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Llama-3.3-70B-Instruct_Q2_K.gguf / (MMLU) interim_20241212-013440 /interim_high_school_biology.json
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{
"metadata": {
"model_name": "llama-3.3-70b-instruct",
"ntrain": 0,
"ntest": -1,
"timestamp": "20241212-040309"
},
"subject": "high_school_biology",
"category": "STEM",
"correct_rate": 88.70967741935483,
"evaluation_results": [
{
"question": "In a population of giraffes, an environmental change occurs that favors individuals that are tallest. As a result, more of the taller individuals are able to obtain nutrients and survive to pass along their genetic information. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
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{
"question": "Which of the changes below following the start codon in an mRNA would most likely have the greatest deleterious effect?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80347514152527
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{
"question": "The energy given up by electrons as they move through the electron transport chain is used to",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "During the period when life is believed to have begun, the atmosphere on primitive Earth contained abundant amounts of all the following gases EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80366396903992
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{
"question": "Convergent evolution is best exemplified by which of the following?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.803757190704346
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{
"question": "Which of the following would most likely provide examples of mitotic cell divisions?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80385112762451
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{
"question": "Invertebrate immune systems possess which of the following?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
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{
"question": "Two unrelated species evolve in a way that makes them more similar.",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80404806137085
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{
"question": "Which of the following is the most likely benefit of periodic natural wildfires in some forest ecosystems?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80420994758606
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{
"question": "In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are visual predators of algae-eating fish (i.e., they locate their prey by sight). If a population of algae-eaters experiences predation pressure from pike-cichlids, which of the following should least likely be observed in the algae-eater population over the course of many generations?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "A man contracts the same flu strain for the second time in a single winter season. The second time he experiences fewer symptoms and recovers more quickly. Which cells are responsible for this rapid recovery?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "The same gene that causes various coat patterns in wild and domesticated cats also causes the cross-eyed condition in these cats, the cross-eyed condition being slightly maladaptive. In a hypothetical environment, the coat pattern that is associated with crossed eyes is highly adaptive, with the result that both the coat pattern and the cross-eyed condition increase in a feline population over time. Which statement is supported by these observations?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements is correct?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "A gas phase is generally absent from which of the following biogeochemical cycles?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "Which of the following is a property that is shared by Zika fever‚ West Nile fever‚ and malaria?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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"question": "If the HMS Beagle had completely bypassed the Galapagos Islands, Darwin would have had a much poorer understanding of the",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements about lipids is correct?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 2,
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{
"question": "All of the following are examples of connective tissue EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
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"response_time": 31.98786187171936
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{
"question": "The light reactions of photosynthesis supply the Calvin cycle with which of the following?",
"model_answer": "B",
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{
"question": "When the first tiny prokaryotic cell took up residence inside a larger prokaryotic cell, it heralded the advent of the eukaryotic cell and led to an explosion of new life on Earth. Since then, most cells on Earth have internal organelles. Which of the following best summarizes an advantage of having internal membranes and organelles?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which of the following is correct about vaccination?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "The calypso orchid, Calypso bulbosa, grows in close association with mycorrhizae fungi. The fungi penetrate the roots of the flower and take advantage of the plant's food resources. The fungi concentrate rare minerals, such as phosphates, in the roots and make them readily accessible to the orchid. This situation is an example of",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.501464128494263
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{
"question": "Mules are relatively long-lived and hardy organisms that cannot, generally speaking, perform successful meiosis. Consequently, which statement about mules is true?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
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{
"question": "ADH is a hormone secreted by the kidneys that reduces the amount of water excreted in the urine. ADH is released in times of dehydration. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
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"question": "All of the following statements are true EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
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"question": "Which of the following statements best describes what a Barr body is and its significance?",
"model_answer": "C",
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{
"question": "A heterotroph",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
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{
"question": "Which of the following reactions occurs in the forward direction during glycolysis but in the reverse direction during fermentation?",
"model_answer": "A.",
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"question": "A researcher grows a population of ferns in her laboratory. She notices, after a few generations, a new variant that has a distinct phenotype. When she tries to breed the original phenotype with the new one, no offspring are produced. When she breeds the new variants, however, offspring that look like the new variant result. What originally caused the change in the variant?",
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"question": "Which of the following statements most accurately explains what EcoR1 is?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
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{
"question": "Which of the following pairs of structures is least likely to represent homology?",
"model_answer": "C",
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{
"question": "The development of an egg without fertilization is known as",
"model_answer": "B",
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{
"question": "In minks, the gene for brown fur (B) is dominant over the gene for silver fur (b). Which set of genotypes represents a cross that could produce offspring with silver fur from parents that both have brown fur?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
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{
"question": "Male satin bowerbirds adorn structures that they build, called \"bowers,\" with parrot feathers, flowers, and other bizarre ornaments in order to attract females. Females inspect the bowers and, if suitably impressed, allow males to mate with them. The evolution of this male behavior is due to",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 26.84146213531494
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"question": "Which of the following best explains why a population is described as the evolutionary unit?",
"model_answer": "D",
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"question": "If, on average, 46% of the loci in a species' gene pool are heterozygous, then the average homozygosity of the species should be",
"model_answer": "C",
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{
"question": "Which of these is a statement that Darwin would have rejected?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 1,
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{
"question": "Which of the following contributes the MOST to genetic variability in a population?",
"model_answer": "D",
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements most detracts from the claim that the human appendix is a completely vestigial organ?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 26.847485065460205
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{
"question": "According to the heterotroph hypothesis, which event had to occur before oxygen filled the atmosphere?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
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{
"question": "Two related species evolve in a way that makes them less similar.",
"model_answer": "A.",
