed to an electric vehicle. In one possible embodiment and by non-limiting example, the electric vehicle is a, lightweight plug-in electric vehicle with human power input provided by a high output pedal-driven generator (the pedals are connected to a generator, not directly to the wheels). The electric current generated by the driver goes into the vehicle's overall system to be used for recharging the battery bank. The drive train is designed to increase and decrease pedal resistance, which translates into higher and lower levels of charging current to the battery. The entire charging system can be switched to outboard mode and thus provide on-demand portable electric power. The vehicle includes a computing device with a user interface that mimics an electric exercise bicycle, with both pre-set and custom exercise program profiles. Drive wheel(s) provide regenerative braking. A solar panel molded into the roof provides additional energy to the system. The disclosed vehicle is highway capable with a top speed of approximately 90 mph. The curb weight is approximately 600 pounds. [0006] In one embodiment of the vehicle, the body is composed of carbon fiber. Recharge is by standard household AC current, plus contribution from the integrated exercise pedals. A tablet style mobile platform with GPS navigation links exercise profiles selected by the user or driver to pedal resistances, simulating the hills and course of any length of road in the world, even while stuck in traffic. [0007] Reference is made throughout the present disclosure to certain aspects of one embodiment of the vehicle described herein. Such references to aspects of the presently described vehicle do not limit the scope of the claims attached hereto. Additionally, any examples set forth in this disclosure are not intended to be limiting and merely set forth some of the many possible embodiments for the appended claims. It is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0008] FIG. 1 is a side view of 1″ basic tubular aluminum frame without suspension according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0009] FIG. 2 is a front view of 1″ basic tubular aluminum frame without suspension according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0010] FIG. 3 is a close up view of 1″ tubular aluminum frame with battery box in place according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0011] FIG. 4 is a close up view of 1″ basic tubular aluminum frame with battery box in place according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0012] FIG. 5 shows seat on top of the battery box according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0013] FIG. 6 is a close up view of the seat attached to top of the battery box, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0014] FIG. 7 shows front chassis detail with generator system in place according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0015] FIG. 8 shows front chassis detail of one embodiment of the present invention from reverse angle. [0016] FIG. 9 shows front end chassis detail according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0017] FIG. 10 shows front end chassis detail according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0018] FIG. 11 shows front end chassis according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0019] FIG. 12 shows front end chassis detail according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0020] FIG. 13 shows steering wheel and column angled down to front end according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0021] FIG. 14 shows the steering column in top right of frame pointed downward where it is jointed before it goes into the rods attached to the wheels, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0022] FIG. 15 shows close up of the steering column going through middle of the frame with universal joint according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0023] FIG. 16 shows where the steering column attaches with two hinged joints where rods attach which go out to the wheels, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0024] FIG. 17 shows the left side steering rod extended out through the body to the joint at the wheel for turning the wheel, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0025] FIG. 18 is a schematic of the front end suspension according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0026] FIG. 19 shows a rear swing arm attached to the metal plate before shocks and springs are attached according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0027] FIG. 20 shows a rear view of rear wheel connected to swing arm, connected to rear metal plate according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0028] FIG. 21 shows close view of rear suspension according to one embodiment of the present invention, including wheel, swing arm and shock. [0029] FIG. 22 shows an illustrated cutaway of the composite body according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0030] FIG. 23 shows possible dimensions of the body from a side view, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0031] FIG. 24 shows possible dimensions of the body from a front view, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0032] FIG. 25 shows possible dimensions of the body from a top view, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0033] FIG. 26 is a rear right ¼ side view of the body of the vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0034] FIG. 27 shows one embodiment of the body of the present invention just after door cut out was made. [0035] FIG. 28 shows the interior of one embodiment of the present invention with foam reinforcements before final layer of carbon fiber and resin was laid in. [0036] FIG. 29 shows a side view of one embodiment of the body with door and windshield cutouts. [0037] FIG. 30 shows a rear left side view of one embodiment of the body with door installed. [0038] FIG. 31 is a side view of one embodiment of the presently disclosed vehicle. [0039] FIG. 32 is a top view of one embodiment of the presently disclosed vehicle. [0040] FIG. 33 is an image of the motor design according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0041] FIG. 34 shows the completed hub motor in the wheel according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0042] FIG. 35 shows the motor controller in place in the vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0043] FIG. 36 shows a schematic for how the motor controller is attached into the vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0044] FIG. 37 shows the lithium ion battery pack installed in the vehicle battery box according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0045] FIG. 38 shows the AC charger installed in the upper rear interior area of the vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0046] FIG. 39 shows the energy management system installed in the vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0047] FIG. 40 is a diagram illustrating the design and function of the electronically controlled variable resistance recharging system and human power energy generation system. [0048] FIG. 41 shows the flywheel generator according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0049] FIG. 42 is a schematic of one embodiment of the flywheel generator of the present invention. [0050] FIG. 43 is a cutaway image of one embodiment of the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission of the present invention. [0051] FIG. 44 is an external view of one embodiment of the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission of the present invention. [0052] FIG. 45 shows the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission connected to the generator and pedal mount according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0053] FIG. 46 shows another view of the pedal generator with infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission, flywheel generator, pulley and pedal cranks, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0054] FIG. 47 is a top view of the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission and flywheel generators in the chassis of the vehicle, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0055] FIG. 48 is a view of the pedal generator with infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission, flywheel generator, pulley and pedal cranks, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0056] FIG. 49 is a view of the pedal generator with the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission, flywheel generator, pulley and pedal cranks according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0057] FIG. 50 shows rider positioning within the chassis and how the generator would be pedaled according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0058] FIG. 51 shows a top view of the pedal generator system with drive belts in place according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0059] FIG. 52 shows a top view of the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission and flywheel generators in place inside the chassis with drive belts in place, according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0060] FIG. 53 is an example user interface according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0061] FIG. 54 is an example user interface according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0062] FIG. 55 shows the steering controls of the vehicle according to one embodiment of the present invention, wherein front and rear brakes are hydraulic and actuated by levers on the left and right side of the handlebars. [0063] FIG. 56 shows a view of the steering wheel and controls according to one embodiment of the present invention. [0064] FIG. 57 is a schematic block diagram of an example computing system. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0065] Various embodiments will be described in detail with reference to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals represent like parts and assemblies throughout the several views. Reference to various embodiments does not limit the scope of the claims attached hereto. Additionally, any examples set forth in this specification are not intended to be limiting and merely set forth some of the many possible embodiments for the appended claims. It is understood that various omissions and substitutions of equivalents are contemplated as circumstances may suggest or render expedient, but these are intended to cover applications or embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the claims attached hereto. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein are for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. A) Frame [0066] FIGS. 1 through 6 illustrate the frame of one embodiment of the vehicle in images shown from different angles. The frame is composed of 1″ diameter hollow aluminum tubing, welded together. An aluminum battery box made of ⅛″ thick aluminum sheet metal is located at the bottom of the frame in the center of the vehicle. A ¼″ thick aluminum sheet metal plate is bolted onto the frame rails on top of the battery box. The battery box is located here because it is the lowest center of gravity for the vehicle. B) Front End Chassis & Steering [0067] FIGS. 7 through 18 illustrate the front suspension of one embodiment of the vehicle in images shown from different angles. The front suspension is composed of an A-arm on each side, 2 tie-rods on each side, a shock absorber, a 5″ diameter hydraulic disk brake on each side, and wheel hubs on each side. A lever on the left side of the steering wheel actuates both front left and front right hydraulic disk brakes. The steering is a Mechanical Quadrant type and consists of rods attached to a central steering column on one end and attached to steel tabs connected to a bearing on either side of the front end that rotates to turn the wheel on the other end. C) Rear End Suspension [0068] FIGS. 19 through 21 illustrate the rear suspension of one embodiment of the vehicle in images show from different angles. The rear wheel is connected to the frame via a welded steel swing arm 101 (see FIGS. 19 and 21 ). For strength, the swing arm is hinged to a ½″ thick aluminum plate 102 in the rear of the frame (see FIG. 20 ). One shock absorber 103 on each side of the swing arm is connected to the frame (see FIG. 21 ). An 8″ disk hydraulic brake 104 is part of the rear end suspension (see FIG. 21 ). A lever on the steering wheel on the right side actuates the rear brake. D) Body [0069] FIGS. 22 through 32 illustrate the body of the vehicle. In one embodiment, the vehicle body is made of layers of carbon fiber and flexible structural foam core (see FIGS. 22 and 28 ). Structural mount points and body strength will be achieved through sandwiching the foam core between layers of the carbon fiber. The thickness of the body is approximately ¼″. Alternatively, the body could be made of other lightweight metal or composite materials, such as KEVLAR, aluminum or fiberglass. The vehicle body is, in a preferred embodiment, a single piece for greatly increased strength. It is lightweight, durable and aesthetically appealing. [0070] In one embodiment, the vehicle's body has external dimensions as noted in FIGS. 23 through 25 . These dimensions permit a range of user or driver body dimensions to be sized for different body types, whether a child or small adult, or a larger adult. [0071] The vehicle body is designed in an elongated, semi-ovoid shape in the form depicted in FIGS. 26 , 27 , and 29 through 32 . The shape depicted is low profile and permits low aerodynamic drag. [0072] Further, the vehicle's exterior color could be varied to match those of user preference. Depending on the vehicle body material, the color could be integrated into the body material or applied the body exterior. E) Motor and Motor Controller [0073] In one embodiment, the electric vehicle uses an internal hub, brushless DC motor, including two separate motor windings 105 (see FIG. 33 ) and housing 106 for the motor windings, with a peak power of 50 KW and constant power of 20 KW, 100 A-300 A (19-24 Hp), 10 RPM/Volt. Placing the motor in the wheel hub increases efficiency, saves space and reduces complexity by utilizing a smaller number of moving parts. [0074] FIG. 33 shows the motor for the disclosed vehicle. [0075] FIG. 34 shows the completed motor for the disclosed vehicle. [0076] FIG. 35 shows the motor controller for the disclosed vehicle. [0077] In one embodiment, the vehicle uses a 16.6 kHz, continuous 200 A, peak 400 A regenerative braking motor controller that manages the power flow of the battery, and motor. The motor controller monitors battery voltage. It will stop driving if battery voltage is too high. It will cut back, then stop driving if voltage is going too low. The motor controller provides regenerative braking through the motor, turning it into a generator to slow the vehicle and charge the battery. The regenerative braking feature is fully programmable and can be adjusted from little or no regenerative braking, which will allow the vehicle to coast, to maximum braking, which would slow the vehicle very quickly. The motor controller monitors motor temperature to prevent damage. The motor controller further cuts back current at low temperature and high temperature to protect battery and controller. The current will ramp down quickly if controller's temperature is higher than 90° C., and shut down at 100° C. Low temperature current ramping down usually starts at 0° C. [0078] FIG. 36 shows a schematic of how the motor controller is wired into the vehicle's electrical system. Alternatively, the vehicle could use other motors or motor controllers, with varying performance capabilities. F) Battery and Battery Charger [0079] In a preferred embodiment, the vehicle uses a 4.6 kWh battery pack made up of 36, 3.2V, 40 Ah batteries in parallel, nominal voltage 120V. FIG. 37 shows the battery. The battery charge/discharge activity is handled by an energy management system (EMS) which is described in more detail below. [0080] There is an 115V AC battery charger that takes in power from a standard AC wall outlet. The AC battery charger may have an input voltage range that goes beyond 115V, for example, an AC input voltage range of 85V˜265V. FIG. 38 shows the AC battery charger in place in the vehicle. [0081] As an alternative, the vehicle could have an on-board gas or CNG (natural gas) generator to provide additional or alternative power to the drive-train. G) Energy Management System (EMS) [0082] The EMS displays the condition of, and maintains the health of the batteries. It consists of two major components, the computer and the cell sense boards. The computer will tell information like the battery state-of-charge, battery current, battery voltage as well as the voltage and temperature of individual cells. FIG. 39 shows the EMS in place in the disclosed vehicle. [0083] There are alarm outputs from the computer for cell over voltage and cell under voltage. In addition, there are warnings to let the driver know that error conditions are approaching. The EMS is designed so that the battery monitoring is completely isolated from the regular vehicle 12V system. The EMS is powered by an 8 core 32-bit microprocessor. H) Human Power Energy Generation System and Outboard Mode Human Power Energy Generation System [0084] The vehicle as disclosed may include a pedal-driven generator system with two essential parts that make it work, as described in detail below. [0085] Electronically Controlled Variable Resistance Recharging (ECVRR) System [0086] The pedal function of the vehicle is intended to mimic the operation of an electronic exercise bicycle. That is, the disclosed vehicle is programmable like an exercise bicycle. The overall goal of the ECVRR component is to allow the user to dynamically adjust the “feel” of resistance at the pedals based on an arbitrary workout profile, independent of varying load on the main battery. The increased resistance felt by a user as the program varies the pedaling intensity comes from the battery pack. A dimmer switch and servomotor-controlled gear shifter are placed between the battery and the pedal generator, and are controlled by a tablet computer built into the vehicle. When the exercise program's profile calls for steep hills, the electronic dimmer switch opens up, putting a greater battery recharge load on the generators, and the servo-controlled gear shifter adjusts the gear ratio to a higher gear, making it harder to pedal. When the program calls for flat stretches, the dimmer switch closes and the servo adjusts the gear ratio to a lower gear and permits less current to go to the battery. [0087] One program mode would use GPS or other location-tracking software to use terrain data as the basis for adjusting pedal resistance higher and lower. The computer, in conjunction with the generator, mimics the incline and decline of the roadway and thus produces artificial hills to provide the rider a more realistic biking experience based on actual terrain. Any energy generated recharges the vehicle's battery bank. FIG. 40 illustrates the design/function of the ECVRR. Electric exercise bicycles employ resistance systems to simulate hills and are powered by an AC outlet, or by the machines themselves with a built-in generator. Any excess power generated by the rider is thrown away. The disclosed vehicle works in a similar fashion, but power (electrical current) produced by the rider is sent to recharge the battery. In some embodiments, the pedal system of the disclosed vehicle is not tied to a generator and does not generate any power for the vehicle; the pedal system is simply used as a means of exercise or to move the vehicle while pedaling, but excess energy created by pedaling is not stored for later use. [0088] In one embodiment, the vehicle may be programmable like an exercise bicycle and ideally will behave like an exercise bicycle. As a user pedals, the user's work output is fed into two flywheel AC generators 107 (see FIG. 45 ). FIGS. 41 and 42 illustrate the flywheel generator 107 used. Both generators are identical and connected by belt to an infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission 108 , such as the NUVINCI technology from Fallbrook Technologies, Inc. of San Diego, Calif., which in turn is connected by belt to a pulley with the pedals & cranks attached. In some embodiments, the flywheel generator 107 may have the following specifications: 1. Torque: 68±10% Kgf-cm at 1.6 A, 600 rpm (Air Gap 0.6 mm±0.2). (1 Kgf=9.8 Newtons) 2. No load torque: Under 3 Kgf-cm at 600 rpm (Brake only) 3. DC resistance of 3 phase AC generator: (for U.V or U.W or V.W.): 26.8Ω±10% (V.V.W.)/27° C. 4. DC Resistance of field coil: 12.1Ω±10%/27° C. 5. Insulation: DC 500V, 10MΩ (Min) coil to core 6. Balance under (Flywheel): 1000 rpm/0.24 m-g 7. Hi-Pot Test: 1200VAC/10 mA/1 min 8. Winding Magnet Wire: EIW φ0.55 (180° C.) [0097] Both generators are connected to the battery and both are controlled by a computing device. The computing device is connected to a microcontroller, such as an Arduino circuit board that can receive input from a computing device and then control a servomotor and gear shifter. [0098] In one embodiment of the vehicle, there are two ways the computer controls pedal resistance. One output from the microcontroller goes to a DC voltage controlled electronic dimmer switch; another output goes to a servomotor connected to the gear shifter. [0099] The microcontroller output going to the dimmer switch is wired in between the flywheel generators and battery. A computer program activates the microcontroller, which then in turn activates the dimmer switch to open and close the dimmer. When open, more current is allowed to flow through; when closed, current flow is prevented. The varying pedal resistance the user feels as he/she pedals the vehicle is a result of varying levels of charge current going to the battery. The more open the dimmer switch is, the harder it is to pedal; the more closed, the easier it is to pedal. The exercise program on the computing device controls the electronic dimmer switch. When the exercise profile calls for steep hills, the electronic dimmer switch opens up all the way, allowing the most current to pass through, thus putting a greater load on the generators and making it harder to pedal. When the program calls for flat stretches, the dimmer switch closes and permits less current to go to the battery. [0100] The microcontroller output going to the servomotor physically moves the controller of a gear adjustment dial of the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission internal hub gear. When the computing device calls for more resistance, the servo shifts the gear-adjusting dial to a higher (more difficult) gear and when the computing device calls for less resistance, the servo shifts the gear dial to a lower (easier) gear. [0101] The electronic dimmer switch system and the servo gear shifting systems work in concert to provide the most efficient and variable pedal resistance charging possible. [0102] The Double Reduction, Dual Generator Pedal System [0103] Conventional bike-powered generators rely on a large bike tire (26″ and bigger) to turn the much smaller crank on the generator. This reduction causes the generator to spin fast—the bigger the bike wheel, the faster the generator and the higher the power output. Ideally, you would have a 35″ or larger wheel spinning the generator, but that is not practical for a small vehicle like that disclosed herein. [0104] The solution is a double reduction gearing that will spin the generator faster than a 35″ wheel, but in a smaller, more compact space. The use of an infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission 108 (see FIGS. 43 and 44 ) saves more space. Instead of having to have two large pulleys for the double reduction, one smaller pulley and the in-hub gear system will accomplish the same task. [0105] Pedals are directly connected to an 11″ pulley that is connected by a belt to the in-hub gear system. The in-hub gear system is in turn connected directly to the two AC generators with clutches. The in-hub gear system is an infinitely variable, totally enclosed rear wheel bicycle hub gear. It is intended for use with bicycles, but works in the disclosed vehicle because even though it is a high-speed electric vehicle, the pedal cadences are still those of a typical bicycle. FIGS. 45 through 52 illustrate the double reduction, dual generator pedal system. [0106] As illustrated in FIGS. 45 through 52 , the infinitely variable in-hub bicycle transmission 108 is attached to the flywheel generators 107 by belts 111 . A pulley 109 is attached to the pedal cranks 110 . [0107] The generators are wired in parallel. Two generators won't necessarily make twice as much power, but two generators in parallel will provide the amps the disclosed vehicle needs at lower generator RPM's. Outboard Mode [0108] The human power energy generation system can be switched to outboard mode. In this mode, appliances, batteries, or other items requiring a power source can be plugged into the vehicle. In this mode, the vehicle becomes a portable human generator. This feature makes the vehicle a form of transportation and a transportable source of electric power. The vehicle could, for instance, be used for emergencies or in locations without access to a conventional electrical grid. [0109] The ECVRR system and the double reduction, dual generator systems enable the vehicle and rider to vary the resistance, send all the power that the person generates to the batteries without throwing any of it away and generate enough power so that the rider contributes to the battery as much as physically possible. The disclosed vehicle is designed to achieve highly efficient electrical power production. I) User Interface [0110] In some embodiments, the vehicle includes a computing device, for example, a touchpad or tablet computer. The vehicle may use a simple touchpad screen situated in front of the driver to control vehicle functions. Typical electric vehicle information such as speed, odometer, percentage of charge remaining, battery drain rate, amps, charging stations, lighting controls, ventilation controls and alarm could be displayed on one screen of the tablet. The driver can switch screens to access the exercise program functions. FIGS. 53 and 54 show examples of screen graphics that might be displayed on the vehicle's touchpad screen. [0111] FIG. 57 is a schematic block diagram of an example computing device 302 that may be used in some embodiments of the vehicle. Computing device 302 can be, for example, a smart phone or other mobile device, a tablet computing device, a netbook, a computing device built in to the vehicle or any other portable or mobile computing device. Computing device 302 can be a stand-alone computing device 302 or a networked computing device that communicates with one or more other computing devices 306 across network 304 . Computing device 306 can be, for example, located remote from computing device 302 , but configured for data communication with computing device 302 across network 304 . Computing device 306 can be, for example, a server. [0112] In some examples, the computing device 302 includes at least one processor or processing unit 308 and system memory 310 . Depending on the exact configuration and type of computing device, the system memory 310 may be volatile (such as RAM), non-volatile (such as ROM, flash memory, etc.) or some combination of the two. System memory 310 typically includes an operating system 312 suitable for controlling the operation of the computing device, such as the WINDOWS® operating systems from Microsoft Corporation of Redmond, Wash. or a server, such as Windows SharePoint Server, also from Microsoft Corporation. To provide further example, if the computing device 302 is a smart phone, tablet or other mobile device, the operating system 312 may be Android, iOS, or any other available mobile operating system. The system memory 310 may also include one or more software application(s) 314 and may include program data 316 . The one or more software applications 314 may be in the form of mobile applications in examples wherein the computing device is a mobile device. [0113] The computing device may have additional features or functionality. For example, the device may also include additional data storage devices 318 (removable and/or non-removable) such as, for example, magnetic disks, optical disks, or tape. Computer storage media 318 may include volatile and nonvolatile, removable and non-removable media implemented in any method or technology for storage of information, such as computer readable instructions, data structures, program modules, or other data. System memory, removable storage, and non-removable storage are all examples of computer storage media. Computer storage media includes, but is not limited to, RAM, ROM, EEPROM, flash memory or other memory technology, CD-ROM, digital versatile disks (DVD) or other optical storage, magnetic cassettes, magnetic tape, magnetic disk storage or other magnetic storage devices, or any other medium which can be used to store the desired information and which can be accessed by the computing device. An example of computer storage media is non-transitory media. [0114] In some examples, the computing device 302 can be a tablet computer or other mobile device positioned in front of the driver in the vehicle described herein. The computing device 302 may have input device options including, but not limited to, a keypad 320 , a screen 322 , a touch screen controller 324 , and/or a touch screen 326 . In some embodiments, electric vehicle information and exercise program functions are stored as data instructions for a software application 314 on the computing device 302 . A network 304 may facilitate communication between the computing device 302 and one or more servers, such as computing device 306 , to facilitate the electric vehicle operations, displays and functions associated with the computing device 302 , as described herein. The network 304 may be a wide variety of different types of electronic communication networks. For example, the network may be a wide-area network, such as the Internet, a local-area network, a metropolitan-area network, a cellular network or another type of electronic communication network. The network may include wired and/or wireless data links. A variety of communications protocols may be used in the network 304 including, but not limited to, Ethernet, Transport Control Protocol (TCP), Internet Protocol (IP), Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), SOAP, remote procedure call protocols, and/or other types of communications protocols. [0115] In some examples, computing device 306 is a Web server. In this example, computing device 302 includes a Web browser that communicates with the Web server to request and retrieve data. The data is then displayed to the user, such as by using a Web browser software application. In some embodiments, the various operations, methods, and rules disclosed herein are implemented by instructions stored in memory. When the instructions are executed by the processor of one or more of computing devices 302 and 306 , the instructions cause the processor to perform one or more of the operations or methods disclosed herein. Examples of operations include displaying vehicle information, exercise program functions, and providing location information/directions using GPS-enabled software applications. [0116] The computing device 302 may include image capture devices, whether a dedicated video or image capture device, smart phone or other device that is capable of capturing images and video. Further, the computing device 302 may be a tablet computer or smart phone with native or web-based applications that can capture, store and transmit time-stamped video and images to a central server. The computing device 302 can also include location data captured by a GPS-enabled application or device. The computing device 302 may also have WiFi or 3G capabilities. J) Other User Controls [0117] In one embodiment, steering can be accomplished by a number of different means, including a standard steering wheel sized to fit the internal dimensions of the vehicle, handlebars, plane-style yolk, or other means. In addition, the vehicle can be outfitted with brake and accelerator pedals in a floor mount position or by the steering control (as on a motorcycle). FIGS. 55 and 56 illustrate the steering wheel controls, including a throttle 112 , steering wheel 113 , front brakes lever 114 , steering column 115 , and steering column pivot adjust 116 . Turn signals and lights may also be utilized. Such lights could be mounted to the body or made integral to the body (built in) to reduce aerodynamic drag. [0118] The various embodiments described above are provided by way of illustration only and should not be construed to limit the claims attached hereto. Those skilled in the art will readily recognize various modifications and changes that may be made without following the example embodiments and applications illustrated and described herein and without departing from the true spirit and scope of the following claims.

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BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to room temperature-curable organopolysiloxane compositions. 2. Background Information Numerous organopolysiloxane compositions which cure at room temperature have been proposed up to this time. Among those compositions which cure by means of a condensation reaction, alcohol-releasing types which cure with the generation of alcohol, acetic acid-releasing types which cure with the generation of acetic acid, ketone-releasing types which cure with the generating of ketone, and oxime-releasing types which cure with the generation of oxime have reached the level of commercial production. In many cases, a curing-reaction catalyst is added to these compositions, and, for example, alkyl titanates and organotin carboxylates are known as catalysts. A problem associated with these prior catalysts is that a special adhesion promoter must be added when it is desired that the curable composition containing such a catalyst bond to the substrate in contact with it during curing. Also, the problem of slow curing arises in the case of catalysts such as alkyl titanates. German Auslegeshrift No. 26 53 499, Aug. 30, 1979, relates to compositions which cure when exposed to moisture which comprise a diorganopolysiloxane having reactive terminal groups, a silicon compound having at least one nitrogen atom and at least three hydrolyzable groups per molecule, and at least one phosphoric acid ester. German Offlegungsschrift No. 29 35 616, Mar. 13, 1980, relates to a process for curing an organoalkoxysilane compound characterized in that as catalyst at least one compound of the group consisting of a phosphite of the formula (RO) n P(OH) 3 - n and a phosphate of the formula ##STR1## is used, wherein R represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms and/or an aromatic group, and n represents a whole number of 1 or 2. Accordingly, the present inventor examined various compositions in order to resolve these problems, and this invention was developed as a result. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION A curable polyorganosiloxane composition containing a polyorganosiloxane having at least 2 OR 1 groups bonded to silicone in each molecule in which R 1 is hydrogen atom or a monovalent hydrocarbon group, an alkoxy silane, and a silyl ester of phosphoric acid or a silyl ester of polyphosphoric acid, forms a composition which cures at room temperature upon exposure to moisture, to give a cured material which bonds well to the substrate in contact with it during cure, without requiring a special adhesion promoter. The object of the present invention is to provide a room temperature-curable organopolysiloxane composition which will bond well to the substrate in contact with it during curing, without requiring a special adhesion promoter. Also, it is to have a fast curing reaction. DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to a curable organopolysiloxane composition comprising a composition of (i) 100 weight parts organopolysiloxane having at least 2 --OR 1 groups bonded to silicon in each molecule where R 1 is hydrogen atom or monovalent hydrocarbon group, (ii) 0 to 50 weight parts silane with the formula. (R.sup.2 O).sub.a SiR.sup.3.sub.4-a where R 2 is alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxyalkyl group, R 3 is monovalent organic group, a is from 2 to 4 inclusive, or its partial hydrolysis condensate, and (iii) 0.01 to 20 weight parts silyl ester of phosphoric acid in which the --OH groups of phosphoric acid are replaced by --OSiR 4 3 groups or silyl ester of polyphosphoric acid in which the --OH groups of polyphosphoric acid are replaced by --OSiR 4 3 groups where R 4 is monovalent organic group. By way of explanation, component (i) is the principal component of the composition of the present invention: it undergoes a curing reaction under the catalytic activity of component (iii), possibly in the presence of component (ii) as the crosslinker, to give the cured material. This component is to be an organopolysiloxane having at least two groups --OR 1 bonded to silicon in each molecule. R 1 is to be a hydrogen atom or monovalent hydrocarbon group. Said monovalent hydrocarbon group is exemplified by methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, phenyl, phenethyl, phenylisopropyl, allyl, isopropenyl and isobutenyl. The R 1 groups in the individual molecule may or may not be identical. R 1 is preferably the hydrogen atom or a lower alkyl group due to the corresponding higher curing reaction rate and the low cost of production. OR 1 may be present at any position in the molecule, but preferably at least two are present at the molecular terminals. This component may be linear, branch-containing straight chain, network or three dimensional, but a straight chain or a slightly branched straight chain is preferred. A polydiorganosiloxane is preferred when an elastomeric product is desired. While no restriction is placed on the molecular weight of this component, it preferably has a molecular weight corresponding to a viscosity equal to or less than 100 Pa.s at 25° C. from a consideration of the mixability with the other components. Actual examples of this component are as follows: dimethylhydroxysiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes, methyldimethoxysiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes, methyldiethoxysiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes, trimethoxysiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxanes, dimethylhydroxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-diphenylsiloxane copolymers, methyldimethoxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-diphenylsiloxane copolymers, methyldiethoxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-diphenylsiloxane copolymers, trimethoxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-diphenylsiloxane copolymers, dimethylhydroxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylphenylsiloxane copolymers, methyldimethoxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylphenylsiloxane copolymers, methyldiethoxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylphenylsiloxane copolymers, trimethoxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylphenylsiloxane copolymers, dimethylhydroxysiloxy-terminated polymethyltrifluoropropylsiloxanes, dimethylhydroxysiloxy-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methyltrifluoropropylsiloxane copolymers, and the hydrolyzates of at least one species of silane selected from among methyltrimethoxysilane, dimethyldimethoxysiloxane, trimethylmethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane. Preferred polysiloxane copolymers are those which contain at least 50 mol percent dimethylsiloxane units. Component (ii) is a crosslinker for the composition of the present invention. This component is required when OH is the OR 1 in component (i), but it is not necessarily required in other cases. This component is a silane with the formula (R 2 O) a SiR 3 4-a or the partial hydrolyzate thereof. The groups R 2 may or may not be identical to each other, and are alkyl, alkenyl or alkoxyalkyl groups. The groups R 3 may or may not be identical to each other, and are monovalent organic groups. a is from 2 to 4 inclusive. When this component takes the form of the partial hydrolyzate of silane with the above formula, hydrolysis must be conducted while regulating the quantity of water so R 2 O groups will remain. R 2 is exemplified by methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl, isobutyl, allyl, isopropenyl, methoxyethyl and methoxypropyl. R 3 is exemplified by alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and butyl; alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl, isopropenyl and isobutenyl; phenyl; phenethyl; phenylisopropyl and trifluoropropyl. When an alkenyl group or the phenyl group is used as R 3 instead of alkyl, the curing reaction tends to proceed rapidly. a is from 2 to 4 inclusive because the curing reaction will not proceed well when a is less than 2. a is preferably 3 or 4. This component is to be added at 0 to 50 weight parts per 100 weight parts component (i). This is because curing becomes slow at greater than 50 weight parts and the mechanical properties of the cured product are adversely affected. While an addition within the range of 1 to 10 weight parts is in general preferred, the optimal quantity may not always fall within the range of 1 to 10 weight parts because it will vary with the character of component (i) and the amount of water present in the composition. Thus, in the presence of a sufficient quantity of silicon-bonded OR 1 , when R 1 is other than hydrogen, in component (i), the quantity of this component may be much less than 1 weight part, or may even be zero. When component (i) contains substantial silicon-bonded OH, this component is preferably present at 10 or greater weight parts in some cases. On the other hand, when a large quantity of water is present in the composition due to the effect of the filler, this component will be hydrolyzed by the water and greater than 10 weight parts of this component must be added in some cases in order to obtain an effective quantity of this component. Component (iii) characterizes the composition of the present invention, and it acts as a catalyst in the crosslinking of the composition by the reaction of component (i) and component (ii), while also acting to promote good bonding between the composition and the substrate in contact with it during curing. This component consists of the silyl esters of phosphoric acid in which the --OH groups of phosphoric acid are replaced by --OSiR 4 3 groups and the silyl esters of polyphosphoric acid in which the --OH groups in polyphosphoric acid are replaced by --OSiR 4 3 groups. In the formula, the groups R 4 , which may nor may not be identical to each other, are to be monovalent organic groups. Concrete examples of the phosphoric and polyphosphoric acids specified herein are orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, metaphosphoric acid, tripolyphosphoric acid, tetrapolyphosphoric acid and the condensate of metaphosphoric acid-polymetaphosphoric acid. While the silyl esters of phosphoric acid and polyphosphoric acid are effective in the present invention as component (iii) regardless of the species of phosphoric acid or the molecular weight of the polyphosphoric acid, the silyl esters of orthophosphoric acid are preferably used because they have low viscosities and so are easily handled, they have good compatibility with the other components, and they have a mild reactivity. Also, exceeding six phosphoric acid atoms in a single molecule is undesirable because the resulting high viscosity makes handling difficult. The groups R 4 , which are to be monovalent organic groups, are exemplified by alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, butyl and isobutyl; cycloalkyl groups such as cyclopentyl and cyclohexyl; alkenyl groups such as vinyl, allyl and isopropenyl; and aryl groups such as phenyl, tolyl, xylyl and naphthyl. Alkoxy groups may comprise a small amount of R 4 . Also, a portion of R 4 may be replaced by the hydroxyl group or halogen. There is no specific restriction on the number of carbon atoms in R 4 , but the number of carbon atoms is preferably 10 or less from the standpoints of reactivity and production costs. Moreover, preferably 60 percent of greater of R 4 is methyl from the standpoints of stability during phosphate ester synthesis, ease of purification of the phosphate ester, and low starting material costs. The aforementioned component (iii) can be synthesized by known synthesis methods. A typical example, as reported in Yuki Gosei Kagaku Kyokai-shi, Volume 43, Number 12, page 1163 (1985), is to heat hexamethyldisiloxane with phosphorus pantoxide in benzene under reflux. In this example, replacing the starting phosphorus pentoxide with orthophosphoric acid affords the orthophosphate ester. Other silyl phosphate esters are easily produced by replacing the methyl group in the siloxane with another organic group. The quantity of addition of this component is specified at 0.01 to 20 weight parts per 100 weight parts component (i). This is because curing is inadequate at below 0.01 weight part. Exceeding 20 weight parts is essentially meaningless and, furthermore, the quantity of liberated phosphoric acid or polyphosphoric acid becomes excessive, adversely affecting the physical properties of the cured material itself or any metals or plastics in the vicinity. Accordingly, the preferred quantity of addition falls within the range of 0.1 weight part to 5 weight parts. The mechanism for the catalytic activity of this component remains unresolved, but is thought that an active phosphoric acid species is produced by scission of the SiOP bond by reaction with an active hydrogen-containing compound such as water or alcohol, and that this acts as a catalyst to promote the curing reaction. In addition to components (i) through (iii), the following components may be added to the composition of the present invention unless this adversely affects the object of the present invention: dry-method silica, precipitated silica, natural silica, quartz powder, silica balloons, calcium carbonate, aluminum, alumina, carbon black, titanium oxide, iron oxide, mica, talc and these powders whose surfaces have been treated with silane, silazane, siloxane, fatty acids or fatty acid esters; silane coupling agents possessing the epoxy, methacryloxy, acryloxy or aminoalkyl group; organic and inorganic colorants; and flame retardants such s platinum compounds and hydrazines. The curable composition of the present invention is produced by simply mixing components (i) through (iii) and any other components; any mixer known in the relevant art may be used for this mixing. Actual examples of the mixers are kneader mixers, planetary mixers and single-screw and double-screw extruders. In general, the curable composition of the present invention will be used as a moisture-curing composition in which the curing reaction is initiated by means of atmospheric moisture. Accordingly, when the composition of the present invention is to be used in single-package form, that is, the so-called single-liquid form, care must be exercised to exclude moisture during mixing and packaging of the composition. In the case of a so-called two-liquid type, with division into two packages, it is recommended that component (iii) be packaged separately from the other components. In the coating and bonding of the composition of the present invention on another substrate, dilution with organic solvent is permissible in order to reduce the viscosity of the composition. EXAMPLES The invention is illustrated using examples. Unless otherwise specified, "part" is "weight part" and "percent" is "weight percent". The various properties were measured at 25° C. unless otherwise specified. EXAMPLE 1 Fifteen parts of orthophosphoric acid (90 percent aqueous solution) and 60 parts hexamethyldisiloxane were placed in a flask and this was heated under reflux at 110° C. while the water was removed via a water-separation tube. This was allowed to cool when the contents become homogeneous and transparent. The fraction boiling at 80° to 90° C. under 5 mmHg pressure (this fraction is designated as PSE-A) was collected by vacuum distillation. The PSE-A was confirmed to be the tris(trimethylsilyl) ester of orphophosphoric acid by NMR, gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. A mixture of 100 parts of a hydroxyl-terminated polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 4 Pa.s, 1.5 parts of the partial hydrolyzate of ethyl silicate (60 percent ethoxy group content) and 1 part PSE-A was coated to a thickness of approximately 1 mm on glass and aluminum plates. The coated mixture was cured into a rubber after 12 hours, and bonded well to the glass and aluminum plates. In a comparison example, a mixture was prepared using dibutyltin dilaurate in place of PSE-A. While this mixture similarly cured in 12 hours, it did not adhere to the glass or aluminum plates. EXAMPLE 2 The fraction boiling at 115° to 125° C. under 5 mmHg pressure (designated as PSE-B) was collected in synthesis by the method described in Example 1 using 1,1,3,3-tetramethyldivinyldisiloxane instead of the hexamethyldisiloxane used in Example 1. The analytical results confirmed that PSE-B was the tris(dimethylvinylsilyl) ester of orthophosphoric acid. A mixture of 100 parts of dimethoxymethylsiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane with a viscosity of 12 Pa.s, 15 parts dry-metod silica (specific surface approximately 200 m 2 /g, surface treated with hexamethyldisilazane), and 0.5 parts PSE-B were mixed in a planetary mixer. This mixture was applied in a thickness of approximately 2 mm on glass and aluminum plates as in Example 1. The coated mixture was cured into a rubber after 12 hours, and bonded well to the glass plate although it does not bond to the aluminum plate. In a comparison example, a mixture was prepared using tetrabutyl titanate in place of PSE-B. The mixture cured in 24 hours, but it did not bond to either the aluminum or glass plates. EXAMPLE 3 Twenty parts of phosphorus pentoxide was placed in a flask equipped with a reflux condenser, 38 parts hexamethyldisiloxane and 80 parts benzene were added, and this was heated under reflux with stirring under an argon atmosphere for 1 hour. The resulting solution was concentrated on an evaporator to obtain the trimethylsilyl ester of polyphosphoric acid (PSE-C). A mixture of 100 parts hydroxyl-terminated dimethylsiloxane-methylphenylsiloxane copolymer having a viscosity of about 0.8 Pa.s and a molar ratio of dimethylsiloxane to methylphenylsiloxane of 80:20, was thoroughly mixed with 8 parts vinyltrimethoxysilane and 1 part PSE-C. This mixture was applied in a thickness of approximately 1 mm on a quartz plate. The coated mixture was cured into a rubber after 1 hour, and it bonded well to the quartz plate. In a comparison example, a mixture prepared using tin octylate in place of PSE-C similarly cured within 1 hour, but it absolutely did not adhere to the quartz plate. EXAMPLE 4 A mixture of 100 parts trimethoxysiloxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane, having a viscosity of about 6 Pa.s, 0.5 parts isopropyl silicate, and 0.8 parts of the PSE-A described in Example 1 was applied in a thickness of 1 mm on a glass fiber-reinforced polyester plate. The coated mixture was cured into a rubber after 12 hours, and bonded well to the polyester plate. In a comparison example, a mixture prepared using tetrabutyl titanate in place of PSE-A similarly cured within 12 hours, but it did not adhere to the polyester plate.

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[0001] The present invention relates to an annulus filler assembly for a turbomachine, in particular the bypass fan assembly of a turbo fan engine. BACKGROUND [0002] A conventional turbo fan engine uses the core engine to drive a bypass fan mounted near the engine intake. Fan blades on the bypass fan drive a core flow into the core engine and a bypass flow around the core engine. The bypass flow combines downstream with the core exhaust flow to provide propulsive thrust. [0003] A casing assembly extends around the outside of the fan to provide an outer wall of a flow annulus through the fan. The fan blades themselves are not normally provided with blade platforms, and so a number of separate circumferential wall inserts or “annulus fillers” are mounted on the outside of the fan rotor disc, in between the fan blades, to form the inner wall of the flow annulus through the fan. [0004] The annulus fillers are typically mounted on the fan rotor disc using a hook arrangement, such as the one described in International Application PCT/GB93/00372 (published as WO93/21425). Here, each annulus filler is provided with a pair of hooks which extend radially inwardly from the filler to engage correspondingly shaped hooks provided on the outer face of the fan rotor disc. The hooks on the filler must be maintained in axial engagement with the hooks on the fan rotor disc, and one or more separate thrust rings is typically provided for this purpose. [0005] A similar configuration is shown in FIG. 1 . A blade 2 is connected to a disc 4 at a radially outer face of the disc 4 by an interlocking configuration, such as a dovetail joint. A plurality of blades 2 are assembled onto the disc 4 around the circumference of the disc 4 to form a rotor. As described previously, an annulus filler 6 is provided between adjacent blades 2 so as to form the inner wall of the flow annulus through the fan. The annulus filler 6 is mounted to the disc by a pair of annulus filler hooks 8 , 10 which engage with correspondingly shaped disc hooks 12 , 14 . The hook arrangement provides radial retention of the annulus filler 6 against centrifugal loads experienced during operation of the rotor. A plurality of annulus fillers 6 are provided between each pair of adjacent blades 2 . To ensure that the annulus filler hooks 8 , 10 are maintained in engagement with the disc hooks 12 , 14 , the axial position of the annulus filler 6 with respect to the disc 4 is fixed by a nose cone support ring 16 . The nose cone support ring 16 covers the full circumference of the rotor and retains each of the annulus fillers 6 . The nose cone support ring 16 is connected to an arm 18 of the disc and also to an arm 20 of the annulus filler 6 . Consequently, the axial position of the annulus filler 6 is fixed so that the hooks remain engaged. During operation, the nose cone support ring 16 also bears a component of the centrifugal load of the annulus filler 6 which creates hoop stress in the nose cone support ring 16 . [0006] The nose cone support ring also functions as the primary fixation point for a nose cone of the turbomachine. The nose cone creates smooth airflow into the fan, particularly at the root of the blades, and also must be capable of withstanding bird strikes and preventing build up of ice. The nose cone 22 is located on an annular shoulder 24 of the nose cone support ring 16 and is connected at positions around the nose cone support ring 16 via abutting radial flanges 26 . [0007] The connection between the nose cone support ring 16 and the nose cone 22 is enclosed by a cover portion 28 . The forward (upstream) axial end of the annulus filer 6 has a tongue portion which is received under a lip portion 32 of the cover portion 28 . A similar arrangement is provided at the opposite axial end for mating with a rotating seal element 34 . [0008] A hook-type mounting arrangement such as the one described in International Application PCT/GB93/00372 and as shown in FIG. 1 requires that dedicated, load-bearing attachment features such as hooks must be formed on the outside of a forged fan rotor disc and this adds to the cost and complexity of manufacturing the fan rotor disc. [0009] In addition, safely engaging the hooks with one another may be difficult and time-consuming because, in practice, the hooks tend to be obscured from view by the adjacent blades and by the annulus filler itself during assembly. Failure to safely engage the hooks increases the risk of annulus filler detachment under a centrifugal load during rotation of the fan. [0010] During a bird strike or fan blade off (FBO) event, a fan blade may be deflected and apply a circumferential load to an adjacent annulus filler. Tests have shown that some prior art annulus filler inserts secured using hook style fixings may be vulnerable to detachment under these circumferential loads. [0011] The present invention seeks to provide an improved annulus filler assembly, and in particular seeks to provide an annulus filler assembly which addresses one or more of the specific problems referred to above. STATEMENTS OF INVENTION [0012] According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided an annulus filler assembly for a rotor of a turbomachine, the assembly comprising: an annulus lid having a radially outwardly facing surface for forming an inner wall of a flow annulus of the rotor and a radially inwardly facing surface; and a frame for supporting the annulus lid, the frame being mountable to a disc of the rotor such that the annulus lid is spaced away from the disc, wherein the frame comprises a connection portion which, in use, passes through an aperture in the annulus lid from the radially inwardly facing surface towards the radially outwardly facing surface such that at least a portion of the connection portion is visible from the radially outwardly facing surface; the assembly further comprising a locking element which locks the connection portion to the annulus lid via the visible portion of the connection portion. [0013] The annulus filler assembly of the present invention therefore provides allows visual inspection of the connections between the constituent components at each stage of assembly. This therefore removes the potential for mal-assembly which could lead to the disconnection of the annulus filler assembly when in service. [0014] The frame may be narrower than the annulus lid in a circumferential aspect. [0015] The frame may comprise a hook portion for mounting the frame to the disc of the rotor. [0016] The annulus lid and frame may be constructed from different materials. [0017] The frame may be constructed from metal. [0018] The metal frame is advantageous in the event of a fan blade off event. Here, the metal frame provides some degree of flexibility which would allow the annulus filler assembly to rotate when forced by a deflecting blade. Also if the annulus filler assembly were to fail as a result of a deflecting blade, it is likely that only the annulus lid would be disconnected. Therefore the mass and energy of the debris will be reduced, thus limiting damage. [0019] The annulus lid may be constructed from a composite material. [0020] The connection portion and locking element may comprise complementary interlocking surfaces which when interlocked prevent the connection portion from being withdrawn through the aperture. [0021] The connection portion and locking element may form a dovetail joint. [0022] The aperture may comprise first and second openings through which first and second portions of the connection portion pass and wherein the locking element is inserted between the first and second portions of the connection portion. [0023] The annulus lid may comprise a recess formed in its radially outwardly facing surface for receiving the locking element such that the locking element and radially outwardly facing surface form a substantially continuous inner wall of the flow annulus. [0024] The recess may be a channel extending in an axial direction along the radially outwardly facing surface and the locking element may be an elongate member slidably received within the channel. [0025] The first and second openings may be positioned either side of the recess. [0026] The locking element may be flexible. [0027] The locking element may lock a plurality of connection portions to the annulus lid. [0028] According to a second aspect of the invention there is provided a method of assembling a rotor, the method comprising: providing a plurality of annulus filler assemblies as claimed in any one of the preceding claims; coupling the frames of the annulus filler assemblies to a disc of the rotor; coupling a plurality of blades to the disc between adjacent frames; locating the annulus lid of the annulus filler assembly on the frame such that the connection portion passes through the aperture in the annulus lid; and inserting the locking element into the connection portion so as to lock the connection portion to the annulus lid. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0029] For a better understanding of the present invention, and to show more clearly how it may be carried into effect, reference will now be made by way of example, to the following drawings, in which: [0030] FIG. 1 is a side cross-sectional view of a prior art annulus filler assembly; [0031] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of an annulus filler assembly in accordance with a first aspect of the invention in a first stage of assembly; [0032] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the annulus filler assembly of FIG. 2 in a second stage of assembly; [0033] FIG. 4 is a perspective view of the annulus filler assembly of FIG. 2 in a final stage of assembly; [0034] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of an alternative embodiment of an annulus filler in accordance with a first aspect of the invention in a first state of assembly; [0035] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of part of an alternative embodiment of an annulus filler in accordance with a first aspect of the invention; and [0036] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of the annulus filler assembly of FIG. 6 in a final stage of assembly. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0037] FIG. 2 shows an annulus filler assembly in accordance with a first aspect of the invention. The annulus filler assembly comprises a frame 40 having a first hook element 42 and a second hook element 44 for attachment to correspondingly shaped hook elements on a disc; for example the hooks 12 , 14 shown in FIG. 1 . [0038] The frame 40 comprises a pair of upstanding members 50 extending substantially from the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 and a bridging member 52 which joins the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 together. The frame 40 is constructed from sheet metal and therefore the bridging member 52 provides a degree of flexibility between the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 which allows the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 to engage with the hooks of the disc. [0039] The frame 40 comprises three connection portions 46 which are supported above the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 . Two of the connection portions 46 are supported on the pair of upstanding members 50 and the third is supported by the bridging member 52 . Although three connection portions 46 are shown in FIG. 2 , any appropriate number of connection portions 46 and a correspondingly arranged frame may be provided, in alternative applications. [0040] Each connection portion 46 has a cross-section which forms one half of an interlocking connection. For example, as shown in FIG. 2 , each connection portion 46 has two shoulders 48 and a recess 49 therebetween, forming a female half of a dovetail joint. [0041] An arm 54 extends axially from the first hook element 42 . The arm 54 is connected to or abuts with a thrust ring, such as the nose cone support ring 16 shown in FIG. 1 , which acts to position the annulus filler axially and to maintain engagement of the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 with the hooks of the disc. [0042] The width w of the frame 40 is narrower than the gap between adjacent blades. This allows the frame 40 to be engaged with the disc prior to fitting of the blades and subsequent disassembly can be performed without removal of the frame 40 from the disc. As a result, it is possible to visually inspect the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 and confirm whether they are correctly engaged with the hooks of the disc prior to fitting of the blades. In service, this also allows the blade flanks to be inspected without completely removing the annulus fillers and thrust ring. [0043] Alternatively, the frame 40 may be connected after fitting of the blades. Since the frame 40 is narrower than the gap between adjacent blades, there is a gap either side of the frame 40 which again allows visual inspection of the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 to confirm that they are correctly engaged with the hooks of the disc. [0044] It should be appreciated that not all of the frame 40 need be narrower than the gap between adjacent blades and that alternatively only those elements which would otherwise restrict the view of the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 may be narrower, particularly the pair of upstanding members 50 and the bridging member 52 . As can be seen in FIG. 2 , the connection portions 46 do not directly overlie the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 and therefore the first and second hook elements could be visible even if the connection portions 46 were of comparable width to the gap between adjacent blades. [0045] Referring now to FIG. 3 , the annulus filler assembly is shown in a second stage of assembly. An annulus lid 56 is provided, which is constructed from a carbon-fibre reinforced plastic composite material and having a radially outwardly facing surface 58 for forming the inner wall of the flow annulus. The annulus lid 56 comprises three apertures 60 extending therethrough and a channel 62 running axially through the radially outwardly facing surface 58 . Each axial end of the annulus lid 56 is provided with a tongue 64 which is received under a lip portion of an adjacent casing component, such as the cover portion 28 and rotating seal element 34 as shown in FIG. 1 . In other embodiments the annulus lid may alternatively be made from a metallic material. [0046] The annulus lid 56 is located onto the frame 40 such that the three connection portions 46 are received through the apertures 60 . The shoulders 48 of each connection portion 46 sit substantially flush with the radially outwardly facing surface 58 and a base of the recess 49 of the connection portion sits substantially flush with a base of the channel 62 . [0047] Alternatively, each aperture 60 may comprise two distinct openings 66 on either side of the channel 62 for receiving each of the shoulders 48 of a connection portion 46 . In this configuration the base of the recess 49 is separated from the channel 62 by the base of the channel. To compensate for the offset in the radial position of the base of the recess 49 , the shoulders 48 are radially taller so that they again sit flush with the radially outwardly facing surface 58 . [0048] In either configuration, the shoulders 48 and optionally the base of the recess 49 of the frame 40 are visible from radially outwards of the surface 58 , thus providing a visual confirmation that the connection portions 46 are correctly located in the apertures 60 . [0049] Referring now to FIG. 4 , the annulus filler assembly is shown in a final stage of assembly. An elongate slider element 68 which is sized to be received in the channel 62 is introduced into the channel 62 by sliding the slider element 68 from an axially foremost end of the annulus lid 56 towards an axially rearmost end of the annulus lid 56 , as indicated by arrow 70 . The slider element 68 has a degree of flexibility which allows the slider element to form to the curvature of the annulus lid 56 . [0050] As the slider element 68 is slid through the channel 62 it passes through the shoulders 66 of each connection portion in turn. The slider element 68 has a male dovetail cross-section, such that when the slider element 68 is received in the connection portion 46 the two elements interlock to prevent the connection portion 46 from being withdrawn through the aperture 60 . Each axial end of the slider element 68 is provided with a bifurcated tongue 72 . Similarly to the tongues 64 of the annulus lid 56 , the tongues 72 are received under a lip portion of an adjacent casing component, such as the cover portion 28 and rotating seal element 34 as shown in FIG. 1 . The cover portion 28 and rotating seal element 34 fix the axial position of the slider element 68 in relation to the annulus lid 56 and thus prevent movement during operation. [0051] As discussed previously, when correctly located, the shoulders 48 of the connection portions 46 sit substantially flush with the radially outwardly facing surface 58 . This therefore allows visual inspection before sliding the slider element 68 through the channel 62 . [0052] Where the connection portions 46 are not maintained in the correct position as the slider element 68 is slid through the channel 62 , depending on the degree of misalignment, the following outcomes will result: If misalignment is minor, the slider element 68 will be received sufficiently within the connection portion 46 and thus force the connection portion 46 radially outwards (or the annulus lid 56 radially inwards) through contact between the shoulders 48 of the connection portion 46 and the slider element 68 , particularly the tongue 72 of the slider element 68 , and thus any misalignment will be corrected; If misalignment is moderate, the tongue 72 of the slider element 68 will contact the shoulders 48 and prevent the slider element 68 from sliding further; If the misalignment is severe, an interlocking connection will not be formed and instead the slider element 68 will pass over the connection portion 46 withdrawing the connection portion 46 and shoulders 48 out of the aperture 60 . [0056] In the latter case where an interlocking connection is not formed, it is immediately evident from a visual inspection of the radially outwardly facing surface 58 that this is the case since the shoulders 48 are not visible, or if they are visible they are clearly not flush with the radially outwardly facing surface 58 . A visual inspection of the radially outwardly facing surface 58 therefore confirms whether the annulus lid 56 is correctly connected to the frame 40 and the assembly is not put into service unless all of the shoulders 48 of the connection portions 46 are visible and flush with the radially outwardly facing surface 58 . [0057] The slider element 68 is also provided with three recessed portions 74 spaced across the axial length of the slider element 68 . The spacing between the recessed portions 74 corresponds to the spacing between both the apertures 60 and the connection portions 46 . The recessed portions are offset from both the apertures 60 and the connection portions 46 when the slider element 68 is in its operative position wherein the tongues 72 of the slider element are axially aligned with the tongues 64 of the annulus lid 56 . By sliding the slider element 68 out of the annulus lid 56 (in the opposite direction to arrow 70 ) by a distance equal to the offset, the recessed portions 74 can be aligned with the connection portions 46 and apertures 60 . The recessed portions 74 have the shoulders of the dovetail cross-section removed so that the slider element 68 is narrower along these portions than the distance between the shoulders 48 of the connection portion 46 . Therefore, when the recessed portions 74 are aligned in this manner, the slider portion does not interlock with the connection portion 46 and the connection portion 46 can be withdrawn through the aperture 60 , thus allowing the removal of the annulus lid 56 from the frame 40 without having to fully extract the slider element 68 from the channel 62 . [0058] The reversed technique can also be used to connect the annulus lid 56 to the frame 40 . Here, the connection portion 46 is introduced into the aperture 60 when the recessed portions 74 are aligned with the apertures 60 and then the slider element is slid into the operative position to lock the connection portions 46 and prevent subsequent withdrawal. When correctly located, the shoulders 48 of the connection portions 46 sit substantially flush with the radially outwardly facing surface 58 . If the shoulders 48 of the connection portions 46 are not visible when the slider element 68 is in the operative position, it is clear that the annulus lid 56 is not correctly connected to the frame 40 . Therefore the requirement for visual inspection during all stages of assembly is satisfied with this technique also. [0059] FIG. 5 shows an alternative embodiment of a frame 140 for an annulus filler in accordance with a first embodiment of the invention. In contrast to the frame 40 shown in FIG. 2 , the frame 140 has five connection portions 146 supported above the first and second hook elements 42 , 44 (which are essentially identical to those of the frame of FIG. 2 ). It will be understood that the slider and lid of this annulus filler, though not shown in the drawings, will be appropriately configured to interlock with the five connection portions 146 , in a similar manner to that described for the embodiment of FIG. 2 . Because the slider and lid are supported in more places, the stresses and strains in the lid will be reduced, compared with the embodiment having three connector portions. [0060] FIG. 6 shows the underside of an alternative embodiment of a lid 156 for an annulus filler in accordance with a first aspect of the invention. As with the lid 56 shown in FIG. 3 , the lid 156 comprises three apertures 60 extending therethrough, and a channel 62 running axially. In contrast to the lid 56 of FIG. 3 , the lid 156 comprises longitudinal ribs 180 , which add stiffness to the lid and thereby lower the stresses therein. It will be understood that in other embodiments, different numbers or configurations of ribs or corrugations may be provided to achieve the same result. [0061] FIG. 7 shows an alternative embodiment of an annulus filler in accordance with a first aspect of the invention. In most respects, this embodiment is similar to that shown in FIG. 4 , but the frame 240 of the annulus filler, instead of having first and second hook elements 42 , 44 as in FIG. 4 , has first and second mounting features 282 , 284 comprising holes 286 , 288 . In use, radial bolts (not shown) extend through the holes 286 , 288 to secure the frame 240 to the fan disc. These radial bolts could form part of an axial retention system as described in our pending European patent application EP10168820.2. [0062] It will be appreciated that variations and modifications may be made to the specific arrangement described, without departing from the invention. [0063] For instance, the securing hooks 42 , 44 may face each other. The interaction of the slider 68 and the annulus lid 56 and the connection portion 48 may be used to ‘lock’ the slider and lid in position through centrifugal force. [0064] In another arrangement (not shown in the drawings) the hooks 42 , 44 face away from each other and the lip 54 becomes a secondary locking mechanism.

4y

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT [0001] Not applicable. CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0002] Not applicable. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] The present invention relates to pretreatment of biological feedstocks for conversion to hydrocarbons. More specifically, the present invention relates to removal of solubilized metals and phosphorus from fatty acid and/or glycerides. [0004] Biomass is a renewable alternative to fossil raw materials in production of liquid fuels and chemicals. Development of more efficient biomass conversion processes is considered a key step toward wider use of renewable fuels. [0005] Vegetable oils, animal fats, and bio-derived greases make particularly attractive renewable feedstocks. From a physical property stand point, these feeds are liquids or low melt point solids, and therefore easily transported through pipe networks. Chemically, these have a relatively high carbon content and hence relatively high energy content. However, these feeds also contain metals, chlorides, and phosphorus that can be deleterious to the performance of hydroconversion catalysts. Chlorides and phosphorus can alter the activity of the catalyst. Solubilized metals, such as calcium and sodium, can deposit on the catalyst as the solubility character changes with transition from acids/esters to hydrocarbons in a reactor. In particular, this can lead to rapid plugging of fixed-bed reactors. [0006] Several prior art processes for producing hydrocarbons from starting materials such as plants and animals are known. U.S. Pat. No. 2,163,563 issued to Schrauth teaches a hydrogenation process for converting animal fats into hydrocarbons of mineral oil character. [0007] U.S. Pat. No. 4,992,605 issued to Craig and Soveran discloses a hydrogenation process for converting vegetable oils to mainly C15-C18 n-paraffins. [0008] U.S. Patent Application 2006/0207166 filed by Herkowitz, et al. teaches hydroconversion of animal fats and vegetable oils into a diesel fuel composition including linear and branched paraffins, alkyl benzene, and alkyl cyclohexane. None of the preceding art teaches pretreatment of the feed. [0009] U.S. Patent Application 2006/0264684 filed by Petri and Marker teaches that alkali metals, phosphorus, and other contaminants in the biological feedstock may be partially removed before hydrogenation. Two means of removing the alkali metals and phosphorus are mentioned therein: (1) treatment with ion-exchange resins and (2) contacting with an acid such as sulfuric, nitric or hydrochloric acid in a reactor. However the single-stage removal efficiencies for individual metals is in the 32% to 75% range. Furthermore, the remaining metals and phosphorus in the pretreated feed was 310 wppm which is considered unacceptably high for efficient hydroconversion in a fixed-bed reactor. For achieving commercially viable fixed-bed reactor run lengths, single-stage removal efficiencies above 90%, and residual total metals and phosphorus content below 100 wppm are desired. [0010] To this end, although processes of the existing art utilize biomass to produce hydrocarbons, and the importance of feed pretreatment is recognized therein, further improvements are desirable to provide a new process for preparing biological feedstocks to make fuels and chemicals. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a feed pretreatment process according to the present invention. [0012] FIG. 2 is a graphical representation of the correlation between ash and metals analysis. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0013] Vegetable oils, animal fats, and bio-derived greases are glycerides (mainly tri- and di-glycerides) with varying concentrations of free fatty acids. Tall oil from pine tree is concentrated in fatty acids known as tall oil fatty acids. [0014] The conversion of vegetable oils, animal fats, tall oil fatty acids, tall oil, and/or greases (also known as “biological feedstocks”) to fuels and chemicals may be achieved via hydroprocessing. Generically referred to as hydroconversion, the hydroprocessing reactions include hydrogenation, hydrodeoxygenation, hydrodesulfurization, hydrodenitrification, hydroisomerization, and hydrocracking. [0015] Solubilized metals and phosphorus in a biological feedstock reduce the performance of hydroconversion reactions. In particular, in the commonly used fixed-bed hydroconversion reactors, the solubilized metals deposit in a void space of the reactor bed. The deposit of solubilized metals leads to a rapid increase in pressure drop across the reactor bed and short run lengths making hydroconversion of these feeds commercially unviable. [0016] In the inventive process disclosed herein, the solubilized metals and phosphorus are effectively removed from the biological feedstocks. The biological feedstocks are washed with dilute citric acid solution to produce a pretreated biological feedstock substantially free of metals and phosphorus and well suited for efficient hydroconversion. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0017] Referring now to the drawings, and more particularly to FIG. 1 , shown therein is a schematic of one embodiment of the operation of the process in accordance with the present invention as described herein. A biological feedstock 101 and a citric acid solution 102 are fed into a contacting device 103 . The biological feedstock 101 is optionally pre-filtered before entering the contacting device 103 . [0018] The concentration of the citric acid solution 102 is from about 0.5 wt. % to about 20 wt. %, preferably from about 5.0 wt. % to about 15 wt. % (mass citric acid per mass aqueous solution). The volumetric ratio of biological feedstock to citric acid solution is from about 20:1 to about 2:1, preferably from about 5:1 to about 15:1. It should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that although a citric acid solution is disclosed as being utilized in the present process, any acid, such as phosphoric acid, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, acetic acid or carbonic acid, may be used so long as the acid functions in accordance with the present invention as described herein. During pre-filtration and acid contacting, the temperature of the biological feedstock is maintained from about 140° F. to about 280° F. [0019] The contacting device 103 functions to contact the biological feedstock 101 with the citric acid solution 102 . It should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, that any device capable of producing intimate contacting between two immiscible phases may be used in the present invention. Specific examples of contacting devices suitable for this application include mixing valve, static mixer, or roto-stator high shear mixer. [0020] Stream 104 , the two phase effluent from the contacting device 103 , is fed to a liquid-liquid separator 105 . The geometry and size of the separator 105 allow for most of the small aqueous droplets formed in the contracting device 103 to coalesce and form larger droplets that separate from a washed biological feedstock stream 107 . The separator is sized to provide between about 5 to about 30 minutes hold up time for the fluid. Preferred operating conditions for the separator are between about 140° F. and about 280° F. at pressures less than about 500 psig. An aqueous stream 106 from the separator 105 contains citric acid, metal cations, chloride anions, soluble citric acid metal complexes, and small amounts of insoluble complexes. [0021] The washed biological feedstock stream 107 contains very small water droplets and is fed into and processed through a coalescing filter 108 to achieve further separation of spent aqueous citric acid complexes. The coalescing filter operates at temperatures between about 140° F. and about 280° F. at pressures less than about 500 psig. The aqueous stream 109 is compositionally the same as stream 106 . Although the filter 108 is utilized to further separate the spent aqueous citric acid complexes, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the separation of the very small water droplets in the washed biological feedstock 107 may also be achieved by a centrifuge, an electrical grid or any other means known in the art used to separate liquids. [0022] Spent aqueous streams 106 and 109 are optionally combined and sent to a citric acid reclamation unit (not shown) and/or partially recycled. The washed and water-separated biological feedstock stream 110 has a total metals and phosphorus content less than about 100 ppm, preferably less than about 50 ppm, and more preferably less than about 20 ppm. The metals include calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium, and sodium. The pretreated biological feedstock stream 110 is optionally transported to a surge drum (not shown) for pumping to a hydroconversion reactor system (not shown) which optionally includes a fixed-bed reactor for converting pretreated biological feedstock to hydrocarbons. [0023] Although the pretreatment process as illustrated in FIG. 1 is shown utilized for a single-stage continuous operation, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that the required mixing and liquid-liquid phase separation may also be conducted in batch cycles. One of ordinary skill in the art will further recognize that the continuous operation may employ a plurality of contactor-separator stages, with counter-current, cross-current, or co-current flow of the citric acid solution 102 . [0024] In order to further illustrate the present invention, the following examples are given. However, it is to be understood that the examples are for illustrative purposes only and are not to be construed as limiting the scope of the subject invention. EXAMPLES Example 1 Measuring Metal Contaminants by Ash Analysis [0025] Upon ignition, the solubilized metals contained in biological feedstocks remain as ash. Although ash may also contain other non-combustible inorganic matter, it is proportional to the level of metal contaminants in the biological feedstock. The process of measuring ash consists of (1) weighing about 100 g of homogenized biological feedstock by an analytical balance, (2) placing the biological feedstock in a tared crucible, (3) melting the contents of the crucible over a hot plate, (4) igniting the molten biological feedstock in the crucible in a hood using proper personal protection and associated safe practices, and (5) weighing the crucible. Net weight of ash remaining in the crucible divided by weight of the biological feedstock placed therein gives the ash content. The ash analysis was conducted on biological feedstocks of various metals content. FIG. 2 shows a graphical representation of the correlation between ash and total Group I and Group II metals as analyzed by Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP) Atomic Emission Spectroscopy. Example 2 Hydrotreater Operation with a Relatively High-Contaminant Biological Feedstock [0026] Four 100 cc tubular reactors were each loaded with 80 cc of a commercial NiMo catalyst and 20 cc of 70-100 mesh glass beads. The NiMo catalyst was sulfided with a dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) solution under H 2 flow conditions. Decomposition of DMDS to hydrogen sulfide was confirmed by use for lead acetate before the reactor temperature was raised from the first hold temperature of about 400° F. to the final hold temperature of about 650° F. The total sulfiding cycle (start to end of DMDS solution flow) was about 20 hrs. [0027] After a 48 hr catalyst break-in, a triglyceride feed with relatively high solublized metal contaminants, inedible tallow, was introduced to the reactor. The properties of the feedstock, including contaminant metals and ash (non combustible inorganics), are summarized in Table 1. The operating conditions for all four reactors were: 1 liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV), 10,000 SCF/bbl gas-to-oil ratio (GOR), 700° F., and 1,200 psig. The waxy solid tallow feed was thus converted to a clear liquid. Full conversion of tallow to hydrocarbons was confirmed with gas chromatography (GC). [0028] About twenty-four hours after start of the tallow feed, two of the four reactors experienced high pressure drop. This ultimately led to a drop in gas flow rate and conversion performance. [0000] TABLE 1 Level of ash (non-combustible inorganic contaminants) in feedstocks of Examples 2 and 3 Example 2 Example 3 Feedstock Inedible Tallow Partially Hydrogenated Soybean Oil Appearance Light tan solid White semi-solid Ash (wppm) 749 19 Days before spike in  2 50+ reactor delta-P Example 3 Hydrotreater Operation with a Low-Contaminant Biological Feedstock [0029] The reactors of Example 2 were reloaded with catalyst and sulfided using the same procedure as discussed in Example 2. One of the reactors contained the same grade of catalyst used in Example 2. After a catalyst break-in, a triglyceride feedstock with low contaminant content, partially hydrogenated soybean oil, was introduced to the reactor. As indicated by the ash values of Table 1, this feedstock had 97.5% less contaminant than the triglyceride feedstock of Example 2. [0030] The hydrotreater reactors were operated under the same liquid and gas flow conditions as Example 2. Complete conversion of feedstock to hydrocarbon product was confirmed by GC at all operating temperatures tested: 550° F., 600° F., 650° F., 700° F., and 750° F. The reactor system was operated for 50 days on the same feed without increase in pressure drop across any of the four reactors. Example 4 Washing a Fat/Grease Blend with Water [0031] A biological feedstock was prepared by blending waste fats and greases according to Table 2. [0000] TABLE 2 Make up of biological feedstock of Examples 4 and 5 Fat/Grease Type Mass Percent Poultry Fat 46% Yellow Grease 18% Brown Grease 18% Floatation Grease  9% Misc. Animal Fat  9% [0032] The contaminants present in this biological feedstock are summarized in Table 3. [0000] TABLE 3 Contaminants present in the biological feedstock of Examples 4 and 5 Feedstock attribute/- Concentration contaminant (wppm) Ash 1,675 Calcium 285 Iron 67.3 Potassium 117 Magnesium 7.6 Sodium 123 Phosphorus 144 Silicon 3.2 Zinc 3.6 Acid number (mg KOH/g) 94.7 The fat/grease feed blend was filtered through a 10 mm bag filter. The ash value of the filtered product was measured as 1,715 wppm—essentially unchanged. The filtered feedstock was then washed with de-mineralized water in a continuous operation. The biological feedstock to water volumetric flow ratio was 10:1. The two streams, fat/grease at 15 gal/min and water at 1.5 gal/min, were brought into contact in a mix tee. The washed fat/grease blend was measured for ash content, and the wash cycle was repeated under the same conditions. The results of each water wash cycle are summarized in Table 4. Based on the ash analyses, even after two water wash cycles the inorganics/metals content remained mostly unchanged. [0000] TABLE 4 Clean-up performance with water wash cycles Feedstock attribute/- contaminant Water Wash 1 Water Wash 2 Ash (wppm) 1,253 1,090 Ash Component Removal per Cycle 25.2% 12.8% Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 118 121 Moisture and Volatiles (wt %) 4.2 2.0 Example 5 Washing a Fat/Grease Blend with Citric Acid [0033] After the second water wash cycle, the fat/grease blend as shown in Table 3 was washed with 10% citric acid solution. The same continuous washing operation described in Example 4 was used, with a 10:1 ratio of fat/grease to aqueous citric acid solution. The properties of the filtered citric-washed product are summarized in Table 5. It is evident from the ash analyses that citric acid wash removed most of the inorganic/metal contaminants. [0000] TABLE 5 Clean-up performance with citric acid wash Feedstock attribute/- contaminant Before After Ash (wppm) 1,090 67.2 Ash Component Removal per Cycle — 93.8% Acid Value (mg KOH/g) 121 129 Moisture and Volatiles (wt %) 2.0 1.3 [0034] From the above description, it is clear that the present invention is well adapted to carry out the objects and to attain the advantages mentioned herein as well as those inherent in the invention. While presently preferred embodiments of the invention have been described for purposes of this disclosure, it will be understood that numerous changes may be made which will readily suggest themselves to those skilled in the art and which are accomplished within the spirit of the invention disclosed and claimed.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention is directed to a method for the manufacture of LSI, complementary MOS field effect transistor circuits wherein p-doped or n-doped wells are generated in the semiconductor substrate for the formation of n-channel or p-channel transistors. The required dopants are introduced into the wells by ion implantations in order to set the various transistor threshold voltages. An n + -doped or p + -doped silicon having an n - -doped or p - -doped epitaxial layer situation on the substrate is employed as the semiconductor substrate. The manufacture of the source/drain and gate regions as well as the generation of intermediate and insulating oxides plus formation of the interconnect levels are performed in accordance with the known method steps of MOS technology. 2. Description of the Prior Art An overall method for producing LSI complementary MOS field effect transistor circuits may be found, in general, in European Patent Application No. 0 135 163. Modern CMOS processes employ technologies wherein both the n- as well as p-channel transistors occur in wells. Setting the various transistor threshold voltages of thin oxide transistors and field oxide transistors of both types is accomplished by multiple ion implantations. An increased latch-up hardness, i.e., suppression of the parasitic bipolar effects was previously obtained either by employing an epitaxial layer on a low impedance substrate or by employing a "retrograde well". The use of an epitaxial layer in a CMOS process is disclosed in an article by L.C. Parillo et al. in Technical Digest IEDM 1980, 29.1, pages 752 through 755. The two n-doped or p-doped wells are produced in a CMOS process by means of self-adjusting process steps through the use of a mask. The self-adjusting implantation of the two wells leads to a substantial local overlap and charge compensation of the n-implanted or p-implanted regions at the implantation edge using the standard depth of 5 microns of the n-well or p-well. The effect thereof is that the threshold voltage of the field oxide transistor is reduced and the current gain of the parasitic npn and pnp bipolar transistors is increased, thus leading to increase latch-up susceptibility. Another method which uses an epitaxial layer for increasing the latch-up hardness is described in European Patent Application No. 0 135 163. In this method, the threshold voltages of the n-channel and p-channel CMOS field effect transistors are set by specific gate materials and adjusted by gate oxide thicknesses as well as by a specific channel implantation. Both described methods have the disadvantage that the sheet resistance of the p-well is in the region of a number of kilo-ohms per square, thus reducing the latch-up susceptibility but not making it impossible. Moreover, the sensitivity of the MOS FET located in the well relative to substrate currents is relatively high. The employment of a "retrograde well" in a CMOS process is known from an article by R.D. Rung et al. in IEEE Transactions on Electron Devices, vol. ED-28, no 10, October 1981, pages 1115 through 1119. In this method, a p- or n-well profile having an increasing doping in the depth is produced by employing a deep implantation with a short diffusion step following. A shallower well is produced not affecting the sheet resistance and reducing the n + /p + spacing to about one-third its former value. A disadvantage of this method is in the necessity of adding expensive technology in the form of high energy implantation. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention solves the problem of suppressing the parasitic bipolar effects and, thus, increases the latch-up hardness by the following series of steps. There is provided an n + -doped or p + -doped silicon substrate having a second n - -doped or p - -doped epitaxial layer additional to a first n - -doped or p - -doped epitaxial layer. Buried layers are implanted with relatively high dosage into the deeper, first epitaxial layer where later the well regions will be formed and a second or upper epitaxial layer is disposed thereabove. The wells are generated by outward diffusion from these highly doped buried layers into the second epitaxial layer and, under certain conditions, by diffusion of ions implanted into the second expitaxial layer. Since the well is produced by diffusion from the highly doped "buried layers" into the upper, epitaxial layer and, under certain conditions, by diffusion of a well doping implanted into the upper epitaxial layer which provides a light doping in comparison to the highly doped buried layer, the product of diffusion constant times time required for the well generation with a given well depth can be greated reduced. Beyond this, the well and epitaxial layer doping at the surface and along its depth can be set independently of one another so that these dopings can be controlled to the demands made of the transistor and of the latch-up hardness. The following advantages can be achieved by practicing the method of the present invention due to the reduced product of diffusion constant times time: (a) fewer crystal defects; (b) a lower dopant diffusion from the highly doped substrates; (c) no special equipment for high temperature treatment about 1000° C. as previously required; (d) a shorter, common drive-in time for both wells; (e) a lower lateral diffusion and compensation of the surface regions despite self-adjusted wells; and (f) reduction of the spacing between the wells and the epitaxial layer edge as a result of the steeper well profile. The employment of the "buried layer" permits: (a) a lower well resistivity and, thus, an improved latch-up hardness without deterioration of the transistor characteristics; (b) a flat well with constant parasitic collector-emitter breakdown voltage; (c) no mobility reduction due to high dopings in the channel region; (d) no complicated or costly high energy implantation; and (e) fewer well contacts. Due to the reduced lateral diffusion or the steeper well profile, a smaller n + /p + spacing is allowed. Together with the lower number of well contacts required, a higher packing density with improved latch-up hardness is achieved. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Two process sequences for the manufacture of a CMOS circuit in accordance with the teachings of the present invention are set forth in greater detail with reference to FIGS. 1 through 17. The process sequences are set forth with a p-well process which is constructed on n-doped silicon substrate material. Obviously, the same process sequences can be transferred to an n-well process based on p-silicon substrate material. FIGS. 1 through 9 show cross sections through the structures achieved by the individual method steps, with a number of process steps being shown combined at each Figure for the sake of simplicity; FIGS. 10 through 14 show another process sequence wherein the production of both wells occurs by diffusion out from buried layers; FIGS. 15 through 17 illustrate the doping profiles achieved in the active regions of the n-channel or the p-channel transistors, FIG. 15 illustrating the doping profile in the active region of the n-channel transistors of the embodiment set forth in FIGS. 1 through 9, whereas FIGS. 16 and 17 relate to the doping profile achieved in the active region of the n-channel (FIG. 16) or the p-channel (FIG. 17) transistors of the embodiment of FIGS. 10 through 14. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS In the first embodiment, starting with FIG. 1, there is shown an n + -doped (100) oriented silicon substrate 1 having a specific resistance of 0.02 ohms·cm. A first n-doped epitaxial layer 2 having a layer thickness of about 3 microns and a specific resistance of 0.05 ohms·cm is formed on the substrate 1. A double layer 3, 4 composed of SiO 2 measuring about 50 nm, and silicon nitride measuring 140 nm is provided over the epitaxial layer 2. The silicon nitride layer 4 is covered with a photoresist mask 32 over the later formed n-well region to keep it covered during the subsequent implantation. A highly doped, buried zone 6 is then produced in the surface regions which are to later constitute the p-well regions which are not covered by the photoresist layer 32 and the silicon nitride layer 4. The buried zone 6 can be produced by a boron ion implantation illustrated at reference numeral 5, and having a dosage of 1×10 14 cm -2 and at an energy level of 25 keV. The connection to the p-well is then produced from this zone 6 by outward diffusion in the later steps of the process. The zone 6 leads to the reduction of the resistance of the p-well and to an increase in the collector-emitter breakdown voltage. After removal of the photoresist mask 32, an SiO 2 layer 7 up to 200 nm in thickness is generated in the p-well region by oxidation of the surface, thereby forming a structure edge 8. FIG. 3 shows the arrangement after the removal of the silicon nitride mask 4 and the oxide layer 3, 7. There is then deposited an n - -doped epitaxial layer 9 having a layer thickness on the order of 1 micron and having a specific resistance of 20 ohms·cm. This arrangement is illustrated in FIG. 4. FIG. 5 illustrates the structure after the production of a further double layer 10, 11 composed of a 50 nm thick SiO 2 layer 10 and a 140 nm thick silicon nitride layer 11. The silicon nitride layer 11 is structured with a photoresist mask 33, thus producing a p-well 12 in the n-doped epitaxial layer 2 by boron ion implantation illustrated at reference numeral 13 having a dosage of 2×10 12 cm -2 and at an energy level of 160 keV. As illustrated in FIG. 6, a phosphorus ion implantation 14 at a dosage of 1×10 12 cm -2 and an energy level of 180 keV is used to produce an n-well 15, an SiO 2 layer 16 having previously been produced over the p-well region by local thermal oxidation and the nitride mask 11 having been removed and a heat treating process having been carried out. FIG. 7 illustrates the arrangement after the drive-in process for the two wells 12 and 15 which occurs at about 1000° C. from 2 to 3 hours. After the well drive-in, there is now a connection between the p-well 12 and the p + buried layer 6 which lies below it. The total oxide layer 10, 16 is then removed and a double layer 17, 18 composed of 50 nm thick SiO 2 and 140 nm thick silicon nitride is generated as shown in FIG. 8. This step is in preparation for the local oxidation of silicon known as the LOCOS process. The silicon nitride layer 18 is structured by standard phototechnique and etching. FIG. 8 shows the arrangement during the ion implantation illustrated at reference numeral 19 of the field oxide regions of the n-channel transistors with boron ions, which occurs at a dosage of 1×10 13 cm -2 and an energy level of 25 to 90 keV. The n-well region 15 is thereby covered with a photoresist mask 20. There is, thus, produced a p + -doped region 25 which provides an adequately high threshold voltage of the n-channel field oxide transistors. After removal of the photoresist mask 20 and generation of the field oxide 21 by oxidation, using the nitride structures as oxidation masks, the oxide layer 17 shown in FIG. 8 is reoxidized by an oxidation process following the removal of the nitride mask 18. After etching off the oxide layer 17, the gate oxide 22 is generated in a predetermined layer thickness as shown in FIG. 9. A surface-wide boron ion implantation illustrated at reference numeral 23 with a dosage leve of 5×10 11 cm -2 at an energy level of 25 keV produces channel doping of the p-channel and n-channel transistors and serves the purpose of setting the threshold voltages of both transistor types. After this step, the process follows conventional technology, whereby one or more channel implantations are carried out depending on the gate oxide thickness and the gate material. These processes are known and may be found in the initially cited European Patent Application No. 0 135 163. The doping profile achieved in the active region of the n-channel transistors of FIG. 9 is qualitatively shown in FIG. 15. The concentration of boron, phosphorous, and antimony in the first epitaxial layer is shown on the ordinate axis and the penetration depth X in microns is shown on the abscissae. FIGS. 10 to 14 illustrate a second embodiment of the invention. This embodiment differs from the first described embodiment in that it begins with the generation of a p + layer 6 and an n + buried layer 28. The well implantations 13 and 14 which are used in the first embodiment are replaced by an outward diffusion of the buried layers 6, 28, and, thus, a photolithography step is eliminated. In comparison to the first example, this alternative enables an increase in the well breakdown voltage and a reduction of the well/substrate capacitance. Referring to FIG. 10, the process sequence for the start of the process is analogous to that shown in FIG. 1. The oxidation of the surface for masking the buried p-layer region 6 as shown in FIG. 2 is carried out such that the oxide layer 7 is provided with a long tail 27 similar to a bird's beak for separating the two buried layers 6 and 28. After an etching of the nitride layer 4, a phosphorous or arsenic ion implantation illustrated at reference numeral 29 is carried out at a dosage of 1×10 14 cm -2 and an energy level of 40 keV to generate the buried n-doped layer 28. FIG. 12 illustrates the condition after etching the oxide layer 3, 7, 27 which serves as a masking, and the application of the second n - -doped epitaxial layer 9 having a thickness of about 1 micron and a specific resistance of 20 ohms·cm. An insulating SiO 2 layer 30 is then applied over the entire surface in a layer thickness of about 50 nm. The common diffusion out from the two buried layers 6 and 28 now occurs at a temperature of about 1000° C. in a matter of 3 to 5 hours. Referring next to FIG. 13, a double layer 17, 18 composed of a 50 nm thick SiO 2 layer and a 140 nm silicon nitride layer is now provided and is structured in preparation for the aforementioned LOCOS process. This Figure shows the arrangement after the ion implantation 19 of the regions of the n-channel field oxide transistors with boron ions at a dosage level of 1×10 13 cm -2 and an energy level of 60 to 90 keV. As set forth with respect to FIG. 8, the n-well region 15 is covered with a photoresist mask 20. The p-doped region 25 is thus produced. After the removal of the photoresist mask 20, a field oxide 21 is generated in the manner illustrated in FIG. 9. The removal of the nitride mask and the oxidation of the oxide layer 17 proceeds in an analogous manner as do all of the following process steps, as set forth with respect to FIG. 9, with the exception of the channel implantation 31. In this form of the invention, the channel implantation is carried out in two successive steps, the first being a deep boron ion implantation at a dosage of 5 to 10×10 11 cm -2 and at an energy level of 60 to 120 keV. The second consists of a flat boron ion implantation at a dosage of 5 to 7×10 11 cm -2 and an energy level of 25 keV. The doping of the p-channel transistors is undertaken in the same manner. The doping profile achieved in the active region of the n-channel transistors is qualitatively shown in FIG. 16. The doping profile achieved for the p-channel transistor is qualitatively shown in FIG. 17 with the same designations applying as are in FIG. 15. It should be evident that various modifications can be made to the described embodiments without departing from the scope of the present invention.

