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---
pipeline_tag: question-answering
datasets:
- squad
metrics:
- exact_match
- f1
tags:
- distilbert
---
**task**: `question-answering`
**Backend:** `sagemaker-training`
**Backend args:** `{'instance_type': 'ml.g4dn.2xlarge', 'supported_instructions': None}`
**Number of evaluation samples:** `1000`
Fixed parameters:
* **model_name_or_path**: `distilbert-base-uncased-distilled-squad`
* **dataset**:
* **path**: `squad`
* **eval_split**: `validation`
* **data_keys**: `{'question': 'question', 'context': 'context'}`
* **ref_keys**: `['answers']`
* **calibration_split**: `train`
* **per_channel**: `False`
* **calibration**:
* **method**: `minmax`
* **num_calibration_samples**: `100`
* **framework**: `onnxruntime`
* **framework_args**:
* **opset**: `11`
* **optimization_level**: `1`
* **aware_training**: `False`
Benchmarked parameters:
* **quantization_approach**: `dynamic`, `static`
* **operators_to_quantize**: `['Add']`, `['Add', 'MatMul']`
* **node_exclusion**: `[]`, `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']`
# Evaluation
## Non-time metrics
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | exact_match (original) | exact_match (optimized) | | f1 (original) | f1 (optimized) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :--------------------: | :---------------------: | :-: | :-----------: | :------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 82.300 | 80.600 | \| | 87.232 | 86.097 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 82.300 | 80.600 | \| | 87.232 | 86.097 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 82.300 | 82.300 | \| | 87.232 | 87.232 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 82.300 | 82.300 | \| | 87.232 | 87.232 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 82.300 | 72.900 | \| | 87.232 | 79.964 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 82.300 | 54.500 | \| | 87.232 | 64.292 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 82.300 | 76.900 | \| | 87.232 | 83.014 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 82.300 | 59.800 | \| | 87.232 | 69.217 |
## Time metrics
Time benchmarks were run for 15 seconds per config.
Below, time metrics for batch size = 1, input length = 32.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 47.87 | 7.23 | \| | 20.93 | 138.40 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 48.10 | 7.14 | \| | 20.80 | 140.13 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 43.83 | 17.16 | \| | 22.87 | 58.33 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 34.13 | 17.02 | \| | 29.33 | 58.80 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 35.07 | 9.21 | \| | 28.53 | 108.53 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 48.27 | 11.62 | \| | 20.73 | 86.13 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 34.11 | 19.23 | \| | 29.33 | 52.00 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 48.54 | 21.18 | \| | 20.67 | 47.27 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 1, input length = 64.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 59.92 | 12.60 | \| | 16.73 | 79.40 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 59.64 | 13.25 | \| | 16.80 | 75.47 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 60.13 | 29.65 | \| | 16.67 | 33.73 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 59.62 | 29.51 | \| | 16.80 | 33.93 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 58.94 | 15.13 | \| | 17.00 | 66.13 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 60.49 | 18.62 | \| | 16.53 | 53.73 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 43.32 | 28.00 | \| | 23.13 | 35.73 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 44.19 | 32.72 | \| | 22.67 | 30.60 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 1, input length = 128.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 73.39 | 26.56 | \| | 13.67 | 37.67 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 57.64 | 23.42 | \| | 17.40 | 42.73 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 64.04 | 50.14 | \| | 15.67 | 20.00 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 72.81 | 57.05 | \| | 13.80 | 17.53 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 70.57 | 27.59 | \| | 14.20 | 36.27 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 71.04 | 37.94 | \| | 14.13 | 26.40 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 57.65 | 57.95 | \| | 17.40 | 17.27 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 71.66 | 58.67 | \| | 14.00 | 17.07 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 4, input length = 32.