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"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements best summarizes evolution as it is viewed today?",
"model_answer": "D",
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{
"question": "Mosquitoes resistant to the pesticide DDT first appeared in India in 1959 within 15 years of widespread spraying of the insecticide. Which of the following statement best explains how the resistant mosquitoes arose?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
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{
"question": "DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the sequences of corresponding genes in chimpanzees. The most likely explanation for this result is that",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Yeast cells carry out both aerobic and anaerobic respiration. A yeast cell that is fed on glucose is moved from an aerobic to an anaerobic environment. Which of the following statements is correct and gives the correct reason for it?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
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"response_time": 31.469034910202026
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{
"question": "A researcher conducts a survey of a biome and finds 35 percent more species than she has found in any other biome. Which biome is she most likely to be in?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which statement about variation is true?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "Which of the following best explains why people can digest starch but cannot digest cellulose even though both molecules are composed of glucose monomers?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
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"response_time": 31.47105884552002
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{
"question": "In humans, fertilization normally occurs in the",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which of the following is a biotic factor that could affect the growth rate of a population?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 31.471828937530518
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{
"question": "As a young biologist, Charles Darwin had expected the living plants of temperate South America would resemble those of temperate Europe, but he was surprised to find that they more closely resembled the plants of tropical South America. The biological explanation for this observation is most properly associated with the field of",
"model_answer": "D.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 28.828409910202026
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{
"question": "It has been observed that organisms on islands are different from, but closely related to, similar forms found on the nearest continent. This is taken as evidence that",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 28.828518867492676
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{
"question": "The Krebs cycle in humans occurs in the",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 28.82861304283142
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{
"question": "Ichthyosaurs were aquatic dinosaurs. Fossils show us that they had dorsal fins and tails, as do fish, even though their closest relatives were terrestrial reptiles that had neither dorsal fins nor aquatic tails. The dorsal fins and tails of ichthyosaurs and fish are",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 28.828704118728638
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{
"question": "During which phase of the cell cycle does the quantity of DNA in a eukaryotic cell typically double?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 28.828798055648804
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{
"question": "Two trees of the same species growing close together will use the same resources, such as light, water, and nutrients. If any of these resources becomes limiting, then each tree will receive less of it than if the trees were growing farther apart. This scenario is an example of which of the following?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 28.82889199256897
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{
"question": "Short sequence by promoter that assists transcription by interacting with regulatory proteins.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 28.82898497581482
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{
"question": "Catastrophism, meaning the regular occurrence of geological or meteorological disturbances (catastrophes), was Cuvier's attempt to explain the existence of",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 28.829072952270508
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{
"question": "Hydrangea flowers have one gene for flower color. Plants of the same genetic variety have flowers that range in color from blue to pink with the color varying due to the type of soil in which they are grown. Which of the following statement best explains this phenomenon?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 28.829160928726196
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{
"question": "When imbalances occur in the sex ratio of sexual species that have two sexes (i.e., other than a 50:50 ratio), the members of the minority sex often receive a greater proportion of care and resources from parents than do the offspring of the majority sex. This is most clearly an example of",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 28.829249143600464
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{
"question": "Although mutations occur at a regular and predictable rate, which of the following statements is the LEAST likely reason the frequency of mutation appears to be low?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 26.017559051513672
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{
"question": "Crossover would most likely occur in which situation?",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 26.017671823501587
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{
"question": "Which aspects of cell structure best reveals the unity of all life?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "This biome contains plants whose roots cannot go deep due to the presence of a permafrost.",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 26.017903089523315
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{
"question": "This biome contains trees that drop their leaves during the winter months.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 26.017996072769165
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{
"question": "A change in a neuron membrane potential from +50 millivolts to -70 millivolts is considered",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 26.01809000968933
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{
"question": "All of the following play a role in morphogenesis EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Most animal cells, regardless of species, are relatively small and about the same size. Relative to larger cells, why is this?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 26.01827311515808
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{
"question": "Which of the following is (are) required when performing a polymerase chain reaction (P C R) on a DNA sample?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 26.01836323738098
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{
"question": "Each of the following has a better chance of influencing gene frequencies in small populations than in large populations, but which one most consistently requires a small population as a precondition for its occurrence?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "No two people are genetically identical, except for identical twins. The chief cause of genetic variation among human individuals is",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.79813003540039
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{
"question": "Two genes (B and E) determine coat color in Labrador retrievers. Alleles B and b code for how much melanin is present. The dominant allele B codes for black fur, the recessive allele b codes for brown hair. A second gene consisting of two alleles, E and e, codes for the deposition of pigment in the hair. In this case, the alleles for pigment deposition (E or e) are said to be epistatic to the gene that codes for black or brown pigment. If the dominant allele (E) is not present, regardless of the genotype at the black/brown locus, the animal's fur will be yellow.",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements is NOT correct about ancient Earth?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "In modern terminology, diversity is understood to be a result of genetic variation. Sources of variation for evolution include all of the following except",
"model_answer": "A.",
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"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "DDT was once considered a \"silver bullet\" that would permanently eradicate insect pests. Today, instead, DDT is largely useless against many insects. Which of these would have been required for this pest eradication effort to be successful in the long run?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "Within a few weeks of treatment with the drug 3TC, a patient's HIV population consists entirely of 3TC-resistant viruses. How can this result best be explained?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
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{
"question": "The higher the proportion of loci that are \"fixed\" in a population, the lower is that population's",
"model_answer": "D",
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"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "The resting membrane potential depends on which of the following? I. Active transport II. Selective permeability III. Differential distribution of ions across the axonal membrane",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.801230907440186