4y

This application is a division of application Ser. No. 107,055, filed Dec. 26, 1979 now U.S. Pat. No. 4,310,662. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION With the coming of age of recombinant DNA technology attention has increasingly been focused on the synthesis of oligonucleotides for various purposes, e.g., as hybridization probes for use in locating complementary DNA made by reverse transcription from purified messenger RNA, as primers in the controlled conversion of single to double-stranded DNA, as plasmidic control regions useful in the bacterial expression of useful proteins, as "linkers" for interpolating heterologous DNA into plasmids, as genes encoding useful proteins that themselves may be bacterially expressed, and so on. In each such case DNA fragments have hitherto been assembled by condensation of nucleotides or oligonucleotides according to a sequential plan dictated by the nucleotide sequence of the desired end product. As one example, the known amino acid sequence of the useful compound somatostatin has permitted design and synthesis of a corresponding gene, which could then be inserted in a bacterial plasmid so as to permit bacterial production of the protein encoded. K. Itakura, et al., Science 198, 1056-1063 (1977). The construction of oligonucleotides entails phosphorylation of a nucleosidic moiety to form the corresponding 3'-phosphate, which is then condensed with a further, suitably protected nucleosidic moiety to yield a di- or polynucleotide in which the original nucleosidic moieties are linked by a phosphodiester bridge. In the so-called "triester" method the third functionality of the phosphate is protected prior to the condensation reaction to prevent undue side reactions and to neutralize charge so as to permit silica gel chromatography techniques in product purification and recovery. See, e.g., K. Itakura et al., Can. J. Chem. 51, 3649-3651 (1973) and the somatostatin work previously referred to. A typical series of steps in oligonucleotide constructions typical of past triester practice may be represented as follows, "B" being the characteristic base moiety of the nucleoside involved, X a protecting group for the 5'-OH, and R, e.g., p-chlorophenoxy: ##STR2## In the foregoing scheme the possibility exists in the first reaction of byproduct formation owing to e.g., multiple phosphorylation. More to the point, the intermediate product 3 is charged, so that the β-cyanoethanol reactant in the following step must be used in considerable (e.g., 5X) excess if the presence of a polar nucleotidic moiety is to be avoided when product 4 comes to be purified and, of course, workup and purification of 4 is in any event complicated by the excess remaining. Finally, end product 5 is itself charged, and hence cannot be purified in silica gel chromatography, an otherwise highly convenient tool. A need has accordingly existed for improved means of DNA and other oligonucleotide synthesis, so as to diminish recovery losses, otherwise enhance yields, and to permit more rapid synthesis of key materials in health-related and other fields. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention provides as a novel phosphorylating compound the material ##STR3## where R is a base labile phenyloxy protecting group. As a single step phosphyorylating reagent, the compound permits phosphorylation and condensation to go forward without workup of intermediate product or the need for an interposed B-cyanoethylation step, and yields as end product a neutral oligonucleotide which admits of facile purification and recovery in high yields. Using the new reagent, it proved possible in just three months to produce 29 different oligodeoxyribonucleotides to build genes for human insulin, R. Crea et al., Prod. National Acad. Sci. USA 75, 5765-5769, December 1978, which could then occasion bacterial expression of that precious substance, D. Goeddel et al., Proc. National Acad. Sci. 76, 106-110 January 1979; and subsequently to construct 12 further oligonucleotides to supply synthetic components of a gene used successfully in the bacterial production of human growth hormone, D. Goeddel et al., Nature 281, 544-548 (October 1979). These and the other publications referred to herein are incorporated by reference to illustrate, variously, the background and advantages of the invention. The manner in which the foregoing and other objects and advantages of the invention are attained will further appear from the detailed description which follows. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The compounds of the invention may be made by reaction of β-cyanoethanol and R-phosphorodichloridate in ether/triethylamine, i.e., ##STR4## where R is a base labile phenyloxy protecting group, e.g., p-chlorophenyloxy, o-chlorophenyloxy, 2,4-dichlorophenyloxy, p-nitrophenyloxy, p-methoxyphenyloxy, etc. Use of the compounds in DNA synthesis may be represented by the following reaction scheme in which the preferred embodiment of the invention, p-chlorophenyl-2-cyanoethylphosphorochloridate is employed: ##STR5## In the foregoing, Q may be a suitably protected 5' OH (i.e., R 1 O-- where R 1 is an organic group labile in acid medium) or, where a polynucleotide is to be phosphorylated and chain extended, a moiety of structure ##STR6## where n is zero or an integer from 1 to about 18. In like fashion, the reactant 10 may alternatively be a polynucleotide, e.g., ##STR7## where m is zero or an integer so chosen that the sum of n and m is not greater than about 17. The group B in any case may be the same or different and is selected from the group consisting of adenyl, thymyl, guanyl and cytosyl. R 2 is a protecting group that is labile in basic medium. The phosphorylation reaction (a) is conducted in a suitable solvent, e.g., acetonitrile, in the presence of base to neutralize hydrogen chloride formed as byproduct, thus driving the reaction toward completion. A preferred basic medium for this purpose is 1-methylimidazole, which also serves to activate the phosphorochloridate. Temperature is non-critical and all reactions depicted may be run at, e.g., room temperature, although the phosphorylation reaction is preferably run at somewhat reduced temperature, e.g., at or about 0° centigrade. Reaction (b) removes the cyanoethyl moiety by base-catalyzed β-elimination preferably in a pyridine/triethylamine/water system (3:1:1 vol/vol). Condensation reaction (c) employs a coupling agent in excess (e.g., 3-4 equivalents), preferably 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzenesulfonyl tetrazolide and is performed in pyridine, preferably with an excess (e.g., 1.5 equivalents or more) of the charged reactant 9. Because the intended product 11 is relatively neutral the excess of the charged reactant 9 may be removed by silica gel chromatography. Thus, as an example, the final reaction mixture is passed through a silica gel column washed first with CHCl 3 to elute side products and coupling agent, hen with CHCl 3 /MeOH (95:5 vol/vol) to elute the fully protected oligomer, leaving the charged reactant behind in the column. Among the many acid labile protecting groups useful in such condensation reactions may be mentioned, e.g., tetrahydropyrenyl, 1-methoxycyclohexyl, 4-monomethoxytrityl and, most preferably, 4,4'-dimethoxytrityl, which latter may be removed in mild acid medium, e.g., 2% benzenesulfonic acid. The group R 2 is removable in strong basic medium, e.g., concentrated ammonia or NaOH, and may be, e.g., orthochlorophenyl, 2,4-dichlorophenyl, parachorophenyl, paranitrophenyl, etc. It is accordingly unaffected by the β-elimination reaction which removes the cyanoethyl moiety, the latter being carried out in weak basic medium, i.e., from near-neutrality to about pH 9. In the example that follows, the method of forming the most preferred embodiment of the invention is illustrated in greater detail. EXAMPLE Synthesis of p-chlorophenyl-2-cyanoethylphosphorochloridate A solution of freshly distilled triethylamine (14 ml, 0.1 mole) in ether (100 ml) was added, dropwise and under magnetical stirring, to a chilled solution (ice water bath) of p-chlorophenyl phosphorodichloridate (24.5 g. 0.1 mole) and 2-cyanoethanol (7 ml, 0.1 mole) in ether (300 ml). After complete addition of the base, the solution was stirred for one hour at room temperature and then quickly filtrated. The ether was evaporated off and the product recovered as an oil. Appropriate choice of the starting phosphorodichloridate yields the other fully protected phosphorylating agents of the invention, by a like procedure.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0001] 1. Field of the Invention [0002] Example embodiments relate in general to a method and apparatus for the mechanical repair of a Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) jet pump restrainer assembly. Specifically, example embodiments relate to mechanical repair of a potentially damaged contact area on either an inlet mixer wedge or a restrainer bracket of a restrainer assembly used to horizontally support a jet pump assembly against riser piping to reduce vibration. [0003] 2. Related Art [0004] BWRs are designed to generate steam in reactor pressure vessels (“RPVs”) by heating the water surrounding uranium-containing tubes of fuel assemblies located in the RPV core regions. The RPVs have recirculation loops designed to facilitate the circulation of water in the core regions. The recirculation loops generally include large centrifugal pumps that pump water out of the RPVs and return the water to the inlets of jet pump assemblies located in annular regions in the RPVs surrounding the core regions. The jet pump assemblies are designed to entrain the surrounding water in the annular regions and then discharge the water in a manner that induces a desired flow pattern in the core regions. [0005] The jet pump assemblies are subject to vibrations caused by hydraulic forces due to the flow of water and/or by the rotation of the centrifugal pumps. Thus, in one BWR design, the jet pump assemblies are horizontally supported against vibration with a jet pump restrainer assembly including a bracket using a three point suspension system. A three point system generally includes a wedge movably mounted on a vertically oriented guide rod that is attached to a jet pump assembly and extends through the space between the bracket and the jet pump. The wedge, which may weigh about seven pounds, is designed to slide downwardly under the force of gravity into the space between the bracket and the jet pump assembly and thereby urge the jet pump against the adjustment screws. [0006] It has been found that the mating (or seating) surfaces of the wedges and/or the brackets of some commercial BWRs have worn substantially after operation over long periods of time. In some cases, the softer interior metal underlying the hardened surfaces of the wedges have worn extensively. It is believed that the wearing is caused by a fretting type of action when the hydraulic forces and/or pump vibrations induce the wedges to chatter or to rise upwardly and then fall back against the bracket. In addition, it is believed that the jet pump assemblies may move away from the adjustment screws in extreme cases. [0007] The jet pump restrainer assemblies may be repaired by replacing the worn wedges and/or brackets. However, the jet pump assemblies and/or brackets would need to be disassembled, machined and reassembled, and the old parts would need to be replaced. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0008] Example embodiments provide a method of repairing the BWR jet pump restrainer assemblies without requiring the disassembly of the jet pump assemblies and/or the associated brackets. Example embodiments may also allow for the continued use of the worn wedges and/or brackets. [0009] Example embodiments include a method of repairing a BWR jet pump restrainer assembly, in situ. The jet pump assembly extends vertically through a hole in a bracket attached to a riser pipe and is supported against horizontal movement by a plurality of screws extending from the bracket toward the jet pump assembly by a wedge extending into the hole. The wedge is moveably mounted on a vertically extending guide rod fastened to the jet pump assembly. The wedge has a vertically extending inner surface designed to contact the jet pump assembly and an outer surface inclined relative to the vertically extending inner surface designed to contact the bracket. The mating surfaces of the wedge and bracket are the surfaces that are susceptible to wear over time. Example embodiments provide for the placement of bearing plates above and/or below the bracket to provide an additional bearing surface or surfaces between the inlet mixer wedge and the bracket. Example embodiments allow for a bearing plate or plates to assist in supplementing, or in essence expanding the existing contact surface between the inlet mixer wedge and the restrainer bracket. Alternatively, example embodiments allow the existing inlet mixer wedge to be repositioned (the wedge may be partially withdrawn), allowing the bearing plate or plates to be shifted toward the wedge such that a new contact surface between the bearing plates and the wedge replaces the contact surface between the wedge and the existing bracket (i.e., following repair, the wedge and bracket no longer directly contacts each other). Additionally, example embodiments allow for a replacement and/or machining of either the wedge or the bracket, or both, in addition to the placement of a bearing plate or plates to provide additional support. Example embodiments also allow for a replacement wedge that is either smaller (i.e., narrower), larger (i.e., wider), or the same size as the original wedge, or a replacement wedge with a smaller or larger angle of inclination as the original wedge, thereby allowing the wedge to contact the bearing plate or plates while not necessarily contacting the bracket directly. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0010] The above and other features and advantages of example embodiments will become more apparent by describing in detail example embodiments with reference to the attached drawings. The accompanying drawings are intended to depict example embodiments and should not be interpreted to limit the intended scope of the claims. The accompanying drawings are not to be considered as drawn to scale unless explicitly noted. [0011] FIG. 1 is schematic representation of a conventional BWR characterized by a reactor pressure vessel (“RPV”) having two recirculation loops; [0012] FIG. 2 is a partial perspective schematic representation of a RPV taken along Line 2 - 2 of FIG. 1 , which depicts a cut-away showing a conventional jet pump assembly arrangement; [0013] FIG. 3 is a partial perspective elevation view of a jet pump assembly horizontally supported by a conventional jet pump restrainer assembly including a bracket, the view taken along Line 3 - 3 of FIG. 2 ; [0014] FIG. 4 is a simplified rendition of an example embodiment showing a side view of a jet pump restrainer assembly repair including bearing plates interfacing with a conventional bracket and mixer wedge, the view taken along Line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3 ; [0015] FIG. 5 is a simplified rendition of another example embodiment showing a side view of a jet pump restrainer assembly repair including bearing plates interfacing with a conventional bracket and mixer wedge, the view taken along Line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3 ; [0016] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of an example embodiment showing a jet pump restrainer assembly repair interfacing with a conventional bracket and mixing wedge, the view from a slight overhead angle; [0017] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of an example embodiment showing a jet pump restrainer assembly repair interfacing with a conventional bracket and mixing wedge, the view from a slight underneath angle; [0018] FIG. 8 is a detailed depiction of an example embodiment of a jet pump restrainer assembly repair showing top and bottom bearing plates, mounting bolts, optional locating bosses, and optional adjusting bolt collars; [0019] FIG. 9 is an overhead view of an example embodiment of a jet pump restrainer assembly repair, shown without a top bearing plate in order to show optional locating bosses and optional adjusting bolt collars; [0020] FIG. 10 is the overhead view of the example embodiment of FIG. 9 , shown with a top bearing plate; [0021] FIG. 11 is a perspective view of an example embodiment showing mounting bolts penetrating the bracket; and [0022] FIG. 12 is a perspective view of an example embodiment showing mounting bolts penetrating the bracket, with a tighter bolt pattern than the one shown in FIG. 11 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0023] Detailed example embodiments are disclosed herein. However, specific structural and functional details disclosed herein are merely representative for purposes of describing example embodiments. Example embodiments may, however, be embodied in many alternate forms and should not be construed as limited to only the embodiments set forth herein. [0024] Accordingly, while example embodiments are capable of various modifications and alternative forms, embodiments thereof are shown by way of example in the drawings and will herein be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that there is no intent to limit example embodiments to the particular forms disclosed, but to the contrary, example embodiments are to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the scope of example embodiments. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout the description of the figures. [0025] It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of example embodiments. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items. [0026] It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it may be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. Other words used to describe the relationship between elements should be interpreted in a like fashion (e.g., “between” versus “directly between”, “adjacent” versus “directly adjacent”, etc.). [0027] The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of example embodiments. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises”, “comprising,”, “includes” and/or “including”, when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof. [0028] It should also be noted that in some alternative implementations, the functions/acts noted may occur out of the order noted in the figures. For example, two figures shown in succession may in fact be executed substantially concurrently or may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality/acts involved. [0029] Referring to FIG. 1 , the drawing is a schematic representation illustrating a commercial boiling water nuclear reactor (“BWR”) 10 that generates steam in a reactor pressure vessel (“RPV”) 12 . Commercial BWRs are designed to drive turbines (not shown), which in turn generates electrical power. The RPV 12 has a main feedwater inlet nozzle 14 for receiving condensate from a condenser (not shown) and a main steam outlet nozzle 16 for providing generated steam to a turbine. The RPV 12 supports a core shroud 18 containing a plurality of fuel assemblies 20 that generate the steam in its core region and a steam separator/dryer assembly 22 located over the core shroud 18 . [0030] The RPV 12 illustrated by FIG. 1 has two recirculation loops 30 for facilitating the flow of water in its core region. Each recirculation loop 30 has a large centrifugal reactor coolant pump (“RCP”) 32 connected with a recirculation water outlet nozzle 33 of the RPV 12 by pump suction piping 34 for pumping water out of the RPV 12 and pump discharge piping 36 for pumping the water back into the RPV 12 . The pump discharge piping 36 generally includes a header 38 and parallel branch piping, which is illustrated by piping 40 . Each of the piping branches 40 is connected by a recirculation water inlet nozzle 42 to riser piping 44 , which extends to a pair of jet pump assemblies 46 operating in parallel (only one of which is illustrated by FIG. 1 ). [0031] As is best seen in FIG. 2 , the riser piping 44 terminates at a manifold 48 sometimes referred to as a “ramshead”. Each jet pump assembly 46 of the pair generally includes an inlet 50 adjacent the manifold 48 that is open to an annular region defined by the wall of the RPV 12 and wall of the core shroud 18 for entraining the surrounding water in the annular region, a mixing section 52 and a diffuser section 54 supported on a crossplate 56 . A jet pump restrainer assembly 46 A is used to horizontally restrain jet pump assembly 46 to riser pipe 44 . The jet pump assembly 46 may have a boss 49 on its periphery surface as shown in FIG. 3 . [0032] As shown in FIG. 3 , jet pump restrainer assembly 46 A includes bracket 70 , wedge 60 , adjustment screws 80 , horizontal plates 64 , vertical plates 65 , and welds 72 , described in detail, herein. Wedge 60 is movably mounted on a vertically extending guide rod 62 fastened to jet pump assembly 46 . Guide rod 62 may have threaded ends engaged with nuts 63 fastened to horizontal plates 64 extending between vertical plates 65 that extend from the mixing section 52 of the jet pump assembly 46 . The wedge 60 is designed to slide vertically through a hole 68 in a bracket 70 , which is attached to the riser piping 44 by welds 72 or other suitable means. As shown by FIG. 3 , the upper end of the guide rod 62 is above the bracket 70 and the lower end of the guide rod 62 is below the bracket 70 . Also, the wedge 60 may move downwardly on the guide rod 62 under the force of gravity to a location where an inner surface of the wedge 60 contacts the jet pump assembly 46 (and preferably the boss 49 ) and an outer surface 76 of the wedge 60 that is inclined contacts an edge 78 of the bracket 70 . The weight of the wedge 60 provides a sufficient force urging the jet pump assembly 46 against two (or more) adjustment screws 80 for horizontally supporting the jet pump assembly 46 against hydraulic forces and vibrations. The adjustment screws 80 may be fixed in place by welds (not shown). Preferably, the outer surface 76 of the wedge 60 is inclined relative to the edge surface 78 of the bracket 70 . Advantageously, this three point suspension system can accommodate substantial thermal expansion differences. [0033] FIG. 4 is a simplified rendition of a jet pump restrainer assembly 46 A including a wedge 60 located between the boss 49 of mixing section 52 and bracket 70 . Area 61 represents a damaged area between the contact surfaces of the wedge 60 and the bracket 70 . Damage may occur on the contact surfaces of either the wedge 60 , or the bracket 70 , or both, due to thermal expansion, fretting, or wear between the wedge 60 and bracket 70 , generally. Jet pump restrainer assembly repair 104 may include a top bearing plate 100 , or a bottom bearing plate 102 , or both, attached to bracket 70 . The plates 100 / 102 may be fashioned above and/or below bracket 70 , preferably on a horizontal surface of the bracket 70 , such that plates 100 / 102 may increase the effective contact area between bracket 70 and wedge 60 . This may be accomplished by using bearing plates 100 / 102 with a same angle of inclination as the existing wedge 60 and bracket 70 , and aligning the contact surface between wedge 60 and plates 100 / 102 and the contact surface between wedge 60 and bracket 70 , such that wedge 60 contacts both the plates 100 / 102 and bracket 70 . While a benefit of the embodiment is that it allows a jet pump restrainer assembly 46 A to be repaired in situ, without the disassembly or machining of jet pump restrainer assembly 46 A, this embodiment may still allow for the disassembly and/or machining of the wedge and/or bracket during the repair. Specifically, the wedge 60 and/or bracket 70 may be machined in place, or jet pump restrainer assembly 46 A may be disassembled allowing the machining and/or replacement of either the wedge 60 or the bracket 70 in addition to the fashioning of plates 100 / 102 on bracket 70 . Additionally, example embodiments may be used as a preventative measure prior to actual wear between wedge 60 and bracket 70 . [0034] FIG. 5 is another example embodiment, similar to FIG. 4 . However, FIG. 5 depicts a replacement wedge 60 A with a different angle of inclination than the wedge 60 originally in use. Replacement wedge 60 A allows an upper bearing plate 110 and/or a lower bearing plate 112 , also with a different angle of inclination matching replacement wedge 60 A, to be shifted toward wedge 60 A such that bracket 70 does not contact replacement wedge 60 A (notice area 61 to indicate the difference in the angle of inclination between bracket 70 and wedge 60 A, shown as a smaller angle of inclination for exemplary purposes). In an alternative embodiment, the existing wedge 60 (shown in FIG. 4 ) may be partially withdrawn from bracket 70 in order to allow room for bearing plates 110 / 112 to be shifted toward the location of wedge 60 , thereby allowing only the bearing plates 110 / 112 and not bracket 70 to contact the wedge. In this alternative embodiment, the contact surface of bearing plates 110 / 112 may provide for a same angle of inclination as bracket 70 and wedge 60 , ensuring that contact surfaces between plates 110 / 112 and wedge 60 match. Alternatively, a wedge with a larger angle of inclination may also be used. Whether the existing wedge 60 or a new wedge 60 A is to be used, plates 110 / 112 should be provided with a contact surface angled to allow plates 110 / 112 to flushly contact the wedge, ideally allowing both plates 110 / 112 to flushly mate with the wedge, although example embodiments may allow for just one of plates 110 / 112 to flushly mate with the wedge. [0035] FIG. 6 is a perspective view, similar to FIG. 3 , with the restrainer assembly repair 104 shown interfacing with wedge 60 and bracket 70 . Top bearing plate 100 and bottom bearing plate 102 may be held together by mounting bolts 120 . The positioning of the mounting bolts 120 may be in any location that ensures that bearing plates 100 / 102 are securely affixed to bracket 70 , to provide plates 100 / 102 with stable support to place a horizontal force on the outer surface 76 of wedge 60 . Additionally, adjusting bolt collars 122 , such as an eccentric cam, may be used in conjunction with mounting bolts 120 to allow for the fine positioning of plates 100 / 102 relative to bracket 70 . [0036] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of FIG. 6 , from a slightly underneath angle. Locating bosses 130 (shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 ) may be provided to ensure the proper placement of plates 100 / 102 relative to brackets 70 . The locating bosses 130 (shown in FIGS. 8 and 9 ) may include locating boss bolts 132 used to stabilize the bosses 130 . Alternatively, plates 100 / 102 may be machined to allow for locating bosses 130 to be an integral part of the plates themselves. [0037] FIG. 8 is a detailed drawing showing an example embodiment of a restrainer assembly repair 104 including a top bearing plate 100 and a bottom bearing plate 102 , the bearing plates 100 / 102 held together and able to be secured to bracket 70 by mounting bolts 120 . Optional bolt collars 122 , such as an eccentric cam, may be used for fine positioning of the restrainer assembly repair 104 relative to bracket 70 and wedge 60 . Cut-out areas 65 A may be included on the top bearing plate 100 , to allow the top plate 100 to fit down over vertical plates 65 (vertical plates 65 are shown in at least FIGS. 6 and 7 ). Optional locating bosses 130 may be included to allow the restrainer assembly repair 104 to be more easily positioned relative to the bracket 70 . Locating boss bolts 132 are used to secure the locating bosses 130 once they are positioned, allowing the restrainer assembly repair 104 to apply a horizontal force to wedge 60 . Alternatively, plates 100 or 102 may be machined such that locating bosses 130 are an integral part of the plates themselves. [0038] While example embodiments shows two bearing plates (one to be positioned above bracket 70 , and the other to be positioned below bracket 70 ), four mounting bolts 120 (two to be located on either side of a bracket 70 ), four adjusting bolt collars 122 (designed to contact bracket 70 on the inner and outer surface of the bracket), and two sets of locating bosses 130 and locating boss bolts 132 (designed to contact bracket 70 on the inner surface of the bracket), it should be understood that example embodiments are not limited to this specific design. Specifically, restrainer assembly repair 104 may be provided with just one bearing plate (to be positioned either above or below bracket 70 ), a greater or lesser number of mounting bolts 120 to be located in any position that securely attaches bearing plates 100 / 102 to bracket 70 , the optional adjusting bolt collars 122 may be provided to interface with either the inner and/or outer surface of bracket 70 (any number of bolt collars 122 may be used; alternatively, no bolt collars 122 may be used), and the optional locating bosses 130 may be provided to interface with either the inner or outer surface of bracket 70 (any number of locating bosses 130 may be used; alternatively, no locating bosses 130 may be used). [0039] Additionally, while example embodiment use mounting bolts 120 to hold plates 100 / 102 together and affix the restrainer bracket repair 104 to bracket 70 , any means may be used to fulfill this purpose. Specifically, clamps, welds, screws, nails, adhesive, or other means may be used to attach plates 100 / 102 to bracket 70 . While plates 100 / 102 are referred to as plural (specifically, two plates) throughout this document, it should be understood that, alternatively, only one bearing plate may be used instead. Furthermore, while example embodiments show mounting bolts 120 that preferably do not penetrate bracket 70 , it should be understood that mounting bolts, clamps, screws, nails, or other attachment means may alternatively penetrate bracket 70 as a way of attaching plates 100 / 102 to bracket 70 . [0040] FIG. 9 is an overhead view of FIGS. 6 and 7 , shown without top bearing plate 100 . Notice bolt collars 122 contacting the inner and outer surfaces of bracket 70 , while locating bosses 130 are contacting the inner surface of bracket 70 . [0041] FIG. 10 is the same view as shown in FIG. 9 , but with the addition of top bearing plate 100 . Notice cut-out area 65 A which allows top bearing plate 100 to slide over vertical plates 65 . [0042] FIG. 11 is an example embodiment showing mounting bolts 120 penetrating bracket 70 . [0043] FIG. 11 is an example embodiment showing mounting bolts 120 penetrating bracket 70 using a tighter bolt pattern than FIG. 11 . [0044] Example embodiments having thus been described, it will be obvious that the same may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the intended spirit and scope of example embodiments, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended to be included within the scope of the following claims.

4y

FIELD OF THE INVENTION This invention relates to fluid filters for removing particulate matter from a flow of fluid in liquid or gaseous form, including filters of the type used for filtering inlet air supplied to machinery such as engines and compressors. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Filters of the type used for filtering particulate matter from engine intake air sometimes include one or more layers of a porous filter material that is formed into a convoluted pattern, often referred to in the industry as fluted filter media. One type of porous filter material commonly used for such filters is a cardboard or paper-type material having a thickness in the range of 0.006 to 0.008 inches. This material is somewhat stiff, and not easily bent or formed, without special provisions being made to prevent tearing or breaking the material. Although it is desirable to use a media of this type having a greater thickness, in the range of 0.012 to 0.018 inches for example, such thicker media has not been used in the past due to difficulties inherent in forming such stiff materials into a compact convoluted shape. In the past, such fluted filter media was typically formed by processes which required, or resulted in the porous filter material being at least locally compressed during the process of forming the convolutions. Compression of the porous filter media is undesirable because it reduces the filtering efficiency and particulate holding capacity of the fluted filter media below what it could be if the porous filter media could be formed into a convoluted shape without compression of the media. The degree and unavoidability of such compression in the past would have essentially negated any advantage gained by using a thicker media, even if the problem of breakage or tearing could have been resolved. In one widely utilized prior approach to forming a convoluted media, the porous filter material is fed through a corrugating machine, between a pair of rollers having intermeshing wavy surfaces which pinch and crimp the porous media in a manner that compresses and permanently deforms the filter media into a convoluted shape that is generally self supporting, and able to maintain the convoluted shape following corrugation, regardless of whether or not the corrugations are constrained. United States patent application number US 2003/0121845 A1, to Wagner, et al, discloses such an approach. Corrugation typically compresses the porous filter material by 25 to 40 percent from its thickness prior to being corrugated, resulting in a significant reduction in efficiency and effectiveness, particularly where the media prior to corrugating has a thickness only in the range of 0.006 to 0.008 inches. It is also typically necessary, for paper filter media of the type often used in air filters, to expose the porous filter media to a water spray, steam, and heat, during the corrugation process in order to achieve a corrugated product that is self supporting. These additional processing requirements add undesirable cost and complexity to the manufacture of corrugated filter media, and exacerbate compression of the filter media during corrugation. In another widely utilized prior approach to forming a fluted filter media, the porous material is pleated, rather than corrugated, by first feeding a sheet of porous media between a pair of cylinders or toothed belts having ridges which locally compress the porous material at periodic intervals, to thereby crease or score the material. The scored material is then fed through a folding mechanism which causes the scored media to fold at the scoring into a pleated shape. Such pleated shapes are not generally as self supporting as corrugated media, requiring that the pleats be constrained and held in an equally spaced relationship by a spacing mechanism, until they can be joined to a face sheet or secured to a support structure. U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,798,575 and 4,976,677 to Siversson, U.S. Pat. No. 5,389,175 to Wenz, and U.S. Pat. No. 6,022,305 to Choi, et al, disclose such pleated methods and pleated filter media. Where it is desired to set the pleats into a self supporting form, liquids sprayed onto the porous media, and sequentially applied heating and cooling are sometimes utilized, in the same manner described above in relation to corrugated filter media. As was the case with corrugated media, in pleated media the scoring undesirably reduces the thickness of the porous media, thereby reducing its filtering effectiveness and efficiency. Also, the mechanisms required for sequentially scoring, forming, spacing, spraying, heating and cooling the pleated media undesirably increase the complexity and cost of manufacturing the pleated media. It is desirable, therefore, to provide an improved filter media, together with an apparatus and method for manufacturing such an improved media. It is also desirable to provide an improved filter apparatus incorporating such an improved filter media. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The invention provides a filter media including a gathered sheet of porous filter material, together with an apparatus and method for fabricating such a gathered sheet of porous filter material, and an improved filter apparatus incorporating such gathered porous filter material. By gathering the porous filter material, rather than forming convolutions through corrugating of pleating, as was done in the past, a desirable convoluted shape is achieved with little or no compression of the filter media, thereby resulting in improved filtering efficiency and effectiveness, and reduced complexity and cost of manufacture. It is also generally not necessary to expose the porous media to heat, steam, or liquid sprays or immersion during the process of forming a gathered media, according to the invention. The invention also allows porous materials to be used for forming the media that are considerably thicker than those which could be used in the past. In one form of the invention, a filter media having a gathered sheet of porous material is provided. The thickness of the porous material in the gathered sheet may be the same as the thickness of the porous sheet prior to gathering. The filter media may also include a face sheet attached to the gathered sheet, for retaining the gathered sheet of porous material in a gathered state. A filter apparatus, according to the invention, has one or more layers of a filter media including a gathered sheet of porous filter material. The filter apparatus may comprise a filter cartridge, adapted for attachment to a filter assembly, but not including the filter assembly. Such a filter cartridge may comprise a coil of the gathered media. A filter apparatus, according to the invention, may alternatively take the form of a filter assembly adapted for attachment thereto of a filter cartridge, and a filter cartridge including one or more layers of a filter media comprising a gathered sheet of porous filter material. The filter cartridge, in such a filter apparatus, may comprise a coil of the gathered porous filter material. An apparatus and method, according to the invention, include forming a filter media having a gathered sheet of porous filter material, by feeding a sheet of porous filter material between a first and a second gathering roller of an apparatus wherein the first and the second gathering rollers each include an outer periphery thereof having a plurality of circumferentially spaced protrusions extending radially therefrom. The first and second gathering rollers are mounted for rotation in a spaced and timed relationship to one another such that the protrusions of one gathering roller are disposed between adjacent protrusions of the other gathering roller for forming gathers in the sheet of porous filter material as it is fed between the first and second gathering rollers. The protrusions and outer peripheries of the first and second gathering rollers are configured and spaced from one another such that the sheet of porous material is not compressed between any portion of the outer periphery or protrusions of the first gathering roller and any portion of the outer periphery or protrusions of the second gathering rollers. An apparatus and method, according to the invention, may also constrain the gathers of a gathered portion of the sheet of porous filter material within the spaces between adjacent protrusions of one of the gathering rollers after the gathered portion of the sheet has passed between the gathering rollers, and provide for attachment of a face sheet to the gathered sheet of porous filter material. Other aspects, objectives and advantages of the invention will be apparent from the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a first exemplary embodiment of the invention, in the form of a filter media including a gathered sheet of porous filter material. FIG. 2 is an enlarged cross section of the filter media of the first exemplary embodiment of FIG. 1 . FIG. 3 is a perspective view of a coil of gathered filter media, according to the invention. FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a method of constructing the coil of filter material of FIG. 3 . FIG. 5 is a cross section of a second exemplary embodiment of the invention, in the form of a filter cartridge, adapted for attachment to a filter assembly, but not including the filter assembly. FIG. 6 is a cross sectional view of a third exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a filter apparatus, according to the invention, including a filter assembly and a filter cartridge attached to the filter assembly. FIG. 7 is a schematic side view of a fourth embodiment of the invention, in the form of an apparatus for forming a filter media including a gathered sheet of porous filter material. FIGS. 8 and 10 - 12 are enlarged side views of portions of the apparatus of FIG. 7 , taken in areas as indicated in FIGS. 7 and 9 . FIG. 9 is a top view of the apparatus of FIG. 7 . While the invention will be described in connection with certain preferred embodiments, there is no intent to limit it to those embodiments. On the contrary, the intent is to cover all alternatives, modifications and equivalents as included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION FIG. 1 shows a first exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a filter media 10 comprising, a gathered sheet 12 of relatively stiff, paper-like, porous filter material of the type typically used for air filters. Such relatively stiff, paper-like porous filter materials are available in various thicknesses from suppliers including Ahlstrom Engine Filtration, LLC, of Madisonville, Ky. Specifically, it is contemplated that filter materials marketed by Ahlstrom, such as Ahlstrom part numbers 19N-1 or 23N-3, or other filter materials having physical characteristics similar to those tabulated in below, can be used with efficacy, according to the invention in providing an embodiment of the invention for use in a typical air filter of the type used for engine air intakes. Ahlstrom 19N-1 Filter Media 100% cellulose fibers Basis weight=70 pounds per 3000 square feet Flat sheet caliper=14.5 mils Grooved sheet caliper=18 mils Frazier (CFM) 11-19, preferably 14 SD Gurley Stiffness (mg)=3000 Ahlstrom 23N-3 Filter Media 100% cellulose fibers Basis weight=55 pounds per 3000 square feet Flat sheet caliper=13 mils Non-grooved sheet Frazier (CFM) 11-19 SD Gurley Stiffness (mg)=1300 The Ahlstrom 19N-1 product is available with small grooves cut into the media for improving dirt holding capability. Theses grooves run the length of a roll of the filter media and, as will be apparent from the description below, are thus preferably, but not necessarily, oriented perpendicular to the direction of the peaks and valleys of the gathers in a gathered sheet of media, according to the invention. As used herein, the term “gathered” is intended to mean that the sheet of porous material is guided into a final undulating or convoluted form, primarily by pulling the sheet of porous material over a series of protrusions extending from rotating gathering rollers, in such a manner that the porous filter material preferably experiences little or no compression, and in any event, substantially less compression than was typically required for forming prior corrugated or pleated filter medias. Because the undulating form of the gathered sheet of porous filter media is achieved by pulling the sheet of material over a series of protrusions, in a manner described in more detail below, the sheet of porous material has a thickness t prior to gathering, and a thickness t after gathering that is both substantially uniform throughout and substantially equal to the thickness t of the porous material prior to gathering. Those having skill in the art will recognize that various embodiments of the invention, including all exemplary embodiments thereof specifically disclosed herein, may include a filter media including a gathered sheet of relatively stiff, paper-like, porous filter material of the type described in relation to the first embodiment. Those having skill in the art will also recognize that because the filter material is gathered, according to the present invention, rather than being pleated or corrugated as was the case for prior filter medias, the present invention allows relatively stiff, paper-like, porous filter materials of the type typically used for air filters to be utilized for forming undulating or convoluted filter medias in a manner that is more efficient and effective than prior forming methods. As shown in an enlarged cross section in FIG. 2 , the gathered sheet 12 forms a plurality of contiguous adjacent gathers 14 , each having a generally V-shaped cross section with substantially straight side walls 16 joined by radiused bights 18 to form alternating peaks 20 and valleys 22 . The peaks 20 and valleys 22 formed by the gathers 14 of the exemplary embodiment of the filter media 10 are substantially equal in size and equally spaced but, in other embodiments of the invention, this need not necessarily be the case. As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the filter media 10 of the exemplary embodiment includes a face sheet 24 attached to the gathered sheet 12 , for retaining the gathered sheet 12 of porous filter material in a gathered state. The face sheet 24 may be attached to the gathered sheet 12 in any appropriate manner, such as by beads of adhesive 26 , applied at the juncture of the gathered sheet 12 and the face sheet 24 , as shown in FIG. 1 . In the exemplary embodiment of the filter media 10 , the face sheet 24 is also made of a porous filter material. As shown in FIG. 1 , the space between the peaks 20 of the gathers 14 and the face sheet 24 , along one edge 28 of the filter media 10 have a sealant 30 disposed in them, to thereby form a sealed portion 32 of the gathers 14 that blocks a flow of fluid through the sealed portion 32 . In the exemplary embodiment of the filter media 10 , this sealed portion extends all along the one edge 28 of the filter media 10 , blocking flow through all of the peaks 20 along the edge 28 . FIGS. 3-5 show a second exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a filter cartridge 34 , including a coil 35 ( FIG. 3 ) of a gathered filter media, according to the invention. In the second exemplary embodiment, the filter media shown in FIG. 3 is the gathered filter media 10 , as described above in regard to FIGS. 1 and 2 . In other embodiments of a filter cartridge, according to the invention, however, it will be understood that other forms of gathered filter media could be used. It will also be understood that the gathered filter media, in other embodiments of filter cartridges according to the invention, need not be coiled, but could be formed in other ways, such as by stacking or otherwise laminating layers of gathered filter media. As shown in FIGS. 3-5 , the exemplary embodiment of a filter cartridge 34 is formed by winding the gathered filter media 10 around a central mandrel 36 . As shown in FIG. 4 , as the gathered filter media 10 is wound onto the mandrel 36 , a second bead of sealant 38 is applied in the valleys 22 along the second edge 40 of the gathered filter media 10 . As illustrated in FIG. 1 , as the gathered filter material 10 is coiled, the face sheet 24 ′ of each subsequent layer 15 of the media 10 is sequentially wrapped over the tops of the peaks 20 of the previously coiled layer 13 of gathered filter media 10 . As noted above, the first bead of sealant 30 closes the flow areas bounded by the face sheet 24 and the peaks 20 of the gathered filter media 10 , at one edge 28 of the gathered filter media 10 . The second bead of sealant 38 closes the flow area bounded by the face sheet 24 and the valleys 22 of the gathered filter media 10 at the other edge 40 of the gathered filter media 10 . By virtue of this construction, one end 42 of the filter cartridge 34 is formed by the first edge 28 of the coiled gathered filter media 10 , and the other end 44 of the filter cartridge 34 is formed by the second edge 40 of the coiled gathered filter media 10 . As a result, at the one end 42 of the filter cartridge 10 , the air passages formed by the face sheet 24 and the valleys 22 are open for receiving air flow, as shown by inflow arrows 46 in FIG. 1 , and the air passages formed by the peaks 20 are blocked by the first bead of sealant 30 . At the other end 44 of the filter cartridge 10 , however, the air passages formed by the face sheet 24 ′ of the subsequent layer 15 of media 10 and the valleys 22 of the preceding layer 13 of media 10 are blocked by the second bead of sealant 38 , and the air passages formed in the preceding layer 13 by the peaks 20 of the and the face sheet 24 are open to allow flow, as shown by outflow arrows 48 in FIG. 1 . As shown by crossover arrows 50 , in FIG. 1 , the airflow must pass through the gathers 14 of the gathered filter media 10 in order to flow through the filter cartridge 34 . As shown in FIG. 5 , the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 also includes a bolting ring 52 fastened to the one end 42 of the filter cartridge 34 . A seal support ring 54 is fastened to the other end 44 of the filter cartridge 34 , and supports a resilient seal 56 . The bolting ring 52 , seal support ring 54 and resilient seal 56 are provided to adapt the filter cartridge 34 for attachment to a filter assembly. It will be understood, however, by those having skill in the art, that the first exemplary embodiment of a filter apparatus, according to the invention, in the form of the filter cartridge 34 , does not include the filter assembly, but is intentionally limited to a filter apparatus including only a filter cartridge in accordance with the invention, as defined in the appended claims. It will be further understood that, in other embodiments of a filter apparatus comprising only a filter cartridge, according to the invention, the construction of such embodiments of filter cartridges may differ considerably from the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 disclosed herein. For example, the cartridge 34 may have other shapes, such as oblong, square, or rectangular. In some embodiments, a filter cartridge according to the invention may include only a coiled or otherwise laminated structure formed from a gathered porous filter media according to the invention, without attachment and sealing features, such as the bolting ring 52 , seal support ring 54 and resilient seal 56 of the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 disclosed herein. Where a coiled construction is used, the central mandrel 36 may be eliminated, and the winding may be carried out around a central crushed portion of the gathered filter media 10 , in a manner similar to that used in the past for filters having corrugated filter medias. Many arrangements for adapting the filter cartridge for attachment to the filter assembly, other than those disclosed with regard to the exemplary embodiment of the filter cartridge 34 , may be used in other embodiments FIG. 6 shows a third exemplary embodiment of the invention, in the form of a filter apparatus 58 , including a filter assembly 59 in the form of a filter housing 60 and a boot 62 , adapted for attachment thereto of a filter cartridge 64 having one or more layers of a filter media 66 comprising a gathered sheet of porous filter material. The filter cartridge 64 includes a coil of gathered porous filter material, in the same manner as the filter cartridge 54 of the second exemplary embodiment of the invention described above. In contrast to the second exemplary embodiment of the invention, in which the filter apparatus included only the filter cartridge 10 , and not the filter assembly to which the cartridge is adapted to be attached, the third exemplary embodiment of the invention includes both the filter cartridge 64 and the filter assembly 59 formed by the housing 60 and the boot 62 . It should be further noted that the filter apparatus 58 of the third exemplary embodiment also includes a safety filter 68 , mounted in the filter housing 60 at a point in the airflow path downstream from the filter cartridge 64 . FIGS. 7-12 show a fourth exemplary embodiment of the invention in the form of a gathering apparatus 70 for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 . As shown in FIG. 7 , the gathering apparatus 70 includes a first gathering roller 78 and a second gathering roller 80 , each including an outer periphery 82 , 84 thereof having a plurality of circumferentially spaced protrusions 86 , 88 extending radially outward from the outer peripheries 82 , 84 of the gathering rollers 78 , 80 . As shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 , the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 are mounted in a frame 81 for rotation in a spaced and timed relationship to one another such that the protrusions 88 of the second gathering roller 80 are disposed between adjacent protrusions 86 of the first gathering roller 78 , and vice versa, for forming gathers 90 in the sheet of porous filter material 76 as it is fed between the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 . The protrusions 86 , 88 and outer peripheries 82 , 84 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 are configured and spaced from one another such that the sheet of porous filter material 76 is not compressed between any portion of the outer periphery 82 or protrusions 86 of the first gathering roller 78 and any portion of the outer periphery 84 or protrusions 88 of the second gathering roller 80 . Specifically, the gathering rollers 78 , 80 are configured and spaced from one another such that the thickness “t” of the porous filter material 76 is not compressed between the protrusions 86 , 88 or outer periphery 82 , 84 of either one of the gathering rollers 78 , 80 and the outer periphery 84 , 82 or the protrusions 88 , 86 of the other gathering roller 80 , 78 . In the exemplary embodiments of the invention described herein, it is contemplated that the thickness of the porous filter material 76 would fall within the range of 0.006 to 0.020 inches, with a preferred thickness for many applications being 0.014 inches. In other embodiments, however, a porous media having a thickness that is greater or less than the above stated range of 0.006 to 0.020 inches may also be used, with the actual selection of the thickness t being dependent upon the application and desired performance of the filter media. As shown in FIGS. 7-12 , the gathering apparatus 70 also includes a pair of guides 92 adapted for maintaining the sheet 76 in a gathered state after the gathers 90 are formed by passage of the sheet 76 between the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 . As shown in FIG. 10 , for both the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 , adjacent protrusions and a portion of the outer periphery of the gathering roller joining the adjacent protrusions define a space between the adjacent protrusions. For example, as shown in FIG. 10 , adjacent protrusions 88 from the second gathering roller 80 , and a portion of the outer periphery 84 of the second gathering roller 80 define a space 94 (as indicated by dashed lines) between the adjacent protrusions 88 . The guides 92 constrain gathers 90 of a gathered portion 96 (as indicated in FIG. 7 ) of the sheet of porous filter material 76 within the spaces 94 between adjacent protrusions 88 of the second gathering roller 80 after the gathered portion 96 of the sheet 76 has passed between the gathering rollers 78 , 80 . As shown in FIG. 7 , the first gathering roller 78 is rotatable about an axis 98 of the first gathering roller 78 and the second gathering roller 80 is rotatable about an axis 100 of the second gathering roller 80 , with the respective axes 98 , 100 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 being oriented parallel to one another (i.e. extending perpendicularly into and out of the paper in FIG. 7 ) and intersected by a common centerline 102 extending generally orthogonally to the axes 98 , 100 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 . The first and second gathering rollers are rotatable in opposite directions about their respective axes, as shown in FIG. 7 with the protrusions 86 , 88 of each gathering roller 78 , 80 extending into the spaces between adjacent protrusions 88 , 86 of the other gathering roller 80 , 78 to define a gathering zone 104 , as shown in FIG. 7 , having an infeed side 106 and an outfeed side 108 with respect to the common centerline 102 . The protrusions 86 , 88 on both the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 enter into the gathering zone 104 from the infeed side 106 , and exit the gathering zone 104 from the outfeed side 108 , as the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 are rotated in opposite directions, as illustrated in FIG. 7 , about their respective axes 98 , 100 . As shown in FIGS. 7 and 10 , the protrusions 86 , 88 on the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 each define a distal end thereof, with the distal ends of the protrusions 86 , 88 of each of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 respectively defining a maximum radius R 1 of the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 respectively. It should be noted that in the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , the first and second gathering rollers are identical, and therefore have identical maximum radii R 1 , but in other embodiments of the invention this need not be the case. The guides 92 each define a generally C-shaped guide surface 110 of the guide 92 disposed primarily on the outfeed side 108 of the second gathering roller 80 and having a radius R 2 centered on the axis 100 of the second gathering roller 80 , with the radius R 2 of the guide surfaces 92 (see FIGS. 7 and 10 ) substantially matching the maximum radius R 1 of the second gathering roller 80 plus the thickness t of the sheet of porous filter material 76 . In the Exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , the radius R 2 of the guide surfaces 92 also includes a clearance distance (not shown) to ensure that the thickness t of the porous filter material 76 is not compressed by the guide surface 110 . As best seen in FIGS. 9 and 10 , in the exemplary embodiment of the apparatus 70 , for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , the first gathering roller 78 defines a pair of circumferentially oriented grooves 112 therein for receiving a portion of the guides 92 . As best seen in FIGS. 7 and 10 , the guides 92 each define a leading edge 114 thereof, extending into the gathering zone 104 from the outfeed side 108 , and past the common centerline 102 . The guides 92 also each include a trailing edge 116 thereof, as best seen in FIGS. 7 and 11 , disposed on the outfeed side 108 of the common centerline 102 . In the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , the guide surfaces 110 extend substantially half way around the second gathering roll 80 , for constraining the gathers between the second gathering roll 80 and the guide surfaces 110 . In other embodiments, however, the guide surfaces 110 may be shorter or longer than those of the exemplary embodiment of the apparatus 70 . As best seen in FIGS. 7 and 11 , the exemplary embodiment of the forming apparatus 70 further includes a second guide surface 117 , formed by a second guide surface roller 118 and a second stationary guide surface 119 , that are positioned adjacent the trailing edges 116 of the guide surfaces 110 of the guides 92 , for receiving the gathered filter media 76 from the second gathering roller 80 . The second guide surface 117 is spaced from the distal ends of the protrusions 88 on the second gathering roller 80 a distance substantially equal to the thickness t of the porous filter material 76 plus the thickness t 2 of a face sheet 120 , that is joined to the gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , to form part of the filter media 72 and to retain the sheet 74 in a gathered condition. By virtue of the construction recited above, the second gathering roller 80 is adapted for feeding the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 onto the second guide surface 117 at an outfeed speed, and the gathering apparatus 70 further comprises a face sheet feeder 122 adapted for feeding a face sheet 120 onto the second guide surface 117 at a speed substantially matching the outfeed speed of the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 . As shown in FIG. 7 , the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , for forming a filter media 72 including a gathered sheet 74 of porous filter material 76 , further includes both an adhesive feeder 124 , and a sealant feeder 126 . The adhesive feeder 124 is adapted for feeding an adhesive into a juncture of the face sheet 120 with the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 , for bonding the face sheet 120 and gathered sheet 72 to one another. The sealant feeder 126 is adapted for feeding a sealant 128 onto the gathered sheet 72 of porous filter material 76 , to form a sealed portion 130 thereof, as shown in FIG. 12 . It will also be noted that in the exemplary embodiment of the gathering apparatus 70 , as shown in FIG. 7 , the porous filter material 76 is wrapped around the first gathering roller 78 , and fed into the gathering zone 104 by allowing it to slide across the distal ends of the protrusions 86 on the first gathering roller 78 . It will be recognized that, by virtue of the gathering, the porous material 76 entering the gathering zone 104 slides across the distal ends of the protrusions 86 , 88 on both the first and second gathering rollers 78 , 80 at a speed greater than the peripheral tip speed of the distal ends of the protrusions 86 , 88 . This sliding motion of the porous material 76 entering the gathering zone 104 facilitates gathering of the porous material 76 in a manner that does not cause compression of the porous filter material 76 . Feeding the porous material 76 around the distal ends of the protrusions 86 on the first gathering roller 78 also facilitates maintaining a proper tension on the porous filter material 76 , so that no compression occurs due to excessive pulling on the material 76 as it is gathered. Those having skill in the art will thus recognize that the present invention provides a number of advantages over prior corrugated and/or pleated filter medias, and the apparatuses and methods used to manufacture them. One particular advantage is that, in many embodiments of the invention, the gathered media of the present invention can be formed without having to expose the porous media to heat, steam, liquid spray or immersion, to facilitate formation of convolutions, as was the case in prior corrugated and pleated medias. Those having skill in the art will also recognize that, although invention has been described herein with reference to several exemplary embodiments, many other embodiments of the invention are possible. For example, although all of the exemplary embodiments of the apparatus and methods described herein have focused on gathered medias, it will be recognized that the apparatus and method for forming a media, according to the invention can be adapted for forming other types of convoluted filter media having some degree of compression of the porous media, by simply reducing the clearances between the elements of the gathering rollers to the point that some compression occurs. Although some of the effectiveness and efficiency of the media is lost where compression is allowed, those having skill in the art will recognize that the method and apparatus for forming the convolutions, and for guiding and constraining the formed convolutions in a preferred spacing, according to the invention, is considerably more straightforward than the methods and apparatuses that were previously available. It will be further recognized that, although all of the exemplary embodiments or the apparatus and methods described herein have focused on a gathered media having first and second beads of sealant 32 , 38 disposed at opposite edges 30 , 40 of the media, the apparatus and method for forming a media, according to the invention can be adapted for forming other types of convoluted filter media having an intermediate seal, as disclosed in a US patent application bearing the Ser. No. 10/979,453, which is filed concurrently herewith and incorporated herein by reference. The use of the terms “a” and “an” and “the” and similar referents in the context of describing the invention (especially in the context of the following claims) is to be construed to cover both the singular and the plural, unless otherwise indicated herein or clearly contradicted by context. The terms “comprising,” “having,” “including,” and “containing” are to be construed as open-ended terms (i.e., meaning “including, but not limited to,”) unless otherwise noted. Recitation of ranges of values herein are merely intended to serve as a shorthand method of referring individually to each separate value falling within the range, unless otherwise indicated herein, and each separate value is incorporated into the specification as if it were individually recited herein. All methods described herein can be performed in any suitable order unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context. The use of any and all examples, or exemplary language (e.g., “such as”) provided herein, is intended merely to better illuminate the invention and does not pose a limitation on the scope of the invention unless otherwise claimed. No language in the specification should be construed as indicating any non-claimed element as essential to the practice of the invention. Preferred embodiments of this invention are described herein, including the best mode known to the inventor for carrying out the invention. Variations of those preferred embodiments may become apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art upon reading the foregoing description. The inventor expects skilled artisans to employ such variations as appropriate, and the inventor intends for the invention to be practiced otherwise than as specifically described herein. Accordingly, this invention includes all modifications and equivalents of the subject matter recited in the claims appended hereto as permitted by applicable law. Moreover, any combination of the above-described elements in all possible variations thereof is encompassed by the invention unless otherwise indicated herein or otherwise clearly contradicted by context.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] The present invention claims the benefit of priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/798,752, entitled “Restructured Slab,” filed on Mar. 15, 2013, the entire content of which is incorporated herein by reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Technical Field [0003] The present invention relates to a restructured slab. In more particular, the present invention relates to a slab such as stone, wood or the like which includes a primary component and a secondary component which fills a fissure, crack or break in the slab. The secondary component restoring the structural integrity and/or providing a continuous surface and the secondary component configured to provide a noticeable contrast in appearance to the primary component. [0004] 2. Background and Relevant Art [0005] In recent years, natural stone has been increasingly utilized in homes, corporate/business buildings and other architectural projects. Modern advancements in manufacture have increased the availability of these products to a wider demographic than was previously possible. Other slab products are also often utilized in these projects. Reclaimed and slab wood, metals and other materials products are also often incorporated into similar projects. [0006] One of the drawbacks of stone slabs, manufactured solid surface countertops, heavy wood planks and other such materials is that fissures, grooves, scratches, cracks and even breaks can occur in the material. A number of different techniques and systems have been developed to repair, fill, or resurface the perceived anomalies. The object of such repairs is to hide, cover-up or otherwise reduce the appearance that the anomalies ever existed. For example, a similar colored or textured filler may be utilized to fill a crack so that the end user does not notice that such anomaly ever occurred. Alternatively, the cost or value of such repaired item may be discounted, wholesaled or otherwise sold for less than full retail value due to the perceived imperfections. [0007] In some cases, the material may be trashed, used for scrap or otherwise discarded due to the perceived deficiencies or loss in value from the anomaly. Alternatively, the countertop, slab, flooring, table or other element incorporating the repaired item may be replaced, clearanced or “sent to the bone yard” due to the perceived failure. The material may even be ground down to be utilized as a substrate for a manufactured product. Considering that natural stone, authentic or reclaimed wood, or other products are a scarce material that can be costly to obtain and even more costly to manufacture, the perceived diminution in value can result in unnecessary waste. Even where a use for the product is found, marginalization of desired applications can lead to under-utilization of expensive, rare or hard to find items. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0008] The present invention is directed to a slab in which a fissure void, such as a break in the slab is filled with a filler element. The filler element being configured to secure a first lateral portion and a second lateral portion so as to restore the structural integrity and/or the continuity of the upper working surface of the slab. The filler element being designed to have material properties to emphasize that the filler element is comprised of a different material than the slab material. For example, the filler element may have a second fill component such as color, beads, glitter to emphasize and provide an overall look and feel of the slab which is different in nature than the original slab being repaired. In another embodiment, the filler element itself may be comprised of a material having a high contrast to the slab such as the utilization of a metallic filler element with a stone slab. [0009] The slab material can be a broken slab of stone, such as a granite counter top. Alternatively, the slab material may comprise an antique or reclaimed wood slab having a large crack or other surface anomaly. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the filler element is utilized to repair an unintentionally cracked or broken solid surface material. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the previously broken slab may be intentionally sought out to provide a different design arrangement than a regular solid surface material. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the slab may be intentionally cut, cracked or otherwise altered to provide first, second and possibly one or a plurality of additional elements allowing the introduction of different material properties to emphasize design elements not contained in the original slab. [0010] In one exemplary embodiment, multiple slab materials are combined using a filler element to create a combined element having a first portion which is comprised of a first material and second component comprising a second material. For example, a first element may comprise a reclaimed teak slab of wood, a second element may comprise a piece of granite, the filler element may comprise an epoxy filler with glass beads integrated therein. According to another embodiment of the present invention, a first portion may comprise one variety of natural stone and a second portion may comprise a different type of lateral stone. In yet another embodiment, a natural stone piece which is broken from a larger slab may be surrounded with a composite or glass material emphasizing the contrast between the natural stone and the other elements of the slab. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a slab of material having a crack, break or other void according to one aspect of the present invention. [0012] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a filler element has been utilized in connection with the void of FIG. 1 according to one aspect of the present invention. [0013] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a slab of material in which a filler element has been utilized in connection with a void according to one aspect of the present invention. [0014] FIGS. 4A , 4 B, 4 C and 4 D is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a filler element has been utilized in connection with a fissure void and in which a second fill component is utilized in connection with the filler element to emphasize the contrast between the filler element and the slab of material according to one aspect of the present invention. [0015] FIG. 5 is a perspective view of a slab of material in multiple breaks in the slab create a plurality of fissure voids and in which a filler element has been utilized in connection with the plurality of fissure voids according to one aspect of the present invention. [0016] FIG. 6 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a plurality of fissure voids are formed by cuts in the slab and in which a filler element has been utilized in connection with the plurality of fissure voids according to one aspect of the present invention. [0017] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a metal filler element has been utilized in connection with the fissure void and in metal layer circumscribes the slab according to one aspect of the present invention. [0018] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which the first lateral portion comprises a first type of stone such as granite and the second lateral portion comprises a second type of stone such as a second type of granite and the fill component is designed to provide a contrast between the first lateral portion and the second lateral portion according to one aspect of the present invention. [0019] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a first lateral portion comprises a solid manufactured surface, a second lateral portion comprises a natural stone component and a third lateral portion comprises a solid surface manufactured surface which is same material as the first lateral portion according to one aspect of the present invention. [0020] FIG. 10 is a depiction of another implementation of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS [0021] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a slab 100 according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, slab 100 is comprised of a solid surface material such as stone, wood, a manufactured product or other material. Slab 100 has an outer periphery 102 which defines the size and shape of the slab material. Slab 100 includes a First lateral portion 110 and a second lateral portion 120 . First lateral portion includes an upper surface 112 and second lateral portion 120 includes an upper surface 122 . [0022] A fissure void 130 is positioned between first lateral portion 110 and second lateral portion 120 . In the illustrated embodiment, fissure void 130 is a result of a crack or break. In the illustrated embodiment, fissure void 130 is jagged and winds angularly through slab 100 . While the manner is which fissure void 130 was formed is not suggested, the crack or break could be the result of inherent weakness within slab 100 . Alternatively, the crack or break could result from being dropped or impacted during manufacture, finishing, installation, transportation or through user error. Alternatively, the crack or break could occur intentionally to open the door to incorporating additional elements therein. [0023] Fissure void 130 includes a first sidewall 132 and a second sidewall 134 . First sidewall 132 corresponds with first lateral portion 110 . Second sidewall 134 corresponds with second lateral portion 120 . The distance between first sidewall 132 and second sidewall 134 defines a cross-sectional dimension of fissure void 130 . The length of fissure void 130 is defined by the position of fissure void 130 along slab 100 , including the angle, extent to which fissure void 130 is straight, winding or otherwise extends along slab 100 . In the illustrated embodiment, fissure void 130 creates a complete separation between first lateral portion 110 and second lateral portion 120 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that a fissure void may extend through only a portion of slab 100 . Additionally, the fissure void may not extend through the entire thickness of the slab. The fissure void may comprise a crack or groove. According to one embodiment, the fissure void may change along the length of the slab. For example, the fissure void may begin as a crack somewhere in the middle of the slab and extend to a periphery of the slab where a clear break extending through the entire thickness of the slab is present. Alternatively, the fissure void may be a missing portion of the slab. One portion of fissure void may be natural while another portion of the fissure void is cut, etched or otherwise man-made. [0024] Slab 100 is one example of a first component which forming the body of the slab or other slab, plank, manufactured surface or related material. First lateral portion 110 is one example of a first portion of the first component. Second lateral portion is one example of a second portion of the first component. Fissure void 130 is one example of a void or fissure component. Fissure component can comprise a crack, break, slot, groove or other discontinuity within the first component. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the fissure component creates an identifiable degree of separation between the first portion and the second portion. [0025] FIG. 2 is a perspective view of a 100 slab of material in which a filler element 140 has been utilized in connection with fissure void 130 according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, filler element 140 fills the entire cross-sectional area of fissure void 130 . As a result, filler element 140 extends from first sidewall 132 to second sidewall 134 . As a result, slab appears to have a substantially continuous and unbroken configuration, such that upper surface 112 of first lateral portion 110 and upper surface 122 of second lateral portion 120 is coextensive with an upper surface of filler element 140 . Additionally, filler element 140 can be configured to provide structural integrity to slab 110 . For example, according to one embodiment of the present invention, filler element 140 is comprised of a material which binds to first sidewall 132 and second sidewall 134 so as to secure first lateral portion 110 relative to second lateral portion 120 . [0026] Filler element 140 is designed to have a different composition, color, design, reflectivity or otherwise draw a contrast to the composition of first lateral portion 110 and second lateral portion 120 . In this manner, filler element 140 provides a secondary component to slab 100 than first lateral portion 110 and second lateral portion 120 . In this manner, the presence of a fissure void 130 such as a break, crack, groove, cut, scratch is utilized as an opportunity to create a different type of slab, instead of a failure which diminishes the ability to utilize, install or otherwise take advantage of the slab. [0027] In the illustrated embodiment, the cross-sectional dimensions of filler element 140 are determined based on the separation of first lateral portion 110 and second lateral portion 120 and from the thickness of slab 100 . During manufacture of slab, filler element is injected, pressed, flowed or otherwise introduced into fissure void 130 between first lateral portion 110 and second lateral portion 120 . According to one embodiment of the present invention, the filler element does not extend along the entire length of the fissure void. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the filler element does not completely extend through the entire thickness of the slab component. According to another embodiment of the present invention a board, brace or other support is provided underneath the slab to add strength to the portion of the slab coextensive with the fissure void. [0028] FIG. 3 is a cross-sectional view of a slab 100 a in which a filler element 140 a has been utilized in connection with fissure void 130 a according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, filler element 140 a includes a fill component 142 a and a contrast component 144 a . Fill component 142 a comprises a substantially clear or translucent material that allows contrast component 144 a to be readily identifiable or seen within filler element 140 a . In the illustrated embodiment, fill component 142 a comprises a plastic, epoxy, resin or other composite which is designed to secure a first lateral portion 110 a of slab 100 to second lateral portion 120 a of slab 100 a . Fill component 140 a is designed to securely fasten to first sidewall 132 a and second sidewall 134 a . Fill component 142 a provides the overall length and cross-sectional dimensions of component 142 a. [0029] In the illustrated embodiment contrast component 144 a is contained within fill component 142 a . Contrast component 144 a is depicted as a plurality of colored beads comprised of glass, plastic, ceramic, metal, wood or other material. Contrast component 144 a provides an element that further highlights the presence of filler element 140 a while emphasizing that is separate and different than first lateral portion 140 a and second lateral portion 120 a . As a result, instead of attempting to mask the presence of a fissure void 130 , filler element instead emphasizes the presence, shape, form, length and design of the fissure void. [0030] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of types and configuration of filler elements and filler voids can be utilized without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, according to one embodiment of the present invention, filler element is comprised of glass. According to another embodiment of the present invention the filler element is comprised of epoxy, plastic, resin, glue, composite or other material. According to one embodiment of the present invention, the contrast component is an integrated component of the filler element. For example, a color may be added to the filler element which provides additional contrast between the filler element and other portions of the slab. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the contrast element is a completely separate feature such as a bead, glitter, ribbon, feather, leaf or other design component. [0031] FIG. 4A is a perspective view of a slab 100 b in which a filler element 140 b has been utilized in connection with the fissure void 130 b . In the illustrated embodiment, slab 100 b comprises a first lateral portion 110 b and a second lateral portion 120 b in which the first lateral portion 110 b is comprised of the same material as second lateral portion 120 b . For example, first lateral portion 110 b is comprised of a marble slab and second lateral portion 120 b is also comprised of the marble slab. In the instance in which the first lateral portion 110 b and second lateral portion 120 b are formed from a cracked or broken piece of the same material, any veins in the marble would be present from the portion of first lateral portion 110 b adjacent to fissure void 130 to extent of second lateral portion 120 b positioned on the other side of fissure void 130 . This creates a unique and unitary design. [0032] In the illustrated embodiment, filler element 140 b is design to highlight the separation between first lateral portion 110 b and second lateral portion 120 b . For example, filler element 140 b includes a fill component 142 b and a contrast component 144 b . In the illustrated embodiment contrast component 144 b comprises colored glitter. Additionally a second contrast component such as a color added to filler element can be included. For example, fill component can comprise a substantially clear glass to which a purple color has been added. The contrast component can comprise a silver or gold glitter. In the embodiment, first lateral portion and second lateral portion comprise a white marble slab with grey veins. The ability to emphasize the difference between the filler element and the rest of the slab provides and opportunity for creativity, functionality and design opportunity which far surpass the use of an original or repaired unitary slab. [0033] FIG. 4B is a perspective view of a multi-part slab 200 according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, slab elements 202 , 204 , 206 , 208 , 210 , 212 , 214 and 216 comprise the majority of the slab elements. Slab elements 202 - 216 are arranged in substantially the same configuration as they were arranged before the slab was broken into slab elements 202 - 216 . In this manner, the overall look of multi-part slab 200 is that of an original, but broken slab of solid surface material. In this manner, the end user can appreciate the overall look, dimension and feel of the original slab. [0034] In the illustrated embodiment, multi-part slab 200 includes a plurality of fissures. For example, multi-part slab 200 includes a first fissure 220 and a multi-part fissure 222 . First fissure 220 and multi-part fissure are filled with filler element 230 . Filler element 230 comprises a fill component 232 and a contrast component 236 . Filler element 230 has been utilized in connection with the fissure voids of first fissure 220 and multi-part fissure 222 . Contrast component 236 is utilized in connection with the filler element 232 to emphasize the contrast between the filler element 230 and the slab of material from which multi-part slab 200 is derived. [0035] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, a variety of types and configurations of multi-part slabs can be provided without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, the slab elements of multi-part slab can be substantially varied in size as a result of the breaking of an original slab into several different size and shaped pieces. In another embodiment, the slab elements may be equally sized stripes or squares of an original slab. In another embodiment, the slab elements may be circles cut from an original slab where the filler element comprises a substantial portion of the slab between the original slab. In another embodiment, the slab elements are selected from two or more different slabs. For example, some slab elements may be from black granite and the other slab elements are from white marble. Alternatively, slab elements can be from wood, stone, leather or other materials. [0036] FIG. 4C is a perspective view of a structured solid surface component 300 comprised of first lateral portion 302 , second lateral portion 304 , third lateral portion 306 and fourth lateral portion 308 . In the illustrated embodiment, lateral portions 302 - 308 comprise squares of the same slab material. A first cross void element 310 is intersected by a second cross void element 312 . In the illustrated embodiment first cross void element 310 and second cross void element 312 are substantially straight and linear in nature. First cross void element 310 intersects second cross void element 312 perpendicularly at a right angle. First cross void element 310 and second cross void element 312 having a substantially uniform width such that lateral portions 302 - 308 are arranged in a square. [0037] A filler element 320 has been utilized in connection with first cross void element 310 and second cross void element 312 . Filler element 320 comprises 320 comprises a fill component 322 and contrast component 324 . In the illustrated embodiment contrast component comprises plastic or dried flowers to emphasize the filler element relative to lateral portions. [0038] A variety of types and configurations of structured solid surface components can be utilized without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, a structured solid surface can have a plurality of component pieces sized, spaced and selected to provide a desired size, shape and pattern desired according to one aspect of the present invention. The size, shape and positioning of the void elements can be selected to further accentuate the contrast between the component pieces and the filler elements. For example, a plurality of horizontal voids that are cut can be intersected by wavy linear voids arranged vertically to intersect the horizontal voids. In another embodiment, the voids are arranged at various angles that may or may not intersect. [0039] FIG. 4D is a perspective view of a structured sold surface component 400 according to one embodiment of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, structured solid surface component 400 comprises first lateral portion 402 , second lateral portion 404 , third lateral portion 406 and fourth lateral portion 408 . A center slab portion 410 is also depicted. Center slab portion 410 is substantially circular in nature and is designed to fit into circumferential portions of lateral portions 402 - 408 . [0040] A first void element 420 is positioned between lateral portion 402 and lateral portion 404 . A second void element 422 is positioned between lateral portion 402 and lateral portion 408 . A third void element 422 is positioned between lateral portion 408 and lateral portion 406 . A fourth void element 426 is positioned between lateral portion 404 and lateral portion 406 . A circular void element 428 is also depicted. Circular void element 428 is positioned between center slab portion 410 and lateral portions 402 - 408 . In this manner a nexus is provided between an intentionally and uniformly cut portion of structured solid surface 400 and intentional breaks formed between lateral portions 402 - 408 . [0041] In the illustrated embodiment a filler element 430 has been utilized in connection with the void elements 420 - 428 . Filler element incorporates a fill component 432 comprising a leather strap to emphasize the contrast between the filler element 430 and the other components of structured solid surface component 400 according to one aspect of the present invention. FIG. 4D depicts a contrast component 434 . [0042] FIGS. 5 and 6 depict the addition of a filler medium into a void in the slab material. According to one embodiment of the present invention, a filler is flowed into a crack, break, groove, slot or other discontinuity within the slab. A backing may be provided to ensure the retention and proper filling of the discontinuity or other void. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the filler material is injected or extruded into the fissure void. A variety of types and configurations of filler materials can be utilized. For example, a resin, acrylic, epoxy, glass, polymer or other material can be utilized. According to another embodiment of the present invention a recycled material can be utilized for one or both of the filler material and the contrast material. A variety of types and configurations of filling the discontinuity can be utilized by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. [0043] FIG. 7 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a metal filler element has been utilized in connection with the fissure void and in metal layer circumscribes the slab according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment a stone slab 500 is illustrated. Stone slab 500 provides the bulk of the body of the slab. Stone slab 500 comprises a first slab component 502 and a second slab component 504 . In the illustrated embodiment a metal fill element 506 is utilized to fill the discontinuity in the slab that separates first slab component 502 and second slab component 504 . A metal boundary 508 is also provided. Metal boundary 508 circumscribes the outer periphery of stone slab 500 . Metal boundary may be comprised as the same material as metal fill element 506 . Alternatively, metal fill element 506 may be comprised of a secondary metal material to provide an additional level of layering or appearance. Metal boundary may provide additional structural integrity according to one aspect of the present invention. [0044] FIG. 8 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which the first lateral portion comprises a first type of stone such as granite and the second lateral portion comprises a second type of stone such as a second type of granite and the fill component is designed to provide a contrast between the first lateral portion and the second lateral portion according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, a composite stone slab 600 is depicted. Composite stone slab includes a first granite component 602 and a second granite component 604 . First granite component may be of a different color, grain, texture or may otherwise be formed of a different stone material than second granite component. [0045] Additionally a ground granite filler 606 is depicted. Ground granite filler 606 fills the discontinuity within slab 600 . Ground granite filler 606 may be designed to provide additional contrast between first granite component 602 and second granite component 604 . Alternatively, ground granite filler 606 may be designed to complement or even match one or both of first granite component and second granite component 604 . [0046] FIG. 9 is a perspective view of a slab of material in which a first lateral portion comprises a solid manufactured surface, a second lateral portion comprises a natural stone component and a third lateral portion comprises a solid surface manufactured surface which is same material as the first lateral portion according to one aspect of the present invention. In the illustrated embodiment, a multi-part slab 700 is depicted. Multi-part slab 700 includes a first quartz slab component 702 , a colored glass component 704 and a colored glass component 706 . By utilizing a quartz slab component 702 , which may be a broken piece from a larger original stone slab, a piece of stone material which was likely to be discarded may be recycled, reclaimed or otherwise repurposed. [0047] Quartz slab component 702 is bordered by colored glass component 704 and colored glass component 706 . In this manner, a full slab can be utilized within an architectural, building or other design application. Furthermore, the color, texture and other material properties of quartz slab component are accentuated by the differing material properties, color, transparency of colored glass components 704 and 706 . Thus a broken piece of stone, rather than being discarded becomes an opportunity to create something useful, functional and having a improved appearance to regular stone. Additionally, FIG. 9 depicts a first interface 708 and a second interface 710 . [0048] As will be appreciated by those skilled in the art, the specific compositions, designs, textures, looks and feels of the slab materials depicted in FIGS. 1-9 are illustrative in purpose. FIGS. 1-9 are not intended to limit the scope or extent of possible alternatives of restructured slabs within the scope of the present invention. A variety of slab materials, filler materials, enhancement features can be utilized without departing from the scope and spirit of the present invention. For example, the slab may comprise a cracked or broken piece of glass, stone, wood, manufactured material or other material which is conducive for a secondary filler material. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the filler material is designed to provide primarily a different look and feel of the slab and is not structural in nature. According to another embodiment of the present invention, the restructured slab does not have a substantially continuous surface, but instead is designed to have differing material properties. LIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS [0000] 100 Slab (first component) 102 Outer periphery 110 First lateral portion (first portion) 112 Upper Surface 120 Second lateral portion (second portion) 122 Upper Surface 130 Fissure Void 132 first sidewall 134 second sidewall 140 filler element 142 fill component 144 contrast component 200 multi-part slab 202 - 216 slab elements 220 first fissure 222 multi-part fissure 230 filler element 232 fill component 236 fill component 236 contrast component 300 structured solid surface component 302 - 308 first-4th lateral portions 310 first cross void element 312 second cross void element 320 a filler element 322 fill component 324 contrast components 300 structured solid surface component 302 - 308 first-4th lateral portions 310 a first cross void element 312 an intersecting void element 320 a filler element 322 fill component 324 contrast components 400 structured solid surface component 402 - 408 first-4th lateral portions 410 center slab portion 420 - 426 void elements 428 circular void element 430 filler element 432 fill component 434 contrast components 500 stone slab 502 first slab component 504 second slab component 506 metal fill element 508 metal boundary 600 composite stone slab 602 first granite component 604 second granite component 606 ground granite filler 700 multi material slab 702 quartz slab component 704 colored glass component 706 colored glass component 708 first interface 710 second interface

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This application is a division of application Ser. No. 08/193,353, filed Feb. 7, 1994. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention refers to a differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of the change of input direction. It causes the changing of the output speed ratio by changing the revolving direction of the input shaft of the differential motion gear system. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is the schematic drawing of the fundamental principle of the differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction. FIG. 2 is the schematic drawing of the embodiment of the differential motion gear system according to the invention to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction by using an external gear with the input shaft. FIG. 3 is the schematic drawing of the application of the differential motion gear system according to the invention to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction by using a driving arm of the differential gear to drive the input shaft directly. FIG. 4 is the schematic drawing of the application of the differential motion gear system according to the invention to control the speed ratio by changing the input direction in combination with an external gear with the input shaft. FIG. 5 is the schematic drawing of an embodiment with a series type quick-return differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction. FIG. 6 is the schematic drawing of an embodiment with a parallel type quick-return differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction. FIG. 7 is the schematic drawing of an embodiment with a double-acting type quick-return differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The present invention refers to a differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction. It causes the conversion of the output speed ratio by changing the revolving direction of the input shaft of the differential motion gear system. FIG. 1 is the schematic drawing of the fundamental principle of the differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by means of changing the input direction comprising: an input sun gear T1 coupled with a differential motion gear T3 and combined with input axis or shaft SO; the differential motion gear T3 is constituted by one or more sets of planet gears, and is coupled between the sun gear T1 and ring gear T2. The driving arm A3 drives the differential motion gear driven output shaft S1 via the one-way driving mechanism SC31 and is coupled with the stationary case via reverse one-way driving mechanism SC32; the ring gear T2 is coupled with the differential motion gear T3; with the output shaft S1 via a one-way driving mechanism SC21; and with the stationary case via reverse one-way driving mechanism SC22; the above one-way driving mechanisms SC21 and SC31 allow coupling with the output shaft S1 in parallel in the same direction, or with the output shaft S1 coaxially as an internal gear and an external gear. The one-way driving mechanisms SC22 and SC32 installed between the rocker arms of the ring gear and the differential motion gear and the stationary case operated in same direction and against the direction of the above mechanisms SC31 and SC32. They allow installation in parallel to or coaxially between the stationary case and the rocker arms to be driven by the ring gear and the differential gear. Based on the above structure, taking the example of the selective design of that in the one-way driving mechanism of the ring gear, the differential motion gear and the stationary case, the former idles clockwise, and it is able to drive clockwise by coupling with the output shaft S1. The differential motion system to control the speed ratio by changing the input direction may take the form of one of the following two kinds of output: A. While the input shaft SO revolves clockwise (CW), counterclockwise torsion of the external gear is restricted by the one-way driving mechanism SC22, the driving arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 drives the output shaft S1 clockwise via one-way driving mechanism SC31 and the speed ratio is: R=1+T2/T1 B. While the input axis SO revolves counterclockwise (CCW), on account of the counterclockwise torsion of the driving rocker arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 is restricted by the one-way driving mechanism SC32. The ring gear T2 drives the output shaft S1 clockwise via the one-way driving mechanism SC21 and the speed ratio is: R=-T2/T1 Based on the above fundamental principle, there are multiple practical embodiments including the use of the sun gear, the differential motion gear or the ring gear as the input. The other two gears of the above three gears will be coupled between the output shaft and the stationary case via the one-way driving mechanism based on the above-principle. For example: As shown in FIG. 2, the embodiment using the ring gear as the input has the relationships as follows: The ring gear T2 is connected with the input source to provide the input; The sun gear T1 and the differential motion gear T3 mutually drive and are coupled with the output shaft S1 via the one-way driving mechanism SC131. The driving rocker arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 is coupled so as to rotate with the output shaft S1. A one-way driving mechanism SC122 is installed between the rocker arm A3 and the fixed case, and the acting direction is the same as that of the one-way driving mechanism SC131 of the sun gear T1 coupled with the output shaft. The relationship of output is that on the first rotating direction, the arm A3 to be driven by the differential motion gear T3 is made stationary by the one-way driving mechanism SC122 between the differential motion gear T3 and the stationary case. The output shaft S1 is driven by the sun gear T1 via the one-way driving mechanism SC131. The output ratio will be: R=-T1/T2 When the input shaft SO rotates reversely, the sun gear T1 is restricted by the one-way driving mechanism SC131 between itself and the fixed case. This time the output shaft S1 is driven by the driving arm A3 of the differential gear T3, and the output ratio will be: R=1+T1/T2 Owing the reversal of the driving direction, the output will always be on the same direction in both input directions of the driving gear. FIG. 3 shows an example wherein the driving arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 is driven by the input directly. The relationships will be: The driving rocker arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 is coupled with the bidirectional input power source. The sun gear set T1 and ring gear set T2 are coupled with the output shaft S1 via one-way driving mechanisms SC231 and SC221 respectfully. The one-way driving mechanisms SC232 and SC222 are installed between the sun gear T1 and ring gear T2, and the fixed case. The acting direction will be reverse to the one-way driving mechanisms SC231 and CS221 to be coupled with the output shaft. In the output on the first rotating direction, the sun gear T1 is made stationary by the one-way driving mechanism SC232 installed between the sun gear and the fixed case. The output shaft S1 is driven by the one-way driving mechanism SC221 installed between the output shaft S1 and the ring gear T2. The output ratio will be: R=1/(1+T2/T1) When the input shaft SO is driven in an opposite direction, the ring gear T2 is held stationary by the one-way driving mechanism SC222 installed between the ring gear T2 and the fixed case. The output shaft S1 is driven by the one-way driving mechanism SC231 installed between the sun gear T1 and the output shaft S1. The output ratio will be: R=1/(1+T1/T2) FIG. 4 shows an example of an application wherein the ring gear is combined with the output shaft. The main structural relationship will be as follows: The driving arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 is coupled with the case via the one-way driving mechanism SC422. The input shaft S0 combines with and drives the sun gear T1 to provide a rotary motive force input, and is coupled with the ring gear T2 and the output shaft S1 via the one-way driving mechanism SC421. The sun gear T1 is engaged with the differential motion gear T3 and combined with the input shaft S0. In the output on the first rotating direction, the ring gear T2 and the output shaft S1 are driven by the one way driving mechanism SC421 installed between the output shaft S1 and the input shaft S0. The one-way driving mechanism SC422 installed between the rocker arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 will idle, and the output ratio in this state will be: R-1 When the input shaft S0 rotates in an opposite direction, the one-way driving mechanism SC421 between the ring gear T2 and the input shaft S0 will be idle. The one-way driving mechanism SC422 installed between the arm A3 of the differential motion gear T3 and the case will be locked up. The differential motion gear T3 will be in the output state by the ring gear T2. The output ratio at this state will be: R=-T1/T2 The present invention provides further for an innovative quick-return differential motion gear system to switch the driving direction of the driving side and change the output speed ratio as well as the rotating direction simultaneously so that the driving axis will rotate forwardly and reversely in unequal speed ratios to improve the convenience and quick-return motion efficiency of the mechanism. The embodiment of the quick-return differential motion gear system is divided into (A) series type; (B) parallel type; and (C) double-acting type based on the distribution of the one-way driving mechanism of the structural components. It is explained based on the embodiment as follows: (A) Series type: FIG. 5 shows the schematic drawing of the embodiment of a series type quick-return differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by changing the input direction. It is constituted chiefly as follows: The shaft S50 is coupled with a reversible input rotating power to provide the quick-return differential motion gear system with a source of reversible driving force. The sun gear T51 to be supplied with the rotating force is coupled with the input shaft S50 via a one-way driving mechanism SC51 and is engaged with the differential motion gear set T52. The driven arm A52 is coupled with the output shaft S51 via the driving mechanism SC52 and is engaged with the ring gear T53. The ring gear T53 is in the shape of an inner, circular gear is engaged with the differential motion gear T52 and coupled with the fixed case. The one-way driving mechanism SC53 is installed between the input shaft S50 and the output shaft S51. The relationship of input-direction conveying a motive force of the above-one way driving mechanism SC53 will convey a motive force in one direction, while SC51 and SC52 will provide the motive force on driving reversely. Other structural components of the gear box relating to the case, screws, etc., are not described otherwise herein. (b) Parallel type: The parallel type quick-return gear system to control speed ratio by changing the input direction is shown in the schematic drawing in FIG. 6. The main structure includes: The input shaft is coupled with the quick-return differential motion gear system to input forward and reverse rotating forces. The sun gear T61 is connected to the input shaft S60 and coupled to the differential motion gear T62. The differential motion gear T62 is coupled with the sun gear T61 and the ring gear T63, and is fixed on the case; The ring gear T63 is coupled with the differential motion gear T62 and drives the output shaft S61 by means of the conveying of motive force of the one-way driving mechanism SC622. It is coupled with the case by means of another one-way driving mechanism SC621 to rotate or remain stationary in different thrust directions. The one-way driving mechanism SC623 is installed between the input shaft S60 and output shaft S61. The relationship of the acting-direction of the above one-way driving mechanism SC623 to convey motive force is that in a first driving direction, SC621 allows the ring gear T63 to rotate freely, SC622 causes the output shaft S61 to rotate, and SC623 allows idle rotation between the input shaft S60 and the output shaft S61. In the second driving direction, SC621 causes the ring gear T63 to be stationary, SC623 causes the input shaft S60 to be connected with the output shaft S61, and SC622 allows idle rotation between the output shaft S61 and the ring gear T63. Other related structural components of the accustomed gear box of the case, screw, etc., are not described herein otherwise. (C) Double-acting type: The embodiment of the double-acting type quick-return differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by changing the input direction is shown in the schematic drawing in FIG. 7 and is constituted chiefly by: The input shaft S70 is coupled with the quick-return differential motion gear system for the input of opposite rotary motive forces and coupled with the output shaft S71 via the one-way driving mechanism SC722. The sun gear T71 is connected to the input shaft S70 and coupled with the differential motion gear T72. The differential motion gear 72 is coupled with the sun gear T71 and the ring gear T73. The spindles of the various differential motions gears are installed on the driving arm jointly to drive the output shaft S71, which is also coupled to the input shaft S70 via the one-way driving mechanism SC722. Ring gear T73 is coupled with the differential motion gear T72 and then coupled with the fixed case via the on-way driving mechanism SC721 to rotate or remain stationary in different directions. The one-way driving mechanism SC722 is installed between the input shaft S70 and the output shaft S71. The relationship of the acting-direction to convey motive force of the above one-way driving mechanism is that SC721 allows the ring gear T73 to rotate freely in a first driving direction, while SC722 causes the conveying of motive force between the input shaft S70 and the output shaft S71. SC721 causes the external gear to be stationary in the second driving direction. SC722 allows the input shaft S70 and the output shaft 571 to rotate idly. By this time the output shaft S71 is driven by the differential motion gear T72 and the driving arm to perform a reduction output. Other related structural components of the gear box, and screws are not described herein otherwise. The differential motion gear system to control speed ratio by changing the input direction can be combined further with an automatic load sensor to control the opposite rotating of the driving source of the driving axle to change the output speed ratio. Excepting artificial switching of the rotating direction of the source of the rotating motive force, it allows to detect further the load current of the source of the motive force for reference of the time to change the direction. It is generally used to detect the load current of the motor to change the direction of the rotation of the motor. When the load current exceeds the setting conditions, the differential motion gear system will control the speed ratio by changing the input direction from one direction into an opposite direction. It may change from a smaller speed ratio, or further entail simultaneous conversion of the output direction. In addition, the detecting method also may use a mechanical torsion sensor as the basis of control and detecting. If the driving side has the load of other motive forces, such as an engine, the direction converting mechanism may be driven on overloading by combining it with a torsion sensor or a restricting device to change the rotating direction of the input of the differential motion gear system. In practical applications, the following options are available: To combine a conventional reciprocal mechanism on the input or output end will be able to obtain the variable output with bidirectional invariable speed ratio. The application of one kind of multiple sets series stages or two kinds of the structure in mixed series stages to constitute multiple sets multiplied speed ratio by the structure of same input with different speed ratio conversion to be produced by different input conversion and the structure of different output conversion with different output speed ratio. In summary, the innovative differential motion gear system to control the speed ratio by changing the input direction shows the output in same output direction with different speed ratios, or the output in a different direction with different speed ratio to be produced by the opposite driving of a differential motion gear system at the side of driving force. It may be applied for various driving with the one kind of the structure of multiple sets of series stages or the mixed stages.