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 72.11 | 21.80 | \| | 13.93 | 45.93 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 73.15 | 20.70 | \| | 13.73 | 48.33 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 72.05 | 53.68 | \| | 13.93 | 18.67 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 55.97 | 53.60 | \| | 17.87 | 18.67 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 70.46 | 24.88 | \| | 14.20 | 40.20 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 56.57 | 30.90 | \| | 17.73 | 32.40 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 62.38 | 53.64 | \| | 16.07 | 18.67 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 60.19 | 67.29 | \| | 16.67 | 14.87 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 4, input length = 64.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 121.20 | 40.12 | \| | 8.27 | 24.93 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 90.97 | 41.51 | \| | 11.00 | 24.13 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 120.85 | 106.50 | \| | 8.33 | 9.40 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 118.58 | 106.55 | \| | 8.47 | 9.40 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 120.57 | 54.25 | \| | 8.33 | 18.47 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 104.93 | 57.90 | \| | 9.60 | 17.33 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 90.85 | 110.46 | \| | 11.07 | 9.07 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 120.57 | 103.62 | \| | 8.33 | 9.67 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 4, input length = 128.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 172.14 | 94.78 | \| | 5.87 | 10.60 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 220.38 | 84.18 | \| | 4.60 | 11.93 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 221.22 | 221.37 | \| | 4.53 | 4.53 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 203.90 | 175.16 | \| | 4.93 | 5.73 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 192.63 | 113.82 | \| | 5.20 | 8.80 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 220.32 | 122.36 | \| | 4.60 | 8.20 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 220.58 | 207.51 | \| | 4.60 | 4.87 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 221.94 | 246.87 | \| | 4.53 | 4.07 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 8, input length = 32.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 112.67 | 43.26 | \| | 8.93 | 23.13 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 95.78 | 40.66 | \| | 10.47 | 24.60 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 117.38 | 104.28 | \| | 8.53 | 9.60 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 89.81 | 91.00 | \| | 11.20 | 11.00 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 89.14 | 52.09 | \| | 11.27 | 19.20 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 92.77 | 64.21 | \| | 10.80 | 15.60 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 119.10 | 114.43 | \| | 8.40 | 8.80 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 119.28 | 127.79 | \| | 8.40 | 7.87 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 8, input length = 64.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 215.03 | 78.03 | \| | 4.67 | 12.87 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 214.76 | 87.19 | \| | 4.67 | 11.53 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 216.48 | 162.64 | \| | 4.67 | 6.20 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 204.29 | 212.33 | \| | 4.93 | 4.73 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 215.47 | 104.45 | \| | 4.67 | 9.60 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 209.66 | 106.43 | \| | 4.80 | 9.40 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 166.13 | 220.92 | \| | 6.07 | 4.53 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 214.69 | 209.01 | \| | 4.67 | 4.80 |
Below, time metrics for batch size = 8, input length = 128.
| quantization_approach | operators_to_quantize | node_exclusion | | latency_mean (original, ms) | latency_mean (optimized, ms) | | throughput (original, /s) | throughput (optimized, /s) |
| :-------------------: | :-------------------: | :------------------------------------------------------: | :-: | :-------------------------: | :--------------------------: | :-: | :-----------------------: | :------------------------: |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 407.90 | 151.49 | \| | 2.47 | 6.67 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 407.34 | 154.55 | \| | 2.47 | 6.53 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 406.51 | 394.85 | \| | 2.47 | 2.60 |
| `dynamic` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 309.53 | 445.24 | \| | 3.27 | 2.27 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 407.54 | 224.46 | \| | 2.47 | 4.47 |
| `static` | `['Add', 'MatMul']` | `[]` | \| | 408.14 | 236.94 | \| | 2.47 | 4.27 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `['layernorm', 'gelu', 'residual', 'gather', 'softmax']` | \| | 309.91 | 357.87 | \| | 3.27 | 2.80 |
| `static` | `['Add']` | `[]` | \| | 310.00 | 406.54 | \| | 3.27 | 2.47 |
|