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements about the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis is correct?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80165410041809
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{
"question": "When we say that an individual organism has a greater fitness than another individual, we specifically mean that the organism",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.80207085609436
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{
"question": "Most Swiss starlings produce four to five eggs in each clutch. Those producing fewer or more than this have reduced fitness. Which of the following terms best describes this?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Members of two different species possess a similar-looking structure that they use in a similar fashion to perform the same function. Which information would best help distinguish between an explanation based on homology versus one based on convergent evolution?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "When driving from east to west in the U.S. from a forest ecosystem to grasslands, trees gradually give way to grasses. Which of the following is the critical factor responsible for this shift?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.363127946853638
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{
"question": "Within a cell, the amount of protein synthesized using a given mRNA molecule depends in part on which of the following?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
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{
"question": "All of the following are modes of asexual reproduction EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "D",
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"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "A rooster with gray feathers and a hen with the same phenotype produce 17 gray, 7 black, and 8 white chicks. What is the simplest explanation for the inheritance of these colors in chickens?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.365451097488403
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements about cellular respiration is correct?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which of the following principles is NOT part of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection?",
"model_answer": "C.",
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{
"question": "In Darwin's thinking, the more closely related two different organisms are, the",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.368144035339355
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{
"question": "Which of the following is most likely to increase the rate of diffusion of an uncharged solute across the plasma membrane of a cell?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.369023084640503
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{
"question": "In a certain pond, there are long-finned fish and short-finned fish. A horrific summer thunderstorm leads to the death of a disproportionate number of long-finned fish to the point where the relative frequency of the two forms has drastically shifted. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
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{
"question": "A form of species interaction in which one of the species benefits while the other is unaffected is called",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
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"response_time": 27.304304838180542
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{
"question": "Chemical substances released by organisms that elicit a physiological or behavioral response in other members of the same species are known as",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.304399967193604
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{
"question": "In reference to a segment of DNA, which of the following molecules contains the fewest number of nucleotides?",
"model_answer": "A.",
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"is_correct": false,
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{
"question": "All viruses contain at least these two principal components:",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.30459189414978
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{
"question": "Imagine an organism whose 2n = 96. Meiosis would leave this organism’s cells with how many chromosomes?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.304688930511475
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{
"question": "Which of the following represents an idea that Darwin learned from the writings of Thomas Malthus?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.304786920547485
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{
"question": "Which of the following would most likely describe the fate of a vesicle formed as a result of phagocytosis?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.304882049560547
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{
"question": "A population undergoes a shift in which those who are really tall and those who are really short decrease in relative frequency compared to those of medium size, due to a change in the availability of resources. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.304973125457764
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{
"question": "Which of the following theories is based on the notion that mitochondria and chloroplasts evolved from prokaryotic cells?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.3050639629364
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{
"question": "The nucleotide sequence of a DNA molecule is 5′-C-A-T-3′. A mRNA molecule with a complementary codon is transcribed from the DNA in the process of protein synthesis a tRNA pairs with a mRNA codon. What is the nucleotide sequence of the tRNA anticodon?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 36.263710021972656
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{
"question": "During drought years on the Galapagos, small, easily eaten seeds become rare, leaving mostly large, hard-cased seeds that only birds with large beaks can eat. If a drought persists for several years, what should one expect to result from natural selection?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.26434373855591
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{
"question": "Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of asexual reproduction in animals?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.26479387283325
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{
"question": "A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. During that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of competition for food and predation. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels that were born lived to reproduce, and the population increased to 80. Which inference(s) about this population might be true?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.265135765075684
},
{
"question": "Which group is composed entirely of individuals who maintained that species are fixed (i.e., unchanging)?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.26548671722412
},
{
"question": "Except for identical twins, no two people are genetically identical. Which of the following statements most accurately describes the main source of variation in humans?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.2659227848053
},
{
"question": "An eager AP Biology student interested in studying osmosis and the movement of water in solutions took a dialysis bag containing a 0.5 M solution and placed it into a beaker containing a 0.6 M solution. If this bag were instead placed into a beaker of distilled water, what would be the expected result?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.26639699935913
},
{
"question": "Crossing-over during meiosis permits scientists to determine",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 36.27562379837036
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{
"question": "An organism exposed to wild temperature fluctuations shows very little, if any, change in its metabolic rate. This organism is most probably a",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.27628493309021
},
{
"question": "What was the prevailing notion prior to the time of Lyell and Darwin?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.27698588371277
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{
"question": "On Andros Islands in the Bahamas, populations of mosquito fish, Gambusia hubbsi, colonized a series of ponds. These ponds are no longer connected. However, the environments are very similar except that some ponds contain predatory fish, while others do not. In high predation ponds, selection has favored the evolution of a body shape that enables rapid bursts of speed. In low predation ponds, another body type is favored—one that is well-suited to swim for long periods of time.",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 31.86730194091797
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{
"question": "Which of the following statement is supported by the information given in the pedigree?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.867676973342896
},
{
"question": "A proficient engineer can easily design skeletal structures that are more functional than those currently found in the forelimbs of such diverse mammals as horses, whales, and bats. That the actual forelimbs of these mammals do not seem to be optimally arranged is because",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.86802101135254
},
{
"question": "Which of the following pieces of evidence most strongly supports the common origin of all life on Earth?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.869323015213013
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{
"question": "Organisms in which of the following phyla have a true coelom?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 31.86969780921936
},
{