4y

CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application is a continuation-in-part and claims the benefit of U.S. application Ser. No. 11/504,148, filed Aug. 15, 2006, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/708,195, filed Aug. 15, 2005, both entitled “Automotive Diesel Exhaust HC Dosing Valve,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. This application further claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 60/828,305, filed Oct. 5, 2006, entitled “Diesel Particulate Filter Systems,” the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference herein. FIELD OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates generally to a system for reducing particulates and nitric oxide (NO x ) emissions by diesel engines, and more particularly, to a novel hydrocarbon (HC) dosing valve system that eliminates the requirement for water cooling in a high temperature environment. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Hydrocarbons and NO x emissions are a direct result of the combustion process in an internal combustion engine. To reduce such harmful emissions, catalytic converters are employed to reduce their toxicity. For gasoline engines, “three-way catalysts” are used to reduce nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and oxygen (2NO x →xO 2 +N 2 ), oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide (2CO+O 2 →2CO 2 ); and oxidize hydrocarbons to carbon dioxide and water: C x H y +nO 2 →xCO 2 +mH 2 O. In the case of compression ignition or “Diesel” engines, the most commonly employed catalytic converter is the diesel oxidation catalyst. This catalyst employs excess O 2 in the exhaust gas stream to oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to water and carbon dioxide. These converters virtually eliminate the typical odors associated with diesel engines, and reduce visible particulates, however they are not effective in reducing NO x due to excess oxygen in the exhaust gas stream. Another problem prevalent with diesel engines is the generation of particulates (soot). This is reduced through what is commonly referred to as a soot trap or diesel particulate filter (DPF). The catalytic converter itself is unable to affect elemental carbon in the exhaust stream. The DPF is either installed downstream of the catalytic converter, or incorporated within the catalytic converter itself. A clogged DPF can create undesired backpressure on the exhaust stream and thereby reduce engine performance. To alleviate this problem, the DPF can undergo a regeneration cycle when diesel fuel is injected via a dosing valve directly into the exhaust stream and the soot is burned off. The injection of diesel fuel can be stopped after the regeneration cycle is complete. NO x emissions in the exhaust from a diesel engine can be reduced by employing a Selective Catalytic Reduction Catalyst (SCR) in the presence of a reducing agent such as ammonia (NH 3 ). Existing technologies utilize SCR and NO x traps or NO x absorbers. The ammonia is typically stored on board a vehicle either in pure form, either as a liquid or gas, or in a bound form that is split hydrolytically to release the ammonia into the system. An aqueous solution of urea is commonly used as a reducing agent. The urea is stored in a reducing tank coupled to the system. A dosing valve is disposed on the exhaust carrying structure upstream of the catalytic converter to meter the delivery of a selected quantity of urea into the exhaust stream. When the urea is introduced into the high temperature exhaust, it is converted to a gaseous phase and the ammonia is released to facilitate reduction of NO x . In lieu of ammonia, diesel fuel from the vehicle's fuel supply can be used as the reducing agent. In this expedient, a quantity of diesel fuel is administered directly into the exhaust via the dosing valve. In either case, the dosing valve is mounted in close proximity to the exhaust, and thus operates in a harsh environment where temperatures can reach as high as 600 deg C. Accordingly, the dosing valve must be cooled to prevent decomposition or crystallization of the urea prior to delivery into the exhaust stream, and to maintain the integrity of the valve assembly. To alleviate this problem, prior art expedients have employed water cooling systems for the valve assembly. However, water cooling requires specialized plumbing and additional components that ultimately increase costs and reduce reliability. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION In view of the foregoing, it is an object of the invention to provide a dosing valve assembly for an internal combustion engine that eliminates the need for water cooling of the dosing valve. It is a further object of the invention to provide a dosing valve assembly which utilizes a control valve that is separated from a delivery valve mounted on the exhaust carrying structure to remove the control valve from the high temperature environment proximal to the exhaust stream. It is yet another object of the invention to provide a dosing valve assembly in accordance with the above that can be utilized to provide both SCR for a catalytic converter and regeneration for a DPF. In accordance with aspects of the invention, a dosing valve assembly is disclosed for administering a reducing agent, such as for example, diesel fuel, into an exhaust stream from an internal combustion engine upstream of a catalytic converter and DPF. The dosing valve assembly comprises a control valve coupled to a source of the reducing agent, a delivery valve constructed and arranged for coupling to the exhaust stream at a location upstream of the catalytic converter and DPF to enable a quantity of reducing agent to be administered into the exhaust stream, and an elongated conduit connecting the control valve and delivery valve for fluidly communicating the reducing agent from the control valve to the delivery valve. The disclosed arrangement enables the control valve to be displaced from the delivery valve and away from the high temperature environment proximal to the exhaust stream. In accordance with one aspect of the invention, the control valve comprises an electronic fuel injector coupled to a source of the reducing agent, and the delivery valve comprises a poppet valve. The fuel injector is coupled to an electronic control unit that signals the fuel injector to permit or inhibit the flow of reducing agent to the poppet valve in response to various sensed parameters. These and other advantages of the invention will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art by reference to the following detailed description and the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a schematic of an illustrative dosing system; FIG. 2 is a schematic of a dosing valve assembly in accordance with an aspect of the invention; FIG. 3 is a schematic of an exemplary control valve in the dosing valve assembly in accordance with another aspect of the invention; and FIG. 4 is a schematic of an exemplary reducing agent delivery valve in the form of a poppet valve in accordance with yet another aspect of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Embodiments of the invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawing figures wherein like numbers represent like elements throughout. Before embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of the examples set forth in the following description or illustrated in the figures. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or carried out in a variety of applications and in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items. Referring to FIG. 1 , there is depicted a system schematic of an exemplary dosing system 100 . Exhaust from a diesel engine (not shown) is communicated through an exhaust pipe 102 including a P-trap, which is coupled to a catalytic converter 104 and diesel particulate filter (DPF) 105 . The catalytic converter 104 is of the SCR type that is well known in the art, which utilizes a selective catalytic reduction method to reduce the NO x content in the exhaust stream. The DPF 105 is shown schematically as being part of the catalytic converter 104 . However, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that the DPF may be a separate unit disposed downstream of the catalytic converter 104 . A reducing agent, such as diesel fuel in the exemplary embodiment, is introduced into the exhaust pipe via a dosing valve 106 that is physically attached to pipe 102 . The diesel fuel injected via the dosing valve upstream of the catalytic converter 104 acts both as the reducing agent for the SCR process, and to support the regeneration cycle in the DPF to clean the filter. The dosing valve 106 fluidly communicates with a control valve 108 that is disposed away from manifold 102 . The details of the dosing valve 106 and control valve 108 assembly are described in detail below. The control valve 106 receives a supply of diesel fuel that is stored in a fuel tank 110 via a pressure regulator 112 . A fuel pump 114 supplies diesel fuel under pressure from tank 110 to regulator 112 . The fuel pump 114 and the control valve 108 are electrically coupled to an electronic control unit (ECU) 116 . A dosing control unit (DCU) 118 is disposed between ECU 116 and control valve 108 . These components are operative to meter a quantity of diesel fuel that is injected into the exhaust stream to reduce the NO x content in the exhaust stream. The reduction is effectuated by introducing a desired quantity of diesel fuel upstream of catalytic converter 104 . Pressure sensors are disposed upstream and downstream of catalytic converter 104 to enable these parameters to be communicated to ECU 116 as schematically depicted in FIG. 1 . In addition, temperature sensors and NO x sensors electrically communicate with ECU 116 as is known in the art. The ECU 116 monitors various parameters including temperature, pressure and NO x content in the exhaust stream and consequently meters the introduction of diesel fuel into the exhaust stream to optimize the reduction of undesirable particulates and NO x emissions. FIG. 2 is a schematic of a dosing valve assembly 200 , which generally comprises a control valve assembly 202 and poppet valve assembly 204 . The control valve assembly 202 includes a fuel injector 206 that, for this application, has been modified to omit an orifice disk that atomizes a fuel charge that is delivered to an internal combustion engine in the usual manner. The fuel injector 206 is described in greater detail below. In general terms, the fuel injector 206 comprises an electronic connector 208 that couples fuel injector 206 to the ECU 116 and DCU 118 as described above and depicted in FIG. 1 . The fuel injector 206 is disposed on a bracket 210 for mounting the assembly within the vehicle. A fuel inlet 212 on a first end of the fuel injector 206 receives a supply of diesel fuel from fuel tank 110 ( FIG. 1 ). The fuel injector 206 is fluidly coupled to poppet valve assembly 204 through a connecting tube 214 , which has a length sufficient to displace the control valve assembly 202 from the high temperature environment in proximity to the exhaust stream. The poppet valve assembly 204 is mounted directly on the exhaust structure and described in further detail below. FIG. 3 is a schematic an exemplary fuel injector 306 (corresponding to 206 in FIG. 2 ), that may be used as a control valve for the present invention. Fuel injector 306 extends along a longitudinal axis A-A between a first injector end 308 A and a second injector end 308 B, and includes a valve group subassembly 310 and a power group subassembly 312 . The valve group subassembly 310 performs fluid handling functions, e.g., defining a fuel flow path and prohibiting fuel flow through the injector 306 . The power group subassembly 312 performs electrical functions, e.g., converting electrical signals to a driving force for permitting fuel flow through the injector 306 . The valve group subassembly 310 includes a tube assembly 314 extending along the longitudinal axis A-A between the first fuel injector end 308 A and the second fuel injector end 308 B. The tube assembly 314 can include at least an inlet tube 316 , a non-magnetic shell 318 , and a valve body 320 . The inlet tube 316 has a first inlet tube end 322 A proximate to the first fuel injector end 308 A. The inlet tube 316 can be flared at the inlet end 322 A into a flange 322 B to retain an O-ring 323 . A second inlet tube end 322 C of the inlet tube 316 is connected to a first shell end 324 A of the non-magnetic shell 318 . A second shell end 324 B of the non-magnetic shell 318 can be connected to a generally transverse planar surface of a first valve body end 326 A of the valve body 320 . A second valve body end 326 B of the valve body 320 is disposed proximate to the second tube assembly end 308 B. A separate pole piece 328 can be connected to the inlet tube 316 and connected to the first shell end 324 A of the non-magnetic shell 318 . The pole piece may comprise a stainless steel material such as SS 430FR (ASTM A838-00). The non-magnetic shell 318 can comprise non-magnetic stainless steel, e.g., 300-series stainless steels such as SS 305 (EN 10088-2), or other materials that have similar structural and magnetic properties. As shown in FIG. 3 , inlet tube 316 is attached to pole piece 328 by weld bead 330 . Formed into the outer surface of pole piece 328 are pole piece shoulders 332 A, which, in conjunction with mating shoulders of a bobbin of the coil subassembly, act as positive mounting stops when the two subassemblies are assembled together. The inlet tube 316 can be attached to the pole piece 328 at an inner circumferential surface of the pole piece 328 . Alternatively, an integral inlet tube and pole piece can be attached to the inner circumferential surface of a non-magnetic shell 318 . An armature assembly 334 is disposed in the tube assembly 314 . The armature assembly 334 includes a first armature assembly end having a ferromagnetic or armature portion 336 and a second armature assembly end having a sealing portion. The armature assembly 334 is disposed in tube assembly 314 such that a shoulder 336 A of armature 336 confronts a shoulder 332 B of pole piece 328 . The sealing portion can include a closure member 338 , e.g., a spherical valve element, that is moveable with respect to the seat 340 and its sealing surface 340 A. The closure member 338 is movable between a closed configuration (depicted in FIG. 3 ) and an open configuration (not shown). In the closed configuration, the closure member 338 contiguously engages the sealing surface 340 A to prevent fluid flow through the opening. In the open configuration, the closure member 338 is spaced from the seat 340 to permit fluid flow through the opening. The armature assembly 334 may also include a separate intermediate portion 342 connecting the ferromagnetic or armature portion 336 to the closure member 338 . The intermediate portion or armature tube 342 may be attached to armature 336 and closure member 338 by weld beads 344 , 346 , respectively. Surface treatments can be applied to at least one of the end portions 332 B and 336 A to improve the armature's response, reduce wear on the impact surfaces and variations in the working air gap between the respective end portions 332 B and 336 A. The surface treatments can include coating, plating or case-hardening. Coatings or platings can include, but are not limited to, hard chromium plating, nickel plating or keronite coating. Case hardening on the other hand, can include, but is not limited to, nitriding, carburizing, carbo-nitriding, cyaniding, heat, flame, spark or induction hardening. Fuel flow through the armature assembly 334 is facilitated by at least one axially extending through-bore 336 B and at least one aperture 342 A through a wall of the armature assembly 334 . The apertures 342 A, which can be of any shape, are preferably non-circular, e.g., axially elongated, to facilitate the passage of gas bubbles. The apertures 342 A provide fluid communication between the at least one through-bore 336 B and the interior of the valve body 320 . Thus, in the open configuration, fuel can be communicated from the through-bore 336 B, through the apertures 342 A and the interior of the valve body 320 , around the closure member 338 , and through outlet end 308 B of injector 306 . In another embodiment, a two-piece armature having an armature portion directly connected to a closure member can be utilized. Although both the three-piece and the two-piece armature assemblies are interchangeable, the three-piece armature assembly is preferable due to its ability to reduce magnetic flux leakage from the magnetic circuit of the fuel injector 306 . It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the armature tube 342 of the three-piece armature assembly can be fabricated by various techniques, for example, a plate can be rolled and its seams welded or a blank can be deep-drawn to form a seamless tube. In the case of a spherical valve element providing the closure member 338 , the spherical valve element can be connected to the armature assembly 334 at a diameter that is less than the diameter of the spherical valve element. Such a connection is on the side of the spherical valve element that is opposite and contiguous contact with the seat 340 . A lower armature assembly guide 348 can be disposed in the tube assembly 314 , proximate the seat 340 , and slidingly engages the diameter of the spherical valve element. The lower armature assembly guide 348 facilitates alignment of the armature assembly 334 along the longitudinal axis A-A. A resilient member 350 is disposed in the tube assembly 314 and biases the armature assembly 334 toward the seat 340 . A filter assembly 352 comprising a filter 354 and a preload adjuster 356 is also disposed in the tube assembly 314 . The filter assembly 352 includes a first filter assembly end 352 A and a second filter assembly end 352 B. The filter 354 is disposed at one end of the filter assembly 352 and also located proximate to the first end 308 A of the tube assembly 314 and apart from the resilient member 350 while the preload adjuster 356 is disposed generally proximate to the second end of the tube assembly 314 . The preload adjuster 356 engages the resilient member 350 and adjusts the biasing force of the member 350 with respect to the tube assembly 314 . In particular, the preload adjuster 356 provides a reaction member against which the resilient member 350 reacts in order to close the injector 306 when the power group subassembly 312 is de-energized. The position of the preload adjuster 356 can be retained with respect to the inlet tube 316 by an interference press-fit between an outer surface of the preload adjuster 356 and an inner surface of the tube assembly 314 . Thus, the position of the preload adjuster 356 with respect to the inlet tube 316 can be used to set a predetermined dynamic characteristic of the armature assembly 334 . The power group subassembly 312 comprises an electromagnetic coil 358 , at least one terminal 360 , a coil housing 362 , and an overmold 364 . The electromagnetic coil 358 comprises a wire that that can be wound on a bobbin 314 and electrically connected to electrical contacts 368 on the bobbin 314 . When energized, the coil 358 generates magnetic flux that moves the armature assembly 334 toward the open configuration, thereby allowing the fuel to flow through the opening. De-energizing the electromagnetic coil 358 allows the resilient member 350 to return the armature assembly 334 to the closed configuration, thereby shutting off the fuel flow. The housing, which provides a return path for the magnetic flux, generally includes a ferromagnetic cylinder surrounding the electromagnetic coil 358 and a flux washer 370 extending from the cylinder toward the axis A-A. The flux washer 370 can be integrally formed with or separately attached to the cylinder. The coil housing 362 can include holes, slots, or other features to break-up eddy currents that can occur when the coil 358 is energized. The overmold 364 maintains the relative orientation and position of electromagnetic coil 358 , the at least one terminal 360 , and the coil housing 362 . The overmold 364 includes an electrical harness connector 370 portion in which a portion of the terminal 360 is exposed. The terminal 360 and the electrical harness connector portion 372 can engage a mating connector, e.g., part of a wiring harness (not shown), to facilitate connecting injector 306 to ECU 116 ( FIG. 1 ) for energizing the electromagnetic coil 358 . According to a preferred embodiment, the magnetic flux generated by electromagnetic coil 358 flows in a circuit that includes pole piece 328 , armature assembly 334 , valve body 320 , coil housing 306 , and flux washer 370 . The magnetic flux moves across a parasitic air gap between the homogeneous material of the magnetic portion or armature 336 and valve body 320 into the armature assembly 334 and across a working air gap between end portions 332 B and 336 A towards the pole piece 328 , thereby lifting closure member 338 away from seat 340 . In an illustrative embodiment, wire is wound onto a preformed bobbin 366 having electrical connector portions 368 to form a bobbin assembly. The bobbin assembly is inserted into a pre-formed coil housing 362 . To provide a return path for the magnetic flux between the pole piece 328 and the coil housing 362 , flux washer 370 is mounted on the bobbin assembly. In operation, the electromagnetic coil 358 is energized, thereby generating magnetic flux in the magnetic circuit. The magnetic flux moves armature assembly 334 (along the axis A-A, according to a preferred embodiment) towards the integral pole piece 328 , closing the working air gap. Such movement of the armature assembly 334 separates the closure member 338 from the seat 340 and allows fuel to flow from the fuel tank 110 ( FIG. 1 ), through inlet tube 368 , through-bore 336 B, apertures 342 A and valve body 320 , thereafter between seat 340 and closure member 338 , through the opening, and finally through the outlet end 308 B and into connecting tube 214 ( FIG. 2 ). When the electromagnetic coil 358 is de-energized, the armature assembly 334 is biased by the resilient member 350 to contiguously engage closure member 338 against seat 340 , thereby blocking fluid flow through the injector 306 . FIG. 4 is a schematic an exemplary poppet valve assembly (PVA) 404 (corresponding to 204 in FIG. 2 ), that is mounted on the exhaust carrying structure to deliver a reducing agent (e.g., diesel fuel) into the exhaust stream. PVA 404 comprises an inlet 406 having a threaded portion 408 for attaching the connecting tube 214 ( FIG. 2 ). The inlet 406 receives fuel from the control valve assembly (see FIG. 3 ). The fuel is delivered to first chamber 410 defined in a housing 412 of the poppet valve assembly 404 . In the illustrative embodiment, the housing 412 includes a first portion 414 a and second portion 414 b that are joined by welding at 416 . Seals may be provided in the assembly, but are omitted here for clarity. A moveable valve plate 418 is disposed within housing 412 and includes at least one aperture 420 to enable fluid flow from first chamber 410 to a second chamber 422 . Valve plate 418 is normally biased by spring 424 against annular surface 426 bounding first chamber 410 . A valve stem 428 is attached at a first end 430 to valve plate 418 and is axially elongated along a central axis B-B to a flared portion 432 at a second end 434 . The flared portion has a surface 436 that is normally biased against a complimentary surface 438 that defines a valve seat in housing 412 to block fluid flow through to an outlet end 440 of poppet valve PVA 404 . An orifice plate 442 is disposed in the outlet end 440 to provide for a uniform distribution of fuel into the exhaust stream as is well known in the art of fuel injector design. The PVA 404 is mounted on the exhaust carrying structure shown generally by the reference numeral 444 , by a clamping assembly (omitted for clarity). In operation, control valve assembly 306 ( FIG. 3 ), under the control of ECU 116 /DCU 118 , releases a quantity of fuel to PVA 404 via connecting tube 214 ( FIG. 2 ). The fuel under pressure biases the valve plate 418 downwardly against the force of spring 424 , thereby enabling a quantity of fuel to flow through aperture(s) 420 into second chamber 422 . The movement of valve plate 418 translates the flared portion 432 of valve stem 428 away from surface 438 , which permits fuel to flow through the orifice plate 442 and out of the PVA 404 into the exhaust manifold. When the control valve assembly 306 restricts the flow of fuel through the connecting tube 214 , the reduced fuel pressure in first chamber 410 is overcome by the force of spring 424 to move the valve plate 418 (and stem 428 ) upwardly to close off the PVA 404 , and the flow of fuel is prevented from entering the exhaust stream. The foregoing detailed description is to be understood as being in every respect illustrative and exemplary, but not restrictive, and the scope of the invention disclosed herein is not to be determined from the description of the invention, but rather from the claims as interpreted according to the full breadth permitted by the patent laws. For example, while the method is disclosed herein with respect to tubular components of a fuel injector, the techniques and configurations of the invention may be applied to other tubular components where a hermetic weld is required. It is to be understood that the embodiments shown and described herein are only illustrative of the principles of the present invention and that various modifications may be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the scope and spirit of the invention.

4y

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/643,682 filed Jan. 13, 2005. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION This invention generally relates to an electrical connector assembly, and more particularly to an electrical connector assembly that includes a spacer that provides a mechanical barrier to an injected thermoplastic or rubber material. Connector assemblies are utilized to provide an electrical connection to various electronic devices found throughout a vehicle. Typically, a connector assembly and a cable jacket that houses electrical conductors are overmolded in thermoplastic or rubber by an injection mold to provide a barrier against moisture ingress. The connector assembly is assembled by crimping a pair of terminals onto the electrical conductors. The electrical conductors (including the crimped terminals) are then inserted into a plastic housing. Cable seals provide a moisture seal between the housing and the electrical conductors. The connector assembly is placed into an injection mold where a thermoplastic or rubber material is injected around and over the housing to complete the overmolded connector assembly. The pressures during the overmolding process can be overpowering such that an amount of the thermoplastic or rubber material passes by the cable seals and enters the housing. Disadvantageously, thermoplastic or rubber material that passes through the cable seals and enters the terminal area may interfere with proper connection and function of the connector assembly. Accordingly, it is desirable to provide an improved electrical connector assembly that is easy to assemble and that blocks injected thermoplastic or rubber material from interfering with terminal connections. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An electrical connector assembly according to the present invention provides a terminal area with a mechanical barrier to injected thermoplastics during an overmolding process. The connector assembly includes an electrical conductor with a terminal crimped to the electrical conductor. The terminal is inserted into a terminal area of a connector housing and snapped into place by a cantilever arm. A spacer is positioned at a rear side of the connector housing. The connector assembly is placed into a mold and overmolded with an injected thermoplastic. In one example, the spacer is split along its length to comprise a first half piece and a second half piece. The first half piece and the second half piece of the spacer seal the terminal area of the connector assembly from the injected thermoplastic. The electrical connector assembly of the present invention is easy to assembly and provides a mechanical barrier to injected thermoplastics during an overmolding process. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The various features and advantages of this invention will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the following detailed description of the currently preferred embodiment. The drawings that accompany the detailed description can be briefly described as follows: FIG. 1 is an exploded view of a connector assembly according to the present invention; FIG. 2 is a cross sectional view of the connector assembly of the present invention; FIG. 3 is a partial cut away view of an overmolded connector assembly of the present invention; FIG. 4 is a plan view of a spacer of the connector assembly of the present invention; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of the spacer of the present invention interfaced with a connector; and FIG. 6 is another example of the spacer of the electrical connector assembly of the present invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , a connector assembly 10 includes a cable jacket 12 that includes a plurality of electrical conductors 14 (two electrical conductors 14 are shown in FIG. 1 ). The example cable jacket 12 is made of a thermoplastic, however other materials may be used as are known. The electrical conductors 14 are preferably insulated wires that conduct an electrical current. A terminal 16 is crimped to the end of each of the electrical conductors 14 . A cable seal 17 is positioned around each of the electrical conductors 14 . A spacer 18 is positioned around the electrical conductors 14 after the terminals 16 are crimped to the electrical conductors 14 . The terminals 16 are inserted into openings in a connector housing 20 . The connector housing 20 includes a cantilever arm 19 to retain the terminals 16 within a terminal area 22 of the connector housing 20 . The cantilever arm 19 provides a snap-fit between the terminals 16 and the connector housing 20 . The cable seals 17 are inserted into the openings within the connector housing 20 that lead to the terminal area 22 and form a moisture seal between the connector housing 20 and the terminals 16 . Once the terminals 16 and the cable seals 17 are inserted into the connector housing 20 , the spacer 18 is positioned at a rear side 24 of the connector housing 20 to form the connector assembly 10 . The spacer 18 is prevented from being pressed into the openings of the connector housing 20 because of a slight interference fit between the spacer 18 and the inner diameter of the connector housing 20 , as is further discussed below. Referring to FIG. 3 , the connector assembly 10 includes an overmold boot 26 . The overmold boot 26 is formed during an injection molding process in which a material, such as rubber, is injected into a mold. The overmold boot 26 encases at least a portion of the cable jacket 12 and the connector housing 20 and prevents water intrusion within the connector housing 20 of the connector assembly 10 . The spacer 18 seals the terminal area 22 of the connector housing 20 from intrusion of material during the overmolding process. A desired connection between the terminals 16 and the terminal area 22 is achieved for proper connection and function of the connector assembly 10 . Referring to FIGS. 4 and 5 , and with continuing reference to FIGS. 1 , 2 and 3 , an example of the spacer 18 is shown and is a pre-molded plastic part. The spacer 18 is split along a length to include a first piece 28 and a second piece 30 . The two piece configuration of the spacer 18 provides for ease of assembly around the electrical conductors 14 . Each of the pieces 28 and 30 of the spacer 18 include a flange portion 32 and at least one half cylinder 34 (two are illustrated in FIG. 4 ) transversely protruding from the flange portion 32 . The example flange portion 32 is generally crescent shaped. However, the shape of the flange portion 32 can be of any shape to correspond to the connector housing 20 . The first piece 28 and the second piece 30 of the spacer 18 are placed against each other around the electrical conductors 14 . The cylinders 34 of the first piece 28 and the second piece 30 combine to define tubular grooves 36 for receiving the electric conductors 14 . The inner diameters of the tubular grooves 36 are sized to achieve a press fit between the spacer 18 and the electrical conductors 14 . Each of the half cylinders 34 of the first piece 28 and the second piece 30 of the spacer 18 combine to form a protruding tube 37 (two are shown in FIG. 5 ). The protruding tubes 37 provide an interference fit with openings 38 within the connector housing 20 such that the flange portions 32 of the spacer 18 contact the outer diameter of the connector housing 20 and the protruding tubes 37 at least partially enter the openings 38 within the connector housing 20 (See FIG. 2 ). Retention of the interference fit between the spacer 18 and the connector housing 20 is aided by the compression of the electrical conductors 14 within the tubular grooves 36 of the spacer 18 . Another example spacer 21 is illustrated with reference to FIG. 6 . The spacer 21 in this example is nearly identical to the spacer 18 shown in FIG. 2 . In this example, however, the spacer 21 is a single piece. During assembly of the connector assembly 10 , the spacer 21 in this example is positioned around the electrical conductors 14 before the terminals 16 are crimped to the electrical conductors 14 . That the foregoing description shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense is thus made apparent. A worker of ordinary skill in the art would recognize that certain modifications would come within the scope of this invention. For that reason, the following claims should be studied to determine the true scope and content of this invention.

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This is a continuation of application Ser. No. 906,053 filed Sept. 11, 1986, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to heavy duty pneumatic radial tires, and more particularly to a pneumatic radial tire for airplanes having a considerably improved service life by improving the durability of carcass ply. 2. Related Art Statement Lately, it is demanded to reduce the weight of airplane body in accordance with the demand of energy-saving, and hence it is also strongly demanded to reduce the weight of airplane tire. Heretofore, it was particularly effective to change a bias structure carcass of the tire into a radial structure carcass as a means for realizing the weight reduction, whereby the number of carcass plies can be decreased to reduce the weight. Furthermore, the use of high strength cord material was effective to reduce the weight of the tire. As a material for such a cord, there is typically an aromatic polyamide fiber. Since the airplane tires are used under a high loading condition, they are largely deformed to cause a considerable heat build-up. Therefore, they are strongly required to have fatigue resistance of cord strength in the casing and adhesion durability between cord and rubber. Especially, since the innermost ply constituting the carcass composed of plural plies is subjected to a compressive strain, when the aromatic polyamide fiber having a high modulus of elasticity is applied to a cord for the innermost ply, the resulting cord becomes fatigued due to the compressive strain and the rupture strength decreases, so that satisfactory service durability as the airplane tire can not be maintained. Moreover, the aromatic polyamide fiber is originally low in the adhesion to rubber as compared with the case of nylon or polyester fiber, so that the adhesion force at the shoulder portion is considerably decreased due to the heat build-up, whereby it is apt to cause a separation failure between plies in the belt, while in the bead portion near rim line, the input is very large and the heat build-up is large, so that the adhesion breakage at the boundary between cord and rubber in such a portion is liable to be caused, and consequently sufficient performances as the carcass can not be obtained from a viewpoint of adhesion durability. As mentioned above, the reduction of weight in the airplane tire by the method of using the conventional high strength aromatic polyamide fiber has drawbacks such as fatigue of strength and degradation of adhesion force, so that the weight reduction of heavy duty pneumatic radial tire can not be realized with the holding of sufficient durability by the above method. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventors have made various studies in order to solve the aforementioned problems and found out that the above problems can be solved by using aromatic copolyamide fiber as a material for cord and natural rubber series composition having a particular resorcin-hexamethylenetetramine-silica system as a coating rubber, and as a result the invention has been accomplished. According to the invention, there is the provision of a heavy duty pneumatic radial tire comprising a tread portion, a pair of sidewall portions extending between both shoulders of the tread portion, a pair of bead portions each formed at the inner end of the sidewall portion, and a reinforcement consisting of a carcass composed of at least two plies each containing cords arranged in the radial direction of the tire, which plies being wound around the bead portion from inside toward outside, and a breaker surrounding around the carcass, characterized in that said ply is composed of (A) cords each made from a fiber of aromatic copolyamide consisting of a unit A represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein X 1 , X 2 and X 3 are a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1-3, respectively, and Y is --O--, --S-- or ##STR2## group, and a unit B represented by the following formula: ##STR3## and (B) a coating rubber composition containing natural rubber or a blend of natural rubber and isoprene rubber as a rubber component and 2.4-4.5 parts by weight of resorcin, 0.7-1.5 parts by weight of hexamethylenetetramine and 2-10 parts by weight of silica per 100 parts by weight of the rubber component and having a 100% modulus after vulcanization of 35-50 kg/cm 2 . BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The invention will be described with reference to the accompanying drawings, wherein: FIG. 1 is a graph showing a change of retention of strength due to heat aging at 150° C. in aromatic copolyamide fiber according to the invention when RH silica compounded rubber is used as a coating rubber for the ply and in aromatic polyamide fiber according to the comparative example using the same coating rubber; FIG. 2 is a graph showing a change of retention of strength due to fatigue against compressive strain instead of the heat aging of FIG. 1; and FIG. 3 is a graph showing a change of adhesion index of aromatic copolyamide fiber to rubber as a contour line when varying amounts of hexamethylenetetramine and resorcin in RH silica compounded rubber composition. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT According to the invention, the aromatic copolyamide is produced by a method disclosed, for example, in Japanese Patent laid open No. 60-110,918, and consists of the above mentioned units A and B. In the unit A, the three benzene nuclei may be unsubstituted or may be partially or wholly substituted with an alkyl group having a carbon number of 1-3. Particularly, the aromatic copolyamide is preferable to be an aromatic polyetheramide having a unit represented by the following unit as the unit A: ##STR4## When using the above mentioned aromatic copolyamide fiber, the innermost ply located inward the tire among plural carcass plies is apt to produce CBU (cord breaking-up) due to compressive fatigue of the shoulder portion in the tire. Furthermore, since the adhesion property to the coating rubber is originally poor, the adhesion breakage at the boundary between the cord and rubber is apt to be caused at heat build-up position of the tire, so that there is a problem in the service durability of the tire. This is considered due to the fact that since the aromatic polyamide fiber is high in the orientation and crystalinity, the high tensile properties are obtained, but the resistance to compressive strain is weak and the adhesion property is poor. In order to solve the problem on the compressive strain, it is expected that aromatic copolyamide fibers having flexible ether bond in their molecule are effective, but such fibers are also poor in the adhesion to rubber likewise the aromatic polyamide fiber. According to the invention, it has been found that the problem on the above adhesion property can unexpectedly and advantageously be solved by adopting resorcin/hexamethylenetetramine/silica compounding system (hereinafter merely referred to as RH silica system). That is, by using the RH silica system, not only the adhesion property of the aromatic copolyamide fiber to rubber can considerably be improved, but also the heat resistant adhesion property can be improved and the reduction of tensile strength of the cord during the running of the tire can be made small. On the contrary, if the RH silica system is applied as a coating rubber to the ply composed of the aromatic polyamide fiber cord, the initial adhesion force of the coating rubber is improved, but the tensile strength of the cord is considerably reduced during the running of the tire and the service durability is insufficient. This fact is conceretely shown in FIGS. 1 and 2. FIG. 1 shows the change of retention of strength in the aromatic polyetheramide fiber and the aromatic polyamide fiber due to heat aging at 150° C. with the lapse of time when using the RH silica system as a coating rubber for the ply. As seen from FIG. 1, the aromatic polyetheramide fiber is very small in the reduction of retention of strength, while the aromatic polyamide fiber is conspicuous in the reduction of retention of strength. FIG. 2 shows the fatigue resistance against compressive strain, from which it is obvious that the aromatic polyetheramide fiber is superior in the fatigue resistance. Such advantages of the aromatic polyetheramide fiber as compared with the aromatic polyamide fiber are naturally based on the difference in the structure therebetween as well as the feature that the former is excellent in the resistance to chemicals as compared with the latter. FIG. 3 shows an index of adhesion of the RH silica system coating rubber to the aromatic polyetheramide fiber cord (the adhesion force is 100 when the rubber adhered to the cord is 100% after the peeling adhesion test. The larger the numerical value, the better the adhesion property.) as a contour line connecting equal adhesion indexes to each other by plotting to the amounts (part by weight) of hexamethylenetetramine and resorcin per 100 parts by weight of rubber component, wherein numeral affixed to each contour line represents a value of adhesion index. Moreover, silica (SiO 2 ) does not substantially exert on the adhesion in an amount of 2-10 parts by weight per 100 parts by weight of the rubber component. When the amount is less than 2 parts by weight, the cord strength decreases during heat build-up, while when it exceeds 10 parts by weight, the Mooney viscosity becomes larger at unvulcanized state and the processability is considerably degraded. As seen from FIG. 3, when the amount of silica is within the above range, it is necessary to use not less than 2.4 parts by weight of resorcin and not less than 0.7 part by weight of hexamethylenetetramine for obtaining high adhesion index. If the amount of resorcin exceeds 4.5 parts by weight, the Mooney viscosity of the unvulcanized rubber composition becomes too high and the scorching is apt to be caused and the calendering operation is degraded. While, if the amount of hexamethylenetetramine exceeds 1.5 parts by weight, 100% modulus of the vulcanized rubber composition can not be restricted to not more than 50 kg/cm 2 . Since the carcass ply is wound around the bead core from inside toward outside as mentioned above, the turnup end of the carcass ply is subjected to a large repeated stress during the rotation of the tire. Since such a repeated stress is very large in large size, heavy duty radial tires, particularly airplane tires, cracks are apt to be produced from the turnup end and then grow to decrease the service durability of the tire. The latter case is a serious problem in this type of the tire. However, it has been confirmed that the problem of occurrence and growth of cracks in the turnup end of the carcass ply results from a modulus of elasticity at 100% elongation, i.e. 100% modulus of the coating rubber for the carcass ply. That is, the coating rubber is not durable to the repeated stress when the 100% modulus is less than 35 kg/cm 2 . In this connection, it has been found that even if the initial adhesion force between rubber and cord becomes higher, the reduction of service durability due to such rubber breakage can not be prevented in use of the tire. When the 100% modulus of the coating rubber exceeds 50 kg/cm 2 , the rubber itself can not absorb the shearing force produced between cord and rubber in the shoulder portion, and finally the rubber breakage occurs. Furthermore, the cords in the inner carcass ply at the shoulder portion are rendered into a compressed state just under loading and subjected to repeated strains of compression and expansion during the rotation of the tire, so that they are fatigued to cause CBU. Although this fatigue can considerably be improved by using aromatic copolyamide fiber as a material for the cord, if the 100% modulus of the coating rubber becomes too high, the fatigue resistance of the aromatic copolyamide fiber cord is considerably degraded. From this point, it is necessary that the 100% modulus of the coating rubber is limited to not more than 50 kg/cm 2 . According to the invention, the coating rubber composition for carcass ply may contain carbon black, a softening agent such as aromatic oil, spindle oil or the like, an antioxidant, a vulcanization accelerator, an acceleration promoter such as stearic acid, zinc white or the like, a vulcanizing agent and so on in usually used amounts in addition to the RH silica system. The invention will be described in detail with reference to the following examples and comparative examples. EXAMPLES The test methods used in the example were as follows: (1) Crack length at ply end (index): The crack length at the highest turnup end of the carcass ply was measured at some positions on the circumference of the tire cut after the running on a drum in an indoor test, and then the average value thereof was measured. The crack length is represented by an index according to the following formula: ##EQU1## The smaller the index value, the higher the durability of the bead portion. (2) Separation length at shoulder portion: The crack length produced in the shoulder portion was measured in each of circumferential and radial directions of the tire, and then the average value thereof was calculated. The separation length in shoulder portion is represented by an index according to the following formula: ##EQU2## The smaller the index value, the higher the durability of the tire casing. (3) Retention of cord strength: F.sub.t /F.sub.o ×100% F t : tensile strength at rupture of cord in inner carcass ply at shoulder portion after the running on the durm. F o : tensile strength of cord in inner carcass ply at shoulder portion of a new tire. The larger the numerical value, the higher the durability of the tire casing. (4) Drum test: The test tire inflated under a 100% internal pressure of 13.4 kg/cm 2 was run on a drum at a speed of 64.4 kg/hr (40 mile/hr) under a 100% load of 18,850 kg (41,500 LBS) over a distance of 5,000 km. The test tires were radial tires for airplanes with a size of H46×18R20 and had the following condition: Tire A (according to the invention): This tire comprised a carcass of two plies each containing cords with a strength of 18 g/D composed of aromatic polyetheramide fiber having the following rational formula: ##STR5## wherein the ply coating rubber was a rubber of RH silica system (R=3.0, H=1.0) shown in the following Table 1 and had 100% modulus of 45 kg/cm 2 . Tire B (Comparative tire): This tire was the same as the tire A except that aromatic polyamide fiber cord was used instead of the aromatic polyetheramide fiber cord. Tire C (Comparative tire): This tire was the same as the tire A except that aromatic polyamide fiber cord was used instead of the aromatic polyetheramide fiber cord and the ply coating rubber was a rubber of non-RH silica system shown in the following Table 2. Tire D (according to the invention): This tire was different from the tire A in a point of R=2.4 in Table 1. Tire E (Comparative tire): This tire was different from the tire A in a point of R=2.0 in Table 1. Tire F (according to the invention): This tire was different from the tire A in two points of R=4.0, H=1.5 in Table 1 and 100% modulus of 50 kg/cm 2 . Tire G (Comparative tire): This tire was different from the tire A in two points of R=5.0, H=2.0 in Table 1 and 100% modulus of 60 kg/cm 2 . TABLE 1______________________________________Rubber of RH silica system part by weight______________________________________Natural rubber 100Carbon black 40Silica 5Resorcin (R*.sup.1) 3Stearic acid 2Zinc white 8Hexamethylenetetramine (H*.sup.2) 1Vulcanization accelerator NOBS 0.6Sulfur 6Antioxidant 0.4Retardar (scorch preventing agent) 0.4______________________________________ *.sup.1 R = part by weight of resorcin per 100 parts by weight of rubber component *.sup.2 H = part by weight of hexamethylenetetramine per 100 parts by weight of rubber component TABLE 2______________________________________Rubber of non-RH silica system part by weight______________________________________Natural rubber 100Carbon black 50Stearic acid 2Zinc white 8Vulcanization accelerator NOBS 0.6Sulfur 5Antioxidant 0.4Retardar 0.4______________________________________ The results of the tire cut after the indoor drum test over 5,000 km are shown in the following Table 3. TABLE 3__________________________________________________________________________Example Comparative Comparative Example Comparative Example Comparative1 1 2 2 3 3 4__________________________________________________________________________Tire A B C D E F GFiber PEA*.sup.1 PA*.sup.2 PA PEA PEA PEA PEAfor cordR*.sup.3 3.0 3.0 -- 2.4 2.0 4.0 5.0H*.sup.4 1.0 1.0 -- 1.0 1.0 1.5 2.0Crack 10 10 100 15 70 10 10indexSeparation 0 0 100 0 60 10 75indexRetention 95 65 60 95 90 95 85of cordstrength__________________________________________________________________________ *.sup.1 PEA = aromatic polyetheramide fiber *.sup.2 PA = aromatic polyamide fiber *.sup.3 R = part by weight of resorcin per 100 parts by weight of rubber component *.sup.4 H = part by weight of hexamethylenetetramine per 100 parts by weight of rubber component As shown in Examples and Comparative Examples, the heavy duty radial tires comprising a carcass ply composed of aromatic copolyamide fiber cord and a natural rubber series coating rubber composition having an RH silica system of particular component ratio and 100% modulus after vulcanization of 35-50 kg/cm 2 considerably improve resistance to fatigue due to compressive strain and adhesion property, particularly thermal resistant adhesion property as compared with the case of the conventional tire using the aromatic polyamide fiber cord, whereby the service durability of the tire can be improved remarkably.

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CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application is the US National Stage of International Application No. PCT/EP2006/067123, filed Oct. 6, 2006 and claims the benefit thereof. The International Application claims the benefits of European application No. 05023321.2 filed Oct. 25, 2005, both of the applications are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. FIELD OF INVENTION [0002] The invention relates to an alloy as claimed in the claims, to a protective layer for protecting a component against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures as claimed in the claims and to a component according to the claims. [0003] The invention relates in particular to a protective layer for a component which consists of a nickel- or cobalt-based superalloy. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0004] Large numbers of protective layers for metal components, which are intended to increase their corrosion resistance and/or oxidation resistance, are known in the prior art. Most of these protective layers are known by the generic name MCrAlY, where M stands for at least one of the elements in the group comprising iron, cobalt and/or nickel and the other essential constituents are chromium, aluminum and yttrium. [0005] Furthermore, numerous special compositions for protective layers of the above type are known from EP 0 194 392 B1 with admixtures of further elements for various application purposes. Besides many other selectively addable elements, the element rhenium is also mentioned with admixtures of up to a 10% proportion by weight. Owing to loosely specified further ranges for possible admixtures, however, none of the disclosed protective layers is qualified for special conditions such as occur, for example, on rotor blades and guide vanes of gas turbines with high intake temperatures, which need to be operated over prolonged periods of time. [0006] Protective layers, which contain rhenium, are also known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,885 and EP0652 299 B1. [0007] EP 1 306 454 B1 likewise discloses a protective layer consisting of nickel, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, rhenium and yttrium. Data about the levels of nickel and cobalt are not provided. [0008] U.S. Pat. No. 6,346,134 B1 discloses an MCrAlY layer having a chromium content of from 20 wt % to 35 wt %, an aluminum content of from 5 wt % to 15 wt %, additions of hafnium, rhenium, lanthanum or tantalum and a high yttrium content of from 4 wt % to 6 wt %. [0009] U.S. Pat. No. 6,280,857 B1 discloses a protective layer which discloses the elements cobalt, chromium and aluminum based on nickel, the optional addition of rhenium and mandatory additions of yttrium and silicon. [0010] The endeavor to increase the intake temperatures both in static gas turbines and in aircraft engines is of great importance in the specialist field of gas turbines, since the intake temperatures are important determining quantities for the thermodynamic efficiencies achievable with gas turbines. Intake temperatures significantly higher than 1000° C. are possible when using specially developed alloys as base materials for components to be heavily loaded thermally, such as guide vanes and rotor blades. To date, the prior art permits intake temperatures of 950° C. or more for static gas turbines and 1100° C. or more in gas turbines of aircraft engines. [0011] While the physical loading capacity of the base materials so far developed for the components to be heavily loaded is substantially unproblematic in respect of possible further increases in the intake temperatures, it is necessary to resort to protective layers in order to achieve sufficient resistance against oxidation and corrosion. Besides the sufficient chemical stability of a protective layer under the aggressions which are to be expected from exhaust gases at temperatures of the order of 1000° C., a protective layer must also have sufficiently good mechanical properties, not least in respect of the mechanical interaction between the protective layer and the base material. In particular, the protective layer must be ductile enough to be able to accommodate possible deformations of the base material and not crack, since points of attack would thereby be provided for oxidation and corrosion. The problem then typically arises that increasing the levels of elements such as aluminum and chromium, which can improve the resistance of a protective layer against oxidation and corrosion, leads to a deterioration of the ductility of the protective layer so that mechanical failure is possible, in particular the formation of cracks, under a mechanical load conventionally occurring in a gas turbine. Examples of the reduction of the protective layer's ductility by the elements chromium and aluminum are known in the prior art. [0012] A superalloy, which likewise contains rhenium, for a substrate is known from WO 01/09403 A1. It describes that the intermetallic phases formed by rhenium reduce the longterm stability of the superalloy. SUMMARY OF INVENTION [0013] It is therefore an object of the invention to provide an alloy and a protective layer, which has good high-temperature resistance to corrosion and oxidation, has good longterm stability and which is furthermore adapted particularly well to a mechanical load which is to be expected particularly in a gas turbine at a high temperature. [0014] The object is achieved by an alloy and a protective layer as claimed in the claims. [0015] It is another object of the invention to provide a component which has increased protection against corrosion and oxidation. [0016] The object is likewise achieved by a component, in particular a component of a gas turbine or steam turbine, which comprises a protective layer of the type described above for protection against corrosion and oxidation at high temperatures. [0017] Further advantageous measures are listed in the dependent claims. [0018] The measures listed in the dependent claims may be combined arbitrarily with one another in an advantageous way. [0019] The invention is based inter alia on the discovery that the protective layer exhibits brittle chromium-rhenium precipitates in the layer and in the transition region between the protective layer and the base material. These brittle phases, which are formed to a greater extent with time and temperature during use, lead during operation to very pronounced longitudinal cracks in the layer as well as in the layer-base material interface, with subsequent shedding of the layer. The brittleness of the Cr—Re precipitates is further increased by the interaction with carbon, which can diffuse into the layer from the base material or diffuses into the layer through the surface during a heat treatment in the oven. The engine is made even more susceptible to cracking by oxidation of the chromium-rhenium phases. [0020] Protective layers which contain rhenium are also known from U.S. Pat. No. 5,154,885 and EP 0 652 299 B1. The entire disclosure about the interaction of the rhenium as revealed by these documents is fully incorporated into the present disclosure. [0021] The effect of cobalt, which determines the thermal and mechanical properties, is also important in this case. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0022] The invention will be explained in more detail below. [0023] FIG. 1 shows a layer system having a protective layer, [0024] FIG. 2 shows experimental results of cyclic loading tests, [0025] FIG. 3 shows a table of superalloys, [0026] FIG. 4 shows a gas turbine, [0027] FIG. 5 shows a perspective view of a combustion chamber and [0028] FIG. 6 shows a perspective view of a turbine blade. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF INVENTION [0029] According to the invention a protective layer 7 ( FIG. 1 ) for protecting a component 1 , 120 , 130 , 138 , 155 ( FIGS. 1 , 4 , 5 , 6 ) against corrosion and oxidation at a high temperature comprises the following elements (data in wt %): [0030] 11% to 13% cobalt, [0031] 20% to 22% chromium, [0032] 10.5% to 11.5% aluminum, [0033] 1.5% to 2.5% rhenium, [0034] 0.3% to 0.5% yttrium and/or at least one equivalent metal from the group comprising scandium and the rare earth elements, and the remainder nickel. [0035] The alloy may also comprise further elements. Preferably, however, the alloy consists of nickel, cobalt, chromium, aluminum, yttrium and rhenium. [0036] The advantageous effect of the element rhenium is thereby utilized while preventing the brittle phase formation. [0037] It is to be noted that the levels of the individual elements are specially adapted with a view to their effects, which are to be considered in combination with the element rhenium. If the levels are set so that no chromium-rhenium precipitates are formed, no brittle phases are advantageously created during use of the protective layer so that the longterm behavior is improved and extended. [0038] This is achieved not only by a low chromium content but also, taking into account the effect of aluminum on the phase formation, by accurately setting the aluminum content. [0039] The low choice of from 11% to 13% cobalt surprisingly improves the thermal and mechanical properties of the protective layer 7 significantly and superproportionally. [0040] This narrowly selected range of cobalt suppresses particularly well the creation and further formation of the γ′ phase of the alloy, which normally leads to a peak in the thermal expansion coefficient of the alloy. [0041] During strong heating of the component with the protective layer 7 (startup of the turbine) or other temperature fluctuations, this peak would otherwise cause high mechanical stresses (thermal mismatch) between a protective layer 7 and a substrate 4 ( FIG. 1 ) of the component 1 , 120 , 130 , 138 , 155 . [0042] This is at least drastically reduced by the cobalt content selected according to the invention. In conjunction with the reduction of the brittle phases, which have a detrimental effect especially under high mechanical properties, the mechanical properties are improved by the reduction of the mechanical stresses through the selected cobalt content. [0043] Together with good corrosion resistance, the protective layer has particularly good resistance against oxidation and is also distinguished by particularly good ductility properties, so that it is particularly qualified for use in a gas turbine with a further increase in the intake temperature. During operation, embrittlement scarcely takes place since the layer comprises hardly any chromium-rhenium precipitates which are embrittled in the course of use. The superalloy comprises no chromium-rhenium precipitates, or at most 6 vol % thereof. [0044] It is particularly favorable to set the level of rhenium at 2%, the chromium content at 21%, the aluminum content at 11%, the cobalt content at 12% and the yttrium content at 0.4%. Certain variations are encountered owing to industrial mass production, so that yttrium contents of from 0.2% to 0.3% or from 0.4% to 0.6% are also used and likewise exhibit good properties. [0045] The trace elements in the powder to be sprayed and therefore in the protective layer 7 , which form precipitates and therefore represent embrittlements, play a likewise important role. [0046] The powders are for example applied by plasma spraying (APS, LPPS, VPS, . . . ). Other methods may likewise be envisaged (PVD, CVD, cold gas spraying, . . . ). [0047] The sum of the trace elements in the protective layer 7 is in particular <0.5% in total and is advantageously distributed as follows between the individual elements: carbon<250 ppm, oxygen<400 ppm, nitrogen<100 ppm and hydrogen<50 ppm. [0048] In the case of this component 1 , the protective layer 7 is advantageously applied onto a substrate 4 made of a nickel-based or cobalt-based superalloy. [0049] The compositions of the superalloys listed in FIG. 3 are suitable as the substrate 4 , in particular the alloys which form a DS or SX structure. [0050] The thickness of the protective layer 7 on the component 1 is preferably set to a value of between 100 μm and 300 μm. [0051] The protective layer 7 is particularly suitable for protecting a component against corrosion and oxidation while the component is being exposed to an exhaust gas at a material temperature of about 950° C., or even about 1100° C. in aircraft turbines. [0052] The protective layer 7 according to the invention is therefore particularly qualified for protecting a component 1 , 120 , 130 , 138 , 155 of a gas turbine 100 , in particular a guide vane 130 , rotor blade 120 or other components, which are exposed to hot gas before or in the turbine of the gas turbine 100 . [0053] The protective layer 7 may be used as an overlay (the protective layer is the outer layer) or as a bondcoat (the protective layer is an interlayer and adhesion promoter layer). [0054] Further layers, in particular ceramic thermal barrier layers 10 ( FIG. 1 ) may be applied onto this protective layer 7 . [0055] FIG. 1 shows a layer system 1 as a component. [0056] The layer system 1 consists of a substrate 4 . [0057] The substrate 4 may be metallic and/or ceramic. Particularly in the case of turbine components, for example turbine rotor blades 120 ( FIG. 6 ) or guide vanes 130 ( FIGS. 4 , 6 ), combustion chamber linings 155 ( FIG. 5 ) and other housing parts 138 of a steam or gas turbine 100 ( FIG. 4 ), the substrate 4 consists of a nickel- or cobalt-based superalloy. [0058] The protective layer 7 according to the invention is placed on the substrate 4 . [0059] This protective layer 7 is preferably applied by LPPS (low pressure plasma spraying) or by cold gas spraying. [0060] The protective layer 7 may be applied onto newly produced components 1 and refurbished components 1 . [0061] Refurbishment means that components 1 are optionally separated from layers (thermal barrier layer) after their use and corrosion and oxidation products are removed, for example by an acid treatment (acid stripping). It may sometimes also be necessary to repair cracks. Such a component may subsequently be recoated, since the substrate 4 is very expensive. [0062] FIG. 2 shows experimental results of loading specimens which were subjected to cyclic loads, i.e. experimental results for a specimen (application) having a composition according to the present application (claim 2 ) and experimental results for a layer according to the prior art (prior art) which comprises a composition according to U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,154,885, 5,273,712 or U.S. Pat. No. 5,268,238. [0063] The layers were applied onto a substrate with the designation PWA 1484 (Pratt & Whitney alloy). [0064] The specimens were exposed to a particular cyclic mechanical load (vibration loading) and cyclic thermal loading (TMF tests). [0065] The tests were carried out under strain control with 0.50% strain. [0066] The horizontally measured crack length is plotted in FIG. 2 against the number of cycles. [0067] It can be seen clearly that the layer according to the prior art already has cracks after 750 cycles, and they grow very much more rapidly than in a layer according to the application. [0068] In the layer according to the application cracks only occur below 1000 cycles, and furthermore they are still very much smaller than those of the layer according to the prior art. The crack growth over the number of cycles is also much less. [0069] This demonstrates the superiority of the protective layer 7 according to the invention. [0070] FIG. 4 shows by way of example a gas turbine 100 in a longitudinal partial section. [0071] The gas turbine 100 internally comprises a rotor 103 , or turbine rotor, mounted so that it can rotate about a rotation axis 102 . [0072] Successively along the rotor 103 , there are an intake manifold 104 , a compressor 105 , an e.g. toroidal combustion chamber 110 , in particular a ring combustion chamber 106 , having a plurality of burners 107 arranged coaxially, a turbine 108 and the exhaust manifold 109 . [0073] The ring combustion chamber 106 communicates with an e.g. annular hot gas channel 111 . There, for example four successively connected turbine stages 112 form the turbine 108 . [0074] Each turbine stage 112 is formed by two blade rings. As seen in the flow direction of a working medium 113 , a row 125 formed by rotor blades 120 follows in the hot gas channel 111 of a guide vane row 115 . [0075] The guide vanes 130 are fastened on an inner housing 138 of a stator 143 , while the rotor blades 120 of a row 125 are fastened on the rotor 103 for example by means of a turbine disk 133 . Coupled to the rotor 103 , there is a generator or a work engine (not shown). [0076] During operation of the gas turbine 100 , air 135 is taken in by the compressor 105 through the intake manifold 104 and compressed. The compressed air provided at the turbine-side end of the compressor 105 is delivered to the burners 107 and mixed there with a fuel. The mixture is then burnt to form the working medium 113 in the combustion chamber 110 . [0077] From there, the working medium 113 flows along the hot gas channel 111 past the guide vanes 130 and the rotor blades 120 . At the rotor blades 120 , the working medium 113 expands by imparting momentum, so that the rotor blades 120 drive the rotor 103 and the work engine coupled to it. [0078] During operation of the gas turbine 100 , the components exposed to the hot working medium 113 experience thermal loads. Apart from the heat shield blocks lining the ring combustion chamber 106 , the guide vanes 130 and rotor blades 120 of the first turbine stage 112 , as seen in the flow direction of the working medium 113 , are thermally loaded most greatly. [0079] In order to withstand the temperatures prevailing there, they are cooled by means of a coolant. [0080] The substrates may likewise comprise a directional structure, i.e. they are monocrystalline (SX structure) or comprise only longitudinally directed grains (DS). [0081] Iron-, nickel- or cobalt-based superalloys are used as material. [0082] For example, superalloys such as those known from EP 1 204 776, EP 1 306 454, EP 1 319 729, WO 99/67435 or WO 00/44949 are used. These documents are part of the disclosure in respect of the composition of the superalloys and their advantages. [0083] The blades and vanes 120 , 130 comprise protective layers 7 according to the invention against corrosion and corrosion and/or a thermal barrier layer. The thermal barrier layer consists for example of ZrO 2 , Y 2 O 3 —ZrO 2 , i.e. it is non-stabilized or partially or fully stabilized by yttrium oxide and/or calcium oxide and/or magnesium oxide. [0084] Columnar grains are generated in the thermal barrier layer by suitable coating methods, for example electron beam deposition (EB-PVD). [0085] The guide vanes 130 comprise a guide vane root (not shown here) facing the inner housing 138 of the turbine 108 , and a guide vane head lying opposite the guide vane root. The guide vane head faces the rotor 103 and is fastened on a fastening ring 140 of the stator 143 . [0086] FIG. 5 shows a combustion chamber 110 of a gas turbine, which may comprise a layer system 1 . [0087] The combustion chamber 110 is designed for example as a so-called ring combustion chamber, in which a multiplicity of burners 102 arranged in the circumferential direction around the turbine shaft 103 open into a common combustion chamber space. To this end, the combustion chamber 110 in its entirety is designed as an annular structure which is positioned around the turbine shaft 103 . [0088] In order to achieve a comparatively high efficiency, the combustion chamber 110 is designed for a relatively high temperature of the working medium M, i.e. about 1000° C. to 1600° C. In order to permit a comparatively long operating time even under these operating parameters which are unfavorable for the materials, the combustion chamber wall 153 is provided with an inner lining formed by heat shield elements 155 on its side facing the working medium M. Each heat shield element 155 is equipped with a particularly heat-resistant protective layer on the working medium side, or is made of refractory material and comprises the protective layer 7 according to FIG. 1 . [0089] Owing to the high temperatures inside the combustion chamber 110 , a cooling system is also provided for the heat shield elements 155 or their holding elements. [0090] The materials of the combustion chamber wall and its coatings may be similar to the turbine blades and vanes 120 , 130 . [0091] The combustion chamber 110 is in particular designed in order to detect losses of the heat shield elements 155 . To this end, a number of temperature sensors 158 are positioned between the combustion chamber wall 153 and the heat shield elements 155 . [0092] FIG. 6 shows in perspective view a blade 120 , 130 which comprises a layer system 1 having the protective layer 7 according to the invention. [0093] The blades 120 , 130 extend along a longitudinal axis 121 . [0094] In succession along the longitudinal axis 121 , the blades 120 , 130 comprise a fastening region 400 , a blade platform 403 adjacent thereto and a blade surface region 406 . In particular, the protective layer 7 or a layer system 1 according to FIG. 1 is formed in the blade surface region 406 . [0095] A blade root 183 , which is used for fastening the rotor blades 120 , 130 on the shaft, is formed in the fastening region 400 . The blade root 183 is designed as a hammerhead. Other designs are possible, for example as a firtree or dovetail root. In conventional blades 120 , 130 , for example, solid metallic materials are used in all regions 400 , 403 , 406 of the rotor blade 120 , 130 . The rotor blades 120 , 130 may in this case be manufactured by a casting method, by a forging method, by a machining method or combinations thereof.

4y

FIELD [0001] The present invention generally relates to the use of photoreactive compound materials, and more particularly to the use of photoreactive compound materials to irreversibly change the appearance of a housing for a variety of devices. BACKGROUND [0002] The market for electronic devices, especially personal portable electronic devices, for example, cell phones, personal digital assistants (PDA's), digital cameras, and music playback devices (MP3), is very competitive. Manufactures are constantly improving their product with each model in an attempt to cut costs and to meet production requirements. [0003] The look and feel of personal portable electronics devices is now a key product differentiator and one of the most significant reasons that consumers choose specific models. From a business standpoint, outstanding designs (form and appearance) may increase market share and margin. [0004] Consumers are enamored with appearance features that reflect personal style and select personal portable electronics devices for some of the same reasons that they select clothing styles, clothing colors, and fashion accessories. Consumers desire the ability to change the appearance of their portable electronics devices (cell phones, MP3 players, etc.). Plastic snap-on covers for devices such as cell phones and MP3 players can be purchased in pre-defined patterns and colors. The types of electro-optical modules that one could affix or embed in a portable electronic device to enable a changing appearance are limited by a number of factors. Portable electronic devices must be particularly thin, robust, and low power. Sales of high volume consumer products are very sensitive to consumer preferences for design, functionality, and cost. These factors produce a narrow engineering window requiring unique solutions. [0005] Accordingly, it is desirable to provide a method and apparatus for changing the appearance of a device housing. Furthermore, other desirable features and characteristics of the present invention will become apparent from the subsequent detailed description and the appended claims, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings and this background. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0006] Embodiments of the present invention will hereinafter be described in conjunction with the following drawing figures, wherein like numerals denote like elements, and [0007] FIG. 1 is a partial cross section view of a first exemplary embodiment; [0008] FIG. 2 is a partial cross section view of a first exemplary embodiment having activating radiation applied; [0009] FIG. 3 is a partial cross section view of a second exemplary embodiment having activating radiation applied; [0010] FIG. 4 is a view taken along line 4 - 4 of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3 ; [0011] FIG. 5 is a view taken from the top of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3 ; [0012] FIG. 6 is a partial cross section view of a third exemplary embodiment having activating radiation applied; [0013] FIG. 7 is a partial cross section of a fifth exemplary embodiment; [0014] FIG. 8 is a top view of a device including the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 2 ; and [0015] FIG. 9 is a top view of the device of FIG. 8 in accordance with a fifth exemplary embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0016] The following detailed description is merely exemplary in nature and is not intended to limit the invention or the application and uses of the invention. Furthermore, there is no intention to be bound by any theory presented in the preceding background or the following detailed description. [0017] Housings are used to contain or store, and protect, a wide variety of items or devices and typically are a rigid or flexible material of a specific color. The term “housing” generally refers to a material at least partially covering or surrounding an item, and may assume other names such as a “case”, for example. Items disposed within a housing range, for example, from keepsakes such as jewelry to electronic devices such as cell phones. [0018] The housing described herein includes a transparent support layer, a photoreactive coating, a radiation attenuating material, an optional background color layer, an optional activating radiation source, and an optional patterning layer. The transparent support layer provides structure to the housing. The radiation attenuating material, transparent to visible light, absorbs radiation, such as ultraviolet (UV) from sunlight, and prevents the unintentional changing of the color of the photochromic coating and degradation of the other layers beneath. The radiation attenuating material may be referred to as a blocking material when the UV radiation is substantially prevented from passing there through. When a slow color or design change is preferred, such as developing of patina effect, the UV blocking ability or efficiency can be engineered to allow, or attenuate, a limited amount of UV to reach the photoreactive layer to slowly activate the process. The photoreactive coating may be photochromic ink of a solution of a 1,2-dihydroquinoline (DHQ) in a polymer solution that irreversibly changes color when exposed to activating radiation such as UV radiation. The photoreactive material may also be a photosensitive layer containing silver oxalate and mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) oxalate. Another example is pyrrole derivatives, such as 2-phenyl-di(2-pyrrole)methane, which becomes irreversibly red upon UV light exposure. The photoreactive coating may originally comprise a color or be clear, and is changed to a color, or from a color to clear, upon the application of radiation. As used herein when referring to the photoreactive coating, the word “color” includes a visible color or no visible color (clear). The optional background color layer provides an initial color to the housing, and may be a partially reflective layer of metallization. The background color may be provided alternatively by the transparent support layer or may be omitted altogether when a transparent housing is desired (for displaying objects within the housing). The radiation source may be for example, a light emitting diode (LED), which emits light at specific wavelengths, for example ultraviolet or fluorescent black light, that activate the color changing process of the photoractive compounds. While UV radiation is preferred, other wavelengths may be used. [0019] Referring to FIG. 1 , housing 100 includes a transparent support layer 104 having a UV blocking coating 102 formed thereon. While the transparent support layer 104 may be any known transparent material, a polymer material is preferred. The transparent support layer 104 provides protection to items within the housing, and a surface on which to apply the UV blocking coating 102 and the photoreactive coating 106 . The UV blocking coating 102 is a material that contains compounds, such as Benzotriazole or Benzophenone, that absorbs UV radiation found in the ambient environment, for example, in the range of 280 to 400 that includes both UV-A and UV-B, and especially UV radiation within sunlight. [0020] The photoreactive coating 106 is a material of dye molecules that initially assumes a first color, then irreversibly changes to a second color upon the application of activating radiation. The second color remains when the activating radiation is removed. This material is, for example, preferably a matrix of 1,2-dihydroquinoline (DQH) in polymer (See U.S. Pat. No. 4,812,171) or other materials such as a photosensitive layer containing silver oxalate and mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) oxalates, pyrrole derivatives, such as 2-phenyl-di(2-pyrrole)methane. [0021] An transparent colored layer 108 is disposed contiguous to the photochromic coating 106 . The outer surface 110 of the UV blocking layer 102 is considered the outside of the housing while the inside surface 112 of the transparent colored layer 108 is the inside of the housing in which items (not shown) may be contained. Undesired UV radiation such as sunlight striking the surface 110 will not penetrate beyond the UV blocking coating 102 to the photochromic coating 106 . However, a user of the device viewing the outer surface 110 will view the color presented by the colored layer 108 since the UV blocking coating 102 , support layer 104 , and photochromic coating 106 are transparent to frequencies in the visual range of approximately 400 to 780 nanometers. Note that the colored layer 108 is optional, in which case the housing 100 is transparent, enabling the contents of the housing 100 to be viewed. [0022] Referring to FIG. 2 , a light source 122 such as a light emitting diode provides activating radiation 124 to the inside surface 112 of the housing 100 . The activating radiation 124 passes through the transparent colored layer 108 and strikes the photochromic coating 106 , causing it to irreversibly assume a color as indicated by the crosshatching within photochromic coating 106 of FIG. 2 . The color in which the photochromic coating 106 changes depends on the chemicals contained therein and its thickness. Examples of chemicals for the irreversible photochromic coating 106 include 1,2-dihydroquinoline (DHQ) in a polymer solution, a photosensitive layer containing silver oxalate and mercury(I) and/or mercury(II) oxalates, pyrrole derivatives, such as 2-phenyl-di(2-pyrrole)methane. The thickness of the photochromic coating 106 preferably includes the range of 0.1 micron to 100 microns. The housing then exhibits the color, viewing towards the outside surface 100 , combined from the colors of the colored layer 108 and the photochromic coating 106 . For example, if the color of the colored layer 108 is blue and the color assumed by the photochromic coating 106 is yellow, a green color would be presented at the surface 110 . [0023] FIG. 3 shows a second exemplary embodiment of a housing 300 including the UV blocking coating 102 , transparent support layer 104 , photochromic coating 106 , and transparent colored layer 108 as described for the housing 100 . A UV blocking layer 330 is patterned on the transparent colored layer 108 resulting in a light source 322 such as a light emitting diode provides activating radiation 324 through the patterned material 332 to the inside surface 112 in the gaps between the material 332 of the patterned layer 330 , causing the area 326 to change to a color (as indicated by the crosshatching). [0024] FIG. 4 is taken along line 4 - 4 of FIG. 3 , showing the patterned material 332 of the patterned layer 330 forming a fanciful pattern formed on the colored layer 108 . FIG. 5 is the result showing the color and pattern looking at the surface 110 of the UV blocking coating 102 of the housing 300 in which the patterned material is distinctly seen through the transparent layers 104 and 102 . [0025] FIG. 6 is a third exemplary embodiment of a housing 600 similar to the second exemplary embodiment of FIG. 3 ; however, the colored layer 108 is disposed between the UV blocking coating 102 and the transparent support layer 104 . Note in this third exemplary embodiment, the colored layer 108 need not be transparent to the activating radiation. [0026] Instead of the light sources 122 , 322 , a fourth alternate exemplary embodiment includes a door, or sealable opening, that may be opened to allow sunlight to enter, striking the photochromic coatings 106 , causing it to change colors and/or pattern. [0027] Referring to FIG. 7 , a fifth exemplary embodiment includes a housing 700 having a UV attenuating layer 702 formed over the photochromic coating 106 , and the transparent support layer 104 disposed between the photochromic coating 106 and the colored layer 108 . The UV attenuating layer only partially blocks UV radiation, for example from sunlight, resulting in the color of the photochromic coating 106 slowly changing color over time. Depending on the thickness and the chemical makeup of the attenuating layer and the photochromic coating 106 , this change in color may take days to weeks or more. Additionally, the patterned layer 330 may be included to cause a change in pattern over time. [0028] There are many variations to the above described embodiments. As mentioned, the colored layer 108 is optional (the housing may be transparent or the color may integrated within the transparent support layer 106 ) and may be disposed on either side of the support layer 104 or the photochromic coating 106 . The photochromic coating 106 may be disposed on either side of the support layer 104 or may be integrated within the support layer 104 . The disposition of the patterned layer 330 is also variable as long as it is disposed between the photochromic coating 106 and the source of radiation. [0029] Although the housing 100 , 300 described herein may be used to house many types of devices, FIG. 8 shows in schematic form a mobile communication device, which may be used with the exemplary embodiments of the housing 100 , 300 described herein, and includes a touchscreen display 812 formed within the housing 100 , 300 . Conventional mobile communication devices also include, for example, an antenna and other inputs which are omitted from the figure for simplicity. Circuitry (not shown) is coupled to each of the display 812 , and typically a speaker and microphone (not shown). An icon 814 is disposed below the touchscreen display 812 . It is also noted that the portable electronic device 800 may comprise a variety of form factors, for example, a “foldable” cell phone. While this embodiment is a portable mobile communication device, the present invention may be incorporated within any electronic device having a housing that incorporates an electro-optical module to change colors and/or patterns. Other portable applications include, for example, a laptop computer, personal digital assistant (PDA), digital camera, or a music playback device (e.g., MP3 player). Non-portable applications include, for example, car radios, stainless steel refrigerators, watches, and stereo systems. The low power requirements of the exemplary embodiments, specifically the light source providing UV radiation, presented herein make them particularly well suited to portable electronics devices. [0030] A sixth embodiment includes disposing an LED so as to irradiate only of a portion of the housing 100 , 300 . For example, referring to the device 800 shown in FIG. 9 , only the area 916 surrounding the touchscreen display 812 is irradiated (as shown by the cross hatching) by one light source 324 . Another light source 324 may selective irradiate the icon 814 . Although only two light sources 322 are described with the exemplary embodiment of device 900 , many more light sources 322 may be disposed within the housing 100 , 300 to irradiate various portions of the device 900 . Additionally, the photochromic coating 106 may be disposed in selective positions, such as behind only the icon 918 , and then irradiated. [0031] The exemplary embodiments described herein provides an easy, inexpensive way for users to irreversibly customize the appearance of a device's housing, while requiring little or no power requirements. [0032] While at least one exemplary embodiment has been presented in the foregoing detailed description, it should be appreciated that a vast number of variations exist. It should also be appreciated that the exemplary embodiment or exemplary embodiments are only examples, and are not intended to limit the scope, applicability, or configuration of the invention in any way. Rather, the foregoing detailed description will provide those skilled in the art with a convenient road map for implementing an exemplary embodiment of the invention, it being understood that various changes may be made in the function and arrangement of elements described in an exemplary embodiment without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the appended claims.