"question": "A certain autosomal recessive trait is expressed in 1% of a population. Assuming that the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, what percent of the population are carriers but do not express the trait?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 31.870049715042114
},
{
"question": "Which of the following properties is responsible for holding together the water molecules in a vertical column of water in xylem vessels of a plant?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.870404958724976
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements is NOT correct about apoptosis?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.87205195426941
},
{
"question": "All of the following organs in the digestive system secrete digestive enzymes EXCEPT the",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.872474908828735
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{
"question": "All of the following are stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.873023986816406
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{
"question": "In the inherited disorder called Pompe disease, glycogen breakdown in the cytosol occurs normally and blood glucose levels are normal, yet glycogen accumulates in lysosomes. This suggests a malfunction with",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.887235164642334
},
{
"question": "A trend toward the decrease in the size of plants on the slopes of mountains as altitudes increase is an example of",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.889016151428223
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{
"question": "Which of the following is an example of a cline?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.889705181121826
},
{
"question": "A healthy man and woman are worried about having children because they are both carriers of sickle-cell disease. If the couple have a biological child, what is the chance that the child will inherit sickle-cell disease?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.890241146087646
},
{
"question": "Females with Turner's syndrome have a high incidence of hemophilia, a recessive, X-linked trait. Based on this information, it can be inferred that females with this condition",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.890783309936523
},
{
"question": "Which of the following is the direct energy source that allows ATP synthase to produce ATP in mitochondria?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.891383171081543
},
{
"question": "Which of the following cells is most closely associated with phagocytosis?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.891921281814575
},
{
"question": "Lampreys attach to the skin of lake trout and absorb nutrients from its body. This relationship is an example of",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.893964052200317
},
{
"question": "Which of the following is correct about organisms that are the first to colonize a habitat undergoing ecological succession?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.894408226013184
},
{
"question": "Unlike large populations, small populations are vulnerable to various processes that draw populations down an extinction vortex toward smaller and smaller populations until no individuals survive. Which of the following statements correctly identifies the factors that endanger a population?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 30.894835233688354
},
{
"question": "Fossil evidence indicates that horses have gradually increased in size over geologic time. Which of the following terms best describes this?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.83926510810852
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{
"question": "Which describes an African butterfly species that exists in two strikingly different color patterns?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.839964866638184
},
{
"question": "Regarding meiosis and mitosis, one difference between the two forms of cellular reproduction is that in meiosis",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.8448588848114
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{
"question": "Which of the following about meiosis is NOT true?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.845438957214355
},
{
"question": "Oligomycin is an antibiotic that blocks proton channels in the cristae of mitochondria by binding to ATP synthase. Which of the following would be the first expected response after the application of oligomycin to cells?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 27.846309900283813
},
{
"question": "If neutral variation is truly \"neutral,\" then it should have no effect on",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.846580982208252
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{
"question": "Which of the following characteristics would allow you to distinguish a prokaryotic cell from an animal cell?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.84668493270874
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{
"question": "This process leads to the net production of two pyruvate, two ATP, and two NADH.",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.846779823303223
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{
"question": "When oxygen becomes unavailable, this process regenerates NAD+, allowing respiration to continue.",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.846874952316284
},
{
"question": "Before the human genome was sequenced by the Human Genome Project, scientists expected that they would find about 100,000 genes. In fact, they discovered that humans have only about 24,000 genes. How can we exhibit so many different traits from so few genes?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 27.8469660282135
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{
"question": "Which of the following must exist in a population before natural selection can act upon that population?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.87783098220825
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{
"question": "You observe a species that gives birth to only one offspring at a time and has a relatively long life-span for its body size. Which of the following is probably also true of this organism?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.878273010253906
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{
"question": "A piece of potato is dropped into a beaker of pure water. Which of the following describes the initial condition when the potato enters the water?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 36.878718852996826
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{
"question": "In most ecosystems, net primary productivity is important because it represents the",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.87907099723816
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{
"question": "During a study session about evolution, one of your fellow students remarks, \"The giraffe stretched its neck while reaching for higher leaves; its offspring inherited longer necks as a result.\" Which statement is most likely to be helpful in correcting this student's misconception?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.879419803619385
},
{
"question": "Incomplete dominance and epistasis are two terms that define genetic relationships. Which of the following statements best describes the differences or similarities between the two terms?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.883639097213745
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements about the DNA in one of your liver cells is correct?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.884262800216675
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{
"question": "Energy is harvested during cellular respiration in stages. Which of the following correctly states which phase of cellular respiration harvests the most energy and the correct explanation why?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.884400844573975
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{
"question": "Which of the following best explains why drinking breast milk is beneficial to a human infant?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.88450002670288
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{
"question": "During oxidative phosphorylation, the energy needed to drive ATP synthesis comes from one source. Which of the following statements states the immediate source of that energy?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 36.88459086418152
},
{
"question": "Easily produced genetic variation is key to the rapid evolution of viral and microbial populations. Furthermore, pathogens that need to escape the immune system rely on this variation to generate new surface antigens that go unrecognized by the host’s immune system. Which of the following is an example of this antigenic variation?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.493273973464966
},
{
"question": "If a couple has had three sons and the woman is pregnant with their fourth child, what is the probability that child 4 will also be male?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.493387937545776
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{
"question": "Which of the following is an incorrect statement about gel electrophoresis?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.493483781814575
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{
"question": "Which of the following observations helped Darwin shape his concept of descent with modification?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.49357604980469
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements about post-transcriptional modification are incorrect?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.493666887283325
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{
"question": "Photosynthesis requires",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.493760108947754
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{
"question": "The first simple cells evolved approximately 3.5 billion years ago, followed by the more complex eukaryotic cells 2.1 billion years ago. Which of the following statements is correct?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.49385190010071
},
{
"question": "The sequence of amino acids in hemoglobin molecules of humans is more similar to the hemoglobin of chimpanzees than it is to the hemoglobin of dogs. This similarity suggests that",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.49394392967224
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{
"question": "Basepair sequence that signals the start site for gene transcription.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.49403500556946
},
{
"question": "Those being hunted adopt a coloring scheme that allows them to blend in to the colors of the environment.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.49412488937378
},
{
"question": "A baby duck runs for cover when a large object is tossed over its head. After this object is repeatedly passed overhead, the duck learns there is no danger and stops running for cover when the same object appears again. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "D.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66173696517944
},
{
"question": "Stretching out from the equator is a wide belt of tropical rain forests that are being cut down to provide exotic woods for export to the U.S. and to make land available to graze beef cattle. Which of the following statements is a negative consequence of clear-cutting the tropical rain forests?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66184878349304
},
{
"question": "The theory of evolution is most accurately described as",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.6619439125061
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements explains how a point mutation can have no negative impact in the protein formed from a sequence in DNA?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66203713417053
},
{
"question": "Which of the following statements correctly characterizes an autoimmune disease?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66213297843933
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{
"question": "All of the following play an important role in regulating respiration in humans EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 33.66234803199768
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{
"question": "Water and minerals that reach the xylem in the center of a plant root must first",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66246676445007
},
{
"question": "A lizard lacking a chemical defense mechanism that is colored in the same way as a lizard that has a defense mechanism is displaying",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66255807876587
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{
"question": "Logically, which of these should cast the most doubt on the relationships depicted by an evolutionary tree?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66264891624451
},
{
"question": "Sexual dimorphism is most often a result of",
"model_answer": "D.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.66273784637451
},
{
"question": "Which of the following statements about meiosis is correct?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.1686909198761
},
{
"question": "Stomata allow gases, such as H2O and CO2, to exchange between the inside of a plant leaf and the surrounding environment. Which of the following occurs under normal daytime environmental conditions?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.169106006622314
},
{
"question": "Which of these makes determining the evolutionary relatedness of different species based on the amino acid sequence of homologous proteins generally less accurate than determinations of relatedness based on the nucleotide sequences of homologous genes?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.16980481147766
},
{
"question": "An animal that is harmless copies the appearance of an animal that is dangerous as a defense mechanism to make predators think twice about attacking.",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.17056679725647
},
{
"question": "The pH of two lakes is measured. Lake A has a pH of 8.0; Lake B has a pH of 6.0. Which of the following statements is correct about these lakes?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.170968770980835
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{
"question": "A plant grows in the opposite direction of the gravitational force. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.171359062194824
},
{
"question": "Which of the following is known to be involved in the photoperiodic flowering response of angiosperms?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.17173194885254
},
{
"question": "In plants, the tendency of climbing vines to twine their tendrils around a trellis is called",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.1729097366333
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{
"question": "Which of the following is not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.173429012298584
},
{
"question": "Microtubules are protein filaments assembled from tubulin protein subunits. The chemical colchicine prevents the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin protein subunits. Which of the following cellular processes would be most impaired by the application of colchicine?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.173787832260132
},
{
"question": "The principle inorganic compound found in living things is",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.601696014404297
},
{
"question": "Which of the following statements is an inference of natural selection?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.602133989334106
},
{
"question": "Recently, seasonal dead zones in low-oxygen waters have been occurring annually in the Gulf of Mexico near the mouth of the Mississippi River. The dead zones result from the rapid growth of photosynthetic phytoplankton (algal blooms) and their subsequent decay by oxygen-depleting microbes in the water column. Which of the following factors most likely triggers the algal blooms and the associated dead zones?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.602518796920776
},
{
"question": "Which of the following best summarizes the process of allopatric speciation?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.60325574874878
},
{
"question": "In a hypothetical population's gene pool, an autosomal gene, which had previously been fixed, undergoes a mutation that introduces a new allele, one inherited according to incomplete dominance. Natural selection then causes stabilizing selection at this locus. Consequently, what should happen over the course of many generations?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.608913898468018
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{
"question": "Which of the following is the correct characteristic of arteries?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.609372854232788
},
{
"question": "Which of the following statements about trypsin is NOT true?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.60973072052002
},
{
"question": "Transcription-affecting DNA region that may be located thousands of basepairs away from the promoter.",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.610076904296875
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{
"question": "Which of the following are traits that are affected by more than one gene?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 31.610676050186157
},
{
"question": "A student conducts an experiment to test the efficiency of a certain enzyme. Which of the following protocols would probably not result in a change in the enzyme’s efficiency?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 31.611043691635132
},
{
"question": "Kangaroo rats are better able to concentrate urine than humans are. It would be expected that, compared to the nephrons of human kidneys, the nephrons of kangaroo-rat kidneys would have",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.199320793151855
},
{
"question": "The geneticist Mary Lyon hypothesized the existence of structures visible just under the nuclear membrane in mammals, which were later named Barr bodies. Which of the following statement is NOT correct about Barr bodies?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "An animal cell that is permeable to water but not salts has an internal NaCl concentration of 10%. If placed in freshwater the cell will",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.200064182281494
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{
"question": "Chemiosmosis occurs in I.Mitochondria II. Nuclei III. Chloroplasts",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.20028305053711
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{
"question": "All of the following are examples of events that can prevent interspecific breeding EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.200496912002563
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{
"question": "The relatives of a group of pelicans from the same species that separated from each other because of an unsuccessful migration are reunited 150 years later and find that they are unable to produce offspring. This is an example of",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.20070791244507
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{
"question": "If two modern organisms are distantly related in an evolutionary sense, then one should expect that",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.20092511177063
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{
"question": "When water evaporates from the surface of a pond, what happens to the remaining liquid water?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 29.201132774353027
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{