4y

[0001] This invention relates to the processes used in the beneficiation of Manganese ore. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The invention is in the field of processes used in the beneficiation of Manganese ore. BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION [0003] Various methods have been used in the past for the beneficiation of Manganese ore to upgrade the Manganese content in the ore and thereby improving its quality and value. [0004] These methods include crushing, milling, washing and dense media separation. The product that is yielded from these processes is normally fine and these fine particles need to be agglomerated, typically by sintering, to form a coarser product to assist with the production of Manganese alloys when used in submerged arc furnaces. [0005] A further process of beneficiation of Manganese includes the milling of the Manganese ore, followed by reduction in a kiln, and thereafter leaching with sulphuric acid and electroplating. This process has been successfully carried out and produces a Manganese metal product which is of a high Manganese quality, typically 98% Mn. The aim of this leaching process is to target the sought after mineral, ie Manganese in this case, leach it out and treat it to recover it in a concentrated format. [0006] The disadvantage of this process is primarily centred on the transport of ore from the mine area. Transport is charged by weight and/or volume and typically the manganese beneficiation process takes place not on the mine, but on the premises of the purchaser thereof. The result is that low grade manganese ore must be transported by railway and ship to its final destination. [0007] In this application however, a process is described whereby CaO and MgO (in the form of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate), two major impurities of the ore, are selectively leached out, leaving a higher concentration of manganese in the ore. As 50-60% of the world's manganese resources have a high CaO/MgO (in carbonate form) content, the proposed process has significant advantages. [0008] In this application, the CaO/MgO content of the ore can be significantly reduced prior to transport, resulting in a significant reduction in the mass and volume of ore to be transported and a concomitant cost reduction. [0009] In this application when a reference is made to CaO or MgO content, the actual minerals containing these components are CaOCO 2 or MgOCO 2 or CaMg(CO 3 ) 2 or Kutnahorite or a combination of them. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0010] According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the beneficiation of Manganese ore, the process including the leaching of the ore with acid to remove CaCO 3 (Calcium carbonate) and MgCO 3 (Magnesium carbonate). [0011] The ore may be broken down by various suitable means including but not limited to crushing, milling, washing and/or dense media separation. An ore product is yielded which is then leached. The ore product may be of varying sizes which are suitable for effective leaching of CaO/MgO from the ore. The ore product may comprise a particle size of less than 100 mm in diameter. [0012] Leaching may occur in various ways including VAT leaching, CSTR (continuous stirred-tank reactor) and/or heap leaching. These leaching processes may occur in a batch process or a continuous process. [0013] During leaching an acid may be added to the ore product. This acid may be any suitable acid which will assist with the leaching of CaO/MgO from the ore. The acid may be any one or more of the group including hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, and the like. The acid used in leaching may include a combination of two or more acids. The concentration of the acids may vary to ensure adequate leaching of CaO/MgO from the ore, and each acid may have a concentration of between 0.1% and 100%. [0014] The time taken for leaching of the ore to occur may vary, depending on various factors including any one or more of the group including the temperature at which the leaching process is carried out; the concentration of the acids used in leaching process; the ratio of ore to acid used in the leaching process; agitation of the ore and liquid during the leaching process and the ore size used in the leaching process. [0015] The leached ore product may include varying percentages of Manganese in relation to CaO/MgO, in the ore. CaO and MgO is selectively leached out of the ore product and provides an ore with a high Manganese concentration. [0016] Acid used in the leaching process may be regenerated by various means. [0017] According to a further aspect of the invention there is provided a process for the beneficiation of Manganese ore, the process including the steps of: [0018] breaking Calcium/Magnesium carbonate (CaCO 3 /MgCO 3 ) rich Manganese ore into a finer ore product having a diameter of between 1 mm and 100 mm; and leaching the ore with acid to remove CaCO 3 and MgCO 3 . DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0019] The invention will now be described with reference to the following non-limiting example. [0020] The process for beneficiation of Manganese Ore includes providing Manganese Ore which is rich in Calcium carbonate (CaCO 3 ) and Magnesium carbonate (MgCO 3 ). In one embodiment of the invention, a Manganese Ore comprising 30-40% Manganese content and a 12-22% CaO content (the ore product with a size of approximately 100 mm per particle) is crushed. This product is high in CaO and MgO concentration. [0021] The crushing of the ore product will provide a finer ore product which is then leached. [0022] During leaching acid is added to the fine ore product. Leaching takes place by means of vat leaching and/or CSTR leaching and/or heap leaching, and these processes can be either as a batch process or a continuous process. The acid used in this process can vary, but can be hydrochloric acid and/or nitric acid. The acid used can be a combination of two or more acids at differing concentrations. [0023] Leaching occurs at a temperature and for a length of time which ensures that an ore with a high Manganese concentration is the resultant product. [0024] During leaching the acid added to the fine ore product will selectively leach the CaO and MgO from the fine ore product and allow for the Manganese to remain. [0025] The leached fine ore product includes a Manganese content of 40-52% and a CaO content of 1-10%. This shows an ore product with a sufficiently decreased CaO content and with a high quality Manganese content in the Ore. [0026] The invention therefore provides a novel process for the beneficiation of Manganese ore. TEST RESULTS The invention is illustrated and exemplified by way of the following non-limiting tests and examples. [0027] Three types of tests were conducted namely laboratory scale, mini-plant VAT leaching and 1 metre column leaching to illustrate heap leaching capability. Test 1—Laboratory Scale [0028] Laboratory scale test work was carried out on 1×9 mm Mamatwan fines to illustrate the method. Variables tested included processing time, concentration and solid to liquid ratio. [0029] Mamatwan ore is representative of the high Calcium carbonate and Magnesium carbonate ore, sourced from Mamatwan mine. [0030] CaO reduces from 17% to less than 2%. The % on the graph relates to the % acid concentration used to achieve the upgrade, ranging from 2.5% to 32% hydrochloric acid. [0031] Results obtained illustrated the following regarding the variables tested: [0032] Time—at a constant concentration leaching (upgrading) is completed within 2 hours. [0033] Concentration—concentration was varied from 2.5% up to 32% with significant improvement of Mn content up to 52% from 36.5%. This was achieved with 20% HCl acid. The resultant CaO content was reduced from 17% to as low as 1%. [0034] Solid/liquid ratio—(red triangles) at a constant concentration any solid:liquid ratio above 1:>1 yields the same upgrading. All future test were conducted at a solid:liquid ratio of 1:2 Test 2—VAT Leaching on a Mini-Plant Scale Test 2a)—1×15 mm Mamatwan Type Ore [0035] Several tests were conducted on Mamatwan type ore (1×15 mm size fraction) with elemental analysis (as shown in column 1) of Mn and CaO content of 36.5% and 16.8% respectively. A VAT type leach reactor operating at 20 degrees Celsius was used for 200 kg batch sizes with approximately 400 litres of acid. [0036] The tabulated results refer specifically to the 1×15 mm size fraction: [0037] The following variables were tested during the different campaigns with HCl (hydrochloric acid): 1. Time (column 2+3)—conclusion is that the majority of the upgrade is done within 2 hours of introducing the ore to the acid (lixiviant) at 5% HCl concentration. The Mn increases from 36.5% to 40.5% with a mass recovery of 83-84% and a Mn recovery of 93%. The CaO has been reduced from 16.8% to 13%. 2. Agitation (column 4)—Agitation did not improve the Mn recovery nor the mass recovery of the leached product. At this scale (200 kg/batch) it seems agitation enhances the leaching of Mn in conjunction with CaOCO 3 . 3. Temperature (column 5)—the initial temperature was increased from 20° C. to 44° C., but no real improvement has been observed in terms of Mn or mass recovery. 4. Acid concentration (column 6) was observed. At this scale (200 kg/batch) and acid concentration of 10%, significant improvement in resultant Mn content of the product was observed, increasing from 36.5% to 43.9%, although the mass recovery was only 73% and Mn recovery 88%. The CaO was reduced from 16.8% to 10.5% in the resultant ore. [0042] Tests were also conducted with a different acid, ie HNO3 (nitric acid):—tests were conducted with 5% HNO3 and 10% HNO3. Although the mass recovery was similar to the HCl tests at the same concentrations, the Mn was lower at 88% and 83% vs 93% and 88% respectively for 5% and 10% acid. Test 2b)—Fine Mamatwan Ore and Lower Grade Mamatwan Discard Ore [0043] Several tests were conducted on finer Mamatwan type ore with elemental analysis as in the first column, Mn 35.5% and CaO 17.4% in a VAT type reactor. The table below refers specifically to the 0×6 mm size fraction. [0044] The following variables were tested during the different campaigns with HCl (Hydrochloric acid): 1. Time (column 2+3)—conclusion is that the majority of the upgrade is done within 2 hours of introducing the ore to the acid (lixiviant) at 5% HCL concentration. The Mn increases from 36.5% to 38-39% with a mass recovery of 80% and a Mn recovery of 86%. The CaO has been reduced from 17.4% to 14.2%. 2. Agitation (column 4)—Agitation did not improve the Mn recovery nor the mass recovery of the leached product. At this scale (200 kg/batch) it seems agitation enhances the leaching of Mn in conjunction with CaOCO 3 . 3. Acid concentration (column 5)—the concentration was increased from 5% to 10% with a little improvement in the resultant Mn content, increasing from 35.5% to 39.7%, although the mass recovery was only 75% and Mn recovery 83%. The CaO was reduced from 17.4% to 12.9% in the resultant ore. [0048] Tests were also tests conducted with two discard products from the DMS plant, with two different Mn grades as can be seen in column 6 and 8. The ore with a size of 1×15 mm was treated with 10% HCl in a VAT type reactor: 1. 31.5% Mn discard ore (column 6+7)—Tests were conducted for two hours at 10% acid and the Mn increased from 31.5% to 40.95, while the CaO content decreased from 22.3% to 13.6%. This with a mass recovery of 66% and Mn recovery of 86%. 2. Mn discard ore (column 8+9)—tests were conducted for two hours at 10% acid and the Mn increased from 29.7% to 35.6%, while the CaO content decreased from 23.7% to 17.4%. This with a mass recovery of 68% and a Mn recovery of 81%. Test 2c)—Mamatwan Lumpy Type Ore [0051] The lumpy ore from Mamatwan type ore was also leached in a VAT type reactor with HCl testing processing time and concentration of acid. [0052] The results achieved are stated below: 1. Time (column 1-5)—the time was varied from 2 to 24 hours with mixed results. On average the Mn increased from 36.7% to 39%, while the CaO reduced from 15.3% to 12%. The mass recovery was between 72% and 78% while the Mn recovery was between 72% an 86%. 2. Concentration (column 6)—the concentration was increased from 5% to 10%, but the Mn only increased from 36.7% to 39%, while the CaO reduced from 15.3% to 13.5%. The mass recovery was 79% and the Mn recovery 84%. [0055] A lower grade Mamatwan ore was selected to conduct heap leach tests on. Time and concentration was tested with successful upgrading of the Mn content. A 1 metre high column was used with a 300 mm diameter. Test 3—Heap Leach Tests in a 1 Metre Column With 32% Mamatwan Type Lumpy Ore [0056] 3 heap leap tests were conducted in a 1 m column design of 300 mm diameter. The size fraction was 6×75 mm. [0057] HL2—the test was conducted with 5% HCl acid circulating the acid for 2.75 days [0058] HL3—the test was conducted with 10% HCl acid circulating the acid for 4.25 days [0059] HL4—the test was conducted with 10% HCl acid circulating the acid for 11 days [0060] HL1 refers to the original ore with no leaching applied to it. [0061] The results of this heap leaching process are shown in the table below: [0062] HL2—the Mn was upgraded from 32% to 34.3% and the CaO was reduced from 19.4% to 16.4%. The mass recovery was 85% and the Mn recovery 91%. [0063] HL3—the Mn was upgraded from 32% to 33.6% and the CaO was reduced from 19.4% to 16.0%. The mass recovery was 72% and the Mn recovery 75%. [0064] HL4—the Mn was upgraded from 32% to 40% and the CaO was reduced from 19.4% to 10.7%. The mass recovery was 69% and the Mn recovery 86%.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION A variety of diagnostic devices have been developed for the detection of an analyte of interest in a sample. In those devices in which sample collection and testing functions are non-linked, the transfer of collected sample to testing apparatus introduces a potential source of error. In those devices in which sample collection and testing functions are linked, the devices are dedicated in their entirety to the detection of a particular analyte and are not easily adaptable to a wide range of analyte detection. These two limitations associated with prior art devices are overcome by the invention disclosed herein. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a testing device and methods for the identification of an analyte of interest in a sample. The testing device offers a variety of advantages over prior art devices. An important feature of the testing device of the present invention is that the single device serves a collection and testing function. However, the testing function is not linked to collection. That is, the collection of a sample (e.g., by a patient in their home) and application to the testing device does not yield a test result. In order to determine the test result, an insertable testing element must be inserted into the device, and the sample must be rehydrated. In practice, the testing element will not be provided with the device and, therefore, the patient will not self-diagnose at home. The issue of self-diagnosis of serious disease such as cancer or AIDS has been considered at length. There is general consensus that self-diagnosis of such disease states is not preferred. Rather, it is generally accepted that a positive diagnosis for such a disease state should be communicated by a doctor, together with information relating to the availability of counselling services. With respect to mammalian systems (e.g., humans), samples amenable to analysis using the testing device of the present invention include biological fluids (e.g., blood, urine, semen, saliva, etc.) or excrements. Such biological fluids can carry a variety of analytes, the presence of which can be diagnostic for a particular disease state. An important example of a disease state which is characterized by the presence of a disease-specific analyte in a biological fluid is Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). Using the composition and methods of the present invention, the presence of antibodies specific for the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), the causative agent of AIDS, in a blood sample are detectable. The application of the subject invention to the detection of disease states in humans is of primary importance. However, in addition to use in the context of the diagnosis of serious disease states, the device of the present invention is also useful in a variety of other contexts. Applications in connection with the analysis of microbes, plants, animals, food and water are all anticipated. For example, ground water samples can be analyzed for the presence of contaminants such as atrazine. Food, such as ground beef, can be analyzed for the presence of contamination by bacteria such as E. coli. In the plant kingdom, the compositions and methods of the present invention can be applied to the analysis of, for example, pollen, spores and plant vascular fluids. Generally speaking, the only requirement for detection using the methods and compositions of the present invention is that the analyte of interest should be soluble or suspendable in an aqueous solution. The compositions and methods of the present invention are particularly useful for the detection of occult gastrointestinal bleeding. The detection of occult gastrointestinal bleeding is a common method for screening for colo-rectal cancer. Commonly referred to as the fecal occult blood (FOB) test, a variety of formats are known in the art (see e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,996,006; 4,225,557; 4,789,629; 5,064,766; 5,100,619; 5,106,582; 5,171,528; 5,171,529; and 5,182,191). The majority of test formats are based on the chemical detection of heme groups present in stool as a breakdown product of blood. In such tests, the pseudoperoxidase nature of the heme group is used to catalyze a colorimetric reaction between an indicator dye and peroxide. The oxygen sensitive dye can be gum guaiac, orthodianisidine, tetramethylbenzidine, or the like with guaiac being preferred. While guaiac-based FOB tests are inexpensive and simple to use, there are disadvantages associated with their use. For example, guaiac-based tests indicate only the presence of peroxidase and pseudoperoxidase compounds, such as heme, that are present in a sample. Consequently, these tests are not specific for human blood, and are therefore subject to false-positive results if the patient's stool is contaminated with cross-reacting compounds. Such cross-reacting compounds include, for example, non-human blood breakdown products from under-cooked meat, certain vegetable products, and some drugs. According to currently accepted medical practice, a patient demonstrating a positive result should then undergo a flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy to identify the source of the bleeding in the colon or rectum. These procedures can be invasive, medically complicated, and expensive. To minimize false positive reactions and the unnecessary follow-up procedures, guaiac-based FOB tests require a restrictive diet for up to three days prior to testing. Recent reports in the literature (Allison, et al. N. Eng. J. Med. 344: 155-159 (1996); and Favennec et al., Annales de Biologie Clinique 50: 311-313 (1992)) have suggested that screening by guaiac and confirmation of positive results by an immunological test, with absolute specificity for human blood, would increase the value of FOB test results. By this means, only those patients with confirmed gastrointestinal bleeding would be subjected to the expensive follow-up procedures, leading to significant savings in healthcare delivery cost and reduced inconvenience to the patient. The present invention relates to a device which is useful for the detection of any aqueous soluble or suspendable analyte which is detectable either immunologically (e.g., an antigen or hapten), or based on a chemical property associated with the analyte. Thus, with respect to FOB tests, the device of the present invention can be adapted to either guaiac-based testing, or immunological testing. The preferred format for immunological testing is immunochromatography. This format is described generally in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,591,645 and 5,622,871, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference. Prior to discussing the invention in greater detail, a brief review of the immunochromatography process will be provided to establish certain principles. To detect an analyte of interest by immunochromatography, two binding reagents which bind specifically and non-competitively to the analyte of interest may be employed. A first specific binding reagent is labelled and is free to migrate. When introduced to a sample to be tested for the presence of the analyte of interest, the first specific binding reagent binds to the analyte of interest, if present. The second specific binding reagent is immobilized in a detection zone on a liquid-conductive solid phase material, the detection zone being remote and downstream from the location of initial contact between the first binding reagent and the analyte of interest. A solvent front carrying the mobile first specific binding reagent complexed with analyte of interest (if present) migrates along the liquid-conductive solid phase material through the detection zone. If analyte is present in the sample, the immobilized second specific binding reagent binds the analyte thereby forming an immobilized sandwich complex comprising the first specific binding reagent (which is labelled), the analyte of interest, and the second specific binding reagent (which is immobilized). Detection of the label immobilized in the detection zone is indicative of the presence of analyte of interest in the sample. In most embodiments, the first and second specific binding reagents are either polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. Preferred embodiments of the present invention are comprised of a housing having a front panel and a rear panel; a sample application matrix disposed between the front panel and the rear panel, the housing being adapted for application of the sample to the sample application matrix; a testing element insertion window in the housing; and an insertable testing element which, when inserted, communicates with the sample application matrix. In preferred embodiments, at least one aperture is provided in the housing which is in direct communication with the sample application matrix. This aperture provides access to the sample application matrix for the purpose of applying sample. In other embodiments, multiple apertures in the housing are provided for sample application thereby facilitating, for example, the testing of samples collected on multiple days in a single test. The housing is preferably constructed of a flexible, creasable, water-resistant material. Examples of such material include coated paper or card stock, or thin plastic sheet stock. In preferred embodiments, the housing is constructed from a single sheet of stock which is folded to create a plurality of panels or faces, including the front panel and the rear panel. Alternatively, multiple webs may be laminated together to construct a similar structure. The sample application matrix is disposed between the front and rear panel and may be attached to either of the two panels with a non-soluble adhesive. The selection of a material for the sample application matrix is, to some degree, dependent upon the type of sample to be applied. Generally speaking, however, an open-celled, chemically inert matrix (e.g., porous plastic, filter paper, glass fiber) is preferred. Such an open-celled matrix allows rapid and complete desiccation of the sample in situ. Rapid and complete desiccation minimizes the possibility of sample breakdown due, for example, to microbial presence. Following sample application, the testing device is returned to a physician or testing laboratory for completion of the test process. Given the description which follows, one of skill in the art will recognize that the testing element may be provided in an array of alternative embodiments. Referring to the immunochromatographic embodiment, for example, a required element of the test strip is a liquid-conductive solid phase material to which a detection reagent (described above as the second specific binding reagent) may be immobilized. This solid phase material is preferably nitrocellulose. Nitrocellulose is a charged matrix to which an appropriately charged reagent, such as a monoclonal antibody, may be immobilized without prior chemical treatment. Alternatives such as filter paper may also be used, however, chemical coupling (e.g., CNBr coupling) is required to attach a charged reagent such as an antibody to a matrix of this type. A preferred liquid-conductive solid phase material is a nitrocellulose membrane having a pore size of at least about 1 micron. Nitrocellulose membranes best adapted for use in connection for immunochromatography of this type have a pore size of about 5-20 microns. The selection of particular pore size dictates flow rate. Depending upon the particular application, a faster or slower flow rate may be indicated and an appropriate solid phase material is selected. To facilitate handling, it is desirable to provide a backing to the nitrocellulose membrane. A thin plastic sheet stock (e.g., lexan or polystyrene) may be cut to provide a suitable water resistant backing for the solid support. Such sheet stock is selected so as not to interfere with the reading of a test result. For example, the selection of a white or clear sheet stock is generally preferred. In an alternative embodiment, the liquid-conductive solid phase material may be sandwiched between such water resistant sheet stock. When inserted into the housing, the test element is designed to communicate with the sample application matrix. Although this communication may be direct between the sample application matrix and the liquid-conductive solid support, in a preferred immunochromatography embodiment, additional elements are incorporated. For example, a conjugate pad may be provided. In use, the conjugate pad is disposed between the sample application matrix and the liquid-conductive solid support of the testing element. As will be discussed in greater detail below, the conjugate pad provides a matrix for the deposition of a labelled detection reagent which is free to migrate when rehydrated (the first specific binding reagent in the brief review of immunochromatography provided above). The sample is desiccated within the sample application matrix prior to the insertion of the testing element. At the time of rehydration during the testing step, the labelled detection reagent within the conjugate pad is also resuspended and resolubilized. If analyte is present in the sample, the labelled reagent binds to the analyte and the complex is carried along with the solvent front to the detection zone of the testing element. While the conjugate pad may communicate directly with both the liquid-conductive solid support and the sample application matrix, additional elements may be incorporated as discussed in the Description of Preferred Embodiments section which follows. At the end of the testing element distal to the sample application matrix when in use, an optional absorbent pad is attached, in communication with the liquid-conductive solid phase material. This pad provides a solvent sink which drives the migration of the liquid sample through the detection zone. It is important that the absorbent pad have sufficient volume to drive the migration to the extent that substantially all unbound labelled detection reagent is carried beyond the detection zone of the testing element. One of skill in the art will recognize that an absorbent pad is a non-essential element. The need for this element can be obviated, for example, by extending the length of the liquid-conductive solid phase material beyond the detection zone such that a sufficient volume is carried through the detection zone. In use, a sample is applied to the sample application matrix, preferably through an aperture in the housing which is in direct communication with said matrix. The sample is applied to the sample application matrix in a conventional manner. For example, a fecal smear may be applied to the sample application matrix. Alternatively, toilet bowl water may be sampled using an absorbent swab. In the latter sampling method, a short time may be allowed for hemoglobin to diffuse from the stool prior to sampling, or the swab may be used to disperse the stool into the toilet bowl water. The swab is then used to sample the water and transfer it by touching or “painting” the sample collection matrix. The liquid sample transferred is typically nearly colorless. Depending upon the nature of the analyte, the testing device with sample applied may be stored in this form for a period of days, weeks or months prior to testing. To determine the presence of an analyte, the sample is rehydrated by adding an appropriate solution to the sample application matrix. The solution can be added through the same housing aperture(s) through which sample was applied. However, in most instances it is preferable to provide a second aperture, or aperture series, in the housing through which solvent is applied. This second aperture, or aperture series, is also in communication with the sample application matrix. Preferably, solvent applied through a solvent application aperture must migrate through the region of the sample application matrix where sample was actually applied, prior to reaching the point on the sample application matrix which communicates with the testing element. The labelled detection reagent may be introduced into the immunochromatography assay in a variety of ways. For example, the labelled detection reagent may be solubilized in the solution used to rehydrate the contents of the sample application matrix prior to the resolubilization of the sample components. Alternatively, as discussed above, the labelled detection reagent may be introduced in solution into the conjugate pad and desiccated in situ. In this embodiment, the labelled detection reagent is resolubilized as the resolubilization solution migrates from the sample application matrix to the testing element. In yet another embodiment, a solution containing the labelled detection reagent may be added to the sample application matrix prior to the application of the sample. This solution is then desiccated in situ. In this embodiment, analyte of interest, if present, and labelled detection reagent will be solubilized from the dry sample application matrix at the time of testing. Of the embodiments described in the preceding paragraph, the use of a conjugate pad is preferred for most embodiments. The addition of the labelled detection reagent to the resolubilization solution prior to sample resolubilization has the disadvantage of using the expensive detection reagent (which could require storage at 4° C.) in an inefficient manner. With respect to the desiccation in situ of the labelled detection reagent in the sample application pad prior to sample application, this would result in the establishment of a test device in which the housing element is dedicated to a particular assay. One of the many benefits of the disclosed device is the fact that the housing (together with other elements of the device excluding the testing element) is totally generic. Thus, the test housing component of the testing device can be purchased in bulk and stored as needed for any of a variety of testing requirements. The relatively expensive test-specific component is the testing element which can be selected for a particular need and used in conjunction with the generic housing. Preferably the labelled detection reagent is a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody specific for a first epitope of the analyte of interest, coupled to a detectable label. The detectable label can be coupled to the antibody by any of the applicable techniques known in the art including, for example, covalent bonding and passive adsorption; The detectable label may be a direct or an indirect label. A direct label is a label which is readily visible in its natural state, either to the naked eye, or with the aid of optical devices. A label which is visible only in the presence of external stimulation, such as ultraviolet light, is also considered to be a direct label. Examples of direct labels include dye sols (e.g., colloidal carbon), metallic sols (e.g., gold and iron), fluorescent particles and colored latex particles. Indirect labels require the addition of one or more developing reagents, such as substrates, to facilitate detection. Such labels include, for example, enzymes such as alkaline phosphatase and horseradish peroxidase. The immobilized capture reagent is also typically a monoclonal or polyclonal antibody which is specific for a second epitope or range of epitopes on the analyte of interest. Thus, analyte present in the sample, whether bound by the detection reagent or not, is bound by the immobilized binding reagent in the detection zone. In a case in which a direct label is employed, a visible line appears on the liquid-conductive solid support as bound label accumulates in the detection zone. The appearance of this line may be diagnostic for the presence of analyte of interest in the sample. An optional control zone can also be integrated into the testing element. The function of a control zone is to convey an unrelated signal to the user which indicates only that the testing process is complete and that the binding interaction which results in the detectable unrelated signal has taken place as expected. For example, the control zone may comprise an “anti-mouse” polyclonal antibody immobilized to the liquid-conductive solid phase material, preferably downstream of the detection zone. Assuming that the detection reagent is a murine monoclonal antibody linked to a detectable label, detection reagents not bound in the detection zone through a sandwich interaction involving the analyte of interest will ultimately bind in the control zone. In the absence of a signal in the detection zone, a control zone signal would indicate to the user that, for example, the sample contained nothing that resulted in general interference with an immunological assay. It can be imagined, for example, that extremes of pH or salt concentration could result in general interference through conformational changes or physical destruction on one or more of the participants in the immunologically based interaction to be detected. The inclusion of a control zone functions to provide a degree of-confidence with respect to such variables. The analyte of interest is determined in advance to be one which is diagnostic of a particular condition. For example, in connection with FOB tests, the analyte of interest is preferably human hemoglobin. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1A-1B are perspective views from the front of the device of the present invention. FIGS. 2A-2B are perspective views from the rear of the device of the present invention. FIG. 3 is an exploded cross-sectional view of the testing element of the present invention. FIG. 4 is a cross-sectional view of-the device of the present invention as taken along line 4 — 4 in FIG. 2 B. FIG. 5 is a top view of the device of the present invention as shown in pre-folded form. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS By way of example only, certain preferred embodiments of the invention will now be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings. Referring to FIG. 1, the testing device of the present invention is shown as configured for the detection of fecal occult blood in stool by immunochromatographic methods. FIG. 1A shows the device of the present invention with a front panel cover ( 10 ) comprising two sample application cover flaps ( 11 and 13 ) in the closed position. By raising flap ( 11 ), a patient exposes a first sample application aperture ( 14 ) in the front panel ( 17 ) of the device (FIG. 1 B). The first sample application aperture is in communication with a sample application matrix ( 18 ) (shown in FIG. 4 ). Sample is applied to the sample application matrix ( 18 ) via the sample application aperture ( 14 ). Following application of the sample, cover flap ( 11 ) is closed and sealed. A pressure sensitive adhesive with a removable backing strip ( 19 ) is provided for this purpose. The process is then repeated on a second consecutive day and sample is applied via the sample application aperture located behind flap ( 13 ). While the embodiment shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B has only two sample application apertures, this is intended to be non-limiting. The sealed testing device is then forwarded to a doctor's office or testing laboratory for determination of test results. Upon receipt, a technician at the doctor's office or testing laboratory opens the testing window ( 25 ) located on the rear panel cover ( 23 ), as shown in FIG. 2 A. Perforations are provided for the opening or removal of the testing window to facilitate access. Opening or removal of the testing window ( 25 ) reveals several apertures which characterize the rear panel ( 16 ). These include solvent application apertures ( 27 and 29 ) and testing element insertion aperture ( 31 ). A testing element ( 33 ) is then inserted into the testing element insertion aperture ( 31 ). The testing element ( 33 ) contains a reagent enabling the detection of the analyte of interest in the sample. The testing element is shown in exploded cross-section in FIG. 3 . The testing element is comprised of a liquid-conductive solid phase material ( 35 ) which is preferably nitrocellulose membrane. To facilitate handling, a backing sheet ( 39 ) is provided. Non-absorbent plastics such as lexan or polystyrene are preferred backing sheet materials. Preferred embodiments also include one or more layers of high capacity liquid conducting material referred to herein as “bridging layers”. A bridging layer ( 38 ) is shown in FIG. 3 . In the embodiment of FIG. 3, a conjugate pad ( 37 ) is disposed between bridging layer ( 38 ) and the liquid-conductive solid phase material ( 35 ). As discussed above in connection with preferred immunochromatographic embodiments, the conjugate pad contains labelled detection reagent desiccated in situ. An absorbent pad ( 41 ) is also provided as a component of testing element ( 33 ). The absorbent pad ( 41 ) functions as a solvent sink thereby driving the migration of the solvent front. The elements shown in FIG. 3 are assembled using a non-water soluble adhesive. It will be evident that the overlap of elements such as bridging layer ( 38 ) and conjugate pad ( 37 ) creates a progressive wedging effect which results in good liquid conductive contact between the sample application matrix ( 18 ) and the testing element ( 33 ), following insertion of the testing element ( 33 ) into the testing element insertion aperture ( 31 ). Immobilized capture reagent is attached to the liquid-conductive solid phase material thereby creating a detection zone ( 43 ) on testing element ( 33 ). FIG. 4 is a cross-section of the device with the testing element ( 33 ) inserted. FIG. 4 shows many of the previously discussed elements including, for example, testing element ( 33 ) and individual components thereof (absorbent pad ( 41 ), liquid-conductive solid phase material ( 35 ), conjugate pad ( 37 ), bridging layer ( 38 ) and backing sheet ( 39 )); sample application cover flap ( 13 ); front panel ( 17 ) with sample application aperture ( 15 ); rear panel ( 16 ); rear panel cover ( 23 ) with testing window ( 25 ); and sample application matrix ( 18 ). Also shown is an optional element not previously discussed. This optional element is referred to as a spacer panel ( 42 ). The spacer panel, which is shown in greater detail in FIG. 5, functions to create a testing element insertion void space between the sample application matrix ( 18 ) and the front panel ( 17 ) in the assembled device. Spacer panel ( 42 ) includes a second testing element insertion aperture ( 44 ) and embossed point ( 48 ), also shown in FIG. 5 . As shown in FIG. 4, when testing element ( 33 ) is inserted, it occupies this testing element insertion void space. The progressive wedging referred to previously in connection with FIG. 3 results in good liquid-conductive contact between the sample application matrix ( 18 ) and the testing element ( 33 ). Again referring to FIG. 4, following insertion of the testing element, the technician rehydrates the sample by adding a solvent to the sample application matrix ( 18 ) via solvent aperture ( 29 ) in rear panel ( 16 ). The solvent solubilizes sample components in the sample application matrix ( 18 ) and carries the solubilized components through bridging layer ( 38 ) and into the conjugate pad ( 37 ) with the solvent front. In the conjugate pad ( 37 ), labelled detection reagent is solubilized and binds to analyte if present in the sample. The solvent front, and any soluble materials carried with the solvent front, then move on to the liquid-conductive solid phase material ( 35 ). If analyte is present in the sample, a visibly detectable complex comprising analyte, labelled detection reagent and immobilized capture reagent forms in detection zone ( 43 ). In a preferred embodiment, front panel cover ( 10 ), rear panel cover ( 23 ), front panel ( 17 ), rear panel ( 16 ) and spacer panel ( 42 ) are produced from a single sheet of stock by appropriate cutting and folding. Referring to FIG. 5, a generally rectangular sheet of stock is provided. Solvent application apertures ( 27 and 29 ) and a testing element insertion aperture ( 31 ) are cut in rear panel ( 16 ). Sample application apertures ( 14 and 15 ) are cut in front panel ( 17 ). The outline of the diagnostic window ( 25 ) is perforated in the rear panel cover ( 23 ). The front panel cover ( 10 ) is cut to form two flaps ( 11 and 13 ) which will seal the sample application apertures following sample application. Pressure sensitive adhesive ( 19 ) is provided for sealing sample application cover flaps ( 11 and 13 ). Spacer panel ( 42 ) is cut to provide a second testing element insertion aperture ( 44 ). In addition, the spacer panel ( 42 ) is optionally embossed at embossed points ( 46 and 48 ). As an alternative to embossed points ( 46 and 48 ), optional spacer elements may be attached to spacer panel ( 42 ) using an adhesive. The function of the optional embossed points ( 46 and 48 ) or the alternative optional spacer elements, is to increase the testing element insertion void space between the sample application matrix ( 18 ) and the front panel ( 17 ) in the assembled device, if desirable. Whether or not to include such optional elements depends, for example, on the relative thicknesses of the sample application matrix ( 18 ) and the stock from which the housing is produced. Folds are made along lines D—D, C—C, B—B, and A—A to form the housing. Prior to folding, the sample application matrix is appropriately positioned and adhesive is applied in appropriate locations to aid in maintaining the relationship of elements in the folded housing. Exemplification Construction of Testing Device Test elements were manufactured by laminating the following components to a white plastic support (high impact polystyrene, 0.5 mm), coated on one surface with adhesive (3M, St. Paul, Minn., #465 transfer tape), as shown in FIG. 3 : 1) nitrocellulose membrane (Millipore, Bedford, Mass., Type STHF0200, 18 mm) striped with monoclonal anti-human hemoglobin antibody at 2 mg/ml; 2) absorbent for absorbent pad (Ahlstrom, Mt. Holly Spring, Pa., Grade 904, 18 mm); 3) conjugate pad (General Polymeric, Reading, Pa., 25 micron UHMWPE skived tape, 10 mm) infiltrated and dried in situ with polyclonal anti-human hemoglobin antibody conjugated to colloidal gold (EY Laboratories, San Mateo, Calif.); and 4) conductive paper for bridging layer (Ahlstrom, Grade 1281). Following lamination, the web was slit at 6 mm intervals to form individual test elements. Housings (73 mm×76.2 mm), as depicted in FIG. 5, were manufactured from waterproofed (polycoated) SBS cardboard. The sample application matrix (Porex, Fairburn, Ga., HDPE Type 4588) was applied to the rear panel of the housing with transfer adhesive (3M, #465). EXAMPLE 1 Human blood was diluted 1:10,000 and 1:100,000 in distilled water. For each of the dilutions of blood, and for a control sample of distilled water, 25 μl was added to each of the two sample application apertures of a testing device and allowed to air dry for two hours. 100 μl reconstituting reagent (P.B.S. containing 0.5% Bovine Serum Albumin, 1% Triton X100 and 0.1% sodium azide) was added to each solvent application aperture and a test strip inserted. A clear red line developed on the test strip with the two blood dilutions, i.e. positive detection, whereas the water sample gave no detectable signal (i.e. a negative result). In an otherwise identical experiment, the same blood dilutions were added (25 μl for each) to Hemoccult (SmithKline Diagnostics, Palo Alto, Calif.) slides and a ColoCare (Helena Laboratories, Beaumont, Tex.) test pad (a device for detecting blood in the toilet bowl water that is added directly to the toilet bowl). Results 10 −4 10 −5 Water Hemoccult + − − ColoCare + − − Device of + + − Present Invention EXAMPLE 2 Fresh human blood (50 μl) was added to the water in a toilet bowl (˜2 L). After full dispersion of the added blood, the water was sampled with a dacron swab (Hardwood products, Guildford, Me.) and transferred to a Hemoccult card and a to the sample application matrix of the device of the present invention. Following the sampling, a ColoCare pad was added to the toilet bowl and observed for any change in color. Results The device of the present invention readily detected the blood, whereas water taken from the bowl before the addition of the blood tested negative. The Hemoccult and ColoCare tests remained clearly negative with the water to which the blood had been added.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS This application claims priority from European Patent Application No. 98610027.9 filed Aug. 17, 1998. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to an insulating cover for open cooling devices, such as refrigerators or deep freezers generally used in stores and supermarkets. In numerous cases refrigerators or deep freezers will not be covered over a longer period of time, e.g. stores selling products that need cooling to maintain freshness, rely on open refrigerators and deep freezers to provide easy accesses for the customers to the produce. However, in the closing hours of these stores the energy consumption can be greatly reduced by applying insulating covers to the openings of these cooling devices. 2. Description of the Prior Art The conventional technique, used for reducing the energy consumption of cooling devices in the closing hours of stores and supermarkets, applies insulating covers to the openings of refrigerators or deep freezers. Chest refrigerators or chest deep freezers are conventionally covered by self-supporting insulating covers, supported by the edges of the chest refrigerator or chest deep freezer. The conventional self-supporting insulating cover as described in DK patent no.:152602, to which reference hereby is made. The conventional insulating cover comprises two plastic foils joined at the circumferentially outer rim providing an enclosure for the insertion of insulating material. Rods or beams are mounted to the cover to constitute a self-supporting effect of the insulating cover, however the rods or beam increase the weight of the insulating cover. The rods' or beams' overall weight contribution to the total weight of the insulating cover is considerable compared to of any of the parts included in the cover. Experience from using conventional technique shows that usage of the conventional insulating cover on top of cooling devices, renders it necessary to insure the insulating material from moving within the enclosure thereby reducing the overall insulating effect of the cover. Therefor a type of fixation is needed to avoid shifting, to any substantial extent, of the insulating material. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION An object of the present invention is to provide an easy to handle, durable self-supporting insulating cover having an overall polygonal, semi-circular, circular, semi-elliptic, elliptic or any of above combinatory shape with an improved stiffness and support of the insulating cover. A feature of the present invention originates from the fact that stitching through the insulating cover insuring the enclosed insulating material from concentrating at any particular areas of the insulating cover can be avoided. This is particularly advantageous because by avoiding through-stitches, thermal bridges between air inside the cooling device and outside the cooling device are eliminated, and by insuring a stable insulating material without through-stitches an enhanced insulation is achieved. A particular advantage of the present invention relates to the lighter structure of the insulating cover, which renders it easy to handle and carry the insulating cover and therefore provides a more manageable and mobile insulating cover. The above object, feature and advantage together with numerous other objects, features and advantages, which will be evident from the below detailed description of preferred embodiments of the insulating cover according to the present invention, comprising: (a) a gas and water impermeable first foil and defining a first circumferential outer rim, (b) a gas and water impermeable second foil substantially coextensive with said first foil and defining a second circumferential outer rim, said first and second foil being joined together at said first and second outer circumferential rims of said first and second foils, defining an enclosure between said first and second foils, (c) a body of insulating material inserted in said enclosure, and (d) a plurality of supporting tubular elements in co-planar relationship with said first and second foil providing stiffness of said insulating cover in axial direction of said plurality of supporting tubular elements and flexibility of said insulating cover in a direction perpendicular to said axial direction, said plurality of supporting tubular elements having a weight constituting at a maximum 30% of the total weight of the insulating cover, such as a weight within the range of 5% to 25%, preferably 10% to 20% of the total weight. Using a plurality of supporting tubular elements constitutes a significant reduction of the overall total weight of the insulating covers compared with the conventional covers. This fact insures an easy to handle, manageable and therefore more mobile construction, which reduces the time spend on the application and removal of the insulating covers. Furthermore the plurality of supporting tubular elements provides a greater stiffness of the cover in the axial direction compared to conventional covers using rods or beams, hence constituting a smoother surface of the insulating cover minimising any shifting or slipping of the insulating material inside the insulating cover. Finally the smoother surface reduces the material from concentrating at any particular area of the cover and therefor eliminates the need for through-stitches to fixate the insulating material. The plurality of supporting tubular elements can have an overall length in the axial direction concordant with length of an insulating cover in that same direction, alternatively the plurality of supporting tubular elements can have an overall length in the axial direction longer than the length of the insulating cover in that same direction, or, finally, the plurality of supporting tubular elements can have an overall length in the axial direction shorter than the length of the insulating cover in that same direction thereby providing the insulating cover with a flexible extenuation allowing the insulating cover to fold about an edge of a cooling device. The plurality of supporting tubular elements can be fixed to one of the outer surfaces of said first or second foils, or it can be fixed in said enclosure. The plurality of supporting tubular elements can be fixed to said first and/or second foils by gluing, welding, stitching or combinations thereof. Stitching can involve stitching a plurality of bands onto the outer surfaces of first or second foils with two parallel series of stitches leaving a space between them for the insertion of one supporting tubular element in each said space. This wide variety of options allows insulating covers according to the present invention to fulfill numerous of customized solutions and designs to optimized for an enhanced insulation. The body of insulating material can comprise mineral fibers, plastic fibers, plastic filaments, partly coherent foam spheres, fully coherent foam spheres, any other insulating materials or combinations thereof An embodiment according to the present invention can comprise a body of fully coherent insulating material defining a sheet structure with a circumferentially outer rim. The application of a sheet of insulating material can insure against fibers evading the enclosure, and therefor increase the life span of the insulating cover. The body of insulating material can be loosely inserted into the enclosure, or it can be fixed in the enclosure by gluing, welding, stitching or any combinations thereof the insulating material to said first and/or second foils. When applying a body of fully coherent insulating material it can be fixed at the circumferentially outer rim of said first and/or second foils by gluing, welding, stitching or any combinations thereof. The first and second foils can be joined at their outer circumferential rims by stitching through a band folded about outer surfaces at said outer circumferential rims of said first and second foils and the circumferentially outer rim of said body of insulating material situated in said enclosure. The latter technique constitutes the possible reduction of production steps and therefor reduction of the production costs. The insulating cover can have an overall polygonal shape, such as rectangular, trapezoidal, parallelogram, triangular, hexagonal, semi-hexagonal or an overall circular, semi-circular, elliptic, semi-elliptic or any combinations thereof, providing a large variety of shapes of insulating covers of the present invention that can fulfill insulating purposes for a substantial amount of types of cooling devices. The plurality supporting tubular elements can have an individual supporting tubular element orientated substantially perpendicular to said circumferential outer rim or defining a specific angle with said circumferential outer rim. This feature insures that an optimum support and smooth surface is achieved. An overall rectangular shaped insulating cover can comprise a multiple of individual modules of insulating covers linked together to form said overall rectangular insulating cover, and an overall hexagonal, circular or elliptic shaped insulating cover can comprise two corresponding semi-hexagonal semi-circular or semi-elliptic shaped individual modules of insulating covers linked together to form said insulating cover. The linking of multiple modules of insulating covers can be permanent or detachable through linking mechanisms such as tape, zippers, buttons, Velcro, magnets or any combinations thereof. The multiple of modules of insulating covers defining a first end of an individual module of insulating cover having a first part of said locking mechanism placed on a first surface of said individual module of insulating cover and a second end of said individual module of insulating cover having a second part of said locking mechanism placed on a second surface of said individual module of insulating cover, multiple modules can be linked through second end of a first module to first end of a second module thereby constituting an overlapping of modules constituting an insulating cover. This feature gives tremendous possibilities for using the cover on top of various cooling devices, furthermore the modular construction will enhance the easy handling and mobility of the insulating cover. The insulating cover can have dimensions of an area from 0.45 m 2 to 50 m 2 typical areas being 1.4 m 2 , 2.7 m 2 , 4.1 m 2 and 5.4 m 2 , a thickness from 5 mm to 50 mm typical thickness' being 10 mm. Due to the modular features of the present invention the area an insulating cover made according to present invention can assume a significant variety of sizes of areas. The impermeable first foil can have perforations systematically situated such as to drain accumulated condensed water from said insulating cover. The insulating cover can be arranged on a cooling device having said outer surface of first foil facing the cooling device. This drains any accumulated condensed water from the interior of the insulating and allows the insulating cover to be aired hence allowing vapour to evade the interior. The first and second foils of the insulating cover can be of impermeable materials e.g. polymers or plastic foil such as PE, PP, PVC or any other types of plastic foils, or metal sheets such as aluminum foil, or any combinations thereof. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The present invention will now be further described with reference to the drawings, in which FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a cooling device covered by a first and presently preferred embodiment of a rectangular insulating cover according to the present invention. FIG. 2 is a schematic illustration of a magnified section of the first embodiment of the insulating cover also shown in FIG. 1, having a section removed thereby revealing the interior of the cover. FIG. 3 is a schematic illustration of a section of a second or alternative embodiment of the insulating cover defining an overall semi-hexagonal configuration. FIG. 4 is a schematic illustration of a magnified section of one of the corners of a modified second or alternative embodiment of the insulating cover defining a semihexagonal embodiment, having a section removed thereby revealing the interior of the cover. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As shown in FIG. 1, a cooling device, designated by the reference numeral 10 in it's entirety, being e.g. a chest refrigerator or a chest deep freezer, has two parallel square end walls 12 mounted together with two parallel rectangular side walls 16 with the adjoining walls at right angles to each other. A bottom piece 14 is completing the shape of an open box, allowing for access through the uncovered top to cooled produce 18 arranged within. Fresh meat, dairy products, poultry and fish, or frozen vegetables, ice-cream, precooked dinners or any combinations thereof are examples of the produce 18 , but the cooling device 10 can also contain biological products, biological specimens, microbiological cultures, medicine, pharmaceutical products, medical instruments or any combinations thereof. In its entirety the edge of the walls facing away from the bottom piece 14 of the cooling device 10 has a thickness defined by a for refrigerators or freezers typical insulating material being either a single layer, a double layer or a composite of materials, e.g. mineral fibers, PU foam or any other insulating material or combinations thereof, enclosed in sheets of metal e.g. aluminum, zinc, steel, iron, or sheets of plastic materials or glass, or any combinations thereof. The thickness of the walls is providing a top surface 11 for the possible resting, strapping, Velcro-locking, buttoning or magnetic holding of an insulating cover, designated by the reference numeral 15 in it's entirety, onto the cooling device 10 . The cooling device 10 can have the dimensions: width from 0.5 m to 2.5 m, length from 1 m to 20 m and depth 0.5 m to 1 m, having typical dimensions: width 0.9 m, length 1.5 m and depth 0.75 m. The top surface 11 of the cooling device 10 can be slanting up to 45° with respect to the horizontal plane. The insulating cover 15 comprising an outer impermeable foil 13 and an inner impermeable foil 26 can additionally be extended in an outward direction and folded down onto the outward facing surfaces of the walls of the cooling device 10 hereby obtaining a good insulation. The insulating cover 15 can be fitted any cooling device 10 either by one full size cover matching the dimensions of the cooling device 10 , or it can be fitted any cooling device 10 by constructing a insulating cover 15 from any multiple of modules of insulating covers 15 . The modules can be permanently linked together or be detachable. The separation of linked insulating cover 15 modules can be conducted through linking mechanisms like tape, zippers, buttons, Velcro, magnets or any combinations thereof. The linking mechanisms can be situated such that two edges of modules overlap one another, hence recovering full insulating effect. This can effectively be done by having one part of the linking mechanism on the outer surface of a module and the second part of said linking mechanism on the inner surface of an adjoining module The insulating cover 15 of the present invention is a flexible self-supporting construction supported by the top surface 11 , defined by the walls of the cooling device 10 . The flexibility of the insulating cover 15 allows the cover to be rolled into a cylindrical shape, hence reducing the required storage space for the insulating cover 15 . An advantage of the modular constructed insulating cover 15 can be that the handling of the cover and the storage possibilities of the cover are considerably improved. In the present context, terms, such as inner, outer, bottom and top, relate to the space confined inside the cooling device 10 . An inner surface of an object is facing the confined space, all other surfaces of said object are outer surfaces. The term bottom is the part of the cooling device 10 resting on the floor furthermore comprising an inner surface perpendicular to all the inner surfaces of the walls of the cooling device 10 . The term top is the part of the cooling device 10 , through which access to the confined space is achieved, and further comprising the edges of the walls. Terms such as inward and outward are terms describing surface directions. An inward facing surface is relating to a surface of for example a foil, which is facing an interior space. Outward is relating to the surface facing away from an interior space. The interior of the insulating cover 15 is further described in detail with reference to FIG. 2 . FIG. 2 is illustrating a magnified section of the insulating cover 15 , with a section cut away to reveal the interior. Insulating material 24 , such as mineral fibers, plastic fibers, plastic filaments, partly coherent foam spheres, fully coherent foam spheres, any other insulating materials or combinations thereof, is positioned between the outer impermeable foil 13 and the inner impermeable foil 26 . The insulating material 24 can be loosely inserted between the inner and outer foils or can be glued, welded or stitched onto the outer foil 13 or inner foil 26 . The presently preferred embodiment has a sheet of the insulating material 24 fixed between the outer foil 13 and inner foil 26 by gluing, welding or preferably stitching a band 22 , folded about the edges of the sheet of the insulating material 24 , the inner foil 26 and the outer foil 13 at the full circumference of the insulating cover 15 . The inner foil 26 has systematically placed perforations 28 a-l enabling the possibility for airing the insulating material 24 and hence significantly reducing the amount of condensed water accumulating in the insulating material 24 . Furthermore having the perforations 28 a-l on the inner foil 26 the accumulated condensed water is drained out of the insulating cover 15 . A supporting tubular element 20 can be mounted on the outward facing surfaces of the inner or outer foils 26 , 13 , or can be placed in the space between the insulating material 24 and the inward facing surfaces of the inner foil 26 or the outer foil 13 , and can be fixed to either inward or outward facing surfaces by gluing, welding or stitching. FIG. 2 is showing the supporting tubular element 20 between the inward facing surface of the inner foil 26 and the insulating material 24 and fixed by stitches 23 through the inner foil 26 . In a rectangular shaped insulating cover 15 , as shown in FIGS. 1 and 2, a number of parallel supporting tubular elements 20 are inserted into the insulating cover 15 creating a low weight, stiff and self-supporting cover. When the insulating cover 15 is supported by the top surface 11 of the cooling device 10 , the supporting tubular elements 20 create a smooth surface of the insulating cover 15 minimising any shifting or slipping of the insulating material 24 inside the insulating cover 15 , while maintaining the possibility for rolling the cover together about an axis parallel to the supporting tubular elements 20 . A feature of using the supporting tubular elements 20 is, stitching through the insulating cover 15 insuring the insulating material 24 from concentrating at any particular areas of the insulating cover 15 can be avoided. This is particularly advantageous because by avoiding through-stitches, thermal bridges between air inside the cooling device 10 and outside the cooling device 10 are eliminated, and by insuring a stable insulating material 24 without through-stitches an enhanced insulation is achieved. By implementing supporting tubular elements 20 instead of supporting rods a greater stiffness of the insulating cover 15 is obtained, while the weight of the insulating cover 15 is reduced making the mobility of the insulating cover 15 more manageable. A second or alternative embodiment according to the present invention is shown in FIGS. 3 and 4 and will in the following be further described in detail. FIG. 3 is illustrating one of two parts of an insulating cover 30 for a hexagonal shaped chest cooling device being either a refrigerator or a deep freezer. The insulating cover 30 comprises three pieces of trapezium shaped outer foils 34 a-c. Each of the outer foils 34 a-c can have an insulating material 42 , of any of the previously described material types, loosely inserted between inner foils 44 a-c and the outer foils 34 a-c or can have the insulating material 42 glued, welded or stitched on to the inward facing surface of the outer foils 34 a-c or the inward facing surface of the inner foils 44 a-c. The second or alternative embodiment of the present invention has a sheet of the insulating material 42 fixed between the outer foils 34 a-c and the inner foils 44 a-c by gluing, welding or preferably stitching bands 32 a-c and 36 a-c, folded about the parallel edges of the insulating material 42 , the inner foils 44 a-c and the outer foils 34 a-c, thereby producing three trapezium shaped sections. Bands 31 a-b are folded about the adjoining slanting edges of the three trapezium shaped sections, such that the bands 31 a-b are in contact with the outer foils 34 a-c of two adjoining trapezium shaped sections. The bands 31 a-b are stitched from the outer foil 34 a-c through the insulating material 42 and inner foil 44 a-c of the first trapezium shaped section, through the inner foil 44 a-c, insulating material 42 and outer foil 34 a-c of the second trapezium section leaving space in the bands 31 a-b for the insertion of supporting tubular elements 40 . The two end edges of the semi-hexagonal shape are fitted with bands 38 a-b either by gluing, welding or preferably stitching, leaving space in the bands 38 a-b for insertion of further supporting tubular elements 40 . The supporting tubular elements 40 are inserted into the space in the bands 31 a-b and 38 a-b giving the insulating cover 30 a smooth surface and hence achieving similar advantages as described for the first preferred embodiment of the present invention. Alternatively the supporting tubular elements 40 can be fixed onto the outward facing surface of the inner foils 44 a-c by bands 48 a-d sewn onto the outward facing surface of the inner foils 44 a-c, as shown in FIG. 4, using two seems leaving a space between the seems for the insertion of the supporting tubular element 40 . The inner foils 44 a-c are systematically perforated with holes 46 a-h hence achieving the same advantages, as the insulating cover 15 described through FIGS. 1 and 2. The particular cooling device for the insulating cover 30 , shown in FIG. 3 and 4, can include a variety of hexagonal dimensions, and comprise a hexagonal surrounding wall and a hexagonal centre. The hexagonal centre being solid hence providing a supporting surface for the insulating cover 30 in conjunction with the outer walls of the cooling device. The above described preferred embodiments made according to present invention can be used for a variety of purposes including extra insulating covers for upright standing open refrigerators or additional insulating or non-insulating purposes. EXAMPLE The preferred embodiment of the cover according to the present invention described above with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, was made as follows. The rectangular insulating cover 15 had the overall dimensions: length 1250 mm, width 910 mm, average thickness 5 mm, with 2 supporting tubular elements each having a diameter of approximately 10 mm and separated by a distance of 600 mm. The first supporting tubular 20 element placed at a distance of 325 mm from one edge of the insulating cover parallel to the axis of the supporting tubular elements and the second supporting tubular 20 element placed at a distance of 925 mm from said edge. The supporting tubular elements 20 were fixed using through-stitches 23 separated by 25 mm. The outer foil was impermeable and made of the material PE and had an average thickness of 120 μm. The inner foil was impermeable and made of the same materials as the outer foil and also had an average thickness of 120 μm. The inner foil was perforated with holes 28 a-l with a diameter of 6 mm through the inner foil at widthwise separations of 82 mm and lengthwise separations of 200 mm. The first perforation, for instance 28 h, positioned 27 mm from the edge defining the width of the insulating cover 15 and 35 mm from the edge defining the length of the insulating cover 15 . The band 22 holding the foils together was made of the material PVC, but can be any such as PE, PP or cotton, and had the width 36 mm and was folded about the edges of the two foils and a sheet of insulating material 24 and stitched with a polyester thread. The insulating material was polyester.

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CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] The present application claims priority to Korean Patent Application Number 10-2008-0119496 filed Nov. 28, 2008, the entire contents of which application is incorporated herein for all purpose by this reference. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0002] 1. Field of the Invention [0003] The present invention relates to an apparatus for locking a table of a seat back such that the table can be maintained in a state of having been extracted from or refracted into the seat back, and an angle of the table with respect to the seat back in the extracted state is adjustable. [0004] 2. Description of Related Art [0005] Recently, according to an increase in the needs of consumers with respect to installation of various systems for convenience in vehicles, various kinds of apparatuses for convenience are installed in rear seats of the vehicles. [0006] A table of a seat back is a representative example of the convenience apparatuses which are installed in the rear seats of the vehicles. A table may be provided on a seat back to allow a passenger to place food, books or the like on the table. The table of the seat back is preferably constructed such that when the use of the table is required, the table can be extracted from the seat back, and when it is not required, the table can be folded onto the seat back. [0007] FIG. 1 is a view showing a table of a seat back, according to a conventional art. As shown in the drawing, a table T for a passenger, who sits on a rear seat, is provided on a rear surface of a seat back S of a front seat. For installation of the table T on the seat back S, a table locking apparatus is provided between the table T and the seat back S. In this art, as the table locking apparatus, a gas spring (not shown) is provided between the table T and the seat back S to unfold the table T from the seat back S and maintain the unfolded state of the table T. [0008] However, in the conventional art, because of the volume of the gas spring, the table T is installed on the seat back S in a shape in which it protrudes from the seat back S. Therefore, the external appearance of the seat back S is deteriorated, and there is a possibility of interference between the table T and the knees of the passenger. [0009] Furthermore, the installation of the gas spring increases the cost of manufacturing the seat back S having the table T. [0010] The information disclosed in this Background of the Invention section is only for enhancement of understanding of the general background of the invention and should not be taken as an acknowledgement or any form of suggestion that this information forms the prior art already known to a person skilled in the art. BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0011] Various aspects of the present invention are directed to provide an apparatus for locking a table of a seat back which can adjust an angle, at which the table is unfolded from the seat back, using a relatively simple structure, and which minimizes a space for installation of the table in the seat back, thus preventing the table from interfering with knees of a passenger. [0012] In an aspect of the present invention, the apparatus for locking a table of a seat back, the apparatus being provided between the table and the seat back to selectively secure the table with respect to the seat back in multiple stages, may include a base fastened to the seat back, a shaft pivotally coupled to the base and fastened on an end portion of the table, the shaft being rotatable along with the table on the base, an actuating arm fastened to the shaft and rotatable along with the shaft, the actuating arm having actuating gear teeth formed in an end portion thereof, a locking arm rotatably provided on the base at a position spaced apart from the shaft by a predetermined distance, wherein the locking arm includes locking gear teeth formed in an end portion thereof and elastically biased toward the shaft and the locking gear teeth is configured to be selectively engaged with the actuating gear teeth by a rotation of the actuating arm such that when the actuating arm is rotated in a forward direction, the actuating gear teeth is engaged with the locking gear teeth or pass over the locking gear teeth according to rotational degree of the actuating arm, and a locking arm holding unit co-axially coupled with the actuating arm to the base and selectively activated by the actuating arm, wherein, while the actuating gear teeth completely pass over the locking gear teeth, the actuating arm activates the locking arm holding unit to release the locking arm from a first position of the locking arm holding unit to be locked to a second position thereof so that the locking gear teeth does not interfere with the actuating gear teeth while the actuating arm is rotated in a reverse direction, and wherein the locking arm holding unit releases the locking arm to return to the first position of the locking arm holding unit so that the locking gear teeth is positioned to a trajectory locus of the locking gear teeth when the actuating arm rotates the locking arm holding unit in the reverse direction. [0013] The apparatus may further include a guide pin provided on the actuating arm and configured to be selectively coupled to the locking arm holding unit according to a rotational direction of the actuating arm, wherein a guide slot is formed in the locking arm holding unit to receive the guide pin of the actuating arm therein, the guide slot extending a predetermined length along a trajectory locus of the guide pin, so that when the guide pin pushes a first end of the guide slot, the locking arm holding unit is rotated in the forward direction, when the guide pin pushes a second end of the guide slot, the locking arm holding unit is rotated in the reverse direction, and while the guide pin moves between the first and second ends of the guide slot, the locking arm holding unit is secured stationary. [0014] The apparatus may further include a stop protrusion provided on the locking arm holding unit, a hook pivotally mounted to the base, and a stopper fastened to the hook to rotate along with the hook, wherein the hook or the stopper is elastically supported to bias the hook toward the locking arm holding unit to selectively couple the hook to the stopper protrusion of the locking arm holding unit, and wherein the hook is configured to lock the stop protrusion to the base to prevent the locking arm holding unit from rotating in the reverse direction while the locking arm is locked to the locking arm holding unit in the second position thereof; but when the actuating arm is rotated in the reverse direction to the predetermined distance, the stopper is pushed by the guide pin of the actuating arm to release the hook from the stop protrusion to enable the locking arm holding unit to rotate in the reverse direction by the actuating arm, wherein the stopper is disposed in front of the second end of the guide slot in the reverse direction of the locking arm holding unit such that the hook is released from the stopper protrusion before the second end of the guide slot is activated by the actuating arm when the locking arm holding unit rotates in the reverse direction. [0015] A locking pin may be provided on the locking arm, and a locking depression is formed at the second position of the locking arm holding unit, so that while the locking arm holding unit is rotated in the forward direction, the locking pin is locked to the locking depression by the locking arm holding unit while the actuating gear teeth pass over the locking gear teeth, wherein an insert depression extending from one end of the insert depression is formed at the first position of the locking arm holding unit so that the locking pin of the locking arm is inserted into the insert depression when the guide pin rotating in the reverse direction activates the second end of the guide slot of the locking arm holding unit, and wherein a rotational radius between the rotation axis of the locking arm holding unit and the insert depression is shorter than a rotational radius between the rotation axis of the locking arm holding unit and the locking depression. [0016] In another aspect of the present invention, the apparatus may further include a stop protrusion provided on the locking arm holding unit, wherein a subsidiary locking unit is pivotally coupled to the base at a predetermined position thereof and while the locking arm is locked to the second position of the locking arm holding unit, the subsidiary locking unit locks the stop protrusion to the base to prevent the locking arm holding unit from rotating in the reverse direction, wherein the subsidiary locking unit includes, a hook pivotally mounted to the base, and a stopper fastened to the hook to rotate along with the hook, wherein the hook or the stopper is elastically supported to bias the hook toward the locking arm holding unit to selectively couple the hook to the stopper protrusion of the locking arm holding unit, and wherein the hook is configured to lock the stop protrusion to the base to prevent the locking arm holding unit from rotating in the reverse direction while the locking arm is locked to the locking arm holding unit in the second position thereof, but when the actuating arm is rotated in the reverse direction to the predetermined distance, the stopper is pushed by the guide pin of the actuating arm to release the hook from the stop protrusion to enable the locking arm holding unit to rotate in the reverse direction by the actuating arm. [0017] The methods and apparatuses of the present invention have other features and advantages which will be apparent from or are set forth in more detail in the accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein, and the following Detailed Description of the Invention, which together serve to explain certain principles of the present invention. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0018] FIG. 1 is a view showing a conventional table of a seat back. [0019] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of an exemplary seat back having an apparatus for locking a table of the seat back, according to the present invention. [0020] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 2 . [0021] FIG. 4 is a perspective view showing a first side of a portion B of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 3 . [0022] FIG. 5 is a perspective view showing a second side of the portion B of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 3 . [0023] FIGS. 6 and 7 are sectional views illustrating the operation of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 3 . [0024] FIGS. 8 and 9 are front views illustrating the operation of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 3 . DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION [0025] Reference will now be made in detail to various embodiments of the present invention(s), examples of which are illustrated in the accompanying drawings and described below. While the invention(s) will be described in conjunction with exemplary embodiments, it will be understood that present description is not intended to limit the invention(s) to those exemplary embodiments. On the contrary, the invention(s) is/are intended to cover not only the exemplary embodiments, but also various alternatives, modifications, equivalents and other embodiments, which may be included within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims. [0026] FIG. 2 is an exploded perspective view of an apparatus for locking a table of a seat back S, according to various embodiments of the present invention. The seat back table is installed on the seat back S and includes a front cover 1 , a table frame 10 , the table locking apparatus (B), a table support plate 30 and a rear cover 50 . The table frame 10 is fastened to a shaft 100 and rotated along with the shaft 100 . The shaft 100 is coupled to the locking apparatus B such that an angle at which the shaft 100 is rotated is determined in stages. Actuating structures are provided on the respective opposite ends of the shaft 100 , that is, on portions designated by the reference characters A and B. The locking apparatus means the portion B. A latch unit C is provided in the lower end of the seat back, so that a latch of the table is inserted into the seat back through a seating hole S 10 and is selectively latched to the latch unit C. [0027] FIG. 3 is a perspective view of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 2 . The table frame 10 which is rotated along with the shaft 100 is fastened to the shaft 100 . A spring 120 is provided on a first end (on the portion A) of the shaft 100 to elastically support the table frame 10 . The table locking apparatus of the present invention is provided on a second end (on the portion B) of the shaft 100 . For the installation of the table locking apparatus, bases 300 are provided on the shaft 100 . [0028] FIGS. 4 and 5 are perspective views showing the table locking apparatus according to various embodiments of the present invention. The table locking apparatus is provided between the seat back S and the table T and selectively determines a position at which the table T is in a locked state. In detail, the table locking apparatus includes the shaft 100 , which is provided on one end of the table T and rotated along with the table T on the seat back S, and an actuating arm 200 , which is fastened to the shaft 100 and rotated along with the shaft 100 . Actuating gear teeth 220 are formed in a distal end of the actuating arm 200 . [0029] The table locking apparatus further includes the bases 300 , which are provided on the shaft 100 , and a locking arm 500 , which is provided on one base 300 at a position spaced apart from the shaft 100 by a predetermined distance. Locking gear teeth 520 which engage with the actuating gear teeth 220 of the actuating arm 200 are formed in an end of the locking arm 500 which is adjacent to the shaft 100 . The locking arm 500 is elastically supported by an elastic member 562 so that when the actuating arm 200 is rotated in a normal direction, the actuating gear teeth 220 pass over the locking gear teeth 520 in stages. [0030] The table locking apparatus further includes a locking arm holding unit 600 , which is provided between the actuating arm 200 and the locking arm 500 . The locking arm holding unit 600 moves the locking arm 500 backwards and holds it in the backwardly moved state after the actuating gear teeth 220 completely pass over the locking gear teeth 520 , thus preventing the actuating gear teeth 220 and the locking gear teeth 520 from interfering with each other when the actuating arm 200 is reversely rotated. Furthermore, the locking arm holding unit 600 releases the backwardly moved and held state of the locking arm 500 when the actuating arm 200 is returned to its original position. [0031] The bases 300 are disposed on opposite sides of the table T and fastened to the seat back S. Each base 30 may be made of several panels, and the shaft 100 may pass through the bases 30 . The shaft 100 is fastened to the table T so that when a user rotates the table T, the shaft 100 is rotated along with the table T. The actuating arm 200 is fitted over and fastened to the shaft 100 and is thus rotated along with the shaft 100 . Furthermore, the locking arm holding unit 600 is fitted over the shaft 100 so as to be rotatable with respect to the shaft 100 . [0032] When the table T is extracted from the seat back and is rotated upwards, the shaft 100 and the actuating arm 200 rotate in normal directions. When the table T is rotated downwards and is retracted into the seat back, the shaft 100 and the actuating arm 200 rotate in reverse directions. Here, the terms ‘normal direction’ and ‘reverse direction’ merely mean that the directions are opposite each other, but are not to be construed as limiting the present invention. [0033] Meanwhile, the actuating arm 200 is fitted at a proximal end thereof over the shaft 100 and has the actuating gear teeth 220 in the distal end thereof. It is preferable that the actuating gear teeth 200 be spur gear teeth. Furthermore, a guide pin 240 is provided on the actuating arm 200 . A guide slot 620 which guides the guide pin 240 therein and extends a predetermined length along a movement trajectory of the guide pin 240 is formed through the locking arm holding unit 600 . The guide pin 240 is moved along the guide slot 620 of the locking arm holding unit 600 when the actuating arm 200 is rotated. Here, the guide pin 240 moves along the guide slot 620 , but the locking arm holding unit 600 maintains the stationary state. [0034] The locking arm 500 is provided on the base 300 by a hinge pin 560 below the locking arm holding unit 600 . The locking gear teeth 520 corresponding to the actuating gear teeth 220 are formed on a distal end of the locking arm 500 . It is also preferable that the locking gear teeth 520 are spur gear teeth. The locking arm 500 having the locking gear teeth 520 is supported by the elastic member 562 . [0035] When the table T, the shaft 100 and the actuating arm 200 rotate in normal directions, the actuating gear teeth 220 of the actuating arm 200 come into contact with the locking gear teeth 520 of the locking arm 500 . Here, when the actuating gear teeth 220 push the locking gear teeth 520 , the locking arm 500 moves while overcoming the elastic force of the elastic member 562 , and the actuating gear teeth 220 pass over the locking gear teeth 520 in stages. The number of stages in which the table T is unfolded is determined depending on the number of actuating gear teeth 220 and the number of locking gear teeth 520 . The table T can maintain a state of having been unfolded at various angles in stages. [0036] Meanwhile, a locking pin 540 is provided on the locking arm 500 . An insert depression 640 , into which the locking pin 540 is inserted, is formed in the lower end of the locking arm holding unit 600 . A locking depression 642 which extends from the insert depression 640 is formed in the locking arm holding unit 600 . While the locking pin 540 is in a state of having been inserted in the insert depression 640 of the locking arm holding unit 600 , the locking arm holding unit 600 maintains the stationary state as the locking arm 500 and the actuating arm 200 are engaged each other and the locking arm 500 is supported by the elastic member 562 . [0037] After the actuating arm 200 is rotated in the normal direction and the actuating gear teeth 220 completely pass over all the locking gear teeth 520 , if the actuating arm 200 is further rotated, the guide pin 240 of the actuating arm 200 pushes a first end 622 of the guide slot 620 , and the locking arm holding unit 600 is thus rotated in the normal direction. Then, the locking pin 540 is pushed by the rotation of the locking arm holding unit 600 in the normal direction. Thus, the locking pin 540 is removed from the insert depression 640 and locked to the locking depression 642 . When the locking pin 540 enters the locking depression 642 , the locking arm 500 overcomes the elastic force of the elastic member 562 and is moved backwards from its original position. When the locking pin 540 is in the state of having been locked to the locking depression 642 , the locking arm 500 maintains the state of being moved backwards. Thereby, the locking gear teeth 520 of the actuating gear 220 no longer engage with the actuating gear teeth 220 of the actuating arm 200 . [0038] Furthermore, a stop protrusion 660 is provided on an upper end of the locking arm holding unit 600 which is opposite the locking arm 500 . A subsidiary locking unit 700 is provided at a predetermined position on the base 300 . The subsidiary locking unit 700 hooks the stop protrusion 660 in the state in which the locking arm holding unit 600 rotates in the normal direction and the locking arm 500 is thus moved backwards and locked to the locking arm holding unit 600 , thus preventing the locking arm holding unit 600 from being undesirably rotated in the reverse direction. The subsidiary locking unit 700 includes a hook 720 , which is mounted to the base 300 by a hinge pin 722 and hooks the stop protrusion 660 to prevent the locking arm holding unit 600 from being rotated in the reverse direction, and a stopper 740 , which is rotated along with the hook 720 and is supported by a spring 760 . When the actuating arm 200 is rotated in the reverse direction, the stopper 740 is pushed upwards by the guide pin 240 and thus moves the hook 720 backwards to enable the locking arm holding unit 600 to rotate in the reverse direction. [0039] The hook 720 and the stopper 740 are mounted together to the base 300 by the hinge pin 722 . The stopper 740 is connected to a spring 760 , which biases the stopper 740 downwards. Therefore, when the guide pin 240 of the actuating arm 200 pushes the stopper 740 , the stopper 740 and the hook 720 are rotated upwards. When the guide pin 240 is removed from the stopper 740 , the stopper 740 and the hook 720 are rotated downwards again. [0040] When the actuating arm 200 rotates in the normal direction and the locking arm holding unit 600 is rotated in the normal direction by the guide pin 240 , the stop protrusion 660 of the locking arm holding unit 600 is hooked to the hook 720 , thus preventing the locking arm holding unit 600 from rotating in the reverse direction. When the actuating arm 200 rotates in the reverse direction, the guide pin 240 pushes the stopper 740 upwards such that the hook 720 is removed from the stop protrusion 660 . When the guide pin 240 pushes a second end 624 of the guide slot 620 of the locking arm holding unit 600 , the locking arm holding unit 600 is rotated in the reverse direction, and the locking pin 540 is removed from the locking depression 642 and enters the insert depression 640 again. In addition, the locking arm 500 is returned to its original position. [0041] FIGS. 6 and 7 are sectional views illustrating the operation of the table locking apparatus of FIG. 3 . In an initial stage, the actuating arm 200 is disposed at the upper end of the locking arm holding unit 600 , and the guide pin 240 is disposed on the second end 624 of the guide slot 620 . From this state, when the table T is rotated upwards, the actuating arm 200 is rotated along with the shaft 100 in the normal direction. At this time, the position of the table T is adjusted in stages while the actuating gear teeth 220 pass over the locking gear teeth 520 . [0042] After the guide pin 240 is brought into contact with the first end 622 of the guide slot 620 , when the actuating arm 200 is further rotated, the guide pin 240 rotates the locking arm holding unit 600 in the normal direction. Then, the locking pin 540 of the locking arm 500 is removed from the insert depression 640 and enters the locking depression 642 . This means that the locking arm 500 overcomes the elastic force of the elastic member 562 and is locked to the locking arm holding unit 600 . Hence, the locking arm 500 is maintained in the state of having been moved backwards and locked to the locking arm holding unit 600 . [0043] When the locking arm 500 is in the backwardly moved and locked state, the locking gear teeth 520 is prevented from interfering with the actuating gear teeth 220 . Therefore, when the table T is rotated downwards, the table T, the shaft 100 and the actuating arm 200 can be rotated in the reverse directions and returned to their original positions. When the guide pin 240 of the actuating arm 200 pushes the second end 624 of the guide slot 620 by the reverse rotation of the actuating arm 200 , the locking arm holding unit 600 is also rotated in the reverse direction. Then, the locking pin 540 of the locking arm 500 is removed from the locking depression 642 and inserted into the insert depression 640 again. Thus, the locking arm 500 is returned to its original position, at which the locking gear teeth 520 of the locking arm 500 can engage with the actuating gear teeth 220 of the actuating arm 200 . [0044] As such, in the present invention, when the table T is rotated upwards, that is, in the normal direction, from the state in which it has been retracted in the seat back S, the angle of the table T with respect to the seat back S can be adjusted in stages. When the table T is maximally rotated upwards, the locking arm 500 is moved backwards and locked, so that the table T enters the state in which it can be rotated in the reverse direction and retracted into the seat back S. After the table T is rotated in the reverse direction at a predetermined angle, the locking arm 500 is returned to its original position. As described above, because the table locking apparatus is provided on one end of the shaft 100 , to which the table T is fastened, the table T can be flush with the surface of the seat back. Furthermore, the present invention does not require a separate gas spring mechanism, thus reducing the production cost. [0045] FIGS. 8 and 9 are front views illustrating the operation of the table locking apparatus. When the guide pin 240 is disposed on the second end 624 which is the uppermost end of the guide slot 620 , the guide pin 240 pushes the stopper 740 upwards and thus supports it. In this state, when the table T, the shaft 100 and the actuating arm 200 are rotated in the normal directions, the guide pin 240 is moved downwards along the guide slot 620 , and the stopper 740 and the hook 720 are returned to their original positions. Thereafter, when the guide pin 240 pushes the first end 622 of the guide slot 620 and the locking arm holding unit 600 is thus rotated in the normal direction, the locking pin 540 is removed from the insert depression 640 and inserted into the locking depression 642 while compressing the elastic member 562 . Here, because the elastic member 562 of the locking arm 500 always biases the locking arm 500 to its original position, if the locking pin 540 is not in a state of being completely locked to the locking depression 642 , the locking arm 500 is returned to its original position by the elastic force of the elastic member 562 . Then, the locking pin 540 strikes the locking arm holding unit 600 because of the force with which the locking arm 500 is returned to its original position. Thereby, the locking arm holding unit 600 is rotated again in the reverse direction. To prevent this event, the stop protrusion 660 is provided on the upper end of the locking arm holding unit 600 . In detail, when the locking arm holding unit 600 is rotated in the normal direction, the stop protrusion 660 is hooked to the hook 720 , thus preventing the locking arm holding unit 600 from being undesirably rotated in the reverse direction. [0046] When the actuation arm 200 rotates in the reverse direction and thus pushes the stopper 740 upwards, the hook 720 is also pushed upwards and removed from the stop protrusion 660 . When the actuating arm 200 further rotates in the reverse direction until the guide pin 240 pushes the second end 624 of the guide slot 620 , the locking arm holding unit 600 is rotated in the reverse direction. The locking pin 540 is inserted into the insert depression 640 again by the reverse rotation of the locking arm holding unit 600 , and the locking arm 500 is returned to its original position. [0047] As described above, in an apparatus for locking a table of a seat back according to the present invention, the table can be locked to the seat back by a relatively simple structure without using a separate gas spring mechanism. Furthermore, the angle at which the table is locked to the seat back is adjustable. In addition, a gap between the table and the seat back when the table is retracted into the seat back is minimized, thus ensuring a good appearance, and preventing the table from interfering with knees of a passenger. [0048] For convenience in explanation and accurate definition in the appended claims, the terms “upper”, “lower”, “downward”, “forward”, and “reverse” are used to describe features of the exemplary embodiments with reference to the positions of such features as displayed in the figures. [0049] The foregoing descriptions of specific exemplary embodiments of the present invention have been presented for purposes of illustration and description. They are not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise forms disclosed, and obviously many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teachings. The exemplary embodiments were chosen and described in order to explain certain principles of the invention and their practical application, to thereby enable others skilled in the art to make and utilize various exemplary embodiments of the present invention, as well as various alternatives and modifications thereof. It is intended that the scope of the invention be defined by the Claims appended hereto and their equivalents.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to a nuclear reactor for producing energy which reactor contains seed zones and blanket zones and is cooled with pressurized water; both the zones containing fissile material of plutonium and fertile material. U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,471 discloses a pressurized water reactor designed according to the seed zone blanket zone concept, which includes subcritical blanket zones with a low concentration of fissile to fertile material and seed zones with a high concentration of fissile to fertile material. The fissile material employed is one of the elements U 235 , U 239 , Pu239, Pu 241 or a combination of isotopes that can be split with thermal neutrons. The fertile material is Th 232 or II 238 . The fertile material is Th 232 or U 238 . The attainment of a breeding rate exceeding 1 for thermal breeding with the use of plutonium obtained from light water reactors has not heretofore seemed possible to those skilled in the art, since, on the one hand, the number of fission neutrons per neutron absorbed in the fissile material (eta value η) for plutonium 239 is not high enough and, on the other hand, the simultaneously produced plutonium 240 known to be a high neutron absorber. The plutonium from light water reactors was therefore considered to be usable with good breeding ratios only in fast breeders. Breeding in thermal reactors moreover seemed possible only in the thorium cycle. This conclusion was drawn from the eta values of the conventional fission materials at 0.025 eV, which values are: 2.3 for U 233 ; 2.077 for U 235 ; and 2.109 for Pu239. Since the eta value should lie above 2 to permit breeding, the attainable range with U 235 and Pu 239 was considered to be too small. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to achieve breeding in reactors of the above-mentioned type on the uranium-plutonium cycle. The invention is based on the discovery, which was that much more surprising in view of the above observations, that in a nuclear reactor of the above-mentioned type a breeding rate of greater than 1 can be produced if, according to the present invention, fissile material is added to both zones; the plutonium composition is such as that obtained from light water power plant reactors after a normal service life and recycle, and the geometry of the fuel elements of the seed and blanket zones with respect to coolant water is selected so that an epithermal neutron spectrum is produced. Normal service life is understood to mean, for example, 35,000 MWD/to (megawatt days per ton). According to preferred embodiments of the invention, plutonium is present in the seed zones in a weight percent range of 14 to 8 and in the blanket zones in a weight percent range of 2 to 6. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIGS. 1a and 1b are curves of the eta values of vaious isotopes as a function of neutron energy, in electron volts, for two successive neutron energy ranges. FIGS. 2-7 are performance curves illustrating the operation of reactors according to the invention. FIG. 8 is a section of the complete core. FIG. 9 shows one of the unit subassemblies. FIGS. 10, 10a, 11 and 11a show the construction of the elements in the see region. DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS The starting point of the present invention is, in principle, the technical concept of the pressurized water reactor disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 3,154,471, which is trimmed and regulated by movement of fuel. Even in thermal reactors, a large portion of the neutrons which produce the fission processes lies in the epithermal energy range. FIGS. 1a and 1b show the eta values for various isotopes plotted as a function of the neutron energy in electron-volts. As can be seen, U 235 and Pu 239 exhibit. very distinct dips in the eta values just above the thermal range. Table 1 shows the eta value at 0.025 eV as well as the eta values in the thermal and epithermal ranges, for U 233 , U 235 , Pu 239 and Pu 241 . TABLE 1______________________________________ U-233 U-235 Pu-239 Pu-241______________________________________η at (0.025 eV) 2.30 2.07 2.11 2.15η.sub.th (typical PWR thermal 2.27 2.06 1.84 2.17spectrum)η.sub.epi (typical PWR epithermal 2.16 1.67 1.88 2.49spectrum)______________________________________ FIG. 1a shows extremely sharp dips for the eta value for U 235 as well as for Pu 239 in the epithermal energy range. Material that could be used for breeders can be obtained from light water nuclear power plant reactors. Such material for example, has a plutonium isotope composition of 55.23% Pu 239 , 22.10% Pu 240 , 17.68% Pu 241 and 4.97% Pu 242 . Since the fission cross section of Pu 241 is greater than that of Pu 239 , a relatively large portion of the fission processes takes place in Pu 241 . Table 1 and FIG. 1 show that the eta value for Pu 241 is quite comparable to or greater than that of U 233 . Moreover, a U/Pu system has a number of advantages compared to a thorium system with reference to breeding. Thus, the fast fission effect is more than 5 times as great in U 238 as in thorium. It is therefore not very difficult to obtain a fast fission effect of 1.10 in a dense uranium grid structure. That means that for an eta value of approximately 2.1 in plutonium-239 the effective number of neutrons released per split plutonium nucleus rises from 2.1 to 2.31 and the number of neutrons that can be utilized for breeding rises from 0.1 to 0.31. Added to the latter figure should be 0.05 captures in U 238 . Furthermore, U 238 produces more than 20% of all fission processes in the core with a fast fission effect of 1.10. The total absorption effective cross section of the plutonium fission isotopes in the epithermal range is more than twice that of U 233 . For that reason the absorption in the structure material is less relevant. Pu 239 is formed relatively quickly from U 238 , which has absorbed a neutron, while for thorium the protactinium transition has a half-life of 27.4 days. Protactinium has a relatively high effective cross section. Each absorption by protactinium is a double loss, the loss of the absorbed neutron and the loss of the U 233 that was then not formed. Fission of Pu 240 is significant since the fission effective cross section of Pu 240 is six times greater than that of U 238 . Moreover, Pu 240 has a noticeable fission effective cross section in the non-resolved resonance energy group, group 2, in which the flux is much greater than in the fast group, group 1. Groups 1, 2, 3 and 4 have energy ranges of 10 to 0.821 MeV, 821 to 5.53 keV, 5530 eV to 0.625 eV and 0.625 eV to 0 eV, respectively. The above considerations have had the result, according to the present invention, that with a significant part of Pu 240 and Pu 241 in a plutonium fission material it is possible to breed, in a light water U-Pu system, more than easily as with U 233 in a U-Th system. In a nuclear reactor of the above-mentioned type, higher initial conversion rates (ICR) are found. Tables 2 and 3 and FIGS. 2,3 and 4 will help to explain this. TABLE 2______________________________________ Seed Zone Blanket Zone______________________________________Moderator 0.5 0.3Volume/FuelMaterial Volume, ##STR1##% Pu 12 2______________________________________ ICR = 1.12 at K.sub.eff = 1 TABLE 3______________________________________ Seed Zone Blanket Zone______________________________________ ##STR2## 0.5 0.3% Pu 8 4______________________________________ ICR = 1.10 at K.sub.eff = 1 Table 2 shows an ICR of 1.12 for the same design geometry as for a reactor operating in the U-Th cycle, i.e. a light water breeder reactor. The plutonium percentages lie at 12% in the seed zone and 2% in the blanket zone. Table 3 shows that for an 8% plutonium content in the seed zone and a 4% plutonium content in the blanket zone the ICR dropped to 1.10. In both cases the value of 0.5 for the seed zone and 0.3 for the blanket zone were assumed to exist for the ratio of V M /V F . In both cases, K eff equals 1. The power production in the blanket zone is higher in the second case. FIGS. 2 and 3 show, in solid lines, the behavior of ICR and K eff values, respectively, for other compositions, e.g. a seed zone enrichment of 8, 10, 12 and 14% plutonium and a blanket zone enrichment of 2, 4 and 6% plutonium. The volume ratio of zone to zone is 1.96. FIGS. 2 and 3 show that each percent of increase in K eff brings about a 2% reduction of the ICR. FIG. 4 shows the behavior of K eff as a function of core lifetime, in full-load days, D. In the reactor employed, the seed zone is enriched to 12% plutonium with a V M /V F ratio of 0.5 and the blanket zone to 2% plutonium with a V M /V F ratio of 0.3. The radii for the seed and blanket zones are 13.90 and 22.90 cm, respectively. The average power density is 100 W/cm 3 . The ICR value is relatively independent of the radius of the seed zones. FIGS. 5 and 6 show the initial power distribution L and the flux distribution F, respectively, as functions of the radius, in cm, the transition between seed and blanket zones, being represented by a vertical line, where the seed zone has 12% Pu and V M /V F =0.5, and the blanket zone has 2% Pu and V M /V F =0.3. Optimization is obtained by improving the power distribution. Tables 4 through 6 show the initial absorption (ABS) and fission (FISS) rates in the seed and blanket zones. In the case of Table 4, the fuel radius is 0.411 cm; the thickness of the zirconium metal cladding is 0.60 mm. TABLE 4______________________________________Seed Zone Blanket ZoneNeutron Fissle FissleEnergy Mate- Metal Mate- MetalGroup rial cladding Water rial cladding Water______________________________________1 9.73 0.102 8.90-2 8.19 0.116 5.9122 16.96 0.170 1.07-4 16.82 0.267 1.05-43 65.54 1.03 7.55-2 60.73 1.84 0.1134 6.27 4.56-3 1.76-2 11.78 2.67-2 5.55-2Total 98.51 1.31 0.182 97.52 2.25 0.228______________________________________ TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________NeutronenergyRelativeGroupFlux 238 U.sub.ABS 238 U.sub.FISS 239 Pu.sub.ABS 240 Pu.sub.ABS 240 Pu.sub.FISS 241 Puphd ABS__________________________________________________________________________1 11.869 6.996-2 6.127-2 4.887-3 1.781-3 1.664-3 1.444-32 34.453 1.430-1 1.817-4 1.505-2 2.210-3 6.618-4 7.915-33 17.300 3.488-1 0 1.108-1 6.880-2 1.474-5 6.309-24 0.4287 6.068-3 0 8.538-2 7.248-3 1.176-6 1.905-2Total 5.678-1 6.145-2 2.161 8.004-2 2.342-3 9.1__________________________________________________________________________ TABLE 6__________________________________________________________________________NeutronenergyRelativeGroupFlux 238 U.sub.ABS 238 U.sub.FISS 239 Pu.sub.ABS 240 Pu.sub.ABS 240 Pu.sub.FISS 241 Pu.sub.ABS__________________________________________________________________________1 11.376 5.223-2 4.626-2 2.508-2 9.131-3 8.553-3 7.403-32 24.263 7.574-2 1.051-4 5.631-2 8.330-3 2.625-3 2.926-23 10.075 1.782-1 0 2.318-1 6.175-2 1.146-5 1.609-14 0.07434 5.411-4 0 4.674-2 5.254-3 8.541-7 1.014-2Total 3.067-1 4.636-2 3.599-1 8.446-2 1.119-2 2.077-1__________________________________________________________________________ FIG. 7 illustrates ICR as a function of fuel consumption, full-load days D. The geometry was varied to produce K eff =1. The ICR value for the total burn-up here remains above one, even up to 500 full load days. This result was obtained by extrapolation. FIG. 7 shows that after 250 full load days the excess reactivity is spent, which can be prevented, however, if the radius of the seed zones is enlarged somewhat. This would not influence the ICR value. It is clear that Pu 239 has an adverse effect on the breeding effect. The ICR value, however, grows with increasing percentage of Pu 240 and Pu 241 and thus the reactivity increases as well. If a pure Pu 240 /Pu 241 fissile material were present, the resulting ICR value could go above 1.30. This would have the following advantages: the proportion of U 238 in the fissile zone would be reduced; the fissile material inventory would be reduced; the water content of the seed zones could be increased, which would facilitate cooling; and the burn-up would be increased. An important parameter of the nuclear reactor is its void coefficient. Calculations have shown that for a light water uranium-plutonium breeder the void coefficient is highly negative, e.g. δK/K/δρ/ρ=-0.048 where ρ equals the density of water in the seed zone. This value has been derived from Table 7, below. TABLE 7______________________________________δρ/ρ K.sub.eff______________________________________0.0 1.0340.4 (10% loss of water) 1.0290.5 1.021.0 0.925______________________________________ As previously mentioned, the reactor core is composed of unit subassemblies, each containing a seed zone and blanket zone. FIG. 8 represents a section of the complete core and FIG. 9 shows one of the unit subassemblies. An essential characteristic of the design is geometry control. The core is controlled by vertically moving sections of the elements 24 in the seed region 22, which effects a change in the seed geometry to vary the number of neutrons leaking into the blanket 42. FIGS. 10 and 11 illustrate the construction of the elements in the seed region 22 to enable this "geometry control" to be effected. While the elements in the seed region are in the form of rods, as described above, the "geometry control" in FIGS. 10 and 11 is illustrated in a simplified manner in which the complete seed region is represented as an equivalent cylinder. Thus, the rods in the seed region 22 are arranged to define an inner section 50 and an outer annular section 60, one section being relatively displaceable with respect to the other in a vertical direction; in this case, the inner section 50 is vertically displaceable with respect to the outer annular section 60, as shown in FIG. 11. The inner section 50 has a center 52 of blanket material, and an outer boundary layer or region 54 of both blanket material and seed material. The outer annular section 60 has an outer layer or region 62 of blanket material, and an inner boundary layer or region 64 of both blanket material and seed uranium. As shown in FIG. 10, the seed material portions in both boundary layers 54 and 64 are of stepped unequal thicknesses and are arranged such that the vertical displacement of one section (section 50) with respect to the other (section 60) varies the effective combined thicknesses of the seed material through both layers, and thereby the degree of leakage of the neutrons from the seed material in the seed region 22 to the blanket materials in the blanket regions 32 and 42. Thus, FIG. 10 illustrates the "low leakage" position of the inner seed section 50 with respect to the outer section 60, wherein the combined thicknesses of the seed material in the two boundary layers 54, 64 is highest. FIG. 11 illustrates the "high leakage" position of these two sections, wherein the lowering of the inner movable seed section 50 has made the combined seed material thicknesses in the two boundary layers thinner and longer, thereby increasing the leakage of neutrons from the seed regions to the blanket regions, reducing core reactivity. Actually, each of the seed material region containing elements 24, as well as the blanket-material containing elements 34 and 44 in the two blanket regions, 32, 42, is made up of a plurality of rods as well known and as described in the above-cited patent. The blanket material and the seed material may easily be provided in the rods of the two boundary layers 54, 64, by building up the rods with segments of these two types of materials. The above described geometry control is preferable to the spectral shift control for several reasons: First, no heavy water is required, thereby obviating the large capital costs for providing heavy water and the many expensive plant precautions to minimize effects of leakage. In addition, this geometry control conserves neutrons for reactivity changes due to power changes, as well as to depletion. This is in contrast to the spectral shift control which requires poison control for power changes. Moreover, dilution of heavy water cannot be readily reversed, which results in waste of neutrons. It will be understood that the above description of the present invention is susceptible to various modifications, changes and adaptations, and the same are intended to be comprehended within the meaning and range of equivalents of the appended claims.