"question": "Members of which of the following groups are most likely to be surrounded by a protein coat?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.201345205307007
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{
"question": "Villi and microvilli are present in the small intestine and aid in reabsorption by",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 29.201552867889404
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{
"question": "The transfer of DNA between two bacterial cells connected by sex pili is known as",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51483106613159
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{
"question": "More than a dozen species of Darwin's finches with various specialized adaptations inhabit the Galápagos Islands. Each species possesses a specialized adaptation for obtaining food. Why is it that similar adaptations do not exist among the finches of the South American mainland, the presumed origin of the Galápagos finch ancestor?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51494288444519
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{
"question": "Which of the events described below agrees with the idea of catastrophism?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.515037059783936
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements correctly describes what happens to the preRNA during RNA processing?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51512908935547
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{
"question": "A small population of birds is blown to an isolated island by a hurricane and establishes a colony. The gene pool of the newly established population of birds is likely to reflect the effects of which of the following?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51521873474121
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{
"question": "Nymphaea odorata, a water lily, is an aquatic plant whose leaves and flowers float on the surface of the water. Which of the following characteristics would be expected for leaves of this plant?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51531195640564
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements is not correct about lipids?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51540493965149
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{
"question": "Heterozygote advantage should be most closely linked to which of the following?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51549577713013
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{
"question": "African lungfish often live in small, stagnant, freshwater pools. With reduced gills, they differ from other fish in that they breathe air. They also differ in that they release the nitrogen waste urea instead of ammonia. Which of the following statements correctly explains how this is an advantage for lungfish?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51559114456177
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements about the immune system is NOT correct?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.51568388938904
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{
"question": "Which of the following is most correct concerning cell differentiation in vertebrates?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.95077586174011
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{
"question": "All of the following support the endosymbiotic theory that ancestors of mitochondria and chloroplasts were once independent, free-living prokaryotes EXCEPT:",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.950884103775024
},
{
"question": "The frequency of a particular allele in a population of 1,000 birds in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is 0.3. If the population remains in equilibrium, what would be the expected frequency of that allele after 500 years?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.95097804069519
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{
"question": "Which of the following best accounts for the ability of legumes to grow well in nitrogen-poor soils?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.951191902160645
},
{
"question": "To ensure that hatchling sea turtles orient to the sea rather than inland, which of the following is the most environmentally sound practice around sea turtle nest sites?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.95130681991577
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{
"question": "In general, animal cells differ from plant cells in that animal cells have",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.951406955718994
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{
"question": "Which of the following disorders will most likely result from X chromosome aneuploidy in women?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.951504945755005
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{
"question": "Which statement about the beak size of finches on the island of Daphne Major during prolonged drought is true?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.95160102844238
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{
"question": "The normal pH of the cytosol is about 7.2. Most enzymes in the lysosome, however, are only active at a pH of 5. This suggests that",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.951696157455444
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{
"question": "A feature of amino acids NOT found in carbohydrates is the presence of",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.951797008514404
},
{
"question": "A researcher grows a population of ferns in her laboratory. She notices, after a few generations, a new variant that has a distinct phenotype. When she tries to breed the original phenotype with the new one, no offspring are produced. When she breeds the new variants, however, offspring that look like the new variant result. What kind of speciation does this example illustrate?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.2896728515625
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{
"question": "Natural selection is based on all of the following except",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.28978204727173
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{
"question": "In chick embryos, the extraembryonic membrane that provides nourishment to the fetus is the",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.289873123168945
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{
"question": "A certain species of land snail exists as either a cream color or a solid brown color. Intermediate individuals are relatively rare. Which of the following terms best describes this?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.28996300697327
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{
"question": "Once a plasmid has incorporated specific genes, such as the gene coding for the antibiotic ampicillin, into its genome, the plasmid may be cloned by",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.29005408287048
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{
"question": "Which of the following pairs of scientists pioneered the ecological discipline known as island biogeography?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.290143966674805
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{
"question": "The acrosome and cortical reactions that occur immediately after fertilization ensure which of the following?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.29023313522339
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{
"question": "snRNPs are most closely associated with which of the following?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.29032301902771
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{
"question": "Transpiration is a result of special properties of water. The special properties of water include all of the following EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.29041314125061
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{
"question": "Which of the following statements best explains why Mendel's principle of segregation was deemed a law?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 37.29050326347351
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{
"question": "Protein that prevents the binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter site.",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.72485899925232
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{
"question": "Which of these is the smallest unit that natural selection can change?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.72497081756592
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{
"question": "Which of these is the smallest unit upon which natural selection directly acts?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 34.72506499290466
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{
"question": "A chemical agent is found to denature all enzymes in the synaptic cleft. What effect will this agent have on acetylcholine?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 34.725157022476196
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{
"question": "The reaction A + B → C is catalyzed by enzyme K. If the reaction is in equilibrium, which of the following would allow more product C to be produced?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 34.725247859954834
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{
"question": "A new plant was discovered and determined to have an unusually low number of stomata on the undersides of its leaves. For what environment would this plant most likely be best adapted?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.7253851890564
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{
"question": "Which of the following adaptive features would least likely be found in an animal living in a hot arid environment?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.72547793388367
},
{