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION This application is a continuing application of PCT Application No. PCT/JP01/07954 filed on Sep. 13, 2001, designating U.S.A. and now pending. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to laser processing methods and laser processing apparatus used for cutting objects to be processed such as semiconductor material substrates, piezoelectric material substrates, and glass substrates. 2. Related Background Art One of laser applications is cutting. A optical cutting process effected by laser is as follows: For embodiment, a part to be cut in an object to be processed such as a semiconductor wafer or glass substrate is irradiated with laser light having a wavelength absorbed by the object, so that melting upon heating proceeds due to the laser light absorption from the surface to rear face of the object to be processed at the part to be cut, whereby the object to be processed is cut. However, this method also melts surroundings of the region to become the cutting part in the surface of the object to be cut. Therefore, in the case where the object to be processed is a semiconductor wafer, semiconductor devices located near the above-mentioned region among those formed in the surface of the semiconductor wafer might melt. In the specification, “wafer shape” means a shape similar to a semiconductor wafer made of silicon of which thickness is about 100 μm, for example, a thin circular shape having a orientation flat therein. Known as embodiments of methods which can prevent the surface of the object to be processed from melting are laser-based cutting methods disclosed in Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-219528 and Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-15467. In the cutting methods of these publications, the part to be cut in the object to be processed is heated with laser light, and then the object is cooled, so as to generate a thermal shock in the part to be cut in the object, whereby the object is cut. When the thermal shock generated in the object to be processed is large in the cutting methods of the above-mentioned publications, unnecessary fractures such as those deviating from lines along which the object is intended to be cut or those extending to a part not irradiated with laser may occur. Therefore, these cutting methods cannot achieve precision cutting. When the object to be processed is a semiconductor wafer, a glass substrate formed with a liquid crystal display device, or a glass substrate formed with an electrode pattern in particular, semiconductor chips, liquid crystal display devices, or electrode patterns may be damaged due to the unnecessary fractures. Also, average input energy is so high in these cutting methods that the thermal damage imparted to the semiconductor chip and the like is large. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the present invention to provide laser processing methods and laser processing apparatus which generate no unnecessary fractures in the surface of an object to be processed and do not melt the surface. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin, so as to form a modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a cutting line along which the object should be cut. If there is a certain start region in the part to be cut in the object to be processed, the object to be processed can be broken by a relatively small force so as to be cut. In the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the object to be processed is broken along the line along which the object is intended to be cut using the modified region as the starting point, whereby the object can be cut. Hence, the object to be processed can be cut with a relatively small force, whereby the object can be cut without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention locally generates multiphoton absorption within the object to be processed, thereby forming a modified region. Therefore, laser light is hardly absorbed by the surface of the object to be processed, whereby the surface of the object will not melt. Here, the light-converging point refers to the position where the laser light is converged. The line along which the object is intended to be cut may be a line actually drawn on the surface or inside of the object to be cut or a virtual line. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located there within under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point. Therefore, a phenomenon known as optical damage caused by multiphoton absorption occurs within the object to be processed. This optical damage induces thermal distortion within the object to be processed, thereby forming a crack region within the object to be processed. The crack region is an embodiment of the above-mentioned modified region, whereby the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables laser processing without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object. An embodiment of the object to be processed in this laser processing method is a member including glass. Here, the peak power density refers to the electric field intensity of pulse laser light at the light-converging point. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region including a molten processed region within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point. Therefore, the inside of the object to be processed is locally heated by multiphoton absorption. This heating forms a molten processed region within the object to be processed. The molten processed region is an embodiment of the above-mentioned modified region, whereby the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables laser processing without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object. An embodiment of the object to be processed in this laser processing method is a member including a semiconductor material. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 ns or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region including a refractive index change region which is a region with a changed refractive index within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates an object to be processed with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 ns or less at the light-converging point. When multiphoton absorption is generated within the object to be processed with a very short pulse width as in this aspect of the present invention, the energy caused by multiphoton absorption is not transformed into thermal energy, so that a permanent structural change such as ionic valence change, crystallization, or polarization orientation is induced within the object, whereby a refractive index change region is formed. This refractive index change region is an embodiment of the above-mentioned modified region, whereby the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables laser processing without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object. An embodiment of the object to be processed in this laser processing method is a member including glass. Modes employable in the foregoing laser processing methods in accordance with the present invention are as follows: Laser light emitted from a laser light source can include pulse laser light. The pulse laser light can concentrate the energy of laser spatially and temporally, whereby even a single laser light source allows the electric field intensity (peak power density) at the light-converging point of laser light to have such a magnitude that multiphoton absorption can occur. Irradiating the object to be processed with a light-converging point located therewithin can encompass a case where laser light emitted from one laser light source is converged and then the object is irradiated with thus converged laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin, for embodiment. This converges laser light, thereby allowing the electric field intensity of laser light at the light-converging point to have such a magnitude that multiphoton absorption can occur. Irradiating the object to be processed with a light-converging point located therewithin can encompass a case where the object to be processed is irradiated with respective laser light beams emitted from a plurality of laser light sources from directions different from each other with a light-converging point located therewithin. Since a plurality of laser light sources are used, this allows the electric field intensity of laser light at the light-converging point to have such a magnitude that multiphoton absorption can occur. Hence, even continuous wave laser light having an instantaneous power lower than that of pulse laser light can form a modified region. The respective laser light beams emitted from a plurality of laser light sources may enter the object to be processed from the surface thereof. A plurality of laser light sources may include a laser light source for emitting laser light entering the object to be processed from the surface thereof, and a laser light source for emitting laser light entering the object to be processed from the rear face thereof. A plurality of laser light sources may include a light source section in which laser light sources are arranged in an array along a line along which the object is intended to be cut. This can form a plurality of light-converging points along the line along which the object is intended to be cut at the same time, thus being able to improve the processing speed. The modified region is formed by moving the object to be processed relative to the light-converging point of laser light located within the object. Here, the above-mentioned relative movement forms the modified region within the object to be processed along a line along which the object is intended to be cut on the surface of the object. The method may further comprise a cutting step of cutting the object to be processed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. When the object to be processed cannot be cut in the modified region forming step, the cutting step cuts the object. The cutting step breaks the object to be processed using the modified region as a starting point, thus being able to cut the object with a relatively small force. This can cut the object to be processed without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object. Embodiments of the object to be processed are members including glass, piezoelectric material, and semiconductor material. Another embodiment of the object to be processed is a member transparent to laser light emitted. This laser processing method is also applicable to an object to be processed having a surface formed with an electronic device or electrode pattern. The electronic device refers to a semiconductor device, a display device such as liquid crystal, a piezoelectric device, or the like. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating a semiconductor material with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region within the semiconductor material along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the semiconductor material. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating a piezoelectric material with laser light with a light-converging point located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region within the piezoelectric material along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the piezoelectric material. These methods enable laser cutting without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object to be processed for the same reason as that in the laser processing methods in accordance with the foregoing aspects of the present invention. In the laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention, the object to be processed may have a surface formed with a plurality of circuit sections, while a light-converging point of laser light is located in the inside of the object to be processed facing a gap formed between adjacent circuit sections in the plurality of circuit sections. This can reliably cut the object to be processed at the position of the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention can converge laser light at an angle by which a plurality of circuit sections are not irradiated with the laser light. This can prevent the laser light from entering the circuit sections and protect the circuit sections against the laser light. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect the present invention comprises a step of irradiating a semiconductor material with laser light with a light-converging point located within the semiconductor material, so as to form a molten processed region only within the semiconductor material along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the semiconductor material. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables laser processing without generating unnecessary fractures in the surface of the object to be processed and without melting the surface due to the same reasons as mentioned above. The molten processed region may be caused by multiphoton absorption or other reasons. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light such that a light-converging point of laser light elliptically polarized with an ellipticity of other than 1 is located within the object to be processed while the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of the laser light extends along a line along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to form a modified region caused by multiphoton absorption along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention forms a modified region by irradiating the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed. The inventor has found that, when elliptically polarized laser light is used, the forming of a modified region is accelerated in the major axis direction of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization (i.e., the direction in which the deviation in polarization is strong). Therefore, when a modified region is formed by irradiating the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis direction of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, the modified region extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut can be formed efficiently. Therefore, the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can improve the processing speed of the object to be processed. Also, the laser processing method in accordance with the present invention restrains the modified region from being formed except in the direction extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, thus making it possible to cut the object to be processed precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. Here, the ellipticity refers to half the length of the minor axis/half the length of major axis of the ellipse. As the ellipticity of laser light is smaller, the forming of modified region is accelerated in the direction extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut but suppressed in the other directions. The ellipticity can be determined in view of the thickness, material, and the like of the object to be processed. Linear polarization is elliptical polarization with an ellipticity of zero. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light such that a light-converging point of laser light elliptically polarized with an ellipticity of other than 1 is located within the object to be processed while the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of the laser light extends along a line along which the object is intended to be cut under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region including a crack region along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, thus making it possible to form the modified region efficiently and cut the object precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut as in the laser processing method in accordance with the above-mentioned aspect of the present invention. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light such that a light-converging point of laser light elliptically polarized with an ellipticity of other than 1 is located within the object to be processed while the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of the laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region including a molten processed region along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, thus making it possible to form the modified region efficiently and cut the object precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut as in the laser processing method in accordance with the above-mentioned aspect of the present invention. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light such that a light-converging point of laser light elliptically polarized with an ellipticity of other than 1 is located within the object to be processed while the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of the laser light extends along a line along which the object is intended to be cut under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 ns or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region including a refractive index change region which is a region with a changed refractive index within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, thus making it possible to form the modified region efficiently and cut the object precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut as in the laser processing method in accordance with the above-mentioned aspect of the present invention. Modes employable in the laser processing methods in accordance with the foregoing aspects of the present invention are as follows: Laser light having elliptical polarization with an ellipticity of zero can be used. Linearly polarized light is obtained when the ellipticity is zero. Linearly polarized light can maximize the size of the modified region extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut and minimize the sizes in the other directions. The ellipticity of elliptically polarized light can be adjusted by the angle of direction of a quarter-wave plate. When a quarter-wave plate is used, the ellipticity can be adjusted by changing the angle of direction alone. After the step of forming the modified region, the object to be processed may be irradiated with laser light while the polarization of laser light is rotated by about 90° by a half-wave plate. Also, after the step of forming the modified region, the object to be processed may be irradiated with laser light while the object to be processed is rotated by about 90° about the thickness direction of the object to be processed. These can form another modified region extending in a direction along the surface of the object to be processed and intersecting the former modified region. Therefore, for embodiment, respective modified regions extending along lines along which the object is intended to be cut in X- and Y-axis directions can be formed efficiently. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light such that a light-converging point of laser light elliptically polarized with an ellipticity of other than 1 is located within the object to be processed while the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of the laser light extends along a line along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to cut the object to be processed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention irradiates the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed. Therefore, the object to be processed can be cut along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can cut the object to be processed by making the object absorb laser light so as to melt the object upon heating. Also, the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention may generate multiphoton absorption by irradiating the object to be processed with laser light, thereby forming a modified region within the object, and cut the object while using the modified region as a starting point. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; ellipticity adjusting means for making the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source attain elliptical polarization with an ellipticity of other than 1; major axis adjusting means for making a major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of the pulse laser light adjusted by the ellipticity adjusting means extend along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in an object to be processed; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light adjusted by the major axis adjusting means such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging point within the object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables laser cutting without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object to be processed for the same reason as that in the laser processing methods in accordance with the above-mentioned aspects of the present invention. Also, it irradiates the object to be processed with laser light such that the major axis of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser light extends along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, thus making it possible to form the modified region efficiently and cut the object precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut with the laser processing methods in accordance with the above-mentioned aspects of the present invention. Modes employable in the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the present invention are as follows: It may comprise 90° rotation adjusting means adapted to rotate the polarization of the pulse laser light adjusted by the ellipticity adjusting means by about 90°. Also, it may comprise rotating means for rotating a table for mounting the object to be processed by about 90° about a thickness direction of the object. These can make the major axis of the ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of pulse laser light extend along another line along which the object is intended to be cut which extends in a direction along a surface of the object to be processed while extending in a direction intersecting along the former line along which the object is intended to be cut. Therefore, for embodiment, respective modified regions extending along lines along which the object is intended to be cut in X- and Y-axis directions can be formed efficiently. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less and linear polarization; linear polarization adjusting means for making the direction of linear polarization of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source align with a line along which the object is intended to be cut in an object to be processed; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light adjusted by the linear polarization adjusting means such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging point within the object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables laser cutting without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object to be processed for the same reason as that in the laser processing methods in accordance with the above-mentioned aspects of the present invention. Also, as with the laser processing methods in accordance with the above-mentioned aspects of the present invention, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention makes it possible to form the modified region efficiently and cut the object precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut. (3) The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; power adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of power of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source according to an input of the magnitude of power of pulse laser light; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light adjusted by the linear polarization adjusting means such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between the magnitude of power of pulse laser adjusted by the power adjusting means and the size of modified spot; size selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light, a size of the modified spot formed at this magnitude of power from the correlation storing means; and size display means for displaying the size of modified spot chosen by the size selecting means. The inventor has found that the modified spot can be controlled so as to become smaller and larger when the power of pulse laser light is made lower and higher, respectively. The modified spot is a modified part formed by one pulse of pulse laser light, whereas an assembly of modified spots forms a modified region. Control of the modified spot size affects cutting of the object to be processed. Namely, the accuracy in cutting the object to be processed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut and the flatness of the cross section deteriorate when the modified spot is too large. When the modified spot is too small for the object to be processed having a large thickness, on the other hand, the object is hard to cut. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can control the size of modified spot by adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light. Therefore, it can cut the object to be processed precisely along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, and can obtain a flat cross section. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention also comprises correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between the magnitude of power of pulse laser adjusted by the power adjusting means and the size of modified spot. According to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light, the size of modified spot formed at this magnitude of power is chosen from the correlation storing means, and thus chosen size of modified spot is displayed. Therefore, the size of modified spot formed at the magnitude of power of pulse laser light fed into the laser processing apparatus can be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; a light-converging lens for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; numerical aperture adjusting means for adjusting the size of numerical aperture of an optical system including the light-converging lens according to an inputted size of numerical aperture; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging lens within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between the size of numerical aperture adjusted by the power adjusting means and the size of modified spot; size selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light, a size of the modified spot formed at this size of numerical aperture from the correlation storing means; and size display means for displaying the size of modified spot chosen by the size selecting means. The inventor has found that the modified spot can be controlled so as to become smaller and larger when the numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens is made greater and smaller, respectively. Thus, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can control the size of modified spot by adjusting the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention also comprises correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between the size of numerical aperture and the size of modified spot. According to an inputted size of numerical aperture, the size of modified spot formed at this magnitude of power is chosen from the correlation storing means, and thus chosen size of modified spot is displayed. Therefore, the size of modified spot formed at the size of numerical aperture fed into the laser processing apparatus can be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; and lens selecting means including a plurality of light-converging lenses for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point, the lens selecting means being adapted to select among a plurality of light-converging lenses, a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses having respective numerical apertures different from each other; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by a light-converging lens chosen by the lens selecting means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between sizes of numerical apertures of a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses and the size of modified spot; size selecting means for choosing, according to a size of numerical aperture of an optical system including a chosen light-converging lens, a size of the modified spot formed at this size of numerical aperture from the correlation storing means; and size display means for displaying the size of modified spot chosen by the size selecting means. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with the present invention can control the size of modified spot. Also, the size of modified spot formed at the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the chosen light-converging lens can be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; power adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source according to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light; a light-converging lens for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; numerical aperture adjusting means for adjusting the size of numerical aperture of an optical system including the light-converging lens according to an inputted size of numerical aperture; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging lens within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between a set of the magnitude of power of pulse laser light adjusted by the power adjusting means and the size of numerical aperture adjusted by the numerical aperture adjusting means and the size of modified spot; size selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light and an inputted size of numerical aperture, a size of the modified spot formed at thus inputted magnitude and size; and size display means for displaying the size of modified spot chosen by the size selecting means. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can combine power adjustment with numerical aperture adjustment, thus being able to increase the number of kinds of controllable dimensions of modified spots. Also, for the same reason as that of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the present invention, the size of modified spot can be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; power adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source according to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light; lens selecting means including a plurality of light-converging lenses for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point, the lens selecting means being adapted to select among a plurality of light-converging lenses, a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses having respective numerical apertures different from each other; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by a light-converging lens chosen by the lens selecting means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between a set of the magnitude of power of pulse laser light adjusted by the power adjusting means and sizes of numerical apertures of a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses and the size of modified spot; size selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted magnitude of power of pulse laser light and an inputted size of numerical aperture, a size of the modified spot formed at thus inputted magnitude and size; and size display means for displaying the size of modified spot chosen by the size selecting means. For the same reason as that of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the above-mentioned aspect of the present invention, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can increase the number of kinds of controllable dimensions of modified spots and can see the size of modified spots before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus explained in the foregoing may comprise image preparing means for preparing an image of modified spot having the size selected by the size selecting means, and image display means for displaying the image prepared by the image preparing means. This allows the formed modified spot to be grasped visually before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; power adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/Cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between the magnitude of power of pulse laser light adjusted by the power adjusting means and the size of modified spot; power selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted size of modified spot, a magnitude of power of pulse laser light adapted to form this size from the correlation storing means; the power adjusting means adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the magnitude of power chosen by the power selecting means is attained. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention comprises correlation storing means having stored therein the magnitude of power of pulse laser light and the size of modified spot. According to an inputted size of the modified spot, the magnitude of power of pulse laser light adapted to form this size is chosen from the correlation storing means. The power adjusting means adjusts the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source so as to make it become the magnitude of power chosen by the power selecting means. Therefore, a modified spot having a desirable size can be formed. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; a light-converging lens for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; numerical aperture adjusting means for adjusting the size of numerical aperture of an optical system including the light-converging lens according to an inputted size of numerical aperture; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging lens within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between the size of numerical aperture adjusted by the numerical aperture adjusting means and the size of modified spot; and numerical aperture selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted size of modified spot, the size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size; the numerical aperture adjusting means adjusting the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens such that the size of numerical aperture chosen by the numerical aperture selecting means is attained. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention comprises correlation storing means having stored therein the size of numerical aperture and the size of modified spot. According to an inputted size of modified spot, the size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size is chosen from the correlation storing means. The numerical aperture adjusting means adjusts the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens such that the size of numerical aperture chosen by the numerical aperture selecting means is attained. Therefore, modified spots having a desirable size can be formed. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; lens selecting means including a plurality of light-converging lenses for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point, the lens selecting means being adapted to select among a plurality of light-converging lenses, a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses having respective numerical apertures different from each other; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by a light-converging lens chosen by the lens selecting means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between sizes of numerical apertures of a plurality of light-converging lenses and the size of modified spot; and numerical aperture selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted size of modified spot, a size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size; the lens selecting means selecting among a plurality of light-converging lenses such that the size of numerical aperture chosen by the numerical aperture selecting means is attained. According to an inputted size of modified spot, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention chooses the size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size. The lens selecting means selects among a plurality of light-converging lenses such that the size of numerical aperture chosen by the numerical aperture selecting means is attained. Therefore, modified spots having a desirable spots can be formed. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; power adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source; a light-converging lens for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; numerical aperture adjusting means for adjusting the size of numerical aperture of an optical system including the light-converging lens; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging lens within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between a set of the magnitude of power of pulse laser light adjusted by the power adjusting means and the size of numerical aperture adjusted by the numerical aperture adjusting means and the size of modified spot; and set selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted size of modified spot, a set of the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture adapted to form this size; the power adjusting means and numerical aperture adjusting means adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source and the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens such that the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture chosen by the set selecting means are attained. According to an inputted size of modified spot, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention chooses a combination of the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size from the correlation storing means. Then, it adjusts the magnitude of power of pulse laser light and the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens so as to attain the chosen magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture. Therefore, modified spots having a desirable size can be formed. Also, since the magnitude of power and the size of numerical aperture are combined together, the number of kinds of controllable dimensions of modified spots can be increased. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; power adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source; lens selecting means including a plurality of light-converging lenses for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point, the lens selecting means being adapted to select among a plurality of light-converging lenses, a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses having respective numerical apertures different from each other; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by a light-converging lens chosen by the lens selecting means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; the laser processing apparatus further comprising correlation storing means having stored therein a correlation between a set of the magnitude of power of pulse laser light adjusted by the power adjusting means and sizes of numerical apertures of a plurality of optical systems including the light-converging lenses and the size of modified spot; and set selecting means for choosing, according to an inputted size of modified spot, a set of the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size from the correlation storing means; the power adjusting means and lens selecting means adjusting the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source and selecting among a plurality of light-converging lenses so as to attain the power and size of numerical aperture chosen by the set selecting means. According to an inputted size of modified spot, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention chooses a combination of the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture adapted to form thus inputted size from the correlation storing means. It adjusts the magnitude of power of pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source and selects among a plurality of light-converging lenses so as to attain the chosen magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture, respectively. Therefore, modified spots having a desirable size can be formed. Also, since the magnitude of power and the size of numerical aperture are combined together, the number of kinds of controllable dimensions of modified spots can be increased. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention may further comprise display means for displaying the magnitude of power chosen by the power selecting means, display means for displaying the size of numerical aperture chosen by the numerical aperture selecting means, and display means for displaying the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture of the set chosen by the set selecting means. This makes it possible to see the power and numerical aperture when the laser processing apparatus operates according to an inputted size of modified spot. The laser processing apparatus can form a plurality of modified spots along a line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. These modified spots define a modified region. The modified region includes at least one of a crack region where a crack is generated within the object to be processed, a molten processed region which is melted within the object to be processed, and a refractive index change region where refractive index is changed within the object to be processed. An embodiment of modes of power adjusting means is one including at least one of an ND filter and a polarization filter. In another mode, the laser light source includes a pumping laser whereas the laser processing apparatus comprises driving current controlling means for controlling the driving current of the pumping laser. These can adjust the magnitude of power of pulse laser light. An embodiment of modes of numerical aperture adjusting means includes at least one of a beam expander and an iris diaphragm. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a first step of irradiating an object to be processed with pulse laser light while locating a light-converging point of the pulse laser light within the object, so as to form a first modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a first line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object; and a second step of irradiating the object with pulse laser light while making the pulse laser light attain a power higher or lower than that in the first step and locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light within the object, so as to form a second modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a second line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a first step of irradiating an object to be processed with pulse laser light while locating a light-converging point of the pulse laser light within the object, so as to form a first modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a first line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object; and a second step of irradiating the object with pulse laser light while making an optical system including a light-converging lens for converging the pulse laser light attain a numerical aperture greater or smaller than that in the first step and locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light within the object, so as to form a second modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a second line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. When respective directions which are easy to cut and hard to cut exist due to the crystal orientation, for embodiment, the laser processing methods in accordance with these aspects of the present invention decreases the size of modified spot constituting a modified region formed in the easy-to-cut direction and increases the size of modified spot constituting another modified region formed in the hard-to-cut direction. This can attain a flat cross section in the easy-to-cut direction and enables cutting in the hard-to-cut direction as well. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; frequency adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of a repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source according to an inputted magnitude of frequency; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; and wherein a plurality of modified spots are formed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with a plurality of pulses of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object and relatively moving the light-converging point along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; the laser processing apparatus further comprising distance calculating means for calculating a distance between modified spots adjacent each other according to an inputted magnitude of frequency; and distance display means for displaying the distance calculated by the distance calculating means. The inventor has found that, when the light-converging point of pulse laser light has a fixed relative moving speed, the distance between a modified part (referred to as modified spot) formed by one pulse of pulse laser light and a modified spot formed by the next one pulse of laser light can be made, greater by lowering the repetition frequency. It has been found that, by contrast, the distance can be made shorter by increasing the repetition frequency of pulse laser light. In the present specification, this distance is expressed as the distance or pitch between adjacent modified spots. Therefore, the distance between the adjacent modified spots can be controlled by carrying out adjustment for increasing or decreasing the repetition frequency of pulse laser light. Changing the distance according to the kind, thickness, and the like of the object to be processed enables cutting in conformity to the object to be processed. Forming a plurality of modified spots along a line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed defines a modified region. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention calculates the distance between adjacent modified spots according to the inputted magnitude of frequency, and displays thus calculated distance. Therefore, with respect to modified spots formed according to the magnitude of frequency fed into the laser processing apparatus, the distance between adjacent spots can be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; and speed adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means according to an inputted magnitude of speed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; and wherein a plurality of modified spots are formed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with a plurality of pulses of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object and relatively moving the light-converging point along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; the laser processing apparatus further comprising distance calculating means for calculating a distance between modified spots adjacent each other according to an inputted magnitude of speed; and distance display means for displaying the distance calculated by the distance calculating means. The inventor has found that, when the light-converging point of pulse laser light has a fixed relative moving speed, the distance between adjacent modified spots can be made shorter and longer by decreasing and increasing the relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light, respectively. Therefore, the distance between adjacent modified spots can be controlled by increasing or decreasing the relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light. As a consequence, a cutting process suitable for an object to be processed is possible by changing the distance according to the kind, thickness, and the like of the object to be processed. The relative movement of the light-converging point of pulse laser light may be achieved by moving the object to be processed while fixing the light-converging point of pulse laser light, by moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light while fixing the object to be processed, or by moving both. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention calculates the distance between adjacent modified spots according to the inputted magnitude of speed, and displays thus calculated distance. Therefore, with respect to modified spots formed according to the magnitude of speed fed into the laser processing apparatus, the distance between adjacent spots can be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; frequency adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of a repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source according to an inputted magnitude of frequency; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; and speed adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means according to an inputted magnitude of speed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; and wherein a plurality of modified spots are formed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with a plurality of pulses of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object and relatively moving the light-converging point along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; the laser processing apparatus further comprising distance calculating means for calculating a distance between modified spots adjacent each other according to inputted magnitudes of frequency and speed; and distance display means for displaying the distance calculated by the distance calculating means. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention adjusts both the magnitude of a repetition frequency of pulse laser light and the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point, thereby being able to control the distance between adjacent modified spots. Combining these adjustments makes it possible to increase the number of kinds of controllable dimensions concerning the distance. Also, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention allows the distance between adjacent modified spots to be seen before laser processing. These laser processing apparatus may further comprise size storing means having stored therein the size of a modified spot formed by the laser processing apparatus; image preparing means for preparing an image of a plurality of modified spots formed along a line along which the object is intended to be cut according to the size stored in the size storing means and the distance calculated by the distance calculating means; and image display means for displaying the image prepared by the image preparing means. This allows a plurality of modified spots, i.e., modified region, to be grasped visually before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; frequency adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of a repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source according to an inputted magnitude of frequency; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; and wherein a plurality of modified spots are formed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with a plurality of pulses of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object and relatively moving the light-converging point along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; the laser processing apparatus further comprising frequency calculating means for calculating, according to an inputted magnitude of distance between modified spots adjacent each other, the magnitude of repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source so as to attain thus inputted magnitude of distance between the modified spots adjacent each other; the frequency adjusting means adjusting the magnitude of repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the magnitude of frequency calculated by the frequency calculating means is attained. According to an inputted magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention calculates the magnitude of a repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that this magnitude of distance is attained between the adjacent modified spots. The frequency adjusting means adjusts the magnitude of repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the magnitude of frequency calculated by the frequency calculating means is attained. Therefore, a desirable magnitude of distance can be attained between adjacent modified spots. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention may further comprise frequency display means for displaying the magnitude of frequency calculated by the frequency calculating means. When operating the laser processing apparatus according to the inputted magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots, this allows the frequency to be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to, be cut in the object to be processed; and speed adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point caused by the moving means; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; and wherein a plurality of modified spots are formed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with a plurality of pulses of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object and relatively moving the light-converging point along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; the laser processing apparatus further comprising speed calculating means for calculating, according to an inputted magnitude of distance between modified spots adjacent each other, the magnitude of relative moving speed of the pulse laser light so as to attain thus inputted magnitude of distance between the modified spots adjacent each other; the speed adjusting means adjusting the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means such that the magnitude of relative moving speed calculated by the speed calculating means is attained. According to an inputted magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention calculates the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means. The speed adjusting means adjusts the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means such that the magnitude of relative moving speed calculated by the frequency calculating means is attained. Therefore, a desirable magnitude of distance can be attained between adjacent modified spots. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention may further comprise speed display means for displaying the magnitude of relative moving speed calculated by the speed calculating means. When operating the laser processing apparatus according to the inputted magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots, this allows the relative moving speed to be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; frequency adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of a repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within an object to be processed; moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed; and speed adjusting means for adjusting the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point caused by the moving means; wherein one modified spot is formed within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with one pulse of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object; and wherein a plurality of modified spots are formed along the line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed by irradiating the object to be processed with a plurality of pulses of pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point within the object and relatively moving the light-converging point along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; the laser processing apparatus further comprising combination calculating means for calculating, according to an inputted magnitude of distance between modified spots adjacent each other, a combination of the magnitude of repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source and the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means so as to attain thus inputted magnitude of distance between the modified spots adjacent each other; the frequency adjusting means adjusting the magnitude of repetition frequency of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the magnitude of frequency calculated by the combination calculating means is attained; the speed adjusting means adjusting the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light caused by the moving means such that the magnitude of relative moving speed calculated by the combination calculating means is attained. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with this aspect of the present invention calculates, according to an inputted magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots, a combination of the magnitude of repetition frequency of pulse laser light and the relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light such that thus inputted magnitude of distance is attained between the adjacent modified spots. The frequency adjusting means and speed adjusting means adjust the magnitude of repetition frequency and the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light so as to attain the values of calculated combination. Therefore, a desirable magnitude of distance can be attained between adjacent modified spots. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with the present invention may comprise display means for displaying the magnitude of frequency and magnitude of relative moving speed calculated by the combination calculating means. When operating the laser processing apparatus according to the inputted magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots, this allows the combination of frequency and relative moving speed to be seen before laser processing. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with all the foregoing aspects of the present invention can form a plurality of modified spots along a line along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. These modified spots define a modified region. The modified region includes at least one of a crack region where a crack is generated within the object to be processed, a molten processed region which is melted within the object to be processed, and a refractive index change region where refractive index is changed within the object to be processed. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with all the foregoing aspects of the present invention can adjust the distance between adjacent modified spots, thereby being able to form a modified region continuously or discontinuously along a line along which the object is intended to be cut. Forming the modified region continuously makes it easier to cut the object to be processed while using the modified region as compared with the case where it is not formed continuously. When the modified region is formed discontinuously, the modified region is discontinuous along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby the part of the line along which the object is intended to be cut keeps a strength to a certain extent. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light while locating a light-converging point of laser light within the object to be processed, so as to form a modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object, and changing the position of the light-converging point of laser light in the direction of incidence of the laser light irradiating the object to be processed with respect to the object to be processed, so as to form a plurality of modified regions aligning with each other along the direction of incidence. By changing the position of the light-converging point of laser light irradiating the object to be processed in the direction of incidence with respect to the object to be processed, the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention forms a plurality of modified regions aligning with each other along the direction of incidence. This can increase the number of positions to become starting points when cutting the object to be processed. Therefore, the object to be processed can be cut even in the case where the object to be processed has a relatively large thickness and the like. Embodiments of the direction of incidence include the thickness direction of the object to be processed and directions orthogonal to the thickness direction. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light while locating a light-converging point of laser light within the object to be processed, so as to form a modified region within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object, and changing the position of the light-converging point of laser light in the direction of incidence of the laser light irradiating the object to be processed with respect to the object to be processed, so as to form a plurality of modified regions aligning with each other along the direction of incidence. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light while locating a light-converging point of laser light within the object to be processed under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, so as to form a modified region within the object to be processed along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object, and changing the position of the light-converging point of laser light in the direction of incidence of the laser light irradiating the object to be processed with respect to the object to be processed, so as to form a plurality of modified regions aligning with each other along the direction of incidence. For the same reason as that in the laser processing methods in accordance with the foregoing aspects of the present invention, the laser processing methods in accordance with these aspects of the present invention enable laser cutting without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object to be processed, and can increase the number of positions to become starting points when cutting the object to be processed. The modified region may be caused by multiphoton absorption or other reasons. The laser processing methods in accordance with these aspects of the present invention include the following modes: A plurality of modified regions may be formed successively from the side farther from an entrance face of the object to be processed on which laser light irradiating the object to be processed is incident. This can form a plurality of modified regions while in a state where no modified region exists between the entrance face and the light-converging point of laser light. Therefore, the laser light will not be scattered by modified regions which have already been formed, whereby each modified region can be formed uniformly. The modified region includes at least one of a crack region where a crack is generated within the object to be processed, a molten processed region which is melted within the object to be processed, and a refractive index change region where refractive index is changed within the object to be processed. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a step of irradiating an object to be processed with laser light while locating a light-converging point of laser light within the object to be processed through a light entrance face of the laser light with respect to the object to be processed and locating the light-converging point at a position closer to or farther from the entrance face than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object to be processed, so as to form a modified region within the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object. In the laser processing method in accordance with the present invention, the modified region is formed on the entrance face (e.g., surface) and on the side of the face (e.g., rear face) opposing the entrance face within the object to be processed within the object to be processed when the light-converging point of laser light is located at a position closer to and farther from the entrance face than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction, respectively. When a fracture extending along a line along which the object is intended to be cut is generated on the surface or rear face of an object to be processed, the object can be cut easily. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can form a modified region on the surface or rear face side within the object to be processed. This can make it easier to form the surface or rear face with a fracture extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby the object to be processed can be cut easily. As a result, the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention enables efficient cutting. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention may be configured such that the entrance face is formed with at least one of an electronic device and an electrode pattern, whereas the light-converging point of laser light irradiating the object to be processed is located at a position closer to the entrance face than is the half thickness position in the thickness direction. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention grows a crack from the modified region toward the entrance face (e.g., surface) and its opposing face (e.g., rear face), thereby cutting the object to be processed. When the modified region is formed on the entrance face side, the distance between the modified region and the entrance face is relatively short, so that the deviation in the growth direction of crack can be made smaller. Therefore, when the entrance face of the object to be processed is formed with an electronic device or an electrode pattern, cutting is possible without damaging the electronic device or the like. The electronic device refers to a semiconductor device, a display device such as liquid crystal, a piezoelectric device, or the like. The laser processing method in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a first step of irradiating an object to be processed with pulse laser light while locating a light-converging point of the pulse laser light within the object, so as to form a first modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within the object along a first line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object; and a second step of irradiating, after the first step, the object with pulse laser light while locating the light-converging point of laser light at a position different from the light-converging point of laser light in the first step in the thickness direction of the object to be processed within the object, so as to form a second modified region caused by multiphoton absorption extending along a second line along which the object is intended to be cut and three-dimensionally crossing the first modified region within the object. In a cutting process in which cross-sections of an object to be processed cross each other, a modified region and another modified region are not superposed on each other at a location to become the crossing position between the cross sections in the laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, whereby the cutting precision at the crossing position can be prevented from deteriorating. This enables cutting with a high precision. The laser processing method in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can form the second modified region closer to the entrance face of the object to be processed with respect to the laser light than is the first modified region. This keeps the laser light irradiated at the time of forming the second modified region at the location to become the crossing position from being scattered by the first modified region, whereby the second modified region can be formed uniformly. The laser processing methods in accordance with the foregoing aspects of the present invention explained in the foregoing have the following modes: When the object to be processed is irradiated with laser light under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, a modified region including a crack region can be formed within the object to be processed. This generates a phenomenon of an optical damage caused by multiphoton absorption within the object to be processed. This optical damage induces a thermal distortion within the object to be processed, thereby forming a crack region within the object to be processed. This crack region is an embodiment of the above-mentioned modified region. An embodiment of the object to be processed in this laser processing method is a member including glass. The peak power density refers to the electric field intensity of pulse laser light at the light-converging point. When the object to be processed is irradiated with laser light under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point, a modified region including a molten processed region can be formed within the object to be processed. Here, the inside of the object to be processed is locally heated by multiphoton absorption. This heating forms a molten processed region within the object to be processed. This molten processed region is an embodiment of the above-mentioned modified region. An embodiment of the object to be processed in this laser processing method is a member including a semiconductor material. When the object to be processed is irradiated with laser light under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 ns or less at the light-converging point, a modified region including a refractive index change region which is a region with a changed refractive index can also be formed within the object to be processed. When multiphoton absorption is generated within the object to be processed with a very short pulse width as such, the energy caused by multiphoton absorption is not transformed into thermal energy, so that a permanent structural change such as ionic valence change, crystallization, or polarization orientation is induced within the object, whereby a refractive index change region is formed. This refractive index change region is an embodiment of the above-mentioned modified region. An embodiment of the object to be processed in this laser processing method is a member including glass. Adjustment of the position of the light-converging point of laser light irradiating the object to be processed in the thickness direction can include a first calculating step of defining a desirable position in the thickness direction of the light-converging point of laser light irradiating the object to be processed as a distance from the entrance face to the inside and dividing the distance by the refractive index of the object to be processed with respect to the laser light irradiating the object, so as to calculate data of a first relative movement amount of the object in the thickness direction; a second calculating step of calculating data of a second relative movement amount of the object in the thickness direction required for positioning the light-converging point of laser light irradiating the object to be processed at the entrance face; a first moving step of relatively moving the object in the thickness direction according to the data of second relative movement amount; and a second moving step of relatively moving the object in the thickness direction according to the data of first relative movement amount after the first moving step. This adjusts the position of the light-converging point of laser light in the thickness direction of the object to be processed at a predetermined position within the object. Namely, with reference to the entrance face, the product of the relative movement amount of the object to be processed in the thickness direction of the object and the refractive index of the object with respect to the laser light irradiating the object becomes the distance from the entrance face to the light-converging point of laser light. Therefore, when the object to be processed is moved by the relative movement amount obtained by dividing the distance from the entrance to the inside of the object by the above-mentioned refractive index, the light-converging point of laser light can be aligned with a desirable position in the thickness direction of the object. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; first moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point converged by the light-converging means along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in an object to be processed; storing means for storing data of a first relative movement amount of the object to be processed in the thickness direction for locating the light-converging position of pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means at a desirable position within the object to be processed, the data of first relative movement amount being obtained by defining the desirable position as a distance from the entrance face where the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source enters the object to be processed to the inside thereof and dividing the distance by the refractive index of the object to be processed with respect to the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source; calculating means for calculating data of a second relative movement amount of the object to be processed in the thickness direction required for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means at the entrance face; and second moving means for relatively moving the object to be processed in the thickness direction according to the data of first relative movement amount stored by the storage means and the data of second relative movement amount calculated by the calculating means. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source for emitting pulse laser light having a pulse width of 1 μs or less; light-converging means for converging the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source such that the pulse laser light attains a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) at a light-converging point; means for locating the light-converging point of the pulse laser light emitted from the laser light source within an object to be processed; means for adjusting the position of the pulse laser light converged by the light-converging means within the thickness of the object to be processed; and moving means for relatively moving the light-converging point of pulse laser light along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed. For the same reason as that in the laser processing methods in accordance with the above-mentioned aspects of the present invention, the laser processing apparatus in accordance with these aspects of the present invention enable laser processing without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface of the object to be processed, and laser processing in which the position of the light-converging point of pulse laser light is regulated in the thickness direction of the object to be processed within the object. The present invention will be more fully understood from the detailed description given hereinbelow and the accompanying drawings, which are given by way of illustration only and are not to be considered as limiting the present invention. Further scope of applicability of the present invention will become apparent from the detailed description given hereinafter. However, it should be understood that the detailed description and specific embodiments, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only, since various changes and modifications within the spirit and scope of the invention will be apparent to those skilled in the art from this detailed description. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a plan view of an object to be processed during laser processing by the laser processing method in accordance with an embodiment; FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 1 taken along the line II—II; FIG. 3 is a plan view of the object to be processed after laser processing effected by the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 3 taken along the line IV—IV; FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 3 taken along the line V—V; FIG. 6 is a plan view of the object to be processed cut by the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 7 is a graph showing relationships between the electric field intensity and the magnitude of crack in the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 8 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in a first step of the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 9 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in a second step of the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 10 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in a third step of the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 11 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in a fourth step of the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 12 is a view shoring a photograph of a cross section in a part of a silicon wafer cut by the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 13 is a graph showing relationships between the laser light wavelength and the transmittance within a silicon substrate in the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a laser processing apparatus usable in the laser processing method in accordance with a first embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 15 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 16 is a plan view of an object to be processed for explaining a pattern which can be cut by the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 17 is a schematic view for explaining the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment of the embodiment with a plurality of laser light sources; FIG. 18 is a schematic view for explaining another laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment of the embodiment with a plurality of laser light sources; FIG. 19 is a schematic plan view showing a piezoelectric device wafer in a state held by a wafer sheet in the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 20 is a schematic sectional view showing a piezoelectric device wafer in a state held by the wafer sheet in the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 21 is a flowchart for explaining the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 22 is a sectional view of a light-transmitting material irradiated with laser light by the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 23 is a plan view of the light-transmitting material irradiated with laser light by the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 24 is a sectional view of the light-transmitting material shown in FIG. 23 taken along the line XXIV—XXIV; FIG. 25 is a sectional view of the light-transmitting material shown in FIG. 23 taken along the line XXV—XXV; FIG. 26 is a sectional view of the light-transmitting material shown in FIG. 23 taken along the line XXV—XXV when the light-converging point moving speed is made lower; FIG. 27 is a sectional view of the light-transmitting material shown in FIG. 23 taken along the line XXV—XXV when the light-converging point moving speed is made further lower; FIG. 28 is a sectional view of a piezoelectric device wafer or the like showing a first step of the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 29 is a sectional view of the piezoelectric device wafer or the like showing a second step of the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 30 is a sectional view of the piezoelectric device wafer or the like showing a third step of the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 31 is a sectional view of the piezoelectric device wafer or the like showing a fourth step of the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 32 is a sectional view of the piezoelectric device wafer or the like showing a fifth step of the cutting method in accordance with the second embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 33 is a view showing a photograph of a plane of a sample within which a crack region is formed upon irradiation with linearly polarized pulse laser light; FIG. 34 is a view showing a photograph of a plane of a sample within which a crack region is formed upon irradiation with circularly polarized pulse laser light; FIG. 35 is a sectional view of the sample shown in FIG. 33 taken along the line XXXV—XXXV; FIG. 36 is a sectional view of the sample shown in FIG. 34 taken along the line XXXVI—XXXVI; FIG. 37 is a plan view of the part of object to be processed extending along a line along which the object is intended to be cut, in which a crack region is formed by the laser processing method in accordance with a third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 38 is a plan view of the part of object to be processed extending along a line along which the object is intended to be cut, in which a crack region is formed by a comparative laser processing method; FIG. 39 is a view showing elliptically polarized laser light in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment, and a crack region formed thereby; FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 41 is a perspective view of a quarter-wave plate included in an ellipticity regulator in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 42 is a perspective view of a half-wave plate included in a 90° rotation regulator part in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 43 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 44 is a plan view of a silicon wafer irradiated with elliptically polarized laser light by the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 45 is a plan view of a silicon wafer irradiated with linearly polarized laser light by the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 46 is a plan view of a silicon wafer in which the silicon wafer shown in FIG. 44 is irradiated with elliptically polarized laser light by the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 47 is a plan view of a silicon wafer in which the silicon wafer shown in FIG. 45 is irradiated with linearly polarized laser light by the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 48 is a schematic diagram of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with a fourth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 49 is a plan view of a silicon wafer in which the silicon wafer shown in FIG. 44 is irradiated with elliptically polarized laser light by the laser processing method in accordance with the fourth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 50 is a plan view of the object to be processed in the case where a crack spot is formed relatively large by using the laser processing method in accordance with a fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 51 is a sectional view taken along LI—LI on the line along which the object is intended to be cut shown in FIG. 50 ; FIG. 52 is a sectional view taken along LII—LII orthogonal to the line along which the object is intended to be cut shown in FIG. 50 ; FIG. 53 is a sectional view taken along LIII—LIII orthogonal to the line along which the object is intended to be cut shown in FIG. 50 ; FIG. 54 is a sectional view taken along LIV—LIV orthogonal to the line along which the object is intended to be cut shown in FIG. 50 ; FIG. 55 is a plan view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 50 cut along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; FIG. 56 is a sectional view of the object to be processed taken along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the case where a crack spot is formed relatively small by using the laser processing method in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 57 is a plan view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 56 cut along the line along which the object is intended to be cut; FIG. 58 is a sectional view of the object to be processed showing a state where pulse laser light is converged within the object by using a light-converging lens having a predetermined numerical aperture; FIG. 59 is a sectional view of the object to be processed including a crack spot formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with laser light shown in FIG. 58 ; FIG. 60 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in the case where a light-converging lens having a numerical aperture greater than that of the embodiment shown in FIG. 58 is used; FIG. 61 is a sectional view of the object to be processed including a crack spot formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with laser light shown in FIG. 60 ; FIG. 62 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in the case where pulse laser light having a power lower than that of the embodiment shown in FIG. 58 is used; FIG. 63 is a sectional view of the object to be processed including a crack spot formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with laser light shown in FIG. 62 ; FIG. 64 is a sectional view of the object to be processed in the case where pulse laser light having a power lower than that of the embodiment shown in FIG. 60 is used; FIG. 65 is a sectional view of the object to be processed including a crack spot formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with laser light shown in FIG. 64 ; FIG. 66 is a sectional view taken along LXVI—LXVI orthogonal to the line along which the object is intended to be cut shown in FIG. 57 ; FIG. 67 is a schematic diagram showing the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 68 is a block diagram showing a part of an embodiment of overall controller provided in the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 69 is a view showing an embodiment of table of a correlation storing section included in the overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 70 is a view showing another embodiment of the table of the correlation storing section included in the overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 71 is a view showing still another embodiment of the table of the correlation storing section included in the overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 72 is a schematic diagram of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with a sixth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 73 is a view showing the convergence of laser light caused by a light-converging lens in the case where no beam expander is disposed; FIG. 74 is a view showing the convergence of laser light caused by the light-converging lens in the case where a beam expander is disposed; FIG. 75 is a schematic diagram of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with a seventh embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 76 is a view showing the convergence of laser light caused by the light-converging lens in the case where no iris diaphragm is disposed; FIG. 77 is a view showing the convergence of laser light caused by the light-converging lens in the case where an iris diaphragm is disposed; FIG. 78 is a block diagram showing an embodiment of overall controller provided in a modified embodiment of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 79 is a block diagram of another embodiment of overall controller provided in the modified embodiment of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 80 is a block diagram of still another embodiment of overall controller provided in the modified embodiment of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the embodiment; FIG. 81 is a plan view of an embodiment of the part of object to be processed extending along a line along which the object is intended to be cut, in which a crack region is formed by the laser processing method in accordance with an eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 82 is a plan view of another embodiment of the part of object to be processed extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, in which a crack region is formed by the laser processing method in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 83 is a plan view of still another embodiment of the part of object to be processed extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, in which a crack region is formed by the laser processing method in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 84 is a schematic diagram of a Q-switch laser provided in a laser light source of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 85 is a block diagram showing a part of an embodiment of overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 86 is a block diagram showing a part of another embodiment of overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 87 is a block diagram showing a part of still another embodiment of overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 88 is a block diagram showing a part of still another embodiment of overall controller of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 89 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the object to be processed within which a crack region is formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with a ninth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 90 is a perspective view of the object to be processed formed with a crack extending from the crack region shown in FIG. 89 ; FIG. 91 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the object to be processed within which a crack region is formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with the ninth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 92 is a perspective view of still another embodiment of the object to be processed within which a crack region is formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with the ninth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 93 is a view showing the state where a light-converging point of laser light is positioned on the surface of the object to be processed; FIG. 94 is a view showing the state where a light-converging point of laser light is positioned within the object to be processed; FIG. 95 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method in accordance with the ninth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 96 is a perspective view of an embodiment of the object to be processed within which a crack region is formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with a tenth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 97 is a partly sectional view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 96 ; FIG. 98 is a perspective view of another embodiment of the object to be processed within which a crack region is formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with the tenth embodiment of the embodiment; FIG. 99 is a partly sectional view of the object to be processed shown in FIG. 98 ; and FIG. 100 is a perspective view of still another embodiment of the object to be processed within which a crack region is formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with the tenth embodiment of the embodiment. FIG. 101 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method in accordance with the eleventh embodiment of the present invention; FIG. 102 is a sectional view of the object including a crack region during laser processing in the modified region forming step in accordance with the eleventh and twelfth embodiments. FIG. 103 is a sectional view of the object including a crack region during laser processing in the stress step in accordance with the eleventh embodiment. FIG. 104 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method in accordance with the twelfth embodiment of the present invention. FIG. 105 is a sectional view of the object including a crack region during laser processing in the stress step in accordance with the twelfth embodiment. FIG. 106 shows an film expansion apparatus used in the thirteenth embodiments. FIG. 107 is for explanation of the expansion status of the adhesive and expansive sheet in the thirteenth embodiment. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT In the following, a preferred embodiment of the present invention will be explained with reference to the drawings. The laser processing method and laser processing apparatus of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention is embodiment form a modified region by multiphoton absorption. The multiphoton absorption is a phenomenon occurring when the intensity of laser light is made very high. First, the multiphoton absorption will be explained in brief. A material becomes optically transparent when the energy hv of a photon is lower than the band gap E G of absorption of the material. Therefore, the condition under which absorption occurs in the material is hv>E G . Even when optically transparent, however, absorption occurs in the material under the condition of nhv>E G (n=2, 3, 4, . . . ) when the intensity of laser light is made very high. This phenomenon is known as multiphoton absorption. In the case of pulse wave, the intensity of laser light is determined by the peak power density (W/cm 2 ) of laser light at the light-converging point, whereas the multiphoton absorption occurs under the condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ), for embodiment. The peak power density is determined by (energy of laser light at the light-converging point per pulse)/(beam spot cross-sectional area of laser light × pulse width). In the case of a continuous wave, the intensity of laser light is determined by the electric field intensity (W/cm 2 ) of laser light at the light-converging point. The principle of laser processing in accordance with the embodiment utilizing such multiphoton absorption will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 1 to 6 . FIG. 1 is a plan view of an object to be processed 1 during laser processing. FIG. 2 is a sectional view of the object 1 shown in FIG. 1 taken along the line II—II. FIG. 3 is a plan view of the object 1 after laser processing. FIG. 4 is a sectional view of the object 1 shown in FIG. 3 taken along the line IV—IV. FIG. 5 is a sectional view of the object 1 shown in FIG. 3 taken along the line V—V. FIG. 6 is a plan view of the cut object 1 . As shown in FIGS. 1 and 2 , the object 1 has a surface 3 with a line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. The line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is a linearly extending virtual line. In the laser processing of an embodiment in accordance with the present invention, the object 1 is irradiated with laser light L while locating a light-converging point P within the object 1 under a condition generating multiphoton absorption, so as to form a modified region 7 . The light-converging point refers to a location at which the laser light L is converged. By relatively moving the laser light L along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (i.e., along the direction of arrow A), the light-converging point P is moved along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. This forms the modified region 7 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut only within the object 1 as shown in FIGS. 3 to 5 . In the laser processing method in accordance with the embodiment, the modified region 7 is not formed by heating the object 1 due to the absorption of laser light L therein. The laser light L is transmitted through the object 1 , so as to generate multiphoton absorption therewithin, thereby forming the modified region 7 . Therefore, the laser light L is hardly absorbed at the surface 3 of the object 1 , whereby the surface 3 of the object 1 will not melt. If a starting point exists in a part to be cut when cutting the object 1 , the object will break from the starting point, whereby the object 1 can be cut with a relatively small force as shown in FIG. 6 . Hence, the object 1 can be cut without generating unnecessary fractures in the surface 3 of the object 1 . The following two cases seem to exist in the cutting of the object to be processed using the modified region as a starting point. The first case is where, after the modified region is formed, an artificial force is applied to the object, whereby the object breaks while using the modified region as a starting point, and thus is cut. This is cutting in the case where the object to be processed has a large thickness, for embodiment. Applying an artificial force includes, for embodiment, applying a bending stress or shearing stress to the object along the line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed or imparting a temperature difference to the object so as to generate a thermal stress. Another case is where a modified region is formed, so that the object naturally breaks in the cross-sectional direction (thickness direction) of the object while using the modified region as a starting point, whereby the object is cut. This can be achieved by a single modified region when the thickness of the object is small, and by a plurality of modified regions formed in the thickness direction when the thickness of the object to be processed is large. Breaking and cutting can be carried out with favorable control even in this naturally breaking case, since breaks will not reach the part formed with no modified region on the surface in the part to be cut, so that only the part formed with the modified region can be broken and cut. Such a breaking and cutting method with favorable controllability is quite effective, since semiconductor wafers such as silicon wafers have recently been prone to decrease their thickness. The modified region formed by multiphoton absorption in the embodiment includes the following (1) to (3): (1) Case where the modified region is a crack region including one or a plurality of cracks An object to be processed (e.g., glass or a piezoelectric material made of LiTaO 3 ) is irradiated with laser light while the light-converging point is located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point. This magnitude of pulse width is a condition under which a crack region can be formed only within the object to be processed while generating multiphoton absorption without causing unnecessary damages to the surface of the object. This generates a phenomenon of optical damage caused by multiphoton absorption within the object to be processed. This optical damage induces thermal distortion within the object to be processed, thereby forming a crack region therewithin. The upper limit of electric field intensity is 1×10 12 (W/cm 2 ), for embodiment The pulse width is preferably 1 ns to 200 ns, for embodiment. The forming of a crack region caused by multiphoton absorption is described, for embodiment, in “Internal Marking of Glass Substrate by Solid-state Laser Harmonics”, Proceedings of 45 th Laser Materials Processing Conference (December 1998), pp. 23-28. The inventor determined relationships between the electric field intensity and the magnitude of crack by an experiment. Conditions for the experiment are as follows: (A) Object to be processed: Pyrex glass (having a thickness of 700 μm) (B) Laser Light source: semiconductor laser pumping Nd:YAG laser Wavelength: 1064 nm Laser light spot cross-sectional area: 3.14×10 −8 cm 2 Oscillation mode: Q-switch pulse Repetition frequency: 100 kHz Pulse width: 30 ns Output: output<1 mJ/pulse Laser light quality: TEM 00 Polarization characteristic: linear polarization (C) Light-converging lens Transmittance with respect to laser light wavelength: 60% (D) Moving speed of a mounting table mounting the object to be processed: 100 mm/sec The laser light quality of TEM 00 indicates that the light convergence is so high that light can be converged up to about the wavelength of laser light. FIG. 7 is a graph showing the results of the above-mentioned experiment. The abscissa indicates peak power density. Since laser light is pulse laser light, its electric field intensity is represented by the peak power density. The ordinate indicates the size of a crack part (crack spot) formed within the object to be processed by one pulse of laser light. An assembly of crack spots forms a crack region. The size of a crack spot refers to that of the part of dimensions of the crack spot yielding the maximum length. The data indicated by black circles in the graph refers to a case where the light-converging glass (C) has a magnification of ×100 and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.80. On the other hand, the data indicated by white circles in the graph refers to a case where the light-converging glass (C) has a magnification of ×50 and a numerical aperture (NA) of 0.55. It is seen that crack spots begin to occur within the object to be processed when the peak power density reaches 10 11 (W/cm 2 ), and become greater as the peak power density increases. A mechanism by which the object to be processed is cut upon formation of a crack region in the laser processing in accordance with the embodiment will now be explained with reference to FIGS. 8 to 11 . As shown in FIG. 8 , the object to be processed 1 is irradiated with laser light L while locating the light-converging point P within the object 1 under a condition where multiphoton absorption occurs, so as to form a crack region 9 therewithin. The crack region 9 is a region including one or a plurality of cracks. As shown in FIG. 9 , the crack further grows while using the crack region 9 as a starting point. As shown in FIG. 10 , the crack reaches the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object 1 . As shown in FIG. 11 , the object 1 breaks, so as to be cut. The crack reaching the surface and rear face of the object to be processed may grow naturally or grow as a force is applied to the object. (2) Case where the modified region is a molten processed region An object to be processed (e.g., a semiconductor material such as silicon) is irradiated with laser light while the light-converging point is located there within under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 μs or less at the light-converging point. As a consequence, the inside of the object to be processed is locally heated by multiphoton absorption. This heating forms a molten processed region within the object to be processed. The molten processed region refers to at least one of a region once melted and then re-solidified, a region in a melted state, and a region in the process of re-solidifying from its melted state. The molten processed region may also be defined as a phase-changed region or a region having changed its crystal structure. The molten processed region may also be regarded as a region in which a certain structure has changed into another structure in monocrystal, amorphous, and polycrystal structures. Namely, it refers to a region in which a monocrystal structure has changed into an amorphous structure, a region in which a monocrystal structure has changed into a polycrystal structure, and a region in which a monocrystal structure has changed into a structure including an amorphous structure and a polycrystal structure, for embodiment. When the object to be processed is a silicon monocrystal structure, the molten processed region is an amorphous silicon structure, for embodiment. The upper limit of electric field intensity is 1×10 12 (W/cm 2 ), for embodiment. The pulse width is preferably 1 ns to 200 ns, for embodiment. By an experiment, the inventor has verified that a molten processed region is formed within a silicon wafer. Conditions for the experiment is as follows: (A) Object to be processed: silicon wafer (having a thickness of 350 μm and an outer diameter of 4 inches) (B) Laser Light source: semiconductor laser pumping Nd:YAG laser Wavelength: 1064 nm Laser light spot cross-sectional area: 3.14×10 −8 cm 2 Oscillation mode: Q-switch pulse Repetition frequency; 100 kHz Pulse width: 30 ns Output: 20 μJ/pulse Laser light quality: TEM 00 Polarization characteristic: linear polarization (C) Light-converging lens Magnification: ×50 NA: 0.55 Transmittance with respect to laser light wavelength: 60% (D) Moving speed of a mounting table mounting the object to be processed: 100 mm/sec FIG. 12 is a view showing a photograph of a cross section in a part of a silicon wafer cut by laser processing under the above-mentioned conditions. A molten processed region 13 is formed within a silicon wafer 11 . The size of the molten processed region formed under the above-mentioned conditions is about 100 μm in the thickness direction. The forming of the molten processed region 13 by multiphoton absorption will be explained. FIG. 13 is a graph showing relationships between the wavelength of laser light and the transmittance within the silicon substrate. Here, respective reflecting components on the surface and rear face sides of the silicon substrate are eliminated, whereby only the transmittance therewithin is represented. The above-mentioned relationships are shown in the cases where the thickness t of the silicon substrate is 50 μm, 100 μm, 200 μm, 500 μm, and 1000 μm, respectively. For embodiment, it is seen that laser light transmits through the silicon substrate by at least 80% at 1064 nm, which is the wavelength of Nd:YAG laser, when the silicon substrate has a thickness of 500 μm or less. Since the silicon wafer 11 shown in FIG. 12 has a thickness of 350 μm, the molten processed region caused by multiphoton absorption is formed near the center of the silicon wafer, i.e., at a part separated from the surface by 175 μm. The transmittance in this case is 90% or greater with reference to a silicon wafer having a thickness of 200 μm, whereby the laser light is absorbed within the silicon wafer 11 only slightly and is substantially transmitted therethrough. This means that the molten processed region is not formed by laser light absorption within the silicon wafer 11 (i.e., not formed upon usual heating with laser light), but by multiphoton absorption. The forming of a molten processed region by multiphoton absorption is described, for embodiment, in “Processing Characteristic evaluation of Silicon by Picosecond Pulse Laser”, Preprints of the National Meeting of Japan Welding Society , No. 66 (April 2000), pp. 72-73. Here, a fracture is generated in the cross-sectional direction while using the molten processed region as a starting point, whereby the silicon wafer is cut when the fracture reaches the surface and rear face of the silicon wafer. The fracture reaching the surface and rear face of the object to be processed may grow naturally or grow as a force is applied to the object. The fracture naturally grows from the molten processed region to the surface and rear face of the silicon wafer in one of the cases where the fracture grows from a region once melted and then re-solidified, where the fracture grows from a region in a melted state, and where the fracture grows from a region in the process of re-solidifying from a melted state. In any of these cases, the molten processed region is formed only within the cross section after cutting as shown in FIG. 12 . When a molten processed region is formed within the object to be processed, unnecessary fractures deviating from a line along which the object is intended to be cut are hard to occur at the time of breaking and cutting, which makes it easier to control the breaking and cutting. (3) Case where the modified region is a refractive index change region An object to be processed (e.g., glass) is irradiated with laser light while the light-converging point is located therewithin under a condition with a peak power density of at least 1×10 8 (W/cm 2 ) and a pulse width of 1 ns or less at the light-converging point. When multiphoton absorption is generated within the object to be processed with a very short pulse width, the energy caused by multiphoton absorption is not transformed into thermal energy, so that a permanent structural change such as ionic valence change, crystallization, or polarization orientation is induced within the object, whereby a refractive index change region is formed. The upper limit of electric field intensity is 1×10 12 (W/cm 2 ), for embodiment. The pulse width is preferably 1 ns or less, more preferably 1 ps or less, for embodiment. The forming of a refractive index change region by multiphoton absorption is described, for embodiment, in “Formation of Photoinduced Structure within Glass by Femtosecond Laser Irradiation”, Proceedings of 42 th Laser Materials Processing Conference (November 1997), pp. 105-111. Specific embodiments according to the present invention will now be explained. [First Embodiment] The laser processing method in accordance with a first embodiment of the present invention will be explained. FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram of a laser processing apparatus 100 usable in this method. The laser processing apparatus 100 comprises a laser light source 101 for generating laser light L; a laser light source controller 102 for controlling the laser light source 101 so as to regulate the output and pulse width of laser light L and the like; a dichroic mirror 103 , arranged so as to change the orientation of the optical axis of laser light L by 90%, having a function of reflecting the laser light L; a light-converging lens 105 for converging the laser light L reflected by the dichroic mirror 103 ; a mounting table 107 for mounting an object to be processed 1 irradiated with the laser light L converged by the light-converging lens 105 ; an X-axis stage 109 for moving the mounting table 107 in the X-axis direction; a Y-axis stage 111 for moving the mounting table 107 in the Y-axis direction orthogonal to the X-axis direction; a Z-axis stage 113 for moving the mounting table 107 in the Z-axis direction orthogonal to X- and Y-axis directions; and a stage controller 115 for controlling the movement of these three stages 109 , 111 , 113 . The Z-axis direction is a direction orthogonal to the surface 3 of the object to be processed 1 , thus becoming the direction of focal depth of laser light L incident on the object 1 . Therefore, moving the Z-axis stage 113 in the Z-axis direction can locate the light-converging point P of laser light L within the object 1 . This movement of light-converging point P in X (Y)-axis direction is effected by moving the object 1 in the X(Y)-axis direction by the X(Y)-axis stage 109 ( 111 ). The X(Y)-axis stage 109 ( 111 ) is an embodiment of moving means. The laser light source 101 is an Nd:YAG laser generating pulse laser light. Known as other kinds of laser usable as the laser light source 101 include Nd:YVO 4 laser, Nd:YLF laser, and titanium sapphire laser. For forming a crack region or molten processed region, Nd:YAG laser, Nd:YVO 4 laser, and Nd:YLF laser are used preferably. For forming a refractive index change region, titanium sapphire laser is used preferably. Though pulse laser light is used for processing the object 1 in the first embodiment, continuous wave laser light may also be used as long as it can generate multiphoton absorption. In the present invention, laser light means to include laser beams. The light-converging lens 105 is an embodiment of light-converging means. The Z-axis stage 113 is an embodiment of means for locating the light-converging point within the object to be processed. The light-converging point of laser light can be located within the object to be processed by relatively moving the light-converging lens 105 in the Z-axis direction. The laser processing apparatus 100 further comprises an observation light source 117 for generating a visible light beam for irradiating the object to be processed 1 mounted on the mounting table 107 ; and a visible light beam splitter 119 disposed on the same optical axis as that of the dichroic mirror 103 and light-converging lens 105 . The dichroic mirror 103 is disposed between the beam splitter 119 and light-converging lens 105 . The beam splitter 119 has a function of reflecting about a half of a visual light beam and transmitting the remaining half therethrough, and is arranged so as to change the orientation of the optical axis of the visual light beam by 90°. A half of the visible light beam generated by the observation light source 117 is reflected by the beam splitter 119 , and thus reflected visible light beam is transmitted through the dichroic mirror 103 and light-converging lens 105 , so as to illuminate the surface 3 of the object 1 including the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut and the like. The laser processing apparatus 100 further comprises an image pickup device 121 and an imaging lens 123 disposed on the same optical axis as that of the beam splitter 119 , dichroic mirror 103 , and light-converging lens 105 . An embodiment of the image pickup device 121 is a CCD (charge-coupled device) camera. The reflected light of the visual light beam having illuminated the surface 3 including the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut and the like is transmitted through the light-converging lens 105 , dichroic mirror 103 , and beam splitter 119 and forms an image by way of the imaging lens 123 , whereas thus formed image is captured by the imaging device 121 , so as to yield imaging data. The laser processing apparatus 100 further comprises an imaging data processor 125 for inputting the imaging data outputted from the imaging device 121 , an overall controller 127 for controlling the laser processing apparatus 100 as a whole, and a monitor 129 . According to the imaging data, the imaging data processor 125 calculates foal point data for locating the focal point of the visible light generated in the observation light source 117 onto the surface 3 . According to the focal point data, the stage controller 115 controls the movement of the Z-axis stage 113 , so that the focal point of visible light is located on the surface 3 . Hence, the imaging data processor 125 functions as an auto focus unit. Also, according to the imaging data, the imaging data processor 125 calculates image data such as an enlarged image of the surface 3 . The image data is sent to the overall controller 127 , subjected to various kinds of processing, and then sent to the monitor 129 . As a consequence, an enlarged image or the like is displayed on the monitor 129 . Data from the stage controller 115 , image data from the imaging data processor 125 , and the like are fed into the overall controller 127 . According to these data as well, the overall controller 127 regulates the laser light source controller 102 , observation light source 117 , and stage controller 115 , thereby controlling the laser processing apparatus 100 as a whole. Thus, the overall controller 127 functions as a computer unit. With reference to FIGS. 14 and 15 , the laser processing method in accordance with a first embodiment of the embodiment will now be explained. FIG. 15 is a flowchart for explaining this laser processing method. The object to be processed 1 is a silicon wafer. First, alight absorption characteristic of the object 1 is determined by a spectrophotometer or the like which is not depicted. According to the results of measurement, a laser light source 101 generating laser light L having a wavelength to which the object 1 is transparent or exhibits a low absorption is chosen (S 101 ). Next, the thickness of the object 1 is measured. According to the result of measurement of thickness and the refractive index of the object 1 , the amount of movement of the object 1 in the Z-axis direction is determined (S 103 ). This is an amount of movement of the object 1 in the Z-axis direction with reference to the light-converging point of laser light L positioned at the surface 3 of the object 1 in order for the light-converging point P of laser light L to be positioned within the object 1 . This amount of movement is fed into the overall controller 127 . The object 1 is mounted on the mounting table 107 of the laser processing apparatus 100 . Then, visible light is generated from the observation light source 117 , so as to illuminate the object 1 (S 105 ). The illuminated surface 3 of the object 1 including the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is captured by the image pickup device 121 . Thus obtained imaging data is sent to the imaging data processor 125 . According to the imaging data, the imaging data processor 125 calculates such focal point data that the focal point of visible light from the observation light source 117 is positioned at the surface 3 (S 107 ). The focal point data is sent to the stage controller 115 . According to the focal point data, the stage controller 115 moves the Z-axis stage 113 in the Z-axis direction (S 109 ). As a consequence, the focal point of visible light from the observation light source 117 is positioned at the surface 3 . According to the imaging data, the imaging data processor 125 calculates enlarged image data of the surface 3 of the object including the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. The enlarged image data is sent to the monitor 129 by way of the overall controller 127 , whereby an enlarged image of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut and its vicinity is displayed on the monitor 129 . Movement amount data determined at step S 103 has been fed into the overall controller 127 beforehand, and is sent to the stage controller 115 . According to the movement amount data, the stage controller 115 causes the Z-axis stage 113 to move the object 1 in the Z-axis direction at a position where the light-converging point P of laser light L is located within the object 1 (S 111 ). Next, laser light L is generated from the laser light source 101 , so as to irradiate the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object with the laser light L. Since the light-converging point P of laser light is positioned within the object 1 , a molten processed region is formed only within the object 1 . Subsequently, the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved along the line along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to form a molten processed region along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut within the object 1 (S 113 ). Then, the object 1 is bent along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, and thus is cut (S 115 ). This divides the object 1 into silicon chips. Effects of the first embodiment will be explained. Here, the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is irradiated with the pulse laser light L under a condition causing multiphoton absorption while locating the light-converging point P within the object 1 . Then, the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved, so as to move the light-converging point P along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. As a consequence, a modified region (e.g., crack region, molten processed region, or refractive index change region) is formed within the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. When a certain starting point exists at a part to be cut in the object to be processed, the object can be cut by breaking it with a relatively small force. Therefore, breaking the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut while using a modified region as a starting point can cut the object 1 with a relatively small force. This can cut the object 1 without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 . Also, in the first embodiment, the object 1 is irradiated with the pulse laser light L at the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut under a condition generating multiphoton absorption in the object 1 while locating the light-converging point P within the object 1 . Therefore, the pulse laser light L is transmitted through the object 1 without substantially being absorbed at the surface 3 of the object 1 , whereby the surface 3 will not incur damages such as melting due to the forming of a modified region. As explained in the foregoing, the first embodiment can cut the object 1 without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut and melt in the surface 3 of the object. Therefore, when the object is a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment, a semiconductor chip can be cut out from the semiconductor wafer without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line along which the object is intended to be cut and melt in the semiconductor chip. The same holds for objects to be processed whose surface is formed with electrode patterns, and those whose surface is formed with electronic devices such as piezoelectric wafers and glass substrates formed with display devices such as liquid crystals. Therefore, the first embodiment can improve the yield of products (e.g., semiconductor chips, piezoelectric device chips, and display devices such as liquid crystal) prepared by cutting the object to be processed. Also, since the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 does not melt, the first embodiment can decrease the width of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (the width being the interval between regions to become semiconductor chips in the case of a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment). This increases the number of products prepared from a single object to be processed 1 , whereby the productivity of products can be improved. Since laser light is used for cutting the object 1 , the first embodiment enables processing more complicated than that obtained by dicing with a diamond cutter. For embodiment, even when the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut has a complicated form as shown in FIG. 16 , the first embodiment allows cutting. These effects are similarly obtained in embodiments which will be explained later. Not only a single laser light source but also a plurality of laser light sources may be provided. For embodiment, FIG. 17 is a schematic view for explaining the laser processing method in the first embodiment of the embodiment in which a plurality of laser light sources are provided. Here, the object 1 is irradiated with three laser beams emitted from respective laser light sources 15 , 17 , 19 from different directions while the light-converging point P is located within the object 1 . The respective laser beams from the laser light sources 15 , 17 are made incident on the object 1 from the surface 3 thereof. The laser beam from the laser light source 19 is made incident on the object 1 from the rear face 21 thereof. Since a plurality of laser light sources are used, this makes it possible for the light-converging point to have an electric field intensity with such a magnitude that multiphoton absorption occurs, even when laser light is continuous wave laser light having a power lower than that of pulse laser light. For the same reason, multiphoton absorption can be generated even without a light-converging lens. Though the light-converging point P is formed by the three laser light sources 15 , 17 , 19 , the present invention is not restricted thereto as long as a plurality of laser light sources exist therein. FIG. 18 is a schematic view for explaining another laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment of the embodiment in which a plurality of laser light sources are provided. This embodiment comprises three array light source sections 25 , 27 , 29 each having a plurality of laser light sources 23 aligning along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. Among the array light source sections 25 , 27 , 29 , laser beams emitted from laser light sources 23 arranged in the same row form a single light-converging point (e.g., light-converging point P 1 ). This embodiment can form a plurality of light-converging points P 1 , P 2 , . . . along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby the processing speed can be improved. Also, in this embodiment, a plurality of rows of modified regions can be formed at the same time upon laser-scanning on the surface 3 in a direction orthogonal to the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. [Second Embodiment] A second embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. This embodiment is directed to a cutting method and cutting apparatus for a light-transmitting material. The light-transmitting material is an embodiment of the objects to be processed. In this embodiment, a piezoelectric device wafer (substrate) having a thickness of about 400 μm made of LiTaO 3 is used as a light-transmitting material. The cutting apparatus in accordance with the second embodiment is constituted by the laser processing apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 14 and the apparatus shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 . The apparatus shown in FIGS. 19 and 20 will be explained. The piezoelectric device wafer 31 is held by a wafer sheet (film) 33 acting as holding means. In the wafer sheet 33 , the face on the side holding the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is made of an adhesive resin tape or the like, and has an elasticity. The wafer sheet 33 is set on a mounting table 107 while being held with a sample holder 35 . As shown in FIG. 19 , the piezoelectric device wafer 31 includes a number of piezoelectric device chips 37 which will be cut and separated later. Each piezoelectric device chip 37 has a circuit section 39 . The circuit section 39 is formed on the surface of the piezoelectric device wafer 31 for each piezoelectric device chip 37 , whereas a predetermined gap α(about 80 μm) is formed between adjacent circuit sections 39 . FIG. 20 shows a state where minute crack regions 9 as modified parts are formed within the piezoelectric device wafer 31 . Next, with reference to FIG. 21 , the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with the second embodiment will be explained. First, a light absorption characteristic of the light-transmitting material (piezoelectric device wafer 31 made of LiTaO 3 in the second embodiment) to become a material to be cut is determined (S 201 ). The light absorption characteristic can be measured by using a spectrophotometer or the like. Once the light absorption characteristic is determined, a laser light source 101 generating laser light L having a wavelength to which the material to be cut is transparent or exhibits a low absorption is chosen according to the result of determination (S 203 ). In the second embodiment, a YAG laser of pulse wave (PW) type having a fundamental wave wavelength of 1064 nm is chosen. This YAG laser has a pulse repetition frequency of 20 Hz, a pulse width of 6 ns, and a pulse energy of 300 μJ. The spot diameter of laser light L emitted from the YAG laser is about 20 μm. Next, the thickness of the material to be cut is measured (S 205 ). Once the thickness of the material to be cut is measured, the amount of displacement (amount of movement) of the light-converging point of laser light L from the surface (entrance face for laser light L) of the material to be cut in the optical axis direction of laser light L is determined so as to position the light-converging point of laser light L within the material to be cut according to the result of measurement (S 207 ). For embodiment, in conformity to the thickness and refractive index of the material to be cut, the amount of displacement (amount of movement) of the light-converging point of laser light L is set to ½ of the thickness of the material to be cut. As shown in FIG. 22 , due to the difference between the refractive index in the atmosphere (e.g., air) surrounding the material to be cut and the refractive index of the material to be cut, the actual position of the light-converging point P of laser light is located deeper than the position of the light-converging point Q of laser light L converged by the light-converging lens 105 from the surface of the material to be cut (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ). Namely, the relationship of “amount of movement of Z-axis stage 113 in the optical axis direction of laser light L×refractive index of the material to be cut=actual amount of movement of light-converging point of laser light L” holds in the air. The amount of displacement (amount of movement) of the light-converging point of laser light L is set in view of the above-mentioned relationship (between the thickness and refractive index of the material to be cut). Thereafter, the material to be cut held by the wafer sheet 33 is mounted on the mounting table 107 placed on the X-Y-Z-axis stage (constituted by the X-axis stage 109 , Y-axis stage 111 , and Z-axis stage 113 in this embodiment) (S 209 ). After the mounting of the material to be cut is completed, light is emitted from the observation light source 117 , so as to irradiate the material to be cut with thus emitted light. Then, according to the result of imaging at the image pickup device 121 , focus adjustment is carried out by moving the Z-axis stage 113 so as to position the light-converging point of laser light L onto the surface of the material to be cut (S 211 ). Here, the surface observation image of piezoelectric device wafer 31 obtained by the observation light source 117 is captured by the image pickup device 121 , whereas the imaging data processor 125 determines the moving position of the Z-axis stage 113 according to the result of imaging such that the light emitted from the observation light source 117 forms a focal point on the surface of the material to be cut, and outputs thus determined position to the stage controller 115 . According to an output signal from the imaging data processor 125 , the stage controller 115 controls the Z-axis stage 113 such that the moving position of the Z-axis stage 113 is located at a position for making the light emitted from the observation light source 117 form a focal point on the material to be cut, i.e., for positioning the focal point of laser light L onto the surface of the material to be cut. After the focus adjustment of light emitted from the observation light source 117 is completed, the light-converging point of laser light L is moved to a light-converging point corresponding to the thickness and refractive index of the material to be cut (S 213 ). Here, the overall controller 127 sends an output signal to the stage controller 115 so as to move the Z-axis stage 113 in the optical axis direction of laser light L by the amount of displacement of the light-converging point of laser light determined in conformity to the thickness and refractive index of the material to be cut, whereby the stage controller 115 having received the output signal regulates the moving position of the Z-axis stage 113 . As mentioned above, the placement of the light-converging point of laser light L within the material to be cut is completed by moving the Z-axis stage 113 in the optical axis direction of laser light L by the amount of displacement of the light-converging point of laser light L determined in conformity to the thickness and refractive index of the material to be cut (S 215 ). After the placement of the light-converging point of laser light L within the material to be cut is completed, the material to be cut is irradiated with laser light L, and the X-axis stage 109 and the Y-axis stage 111 are moved in conformity to a desirable cutting pattern (S 217 ). As shown in FIG. 22 , the laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 is converged by the light-converging lens 105 such that the light-converging point P is positioned within the piezoelectric device wafer 31 facing a predetermined gap (80 μm as mentioned above) formed between adjacent circuit sections 39 . The above-mentioned desirable cutting pattern is set such that the gap formed between the adjacent circuit sections 39 in order to separate a plurality of piezoelectric device chips 37 from the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is irradiated with the laser light L, whereas the laser light L is irradiated while the state of irradiation of laser light L is seen through the monitor 129 . Here, as shown in FIG. 22 , the laser light L irradiating the material to be cut is converged by the light-converging lens 105 by an angle at which the circuit sections 39 formed on the surface of the piezoelectric device wafer 31 (the surface on which the laser light L is incident) are not irradiated with the laser light L. Converging the laser light L by an angle at which the circuit sections 39 are not irradiated with the laser light L can prevent the laser light L from entering the circuit sections 39 and protect the circuit sections 39 against the laser light L. When the laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 is converged such that the light-converging point P is positioned within the piezoelectric device wafer 31 while the energy density of laser light L at the light-converging point P exceeds a threshold of optical damage or optical dielectric breakdown, minute crack regions 9 are formed only at the light-converging point P within the piezoelectric device wafer 31 acting as a material to be cut and its vicinity. Here, the surface and rear face of the material to be cut (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ) will not be damaged. Now, with reference to FIGS. 23 to 27 , the forming of cracks by moving the light-converging point of laser light L will be explained. The material to be cut 32 (light-transmitting material) having a substantially rectangular parallelepiped form shown in FIG. 23 is irradiated with laser light L such that the light-converging point of laser light L is positioned within the material to be cut 32 , whereby minute crack regions 9 are formed only at the light-converging point within the material to be cut 32 and its vicinity as shown in FIGS. 24 and 25 . The scanning of laser light L or movement of the material to be cut 32 is regulated so as to move the light-converging point of laser light L in the longitudinal direction D of material to be cut 32 intersecting the optical axis of laser light L. Since the laser light L is emitted from the laser light source 101 in a pulsating manner, a plurality of crack regions 9 are formed with a gap therebetween corresponding to the scanning speed of laser light L or the moving speed of the material to be cut 32 along the longitudinal direction D of the material to be cut 32 when the laser light L is scanned or the material to be cut 32 is moved. The scanning speed of laser light L or the moving speed of material to be cut 32 may be slowed down, so as to shorten the gap between the crack regions 9 , thereby increasing the number of thus formed crack regions 9 as shown in FIG. 26 . The scanning speed of laser light L or the moving speed of material to be cut may further be slowed down, so that the crack region 9 is continuously formed in the scanning direction of laser light L or the moving direction of material to be cut 32 , i.e., the moving direction of the light-converging point of laser light L as shown in FIG. 27 . Adjustment of the gap between the crack regions 9 (number of crack regions 9 to be formed) can also be realized by changing the relationship between the repetition frequency of laser light L and the moving speed of the material to be cut 32 (X-axis stage or Y-axis stage). Also, throughput can be improved when the repetition frequency of laser light L and the moving speed of material to be cut 32 are increased. Once the crack regions 9 are formed along the above-mentioned desirable cutting pattern (S 219 ), a stress is generated due to physical external force application, environmental changes, and the like within the material to be cut, the part formed with the crack regions 9 in particular, so as to grow the crack regions 9 formed only within the material to be cut (the light-converging point and its vicinity), there by cutting the material to be cut at a position formed with the crack regions 9 (S 221 ). With reference to FIGS. 28 to 32 , the cutting of the material to be cut upon physical external force application will be explained. First, the material to be cut (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ) formed with the crack regions 9 along the desirable cutting pattern is placed in a cutting apparatus while in a state held by a wafer sheet 33 grasped by the sample holder 35 . The cutting apparatus has a suction chuck 34 , which will be explained later, a suction pump (not depicted) connected to the suction chuck 34 , a pressure needle 36 (pressing member), pressure needle driving means (not depicted) for moving the pressure needle 36 , and the like. Usable as the pressure needle driving means is an actuator of electric, hydraulic, or other types. FIGS. 28 to 32 do not depict the circuit sections 39 . Once the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is placed in the cutting apparatus, the suction chuck 34 approaches the position corresponding to the piezoelectric device chip 37 to be isolated as shown in FIG. 28. A suction pump apparatus is actuated while in a state where the suction chuck 34 is located closer to or abuts against the piezoelectric device chip 37 to be isolated, whereby the suction chuck 34 attracts the piezoelectric device chip 37 (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ) to be isolated as shown in FIG. 29 . Once the suction chuck 34 attracts the piezoelectric device chip 37 (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ) to be isolated, the pressure needle 36 is moved to the position corresponding to the piezoelectric device chip 37 to be isolated from the rear face of wafer sheet 33 (rear face of the surface held with the piezoelectric device wafer 31 ) as shown in FIG. 30 . When the pressure needle 36 is further moved after abutting against the rear face of the wafer sheet 33 , the wafer sheet 33 deforms, while the pressure needle 36 applies a stress to the piezoelectric device wafer 31 from the outside, whereby a stress is generated in the wafer part formed with the crack regions 9 , which grows the crack regions 9 . When the crack regions 9 grow to the surface and rear face of the piezoelectric device wafer 31 , the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is cut at an end part of the piezoelectric device chip 37 to be isolated as shown in FIG. 31 , whereby the piezoelectric device chip 37 is isolated from the piezoelectric device wafer 31 . The wafer sheet 33 has an adhesiveness as mentioned above, thereby being able to prevent cut and separated piezoelectric device chips 37 from flying away. Once the piezoelectric device chip 37 is separated from the piezoelectric device wafer 31 , the suction chuck 34 and pressure needle 36 are moved away from the wafer sheet 33 . When the suction chuck 34 and pressure needle 36 are moved, the isolated piezoelectric device chip 37 is released from the wafer sheet 33 as shown in FIG. 32 , since the former is attracted to the suction chuck 34 . Here, an ion air blow apparatus, which is not depicted, is used for sending an ion air in the direction of arrows B in FIG. 32 , whereby the piezoelectric device chip 37 isolated and attracted to the suction chuck 34 , and the piezoelectric device wafer 31 (surface) held by the wafer sheet 32 are cleaned with the ion air. Here, a suction apparatus may be provided in place of the ion air cleaning, such that the cut and separated piezoelectric device chips 37 and piezoelectric device wafer 31 are cleaned as dust and the like are aspirated. Known as a method of cutting the material to be cut due to environmental changes is one imparting a temperature change to the material to be cut having the crack regions 9 only therewithin. When a temperature change is imparted to the material to be cut as such, a thermal distortion can occur in the material part formed with the crack regions 9 , so that the crack regions grow, whereby the material to be cut can be cut. Thus, in the second embodiment, the light-converging lens 105 converges the laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 such that its light-converging point is positioned within the light-transmitting material (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ), whereby the energy density of laser light at the light-converging point exceeds the threshold of optical damage or optical dielectric breakdown, which forms the minute cracks 9 only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. Since the light-transmitting material is cut at the positions of thus formed crack regions 9 , the amount of dust emission is very small, whereby the possibility of dicing