"question": "Certain populations of finches have long been isolated on the Galapagos Islands off the western coast of South America. Compared with the larger stock population of mainland finches, these separate populations exhibit far greater variation over a wider range of species. The variation among these numerous finch species is the result of",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.725569009780884
},
{
"question": "Memory loss would most likely be due to a malfunction of which part of the brain?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.725659132003784
},
{
"question": "The major difference between cartilage and bone is that cartilage",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 34.72574806213379
},
{
"question": "Viral transduction is the process by which viruses carry bacterial DNA from one bacterial cell to another. In what way does this process play a role in bacterial evolution?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.14613389968872
},
{
"question": "Cattle breeders have improved the quality of meat over the years by which process?",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 42.14650082588196
},
{
"question": "The fluidity of the plasma membrane can vary in response to temperature changes. For bacteria and yeast cells, which of the following would be a viable strategy to maintain homeostasis of the plasma membrane in a temperature-varying environment?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.146920919418335
},
{
"question": "You are told that in a population of guinea pigs, 4 percent are black (recessive) and 96 percent are brown. Which of the following is the frequency of the heterozygous condition?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.14728498458862
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{
"question": "Of the following anatomical structures, which is homologous to the wing of a bird?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.14763903617859
},
{
"question": "Darwin's mechanism of natural selection required long time spans in order to modify species. From whom did Darwin get the concept of Earth's ancient age?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.148069858551025
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{
"question": "A researcher is experimenting with nerve transmission using neurons from a giant squid. At the beginning of the experiment, the axon is at rest and has a threshold measured at –70 mV at 37oC. The axon receives one stimulus that triggers one action potential in the axon. Subsequent stimuli are much stronger. Which of the following statements explains what happens when several strong stimuli are experienced by the axon?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.148945808410645
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{
"question": "Refer to question 15 for details on the squirrel population. Which of the following conditions is required to keep this population in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.149072885513306
},
{
"question": "The structure of ATP synthase in the plasma membranes of bacteria is nearly identical to that in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of eukaryotic cells. This similarity best supports which of the following hypotheses?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 42.149165868759155
},
{
"question": "A researcher grows a population of ferns in her laboratory. She notices, after a few generations, a new variant that has a distinct phenotype. When she tries to breed the original phenotype with the new one, no offspring are produced. When she breeds the new variants, however, offspring that look like the new variant result. Which of the following is likely to exhibit the process described earlier?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 42.14925479888916
},
{
"question": "The average birth weight for human babies is about 3 kg. Which of the following terms best describes this?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.65890598297119
},
{
"question": "Some strains of viruses can change normal mammalian cells into cancer cells in vitro. This transformation of the mammalian cell is usually associated with the",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.65902495384216
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{
"question": "The Darwinian fitness of an individual is measured most directly by",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.65912413597107
},
{
"question": "Hemoglobin is a molecule that binds to both O2 and CO2. There is an allosteric relationship between the concentrations of O2 and CO2. Hemoglobin's affinity for O2",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.6592230796814
},
{
"question": "A researcher grows a population of ferns in her laboratory. She notices, after a few generations, a new variant that has a distinct phenotype. When she tries to breed the original phenotype with the new one, no offspring are produced. When she breeds the new variants, however, offspring that look like the new variant result. Which of the following could possibly characterize the new variant?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.65932106971741
},
{
"question": "What is the best explanation for the fact that tuna, sharks, and dolphins all have a similar streamlined appearance?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.659422159194946
},
{
"question": "In a laboratory exercise, a student cuts disks of plant leaves and puts them in a beaker of water. To help submerge the leaves, a drop of soap is added to the water. How does the soap help submerge the leaf disks?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "Which describes brightly colored peacocks mating more frequently than drab peacocks?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.659619092941284
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{
"question": "In the mid-1900s, the Soviet geneticist Lysenko believed that his winter wheat plants, exposed to ever-colder temperatures, would eventually give rise to ever more cold-tolerant winter wheat. Lysenko's attempts in this regard were most in agreement with the ideas of",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.65971517562866
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{
"question": "Students are conducting a plant pigment separation exercise that requires them to use a closed chromatography chamber with a small amount of acetone in the bottom of the chamber. Safety warnings for acetone include the statement that it is an eye and skin irritant and has flammable vapors. Of the following‚ which safety precaution should the students take while conducting the exercise?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.65980911254883
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{
"question": "Charles Darwin was the first person to propose",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 41.50354886054993
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{
"question": "Two individuals, one with type B blood and one with type AB blood, have a child. The probability that the child has type O blood is",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50365900993347
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{
"question": "In cells, which of the following can catalyze reactions involving hydrogen peroxide, provide cellular energy, and make proteins, in that order?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50375509262085
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{
"question": "A reaction that includes energy as one of its reactants is called a(n)",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.503846883773804
},
{
"question": "Many different fermentation pathways occur in different organisms in nature. For example, skeletal muscle cells convert pyruvate into lactic acid when no oxygen is present. Yeast cells can produce alcohol and carbon dioxide under the same circumstances. However, regardless of the specific reactions, the purpose of glycolysis is an important one. Which statement best describes the importance of glycolysis?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 41.50393986701965
},
{
"question": "Which of the following is not a form of interspecies interaction?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50403308868408
},
{
"question": "Apoptosis, which is programmed cell death, is a necessary process in living organisms. Which of the following is NOT correct about apoptosis?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50412392616272
},
{
"question": "Structures as different as human arms, bat wings, and dolphin flippers contain many of the same bones, these bones having developed from very similar embryonic tissues. How do biologists interpret these similarities?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50421094894409
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{
"question": "Tay-Sachs is a disease caused by a recessive allele. Individuals with the genetic disorder usually do not survive more than a few years, and thus are not able to reproduce and pass on the gene. What would explain how this allele and its associated disease is preserved in the population?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50430178642273
},
{
"question": "In the Tularosa Basin of New Mexico are black lava formations surrounded by light-colored sandy desert. Pocket mice inhabit both areas. Dark-colored ones inhabit the lava formations, while light-colored mice inhabit the desert. Which of the following statements is correct about this scenario?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 41.50439190864563
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{
"question": "Which of the following best explains why lignin is important to the evolutionary success of land plants?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.27966594696045
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{
"question": "Which of the following describes a symbiotic relationship?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.27985405921936
},
{
"question": "The endocrine system maintains homeostasis using many feedback mechanisms. Which of the following is an example of positive feedback?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.279979944229126