damages, chipping, cracks on the material surface, and the like occurring also becomes very low. Since the light-transmitting material is cut along the crack regions 9 formed by the optical damages or optical dielectric breakdown of the light-transmitting material, the directional stability of cutting improves, so that cutting direction can be controlled easily. Also, the dicing width can be made smaller than that attained in the dicing with a diamond cutter, whereby the number of light-transmitting materials cut out from one light-transmitting material can be increased. As a result of these, the second embodiment can cut the light-transmitting material quite easily and appropriately. Also, a stress is generated within the material to be cut due to physical external force application, environmental changes, and the like, so as to grow the formed crack regions 9 to cut the light-transmitting material (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ), whereby the light-transmitting material can reliably be cut at the positions of formed crack regions 9 . Also, the pressure needle 36 is used for applying a stress to the light-transmitting material (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ), so as to grow the formed crack regions 9 to cut the light-transmitting material (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ), whereby the light-transmitting material can further reliably be cut at the positions of formed crack regions 9 . When the piezoelectric device wafer 31 (light-transmitting material) formed with a plurality of circuit sections 39 is cut and separated into individual piezoelectric device chips 37 , the light-converging lens 105 converges the laser light L such that the light-converging point is positioned within the wafer part facing the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections 39 , and forms the crack regions 9 , whereby the piezoelectric device wafer 31 can reliably be cut at the position of the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections 39 . When the light-transmitting material (piezoelectric device wafer 31 ) is moved or laser light L is scanned so as to move the light-converging point in a direction intersecting the optical axis of laser light L, e.g., a direction orthogonal thereto, the crack region 9 is continuously formed along the moving direction of the light-converging point, so that the directional stability of cutting further improves, which makes it possible to control the cutting direction more easily. Also, in the second embodiment, dust-emitting powders hardly exist, so that no lubricating/cleaning water for preventing the dust-emitting powders from flying away is necessary, whereby dry processing can be realized in the cutting step. In the second embodiment, since the forming of a modified part (crack region 9 ) is realized by non-contact processing with the laser light L, problems of durability of blades, their replacement frequency, and the like in the dicing caused by diamond cutters will not occur. Also, since the forming of a modified part (crack region 9 ) is realized by non-contact processing with the laser light L, the second embodiment can cut the light-transmitting material along a cutting pattern which cuts out the light-transmitting material without completely cutting the same. The present invention is not limited to the above-mentioned second embodiment. For embodiment, the light-transmitting material may be a semiconductor wafer, a glass substrate, or the like without being restricted to the piezoelectric device wafer 31 . Also, the laser light source 101 can appropriately be selected in conformity to an optical absorption characteristic of the light-transmitting material to be cut. Though the minute regions 9 are formed as a modified part upon irradiation with the laser light L in the second embodiment, it is not restrictive. For embodiment, using an ultra short pulse laser light source (e.g., femto second (fs) laser) can form a modified part caused by a refractive index change (higher refractive index), thus being able to cut the light-transmitting material without generating the crack regions 9 by utilizing such a mechanical characteristic change. Though the focus adjustment of laser light L is carried out by moving the Z-axis stage 113 in the laser processing apparatus 100 , it may be effected by moving the light-converging lens 105 in the optical axis direction of is laser light L without being restricted thereto. Though the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved in conformity to a desirable cutting pattern in the laser processing apparatus 100 , it is not restrictive, whereby the laser light L may be scanned in conformity to a desirable cutting pattern. Though the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is cut by the pressure needle 36 after being attracted to the suction chuck 34 , it is not restrictive, whereby the piezoelectric device wafer 31 may be cut by the pressure needle 36 , and then the cut and isolated piezoelectric device chip 37 may be attracted to the suction chuck 34 . Here, when the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is cut by the pressure needle 36 after the piezoelectric device wafer 31 is attracted to the suction chuck 34 , the surface of the cut and isolated piezoelectric device chip 37 is covered with the suction chuck 34 , which can prevent dust and the like from adhering to the surface of the piezoelectric device chip 37 . Also, when an image pickup device 121 for infrared rays is used, focus adjustment can be carried out by utilizing reflected light of laser light L. In this case, it is necessary that a half mirror be used instead of the dichroic mirror 103 , while disposing an optical device between the half mirror and the laser light source 101 , which suppresses the return light to the laser light source 101 . Here, it is preferred that the output of laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 at the time of focus adjustment be set to an energy level lower than that of the output for forming cracks, such that the laser light L for carrying out focus adjustment does not damage the material to be cut. Characteristic features of the present invention will now be explained from the viewpoints of the second embodiment. The method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a modified part forming step of converging laser light emitted from a laser light source such that its light-converging point is positioned within the light-transmitting material, so as to form a modified part only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity; and a cutting step of cutting the light-transmitting material at the position of thus formed modified part. In the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the laser light is converged such that the light-converging point of laser light is positioned within the light-transmitting material in the modified part forming step, whereby the modified part is formed only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. In the cutting step, the light-transmitting material is cut at the position of thus formed modified part, so that the amount of dust emission is very small, whereby the possibility of dicing damages, chipping, cracks on the material surface, and the like occurring also becomes very low. Since the light-transmitting material is cut at the position of thus formed modified part, the directional stability of cutting improves, so that cutting direction can be controlled easily. Also, the dicing width can be made smaller than that attained in the dicing with a diamond cutter, whereby the number of light-transmitting materials cut out from one light-transmitting material can be increased. As a result of these, the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material quite easily and appropriately. Also, in the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, dust-emitting powders hardly exist, so that no lubricating/cleaning water for preventing the dust-emitting powders from flying away is necessary, whereby dry processing can be realized in the cutting step. In the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, since the forming of a modified part is realized by non-contact processing with laser light, problems of durability of blades, their replacement frequency, and the like in the dicing caused by diamond cutters will not occur. Also, since the forming of a modified part is realized by non-contact processing with the laser light, the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material along a cutting pattern which cuts out the light-transmitting material without completely cutting the same. Preferably, the light-transmitting material is formed with a plurality of circuit sections, whereas laser light is converged such that the light-converging point is positioned within the light-transmitting material part facing the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections in the modified part forming step, so as to form the modified part. With such a configuration, the light-transmitting material can reliably be cut at the position of the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections. When irradiating the light-transmitting material with laser light in the modified part forming step, it is preferred that the laser light be converged by an angle at which the circuit sections are not irradiated with the laser light. Converging the laser light by an angle at which the circuit sections are not irradiated with the laser light when irradiating the light-transmitting material with the laser light in the modified part forming step as such can prevent the laser light from entering the circuit sections and protect the circuit sections against the laser light. Preferably, in the modified part forming step, the light-converging point is moved in a direction intersecting the optical axis of laser light, so as to form a modified part continuously along the moving direction of the light-converging point. When the light-converging point is moved in a direction intersecting the optical axis of laser light in the modified part forming step as such, so as to form the modified part continuously along the moving direction of the light-converging point, the directional stability of cutting further improves, which makes it further easier to control the cutting direction. The method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a crack forming step of converging laser light emitted from a laser light source such that its light-converging point is positioned within the light-transmitting material, so as to form a crack only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity; and a cutting step of cutting the light-transmitting material at the position of thus formed crack. In the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, laser light is converged such that the light-converging point of laser light is positioned within the light-transmitting material, so that the energy density of laser light at the light-converging point exceeds a threshold of optical damage or optical dielectric breakdown of the light-transmitting material, whereby a crack is formed only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. In the cutting step, the light-transmitting material is cut at the position of thus formed crack, so that the amount of dust emission is very small, whereby the possibility of dicing damages, chipping, cracks on the material surface, and the like occurring also becomes very low. Since the light-transmitting material is cut at the position of the crack formed by an optical damage or optical dielectric breakdown, the directional stability of cutting improves, so that cutting direction can be controlled easily. Also, the dicing width can be made smaller than that attained in the dicing with a diamond cutter, whereby the number of light-transmitting materials cut out from one light-transmitting material can be increased. As a result of these, the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material quite easily and appropriately. Also, in the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, dust-emitting powders hardly exist, so that no lubricating/cleaning water for preventing the dust-emitting powders from flying away is necessary, whereby dry processing can be realized in the cutting step. In the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, since the forming of a crack is realized by non-contact processing with laser light, problems of durability of blades, their replacement frequency, and the like in the dicing caused by diamond cutters will not occur. Also, since the forming of a crack is realized by non-contact processing with the laser light, the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material along a cutting pattern which cuts out the light-transmitting material without completely cutting the same. Preferably, in the cutting step, the light-transmitting material is cut by growing the formed crack. Cutting the light-transmitting material by growing the formed crack in the cutting step as such can reliably cut the light-transmitting material at the position of the formed crack. Preferably, in the cutting step, a stress is applied to the light-transmitting material by using a pressing member, so as to grow a crack, thereby cutting the light-transmitting material. When a stress is applied to the light-transmitting material in the cutting step by using a pressing member as such, so as to grow a crack, thereby cutting the light-transmitting material, the light-transmitting material can further reliably be cut at the position of the crack. The apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source; holding means for holding the light-transmitting material; an optical device for converging the laser light emitted from the laser light source such that a light-converging point thereof is positioned within the light-transmitting material; and cutting means for cutting the light-transmitting material at the position of a modified part formed only at the light-converging point of laser light within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. In the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the optical device converges laser light such that the light-converging point of laser light is positioned within the light-transmitting material, whereby a modified part is formed only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. Then, the cutting means cuts the light-transmitting material at the position of the modified part formed only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity, whereby the light-transmitting material is reliably cut along thus formed modified part. As a consequence, the amount of dust emission is very small, whereas the possibility of dicing damages, chipping, cracks on the material surface, and the like occurring also becomes very low. Also, since the light-transmitting material is cut along the modified part, the directional stability of cutting improves, whereby the cutting direction can be controlled easily. Also, the dicing width can be made smaller than that attained in the dicing with a diamond cutter, whereby the number of light-transmitting materials cut out from one light-transmitting material can be increased. As a result of these, the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material quite easily and appropriately. Also, in the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, dust-emitting powders hardly exist, so that no lubricating/cleaning water for preventing the dust-emitting powders from flying away is necessary, whereby dry processing can be realized in the cutting step. In the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, since the modified part is formed by non-contact processing with laser light, problems of durability of blades, their replacement frequency, and the like in the dicing caused by diamond cutters will not occur as in the conventional techniques. Also, since the modified part is formed by non-contact processing with the laser light as mentioned above, the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material along a cutting pattern which cuts out the light-transmitting material without completely cutting the same. The apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with an aspect of the present invention comprises a laser light source; holding means for holding the light-transmitting material; an optical device for converging laser light emitted from the laser light source such that a light-converging point thereof is positioned within the light-transmitting material; and cutting means for cutting the light-transmitting material by growing a crack formed only at the light-converging point of laser light within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. In the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, the optical device converges laser light such that the light-converging point of laser light is positioned within the light-transmitting material, so that the energy density of laser light at the light-converging point exceeds a threshold of optical damage or optical dielectric breakdown of the light-transmitting material, whereby a crack is formed only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity. Then, the cutting means cuts the light-transmitting material by growing the crack formed only at the light-converging point within the light-transmitting material and its vicinity, whereby the light-transmitting material is reliably cut along the crack formed by an optical damage or optical dielectric breakdown of the light-transmitting material. As a consequence, the amount of dust emission is very small, whereas the possibility of dicing damages, chipping, cracks on the material surface, and the like occurring also becomes very low. Since the light-transmitting material is cut along the crack, the directional stability of cutting improves, so that cutting direction can be controlled easily. Also, the dicing width can be made smaller than that attained in the dicing with a diamond cutter, whereby the number of light-transmitting materials cut out from one light-transmitting material can be increased. As a result of these, the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material quite easily and appropriately. Also, in the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, dust-emitting powders hardly exist, so that no lubricating/cleaning water for preventing the dust-emitting powders from flying away is necessary, whereby dry processing can be realized in the cutting step. In the apparatus for cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention, since the crack is formed by non-contact processing with laser light, problems of durability of blades, their replacement frequency, and the like in the dicing caused by diamond cutters will not occur as in the conventional techniques. Also, since the crack is formed by non-contact processing with the laser light as mentioned above, the method of cutting a light-transmitting material in accordance with this aspect of the present invention can cut the light-transmitting material along a cutting pattern which cuts out the light-transmitting material without completely cutting the same. Preferably, the cutting means has a pressing member for applying a stress to the light-transmitting material. When the cutting means has a pressing member for applying a stress to the light-transmitting material as such, a stress can be applied to the light-transmitting material by using the pressing member, so as to grow a crack, whereby the light-transmitting material can further reliably be cut at the position of the crack formed. Preferably, the light-transmitting material is one whose surface is formed with a plurality of circuit sections, whereas the optical device converges the laser light such that the light-converging point is positioned within the light-transmitting material part facing the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections. With such a configuration, the light-transmitting material can reliably be cut at the position of the gap formed between adjacent circuit sections. Preferably, the optical device converges laser light by an angle at which the circuit sections are not irradiated with the laser light. When the optical device converges the laser light by an angle at which the circuit sections are not irradiated with the laser light as such, it can prevent the laser light from entering the circuit sections and protect the circuit sections against the laser light. Preferably, the apparatus further comprises light-converging point moving means for moving the light-converging point in a direction intersecting the optical axis of laser light. When the apparatus further comprises light-converging point moving means for moving the light-converging point in a direction intersecting the optical axis of laser light as such, a crack can continuously be formed along the moving direction of the light-converging point, so that the directional stability of cutting further improves, whereby the direction of cutting can be controlled further easily. [Third Embodiment] A third embodiment of the present invention will be explained. In the third embodiment and a fourth embodiment which will be explained later, an object to be processed is irradiated with laser light such that the direction of linear polarization of linearly polarized laser light extends along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, whereby a modified region is formed in the object to be processed. As a consequence, in the modified spot formed with a single pulse of shot (i.e., a single pulse of laser irradiation), the size in the direction extending along the line along which the object is intended to be cut can be made relatively large when the laser light is pulse laser light. The inventor has confirmed it by an experiment. Conditions for the experiment are as follows: (A) Object to be processed: Pyrex glass wafer (having a thickness of 700 μm and an outer diameter of 4 inches) (B) Laser Light source: semiconductor laser pumping Nd:YAG laser Wavelength: 1064 nm Laser light spot cross-sectional area: 3.14×10 −8 cm 2 Oscillation mode: Q-switch pulse Repetition frequency: 100 kHz Pulse width: 30 ns Output: output<1 mJ/pulse Laser light quality: TEM 00 Polarization characteristic: linear polarization (C) Light-converging lens Magnification: ×50 NA: 0.55 Transmittance with respect to laser light wavelength: 60% (D) Moving speed of a mounting table mounting the object to be processed: 100 mm/sec Each of Samples 1, 2, which was an object to be processed, was exposed to a single pulse shot of pulse laser light while the light-converging point is located within the object to be processed, whereby a crack region caused by multiphoton absorption is formed within the object to be processed. Sample 1 was irradiated with linearly polarized pulse laser light, whereas Sample 2 was irradiated with circularly polarized pulse laser light. FIG. 33 is a view showing a photograph of Sample 1 in plan, whereas FIG. 34 is a view showing a photograph of Sample 2 in plan. These planes are an entrance face 209 of pulse laser light. Letters LP and CP schematically indicate linear polarization and circular polarization, respectively. FIG. 35 is a view schematically showing a cross section of Sample 1 shown in FIG. 33 taken along the line XXXV—XXXV. FIG. 36 is a view schematically showing a cross section of Sample 1 shown in FIG. 34 taken along the line XXXVI—XXXVI. A crack spot 90 is formed within a glass wafer 211 which is the object to be processed. In the case where pulse laser light is linearly polarized light, as shown in FIG. 35 , the size of crack spot 90 formed by a single pulse shot is relatively large in the direction aligning with the direction of linear polarization. This indicates that the forming of the crack spot 90 is accelerated in this direction. When the pulse laser light is circularly polarized light, by contrast, the size of the crack spot 90 formed by a single pulse shot will not become greater in any specific direction as shown in FIG. 36 . The size of the crack spot 90 in the direction yielding the maximum length is greater in Sample 1 than in Sample 2. The fact that a crack region extending along a line along which the object is intended to be cut can be formed efficiently will be explained from these results of experiment. FIGS. 37 and 38 are plan views of crack regions each formed along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in an object to be processed. A number of crack spots 90 , each formed by a single pulse shot, are formed along a line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby a crack region 9 extending along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is formed. FIG. 37 shows the crack region 9 formed upon irradiation with pulse laser light such that the direction of linear polarization of pulse laser light aligns with the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. The forming of crack spots 9 is accelerated along the direction of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby their size is relatively large in this direction. Therefore, the crack region 9 extending along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut can be formed by a smaller number of shots. On the other hand, FIG. 38 shows the crack region 9 formed upon irradiation with pulse laser light such that the direction of linear polarization of pulse laser light is orthogonal to the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. Since the size of crack spot 90 in the direction of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is relatively small, the number of shots required for forming the crack region 9 becomes greater than that in the case of FIG. 37 . Therefore, the method of forming a crack region in accordance with this embodiment shown in FIG. 37 can form the crack region more efficiently than the method shown in FIG. 38 does. Also, since pulse laser light is irradiated while the direction of linear polarization of pulse laser light is orthogonal to the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, the forming of the crack spot 90 formed at the shot is accelerated in the width direction of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. Therefore, when the crack spot 90 extends in the width direction of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut too much, the object to be processed cannot precisely be cut along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. By contrast, the crack spot 90 formed at the shot does not extend much in directions other than the direction aligning with the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the method in accordance with this embodiment shown in FIG. 37 , whereby the object to be processed can be cut precisely. Though making the size in a predetermined direction relatively large among the sizes of a modified region has been explained in the case of linear polarization, the same holds in elliptical polarization as well. Namely, as shown in FIG. 39 , the forming of the crack spot 90 is accelerated in the direction of major axis b of an ellipse representing elliptical polarization EP of laser light, whereby the crack spot 90 having a relatively large size along this direction can be formed. Hence, when a crack region is formed such that the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization of laser elliptically polarized with an ellipticity of other than 1 aligns with a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object to be processed, effects similar to those in the case of linear polarization occur. Here, the ellipticity is half the length of minor axis a/half the length of major axis b. As the ellipticity is smaller, the size of the crack spot 90 along the direction of major axis b becomes greater. Linearly polarized light is elliptically polarized light with an ellipticity of zero. Circularly polarized light is obtained when the ellipticity is 1, which can not make the size of the crack region relatively large in a predetermined direction. Therefore, this embodiment does not encompass the case where the ellipticity is 1. Though making the size in a predetermined direction relatively large among the sizes of a modified region has been explained in the case of a crack region, the same holds in molten processed regions and refractive index change regions as well. Also, though pulse laser light is explained, the same holds in continuous wave laser light as well. The foregoing also hold in a fourth embodiment which will be explained later. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. FIG. 40 is a schematic diagram of this laser processing apparatus. The laser processing apparatus 200 will be explained mainly in terms of its differences from the laser processing apparatus 100 in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 . The laser processing apparatus 200 comprises an ellipticity regulator 201 for adjusting the ellipticity of polarization of laser light L emitted from a laser light source 101 , and a 90° rotation regulator 203 for adjusting the rotation of polarization of the laser light L emitted from the ellipticity regulator 201 by about 90°. The ellipticity regulator 201 includes a quarter wave plate 207 shown in FIG. 41 . The quarter wave plate 207 can adjust the ellipticity of elliptically polarized light by changing the angle of direction θ. Namely, when light with linear polarization LP is made incident on the quarter wave plate 207 , the transmitted light attains elliptical polarization EP with a predetermined ellipticity. The angle of direction is an angle formed between the major axis of the ellipse and the X axis. As mentioned above, a number other than 1 is employed as the ellipticity in this embodiment. The ellipticity regulator 201 can make the polarization of laser light L become elliptically polarized light EP having a desirable ellipticity. The ellipticity is adjusted in view of the thickness and material of the object to be processed 1 , and the like. When irradiating the object to be processed 1 with laser light L having linear polarization LP, the laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 is linearly polarized light LP, whereby the ellipticity regulator 201 adjusts the angle of direction θ of the quarter wave plate 207 such that the laser light L passes through the quarter wave plate while being the linearly polarized light LP. Also, the laser light source 101 emits linearly polarized laser light L, whereby the ellipticity regulator 201 is unnecessary when only laser light of linear polarization LP is utilized for irradiating the object to be processed with laser. The 90° rotation regulator 203 includes a half wave plate 205 as shown in FIG. 42 . The half wave plate 205 is a wavelength plate for making polarization orthogonal to linearly polarized incident light. Namely, when linearly polarized light LP 1 with an angle of direction of 45° is incident on the half wave plate 205 , for embodiment, transmitted light becomes linearly polarized light LP 2 rotated by 90° with respect to the incident light LP 1 . When rotating the polarization of laser light L emitted from the ellipticity regulator 201 by 90°, the 90° rotation regulator 203 operates so as to place the half wave plate 205 onto the optical axis of laser light L. When not rotating the polarization of laser light L emitted from the ellipticity regulator 201 , the 90° rotation regulator 203 operates so as to place the half wave plate 205 outside the optical path of laser light L (i.e., at a site where the laser light L does not pass through the half wave plate 205 ). The dichroic mirror 103 is disposed such that the laser light L whose rotation of polarization is regulated by 90° or not by the 90° rotation regulator 203 is incident thereon and that the direction of optical axis of laser light L is changed by 90°. The laser processing apparatus 200 comprises a θ-axis stage 213 for rotating the X-Y plane of the mounting table 107 about the thickness direction of the object to be processed 1 . The stage controller 115 regulates not only the movement of stages 109 , 111 , 113 , but also the movement of stage 213 . With reference to FIGS. 40 and 43 , the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. FIG. 43 is a flowchart for explaining this laser processing method. The object to be processed 1 is a silicon wafer. Steps S 101 to S 111 are the same as those of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . The ellipticity regulator 201 adjusts the ellipticity of laser light L having linear polarization LP emitted from the laser light source 101 (S 121 ). The laser light L having elliptical polarization EP with a desirable ellipticity can be obtained when the angle of direction θ of the quarter wave plate is changed in the ellipticity regulator 201 . First, for processing the object to be processed 1 along the Y-axis direction, the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization EP of laser light L is adjusted so as to coincide with the direction of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut extending in the Y-axis direction of the object to be processed 1 (S 123 ). This is achieved by rotating the θ-axis stage 213 . Therefore, the θ-axis stage 213 functions as major axis adjusting means or linear polarization adjusting means. For processing the object 1 along the Y-axis direction, the 90° rotation regulator 203 carries out adjustment which does not rotate the polarization of laser light L (S 125 ) Namely, it operates so as to place the half wave plate to the outside of the optical path of laser light L. The laser light source 101 generates laser light L, whereas the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut extending in the Y-axis direction in the surface 3 of the object to be processed 1 is irradiated with the laser light L. FIG. 44 is a plan view of the object 1 . The object 1 is irradiated with the laser light L such that the major axis indicative of the ellipse of elliptical polarization EP of laser light extends along the rightmost line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the object 1 . Since the light-converging point P of laser light L is positioned within the object 1 , molten processed regions are formed only within the object 1 . The Y-axis stage 111 is moved along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to form a molten processed region within the object to be processed 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. Then, the X-axis stage 109 is moved, so as to irradiate the neighboring line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut with laser light L, and a molten processed region is formed within the object 1 along the neighboring line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in a manner similar to that mentioned above. By repeating this, a molten processed region is formed within the object 1 along the lines along which the object is intended to be cut successively from the right side (S 127 ). FIG. 45 shows the case where the object 1 is irradiated with the laser light L having linear polarization. Namely, the object 1 is irradiated with laser light such that the direction of linear polarization LP of laser light extends along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the object 1 . Next, the 90° rotation regulator 203 operates so as to place the half wave plate 205 ( FIG. 42 ) onto the optical axis of laser light L. This carries out adjustment for rotating the polarization of laser light emitted from the ellipticity regulator 219 by 90° (S 219 ). Subsequently, the laser light 101 generates laser light L, whereas the line along which the object is intended to be cut extending in the X-axis direction of the surface 3 of the object 1 is irradiated with the laser light L. FIG. 46 is a plan view of the object 1 . The object 1 is irradiated with the laser light L such that the direction of the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization EP of laser light L extends along the lowest line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut extending in the X-axis direction of the object 1 . Since the light-converging point P of laser light L is positioned within the object 1 , molten processed regions are formed only within the object 1 . The X-axis stage 109 is moved along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to form a molten processed region within the object 1 extending along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. Then, the Y-axis stage is moved, such that the immediately upper line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is irradiated with the laser light L, whereby a molten processed region is formed within the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in a manner similar to that mentioned above. By repeating this, respective molten processed regions are formed within the object 1 along the individual lines along which the object is intended to be cut successively from the lower side (S 131 ). FIG. 47 shows the case where the object 1 is irradiated with the laser light L having linear polarization LP. Then, the object 1 is bent along the lines along which the object is intended to be cut 5 , whereby the object 1 is cut (S 133 ). This divides the object 1 into silicon chips. Effects of the third embodiment will be explained. According to the third embodiment, the object 1 is irradiated with pulse laser light L such that the direction of the major axis of an ellipse indicative of the elliptical polarization EP of pulse laser light L extends along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut as shown in FIGS. 44 and 46 . As a consequence, the size of crack spots in the direction of line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut becomes relatively large, whereby crack regions extending along lines along which the object is intended to be cut can be formed by a smaller number of shots. The third embodiment can efficiently form crack regions as such, thus being able to improve the processing speed of the object 1 . Also, the crack spot formed at the shot does not extend in directions other than the direction aligning with the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby the object 1 can be cut precisely along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. These results are similar to those of the fourth embodiment which will be explained later. [Fourth Embodiment] The fourth embodiment of the present invention will be explained mainly in terms of its differences from the third embodiment. FIG. 48 is a schematic diagram of this laser processing apparatus 300 . Among the constituents of the laser processing apparatus 300 , those identical to constituents of the laser processing apparatus 200 in accordance with the third embodiment shown in FIG. 40 will be referred to with numerals identical thereto without repeating their overlapping explanations. The laser processing apparatus 300 is not equipped with the 90° rotation regulator 203 of the third embodiment. A θ-axis stage 213 can rotate the X-Y plane of a mounting table 107 about the thickness direction of the object to be processed 1 . This makes the polarization of laser light L emitted from the ellipticity regulator 201 relatively rotate by 90°. The laser processing method in accordance with the fourth embodiment of the present invention will be explained. Operations of step S 101 to step S 123 in the laser processing method in accordance with the third embodiment shown in FIG. 43 are carried out in the fourth embodiment as well. The operation of subsequent step S 125 is not carried out, since the fourth embodiment is not equipped with the 90° rotation regulator 203 . After step S 123 , the operation of step S 127 is carried out. The operations carried out so far process the object 1 as shown in FIG. 44 in a manner similar to that in the third embodiment. Thereafter, the stage controller 115 regulates the θ-axis stage 213 so as to rotate it by 90°. The rotation of the θ-axis stage 213 rotates the object 1 by 90° in the X-Y plane. Consequently, as shown in FIG. 49 , the major axis of elliptical polarization EP can be caused to align with a line along which the object is intended to be cut intersecting the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut having already completed the modified region forming step. Then, like step S 127 , the object 1 is irradiated with the laser light, whereby molten processed regions are formed within the object to be processed 1 along line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut successively from the right side. Finally, as with step S 133 , the object 1 is cut, whereby the object 1 is divided into silicon chips. The third and fourth embodiments of the present invention explained in the foregoing relate to the forming of modified regions by multiphoton absorption. However, the present invention may cut the object to be processed by irradiating it with laser light while locating its light-converging point within the object so as to make the major axis direction of an ellipse indicative of elliptical polarization extend along a line along which the object is intended to be cut in the object without forming modified regions caused by multiphoton absorption. This can also cut the object along the line along which the object is intended to be cut efficiently. [Fifth Embodiment] In a fifth embodiment of the present invention and sixth and seventh embodiments thereof, which will be explained later, sizes of modified spots are controlled by regulating the magnitude of power of pulse laser light and the size of numerical aperture of an optical system including a light-converging lens. The modified spot refers to a modified part formed by a single pulse shot of pulse laser light (i.e., one pulse laser irradiation), whereas an assembly of modified spots forms a modified region. The necessity to control the sizes of modified spots will be explained with respect to crack spots by way of embodiment. When a crack spot is too large, the accuracy of cutting an object to be cut along a line along which the object is intended to be cut decreases, and the flatness of the cross section deteriorates. This will be explained with reference to FIGS. 50 to 55 . FIG. 50 is a plan view of an object to be processed 1 in the case where crack spots are formed relatively large by using the laser processing method in accordance with this embodiment. FIG. 51 is a sectional view taken along LI—LI on the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in FIG. 50 . FIGS. 52 , 53 , and 54 are sectional views taken along lines LII—LII, LIII—LIII, and LIV—LIV orthogonal to the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in FIG. 50 , respectively. As can be seen from these drawings, the deviation in sizes of crack spots 9 becomes greater when the crack spots 90 are too large. Therefore, as shown in FIG. 55 , the accuracy of cutting the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut becomes lower. Also, irregularities of cross sections 43 in the object 1 become so large that the flatness of the cross section 43 deteriorates. When crack spots 90 are formed relatively small (e.g., 20 μm or less) by using the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this embodiment, by contrast, crack spots 90 can be formed uniformly and can be restrained from widening in directions deviating from that of the line along which the object is intended to be cut as shown in FIG. 56 . Therefore, as shown in FIG. 57 , the accuracy of cutting the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut and the flatness of cross sections 43 can be improved as shown in FIG. 57 . When crack spots are too large as such, precise cutting along a line along which the object is intended to be cut and cutting for yielding a flat cross section cannot be carried out. If crack spots are extremely small with respect to an object to be processed having a large thickness, however, the object will be hard to cut. The fact that this embodiment can control sizes of crack spots will be explained. As shown in FIG. 7 , when the peak power density is the same, the size of a crack spot in the case where the light-converging lens has a magnification of ×10 and an NA of 0.8 is smaller than that of a crack spot in the case where the light-converging lens has a magnification of ×50 and an NA of 0.55. The peak power density is proportional to the energy of laser light per pulse, i.e., the power of pulse laser light, as explained above, whereby the same peak power density means the same laser light power. When the laser light power is the same while the beam spot cross-sectional area is the same, sizes of crack spots can be regulated so as to become smaller (greater) as the numerical aperture of a light-converging lens is greater (smaller). Also, even when the numerical aperture of the light-converging lens is the same, sizes of crack spots can be regulated so as to become smaller and larger when the laser light power (peak power density) is made lower and higher, respectively. Therefore, as can be seen from the graph shown in FIG. 7 , sizes of crack spots can be regulated so as to become smaller when the numerical aperture of a light-converging lens is made greater or the laser light power is made lower. On the contrary, sizes of crack spots can be regulated so as to become greater when the numerical aperture of a light-converging lens is made smaller or when the laser light power is made higher. The crack spot size control will further be explained with reference to the drawings. The embodiment shown in FIG. 58 is a sectional view of an object to be processed 1 within which pulse laser light L is converged by use of a light-converging lens having a predetermined numerical aperture. Regions 41 are those having yielded an electric field intensity at a threshold for causing multiphoton absorption or higher by this laser irradiation. FIG. 59 is a sectional view of a crack spot 90 formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with the laser light L. On the other hand, the embodiment shown in FIG. 60 is a sectional view of an object to be processed 1 within which pulse laser light L is converged by use of a light-converging lens having a numerical aperture greater than that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 58 . FIG. 61 is a sectional view of a crack spot 90 formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with the laser light L. The height h of crack spot 90 depends on the size of regions 41 in the thickness direction of the object 1 , whereas the width w of crack spot 90 depends on the size of regions 41 in a direction orthogonal to the thickness direction of the object 1 . Namely, when these sizes of regions 41 are made smaller and greater, the height h and width w of crack spot 90 can be made smaller and greater, respectively. As can be seen when FIGS. 59 and 61 are compared with each other, in the case where the laser light power is the same, the sizes of height h and width w of crack spot 90 can be regulated so as to become smaller (greater) when the numerical aperture of a light-converging lens is made greater (smaller). The embodiment shown in FIG. 62 is a sectional view of an object to be processed 1 within which pulse laser light L having a power lower than that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 58 is converged. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 62 , since the laser light power is made lower, the area of regions 41 is smaller than that of regions 41 shown in FIG. 58 . FIG. 63 is a sectional view of a crack spot 90 formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with the laser light L. As can be seen when FIGS. 59 and 63 are compared with each other, in the case where the numerical aperture of the light-converging lens is the same, the sizes of height h and width w of crack spot 90 can be regulated so as to become smaller (greater) when the laser light power is made lower (higher). The embodiment shown in FIG. 64 is a sectional view of an object to be processed 1 within which pulse laser light L having a power lower than that in the embodiment shown in FIG. 60 is converged. FIG. 65 is a sectional view of a crack spot 90 formed due to the multiphoton absorption caused by irradiation with the laser light L. As can be seen when FIGS. 59 and 65 are compared with each other, the sizes of height h and width w of crack spot 90 can be regulated so as to become smaller (greater) when the numerical aperture of the light-converging lens is made greater (smaller) while the laser light power is made lower (higher). Meanwhile, the regions 41 indicative of those yielding an electric field intensity at a threshold for electric field intensity capable of forming a crack spot or higher are restricted to the light-converging point P and its vicinity due to the following reason: Since a laser light source with a high beam quality is utilized, this embodiment achieves a high convergence of laser light and can converge light up to about the wavelength of laser light. As a consequence, the beam profile of this laser light attains a Gaussian distribution, whereby the electric field intensity is distributed so as to become the highest at the center of the beam and gradually lowers as the distance from the center increases. The laser light is basically converged in the state of a Gaussian distribution in the process of being converged by a light-converging lens in practice as well. Therefore, the regions 41 are restricted to the light-converging point P and its vicinity. As in the foregoing, this embodiment can control sizes of crack spots. Sizes of crack spots are determined in view of a requirement for a degree of precise cutting, a requirement for a degree of flatness in cross sections, and the magnitude of thickness of the object to be processed. Sizes of crack spots can be determined in view of the material of an object to be processed as well. This embodiment can control sizes of modified spots, thus making it possible to carry out precise cutting along a line along which the object is intended to be cut and yield a favorable flatness in cross sections by making modified spots smaller for objects to be processed having a relatively small thickness. Also, by making modified spots greater, it enables cutting of objects to be processed having a relatively large thickness. There are cases where an object to be processed has respective directions easy and hard to cut due to the crystal orientation of the object, for embodiment. When cutting such an object, the size of crack spots 90 formed in the easy-to-cut direction is made greater as shown in FIGS. 56 and 57 , for embodiment. When the direction of a line along which the object is intended to be cut orthogonal to the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is a hard-to-cut direction, on the other hand, the size of crack spots 90 formed in this direction is made greater as shown in FIGS. 57 and 66 . Here, FIG. 66 is a sectional view of the object 1 shown in FIG. 57 taken along LXVI—LXVI. Hence, a flat cross section can be obtained in the easy-to-cut direction, while cutting is possible in the hard-to-cut direction as well. Though the fact that sizes of modified spots are controllable has been explained in the case of crack spots, the same holds in melting spots and refractive index change spots. For embodiment, the power of pulse laser light can be expressed by energy per pulse (J), or average output (W) which is a value obtained by multiplying the energy per pulse by the frequency of laser light. The foregoing holds in sixth and seventh embodiments which will be explained later. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the present invention will be explained. FIG. 67 is a schematic diagram of this laser processing apparatus 400 . The laser processing apparatus 400 will be explained mainly in terms of its differences from the laser processing apparatus 100 in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 . The laser processing apparatus 400 comprises a power regulator 401 for adjusting the power of laser light L emitted from a laser light source 101 . The power regulator 401 comprises, for embodiment, a plurality of ND (neutral density) filters, and a mechanism for moving the individual ND filters to positions perpendicular to the optical axis of the laser light L and to the outside of the optical path of laser light L. An ND filter is a filter which reduces the intensity of light without changing the relative spectral distribution of energy. A plurality of ND filters have respective extinction factors different from each other. By using one of a plurality of ND filters or combining some of them, the power regulator 401 adjusts the power of laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 . Here, a plurality of ND filters may have the same extinction factor, and the power regulator 401 may change the number of ND filters to be moved to positions perpendicular to the optical axis of laser light L, so as to adjust the power of laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 . The power regulator 401 may comprise a polarization filter disposed perpendicular to the optical axis of linearly polarized laser light L, and a mechanism for rotating the polarization filter about the optical axis of laser light L by a desirable angle. Rotating the polarization filter about the optical axis by a desirable angle in the power regulator 401 adjusts the power of laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 . Here, the driving current for a pumping semiconductor laser in the laser light source 101 can be regulated by a laser light source controller 102 which is an embodiment of driving current control means, so as to regulate the power of laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 . Therefore, the power of laser light L can be adjusted by at least one of the power regulator 401 and laser light source controller 102 . If the size of a modified region can attain a desirable value due to the adjustment of power of laser light L by the laser light source controller 102 alone, the power regulator 401 is unnecessary. The power adjustment explained in the foregoing is effected when an operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs the magnitude of power into an overall controller 127 , which will be explained later, by using a keyboard or the like. The laser processing apparatus 400 further comprises a dichroic mirror 103 disposed such that the laser light L whose power is adjusted by the power regulator 401 is incident thereon whereas the orientation of the optical axis of laser light L is changed by 90°; a lens selecting mechanism 403 including a plurality of light-converging lenses for converging the laser light L reflected by the dichroic mirror 103 ; and a lens selecting mechanism controller 405 for controlling the lens selecting mechanism 403 . The lens selecting mechanism 403 comprises light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c , and a support plate 407 for supporting them. The numerical apertures of respective optical systems including the light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c differ from each other. According to a signal from the lens selecting mechanism controller 405 , the lens selecting mechanism 403 rotates the support plate 407 , thereby causing a desirable light-converging lens among the light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c to be placed onto the optical axis of laser light L. Namely, the lens selecting mechanism 403 is of revolver type. The number of light-converging lenses attached to the lens selecting mechanism 403 is not restricted to 3 but may be other numbers. When the operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs a size of numerical aperture or an instruction for choosing one of the light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c into the overall controller 127 , which will be explained later, by using a keyboard or the like, the light-converging lens is chosen, namely, the numerical aperture is chosen. Mounted on the mounting table 107 of the laser processing apparatus 400 is an object to be processed 1 irradiated with the laser light L converged by one of the light-converging lenses 105 a to 105 c which is disposed on the optical axis of laser light L. The overall controller 127 is electrically connected to the power regulator 401 . FIG. 67 does not depict it. When the magnitude of power is fed into the overall controller 127 , the latter controls the power regulator 401 , thereby adjusting the power. FIG. 68 is a block diagram showing a part of an embodiment of the overall controller 127 . The overall controller 127 comprises a size selector 411 , a correlation storing section 413 , and an image preparing section 415 . The operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs the magnitude of power of pulse laser light or the size of numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens to the size selector 411 by using a keyboard or the like. In this embodiment, the input may choose one of the light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c instead of the numerical aperture size being directly inputted. In this case, the respective numerical apertures of the light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c are registered in the overall controller 127 beforehand, and data of the numerical aperture of the optical system including the chosen light-converging lens is automatically fed into the size selector 411 . The correlation storing section 413 has stored the correlation between the set of pulse laser power magnitude and numerical aperture size and the size of modified spot beforehand. FIG. 69 is an embodiment of table showing this correlation. In this embodiment, respective numerical apertures of the optical systems including the light-converging lenses 105 a , 105 b , 105 c are registered in the column for numerical aperture. In the column for power, magnitudes of power attained by the power regulator 401 are registered. In the column for size, sizes of modified spots formed by combinations of powers of their corresponding sets and numerical apertures are registered. For embodiment, the modified spot formed when the power is 1.24×10 11 (W/cm 2 ) while the numerical aperture is 0.55 has a size of 120 μm. The data of this correlation can be obtained by carrying out experiments explained in FIGS. 58 to 65 before laser processing, for embodiment. When the magnitude of power and numerical aperture size are fed into the size selector 411 , the latter chooses the set having their corresponding values from the correlation storing section 413 , and sends data of size corresponding to this set to the monitor 129 . As a consequence, the size of a modified spot formed at thus inputted magnitude of power and numerical aperture size is displayed on the monitor 129 . If there is no set corresponding to these values, size data corresponding to a set having the closest values is sent to the monitor 129 . The data of size corresponding to the set chosen by the size selector 411 is sent from the size selector 411 to the image preparing section 415 . According to this size data, the image preparing section 415 prepares image data of a modified spot in this size, and sends thus prepared data to the monitor 129 . As a consequence, an image of the modified spot is also displayed on the monitor 129 . Hence, the size and form of modified spot can be seen before laser processing. The size of numerical aperture may be made variable while the magnitude of power is fixed. The table in this case will be as shown in FIG. 70 . For embodiment, the modified spot formed when the numerical aperture is 0.55 while the power is fixed at 1.49×10 11 (W/cm 2 ) has a size of 150 μm. Alternatively, the magnitude of power may be made variable while the size of numerical aperture is fixed. The table in this case will be as shown in FIG. 71 . For embodiment, the modified spot formed when the power is fixed at 1.19×10 11 (W/cm 2 ) while the numerical aperture is fixed at 0.8 has a size of 30 μm. The laser processing method in accordance with the fifth embodiment of the present invention will now be explained with reference to FIG. 67 . The object to be processed 1 is a silicon wafer. In the fifth embodiment, operations of steps S 101 to S 111 are carried out as in the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . After step S 111 , the magnitude of power and numerical aperture size are fed into the overall controller 127 as explained above. According to the data of power inputted, the power of laser light L is adjusted by the power regulator 401 . According to the data of numerical aperture inputted, the lens selecting mechanism 403 chooses a light-converging lens by way of the lens selecting mechanism controller 405 , thereby adjusting the numerical aperture. These data are also fed into the size selector 411 of the overall controller 127 (FIG. 68 ). As a consequence, the size and form of a melting spot formed within the object 1 upon irradiation of one pulse of laser light L are displayed on the monitor 129 . Then, operations of steps S 113 to S 115 are carried out as in the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . This divides the object 1 into silicon chips. [Sixth Embodiment] A sixth embodiment of the present invention will now be explained mainly in terms of its differences from the fifth embodiment. FIG. 72 is a schematic diagram of this laser processing apparatus 500 . Among the constituents of the laser processing apparatus 500 , those identical to constituents of the laser processing apparatus 400 in accordance with the fifth embodiment shown in FIG. 67 are referred to with numerals identical thereto without repeating their overlapping explanations. In the laser processing apparatus 500 , a beam expander 501 is disposed on the optical axis of laser light L between a power regulator 401 and a dichroic mirror 103 . The beam expander 501 has a variable magnification, and is regulated by the beam expander 501 so as to increase the beam diameter of laser light L. The beam expander 501 is an embodiment of numerical aperture regulating means. The laser processing apparatus 500 is equipped with a single light-converging lens 105 instead of the lens selecting mechanism 403 . The operations of the laser processing apparatus 500 differ from those of the laser processing apparatus of the fifth embodiment in the adjustment of numerical aperture based on the magnitude of numerical aperture fed into the overall controller 127 . This will be explained in the following. The overall controller 127 is electrically connected to the beam expander 501 . FIG. 72 does not depict this. When the size of numerical aperture is fed into the overall controller 127 , the latter carries out control for changing the magnitude of beam expander 501 . This regulates the magnification of beam diameter of the laser light L incident on the light-converging lens 105 . Therefore, with only one light-converging lens 105 , adjustment for increasing the numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens 105 is possible. This will be explained with reference to FIGS. 73 and 74 . FIG. 73 is a view showing the convergence of laser light L effected by the light-converging lens 105 when the beam expander 501 is not provided. On the other hand, FIG. 74 is a view showing the convergence of laser light L effected by the light-converging lens 105 when the beam expander 501 is provided. As can be seen when FIGS. 73 and 74 are compared with each other, the sixth embodiment can achieve adjustment so as to increase the numerical aperture with reference to the numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens 105 in the case where the beam expander 501 is not provided. [Seventh Embodiment] A seventh embodiment of the present invention will now be explained mainly in terms of its differences from the fifth and sixth embodiments. FIG. 75 is a schematic diagram of this laser processing apparatus 600 . Among the constituents of the laser processing apparatus 600 , those identical to constituents of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the fifth and sixth embodiments are referred to with numerals identical thereto without repeating their overlapping explanations. In The laser processing apparatus 600 , an iris diaphragm 601 is disposed on the optical axis of laser light L instead of the beam expander 501 between a dichroic mirror 103 and a light-converging lens 105 . Changing the aperture size of the iris diaphragm 601 adjusts the effective diameter of the light-converging lens 105 . The iris diaphragm 601 is an embodiment of numerical aperture regulating means. The laser processing apparatus 600 further comprises an iris diaphragm controller 603 for changing the aperture size of the iris diaphragm 601 . The iris diaphragm controller 603 is controlled by an overall controller 127 . The operations of the laser processing apparatus 600 differ from those of the laser processing apparatus of the fifth and sixth embodiments in the adjustment of numerical aperture based on the size of numerical aperture fed into the overall controller 127 . According to the inputted size of numerical aperture, the laser processing apparatus 600 changes the size of aperture of the iris diaphragm 601 , thereby carrying out adjustment for decreasing the effective diameter of the light-converging lens 105 . Therefore, with only one light-converging lens 105 , adjustment for decreasing the numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens 105 is possible. This will be explained with reference to FIGS. 76 and 77 . FIG. 76 is a view showing the convergence of laser light L effected by the light-converging lens 105 when no iris diaphragm is provided. On the other hand, FIG. 77 is a view showing the convergence of laser light L effected by the light-converging lens 105 when the iris diaphragm 601 is provided. As can be seen when FIGS. 76 and 77 are compared with each other, the seventh embodiment can achieve adjustment so as to increase the numerical aperture with reference to the numerical aperture of the optical system including the light-converging lens 105 in the case where the iris diaphragm is not provided. Modified embodiments of the fifth to seventh embodiments of the present invention will now be explained. FIG. 78 is a block diagram of the overall controller 127 provided in a modified embodiment of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a power selector 417 and a correlation storing section 413 . The correlation storing section 413 has already stored the correlation data shown in FIG. 71 . An operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs a desirable size of a modified spot to the power selector 417 by a keyboard or the like. The size of modified spot is determined in view of the thickness and material of the object to be modified and the like. According to this input, the power selector 417 chooses a power corresponding to the value of size identical to thus inputted size from the correlation storing section 413 , and sends it to the power regulator 401 . Therefore, when the laser processing apparatus regulated to this magnitude of power is used for laser processing, a modified spot having a desirable size can be formed. The data concerning this magnitude of power is also sent to the monitor 129 , whereby the magnitude of power is displayed. In this embodiment, the numerical aperture is fixed while power is variable. If no size at the value identical to that of thus inputted value is stored in the correlation storing section 413 , power data corresponding to a size having the closest value is sent to the power regulator 401 and the monitor 129 . This is the same in the modified embodiments explained in the following. FIG. 79 is a block diagram of the overall controller 127 provided in another modified embodiment of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a numerical aperture selector 419 and a correlation storing section 413 . It differs from the modified embodiment of FIG. 78 in that the numerical aperture is chosen instead of the power. The correlation storing section 413 has already stored the data shown in FIG. 70 . An operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs a desirable size of a modified spot to the numerical aperture selector 419 by using a keyboard or the like. As a consequence, the numerical aperture selector 419 chooses a numerical aperture corresponding to a size having a value identical to that of the inputted size from the correlation storing section 413 , and sends data of this numerical aperture to the lens selecting mechanism controller 405 , beam expander 501 , or iris diaphragm controller 603 . Therefore, when the laser processing apparatus regulated to this size of numerical aperture is used for laser processing, a modified spot having a desirable size can be formed. The data concerning this numerical aperture is also sent to the monitor 129 , whereby the size of numerical aperture is displayed. In this embodiment, the power is fixed while numerical aperture is variable. FIG. 80 is a block diagram of the overall controller 127 provided in still another modified embodiment of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with this embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a set selector 421 and a correlation storing section 413 . It differs from the embodiments of FIGS. 78 and 79 in that both power and numerical aperture are chosen. The correlation storing section 413 has stored the correlation between the set of power and numerical aperture and the size in FIG. 69 beforehand. An operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs a desirable size of a modified spot to the set selector 421 by using a keyboard or the like. As a consequence, the set selector 421 chooses a set of power and numerical aperture corresponding to thus inputted size from the correlation storing section 413 . Data of power in thus chosen set is sent to the power regulator 401 . On the other hand, data of numerical aperture in the chosen set is sent to the lens selecting mechanism controller 405 , beam expander 501 , or iris diaphragm controller 603 . Therefore, when the laser processing apparatus regulated to the power and numerical aperture of this set is used for laser processing, a modified spot having a desirable size can be formed. The data concerning the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture is also sent to the monitor 129 , whereby the magnitude of power and size of numerical aperture is displayed. These modified embodiments can control sizes of modified spots. Therefore, when the size of a modified spot is made smaller, the object to be processed can precisely be cut along a line along which the object is intended to be cut therein, and a flat cross section can be obtained. When the object to be cut has a large thickness, the size of modified spot can be enhanced, whereby the object can be cut. [Eighth Embodiment] An eighth embodiment of the present invention controls the distance between a modified spot formed by one pulse of laser light and a modified spot formed by the next one pulse of pulse laser light by regulating the magnitude of a repetition frequency of pulse laser light and the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light. Namely, it controls the distance between adjacent modified spots. In the following explanation, the distance is assumed to be a pitch p. The control of pitch p will be explained in terms of a crack region by way of embodiment. Let f (Hz) be the repetition frequency of pulse laser light, and v (mm/sec) be the moving speed of the X-axis stage or Y-axis stage of the object to be processed. The moving speeds of these stages are embodiments of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light. The crack part formed by one shot of pulse laser light is referred to as crack spot. Therefore, the number n of crack spots formed per unit length of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is as follows: n=f/v. The reciprocal of the number n of crack spots formed per unit length corresponds to the pitch p: p= 1 /n. Hence, the pitch p can be controlled when at least one of the magnitude of repetition frequency of pulse laser light and the magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point is regulated. Namely, the pitch p can be controlled so as to become smaller when the repetition frequency f (Hz) is increased or when the stage moving speed v (mm/sec) is decreased. By contrast, the pitch p can be controlled so as to become greater when the repetition frequency f (Hz) is decreased or when the stage moving speed v (mm/sec) is increased. Meanwhile, there are three ways of relationship between the pitch p and crack spot size in the direction of line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut as shown in FIGS. 81 to 83 . FIGS. 81 to 83 are plan views of an object to be processed along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, which is formed with a crack region by the laser processing in accordance with this embodiment. A crack spot 90 is formed by one pulse of pulse laser light. Forming a plurality of crack spots 90 aligning each other along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut yields a crack region 9 . FIG. 81 shows a case where the pitch p is greater than the size d. The crack region 9 is formed discontinuously along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. FIG. 82 shows a case where the pitch p substantially equals the size d. The crack region 9 is formed continuously along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. FIG. 83 shows a case where the pitch p is smaller than the size d. The crack region 9 is formed continuously along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut within the object to be processed. In FIG. 81 , the crack region 9 is not continuous along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, whereby the part of line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut keeps a strength to some extent. Therefore, when carrying out a step of cutting the object to be processed after laser processing, handling of the object becomes easier. In FIGS. 82 and 83 , the crack region 9 is continuously formed along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, which makes it easy to cut the object while using the crack region 9 as a starting point. The pitch p is made greater than the size d in FIG. 81 , and substantially equals the size d in FIG. 82 , whereby regions generating multiphoton absorption upon irradiation with pulse laser light can be prevented from being superposed on crack spots 90 which have already been formed. As a result, deviations in sizes of crack spots 90 can be made smaller. Namely, the inventor has found that, when a region generating multiphoton absorption upon irradiation with pulse laser light is superposed on crack spots 90 which have already been formed, deviations in sizes of crack spots 90 formed in this region become greater. When deviations in sizes of crack spots 90 become greater, it becomes harder to cut the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut precisely, and the flatness of cross section deteriorates. In FIGS. 81 and 82 , deviations in sizes of crack spots can be made smaller, whereby the object to be processed can be cut along the line along which the object is intended to be cut precisely, while cross sections can be made flat. As explained in the foregoing, the eighth embodiment of the present invention can control the pitch p by regulating the magnitude of repetition frequency of pulse laser light or magnitude of relative moving speed of the light-converging point of pulse laser light. This enables laser processing in conformity to the object to be processed by changing the pitch p in view of the thickness and material of the object and the like. Though the fact that the pitch p can be controlled is explained in the case of crack spots, the same holds in melting spots and refractive index change spots. However, there are no problems even when melting spots and refractive index change spots are superposed on those which have already been formed. The relative movement of the light-converging point of pulse laser light may be realized by a case where the object to be processed is moved while the light-converging point of pulse laser light is fixed, a case where the light-converging point of pulse laser light is moved while the object is fixed, a case where the object and the light-converging point of pulse laser light are moved in directions opposite from each other, and a case where the object and the light-converging point of pulse laser light are moved in the same direction with their respective speeds different from each other. With reference to FIG. 14 , the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the present invention will be explained mainly in terms of its differences from the laser processing apparatus 100 in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 . The laser light source 101 is a Q-switch laser. FIG. 84 is a schematic diagram of the Q-switch laser provided in a laser light source 101 . The Q-switch laser comprises mirrors 51 , 53 which are disposed with a predetermined gap therebetween, a laser medium 55 disposed between the mirrors 51 and 53 , a pumping source 57 for applying a pumping input to the laser medium 55 , and a Q-switch 59 disposed between the laser medium 55 and the mirror 51 . The material of the laser medium 55 is Nd:YAG, for embodiment. A pumping input is applied from the pumping source 57 to the laser medium 55 in a state where the loss in a resonator is made high by utilizing the Q-switch 59 , whereby the population inversion of the laser medium 55 is raised to a predetermined value. Thereafter, the Q-switch 59 is utilized for placing the resonator into a state with a low loss, so as to oscillate the accumulated energy instantaneously and generate pulse laser light L. A signal S (e.g., a change in a repetition frequency of an ultrasonic pulse) from a laser light source controller 102 controls the Q-switch 59 so as to make it attain a high state. Therefore, the signal S from the laser light source controller 102 can regulate the repetition frequency of pulse laser light L emitted from the laser light source 101 . The laser light source controller 102 is an embodiment of frequency adjusting means. The repetition frequency is regulated when an operator of the laser processing apparatus inputs the magnitude of repetition frequency to an overall controller 127 , which will be explained later, by using a keyboard or the like. The foregoing are details of the laser light source 101 . During the laser processing, the object to be processed 1 is moved in the X- or Y-axis direction, so as to form a modified region along a line along which the object is intended to be cut. Therefore, when forming a modified region in the X-axis direction, the speed of relative movement of the light-converging point of laser light can be adjusted by regulating the moving speed of the X-axis stage 109 . When forming a modified region in the Y-axis direction, on the other hand, the speed of relative movement of the light-converging point of laser light can be adjusted by regulating the moving speed of the Y-axis stage 111 . The adjustment of the respective moving speeds of these stages is controlled by the stage controller 115 . The stage controller 115 is an embodiment of speed adjusting means. The speed is regulated when the operator of laser processing apparatus inputs the magnitude of speed to the overall controller 127 , which will be explained later, by using a keyboard or the like. The speed of relative movement of the light-converging point of pulse laser light can be adjusted when, while the light converging point P is made movable, its moving speed is regulated. The overall controller 127 of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment further adds other functions to the overall controller 127 of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the first embodiment. FIG. 85 is a block diagram showing a part of an embodiment of the overall controller 127 of the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the eighth embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a distance calculating section 141 , a size storing section 143 , and an image preparing section 145 . To the distance calculating section 141 , the magnitude of repetition frequency of pulse laser light and respective magnitudes of moving speeds of the stages 109 , 111 are inputted. These inputs are effected by the operator of laser processing apparatus using a keyboard or the like. The distance calculating section 141 calculates the distance (pitch) between adjacent spots by utilizing the above-mentioned expressions (n=f/v, and p=1/n). The distance calculating section 141 sends this distance data to the monitor 129 . As a consequence, the distance between modified spots formed at the inputted magnitudes of frequency and speed is displayed on the monitor 129 . The distance data is also sent to the image preparing section 145 . The size storing section 143 has already stored therein sizes of modified spots formed in this laser processing apparatus. According to the distance data and the size data stored in the size storing section 143 , the image preparing section 145 prepares image data of a modified region formed by the distance and size, and sends thus prepared image data to the monitor 129 . As a consequence, an image of the modified region is also displayed on the monitor 129 . Hence, the distance between adjacent modified spots and the form of modified region can be seen before laser processing. Though the distance calculating section 141 calculates the distance between modified spots by utilizing the expressions (n=f/v, and p=1/n), the following procedure may also be taken. First, a table having registered the relationship between the magnitude of repetition frequency, the moving speeds of stages 109 , 111 , and the distance between modified spots beforehand is prepared, and the distance calculating section 141 is caused to store data of this table. When the magnitude of repetition frequency and the magnitudes of moving speeds of stages 109 , 111 are fed into the distance calculating section 141 , the latter reads out from the above-mentioned table the distance between modified spots in the modified spots formed under the condition of these magnitude. Here, the magnitudes of stage moving speeds maybe made variable while the magnitude of repetition frequency is fixed. On the contrary, the magnitude of repetition frequency may be made variable while the magnitudes of stage moving speeds are fixed. Also, in these cases, the above-mentioned expressions and table are used in the distance calculating section 141 for carrying out processing for causing the monitor 129 to display the distance between modified spots and an image of the modified region. As in the foregoing, the overall controller 127 shown in FIG. 85 inputs the magnitude of repetition frequency and the stage moving speeds, thereby calculating the distance between adjacent modified spots. Alternatively, a desirable distance between adjacent modified spots may be inputted, and the magnitude of repetition frequency and magnitudes of stage moving speeds may be controlled. This procedure will be explained in the following. FIG. 86 is a block diagram showing a part of another embodiment of the overall controller 127 provided in the eighth embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a frequency calculating section 147 . The operator of laser processing apparatus inputs the magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots to the frequency calculating section 147 by using a keyboard or the like. The magnitude of distance is determined in view of the thickness and material of the object to be processed and the like. Upon this input, the frequency calculating section 147 calculates a frequency for attaining this magnitude of distance according to the above-mentioned expressions and tables. In this embodiment, the stage moving speeds are fixed. The frequency calculating section 147 sends thus calculated data to the laser light source controller 102 . When the object to be processed is subjected to laser processing by the laser processing apparatus regulated to this magnitude of frequency, the distance between adjacent modified spots can attain a desirable magnitude. Data of this magnitude of frequency is also sent to the monitor 129 , whereby this magnitude of frequency is displayed. FIG. 87 is a block diagram showing a part of still another embodiment the overall controller 127 provided in the eighth embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a speed calculating section 149 . In a manner similar to that mentioned above, the magnitude of distance between adjacent modified spots is fed into the speed calculating section 149 . Upon this input, the speed calculating section 149 calculates a stage moving speed for attaining this magnitude of distance according to the above-mentioned expressions and tables. In this embodiment, the repetition frequency is fixed. The speed calculating section 149 sends thus calculated data to the stage controller 115 . When the object to be processed is subjected to laser processing by the laser processing apparatus regulated to this magnitude of stage moving speed, the distance between adjacent modified spots can attain a desirable magnitude. Data of this magnitude of stage moving speed is also sent to the monitor 129 , whereby this magnitude of stage moving speed is displayed. FIG. 88 is a block diagram showing a part of still another embodiment of the overall controller 127 provided in the eighth embodiment. The overall controller 127 comprises a combination calculating section 151 . It differs from the cases of FIGS. 86 and 87 in that both repetition frequency and stage moving speed are calculated. In a manner similar to that mentioned above, the distance between adjacent modified spots is fed into the combination calculating section 151 . According to the above-mentioned expressions and tables, the combination calculating section 151 calculates a repetition frequency and a stage moving speed for attaining this magnitude of distance. The combination calculating section 151 sends thus calculated data to the stage controller 115 . The laser light source controller 102 adjusts the laser light source 101 so as to attain the calculated magnitude of repetition frequency. The stage controller 115 adjusts the stages 109 , 111 so as to attain the calculated magnitude of stage moving speed. When the object to be processed is subjected to laser processing by thus regulated laser processing apparatus, the distance between adjacent modified spots can attain a desirable magnitude. Data of thus calculated magnitude of repetition frequency and magnitude of stage moving speed are also sent to the monitor 129 , whereby thus calculated values are displayed. The laser processing method in accordance with the eighth embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. The object to be processed 1 is a silicon wafer. In the eighth embodiment, operations from steps S 101 to S 111 are carried out in a manner similar to that of the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . After step S 111 , the distance between adjacent melting spots in the melting spots formed by one pulse of pulse laser, i.e., the magnitude of pitch p, is determined. The pitch p is determined in view of the thickness and material of the object 1 and the like. The magnitude of pitch p is fed into the overall controller 127 shown in FIG. 88 . Then, in a manner similar to that of the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 , operations of step S 113 to S 115 are carried out. This divides the object 1 into silicon chips. As explained in the foregoing, the eighth embodiment can control the distance between adjacent melting spots by regulating the magnitude of repetition frequency of pulse laser light, and regulating the magnitudes of moving speeds of X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 . Changing the magnitude of distance in view of the thickness and material of the object 1 and the like enables processing in conformity to the aimed purpose. [Ninth Embodiment] A ninth embodiment of the present invention changes the position of the light-converging point of laser light irradiating the object to be processed in the direction of incidence to the object, thereby forming a plurality of modified regions aligning in the direction of incidence. Forming a plurality of modified regions will be explained in terms of a crack region by way of embodiment. FIG. 89 is a perspective view of an object to be processed 1 formed with two crack regions 9 within the object 1 by using the laser processing method in accordance with the ninth embodiment of the present invention. A method of forming two crack regions 9 will be explained in brief. First, the object 1 is irradiated with pulse laser light L, while the light-converging point of pulse laser light L is located within the object 1 near its rear face 21 and is moved along a line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. This forms a crack region 9 ( 9 A) along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut within the object 1 near the rear face 21 . Subsequently, the object 1 is irradiated with the pulse laser light L, while the light-converging point of pulse laser light L is located within the object 1 near its surface 3 and is moved along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. This forms a crack region 9 ( 9 B) along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut within the object 1 near the surface 3 . Then, as shown in FIG. 90 , cracks 91 naturally grow from the crack regions 9 A, 9 B. Specifically, the cracks 91 naturally grow from the crack region 9 A toward the rear face 21 , from the crack region 9 A ( 9 B) toward the crack region 9 B ( 9 A), and from the crack region 9 B toward the surface 3 . This can form cracks 9 elongated in the thickness direction of the object in the surface of object 1 extending along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, i.e., the surface to become a cross section. Hence, the object 1 can be cut along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut by artificially applying a relatively small force thereto or naturally without applying such a force. As in the foregoing, the ninth embodiment forms a plurality of crack regions 9 , thereby increasing the number of locations to become starting points when cutting the object 1 . As a consequence, the ninth embodiment makes it possible to cut the object 1 even in the cases where the object 1 has a relatively large thickness, the object 1 is made of a material in which cracks 91 are hard to grow after forming the crack regions 9 , and so forth. When cutting is difficult by two crack regions 9 alone, three or more crack regions 9 are formed. For embodiment, as shown in FIG. 91 , a crack region 9 C is formed between the crack region 9 A and crack region 9 B. Cutting can also be achieved in a direction orthogonal to the thickness direction of the object 1 as long as it is the direction of incidence of laser light as shown in FIG. 92 . Preferably, in the ninth embodiment of the present invention, a plurality of crack regions 9 are successively formed from the side farther from the entrance face (e.g., surface 3 ) of the object to be processed on which the pulse laser light L is incident. For embodiment, in FIG. 89 , the crack region 9 A is formed first, and then the crack region 9 B is formed. If the crack regions 9 are formed successively from the side closer to the entrance face, the pulse laser L irradiated at the time of forming the crack region 9 to be formed later will be scattered by the crack region 9 formed earlier. As a consequence, deviations occur in sizes of the crack part (crack spot) formed by one shot of pulse laser light L constituting the crack region 9 formed later. Hence, the crack region 9 formed later cannot be formed uniformly. Forming the crack regions 9 successively from the side farther from the entrance face does not generate the above-mentioned scattering, whereby the crack region 9 formed later can be formed uniformly. However, the order of forming a plurality of crack regions 9 in the ninth embodiment of the present invention is not restricted to that mentioned above. They may be formed successively from the side closer to the entrance face of the object to be processed, or formed randomly. In the random forming, for embodiment in FIG. 91 , the crack region 9 C is formed first, then the crack region 9 B, and finally the crack region 9 A is formed by reversing the direction of incidence of laser light. Though the forming of a plurality of modified regions is explained in the case of crack regions, the same holds in molten processed regions and refractive index change regions. Though the explanation relates to pulse laser light, the same holds for continuous wave laser light. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with the ninth embodiment of the present invention has a configuration similar to that of the laser processing apparatus 100 in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 . In the ninth embodiment, the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of the object to be processed 1 is adjusted by the Z-axis stage 113 . This can adjust the light-converging point P so as to locate it at a position closer to or farther from the entrance face (surface 3 ) than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object to be processed 1 , and at a substantially half thickness position. Here, adjustment of the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of the object to be processed caused by the Z-axis stage will be explained with reference to FIGS. 93 and 94 . In the ninth embodiment of the present invention, the position of light-converging point of laser light in the thickness direction of the object to be processed is adjusted so as to be located at a desirable position within the object with reference to the surface (entrance face) of the object. FIG. 93 shows the state where the light-converging point P of laser light L is positioned at the surface 3 of the object 1 . When the Z-axis stage is moved by z toward the light-converging lens 105 , the light-converging point P moves from the surface 3 to the inside of the object 1 as shown in FIG. 94 . The amount of movement of light-converging point P within the object 1 is Nz (where N is the refractive index of the object 1 with respect to the laser light L). Hence, when the Z-axis stage is moved in view of the refractive index of the object 1 with respect to the laser light L, the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of the object 1 can be controlled. Namely, a desirable position of the light-converging point P in the thickness direction of the object 1 is defined as the distance (Nz) from the surface 3 to the inside of the object 1 . The object 1 is moved in the thickness direction by the amount of movement (z) obtained by dividing the distance (Nz) by the above-mentioned refractive index (N). This can locate the light-converging point P at the desirable position. As explained in the first embodiment, the stage controller 115 controls the movement of the Z-axis stage 113 according to focal point data, such that the focal point of visible light is located at the surface 3 . The laser processing apparatus 1 is adjusted such that the light-converging point P of laser light L is positioned at the surface 3 at the position of Z-axis stage 113 where the focal point of visible light is located at the surface 3 . Data of the amount of movement (z) explained in FIGS. 93 and 94 is fed into and stored in the overall controller 127 . With reference to FIG. 95 , the laser processing method in accordance with the ninth embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. FIG. 95 is a flowchart for explaining this laser processing method. The object to be processed 1 is a silicon wafer. Step S 101 is the same as step S 101 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . Subsequently, the thickness of the object 1 is measured. According to the result of measurement of thickness and the refractive index of object 1 , the amount of movement (z) of object 1 in the Z-axis direction is determined (S 103 ). This is the amount of movement of object 1 in the Z-axis direction with reference to the light-converging point of laser light L positioned at the surface 3 of object 1 in order for the light-converging point P of laser light L to be located within the object 1 . Namely, the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of object 1 is determined. The position of light-converging point P is determined in view of the thickness and material of object 1 and the like. In this embodiment, data of a first movement amount for positioning the light-converging point P near the rear face within the object 1 and data of a second movement amount for positioning the light-converging point P near the surface 3 within the object 1 are used. A first molten processed region to be formed is formed by using the data of first movement amount. A second molten processed region to be formed is formed by using the data of second movement amount. Data of these movement amounts are fed into the overall controller 127 . Steps S 105 and S 107 are the same as steps S 105 and S 107 in the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . The focal point data calculated by step S 107 is sent to the stage controller 115 . According to the focal point data, the stage controller 115 moves the Z-axis stage 113 in the Z-axis direction (S 109 ) This positions the focal point of visible light of the observation light source 117 at the surface 3 . At this point of Z-axis stage 113 , the focal point P of pulse laser light L is positioned at the surface 3 . Here, according to imaging data, the imaging data processor 125 calculates enlarged image data of the surface of object 1 including the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. The enlarged image data is sent to the monitor 129 by way of the overall controller 127 , whereby an enlarged image in the vicinity of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is displayed on the monitor 129 . The data of first movement amount determined by step S 103 has already been inputted to the overall controller 127 , and is sent to the stage controller 115 . According to this data of movement amount, the stage controller 115 moves the object 1 in the Z-axis direction by using the Z-axis stage 113 to a position where the light-converging point P of laser light L is located within the object 1 (S 111 ). This inside position is near the rear face of the object 1 . Next, as in step S 113 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 , a molten processed region is formed within the object 1 so as to extend along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (S 113 ). The molten processed region is formed near the rear face within the object 1 . Then, according to the data of second movement amount as instep S 111 , the object 1 is moved in the Z-axis direction by the Z-axis stage 113 to a position where the light-converging point P of laser light L is located within the object 1 (S 115 ). Subsequently, as in step S 113 , a molten processed region is formed within the object 1 (S 117 ). In this step, the molten processed region is formed near the surface 3 within the object 1 . Finally, the object 1 is bent along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, and thus is cut (S 119 ). This divides the object 1 into silicon chips. Effects of the ninth embodiment of the present invention will be explained. The ninth embodiment forms a plurality of modified regions aligning in the direction of incidence, thereby increasing the number of locations to become starting points when cutting the object 1 . In the case where the size of object 1 in the direction of incidence of laser light is relatively large or where the object 1 is made of a material in which cracks are hard to grow from a modified region, for embodiment, the object 1 is hard to cut when only one modified region exists along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. In such a case, forming a plurality of modified regions as in this embodiment can easily cut the object 1 . [Tenth Embodiment] A tenth embodiment of the present invention controls the position of a modified region in the thickness direction of an object to be processed by adjusting the light-converging point of laser light in the thickness direction of the object. This positional control will be explained in terms of a crack region by way of embodiment. FIG. 96 is a perspective view of an object to be processed 1 in which a crack region 9 is formed within the object 1 by using the laser processing method in accordance with the tenth embodiment of the present invention. The light-converging point of pulse laser L is located within the object 1 through the surface (entrance face) 3 of the object with respect to the pulse laser light L. The light-converging point is adjusted so as to be located at a substantially half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object 1 . When the object to be processed 1 is irradiated with the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut under these conditions, a crack region 9 is formed along a line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut at a half thickness position of the object 1 and its vicinity. FIG. 97 is a partly sectional view of the object 1 shown in FIG. 96 . After the crack region 9 is formed, cracks 91 are naturally grown toward the surface 3 and rear face 21 . When the crack region 9 is formed at the half thickness position and its vicinity in the thickness direction of the object 1 , the distance between the naturally growing crack 91 and the surface 3 (rear face 21 ) can be made relatively long, for embodiment, in the case where the object 1 has a relatively large thickness. Therefore, apart to be cut extending along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the object 1 maintains a strength to a certain extent. Therefore, when carrying out the step of cutting the object 1 after terminating the laser processing, handling the object becomes easier. FIG. 98 is a perspective view of an object to be processed 1 including a crack region 9 formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with the tenth embodiment of the present invention as with FIG. 96 . The crack region 9 shown in FIG. 98 is formed when the light-converging point of pulse laser light L is adjusted so as to be located at a position closer to the surface (entrance face) 3 than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object 1 . The crack region 9 is formed on the surface 3 side within the object 1 . FIG. 99 is a partly sectional view of the object 1 shown in FIG. 98 . Since the crack region 9 is formed on the surface 3 side, naturally growing cracks 91 reach the surface 3 or its vicinity. Hence, fractures extending along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut are likely to occur in the surface 3 , whereby the object 1 can be cut easily. In the case where the surface 3 of the object 1 is formed with electronic devices and electrode patterns in particular, forming the crack region 9 near the surface 3 can prevent the electronic devices and the like from being damaged when cutting the object 1 . Namely, growing cracks 91 from the crack region 9 toward the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object 1 cuts the object 1 . Cutting may be achieved by the natural growth of cracks 91 alone or by artificially growing cracks 91 in addition to the natural growth of crack 91 . When the distance between the crack region 9 and the surface 3 is relatively long, the deviation in the growing direction of cracks 91 on the surface 3 side becomes greater. As a consequence, the cracks 91 may reach regions formed with electronic devices and the like, thereby damaging the electronic devices and the like. When the crack region 9 is formed near the surface 3 , the distance between the crack region 9 and the surface 3 is relatively short, whereby the deviation in growing direction of cracks 91 can be made smaller. Therefore, cutting can be effected without damaging the electronic devices and the like. When the crack region 9 is formed at a location too close to the surface 3 , the crack region 9 is formed at the surface 3 . As a consequence, the random form of the crack region 9 itself appears at the surface 3 , which causes chipping, thereby deteriorating the accuracy in breaking and cutting. The crack region 9 can also be formed while the light-converging point of pulse laser light L is adjusted so as to be located at a position farther from the surface 3 than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object 1 . In this case, the crack region 9 is formed on the rear face 21 side within the object 1 . As with FIG. 96 , FIG. 100 is a perspective view of the object 1 including crack regions formed by using the laser processing method in accordance with the tenth embodiment of the present invention. The crack region 9 in the X-axis direction shown in FIG. 100 is formed when the light-converging point of pulse laser light L is adjusted so as to be located at a position farther from the surface (entrance face) 3 than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object 1 . The crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction is formed when the light-converging point of pulse laser light L is adjusted so as to be located at a position closer to the surface 3 than is the half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object 1 . The crack region 9 in the X-axis direction and the crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction cross each other three-dimensionally. When the object 1 is a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment, a plurality of crack regions 9 are formed in parallel in each of the X- and Y-axis directions. This forms the crack regions 9 like a lattice in the semiconductor wafer, whereas the latter is divided into individual chips while using the lattice-like crack regions as starting points. When the crack region 9 in the X-axis direction and the crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction are located at the same position in the thickness direction of the object 1 , there occurs a location where the crack region 9 in the X-axis direction and the crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction intersect each other at right angles. At the location where the crack regions 9 intersect each other at right angles, they are superposed on each other, which makes it difficult for the cross section in the X-axis direction and the cross section in the Y-axis direction to intersect each other at right angles with a high accuracy. This inhibits the object 1 from being cut precisely at the intersection. When the position of the crack region 9 in the X-axis direction and the position of the crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction differ from each other in the thickness direction of the object 1 as shown in FIG. 100 , the crack region 9 in the X-axis direction and the crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction can be prevented from being superposed on each other. This enables precise cutting of the object 1 . In the crack region 9 in the X-axis direction and the crack region 9 in the Y-axis direction, the crack region 9 to be formed later is preferably formed closer to the surface (entrance face) 3 than is the crack region 9 formed earlier. If the crack region 9 to be formed later is formed closer to the rear face 21 than is the crack region 9 formed earlier, the pulse laser light L irradiated when forming the crack region 9 to be formed later is scattered by the crack region 9 formed earlier at the location where the cross section in the X-axis direction and the cross section in the Y-axis direction intersect each other at right angles. This forms deviations between the size of a part formed at a position to become the above-mentioned intersecting location and the size of a part formed at another position in the crack region 9 to be formed later. Therefore, the crack region 9 to be formed later cannot be formed uniformly. When the crack region 9 to be formed later is formed closer to the surface 3 than is the crack region 9 formed earlier, by contrast, scattering of the pulse laser light L does not occur at a position to become the above-mentioned intersecting location, whereby the crack region 9 to be formed later can be formed uniformly. As explained in the foregoing, the tenth embodiment of the present invention adjusts the position of light-converging point of laser light in the thickness direction of an object to be processed, thereby being able to control the position of a modified region in the thickness direction of the object. Changing the position of light-converging point in view of the thickness and material of the object to be processed and the like enables laser processing in conformity to the object. Though the fact that the position of a modified region can be controlled is explained in the case of a crack region, the same holds in molten processed regions and refractive index change regions. Though the explanation relates to pulse laser light, the same holds for continuous wave laser light. The laser processing apparatus in accordance with the tenth embodiment of the present invention has a configuration similar to the laser processing apparatus 100 in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 . In the tenth embodiment, the Z-axis stage 113 adjusts the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of object 1 . This can adjust the light-converging point P so as to locate it at a position closer to or farther from the entrance face (surface 3 ) than is a half thickness position in the thickness direction of the object 1 or at a substantially half thickness position, for embodiment. These adjustment operations and the placement of the light-converging point of laser light within the object can also be achieved by moving the light-converging lens 105 in the Z-axis direction. Since there are cases where the object 1 moves in the thickness direction thereof and where the light-converging lens 105 moves in the thickness direction of the object 1 in the present invention, the amount of movement of the object 1 in the thickness direction of the object 1 is defined as a first relative movement amount or a second relative movement amount. The adjustment of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of the object to be processed caused by the Z-axis stage is the same as that in the ninth embodiment explained with reference to FIG. 93 and FIG. 94 . The imaging data processor 125 calculates focal point data for locating the focal point of visible light generated by the observation light source 117 on the surface 3 according to the imaging data in the tenth embodiment as well. According to this focal point data, the stage controller 115 controls the movement of the Z-axis stage 113 , so as to locate the focal point of visible light at the surface 3 . The laser processing apparatus 1 is adjusted such that the light-converging point P of laser light L is located at the surface 3 at the position of Z-axis stage 113 where the focal point of visible light is located at the surface 3 . Hence, the focal point data is an embodiment of second relative movement amount of the object 1 in the thickness direction thereof required for locating the light-converging point P at the surface (entrance face) 3 . The imaging data processor 125 has a function of calculating the second relative movement amount. Data of the movement amount (z) explained with reference to FIGS. 93 and 94 is fed into and stored in the overall controller 127 . Namely, the overall controller 127 has a function of storing data of the relative movement amount of the object to be processed 1 in the thickness direction of the object 1 . The overall controller 127 , stage controller 115 , and Z-axis stage 113 adjust the position of light-converging point of pulse laser light converged by the light-converging lens within the range of thickness of the object 1 . The laser processing method in accordance with the tenth embodiment will be explained with reference to the laser processing apparatus in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 14 and the flowchart for the laser processing method in accordance with the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . The object to be processed 1 is a silicon wafer. Step S 101 is the same as step S 101 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . Subsequently, as in step S 103 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 , the thickness of object 1 is measured. According to the result of measurement of thickness and the refractive index, the amount of movement (z) in the Z-axis direction of object 1 is determined (S 103 ). This is the amount of movement of object 1 in the Z-axis direction with reference to the light-converging point of laser light L positioned at the surface 3 of object 1 required for positioning the light-converging point P of laser light L within the object 1 . Namely, the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of object 1 is determined. The amount of movement (z) in the Z-axis direction is one embodiment of data of relative movement of the object 1 in the thickness direction thereof. The position of light-converging point P is determined in view of the thickness and material of the object 1 , effects of processing (e.g., easiness to handle and cut the object), and the like. This data of movement amount is fed into the overall controller 127 . Steps S 105 and S 107 are similar to steps S 105 and S 107 of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 15 . The focal point data calculated by step S 107 is data of a second movement amount in the Z-axis direction of object 1 . This focal point data is sent to the stage controller 115 . According to this focal point data, the stage controller 115 moves the Z-axis stage 113 in the Z-axis direction (S 109 ) This positions the focal point of visible light of the observation light source 117 at the surface 3 . At this position of Z-axis stage 113 , the light-converging point P of pulse laser light L is positioned at the surface 3 . According to imaging data, the imaging data processor 125 calculates enlarged image data of the surface of object 1 including the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. This enlarged image data is sent to the monitor 129 by way of the overall controller 127 , whereby an enlarged image near the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is displayed on the monitor 127 . Data of the relative movement amount determined by step S 103 has already been inputted to the overall controller 127 , and is sent to the stage controller 115 . According to this data of movement amount, the stage controller 115 causes the Z-axis stage 113 to move the object 1 in the Z-axis direction at a position where the light-converging point P of laser light is located within the object 1 (S 111 ). Steps S 113 and S 115 are similar to steps S 113 and S 115 shown in FIG. 15 . The foregoing divides the object 1 into silicon chips. Effects of the tenth embodiment of the present invention will be explained. The tenth embodiment irradiates the object to be processed 1 with pulse laser light L while adjusting the position of light-converging point P in the thickness direction of object 1 , thereby forming a modified region. This can control the position of a modified region in the thickness direction of object 1 . Therefore, changing the position of a modified region in the thickness direction of object 1 according to the material and thickness of object 1 , effects of processing, and the like enables cutting in conformity to the object 1 . [Eleventh Embodiment] A Eleventh embodiment of the present invention will now be explained. The laser processing method in accordance with the eleventh embodiment comprises a modified region forming step (first step) of forming a modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within an object to be processed, and a stress step (second step) of generating a stress at a part where the object is cut. In the eleventh embodiment, the same laser light irradiation is carried out in the modified region forming step and stress step. Therefore, a laser processing apparatus, which was explained above, emits laser light twice under the same condition in the modified region forming step and stress step, respectively. With reference to FIGS. 14 and 101 , the laser processing method in accordance with the eleventh embodiment will now be explained. FIG. 101 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method. Steps S 101 , S 103 , S 105 , S 107 , S 109 and S 111 shown in FIG. 101 , are the same as theses shown in FIG. 15 , and therefore, the detailed explanations of the Steps S 101 , S 103 , S 105 , S 107 , S 109 and S 111 are omitted. After Step S 111 , laser light L is generated from the laser light source 101 , so as to irradiate the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut 5 in the surface 3 of the object 1 therewith. FIG. 102 is a sectional view of the object 1 including a crack region 9 during laser processing in the modified region forming step. Since the light-converging point P of laser light L is positioned within the object 1 as depicted, the crack region 9 is formed only within the object 1 . Subsequently, the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved along the line to be cut 5 , so as to form the crack region 9 within the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (S 1113 ). After the modified region is formed, the crack region 9 is irradiated with the laser light L having for example wavelength of 1064 nm (YAG laser) along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 again under the same condition (i.e., the light-converging point P is located in the crack region 9 that is a modified region). The laser light L has a transparent characteristics to non-molten processed region of the object, that is, except for the molten processed region of the object, and a high absorption characteristics to the molten processed region comparing with the non-molten processed region. As a consequence, the absorption of laser light L due to scattering by the crack region 9 or the like or the generation of multiphoton absorption in the crack region 9 heats the object 1 along the crack region 9 , thereby generating a stress such as a thermal stress due to a temperature difference (S 1114 ). FIG. 103 is a sectional view of the object 1 including the crack region 9 during laser processing in the stress step. As depicted, the crack is further grown by the stress step while using the crack region 9 as a start point, so as to reach the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object 1 , thus forming a cut section 10 in the object 1 , whereby the object 1 is cut (S 115 ). As a consequence, the object 1 is divided into chips. Though the eleventh embodiment carries out the same laser light irradiation as that of the modified region forming step in the stress step, it will be sufficient if laser light transmittable through an unmodified region which is a region not formed with a crack region in the object to be processed but more absorbable by the crack region than by the unmodified region is emitted. This is because of the fact that the laser light is hardly absorbed at the surface of the object, whereas the object is heated along the crack region, whereby a stress such as a thermal stress due to a temperature difference occurs in this case as well. Though the eleventh embodiment relates to a case where a crack region is formed as the modified region, the same applies to cases where the above-mentioned molten processed region and refractive index change region are formed as the modified region, whereby a stress can occur upon irradiation with laser light in the stress step, so as to generate and grow a crack while using the molten processed region and refractive index change region as a start point and thereby cut the object. Even when the crack grown by the stress step while using the modified region as a start point fails to reach the surface and rear face of the object in the case where the object has a large thickness or the like, the object can be broken and cut by applying an artificial force such as a bending stress or shearing stress thereto. This artificial force can be kept smaller, whereby unnecessary fractures deviating from the line to be cut can be prevented from occurring in the surface of the object. Effects of the eleventh embodiment will now be explained. In the modified region forming step of this embodiment, the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is irradiated with pulse laser light L while locating the light-converging point P within the object to be processed 1 under a condition causing multiphoton absorption. Also, the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved, so as to shift the light-converging point P along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. This forms a modified region (e.g., crack region, molten processed region, or refractive index change region) within the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. When an object to be processed has a start point in a part to be cut, the object can be broken and cut with a relatively small force. In the stress step of the eleventh embodiment, the same laser light irradiation as that of the modified region forming step is carried out in the stress step, so as to generate a stress such as a thermal stress due to a temperature difference. As a consequence, the object 1 can be cut by a relatively small force, e.g., a stress such as a thermal stress due to a temperature difference. Therefore, the object 1 can be cut without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 . Since the object 1 is irradiated with the pulse laser light L while locating the light-converging point P within the object 1 under a condition causing multiphoton absorption in the modified region forming step, the pulse laser light L is transmitted there through and is hardly absorbed at the surface 3 of the object 1 in the eleventh embodiment. In the stress step, the same laser light irradiation as that of the modified region forming step is carried out. Therefore, the surface 3 does not incur damages such as melt caused by irradiation with laser light. As explained in the foregoing, the eleventh embodiment can cut the object 1 without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut or melt in the surface 3 of the object 1 . Therefore, in the case where the object 1 is a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment, semiconductor chips can be cut out from the semiconductor wafer without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from lines along which the object is intended to be cut or melt in the semiconductor chips. The same holds in objects to be processed having a surface formed with electrode patterns, and those having a surface formed with electronic devices such as piezoelectric device wafers and glass substrates formed with display devices such as liquid crystals. Hence, this embodiment can improve the yield of products (e.g., semiconductor chips, piezoelectric device chips, display devices such as liquid crystals) made by cutting objects to be processed. Also, in the eleventh embodiment, the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 does not melt, whereby the width of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (which is the gap between regions to become semiconductor chips in the case of a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment) can be reduced. This can increase the number of products prepared from a single object to be processed 1 , and improve the productivity of products. Since laser light is used for cutting and processing the object 1 , the eleventh embodiment enables processing more complicated than that in dicing with a diamond cutter. For the eleventh embodiment, cutting and processing can be carried out even when lines 5 along which the object 1 is intended to be cut 5 have a complex form as shown in FIG. 16 also. The laser processing method in accordance with the eleventh embodiment according to the present invention can cut an object to be processed without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line to be cut in the surface of the object. Therefore, the yield and productivity of products (e.g., semiconductor chips, piezoelectric device chips, and display devices such as liquid crystals) manufactured by cutting objects to be processed can be improved. Besides, in the above eleventh embodiments, the crack which is grown from the crack region 9 in the stress step reaches the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object 1 , but the crack which is grown from the crack region 9 in the stress step the laser light L may be grown so as not to reach the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object. [Twelfth Embodiment] The twelve embodiment according to the present invention will now be explained. The laser processing method in accordance with the twelfth embodiment comprises a modified region forming step of forming a modified region caused by multiphoton absorption within an object to be processed, and a stress step of generating a stress at a part where the object is cut, as similar to the eleventh embodiment. A laser processing apparatus for the twelfth embodiment is the same as that of the first embodiment as shown in FIG. 14 , and the detailed explanation of the laser processing apparatus is omitted. An absorbable laser irradiating apparatus used in the stress step of the twelfth embodiment employs the same configuration as that of the above-mentioned laser processing apparatus 100 as shown in FIG. 14 except for the laser light source and diachronic mirror. The laser light source in the absorbable laser irradiating apparatus uses CO 2 laser with a wavelength of 10.6 μm for generating continuous wave laser light. This is because of the fact that it is absorbable by the object 1 to be processed, which is a Pyrex glass wafer. Alternatively, the laser diode may be used as a light source for generating the absorbable laser light with a wavelength of 808 nm, 14 W as output power and beam size of about 200 μm. The laser light generated by such laser light source has a absorption characteristics to the object 1 and will hereinafter be referred to as “absorbable laser light”. Here, its beam quality is TEM 00 , whereas its polarization characteristic is that of linear polarization. This laser light source has an output of 10 W or less in order to attain such an intensity that the object to be processed 1 is heated but not melted thereby. The diachronic mirror of the absorbable laser irradiating apparatus has a function of reflecting the absorbable laser light, and is arranged so as to change the orientation of the optical axis of absorbable laser light by 90°. With reference to FIGS. 14 and 104 , the laser processing method in accordance with the twelfth embodiment will now be explained. FIG. 104 is a flowchart for explaining the laser processing method. Steps S 101 , S 103 , S 105 , S 107 , S 109 and S 111 shown in FIG. 104 , are the same as theses shown in FIG. 15 , and therefore, the detailed explanations of the Steps S 101 , S 103 , S 105 , S 107 , S 109 and S 111 are omitted. Firstly, as shown in FIG. 104 , steps S 101 and S 103 are executed and next step S 104 is executed. In the step S 104 , the object 1 is mounted on the mounting table 107 of the laser processing apparatus 100 (S 104 ). Next steps S 105 , S 107 , S 109 , and S 111 are executed. After Step 111 of FIG. 104 , laser light L is generated from the laser light source 101 , so as to irradiate the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 therewith. FIG. 102 is a sectional view of the object 1 including a crack region 9 during laser processing in the modified region forming step. Since the light-converging point P of laser light L is positioned within the object 1 as depicted, the crack region 9 is formed only within the object 1 . Subsequently, the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to form the crack region 9 within the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (S 1213 ). After the modified region is formed by the laser processing apparatus 100 , the object 1 is transferred to the mounting table 107 of the absorbable laser irradiating apparatus, so as to be mounted thereon (S 1215 ). The object 1 does not break into pieces, since the crack region 9 in the modified region forming step is formed only therewithin, and thus can easily be transferred. The object 1 is illuminated in step 1217 , focal point data for positioning the focal point of visible light from the observation light source at the surface 3 of the object 1 is calculated in step 1219 , and the object 1 is moved in the Z-axis direction so as to position the focal point at the surface 3 of the object 1 in step 1221 , thereby locating the light-converging point of absorbable laser light L 2 at the surface 3 of the object. Here, details of operations in the steps 1217 , 1219 , and 1221 are similar to those of steps 105 , 107 , and 109 in the above-mentioned laser processing apparatus 100 . Next, absorbable laser light L 2 is generated from the laser light source of the absorbable laser irradiating apparatus, so as to irradiate the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 therewith. Here, the vicinity of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut may be irradiated as well. Then, the X-axis stage and Y-axis stage of the absorbable laser irradiating apparatus are moved along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to heat the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, thereby generating a stress such as thermal stress caused by a temperature difference at a part where the object 1 is cut along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (S 1223 ). Here, since the absorbable laser has such an intensity that the object 1 is heated but not melted thereby, the surface of the object does not melt. FIG. 105 is a sectional view of the object 1 including the crack region 9 during laser processing in the stress step. As depicted, upon irradiation with absorbable laser light, the crack further grows while using the crack region 9 as a start point, so as to reach the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object 1 , thus forming a cut section 10 in the object 1 , whereby the object 1 is cut (S 1225 ). As a consequence, the object 1 is divided into silicon chips. Though the twelfth embodiment relates to a case where a crack region is formed as the modified region, the same applies to cases where the above-mentioned molten processed region and refractive index change region are formed as the modified region, whereby a stress can occur upon irradiation with absorbable laser light, so as to generate and grow a crack while using the molten processed region and refractive index change region as a start point and thereby cut the object. Even when the crack grown by the stress step while using the modified region as a start point fails to reach the surface and rear face of the object in the case where the object has a large thickness or the like, the object can be broken and cut by applying an artificial force such as a bending stress or shearing stress thereto. This artificial force can be kept smaller, whereby unnecessary fractures deviating from the line to be cut can be prevented from occurring in the surface of the object. Effects of the twelfth embodiment will now be explained. In the modified region forming step of this embodiment, the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut is irradiated with pulse laser light L while locating the light-converging point P within the object to be processed 1 under a condition causing multiphoton absorption. Also, the X-axis stage 109 and Y-axis stage 111 are moved, so as to shift the light-converging point P along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. This forms a modified region (e.g., crack region, molten processed region, or refractive index change region) within the object 1 along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut. When an object to be processed has a start point in a part to be cut, the object can be broken and cut with a relatively small force. In the stress step of this embodiment, the object 1 is irradiated with absorbable laser light along the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut, so as to generate a stress such as a thermal stress due to a temperature difference. As a consequence, the object 1 can be cut by a relatively small force, e.g., a stress such as a thermal stress due to a temperature difference. Therefore, the object 1 can be cut without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 . Since the object 1 is irradiated with the pulse laser light L while locating the light-converging point P within the object 1 under a condition causing multiphoton absorption in the modified region forming step, the pulse laser light L is transmitted there through and is hardly absorbed at the surface 3 of the object 1 in this embodiment. In the stress step, the absorbable laser light has such an intensity that the object 1 is heated but not melted thereby. Therefore, the surface 3 does not incur damages such as melt caused by irradiation with laser light. As explained in the foregoing, this embodiment can cut the object 1 without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut or melt in the surface 3 of the object 1 . Therefore, in the case where the object 1 is a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment, semiconductor chips can be cut out from the semiconductor wafer without generating unnecessary fractures deviating from lines along which the object is intended to be cut or melt in the semiconductor chips. The same holds in objects to be processed having a surface formed with electrode patterns, and those having a surface formed with electronic devices such as piezoelectric device wafers and glass substrates formed with display devices such as liquid crystals. Hence, this embodiment can improve the yield of products (e.g., semiconductor chips, piezoelectric device chips, display devices such as liquid crystals) made by cutting objects to be processed. Also, in this embodiment, the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut in the surface 3 of the object 1 does not melt, whereby the width of the line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut (which is the gap between regions to become semiconductor chips in the case of a semiconductor wafer, for embodiment) can be reduced. This can increase the number of products prepared from a single object to be processed 1 , and improve the productivity of products. Since laser light is used for cutting and processing the object 1 , this embodiment enables processing more complicated than that in dicing with a diamond cutter. For embodiment, cutting and processing can be carried out even when line 5 along which the object is intended to be cut have a complex form as shown in FIG. 16 . The laser processing method of the twelfth embodiment according to the present invention can cut an object to be processed without generating melt or unnecessary fractures deviating from the line to be cut in the surface of the object. Therefore, the yield and productivity of products (e.g., semiconductor chips, piezoelectric device chips, and display devices such as liquid crystals) manufactured by cutting objects to be processed can be improved. Besides, in the above eleventh embodiments, the crack which is grown from the crack region 9 in the stress step reaches the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object 1 , but the crack which is grown from the crack region 9 in the stress step the laser light L may be grown so as not to reach the surface 3 and rear face 21 of the object. [Thirteenth Embodiment] The thirteenth embodiment according to the present invention will now be explained. The laser processing method in accordance with the thirteenth embodiment comprises attaching step of adhesively attaching an object to be processed to an adhesive and expansive sheet, a modified region forming step of forming a modified region in the object, and cutting/separation step of cutting the object at the modified region thereof and separating the cut parts of the object so as to make the space there between. The above modified region forming step of the thirteenth embodiments may be any one of the first to twelfth embodiments stated above. Further, in the modified region forming step, the object may be cut at the modified region. In this case that the object is cut at the modified region in the modified region forming step, in the separation step, the cut parts of the object are spaced to each other by a predetermined distance by expansion of the adhesive and expansion sheet. Alternatively, when in the modified region forming step, although the modified region is formed in the body as a molten processed region, the object is not cut, in the separation step, the object is cut and the cut parts of the object are separated to each other with a predetermined space therebetween. FIG. 106 shows a film expansion apparatus 200 and the apparatus 200 has a ring shape holder 201 and a column like expander 203 . The adhesive and expansive sheet on which the object to be cut is attached is set to the ring shape holder 201 . After setting of the adhesive and expansive sheet 204 on the ring shape holder 201 at peripheral edge of the sheet, the modified region is formed in the object along a line along which the object is intended to be cut. After the formation of the modified region in the object, the column like expander 203 is moved up against the adhesive and expansive sheet 204 so that a part of the sheet is pushed upward as shown in FIG. 107 . The movement of the part of the sheet 204 causes the expansion of the sheet along a lateral direction thereof so that the sheet 204 is expanded as shown in FIG. 107 . As the result of the expansion of the sheet 204 , the parts of the object which is cut in the modified region forming step are separated to each other with a predetermined space therebetween. So, the pick up of the parts of the object from the adhesive and expansive sheet 204 is performed easily and surely. When the object is not cut in the modified region formation step, the expansion of the sheet 204 caused by the upward movement of the expander 203 causes the separation of the object into parts of the object in the modified region and thereafter the cut parts of the object are separated to each other with a predetermined space therebetween. The laser processing method and apparatus in accordance with the present invention can cut an object to be processed without generating melt or fractures deviating from lines along which the object is intended to be cut on a surface of the object. Therefore, the yield and productivity of products (e.g., semiconductor chips, piezoelectric device chips, and display devices such as liquid crystal) prepared by cutting objects to be processed can be improved. The basic Japanese Application No.2000-278306 filed on Sep. 13, 2000 and No.2001-278768 filed on Sep. 13, 2001 and PCT Application No. PCT/JP01/07954 filed on Sep. 13, 2001 are hereby incorporated by reference. From the invention thus described, it will be obvious that the embodiments of the invention may be varied in many ways. Such variations are not to be regarded as a departure from the spirit and scope of the invention, and all such modifications as would be obvious to one skilled in the art are intended for inclusion within the scope of the following claims.

4y

This applicaton is an applicaton in part of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/210,208 filed on June 17, 1988, now abandoned, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 07/084,446, filed Aug. 12, 1987, now abandoned. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to novel coloring phthalide compounds and recording materials using any of the phthalide compounds as coloring component capable of yielding images which absorb the light in the near infrared region by thermosensitive recording, pressure-sensitive recording or by use of laser beams. A conventional pressure-sensitive recording material utilizes a chemical reaction between a colorless or light-colored leuco dye and a color developer capable of inducing color formation in the leuco dye to form colored images. More specifically, the pressure-sensitive recording material comprises (i) a coloring leuco dye sheet coated with a leuco dye which is dissolved in an organic solution and microcapsuled and (ii) a color developer sheet coated with a color developer for the leuco dye and a binder agent. The coloring leuco dye sheet is superimposed on the color developer sheet and pressure is applied thereto in such a manner that the microcapsules containing the leuco dye are ruptured so as to react with the color developer. A conventional thermosensitive recording material generally comprises a support such as paper, synthetic paper or plastic film, and a thermosensitive coloring layer comprising as the main components a leuco dye and a color developer cable of inducing color formation in the leuco dye upon application of heat thereto to form colored images. The application of heat for such image formation is carried out, for instance, by a thermal head, a thermal pen, laser beams or a stroboscope. These pressure-sensitive and thermosensitive recording materials are widely used because recording can be carried out more speedily by using a relatively simple device, without the complicated steps such as development and fixing of images, as compared with the recording materials for electrophotography and electrostatic recording. Conventionally employed representative leuco dyes for use in such recording materials are Crystal Violet Lactone and Leuco Crystal Violet which are for blue-coloring, and fluorane compounds having an anilino substituent at its 7 position which are for black coloring. Further, in the conventional thermosensitive recording material, colorless or light-colored leuco dyes having, for example, lactone, lactam, or spiropyran rings, are employed, and organic acids and phenolic acid materials are employed as the color developers for the leuco dyes. Recently optical character-reading apparatus have been developed, for example, for reading bar codes in bar code labels, and are used in a variety of fields. In these apparatus, light sources emitting light having a light wavelength of 700 nm or more, such as a light emit diode and a semi-conductor laser, are in general use. However, the above-mentioned leuco dyes, when colored, scarcely absorb the light in the near infrared region having a wavelength of 700 nm or more, so that a light source emitting light in the near infrared region cannot be effectively used when the above-mentioned leuco dyes are employed in the recording materials. In order to improve this shortcoming of the conventional leuco dyes, leuco dyes capable of absorbing not only light in the visible region, but also the light in the near infrared region, have been proposed, for instance, in Japanese Laid-Open Patent Applications 51-121035, 51-121037 and 57-167979. The leuco dyes proposed in these Japanese Laid-Open Patent Applications, however, are insufficient in the power of absorbing the light in the rear infrared region for use in practice. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide novel coloring phthalide compounds which, when colored, absorb the light in the near infrared region. Another object of the present invention is to provide a recording material capable of yielding images which absorb the light in the near infrared region by using any of such coloring phthalide compounds as its coloring component. A further object of the present invention is to provide a thermosensitive recording material by using any of the above coloring phthalide compounds and a particular color developer, which yields images capable of absorbing the light in the near infrared region and having excellent resistance to light. The coloring phthalide compounds according to the present invention have the following general formula [I]: ##STR2## R 1 represents hydrogen, an alkyl group, or halogen; m is an integer of 1 to 4; when m is 1, R 2 represents hydrogen, an amino group, an alkylamino group, a dialkylamino group, a cyclic amino group, an alkyl group, or halogen; when m is 2 to 4, R 2 represents halogen; R 3 and R 4 each represent a straight chain or branched alkyl group having 1 to 8 carbon atoms, a cyclic alkyl group, or a benzyl group; and R 5 represents hydrogen, an alkyl group or an alkoxyl group. Any of the above phthalide compounds can be used as a coloring component in combination with a conventional developer in a pressure-sensitive recording material and in a thermosensitive recording material. In particular, when any of the above phthalide compounds is employed in combination with any of the following color developers in a thermosensitive recording material, a thermosensitive recording material which is improved on the resistance to light of the recorded images can be obtained: ##STR3## wherein R represents hydrogen, an alkyl group or an aralkyl group. The phthalide compounds having the above general formula [I] are white or light-colored leuco dyes, and when they are brought into contact with a color developer, they are colored in blue to green, with an intensive light absorption in the near infrared region with a wavelength of 750 nm or more. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Specific examples of a coloring phthalide having the general formula [I] according to the present invention are shown in Table 1. This coloring phthalide having the general formula [I] can be prepared by allowing a compound having the following general formula [Ia] to react with a compound having the following general formula [Ib] in the presence of a dehydrating condensation agent. ##STR4## wherein A, B, R 1 , R 2 and m are the same as those defined previously. Examples of a dehydrating condensation agent for the above reaction are lower fatty acid anhydrides such as acetic anhydride and propionic anhydride which may serve as a solvent for the above reaction as well, inorganic acids such as phosphorus oxychloride, phosphorus trichloride, sulfuric acid, and polyphosphoric acid and a variety of conventional Friedel-Crafts catalysts. In the present invention, the compound having the above formula [Ia] can be prepared by reacting a substituted aniline and a substituted phthalic anhydride in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts catalyst or by reacting a substituted aminobenzaldehyde with a substituted benzoic acid in the presence of a dehydrating catalyst such as acetic anhydride or sulfuric acid as shown below. ##STR5## The compound having the formula [Ib] can be prepared by the following Grignard reaction: ##STR6## wherein B and R 1 are the same as those defined previously. The above method is significantly advantageous over, for example, the following method of using a Michler's ketone since the above compound can be produced inexpensively. ##STR7## The following Table 1 shows specific examples of a phthalide compound for use in the present invention and of the starting materials therefor. TABLE 1 Developed No. [Ia] [Ib] [I] Color Tone 1 ##STR8## ##STR9## ##STR10## Bluish Green 2 " ##STR11## ##STR12## Bluish Green 3 " ##STR13## ##STR14## Bluish Green 4 ##STR15## ##STR16## ##STR17## Bluish Green 5 " ##STR18## ##STR19## Bluish Green 6 " ##STR20## ##STR21## Bluish Green 7 ##STR22## ##STR23## ##STR24## Bluish Green 8 " ##STR25## ##STR26## Bluish Green 9 " ##STR27## ##STR28## Bluish Green 10 ##STR29## ##STR30## ##STR31## Bluish Green 11 " ##STR32## ##STR33## Bluish Green 12 " ##STR34## ##STR35## Bluish Green 13 ##STR36## ##STR37## ##STR38## Bluish Green 14 ##STR39## ##STR40## ##STR41## Bluish Green 15 " ##STR42## ##STR43## Bluish Green 16 ##STR44## ##STR45## ##STR46## Bluish Green 17 " ##STR47## ##STR48## Bluish Green 18 ##STR49## ##STR50## ##STR51## Bluish Green 19 ##STR52## ##STR53## ##STR54## Bluish Green 20 ##STR55## ##STR56## ##STR57## Bluish Green 21 ##STR58## ##STR59## ##STR60## Bluish Green 22 ##STR61## ##STR62## ##STR63## Bluish Green 23 ##STR64## ##STR65## ##STR66## Bluish Green 24 ##STR67## ##STR68## ##STR69## Bluish Green 25 ##STR70## ##STR71## ##STR72## Bluish Green 26 ##STR73## ##STR74## ##STR75## Bluish Green 27 ##STR76## ##STR77## ##STR78## Bluish Green 28 ##STR79## ##STR80## ##STR81## Bluish Green 29 ##STR82## ##STR83## ##STR84## Bluish Green 30 ##STR85## ##STR86## ##STR87## Green 31 ##STR88## ##STR89## ##STR90## Green 32 ##STR91## ##STR92## ##STR93## Green 33 ##STR94## ##STR95## ##STR96## Green 34 ##STR97## ##STR98## ##STR99## Bluish Green 35 ##STR100## ##STR101## ##STR102## Green 36 ##STR103## ##STR104## ##STR105## Bluish Green 37 " ##STR106## ##STR107## Bluish Green 38 " ##STR108## ##STR109## Bluish Green 39 ##STR110## ##STR111## ##STR112## Bluish Green 40 ##STR113## ##STR114## ##STR115## Bluish Green 41 ##STR116## ##STR117## ##STR118## Bluish Green 42 ##STR119## ##STR120## ##STR121## Bluish Green 43 ##STR122## ##STR123## ##STR124## Bluish Green 44 ##STR125## ##STR126## ##STR127## Bluish Green 45 ##STR128## ##STR129## ##STR130## Bluish Green 46 ##STR131## ##STR132## ##STR133## Bluish Green 47 ##STR134## ##STR135## ##STR136## Bluish Green 48 ##STR137## ##STR138## ##STR139## Bluish Green 49 ##STR140## ##STR141## ##STR142## Bluish Green 50 ##STR143## ##STR144## ##STR145## Bluish Green 51 ##STR146## ##STR147## ##STR148## Bluish Green 52 ##STR149## ##STR150## ##STR151## Bluish Green 53 ##STR152## ##STR153## ##STR154## Bluish Green 54 ##STR155## ##STR156## ##STR157## Bluish Green 55 ##STR158## ##STR159## ##STR160## Bluish Green 56 ##STR161## ##STR162## ##STR163## Bluish Green 57 ##STR164## ##STR165## ##STR166## Bluish Green 58 ##STR167## ##STR168## ##STR169## Bluish Green 59 ##STR170## ##STR171## ##STR172## Bluish Green 60 ##STR173## ##STR174## ##STR175## Bluish Green 61 ##STR176## ##STR177## ##STR178## Bluish Green 62 ##STR179## ##STR180## ##STR181## Bluish Green In the present invention, the phthalide compounds having the general formula [I] can be used in combination with conventional leuco dyes. Examples of such conventional leuco dyes are triphenylmethane-type leuco compounds, fluoran-type leuco compounds, phenothiazine-type leuco compounds, auramine-type leuco compounds, spiropyran-type leuco compounds and indolinophthalide-type leuco compounds are preferably employed. Specific examples of those leuco dyes are as follows: 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-phthalide, 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-dimethylaminophthalide (or Crystal Violet Lactone), 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-diethylaminophthalide, 3,3-bis(p-dimethylaminophenyl)-6-chlorophthalide, 3,3-bis(p-dibutylaminophenyl)-phthalide, 3-cyclohexylamino-6-chlorofluoran, 3-dimethylamino-5,7-dimethylfluoran, 3-diethylamino-7-chlorofluoran, 3-diethylamino-7-methylfluoran, 3-diethylamino-7,8-benzfluoran, 3-diethylamino-6-methyl-7-chlorofluoran, 3-(N-p-tolyl-N-ethylamino)-6-methyl-7-anilinofluoran, 3-pyrrolidino-6-methyl-7-anilinofluoran, 2-[N-(3'-trifluoromethylphenyl)amino]-6-diethylaminofluoran, 2-[3,6-bis(diethylamino)-9-(o-chloroanilino)xanthylbenzoic acid lactam], 3-diethylamino-6-methyl-7-(m-trichloromethylanilino)fluoran, 3-diethylamino-7-(o-chloroanilino)fluoran, 3-dibutylamino-7-(o-chloroanilino)fluoran, 3-N-methyl-N-amylamino-6-methyl-7-anilinofluoran, 3-N-methyl-N-cyclohexylamino-6-methyl-7-anilinofluoran, 3-diethylamino-6-methyl-7-anilinofluoran, 3-(N,N-diethylamino)-5-methyl-7-(N,N-dibenzylamino)fluoran, benzoyl leuco methylene blue, 6'-chloro-8'-methoxy-benzoindolino-spiropyran, 6'-bromo-3'-methoxy-benzoindolino-spiropyran, 3-(2'-hydroxy-4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(2'-methoxy-5'-chlorophenyl)phthalide, 3-(2'-hydroxy-4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(2'-methoxy-5'-nitrophenyl)phthalide, 3-(2'-hydroxy-4'-diethylaminophenyl)-3-(2'-methoxy-5'-methylphenyl)phthalide, 3-(2'-methoxy-4'-dimethylaminophenyl)-3-(2'-hydroxy-4'-chloro-5'-methylphenyl)phthalide, 3-morpholino-7-(N-propyl-trifluoromethylanilino)fluoran, 3-pyrrolidino-7-trifluoromethylanilinofluoran, 3-diethylamino-5-chloro-7-(N-benzyl-trifluoromethylanilino)fluoran, 3-pyrrolidino-7-(di-p-chlorophenyl)methylaminofluoran, 3-diethylamino-5-chloro-7-(α-phenylethylamino)fluoran, 3-(N-ethyl-p-toluidino)-7-(α-phenylethylamino)fluoran, 3-diethylamino-7-(o-methoxycarbonylphenylamino)fluoran, 3-diethylamino-5-methyl-7-(α-phenylethylamino)fluoran, 3-diethylamino-7-piperidinofluoran, 2-chloro-3-(N-methyltoluidino)-7-(p-n-butylanilino)fluoran, 3-(N-benzyl-N-cyclohexylamino)-5,6-benzo-7-α-naphthylamino-4'-bromofluoran, and 3-diethylamino-6-methyl-7-mesidino-4',5'-benzofluoran. In the present invention, a variety of conventional electron acceptors and oxidizing agents such as inorganic acids, organic acids, phenolic materials, and phenolic resins as shown below, can be used as color developers. Specific examples of such color developers are bentonite, zeolite, acidic terra abla, active terra abla, colloidal silica, zinc oxide, zinc chloride, zinc bromide, aluminum chloride, salicylic acid, 3-tert-butylsalicylic acid, 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylic acid, di-m-chlorophenyl thiourea, di-m-trifluoromethylphenyl thiourea, diphenylthiourea, salicylanilide, 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenol, 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2-chlorophenol), 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dibromophenol), 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dichlorophenol), 4,4'-isopropylidenebis-(2-methylphenol), 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2,6-dimethylphenol), 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(2-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-sec-butylidenediphenol, 4,4'-cyclohexylidenebisphenol, 4,4'-cyclohexylidenebis(2-methylphenol), 4-tert-butylphenol, 4-phenylphenol, 4-hydroxydiphenoxide, α-naphthol, β-naphthol, dimethyl 5-hydroxyphthalate, methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate, 4-hydroxyacetophenone, novolak-type phenolic resin, 2,2'-thiobis(4,6-dichlorophenol), catechol, resorcinol, hydroquinone, pyrogallol, phloroglucine, phloroglucino-carboxylic acid, 4-tert-octylcatechol, 2,2'-methylene-bis-(4-chlorophenol), 2,2'-methylenebis(4-methyl-6-tert-butylphenol), 2,2'-dihydroxydiphenyl, ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate, propyl p-hydroxybenzoate, butyl p-hydroxybenzoate, benzyl p-hydroxybenzoate, p-chlorobenzyl p-hydroxybenzoate, o-chlorobenzyl p-hydroxybenzoate, p-methylbenzyl p-hydroxybenzoate, n-octyl p-hydroxybenzoate, benzoic acid, zinc salicylate, 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid, 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoic acid, zinc 2-hydroxy-6-naphthoate, 4-hydroxydiphenyl sulfone, 4,2'-diphenol sulfone, 4-hydroxy-4'-chlorodiphenyl sulfone, bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)sulfide, 2-hydroxy-p-toluic acid, zinc 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylate, tin 3,5-di-tert-butylsalicylate, tartaric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, citric acid, succinic acid, stearic acid, 4-hydroxyphthalic acid, boric acid, biimidazole, hexaphenyl biimidazole, and carbon tetrabromide, methylenebis-(oxyethylenethio)diphenol, ethylenebis-(oxyethylenethio) diphenol, bis-(4-hydroxyphenylthioethyl)ketone, bis-(4-hydroxyphenylthioethyl)ether, m-xylylenebis(4-hydroxyphenylthio)ether. In the present invention, the color developers having the general formula [II] are particularly preferable for preparing a thermosensitive recording material which is capable of yielding images which are highly resistant to light as mentioned previously. Specific examples of such color developers are: ##STR182## The previously mentioned color developers can also be employed in combination with any of the above color developers. In the present invention, a variety of conventional binder agents can be employed for binding the above mentioned leuco dyes and color developers in the thermosensitive coloring layer to the support material. In order to prepare a pressure-sensitive recording material, the same conventional binder agents can also be employed for binding a microcapsuled leuco dye to its support, and for binding a color developer to its support. Specific examples of such binder agents are as follows: polyvinyl alcohol; starch and starch derivatives; cellulose derivatives such as methoxycellulose, hydroxyethylcellulose, carboxymethylcellulose, methylcellulose and ethylcellulose; water-soluble polymeric materials such as sodium polyacrylate, polyvinylpyrrolidone, acrylamide/acrylic acid ester copolymer, acrylamide/acrylic acid ester/methacrylic acid copolymer, styrene/maleic anhydride copolymer alkali salt, isobutylene/maleic anhydride copolymer alkali salt, polyacrylamide, sodium alginate, gelatin and casein; and latexes of polyvinyl acetate, polyurethane, styrene/butadiene copolymer, polyacrylic acid, polyacrylic acid ester, vinyl chloride/vinyl acetate copolymer, polybutylmethacrylate, ethylene/vinyl acetate copolymer and styrene/butadiene/acrylic acid derivative copolymer. Further in the present invention, auxiliary additive components which are employed in the conventional pressure-sensitive and thermosensitive recording materials, such as a filler, a surface active agent, a thermofusible material (or unguent) and agents for preventing coloring by application of pressure can be employed. Specific examples of a filler for use in the present invention are finely-divided inorganic powders of calcium carbonate, silica, zinc oxide, titanium oxide, aluminum hydroxide, zinc hydroxide, barium sulfate, clay, talc, surface-treated calcium and surface-treated silica, and finely-divided organic powders of urea-formaldehyde resin, styrene/methacrylic acid copolymer, and polystyrene. Examples of an unguent are higher fatty acids, metal salts thereof, higher fatty acid amides, higher fatty acid esters, and waxes such as animal waxes, vegetable waxes and petroleum waxes. In the present invention, when a pressure-sensitive recording material is prepared, a color developer sheet is prepared as follows. A color developer is dispersed or dissolved in water or an organic solvent with addition thereto of an appropriate dispersing agent, such as a block copolymer of polyoxypropylene-polyoxyethylene, and an appropriate binder agent to prepare a dispersion or solution. The thus prepared dispersion or solution is applied to a support such as a sheet of paper, whereby a color developer sheet is prepared. A coloring sheet is prepared by dispersing a microcapsulated leuco dye in an appropriate solvent with addition thereto of a dispersing agent, and applying the dispersion to a support such as a sheet of paper. The microcapsuling of the leuco dye is carried out by such a conventional method as described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,800,457. A thermosensitive recording material according to the present invention is prepared by preparing a dispersion of a leuco dye and a dispersion of a color developer separately, mixing these dispersions with addition thereto of an appropriate binder agent, and applying the mixed dispersion to a support such as a sheet of paper to form a thermosensitive coloring layer thereon. The thermosensitive coloring layer can be formed so as to include a leuco dye layer and a color developer layer or a plurality of leuco dye layers and color developer layers. Furthermore, an undercoat layer can be formed between the support and thermosensitive coloring layer. A protective layer can also be formed on the thermosensitive coloring layer. Furthermore, a thermal image transfer type recording material can be prepared, in which the leuco dye and the color developer are supported on two supports separately, that is, an image transfer sheet consisting of a heat resistant sheet made of, for instance, a polyester film, coated with a leuco dye, and an image receiving sheet consisting of a support coated with a color developer. The thermosensitive recording material can be modified into a thermosensitive recording label consisting of a support, a thermosensitive coloring layer formed thereon, an adhesive layer formed on the back side of the support opposite to the thermosensitive coloring layer, and a disposable backing sheet applied to the adhesive layer. A protective layer comprising a water-soluble resin can also be formed on the thermosensitive coloring layer to enhance the stability of recorded images. The features of this invention will become apparent in the course of the following description of exemplary embodiments, which are given for illustration of the invention and are not intended to be limiting thereof. EXAMPLE 1 4.45 g of 4-dimethylamino-4'-dimethylamino-benzophenone-2'-carboxylic acid and 3.35 g of 1-phenyl-1-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)ethylene were added to 15 ml of acetic anhydride to prepare a reaction mixture. This reaction mixture was heated to 45°˜70° C. and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was then added to 200 ml of water. The mixture was then neutralized with addition of an aqueous 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. A precipitate separated out. The precipitate was dissolved in 100 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and the solution was filtered. The filtered solution was then neutralized with addition of an aqueous 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. A precipitate separated out, which was filtered off. The thus obtained product was purified by column chromatography and recrystallization, whereby a phthalide compound No. 1 in Table 1 was obtained in the form of light grey powder, with a yield of 7.0 g. λ max of an acetic acid 95% solution of the phthalide compound No. 1 was 750 nm. EXAMPLE 2 6.54 g of 4-diethylamino-2-methoxybenzophenone-2'-carboxylic acid and 4.46 g of 1-phenyl-1-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)ethylene were added to 20 ml of acetic anhydride to prepare a reaction mixture. This reaction mixture was heated to 45°˜55° C. and stirred for 1 hour. The reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature and then added to 200 ml of water. The mixture was neutralized with addition of an aqueous 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. A precipitate separated out. The precipitate was dissolved in 100 ml of concentrated hydrochloric acid and the solution was filtered. The filtered solution was then neutralized with addition of an aqueous 10% solution of sodium hydroxide. A precipitate separated out, which was filtered off. The thus obtained product was recrystallized from methanol, whereby a phthalide compound No. 33 in Table 1 was obtained in the form of white powder, with a yield of 10 g. The melting point of the product was 78°˜80° C. λ max of an acetic acid 95% solution of the phthalide compound No. 33 was 737 nm. Phthalide compounds Nos. 2 to 32 and 34 to 62 in Table 1 were synthesized using the corresponding starting materials shown in Table 1, under substantially the same conditions as the above-mentioned conditions. λ max of an acetic acid 95% solution of the following phthalide compound, which is similar in chemical structure to Phthalide Compound No. 1, was 728 nm: ##STR183## λ max of an acetic acid 95% solution of the following phthalide compound, which is similar in chemical structure to Phthalide Compound No. 33, was 753 nm: ##STR184## [Preparation of Microcapsuled Leuco Dyes] 10 parts by weight of gelatin and 10 parts by weight of gum arabi are dissolved in 400 parts by weight of water. To this solution, 0.2 parts by weight of Turkey red oil serving as emulsifying agent are added. Any of the phthalide leuco dyes represented by the general formula [I] is dissolved in diisopropryl napthalene oil with a concentration of 2%. 40 parts by weight of the diisopropyl naphthalene oil solution are added to the above prepared solution and the mixture is emulsified. When the average particle size of the droplets in the emulsion becomes 5 μm, the emulsifying operation is terminated. To this emulsion, water warmed to 40° C. is added until the entire volume of the mixture became 900 parts by weight. The mixture is stirred, with its temperature maintained not less than 40° C. An aqueous 10% solution of acetic acid is added to this mixture so that the pH of the mixture is adjusted to be in the range of 4.0 to 4.2, thereby coacervation is caused to take place. The stirring is continued for another 20 minutes. The mixture is then cooled so that a coacervated film deposited on each droplet was caused to be geled. With the temperature of the mixture adjusted to be 20° C., 7 parts by weight of an aqueous 37% solution of formaldehyde are added to the mixture. When the temperature of the mixture becomes 10° C., an aqueous 15% solution of sodium hydroxide is gradually added to the mixture so that the pH of the mixture is adjusted to be 9. The mixture is heated to 50° C., with stirring, taking a period of time of 20 minutes, whereby microcapsules of the leuco dye which is dissolved in the diisopropyl naphthalene oil are prepared. When a pressure-sensitive sheet is prepared, the thus prepared microcapsules are applied to a support, with a deposition ranging from 5 g/m 2 to 10 g/m 2 . EXAMPLES 3˜7 AND COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 1 & 2 On a commercially available pressure-sensitive color developing sheet containing as a color developer acidic terra abla, a coloring sheet coated with a microcapsuled leuco dye listed in Table 2 in an amount of 6 g/m 2 when dried, using a water-soluble starch as binder agent for the leuco dye, was superimposed. By hand writing, pressure-sensitive coloring was caused to take place, so that clear images in green to dark greenish blue were obtained. The PCS value of each obtained image, defined by the following formula, and measured by a commercially available spectrophotometer (Trademark "Hitachi 303 Type Spectrophotometer" made by Hitachi, Ltd.) when exposed to the light having a wavelength of 800 nm, is shown in Table 2. ##EQU1## TABLE 2______________________________________ Phthalide Leuco Dyes PCS Value______________________________________Example 3 No. 1 in TABLE 1 90% or moreExample 4 No. 22 in TABLE 1 90% or moreExample 5 No. 27 in TABLE 1 90% or moreExample 6 No. 44 in TABLE 1 90% or moreExample 7 No. 47 in TABLE 1 90% or moreComp. Ex. 1 Crystal Violet Lactone 30% or belowComp. Ex. 2 3-diethylamino-6-methyl-7- 30% or below anilinofluoran______________________________________ EXAMPLES 8˜16, COMPARATIVE EXAMPLES 3 & 4 [Preparation of Coloring Liquid (Liquid A-1) and Color Developer Liquid (Liquid B-1)] The following Liquid A and Liquid B were prepared by grinding the respective components in a ceramic ball mill for 2 to 4 hours: [Liquid A] ______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________Phthalide Leuco dye in TABLE 3 20Aqueous 10% solution of polyvinyl 10alcoholDispersing agent 0.3(block copolymer of polyoxy-propylene and polyoxyethylene)Water 37______________________________________ [Liquid B-1] ______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________4,4'-methylenebis-(oxyethylenethio) 60diphenol3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobisphenol S 20Calcium carbonate 80Aqueous 10% solution of polyvinyl 160alcoholDispersing agent 1(block copolymer of polyoxy-propylene and polyoxyethylene)Water 320______________________________________ Liquid A-1 and Liquid B-1 were mixed with a ratio by parts weight of 1:1, whereby a thermosensitive layer coating liquid was prepared. This coating liquid was coated on a sheet of high quality paper having a basis weight of 50 g/m 2 , whereby thermosensitive recording materials Nos. 1 through 9 according to the present invention and comparative thermosensitive recording materials Nos. 1 and 2 were prepared. The thus prepared thermosensitive recording materials were subjected to thermal printing by use of a thermal printing test apparatus including a thermal head of a thin film type (made by Matsushita Electronic Components Co., Ltd.) under the conditions that the power applied to the head was 0.37 W/dot, the recording time per line was 5 msec, the scanning line density was 8×3.85 dots/mm, and the pulse width applied thereto was 5 msec/l. The densities of the developed images and the background thereof were measured by Macbeth densitometer RD-514 with a filter W-106. The PCS value of each thermosensitive recording material was also measured in the same manner as previously mentioned. TABLE 3______________________________________ Back-Phthalide ground Developed PCS ValueLeuco Dyes Density Color Tone at 800 nm______________________________________Example No. 1 0.06 Greenish 90% or more 8 BlueExample No. 11 0.06 Greenish 90% or more 9 BlueExample No. 22 0.06 Greenish 90% or more10 BlueExample No. 27 0.06 Greenish 90% or more11 BlueExample No. 33 0.06 Green 90% or more12Example No. 37 0.09 Green 90% or more13Example No. 44 0.10 Greenish 90% or more14 BlueExample No. 47 0.10 Bluish 90% or more15 GreenExample No. 50 0.11 Bluish 90% or more16 GreenComp. Crystal Violet 0.08 Bluish 30% orExample Lactone Violet below 3Comp. 3-diethylamino 0.07 Black 30% orExample 6-methyl-7- below 4 anilino fluoran______________________________________ EXAMPLE 17 Liquid A-2 and Liquid B-2 were prepared by dispersing the respective components in a sand grinder for 2 to 4 hours. [Liquid A-2] ______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p- 10dimethylaminophenyl-1-phenyl-ethyleno)-2]phthalideAqueous 10% solution of polyvinyl 10alcoholWater 80______________________________________ [Liquid B-2] ______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________4,4'dihydroxyphenylsulfone 20Aqueous 10% solution of polyvinyl 20alcoholWater 60______________________________________ Liquid A-2 and Liquid B-2 were mixed and dispersed with a ratio by weight of 1:2, so that a thermosensitive coating liquid was prepared. This thermosensitive coating liquid was coated on a sheet of high quality paper having a basis weight of 52 g/cm 2 , with a deposition of 5 to 6 g/m 2 when dried, whereby a thermosensitive coloring layer was formed on the high quality paper. After drying, the thermosensitive coloring layer was subjected to calendering until the smoothness became 500 to 3000 seconds in terms of Bekk's smoothness, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 10 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 18 Example 17 was repeated except that 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-phenylethyleno)-2]phthalide in Liquid A-2 was replaced with 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-phenylethyleno)-2]-6-dimethylaminophthalide, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 11 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 19 Example 17 was repeated except that 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-phenylethyleno)-2]phthalide in Liquid A-2 was replaced with 3-p-pyrrolidinophenyl-3-[(1-p-diethylaminophenyl-1-phenylethyleno)-2]-6-dimethylaminophthalide, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 12 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 20 Example 17 was repeated except that 4,4'-dihydroxy-phenylsulfone in Liquid B-2 was replaced with 2,4'-dihydroxy-phenylsulfone, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 13 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 21 Example 17 was repeated except that 4,4'-dihydroxy-phenylsulfone in Liquid B-2 was replaced with 4-hydroxyphenyl-4'-benzyloxyphenylsulfone, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 14 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 22 Example 17 was repeated except that 4,4'-dihydroxy-phenylsulfone in Liquid B-2 was replaced with 4-hydroxyphenyl-4'-isopropyloxyphenylsulfone, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 15 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 23 Example 17 was repeated except that 4,4'-dihydroxy-phenylsulfone in Liquid B-2 was replaced with 2,2'-bis-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 16 according to the present invention was prepared. EXAMPLE 24 Example 17 was repeated except that 4,4'-dihydroxy-phenylsulfone in Liquid B-2 was replaced with 4,4'-thiobis (3-methyl-6-tert-butylphenolsulfide), whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 17 according to the present invention was prepared. The thus prepared thermosensitive recording materials Nos. 10˜17 were subjected to thermal printing by use of the same thermal printing test apparatus as that employed in Examples 8˜16. The recording materials were also subjected to a light resistance test by exposing each recording material to the sun shine for 3 days. The PCS value of each thermosensitive recording material having a colored image was also measured before and after the light resistance test, using the light having a wavelength of 800 nm. The results are shown in Table 4. TABLE 4______________________________________ Immediately after After Light Resistant Printing Test Image Image Density PCS Value Density PCS Value______________________________________Example 17 1.30 91% 1.25 88%Example 18 1.34 90% 1.30 87%Example 19 1.35 92% 1.28 89%Example 20 1.30 90% 1.24 87%Example 21 1.29 90% 1.24 86%Example 22 1.31 89% 1.23 86%Example 23 1.30 90% 0.92 35%Example 24 1.31 91% 0.80 45%______________________________________ The novel coloring phthalide compounds according to the present invention, when colored, highly absorb the light in the near infrared region. Further, by using any of such coloring phthalide compounds as coloring component, pressure-sensitive and thermosensitive recording materials capable of yielding images which absorb the light in the near infrared region and having excellent light resistance can be obtained according to the present invention. Furthermore, the thermosensitive recording materials which use the coloring phthalide compounds according to the present invention are excellent in humidity resistance. EXAMPLE 25 Liquid A-3 and Liquid B-3 were prepared by dispersing the respective components in a sand grinder for 2 to 4 hours. [Liquid A-3] ______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p- 10dimethylaminophenyl-1-p-methyl-phenylethyleno)-2]-6-p-dimethyl-aminophthalideAqueous 10% solution of polyvinyl 10alcoholWater 80______________________________________ [Liquid B-3] ______________________________________ Parts by Weight______________________________________4,4'-dihydroxyphenylsulfone 20Aqueous 10% solution of polyvinyl 20alcoholWater 60______________________________________ Liquid A-3 and Liquid B-3 were mixed and dispersed with a ratio by weight of 1:2, so that a thermosensitive coating liquid was prepared. This thermosensitive coating liquid was coated on a sheet of high quality paper having a basis weight of 52 g/cm 2 , with a deposition of 5 to 6 g/m 2 when dried, whereby a thermosensitive coloring layer was formed on the high quality paper. After drying, the thermosensitive coloring layer was subjected to calendering until the smoothness became 500 to 3000 seconds in terms of Bekk's smoothness, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 18 according to the present invention was prepared. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 5 Example 25 was repeated except that the 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-phenylethyleno)2]-6-p-dimethylaminophthalide in Liquid A-3 employed in Example 25 was replaced with 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-p-methoxyphenylethyleno)-2]-6-dimethylaminophthalide, whereby a comparative thermosensitive recording No. 5 was prepared. EXAMPLE 26 Example 25 was repeated except that the 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylamino-1-p-methylphenylethyleno)2]-6-p-dimethylaminophthalide in Liquid A-3 employed in Example 25 was replaced with 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-phenylethyleno)-2]phthalide, whereby a thermosensitive recording material No. 19 according to the present invention was prepared. COMPARATIVE EXAMPLE 6 Example 25 was repeated except that the 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[(1-p-dimethylaminophenyl-1-p-methylphenylethyleno)-2]-6-p-dimethylaminophthalide in Liquid A-3 employed in Example 25 was replaced with 3-p-dimethylaminophenyl-3-[bis-1,1-(p-dimethylaminophenyl)ethyleno-2]phthalide, whereby comparative recording material No. 6 was prepared. The thus prepared thermosensitive recording materials Nos. 18 and 19 according to the present invention and comparative thermosensitive recording materials Nos. 5 and 6 were subjected to thermal printing by use of the same thermal printing test apparatus as that employed in Examples 8˜16. The densities of the developed images and the background thereof were measured by Macbeth densitometer RD-514 with a filter W-106. The recording materials were subjected to a humidity resistance test by allowing the recording materials to stand at 40° C., 90% RH for 16 hours. The reflectances (%) of the background of each recording material before and after the humidity resistance test were measured by a commercially available spectrophotometer (Trademark "Hitachi 303 Type Spectrophotometer" made by Hitachi, Ltd.). The smaller the measured reflectance after the humidity resistance test, the greater the fogging in the background. The PCS value of each of the thermosensitive recording materials having a colored image was also measured by using the light having a wavelength of 800 nm. The results are shown in Table 5. TABLE 5__________________________________________________________________________ Developed Before After Density Humidity Humidity Color of PCS (%) Developed Resistance Resistance Background 800 nm Background Image Area Test Test__________________________________________________________________________Example 25 White 91.8 0.11 1.02 96.0 96.1Example 26 White 91.6Comparative White 91.1 0.10 1.10 91.0 75.5Example 5Comparative Yellow- 90.0Example 6 Green__________________________________________________________________________