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{
"question": "Which of the following are characteristics of both bacteria and fungi?",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.28070402145386
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{
"question": "Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of bacteria?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.28082799911499
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{
"question": "Which of the following is the source of oxygen produced during photosynthesis?",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.28092694282532
},
{
"question": "An eager AP Biology student interested in studying osmosis and the movement of water in solutions took a dialysis bag containing a 0.5 M solution and placed it into a beaker containing a 0.6 M solution. Which of the following is true about water potential?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.282089948654175
},
{
"question": "Which of the following is a frameshift mutation?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.282204151153564
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{
"question": "Crossing-over occurs during which of the following phases in meiosis?",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.282297134399414
},
{
"question": "When a retrovirus inserted its DNA into the middle of a bacterial gene, it altered the normal reading frame by one base pair. This type of mutation is called",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 44.28239893913269
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{
"question": "High levels of estrogen from maturing follicles inhibit the release of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH). Which of the following endocrine glands produces GnRH?",
"model_answer": "C",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27812933921814
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{
"question": "All of the following are examples of hydrolysis EXCEPT",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27827835083008
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{
"question": "This biome has cold winters and is known for its pine forests.",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 39.27837920188904
},
{
"question": "Monkeys of South and Central America have prehensile tails, meaning that their tails can be used to grasp objects. The tails of African and Asian monkeys are not prehensile. Which discipline is most likely to provide an evolutionary explanation for how this difference in tails came about?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27846622467041
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{
"question": "Viruses are considered an exception to the cell theory because they",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27855730056763
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{
"question": "Which of the following is an example of a detritivore?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27865123748779
},
{
"question": "If a forest of fir, birch, and white spruce trees was devastated by fire, which of the following would most likely happen?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.278741121292114
},
{
"question": "Sickle cell anemia is a disease caused by the substitution of an incorrect nucleotide into the DNA sequence for a particular gene. The amino acids are still added to the growing protein chain, but the symptoms of sickle cell anemia result. This is an example of a",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27883219718933
},
{
"question": "There are 40 individuals in population 1, all of which have genotype A1A1, and there are 25 individuals in population 2, all of genotype A2A2. Assume that these populations are located far from one another and that their environmental conditions are very similar. Based on the information given here, the observed genetic variation is mostly likely an example of",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
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{
"question": "The end product of the alcohol fermentation pathway is the alcohol ethanol. A considerable amount of energy still remains in ethanol, yet ethanol is a waste product for the yeast cells that produce it. What, then, is the purpose of fermentation?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 39.27902317047119
},
{
"question": "A cell is placed into a hypertonic environment and its cytoplasm shrivels up. This demonstrates the principle of",
"model_answer": "D.",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.244952917099
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{
"question": "Compared to DNA viral replication, RNA viral replication is more susceptible to mutation because",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.24562096595764
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{
"question": "A child with type A B blood inherits an IA allele from one parent and an IB allele from the other. The child will carry both A and B glycoproteins on the surface of all red blood cells. This pattern of expression is referred to as",
"model_answer": "A",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 32.24596977233887
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{
"question": "In vertebrate embryos, which of the following developmental processes most directly results in the formation of the three primary germ layers?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.24631190299988
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{
"question": "DNA sequences in many human genes are very similar to the corresponding sequences in chimpanzees. Which statement gives the most likely explanation of this fact?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.24750995635986
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{
"question": "A large island is devastated by a volcanic eruption. Most of the horses die except for the heaviest males and heaviest females of the group. They survive, reproduce, and perpetuate the population. Since weight is highly heritable and the distribution of weights approximates a binomial distribution, the offspring of the next generation would be expected to have",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.247633934020996
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{
"question": "Natural selection changes allele frequencies in populations because some ____ survive and reproduce more successfully than others.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.24773693084717
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{
"question": "This process has as its products NADP+, ADP, and sugar.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.247830867767334
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{
"question": "Warning coloration adopted by animals that possess a chemical defense mechanism.",
"model_answer": "A.",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.24792194366455
},
{
"question": "Which of these evolutionary agents is most consistent at causing populations to become better suited to their environments over the course of generations?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 32.24801182746887
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{
"question": "A scientist carries out a cross between two guinea pigs, both of which have black coats. Black hair coat is dominant over white hair coat. Three quarters of the offspring have black coats, and one quarter have white coats. The genotypes of the parents were most likely",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.934274196624756
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{
"question": "The tandem back-and-forth evolution of closely related species, which is exemplified by predator-prey relationships.",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.9348521232605
},
{
"question": "In the process of generating ATP, hydrogen ions (H+, or protons) are transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane and the thylakoid membrane by a proton pump (an ATPase). You would expect to find similar proton pumps in the plasma membranes of",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 0,
"is_correct": false,
"response_time": 33.9352011680603
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{
"question": "Crop rotation is the successive planting of different crops on the same land in sequential seasons. Which of the following statements summarizes the most likely benefits of this practice?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.93561816215515
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{
"question": "The base composition of DNA varies from one species to another. Which of the following ratios would you expect to remain constant in the DNA?",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.93594431877136
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{
"question": "Which is a true statement concerning genetic variation?",
"model_answer": "C.",
"correct_answer": 2,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.936044216156006
},
{
"question": "The primary site of glucose reabsorption is the",
"model_answer": "B",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.936137437820435
},
{
"question": "Which statement about natural selection is most correct?",
"model_answer": "D",
"correct_answer": 3,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.93622708320618
},
{
"question": "This process couples the production of ATP with the movement of electrons down the electron transport chain by harnessing the driving force created by a proton gradient.",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.93631720542908
},
{
"question": "A piece of potato is dropped into a beaker of pure water. Which of the following describes the activity after the potato is immersed into the water?",
"model_answer": "B.",
"correct_answer": 1,
"is_correct": true,
"response_time": 33.9364070892334
}
]
}