4y

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS [0001] This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/594,528, filed on Feb. 3, 2012, and U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 61/639,169, filed on Apr. 27, 2012, both of which are herein incorporated by reference in their entireties. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] The present invention relates generally to an induction air handling unit and, more particularly, to an active chilled beam with air sterilization means. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] Known air-conditioning systems treat predominately outside air that is mixed with a proportion of return or recirculated air from within a building. This conditioned air is then used to meet the heating or cooling load within a particular space, such as a number of rooms on a floor or an open space area on a floor of a building. [0004] A chilled beam is one such type of convection HVAC system designed to heat or cool buildings. Pipes carrying water are passed through a beam; i.e., a heat exchanger, suspended a short distance from the ceiling of a room. As the beam chills the air around it, the air becomes denser and falls to the floor. It is replaced by warmer air moving up from below, causing a constant flow of convection and cooling the room. [0005] An active chilled beam, also know as an induction diffuser, utilizes ducts to push or induce air, such as recirculated or secondary air (also known as induced air), toward the unit. Known active chilled beam systems, however, are not particularly suitable for hospitals and other environments wherein recirculated or secondary air may carry bacteria, germs, and the like. [0006] Accordingly, there is a need for an active chilled beam system that is particularly suited for use in hospital patient rooms, outpatient rooms, nurses' stations, waiting areas, and in any area of a hospital that allows recirculation, among other areas where heating, cooling and/or sterilization of recirculated air is desired. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION [0007] It is an object of the present invention to provide an active chilled beam system. [0008] It is another object of the present invention to provide an active chilled beam system having sterilization means. [0009] It is another object of the present invention to provide an active chilled beam system wherein sterilization occurs within a mixing chamber/plenum. [0010] It is another object of the present invention to provide an active chilled beam that utilizes a sterilizing light to sterilize induced/recirculated air. [0011] It is yet another object of the present invention to provide an active chilled beam configured to increase the residence time of induced air within the mixing chamber/plenum. [0012] It is another object of the present invention to provide an active chilled beam that is configured to minimize leakage of sterilizing light. [0013] According to the present invention, an air-handling unit for processing an air stream therethrough is provided. The air-handling unit includes a primary air plenum and a primary air inlet in fluid communication with the primary air plenum. The primary air inlet is configured to provide a flow of primary air to the primary air plenum. The air-handling unit also includes a chamber in fluid communication with the primary air plenum. The chamber includes an irradiate cavity and a secondary air inlet configured to accept a flow of secondary air into the irradiate cavity, and a sterilization mechanism positioned in the irradiate cavity. The sterilization mechanism is configured to effectively treat and sterilize the secondary air. [0014] In an embodiment of the present invention an air handling system is provided. The air handling system includes a primary air plenum configured to receive a flow of primary air and a chamber having an irradiate cavity and an induction channel adjacent to an outer edge of said chamber. The induction channel is in fluid communication with the primary air plenum and an outlet port formed in the chamber and is configured to direct a flow of primary air from the primary air plenum to the outlet port to induce a flow of secondary air into the irradiate cavity. The system also includes a sterilization unit disposed in a lower portion of the irradiate cavity. [0015] According to the present invention, a method of processing a stream of air in an air-handling unit includes initiating a flow of primary air into the air handling unit, inducing a flow of secondary air into a cavity within the unit, and sterilizing the secondary air within the cavity. [0016] These and other objects, features, and advantages of the present invention will become apparent in light of the detailed description of the best mode embodiment thereof, as illustrated in the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0017] The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments of the disclosure, and together with a general description of the disclosure given above, and the detailed description of the embodiments given below, serve to explain the principles of the disclosure. [0018] FIG. 1 is a perspective view of an active chilled beam in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. [0019] FIG. 2 is a cross-sectional view of the active chilled beam of FIG. 1 . [0020] FIG. 3 is a graph illustrating E. Coli survival rate as a function of exposure time under ultra violet light. [0021] Other features and advantages of the present disclosure will become apparent from the following detailed description, taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, which illustrate, by way of example, the principals of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT [0022] Referring to FIGS. 1 and 2 , an active chilled beam 110 according to an embodiment of the present invention is shown. As shown therein, the active chilled beam 110 generally takes the form of a chamber 112 having a primary air inlet 114 . The chamber 112 is generally of a sheet metal construction and is provided with flanges for mounting the chilled beam 110 to a ceiling or other support structure. Alternatively, the chamber 112 may be constructed from other materials such as sandwich-foam sheets or fiber reinforced plastics. [0023] With specific reference to FIG. 2 , primary/ventilation air from a central air handling system (not shown for clarity) is supplied through the primary air inlet 114 to a primary air plenum 116 in the chamber 112 . The primary air within the air plenum 116 is pressurized as compared to a secondary/recirculated air from the room. As a result, the pressurized primary air from the primary air plenum 116 is directed downward through rows of induction nozzles 118 and towards the outer edges of the chamber 112 , before exiting out into the space below the unit. [0024] The flow of the primary air out of the chamber 112 induces movement of the secondary air up and into the active chilled beam 110 in the direction of arrow A. The secondary air is forced upward through an induction grill 120 before entering an induced air plenum 122 within the chamber 112 . The induced air plenum 122 is provided with a sterilization means, such as an ultra violet (UV) light bulb 124 that creates an irradiate cavity 126 , which functions to sterilize the secondary air as it passes through the irradiate cavity 126 . In an embodiment, the UV light bulb 124 is secured to the end walls of the chamber 112 by a mounting bracket 128 . In the preferred embodiment, the UV light bulb 124 is preferably a 540 μW/cm2, ¾″ in diameter UV bulb. While the preferred embodiment utilizes an ultraviolet light bulb as a sterilization means for sterilizing the secondary air within the irradiate cavity 126 , the present invention is not intended to be so limited in this regard. In particular, other sterilizing irradiate light systems/means may also be utilized within the irradiate cavity 126 to sterilize the secondary air without departing from the broader aspects of the present invention. [0025] As further shown in FIG. 2 , a reflective mirror 130 , located beneath the UV bulb 124 , is arcuate in shape to redirect a portion of the UV light from the UV bulb 124 upwards towards the top of the irradiate cavity 126 . Importantly, the reflective mirror 130 acts to prevent direct UV light from entering the occupied area. [0026] An ultra violet (UV) light absorbing shield 132 is positioned along the top of the irradiate cavity 126 , directly above the UV light bulb 124 . The UV light absorbing shield 132 is made from or coated with UV light absorbing material to aid inhibiting the escape of UV light from the chamber 112 . As shown in FIG. 2 , the shield 132 is preferably angled such that UV light will not be reflected directly back into the occupied space between the chilled beam 110 . In combination with the reflective mirror 130 , the absorbing shield 132 thus provides a safety feature by containing the UV light within the chilled beam 110 . [0027] In another embodiment, the internal shapes and surfaces of the air plenum 116 , and indeed the chamber 112 as a whole, may be specifically designed using ultra violet light absorbing material and/or paint so that there is substantially no direct light leakage from the chilled beam 110 into the occupied space. [0028] In operation, primary air from the central air handling system is supplied through the primary inlet 114 to the primary air plenum 116 . The primary air is then directed through the rows of induction nozzles 118 towards the outer edges of the chamber 112 to induce movement of the sterilized, secondary air down and out of chamber 112 . The movement of the sterilized, secondary air causes additional secondary air from the room to be induced to move up and into the induced air plenum 122 of the active chilled beam 110 , as illustrated by the direction of arrow A. Within the irradiate cavity 126 , the secondary air is sterilized and disinfected by the UV light emitted from the UV bulb 124 . [0029] The sterilized, secondary air then passes through a coil heat exchanger 134 and mixes with the primary air from the induction nozzles 118 and is forced to exit the chilled beam 110 down through discharge air slots 136 and outward away from the induction grill 120 . [0030] The design of the chilled beam 110 increases the residence time of the secondary air within the irradiate cavity 126 . Thus, increasing the time the particles (germs, bacteria, etc.) of the secondary air will be exposed to direct or indirect UV light emitted from the UV bulb 124 . Through testing, it has been demonstrated that the induced air exposure time of the chilled beam 110 is approximately 0.64 seconds per pass, an exposure time of 3.84 seconds/hour, yielding an airborne E. Coli survival rate of 0.0014%. With reference to FIG. 3 , E. Coli survival rate as a function of exposure time under UV light is shown. [0031] As discussed above, the chilled beam 10 , 110 of the present invention is an HVAC terminal device located within an occupied space and which operates on the basis of inducting room air, with or without a coil heat exchanger, to sterilize and/or disinfect the induced room air by means of a UV light bulb. As further discussed above, the reflective mirror 30 , 130 and angled plate 32 /UV light absorbing shield 132 within the induced air plenum 18 , 118 minimizes “leakage” of the UV light from the chilled beam 10 , 110 into the occupied space. [0032] Although this invention has been shown and described with respect to the detailed embodiments thereof, it will be understood by those of skill in the art that various changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted for elements thereof without departing from the scope of the invention. In addition, modifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material to the teachings of the invention without departing from the essential scope thereof. Therefore, it is intended that the invention not be limited to the particular embodiments disclosed in the above detailed description, but that the invention will include all embodiments falling within the scope of this disclosure.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION The present invention relates to the field of card-key code responsive locks. Electronic security locks requiring specific card keys to open them are presently in use in connection with hotels, motels, apartment entrances, industrial areas and the like having doors requiring access by authorized personnel. A "card-key" for actuating the locking devices often comprises a thin plastic card which may be readily stored in the users wallet, typically having iron oxide strips laminated therein, which bear a binary access code for actuating the locks. Many of these systems are electronic, in that electronic circuits are employed to sense the code formed upon the magnetic strip, amplify the sensed code, and actuate the lock after the proper code is recognized by electronic comparison circuitry. These systems generally require electrical wiring to supply power, and also must be maintained, since electrical circuitry is subjected to malfunctioning. For example, relay contacts become oxidized, and integrated circuits fail, to create such a malfunction. It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a non-electronic, inexpensive, reliable card-key activated combination lock alternative to electric combination locks, in order to eliminate maintenance problems and downtime due to malfunction, together with the need for electrical wiring which is a nuisance, or other communication links, such as radio channels. It is a further object of the invention to provide a lock which is primarily mechanical in nature and may be readily actuated by a coded plastic card, not requiring prior art coded "BUMPS" and which is thin enough to be carried in the users wallet, and yet is not permanently magnetized, which would cause the card to mutilate or erase codes formed upon iron oxide strips in other cards carried by the user. It is a further object of the present invention to provide a locking device which, in contrast with conventional mechanical key locks, do not require tumblers of various sizes, so that the mechanical elements responsive to a given combination code may all be identical to each other, thereby to reduce manufacturing costs, and inventory control problems. In contrast with the prior art, it is desirable to provide a mechanical lock which may be actuated by a thin card key positioned very close to the mechanical latching elements, thereby to minimize the amount of metallic material to be laminated within the plastic card key so that it is thin and flexible. Although the movements of the magnetic portion of the latching elements are quite small in the present invention, due to the closeness of positioning of the card therewith, this movement may be mechanically amplified so as to readily unlatch the latching elements from associated anchor members, thereby to reduce potential manufacturing tolerance problems with respect to the size and placement of the components. Since the card-key code sensing ends of the latching fingers of the present invention are widely separated from the latching ends of the fingers which interact with the anchor members, the proper material may be readily used in connection with the fabrication of each end of the latching element i.e., magnetic material to be positioned at one end of the latching element is generally not suitable for repeated latching with the anchor members due to wear factors. In U.S. Pat. Nos. RE: 27,753 and 3,271,988 a card key actuates the locking tumblers directly, but requires a substantial movement to unlock the device, to in turn require a substantial magnet or metallic insert within the card, of considerable mass, which is highly unsatisfactory and impracticable since the card key should be thin and light. U.S. Pat. No. 3,271,953 teaches the use of a card key having a covered metallic sheet punched out in areas that require the magnet lock pins to maintain a separated position when the card key is inserted. This design depends upon the magnetic tumbler pins being held apart from the stationary magnetic pins by means of providing pins polarized with the like poles that repel. When a metallic sheet is placed between these magnetized pins, the repelling force is directed in such a manner as to cause the repelled pin to be attracted to the stationary pin, releasing the sliding lock plate. Thick metallic inserts must be used in the card key designed to alter the repelling forces, because the distance between the locking pins must be great enough to accommodate the locking plates. In contrast, the locks of the present invention do not utilize the principle of dual opposing magnets with like polarities, because the magnet ends of the latch fingers are positioned very close to the card key and can thus be sufficiently attracted to a very thin, low mass, metallic insert within the key to cause the latching finger to be moved through the small distance required to actuate the lock. Additionally, in contrast with prior art teachings, the present invention does not require the physical sliding of a lock plate as in designs of the prior art, and thus a card key may be employed having a relatively slight amount of metallic inserts. Amplification of the relatively small motion of the latching members adjacent the card key results in the latching or unlatching of the lock with ease. SUMMARY OF EMBODIMENTS OF THE INVENTION In accordance with one embodiment of the present invention, a first set of pivoted latching fingers having hook ends facing in a first direction is provided, together with a second set of pivoted latching fingers interlaced with the first set in accordance with a particular combination which unlocks the device. The fingers of the second set of latching fingers have hook ends facing in a direction opposite to the direction of orientation of the hook ends of the first set, and actuation of only the proper combination of fingers causes the hooks of all fingers to be displaced away from the lock anchor members to unlock the lock. More specifically, if one or more fingers of the first finger set are not actuated, so that all of the fingers which are supposed to be actuated in accordance with the proper combination are not actuated, the hook of such finger(s) will remain engaged with a first anchor member and the lock will not open. On the other hand should one or more fingers of the second set be actuated, contrary to the proper combination, the oppositely facing hook portions thereof, which are normally disengaged from a second anchor member will become engaged with such second anchor member, to prevent the lock from opening. The hook ends are formed at terminal portions of the longer finger portions of the pivoted fingers, whereas permanent magnets are preferably affixed to the short finger portions of the fingers, which are on the opposite side of the finger pivot point relative to the long finger portions of the fingers. The plastic card key has the proper combination of spots of highly magnetically permeable material which causes all of the short legs of the first set of fingers to be attracted to the spots, to in turn pivot the entire first set of fingers to enable the release of the lock. Since the ratio of the length of the long finger portions over the length of the short finger portions is greater than unity, the hooks will move a relatively large distance away from the locking anchor members to effect the unambiguous unlatched conditon, without potential manufacturing tolerance problems. In contrast, due to this lever configuration, movement of short leg portions will be through a shorter distance, which means that the plastic key card may be positioned very close to the permanent magnets to thus enable the use of slight amounts of suitable material in the key card to attract the magnets to actuate the fingers. Should this distance be greater, the mass of the material required would be much greater, and the card key would be too thick for wallet storage. In accordance with another feature of the invention, hooks preferably comprising slidable elongated protrusions may be selectively positioned to extend from the fingers in first or second directions, to enable changing the lock combination in a matter of seconds by inserting a new key card into the lock after all of such protrusions assume a first position with respect to all fingers. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Other objects, features and advantages of the present invention will become apparant upon study of the following more specific description taken in conjunction with the drawings in which: FIGS. 1-3 disclose various embodiments of the present invention; and FIGS. 4-7 disclose a mechanism for rapidly changing the combination of the lock. DETAILED DESCRIPTION In FIG. 1 a first embodiment of the invention is illustrated, wherein a door 1 is positioned adjacent its frame 2. Frame portion 6 includes a bank of elongated latching fingers 4 which are pivotably mounted upon pivot pin 7. A key card insert slot 8 is configured to receive a key card so that the code actuating portion of the card will be positioned adjacent the short finger portion 9 of finger 4. At the terminal portion of the longer finger portion, a hook member is formed upon the finger which engages anchor member 11, rigidly affixed to door 1. The lock preferably includes a plurality of pivoted latching fingers which are actuated in the manner of the keys of a piano, and if the proper combination of fingers is actuated, all of the hook portions will clear the anchor member 11 and the door may thus be opened. Now let it be assumed that a key card is inserted within slot 8 which has the proper combination of "bumps" or raised actuating portions. Certain of the latching fingers will be actuated, and their hook ends 13 will clear the shoulders of anchor member 11. These latching fingers comprise a first set having their hooks facing upwardly as indicated by hook 13. Other latching fingers which should be actuated in accordance with the proper combination, will also have their corresponding upwardly facing hook members moved downwardly due to the interaction between the card bumps and the short finger portion 9. However, should one or more of the latching fingers which should not be actuated become actuated, their downwardly facing hook members such as 16 (affixed to a latching member behind the member in the plane of the drawing) will become engaged with the shoulder of the lower anchor member, 15 to prevent the lock from opening. Thus in accordance with the illustrated embodiment of the invention, a first set of latching fingers having hook members extending upwardly, is interleaved with a second set of latching fingers having their hook ends extending in a direction 180° opposite to the direction of orientation of the hook members of the first set. Thus the improper actuation of a latching finger will cause its downwardly extending hook member such as 16 to be downwardly displaced to maintain the latched condition, and furthermore the insertion of a tool into slot 8 to indiscriminately actuate fingers, will cause an actuated finger having a downwardly facing hook 16 to engage the lower anchor member to prevent the lock from opening. The insertion of the card having the proper placement of "bumps", will cause all hook members of all pivoted latching fingers to clear the shoulders of both the upper anchor member and the lower anchor member and door 1 may be opened. A leaf spring 17 is advantageously provided to mechanically bias the shorter finger portion downwardly. The door preferably has a conventional door knob, so that when all of the hooks have cleared the anchor means, the owner of the inserted card-key presses against the door knob (or the door if there is no knob) to enable door 1 to be displaced to the left in FIG. 1. When the card-key holder has entered the premises he closes the door to cause the hook ends to again actuate the lock by being locked into the anchor means (at 15), just after the hooks assume neutral positions as the door is being closed, due to the tapered portions 13 and 16 contacting the right hand portion of member 6. When the card-key holder wishes to leave the locked premises, he actuates button 18 to in turn displace slide member 19 to the right to cause the hook ends to again assume the neutral position, enabling the holder to pull the door knob, or a projection upon the door if there is no knob, which will enable the door with the anchor members to clear the neutrally positioned hook ends. Finger support member 10 maintains the proper positioning of finger portion 9 within slot 8. In FIG. 2, a second embodiment of the invention is illustrated whereby push button finger actuating means 21 may be actuated to cause clockwise pivoting of the latching finger about pivot member 7 to in turn cause hook member 16 to clear the shoulder 15 of anchor member 11. The push button operates against the counter pressure of leaf spring 17. As before, the improper actuation of a single latching finger having an upwardly facing hook member rather than a hook member oriented as illustrated, will cause such normally disengaged hook member to engage the upper shoulder 15', of anchor 11. A holding latch finger spring 22 is illustrated which will maintain actuated fingers in the downward direction due to the ledge 23 formed therein. If an improper combination is actuated, a lock reset bar 24 is pushed to cause the upper portion of latching spring 22 to be displayed to the right, thereby to enable the counter clockwise rotation of the latching finger under the influence of spring 17. This arrangement eliminates the requirement that the fingers of the operator remain positioned against the buttons up until the time of opening the door. In FIG. 3, a currently preferred magnetically actuated embodiment of the invention is illustrated, having certain components corresponding to those described in FIG. 1. A card key 309 which could of course also comprise an identification card, has a plurality of ferro-magnetic inserts formed across the width of the card at selected positions, which manifests the combination of the lock. It is an important aspect of this embodiment of the invention that the magnetic material in the card not be permanently magnetized to produce large quantities of flux, because a card key having permanent magnets therein could erase magnetically recorded data in other credit cards or the like in the users wallet. Slot 32 is configured to receive the key card 30 positioned so that the spots of magnetic material 31 will become aligned with permanent magnets 33 which are affixed to the short finger portions. It is an important aspect of this embodiment of the present invention, that the magnetic material 31 be positioned very close to the short leg of the latching finger so that the relatively slight mass of material formed within the thin card is able to cause counter clockwise rotation of the latching fingers through a small angle. If larger displacements of the finger portions would be required, as in the prior art, the resulting air gap and magnetic reluctance would be great, and a far greater amount of magnetic material would have to be formed in the key card, which is impractical since such cards would have considerable thickness. It is a further important aspect of the invention that the finger portions bearing the hook members preferably be relatively long, or at least longer than the portions bearing the magnets, so that displacement of the hook members is through a magnified distance relative to the relatively small displacement of the magnet portions of the fingers, thereby to reduce possible manufacturing tolerance problems mentioned earlier. Also the separation of the magnetic material at one terminal portion of the finger from the hook member material at the other is significant, since the hook member should have different metallurgical characteristics than the magnet portions. Let it be assumed that the latching finger having the downwardly extending hook 16 should not be actuated and upwardly extending hook 13 should be actuated. In this case a magnetic spot would be positioned on the card aligned with the finger in the plane of the drawing and counter clockwise rotation of the latching finger would cause hook member 13 to be released from the upper anchor member whereas a "no spot" condition at the adjacent finger would maintain the hook member 16 of the second finger in the disengaged position as shown in the drawing. Should a magnetic spot be present however, counter clockwise rotation of the second latching finger would cause normally disengaged hook 16 to engage the lower portion of the anchor member and the lock would not open. Thus in summary, all of the fingers of a first finger set to be actuated in accordance with a proper combination must be actuated, and if any fingers are actuated in the second set of fingers interleaved with the first set, the normally disengaged hook members such as 16 will become engaged, thereby to inhibit the opening of the lock. As before, the lock is opened from the inside by actuating button 18, to cause the pivotable latching fingers to move toward each other to in turn maintain the hook members in the disengaged position with respect to the anchor members. In the embodiments illustrated so far, the combination of these lock mechanisms cannot be readily changed without disassembly of the lock mechanism. Accordingly, the inventor has designed a resetable combination lock whereby the directions of orientation of the hook member may be selectively reversed in accordance with a new combination in a matter of seconds, and such a lock will be described in connection with FIGS. 4 through 7, which additionally illustrate the use of the invention in connection with a rotary disk which could be coupled to a door knob. Rotary disk portions 41 and 42 illustrated in FIG. 4, may be mechanically coupled to a door knob, not shown. These disks have straight elongated slots 43 and 44 formed therein for receiving the hook members which comprise elongated slidable rods rather than those hook members shaped as disclosed in the preceding figures. In FIG. 4, the latching finger comprises a rod member 48 which is slidably positioned within the terminal portion of the pivoted latching finger. The lock will be opened by causing counter clockwise rotation of the proper first set of latching fingers which have their elongated hook members 46 positioned within the slot formed in the left hand disk 42 as illustrated. All of the proper latching fingers must be actuated to cause hook members 46 to clear the slot. As before, the actuation of one or more improper latching fingers of the second set, interlaced with the first set, will cause the normally disengaged elongated rod members 48 to be positioned within slot 43 of disk 41 to inhibit the rotation of the door knob coupled to rotary disk 41. FIG. 5 illustrates the position of the latching fingers when the key card is inserted into the slot which has the proper combination to unlock the lock. The elongated hook members would preferably have a groove 51 formed therein which is positioned against a detent member such as spring element 52, thereby to lock the relative position of the rod relative to the terminal portion of the pivoted finger. A second groove member 57 is formed within the pin for receiving the detent number 52 when the relative position of the rod with respect to the finger is changed. In FIG. 6, the groove 51 is again illustrated together with second groove 57 for enabling the seating of the detent spring 52 within the second groove 57 rather than the first groove 51 upon the shifting of the relative position of the rod with respect to the terminal portion of the finger. The combination of the lock is readily changed by inserting a key pin 61 into aperture 60 shown in FIG. 5. This action causes the clockwise rotation of all of the latching fingers and, due to the positioning of the left hand rotary disc affixed to the now turned door knob, all of the elongated hook members will be shifted as shown in FIG. 6, so that they point to the right, whereby detent spring 52 is seated within the left hand groove 57 of the pins. The pin 61 key is now removed and the new card key bearing the new combination is inserted into the slot to cause the actuation of a new first set of fingers in the counter clockwise direction. This action causes those fingers which are rotated counter clockwise to have the relative positions of the pin members shifted to the left due to the reaction forces of the inside surface of the right-hand disc against the pins. Those fingers which are not actuated in accordance with the new combination, will have their elongated pins remain in the right hand position. Upon removable of the new card key, the lock is now set in accordance with the new combination as shown in FIG. 4. As a result of this mechanism, disassembly of the fingers is not required, and the combination of the lock may be readily changed in a few seconds for the sake of convenience and to further effect savings in labor costs and downtime. The above described mechanisms could also be employed in connection with the hook members shaped in accordance with FIGS. 1 through 3 and suitable detent members may be designed by those skilled in the art wherein the hooks could be for example rotated 180 degrees angularly, rather than providing pins which are displaced by translation. The use of a straight slot formed in the rotary discs affixed to the door knob maintains the previously described design wherein the latching fingers are aligned in a convenient straight line configuration, rather than being positioned angularly. The term "anchor means" is to be construed as any element of any configuration coacting with the latching fingers to inhibit or enable opening of the lock. The term "fingers" is intended to cover any elements which perform functions similar to those described, and is not to be limited to thin elongated elements shown in the drawings. For example they could comprise L-shaped strips or wires which are translated rather than rotated between latched and unlatched conditions. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it is apparent that various changes and modifications may be made, and it is therefore intended that the following claims cover all such modifications and changes as may fall within the true spirit and scope of this invention.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention This invention relates to a tool carousel for use in a tool changer on a machining centre. 2. Background Art A tool carousel comprises a wheel-like structure which, in use, carries a series of individually removable tools. In most cases, the carousel comprises a rotational index means, so as to enable any selected one of the tools carried by the carousel wheel to be located at a predetermined rotational position, whereat a transfer mechanism can present the selected tool to a machine tool for use in a machining operation. FIG. 1 shows a typical example of a machining centre which includes a tool carousel. As can be seen, the tool carousel wheel 1 is mounted upon a horizontal rotational axis adjacent a transfer mechanism 2. Referring to FIG. 2, it will be seen that the transfer mechanism 2 comprises a transfer arm 4 for transferring tools between the carousel wheel 1 and a machine tool spindle 3. The transfer arm rotates about a central rotation axis 8 and has a tool grip at each end. As can be best seen in FIG. 3, the carousel wheel 1 comprises a plurality of circumferentially consecutive pots 6, each of which is used for storing a respective tool. In the storage position, each of the pots orientates its respective tool with its axis generally horizontal. However, when a tool is specified by the machine control, the carousel wheel 1 is rotated until the correct tool is located in the transfer position 5, and the pot containing this tool is then rotated through 90° about a horizontal axis which is perpendicular to the rotational axis of the carousel wheel. As a consequence, the pot hangs vertically down and in the manner of the pot designated 7. In this position, the tool has its axis parallel to the centre line of the machine tool spindle 3. Once the pot is in this position, the transfer arm 4 is able to rotate about its vertical rotation axis 8 and remove the selected tool from its pot 7 whilst simultaneously removing any existing tool from the spindle nose 3. As it continues to rotate, the position of the two tools is reversed, the selected tool is presented to the spindle nose, and the deselected tool is presented to the appropriate pot on the carousel 1. That pot is then rotated back up through 90°, so that the deselected tool is stored with its axis inclined horizontally, in common with the other tools stored in the carousel. Tools for use in a machine tool are invariably heavy, metal items and the carousel wheel of a tool carousel therefore has to be strong and sturdy enough to carry all of the tools without buckling or breaking over a long period of time during which the tool carousel is required to operate reliably, without breakdown. It has therefore been the practice to form carousel wheels of known tool carousels from metal. FIG. 4 shows a vertical section through a known tool changer incorporating such a carousel. From the figure, it can be seen that a pot 105 has a generally cylindrical form and is attached to the hub 124 of a carousel wheel via a rotation axis 117. The pot 105 is fitted with a collar 119 at an end thereof which is situated at the top of the pot when it is rotated through 90° about the axis 117 at the tool access position, as shown in dotted lines in FIG. 4. Axially inwardly of the collar 119, there is located a retention collar 104 that comprises a central axial bore into which a number of balls 100 are resiliently urged to project. In use, a pull-stud of a tool holder is located within the bore and gripped by the balls 100. When the tool is to be extracted, this is achieved by axial displacement of an extractor 118 which can be axially pushed into the bore, to force the pull-stud out. A dog 102 is provided in the mouth of the pot 105 for retaining the correct orientation of the tool holder. A tool identification tag is provided at 101. The pot 105 is integrally formed with an arm 103. The arm 103 projects radially from the side of the pot body and terminates with a transversely extending section, upon which is fitted a rotatable pusher wheel 108 and a bearing 109. The pot is retained in the storage position shown in FIG. 4 by the action of the bearing 109, which bears against a bearing plate 125. The plate is provided with a local slot at the pot release position, thus enabling the pot to be rotated about the axis 117, when it is located there. The pusher wheel 108 is adapted to fit within a mouth 123 of a fork 122 mounted at the end of a rod 121 of a vertically aligned piston 120. As the carousel wheel rotates, the pusher wheel 108 of each pot assembly consecutively enters the mouth 123 of the fork 122 from the side. When the appropriate tool holder is in position, pneumatic cylinder 120 is actuated, so as to cause the piston rod 120 to extend vertically downwards. As this happens, the pusher wheel 108 is urged downwardly by virtue of the fact that it is constrained within the mouth 123 of the fork 122. This downward movement causes the pot 105 to rotate about the axis 117, thereby eventually bringing the tool holder into the position shown in chain-dotted line in FIG. 4. From this position, a transfer arm can transfer the tool to the machine head, as generally described in relation to FIGS. 1 to 3. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is an object of the invention to provide a tool carousel which is easier and less expensive to manufacture and, if necessary, repair than that of the known tool changer. According to a first aspect of the invention there is provided a tool carousel according to claim 1. Preferred features of this aspect of the invention are set out in claims 2 to 21. According to a second aspect of the invention, claim 25 provides a lifting and lowering mechanism for a tool carousel wheel. A third aspect of the invention is set out in claim 28 and provides a drive mechanism for a tool carousel. Preferred features of the various aspects of the invention are set out in the dependent claims. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS Embodiments of the invention will be described by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which: FIG. 1 is a schematic front elevation of a machining centre incorporating a tool changer; FIG. 2 is a schematic plan view of the machining centre shown in FIG. 1, FIG. 3 is a schematic side elevation of the machining centre shown in FIGS. 1 and 2; FIG. 4 is a front elevation, partially in cross-section, showing part of a tool changer in accordance with the prior art; FIG. 5 is a perspective view of thirty bracket units, assembled together to form part of a tool carousel in accordance with the invention; FIG. 6 is a perspective view of one of the bracket units of FIG. 5 in conjunction with a pot unit and retention collar in accordance with the invention; FIGS. 7A, 7B and 8 are perspective views of the bracket unit of FIG. 6; FIG. 9 is a plan view of the bracket unit of FIGS. 7 and 8; FIGS. 10A and 10B are perspective views of the pot unit of FIG. 6; FIG. 11 is a rear elevation of the pot unit of FIGS. 10A and 10B; FIG. 12 is an underneath view of the pot unit of FIGS. 10 and 11; FIG. 13 is a perspective view of the retention collar of FIG. 6; FIG. 14 is a plan view of the retention collar of FIG. 13; FIG. 15 is a ghost front elevation of a pot lifting and lowering mechanism in accordance with the invention shown in conjunction with the assembly of FIG. 6; FIG. 16 is a ghost side elevation of the arrangement of FIG. 15; FIG. 17 is a cross-section of the cam wheel of the pot lifting and lowering mechanism of FIGS. 15 and 16; FIG. 18 is a front elevation of the cam wheel of FIG. 17; FIG. 19 is a rear elevation of the cam wheel of FIGS. 17 to 19; FIG. 20 schematically shows a positioning mechanism for use with a carousel wheel gear index; and FIG. 21 is a graph of rotational speed relative to angular orientation of the shaft of the drive motor shown in FIG. 20. DETAILED DESCRIPTION Referring to FIGS. 5 and 6, it can be seen that the tool carousel according to this embodiment of the invention comprises a number of bracket units 200 which are interlocked to form a carousel wheel 500. Each bracket unit 200 is connected with a respective pot unit 300 and retention collar 400. Each bracket unit 200, pot unit 300 and retention collar 400 is injection moulded from a plastics material which comprises a chemical lubricant. Of course, the components could be manufactured from a different material and an alternative lubricant could be used. Each of the three primary components shown in FIG. 6 will now be described in detail. Where the bracket units are described, expressions such as "radial", "axial" and "circumferential" are used with reference to the assembled carousel wheel shown in FIG. 5. One of the bracket units 200 is shown in detail in FIGS. 7A to 9. It can be seen that the unit comprises a main bracket body portion 202, which has a generally wedge-shaped profile when viewed in plan, such as in FIG. 9. On a first radially extending side of the body portion 202, there is provided a male dovetail portion 212. On the opposite radially extending side of the body portion 202, there is provided a female dovetail portion 214. Each bracket unit 200 has the same configuration, so the dovetail formations from two adjacent bracket units 200 can be interlocked, so as to join them together. Due to the wedge-shape of the body portion 202, thirty bracket unit can be joined together so as to form a complete ring, thereby defining the carousel wheel shown in FIG. 5. Of course, it is not necessary for the carousel ring to be formed from thirty bracket assemblies. If it is intended for the carousel wheel to hold a smaller or greater number of tools, then a corresponding number of bracket units should be used. In such a case, the bracket units will need to have the radially extending sides of the body portion 202 moulded at an appropriately different angle of separation. Generally speaking, if a greater number of bracket assemblies are required in order to house a respectively larger number of tools, then the angle between the two sides of the body portion 202 will be relatively smaller. On the other hand, if fewer bracket units are required, then the angle between the two sides of the body portion 202 would be relatively greater. This configuration is particularly suitable for manufacture from plastics materials, hence a lightweight, relatively inexpensive wheel can be constructed, without sacrificing strength and durability. Furthermore due to its modular construction, the wheel can easily be repaired or modified. Integrally formed with the body portion 202, there is a hinge arm 204. The hinge arm 204 extends from the radially outer end of the body portion 202 and is inclined at an angle of 50° to the carousel wheel axis. As can be seen particularly clearly in FIGS. 8 and 9, the hinge arm 204 is defined by a generally box-like outer wall structure 216 which is strengthened by three intersecting cross-webs 218, 220 and 222. An integrally formed cylinder 224 is situated at the intersection of the three cross-webs 218, 220 and 222. It should be noted that the cross-webs and the cylinder all have walls which are generally parallel with the wheel axis. This feature can best be seen in FIG. 6. The box-like section of the hinge arm 204 has generally parallel sides 226 and 228. Moving away from the junction of the hinge arm 204 with the body portion 202, the walls 226 and 228 lead into a distal end portion of a relatively narrower width 230, via inclined walls 232 and 234. The distal end portion of the hinge arm 230 is provided with a transversely extending barrel 236 having a generally circular cross-section. The barrel 236 has length which is very slightly longer than the width of the distal end portion 236. Each end face 238 of the barrel 236 is provided with a respective axle lug 240 of a generally circular cross-section. The barrel 236 comprises a pair of pockets 242, each having a rectangular cross-section. The pockets 242 extend in a direction parallel to the cross-webs 218-222 and the wheel axis. The cross-webs, 218-222, the cylinder 224 and the pockets 242 result in a strong, yet lightweight unit that can be manufactured from a relatively small amount of material. As can be seen most clearly in FIGS. 7A and 7B, a flexible tongue 206 extends perpendicularly from the bracket unit body 202 from a region close to the junction of the hinge arm with the body portion 202. The tongue 206 comprises an elongate hook portion 244 extending transversely along its distal end, so as to face generally towards the barrel 236. The tongue 206 is provided with four integrally formed ribs 246 on the opposite side to the hook portion 244 and in the region of the end at which it is joined to the body portion 202. The ribs 246 each have a thickness which tapers in a curved fashion from the junction of the tongue 206 and the body portion 202 towards the distal end of the tongue 206. The ribs 246 serve to constrain the flexion of the tongue 206 in a gradually reducing fashion towards its distal end, thereby providing a precisely controlled spring characteristic. The tongue comprises a further four ribs 247 on its opposite face, these ribs being directed towards the barrel and tapering in thickness from the hook portion 244 to the axial centre of the tongue. The ribs 247 reduce stresses in this part of the unit to an acceptable level when the unit is fully loaded. On a surface of the hinge arm 204 which generally faces the tongue 206, there are provided a pair of stops 248, one of which can be seen clearly in FIG. 7A. Each stop is located generally towards the side of the hinge arm 204 and includes a square-section rebate 250 running in a direction generally perpendicular to the axis of the tongue 206. As can be seen from FIGS. 7A and 7B, the body portion 202 has a general box-structure which is strengthened by a pair of further cross-webs 252 and 254. This structure also provides strength with low weight and requires a relatively small amount of material for manufacture. Extending from the tongue-side face of the body portion 202 are a pair of lugs 256 and 258, which extend generally parallel to the tongue 206. Each lug is generally in the form of a cylinder which extends into the box of the body portion 202. As can be seen from FIG. 9, the bores of the cylinders 256, 258 extend through to the opposite surface of the body portion 202. A further generally cylindrical portion 260 is situated in a crook defined between the cross-webs 252 and 254 and generally towards the opposite end of the body portion 202. As with cylinders 256 and 258, the bore of cylinder 260 extends through to the opposite surface of the body portion 202. Lugs 256, 258 are used for radial positioning in conjunction with an annular groove in the hub upon which the carousel wheel 500 is mounted. If the annular groove is replaced by a series of accurately bored holes, the lugs can be used for circumferential as well as radial positioning of the bracket units. In such a case, the dovetail formations 212, 214 could be omitted. The opposite surface of the body portion 202 is provided with a generally trapezoidal wall 208 that extends perpendicularly from the face of the body portion 202 in a direction parallel to the wheel axis. When the bracket units are assembled together to form a carousel wheel, the walls 208 together define a series of radial slots which are used as carousel-locator slots in a "Geneva wheel" mechanism for controlling the rotational position of the carousel wheel. The end face of the body portion 202 that faces radially inwardly, when the bracket units are connected together as shown in FIG. 5, comprises a series of radially-inwardly facing teeth 210 which, in conjunction with the teeth provided on the other connected bracket units 200 define a circular gear rack. In use, the gear rack is used to control the rotational orientation of the carousel wheel. Since both the Geneva mechanism and the gear rack have the same general purpose, one or the other may be deleted. However if both are provided on the bracket units, a choice of rotational position control mechanisms is provided, without requiring two different types of bracket unit to be produced. Referring to FIGS. 6 and 10A to 12, the pot units 300 will now be described. Each pot unit comprises a tool cylinder 302 integrally formed with a hinge arm 304, which extends generally radially from an outer surface of the tool cylinder 302. The hinge arm 304 is hollow and formed from two generally planar flank walls 308 joined by a transverse end wall 310 at their distal ends. Each of the flank walls 308 comprises a circular aperture 312. Due to the natural resilience of the flank walls 308, the apertures 312 snap-fit over the axle lugs 240 provided on a bracket unit. The attachment of a pot unit to a bracket unit in this manner can be seen clearly in FIG. 6. As an alternative, the hinge arm 204 could be constructed to provide the necessary resilience to enable the snap-fit. Each flank wall 308 comprises a cut-away portion 314 which has a generally V-shaped profile, with a somewhat rounded bottom. The cut-away portions 314 are set into the respective edges of the flank walls 308 which address a bracket unit when the two are connected together and arranged in the manner of FIG. 6. The cut-away portions 314 serve to accommodate the box portion 316 of the bracket assembly. The end wall 310 of the hinge arm 304 is provided with a series of axially extending ridges 316 which interlock with ribs 247 provided on the bracket unit 300. Each of the ridges 316 terminates in an undercut 322. In use, the transversely extending hooked portion 244 provided on the tongue 206 of the bracket unit 200 snap-fittingly locates underneath the undercut 322 when the pot is rotated about the hinge 240, 312 in the clock-wise direction, to the position shown in FIG. 6. This secures the position of the pot unit 300, relative to the bracket unit 200. Although this clipping method has been found particularly effective, other arrangements may be employed. For example, a much bigger clip, for gripping a cylinder, may be provided on each bracket unit 200. On the axially opposite side to the cut-away portions 314, the hinge arm 304 is provided with an integrally formed barrel 318. The barrel comprises a bore 320, which extends in a direction perpendicular to the axial direction and the radial direction of the cylinder 302. In use, the barrel co-operates with a lifting mechanism which comprises a fork 122 for constraining the barrel, the mechanism being used to cause rotation of the pot assembly about the hinge 312, 240. Such a mechanism is described below. The hinge arm 304 further comprises an internal, lateral cross member 324 for strength and stiffness. Two further, mutually parallel internal walls 325 extend perpendicular to the cross member 324. These also enhance the stiffness of the structure. The tool cylinder 302 is provided, at one axial end, with a seat portion 306 for accommodating a retention collar 400. Referring to FIG. 10, it will be seen that the seat portion 306 takes the form of an axially extending seat cylinder 326 concentrically situated at one end of the tool cylinder 302. Extending radially into the mouth of the seat cylinder 326, there are provided three lugs 328 at 120° intervals. Circumferentially in line with each lug and axially inwardly of the mouth of the cylinder 326, there is provided an elongate recess channel 329, which has a part-circular cross-section. A similarly shaped channel 330 is provided between each pair of lugs 328 and extends from the mouth of the cylinder 326 to a shoulder 332 which faces axially back towards the mouth of the cylinder 326. Referring to FIGS. 6, 13 and 14, it will be seen that the retention collar 400 is generally cylindrical and provided with three radially projecting lugs 402 which are located at 120° intervals about its periphery, each at an axial distance which is approximately mid-way between the two end surfaces of the holder. Each lug 402 is in the form of a flexible bridge, which extends across a respective axially extending channel 403. The radially outer surface of each lug 402 is provided with an axially extending rib 404, mid-way between its two circumferential ends. The lugs 402 co-operate with the lugs 328 provided in the cylinder 326 of the tool cylinder 302. In use, the retention collar 400 is presented to the cylinder 326, with the ribs 404 circumferentially aligned with the channels 330 provided on the inner face of the cylinder 326. The retention collar is then inserted axially into the cylinder 326, until the advancing end surface of the collar 400 abuts the shoulder 332. At this point, the collar 400 is rotated and the lugs 402 flex radially inwardly, as the ribs 404 are urged out of the channels 330. To secure the collar 400 in place, it is rotated until the lugs 402 are each situated behind a respective lug 328, at which point the ribs 404 become circumferentially aligned with the channels 329 and snap into position due to the inherent flexibility of the lugs 402. The combination of the bridge-shape of the lugs 402 and the channels 403 provides sufficient radial flexibility for this operation to be performed. Once the lugs 402 are located axially behind the lugs 328, the collar 400 is axially secured within the tool cylinder 302. To remove the collar 400 from the tool cylinder 302, the collar 400 must first be rotated against the radial resilience of the lugs 402, until the ribs 404 are once again circumferentially aligned with the channels 330, whereupon the collar can be axially withdrawn. The retention collar 400 further comprises six internal, axially extending tongues 406, which are arranged in three groups of two, the groups being located at 120° intervals. Each tongue 406 is secured at one end to the inner wall of the collar cylinder 400, and, at the opposite end (towards the top of FIG. 13) is unrestrained, thereby enabling each tongue 406 to flex radially. Each tongue is provided with a radially inwardly facing tool-gripping lug 408 proximate to its distal end. In use, the tongues co-operate to grip the pull-stud of a tool holder 600 to secure the tool axially within the cylinder 302. In this regard, it can be seen in FIG. 6 that the pull-stud of the illustrated tool holder 600 comprises a radial flange 602. In practice, the tool holder is inserted into the tool cylinder 302 from the end of the tool cylinder that is opposite to the end in which the tool holder 400 is inserted. Therefore, the pull-stud of the tool holder enters the collar 400 from the bottom of FIG. 13. As the pull-stud moves between the lugs 408, the tongues 406 move radially outwardly. Once the flange 602 has moved above the lugs 408, as shown in FIG. 13, the tongues snap back into place, thereby resisting downward movement of the pull-stud 600. Radially inwardly directed struts 410 serve restrict radial displacement of the pull-stud during insertion, thereby protecting the tongues 406 from over-flexion. As a consequence of the described arrangement, collars having different internal dimensions, for holding tool holders configured to different standards, may be interchangeably secured within the pot cylinder. It is even possible to configure a retention collar to be axially reversible; that is to say with means for gripping one type of pull-stud in one axial end region and different means for gripping a different type of pull-stud in the opposite axial end region. In use, the bracket units are connected together in the manner shown in FIG. 5. Each bracket unit is provided with a respective pot unit 300, these being connected together as shown in FIG. 6. Each pot unit 300 has a retention collar 400 fitted inside in the manner described above. The assembled carousel is fitted to a tool changer of the general type shown in FIG. 1. In this arrangement, the Geneva wheel indexing mechanism will be situated towards the right of the tool carousel, as viewed in FIG. 1, and the open, tool receiving end of each tool cylinder 302 will face towards the left of FIG. 1. The carousel is caused to rotate using either the Geneva wheel mechanism or the gear rack 210, until the desired tool is situated at the bottom of the tool carousel. When in this position, a tool release mechanism (described below) causes the tongue 206 to lift up, thereby allowing the tool cylinder to rotate around the hinge 240, 312. The rotation of the tool cylinder is controlled by a lifting/lowering mechanism (described below) which interacts with the barrel 318. Once the pot unit has been moved into a position whereby the tool cylinder has its axis vertically aligned, the tool can be removed from the cylinder using a tool arm in the standard manner. A pot lifting and lowering mechanism 700 will now be described with reference to FIGS. 15 to 19. The mechanism comprises a vertically-mounted cam wheel 702 which rotates on a horizontal axis 704. The cam wheel comprises a radially outer geared periphery 706 which meshes with drive gearing provided on a drive motor 708. The cam wheel 702 comprises two primary camming formations. The first of these is a spiral channel 710 which is moulded into a first face of the cam wheel 720. The spiral channel accommodates a lug (not shown) of a lifting arm 121, which extends generally vertically, as can be seen in FIG. 16. As the cam wheel 702 is caused to rotate by the motor 708, the lug, which is entrained within the spiral channel and which is constrained to move only vertically, is caused to move up or down, depending upon the direction of rotation of the cam wheel 702. This, in turn, causes the arm 121 to move up and down and, thus, the fork 122 with its mouth 123 moves up and down correspondingly. On its opposite side, as can best be seen from FIGS. 17 and 20, the cam wheel 702 is provided with a generally circumferentially extending camming surface 712. This camming surface bears against a release pin 714, which is vertically mounted and comprises a lifting catch 716 at its axially lowermost end. The lifting catch 716 is hooked underneath the tongue 206 of the bracket unit currently in position. A helical compression spring 718 encircles the release pin 714 between its head 720 and the upper surface of a mounting bracket 722, through which it extends. The compression spring 718 urges the release pin 714 upwards, but this action is resisted by the camming surface 712, which bears on the head of the pin 720. Referring to FIG. 19, it will be seen that the camming surface 712 has a part-circular portion 713 that extends for 270° about the axis at a constant, maximum radial distance. Whilst this part-circular bearing surface 713 bears against the head of the release pin 714, the pin is maintained in the lowermost position shown in FIG. 16. However, the camming surface 712 also comprises a chamfered portion 715 defined by two flat portions 717, each of which is radially closer to the rotation axis of the cam wheel 702 than the part-circular portion 713. Consequently, when the cam wheel 702 is rotated to bring the chamfered portion 715 above the release pin 714, the pin is allowed to move upwardly, under the action of the compression spring 718, and the lifting catch 716 lifts the tongue 206 of the pot unit 200 upwards. This releases the pot unit 300 in such a manner that it can be rotated about the hinge 240. Due to the relative configurations of the spiral 710 and the cam surface 712, at the time that the hinge is lifted upwards, the arm 121 is caused to move downwardly and the fork 122 then begins to push the barrel 318 downwardly, thereby causing the pot unit 300 to rotate about the axis. More specifically, referring to FIG. 19, when the cam wheel 702 is orientated such that position A on its circumference is at the lowermost point, the arm and the release pin 714 will be positioned as shown in FIG. 16. If the wheel 702 is then caused to rotate in the clockwise direction of FIG. 19, the arm 121 is first lifted slightly, so causing the fork 122 to take the load of the clip 206. The release pin 714 is then allowed to spring upwards, thereby lifting the tongue 206. Thereafter, the arm 121 is gradually lowered, until point B is lowermost, at which time the pot unit has been rotated around the axle 240 to such an extent that it will not longer be interfered with by the tongue 206. Therefore, the cam surface 712 once again lowers the catch. As the cam wheel 702 is rotated further in the clockwise direction, the arm 121 is lowered still further until it reaches a lowest point, when circumferential point C of the cam wheel 702 is lowest. At this point, the tool cylinder 302 has its axis aligned vertically and the tool is ready for removal by the transfer arm 4. To lift the pot unit, the cam wheel 702 is merely rotated in the opposite direction, so as to move the cam wheel 702 anticlockwise as seen in FIG. 19. FIG. 20 shows a drive mechanism 800 for use in conjunction with the circular gear track 210. The drive mechanism comprises a motor 801 fitted with a drive shaft 802 with a radial gear 804 for meshing with the drive track 210. The drive shaft is fitted with a steel bar 806 that rotates as the drive shaft 802 rotates. Three proximity switches 808, 810 and 812 are provided along the rotational path of the bar 806. These are connected with a control device 814 that controls the rotational speed of the motor 801. The operation of the mechanism will now be described with reference to FIG. 21. Upon application of a current to the motor, it ramps up to a maximum speed indicated at W in FIG. 21. The motor continues at this speed until an end 850 of the bar 806 passes proximity switch 808, as shown in chain-dot line in FIG. 20. Once the proximity switch detects the presence of the iron bar, the motor is ramped down to an intermediate speed, the occurrence of which is shown at X in FIG. 21. The motor then continues to rotate at the intermediate speed, until proximity switch 810 detects the presence of the iron bar. This event is indicated at Y in FIG. 21. It will be seen that the controller 814 then steps the motor down to the minimum rotational speed, until the leading edge of the bar end passes proximity switch 812 and the trailing edge of the bar end simultaneously passes proximity switch 810, when the controller sends a signal for the motor to stop, as indicated at Z in FIG. 21. This arrangement allows the rotational velocity of the motor to be arrested in a precise and controlled manner that avoids damage to any of the components of the carousel. Whilst the present invention has been described in connection with what is considered the most practical and preferred embodiment, it is to be understood that this invention is not limited to the disclosed embodiment, but is intended to cover various arrangements including within the spirit and scope of the broadest interpretation so as to encompass all such modifications and equivalent arrangements.

4y

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1. Field of the Invention The present invention relates to a door mirror of a vehicle in which a housing that rotatably supports a mirror is held at its base end on a base part mounted to a door of the vehicle in such manner that the housing is rotatable around a substantially vertical axis. 2. Description of the Prior Art Conventional vehicle door mirror has its housing located in a normal position thereof projecting sidewards outside the lateral end edge of the vehicle. Accordingly, in that door mirror, in addition to its inclinable or pivotable structure toward the rear of the vehicle, it has been designed also to allow the housing to be pivotable toward the vehicle front upon receipt of any external force from a rear side. In case of a door mirror of the mentioned type, since its housing is formed projecting sidewardly farther than the lateral end edge of the vehicle, it is desirable that the configuration of the housing on its vehicle front side should be approximate to a streamline, but at the same time the housing must be permitted its inclining toward vehicle front and rear sides. This results in limiting of the degree of freedom in design aspect. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The present invention has been contemplated in view of the above and has as its object the provision of a door mirror which includes a housing inclinable toward front and rear of the vehicle and would permit more freedom in design in view of aerodynamics. In order to achieve the above object, according to the invention, there is provided a door mirror of a vehicle comprising a base part mounted to a vehicle body and a housing which is supported on the base part rotatably around a substantially vertical axis and which is provided with a mirror, wherein portions of the base part and the housing that come into abutment against each other when the housing is rotated towards a front of the vehicle are formed of a soft material having a flexibility. According to further aspect of the invention, there is provided a door mirror of a vehicle comprising a base part mounted to a vehicle body and a housing which is supported on the base part rotatably around a substantially vertical axis and which is provided with a mirror, wherein at least surfaces of the housing and the base part are formed of a soft material which is flexible for permitting rotation of the housing towards a front of the vehicle. With the above-described arrangement, when the external force is applied to the housing in a front direction of the vehicle, the housing is permitted to rotate frontwards irrespective of its configuration, particularly of that of its surface facing vehicle front in the normal position of the door mirror, or the configuration of the base part in abutment against the housing. Therefore, the door mirror can be designed into a more preferable configuration in view of air resistance and external appearance. The above and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be readily apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments while referring to the accompanying drawings. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS The drawings show preferred embodiments according to the invention, in which FIG. 1 shows a schematic horizontal sectional view of a door mirror according to the first embodiment, FIG. 2 shows a schematic horizontal sectional view of a door mirror according to the second embodiment, similar to FIG. 1, and FIG. 3 shows a sectional view taken along the line III--III of FIG. 2. DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS Some embodiments of the present invention will be described hereunder with reference to the attached drawings. Referring to FIG. 1 which shows a first embodiment, a door mirror 1 has a mirror 2 which is pivotally supported by a housing 3 whose proximal or base end 4 is supported by a base part 6 mounted on a door 5 such that the housing 3 is pivotable about a substantially vertical axis. The housing 3 has a hollow interior and is integrally molded out of a soft material having a flexibility and an elasticity, e.g., a soft rubber or a synthetic resin such as urethane and has an opening 7 which faces rearwardly (the right-hand side of FIG. 1) of the vehicle when the housing 3 is in its normal position as illustrated. The mirror 2 is disposed in the opening 7. The mirror 2 is supported by the housing 3 through a spherical pivot 8, so that the mirror 2 is allowed to pivot in any direction about the pivot 8. In addition, an actuating mechanism (not shown in the drawings) is accommodated in the housing 3. By activating the mechanism by remote control from a passenger room, the mirror 2 is rotated in a desired direction. The base part 6 is integrally molded out of a soft material, e.g., a soft rubber or a synthetic resin such as urethane, similarly as the housing 3. The base end 4 of the housing 3 is pivotally supported at a tip end of the base part 6 through a support shaft 9 having an axis extending substantially vertically. The base end 4 of the housing 3 is shaped into a circular arc in its horizontal cross-section. The tip end of the base part 6 is provided with a sliding surface 10 which has a circular arcuate cross-section in conformance with the configuration of base end 4 so as to surround the shaft 9 while being in sliding contact with the base end 4. The sliding surface 10 is formed such that, when the housing 3 is in its normal position as illustrated, the area of the sliding surface 10 in contact with the base end 4 is relatively large toward the front end 11 of the vehicle, indicated by the arrow, and is relatively small toward the rear end of the vehicle. In other words, the base part 6 is provided at its tip end with a surrounding extension 6a which extends around the base end 4 toward the front end 11 of the vehicle and surroundingly contacts the base end 4 in the normal position of the housing 3. In addition, the base part 6 is hollow in its interior, and therefore the base part 6, particularly the extension 6a, can deflect inwardly relatively easily. The operation of this embodiment will be described below. When the housing 3 is in its normal position as illustrated, it projects sidewards beyond the lateral end edge 12 of the vehicle. The housing 3 is pivoted toward the rear of the vehicle when, for example, the vehicle is parked in a relatively narrow space. At this time, the housing 3 inclines towards the rear of the vehicle while rotating around the support shaft 9 and sliding at its base end 4 on the sliding surface 10, until the housing 3 becomes almost parallel to the side face of the vehicle body. When external force acts on the housing 3 in its normal position from the rear side of the vehicle, the extension 6a of the base part 6 and the housing 3 are deflected by each other at their abutting portions, since each of the base part 6 and the housing 3 is made of an elastic soft material, so that the housing 3 can also incline toward the front 11 of the vehicle. Here, the hollow interiors of the base part 6 and the housing 3 serve to receive their deflected portions. Thus, the housing 3 is allowed to pivot toward the front 11 of the vehicle owing to the formation of the housing 3 and the base part 6 out of a soft material. In consequence, even if the configuration of the housing 3, particualrly that of a front side portion of the housing 3, is variously changed in view of air resistance, the housing 3 is still assured its inclinability or pivotability toward the front of the vehicle, so that it is possible to increase the degree of freedom in design of the housing. Accordingly, a vehicle can be equipped with a door mirror of such external appearance, for example, as more approximate to a streamline than conventional mirrors. Although the whole of each of the base part 6 and the housing 3 is made of a soft material in the above-described embodiment, it may be sufficient for at least the surfaces of the base part 6 and the housing 3 to be made of a soft material. The second embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2 and 3 show such example. More specifically, a housing 23 of a door mirror 21 is constituted by a surface member 28 being provided onto the surface of a core member 27. A visor 29 which is made of a rigid material, e.g., a synthetic resin or a diecast material, is mounted on that portion of the housing 23 which faces the rear of the vehicle when the housing 23 is in its normal position as shown in FIG. 2. The visor 29 is provided with an opening 30 which faces the vehicle rear side. The mirror 22 is disposed in the opening 30 and is supported by the housing 23 through a spherical pivot 31, similarly as the first embodiment, so that the mirror 22 is allowed to pivot in any direction about the pivot 31 and is further operated from a remote place. In addition, the core member 27 is made of a rigid material, e.g., a synthetic resin or a metal such as a diecast metal, while the surface member 28 is made of a soft material, e.g., a soft rubber or a synthetic resin such as urethane which corresponds to the material forming the housing 3 and the base part 6 of the first embodiment. The base part 26 is composed of a core member 32 and a surface member 33 which is provided on the surface of the core member 32. The core member 32 is made of a rigid material, e.g., a synthetic resin or a metal such as a diecast metal, similar to the case of the housing 23. The surface member 33 is made of a soft material, e.g., a soft rubber or a synthetic resin such as urethane, similar to the surface member 28 of the housing 23. There may be selected various techniques for providing the surface members 28, 33 on the surfaces of the core members 27, 32, respectively. For example, the surface members 28, 33 may be formed by an undercut molding process and then engaged with the core members 27, 32, respectively; the surface members 28, 33 and the core members 27, 32 may be bonded together, respectively; or the surface members 28, 33 may be provided on the respective surfaces of the core members 27, 32 by an outsert integral molding process. Any of these techniques may be employed. The base end 24 of the housing 23 is pivotally supported at the tip end of the base part 26 through a support shaft 34 having an axis extending substantially vertically. The base end 24 of the housing 23 has a circular arcuate configuration in horizontal cross-section similarly to the first embodiment. The tip end of the base part 26 is provided with a sliding surface 35 which has a circular arcuate cross-section in correspondence to the tip end 24 and which is in slide contact with the tip end 24. Also, that portion of the surface member 33 which is located at the tip end of the base part 26 is provided with a surrounding extension 37 which extends around the tip end 24 toward the front 36 of the vehicle so as to surround and contact the forward side of the tip end 24 in a normal position of the housing 3. In addition, a relief space 38 is provided inside the surface member 33 between that member 33 and the core member 32. This relief space 38 is located at that portion of the base part 26 against which the housing 23 comes into abutment when pivoted toward the vehicle front side 36, that is, at the extension 37. Further, a through-hole 40 for defining a relief space 39 on the inner side of the surface member 28 is provided in the core member 27 of the housing 23 at a portion of the housing 3 placed in abutment against the extension 37 when the housing 23 is pivoted toward the front 36 of the vehicle. The operation of this embodiment will be described below. When external force acts on the housing 3, which is in its normal position as shown in FIG. 2, from the rear side of the vehicle, the respective surface members 28, 33 of the housing 23 and the base part 26 abut against each other and are thereby deflected, since the surface members 28, 33 are made of soft materials having elasticity, so that the housing 23 can also pivot toward the front of the vehicle. At that moment, since the relief spaces 38, 39 are respectively provided on the inner sides of the surface members 28, 33 at their abutting portions, the surface members 28, 33 deflect and flex easilly, so that it is easy for the housing 23 to pivot toward the front 36 of the vehicle. In the aforementioned two embodiments, even if a door mirror in its rearwardly inclined or pivoted state still projects outside from the lateral end edge of a vehicle body, such projecting part of the mirror has a surface formed of a soft material according to the invention, as a consequence of which any external force that may be applied to the projecting part can be absorbed by the soft material. This leads to an excellent durability and a high safety of the door mirror.

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TECHNICAL FIELD This invention discloses a substantially flat mechanically expandable pad, i.e., one positioned almost exclusively in the x-y plane, having an expandable member therein that once activated expands the mechanically expandable pad out of the x-y plane and into the z-direction. Such activation occurs when cinch members are used to contract the expandable member in the x and/or y-directions but cause its expansion in the z-direction. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Pads for cleaning, polishing or buffing are known in the prior art. Such pads come in a variety of forms such as sponges for the absorbency of wastes and also for the delivery of certain cleaning agents absorbed therein. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,323,656 entitled Polyurethane Sponges Manufactured With Additive Dispersed Therein and issued on Apr. 6, 1982 discloses a synthetic polyurethane sponge manufactured with at least 5% of one or more additives dispersed therein. The additives may be surfactants, lotions, detergents, pesticides, lanolin, scouring particles, silicone oils, bath oils, or the like or combinations thereof. Additionally, U.S. Pat. No. 4,970,750 entitled Cleaning Device and issued on Nov. 20, 1990 describes a cleaning device used for bathtubs, shower enclosures, and the like. It comprises a sponge block having an outer surface which substantially defines a rectangular polyhedron in shape and which has a cavity cut into a top surface thereof which is similarly shaped and oriented correspondingly as is the outer surface of the sponge block. Also, a rigid support block, having an outer surface with length and breadth dimensions which are approximately the same as the size and shape of the length and breadth dimensions of a cavity surface, is adhered in the cavity by a chemical (cleaning), detergent, and water resistant, elastic, adhesive and an elongated handle is attached to a top surface of the support block. Likewise, U.S. Pat. No. 5,387,290 entitled Hand Polishing Technique For Automobile And Other Vehicles issued on Feb. 7, 1995 describes a method of hand cleaning or polishing an exterior body surface of a vehicle, e.g., an automobile, using a pad formed with a handle attachment part having a first flat surface substantially parallel with a bottom work surface of the pad. A handle is provided with a pad engaging part having a second flat surface. What all of the prior art above, and other prior art like it, fail to teach is a mechanically expandable pad having mechanically expansive properties. Specifically the prior art does not provide for a mechanically expandable pad used in cleaning, polishing, buffing, etc. that can expand by a mechanical device inserted into the mechanically expandable pad. Therefore, it is an object herein to provide a mechanically expandable pad that expands substantially out of the x-y plane and into the z-plane to form a puffed configuration. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION Accordingly, the present invention provides a mechanically expandable pad residing substantially in the x-y plane having multiple layers and a center. Further, the mechanically expandable pad comprises a first layer having a pair of opposed end edges and a pair of opposed longitudinal edges to make up a periphery. A second layer is attached to the first layer. The mechanically expandable pad's opposed end edges and pair of opposed longitudinal edges making up the periphery of the mechanically expandable pad are shared by both the first layer and the second layer. The mechanically expandable pad further comprises an expandable member having a first end and a second end positioned between the first layer and the second layer. Additionally, at least a pair of cinch members is attached to the expandable member; one at the first end of the expandable member and the other cinch member is attached to the second end of the expandable member, and preferably a confining channel houses the expandable member and the cinch members. The channel confines the relative motion of the expandable member and the cinch members in a prescribed direction; namely, in the x-plane. Each cinch member extends out through openings positioned between the first layer and the second layer. When the cinch members are pulled in opposite directions, the ends of the expandable member are pulled toward the center of the mechanically expandable pad. Such pulling of the cinch members across the expandable member causes it to contract and thereby form either a densified zone in the pad or a raised and puffed mechanically expandable pad center or hump that substantially breaks the x-y plane of the mechanically expandable pad orientation and protrudes into the z-plane. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the mechanically expandable pad may further comprise a breakable package that is attached to the expandable member and/or the cinch members. When the ends of the expandable member are pulled toward the center of the mechanically expandable pad, the attached package breaks and releases at least one type of substance within the interior of the mechanically expandable pad. Preferably, the released substance will permeate through and substantially fill the interior of the pad. Also alternatively, the mechanically expandable pad may be so constructed as to allow the released substance(s) to disperse to and saturate either the first layer or the second layer or both layers of the mechanically expandable pad. The breakable package may comprise at least one material from the group consisting of perfume, oils, lotions, emollients, cyclodextrins, deodorizers, surfactants, medicines and mixtures thereof. The breakable package may be multi-compartmental in one preferred embodiment. Further, each compartment of the multi-compartmental package may comprise a different substance. The substances in each compartment may be chosen from the group consisting of perfume, oils, lotions, emollients, cyclodextrins, deodorizers, surfactants, bleach, acid and mixtures thereof. The first layer of the mechanically expandable pad may be either fluid permeable or impermeable and formed from material thereof Likewise, the mechanically expandable pad of the second layer may be fluid permeable or impermeable. In one embodiment, the first layer of the mechanically expandable pad may be used for cleaning, the second layer of the mechanically expandable pad may be used for polishing or buffing, and vice versa. Also, the mechanically expandable pad may form one or more shapes from the group consisting of circles, squares, stars, triangles, multi-sided shapes and combinations thereof. The expandable member of the pad may comprise crease lines. These crease lines are normally oriented from one side of the confining channel and extend to one longitudinal edge of the expandable member. The crease lines may be formed between the top layer and bottom layer of the expandable member by a number of known bonding processes in the art including adhesive, heat and mechanical bonding. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS While the specification concludes with claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which is regarded as forming the present invention, it is believed that the invention will be better understood from the following descriptions which are taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which like designations are used to designate substantially identical elements, and in which: FIG. 1 is a plan view of the mechanically expandable pad laid out in the x-y plane in its pre-expanded configuration; FIG. 2 is an exploded view of the mechanically expandable pad showing a cross-section of the first layer, second layer, the expandable member and cinch members; FIG. 3 is an exploded view of the mechanically expandable pad showing a cross-section of the first layer, second layer, the expandable member and cinch members; FIG. 4 is an exploded view of the mechanically expandable pad showing a cross-section of the first layer, second layer, the expandable member and cinch members; FIG. 5 is a cross-sectional view of the expandable member combined with a top view of a cinch profile; FIG. 6 is a cross-sectional view of an alternative embodiment of the expandable member; FIG. 7 is an exploded view of an expandable member with a breakable package thereon; FIG. 8 is a plan view of a multi-compartmental breakable package; and FIG. 9 is a plan view of the top layer of the expandable member. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION As is shown in FIG. 1, the present invention provides a mechanically expandable pad 10 residing substantially in the x-y plane having multiple layers and a center. Further, the mechanically expandable pad 10 comprises a first layer 15 having a pair of opposed end edges 16 and a pair of opposed longitudinal edges 17 to make up a periphery 14. A second layer 18 (not shown) is attached to the first layer 15. The mechanically expandable pad's 10 opposed end edges 16 and pair of opposed longitudinal edges 17 making up the periphery 14 of the mechanically expandable pad 10 are shared by both the first layer 15 and the second layer 18. The mechanically expandable pad 10 further comprises an expandable member 35 having a first end 36 and a second end 38 positioned between the first layer 15 and the second layer 18. Also, the expandable member 35 comprises a pair of longitudinal edges. Preferably, the expandable member 35 will comprise at least two layers, as is shown in FIGS. 2, 3, and 4. More specifically, the pad 10 will preferably comprise an expandable member 35 having a top layer 45 and a bottom layer 47. (FIGS. 2-4). In use, the end edges 36 and the longitudinal edges 38 of a multi-layered expandable member 35 line up with one another for attachment of layers along their aligned edges. Suitable materials for use for the top layer 45 or bottom layer 47 are nonwovens, sponge material, polyethylene, polypropylene, suede, vinyl, leather, any of several known polymeric materials in the art and combinations thereof. The expandable member 35 may be fringed along its longitudinal edges. FIG. 9 shows a top plan view of the top layer 47 of the expandable member 35. As seen, fringes 60 line-up in a perpendicular orientation to the confining channel 20. The purpose of the fringes 60 is to provide greater surface area and bulkiness to the member 35. The fringes 60 shown in the top layer 47 correspond exactly to the fringes 60 (not shown) in the bottom layer 47 which is not shown. The fringes 60 most preferably consist of slits or cuts in the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47. Such cutting can be done mechanically by a knife. Additionally, the pad 10 will comprise cinch members attached thereto; e.g., first cinch member 22 and second cinch member 24. First cinch member 22 is attached to the bottom layer 47 at the connection point 23 which is along the second end edge 38 of the expandable member 35. In like fashion, second cinch member 24 is attached to the top layer 45 at the connection point 25 which is along the first end 36 of the expandable member 35. This orientation is formed such that the cinch members 22 and 24 may be pulled into the direction opposite to the side of the expandable member 35 on which they are attached. It is further noted herein that the first cinch member 22 is preferably positioned adjacent to the top surface of the bottom layer 47 of the member 35. Also preferably, the second cinch member 24 is positioned adjacent to the bottom surface of the top layer 45 of the member 35. The cinch members 22 and 24 are preferably attached at the connection points 23 and 25 by adhesive. However, the cinch members 22 and 24 may also be attached to the member 35 at the points 23 and 25 by mechanical means (such as crimping, embossing, etc.), ultrasonic bonding, thermal bonding, or any other suitable means known in the art. In practice each cinch member (22 and 24) will be pulled in opposite directions through the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 of the expandable member 35. More specifically, the first cinch member 22 is positioned above the bottom layer 47 and the second cinch member is positioned below the top layer 45. In this configuration, each cinch member is pulled through openings 40 and 41. The openings 40 and 41 are formed by free spaces between the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 that are not attached to one-another. It should be noted herein that FIGS. 2-4 show exploded views of the expandable member 35. In practice, the top layer 45 and bottom layer 47 are attached to one-another about their periphery, which includes their end edges 16 and their longitudinal edges 17. Such attachment may be provided by adhesive, thermal bonds, ultrasonic bonds, crimping, embossing, and other mechanical means. The expandable member 35 also comprises a confining channel 20 and connection lines 30. As shown in FIG. 1, the confining channel 20 extends in the direction of the x-axis from one longitudinal edge 17 to the other longitudinal edge 17. The confining channel 20 is a channel formed by creating a secure attachment along the connection lines 30 shown. The attachment is between the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47. Between the connection lines 30 are portions of unattachment between the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 which make up the openings 40 and 41 of the expandable member 35. As is also shown, preferably, the connection lines 30 will extend along the first end 36 of the expandable member 35 and also along the second end 38 of the expandable member 35 to provide attachment along the ends 36 and 38 everywhere but at the openings 40 and 41. Again, the longitudinal edges 42 and 44 of the expandable member 35 are attached to one-another along their ends such that the expandable member 35 is jointly fitted and attached together everywhere except at the openings 40 and 41. The attachments formed between the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47, the confining channel 20 and the connection lines are formed from suitable adhesives known in the art for use with absorbent articles. For example, the known adhesives in the art for securing a topsheet to a backsheet in a diaper, sanitary napkin or like article are highly desirable for the attachments listed above. Adhesives which have been found to be satisfactory are manufactured by H. B. Fuller. Company of St. Paul, Minn. under the designation HL-1258 or H-2031. Other suitable bonding processes known in the art may also be used; e.g., ultrasonic bonding, thermal bonding, and others. When the cinch members 22 and 24 are pulled through their respective openings 40 and 41, the ends 36 and 38 of the expandable member 35 are pulled closer together, thereby causing the mechanically expandable pad 10 to elevate out of the x-y plane and into the z-plane. Such pulling of the cinch members 22 and 24 across the expandable member 35 forms a raised and puffed mechanically expandable pad center 70 which substantially breaks the x-y plane of the mechanically expandable pad orientation. (See FIGS. 5 and 6). The hump 70 may be liquid transportive, liquid absorbent or have substantial qualities of both. Where the hump 70 is primarily liquid transportive, it will therefore operate as a liquid distribution mechanism. Specifically, the hump 70 will substantially not absorb liquids but will readily collect and distribute them to other liquid absorbing portions of the pad 10; e.g., where an absorbent element exists within the pad 10. Such liquid distribution is performed by components in the expandable member 35 specifically designed for such liquid distribution. Such components include the use of inherently hydrophobic fibers, polyethylene fibers, polypropylene fibers, capillary channel fibers, and cellulosic fibers treated with a hydrophobic agent thereon; this list is not meant to be exhaustive. In fact, any fibers which are hydrophobic or made to be hydrophobic and are known in the art to be suitable for the use in an absorbent article are envisioned for the expandable member 35. In addition, the expandable member 35 may be liquid absorbent. Specifically, the member 35 may comprise absorbent elements which allow it readily receive and absorb liquids. These elements may be taken from the group consisting of cellulose fibers, functional absorbent materials (i.e., foam), spongy materials, fibers treated to become hydrophilic and any other type of absorbent material known in the art an suitable for the pad 10 herein. In one embodiment of an absorbent pad 10, absorbent gelling material may be used within the expandable member 35 to lock-in liquids at contact thereof. As mentioned above, the pad 10 may comprise substantial elements of both liquid distribution and absorbency. That is, the pad 10 may one part distributive and comprise the above-mentioned elements therefor and also another part absorbent and therefore also comprising the necessary elements of absorbency mentioned above. FIGS. 3 and 4 show alternative embodiments of the embodiment shown in FIG. 2. FIG. 3 additionally comprises crease lines 37 which are additional lines of attachment between the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 of the expandable member 35. The use of the crease lines 37 creates cinch profiles 50 (FIGS. 5 and 6) whereby the expandable member 35 will cinch or hump in a prescribed fashion corresponding to the settings of the crease lines. For example, FIG. 5 shows a cinch profile made up of a crease line 37 pattern which causes the resultant cinch profile 50 of the expandable member 35. Furthermore, in a multi-layered member 35, this cinch profile 50 also indicates that the top layer 45 of the member 35 is more rigid than the bottom layer 47. When the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 comprise materials having differing rigidities, whichever layer is most flexible will be the layer that partially, nearly or substantially conforms to the more rigid layer. At this conformity, especially where it is the pronounced sort shown in FIG. 5, one layer of the expandable member 35 will be substantially elevated in the z-plane while the other layer either conforms substantially to the elevated layer or remains substantially planar; i.e., the less rigid layer either remains substantially planar or elevates to conform with the humps or creases of the more rigid layer. The crease lines 37 may be formed by adhesive such as that used to attach the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 of the expandable member 35. Additionally, the crease lines 37 may be formed from any suitable bonding process which will bind, i.e., attach, those portions of the top layer 45 and the bottom layer 47 shown in FIGS. 3-5. Such bonding techniques include thermal bonding, ultrasonic bonding, crimping, embossing and any other suitable mechanical bonding technique known in the art. Furthermore, any known bonding technique in the art suitable for attaching top layer 45 and bottom layer 47 is hereby proscribed herein. Obviously, such one-sided conformity is important where it is desired to create a pad 10 that "puffs" or "humps" substantially in one direction. By the terms "puffs" or "humps" it is meant herein that the expandable member 35 will move out of the x and y planes and into the z-plane. However, FIG. 6 shows an embodiment wherein both sides of the member 35 expand out of the x and y planes and into the z-plane. Generally, this occurs when the multiple layers of the expandable member 35 are at least of approximately equal rigidity. This is also an important feature because for certain functions it may be desired to have a pad 10 which comprises a two-sided hump 70. In an alternative embodiment herein, the exapandable member 35 may not form a hump 70 but rather a densification zone 70. Specifically, the densification zone 70 is a zone formed from the contracted member 35 that does not substantially form a hump; i.e., does not substantially protrude into the z-plane. At such contraction of the member 35, a densified portion 70 is formed which substantially does not break into the z-plane. Therefore, the expandable member 35, when contracted, will develop into one of two forms: 1) a densified zone 70 that does not substantially elevate into the z-plane or 2) a hump 70 which does substantially elevate into the z-plane. The importance of a densification zone 70, of which there may be many such zones 70, is to provide densified zones of liquid collection, distribution and/or absorption. The zones 70 may, upon collection of liquids distribute the liquid to other portions of the pad 10. Otherwise or additionally, a densification zone may provide absorption of the aforesaid liquids, for example, right at the point of liquid impact. In an alternative embodiment of the invention as shown in FIG. 7, the mechanically expandable pad 10 may further comprise a breakable package 75 that is attached to the expandable member 35. Note that alternatively, the breakable package 75 may also or separately be attached to one or both of the cinches 22 and/or 24. When the ends 36 and 38 of the expandable member 35 are pulled toward one-another, the attached package 75 breaks and releases at least one type of substance within the interior of the mechanically expandable pad 10. Also alternatively, the mechanically expandable pad 10 may be so constructed as to allow the released substance(s) to disperse to and saturate through the first layer 15 and/or the second layer 18 of the mechanically expandable pad 10. The breakable package 75 may comprise at least one material from the group consisting of perfume, oils, lotions, emollients, cyclodextrins, deodorizers, surfactants, bleaches, acids, alcohols and mixtures thereof. It is conceivable herein to provide a mechanically expandable pad for washing, cleaning or scrubbing in which all of the necessary substances to perform a task are located within the mechanically expandable pad 10 and released upon expansion of the mechanically expandable pad into the z-direction. It is also conceived herein that a mechanically expandable pad 10 having cinch members 22 and 24 may be employed that does not expand into the z-plane but rather, when such cinch members are activated, a breakable package attached thereto is broken and its substance dispersed into and throughout the mechanically expandable pad to perform a pre-determined function. As is shown in FIG. 8, the breakable package 75 may be multi-compartmental in one preferred embodiment. Further, each compartment 76 of the multi-compartmental package may comprise differing substances. The substances in each compartment may be chosen from the group consisting of perfumes, oils, lotions, emollients, cyclodextrins, deodorizers, surfactants, bleaches, bleach activators, chelants, builders, polymers, disinfectnats, acids, bases, alcohols and mixtures thereof. The breakable package 75 may be formed from polyethylene, polypropylene, nonwovens, or paper. The first layer 15 of the mechanically expandable pad 10 may be either fluid permeable or impermeable and formed from material thereof. Likewise, the second layer may be fluid permeable or impermeable. In one embodiment, the first layer 15 of the mechanically expandable pad 10 may be used for cleaning; the second layer 18 of the mechanically expandable pad 10 may be used for polishing or buffing, and vice versa. Also, the mechanically expandable pad 10 may form one or more shapes from the group consisting of circles, squares, stars, triangles, multi-sided shapes and combinations thereof. Suitable materials for use for the first layer 15 or second layer 18 are nonwovens, sponge material, polyethylene, polypropylene, suede, vinyl, leather, any of several known polymeric materials in the art and combinations thereof. It is also important to note that where the pad 10 comprises a bleach, acid or other toxic substance therein that the material used in the pad be fully resistant to molecular breakdown and decomposure. Where either the first layer 15 and/or the second layer 18 is liquid permeable, the layers may be compliant, soft feeling, and non-irritating to the user's skin. Further, a liquid permeable layer permits liquids to readily penetrate through its thickness. A suitable liquid permeable layer may be manufactured from a wide range of materials, such as porous foams; reticulated foams; apertured plastic films; or woven or nonwoven webs of natural fibers (e.g., wood or cotton fibers), synthetic fibers (e.g., polyester or polypropylene fibers), or a combination of natural and synthetic fibers. If the liquid permeable layer is made of a hydrophobic material, at least the upper surface thereof is treated to be hydrophilic so that liquids will transfer through the liquid permeable layer more rapidly. The liquid permeable layer can be rendered hydrophilic by treating it with a surfactant. Suitable methods for treating the liquid permeable layer with a surfactant include spraying the material with the surfactant and immersing the material in the surfactant. A more detailed discussion of such a treatment and hydrophilicity is contained in U.S. Pat. No. 4,988,344 entitled "Absorbent Articles With Multiple Layer Absorbent Layers" issued to Reising, et al. of Jan. 29, 1991. There are a number of manufacturing techniques which may be used to manufacture the liquid permeable layer. For example, the liquid permeable layer may be a nonwoven web of fibers. When the liquid permeable layer comprises a nonwoven web, the web may be spunbonded, carded, wet-laid, meltblown, hydroentangled, combinations of the above, or the like. A preferred liquid permeable layer is carded and thermally bonded by means well known to those skilled in the fabrics art. A preferred liquid permeable layer comprises staple length polypropylene fibers having a denier of about 2.2. As used herein, the term "staple length fibers" refers to those fibers having a length of at least about 15.9 mm (0.625 inches). Preferably, the liquid permeable layer has a basis weight from about 18 to about 25 grams per square meter. A suitable liquid permeable layer is manufactured by Veratec, Inc., a Division of International Paper Company, of Walpole, Mass. under the designation P-8. Either the first layer 15 and/or the second layer 18 may be liquid impervious to liquids. Such a liquid impervious layer is preferably manufactured from a thin plastic film, although other flexible liquid impervious materials may also be used. As used herein, the term "flexible" refers to materials which are compliant and will readily conform to the general shape and contours of the human body. The liquid impervious layer may thus comprise a woven or nonwoven material, polymeric films such as thermoplastic films of polyethylene or polypropylene, or composite materials such as a film-coated nonwoven material. Preferably, the liquid impervious layer is a thermoplastic film having a thickness of from about 0.012 mm (0.5 mil) to about 0.051 mm (2.0 mils). The liquid impervious layer preferably comprises a polyethylene blend film of about 0.025 mm (1.0 mil) as is manufactured by Tredegar Corporation of Terre Haute, Ind. and marketed as P8863. Preferably, once the cinch members 22 and 24 are pulled or extended through openings 40 and 41, the cinch members will remain stationary such that the expanded structure of the expandable member 35 will remain in its expanded configuration. To these ends, one embodiment herein contemplates providing the cinch members with tape tabs and/or hooks and loops (i.e., fastening systems) so that when the cinch members 22 and 24 are pulled, they may either be brought around to either the first layer 15 or second layer 18 of the mechanically expandable pad 10 and be secured thereto or secured to one-another. If, for example, the second layer 18 comprises a nonwoven layer, the ends of the cinch members 22 and 24 may have attached thereon a tab comprising hooks which can engage the nonwoven second layer 18 and remain fixed thereto. Alternatively, if the second layer comprises polymer material, the ends of the cinch members 22 and 24 may likewise comprise tape tabs that readily adhere to the polymer layer. Preferably, such tape tabs would also be readily releasable from the polymer layer. These cinch member attachments devices notwithstanding, preferably the cinch members 22 and 24 are constructed such that when they are pulled, the expandable member 35 remains in a cinched position by virtue of the rigidity of one or more of the layers (top 45 or bottom 47) that make-up the expandable member 35. Exemplary fastening systems are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,815 entitled "Disposable Diaper Having An Improved Fastening Device" issued to Scripps on Jul. 11, 1989; U.S. Pat. No. 4,894,060 entitled "Disposable Diaper With Improved Hook Fastener Portion" issued to Nestegard on Jan. 16, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,527 entitled "Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Fastener And Method of Making Same" issued to Battrell on Aug. 7, 1990; U.S. Pat. No. 3,848,594 entitled "Tape Fastening System for Disposable Diaper" issued to Buell on Nov. 19, 1974; U.S. Pat. No. 4,662,875 entitled "Absorbent Article" issued to Hirotsu et al. on May 5, 1987; and the herein before referenced U.S. Pat. Application Ser. No. 07/715,152; each of which is incorporated herein by reference. Exemplary fastening systems comprising mechanical fastening components (i.e., hooks and loops) are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,058,247 entitled "Mechanical Fastening Prong" issued to Thomas Oct. 22, 1991; U.S. Pat. No. 4,869,724 entitled "Mechanical Fastening Systems With Adhesive Tape Disposal Means For Disposal of Absorbent Articles" issued to Scripps on Sep. 26, 1989; and U.S. Pat. No. 4,846,815 entitled "Disposable Diaper Having an Improved Fastening Device" issued to Scripps on Jul. 11, 1989. An example of a fastening system having combination mechanical/adhesive fasteners is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,946,527 entitled "Pressure-Sensitive Adhesive Fastener and Method of Making Same" issued to Battrell on Aug. 7, 1990. Each of these patents are incorporated herein by reference. While particular embodiments of the present invention have been illustrated and described, it would be obvious to those skilled in the art that various other changes and modifications can be made without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. It is therefore intended to cover in the appended claims all such changes and modifications that are within the scope of this invention.

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