{
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    "timestamp": "20241212-082655"
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  "subject": "international_law",
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      "question": "Which State ordinarily exercises jurisdiction in respect of crimes committed on board vessels?",
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      "question": "What is the meaning of justiciability?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
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      "response_time": 35.210153102874756
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    {
      "question": "In what way is Responsibility to Protect (R2P) different from humanitarian intervention?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
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      "response_time": 35.21052289009094
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    {
      "question": "What is the 'Lotus principle'?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
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    {
      "question": "Which of these statements best describes the UK Constitution?",
      "model_answer": "C",
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    {
      "question": "What is the obligation of the peaceful settlement of disputes?",
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      "question": "Which one of the following statements is false?",
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      "response_time": 35.212295055389404
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    {
      "question": "Which is a 'rock' under the UN Convention of the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS)?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 35.21374487876892
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of international legal personality?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
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      "response_time": 35.2143030166626
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    {
      "question": "Which of the following is a treaty-based human rights mechanism?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 35.21503496170044
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    {
      "question": "The UN Vienna Declaration 1993 declared that",
      "model_answer": "C",
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    {
      "question": "What is the principal source of immunity in respect of international organisations (IOs)?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.62215280532837
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    {
      "question": "Is there any hierarchy or priority among States under international law?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.62292981147766
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the declaratory theory of recognition?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.62369990348816
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    {
      "question": "What is the function of \"standard-setting in human rights diplomacy?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 37.6244330406189
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    {
      "question": "What dimension did the Kadi judgment introduce with respect to the incorporation of UN Security Council resolutions?",
      "model_answer": "A",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.62523698806763
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    {
      "question": "Magna Carta was",
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      "is_correct": true,
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    {
      "question": "Do individuals (physical) persons enjoy international legal personality in the same manner as States and international organisations?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.62917900085449
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    {
      "question": "Is there any hierarchy or priority among the various methods of peaceful settlement of disputes?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.629660844802856
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    {
      "question": "Which of the following statements is false?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 37.63017702102661
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of proportionality in relation to the options available to the victim State?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.038938760757446
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    {
      "question": "What is the ordinary geographical scope of jurisdiction?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.03930687904358
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    {
      "question": "Which are the formal sources of international law?",
      "model_answer": "C.",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.039958000183105
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    {
      "question": "What is the purpose of baselines under the law of the sea?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.04071068763733
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    {
      "question": "What is the difference between conciliation and mediation?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.04142880439758
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    {
      "question": "In Osman v UK (1998), the European Court laid down a test, which can be used to apply a general positive obligation on a state. Which of the following statements is not part of the Osman test?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.04222893714905
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    {
      "question": "Who is entitled to request an advisory opinion of the ICJ?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.0430109500885
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    {
      "question": "What is the purpose of universal jurisdiction?",
      "model_answer": "C.",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.04610300064087
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    {
      "question": "Are all acts of State organs attributed to the State under the law international responsibility?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.0466468334198
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    {
      "question": "What is a 'treaty' according to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties (VCLT)?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.04717683792114
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    {
      "question": "Is the unlawful homicide committed by Minister of country X abroad an act jure imperii or jure gestionis?",
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      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 33.22868776321411
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    {
      "question": "What was the outcome before the European Court of Human Rights in the Al-Adsani case?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
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      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 33.22910404205322
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    {
      "question": "What other criteria were imposed by the Badinter Commission on the former Yugoslav republics?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.22944402694702
    },
    {
      "question": "How treaties are to be interpreted?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.229804039001465
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    {
      "question": "When coastal States do enforce their criminal jurisdiction over foreign vessels in their ports?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.23014307022095
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    {
      "question": "What is the value of the Resolutions of the UN General Assembly in terms as a 'source' of international law?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.2305212020874
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    {
      "question": "Do treaties bind third States, ie non-State parties?",
      "model_answer": "C.",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.23086214065552
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    {
      "question": "Which of the following articles are not qualified rights?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 33.23147702217102
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    {
      "question": "What is dualism?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.23187518119812
    },
    {
      "question": "What is an act jure imperii?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.23222994804382
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the relationship between the formal sources of international law?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.66520690917969
    },
    {
      "question": "What was the particular advantage of UNSC Resolution 678 over a collective defensive action under Article 51 UN Charter during the Gulf War?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 33.66565489768982
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    {
      "question": "How can customary law be related to treaty provisions?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.66601800918579
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    {
      "question": "What does it mean for a State to be sovereign?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.666369915008545
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of functional recognition?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.66671681404114
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of \"act of State\" doctrine?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.66716289520264
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    {
      "question": "How can the structure of the international society be displayed?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.667622804641724
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    {
      "question": "Are there any limitations to the incorporation of customary crimes under English law?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.66797113418579
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    {
      "question": "What is the function of the contiguous zone?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.6715190410614
    },
    {
      "question": "Which of the examples below has not been developed by the European Court of Human Rights as a situation where the state has a positive obligation to protect?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 33.67211294174194
    },
    {
      "question": "Which case was the first to define the meaning of the doctrine of 'margin of appreciation' as applied by the European Court of Human Rights?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 32.38812589645386
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    {
      "question": "How are the members of the arbitral tribunal appointed?",
      "model_answer": "A",
      "correct_answer": 0,
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    {
      "question": "Are the peremptory norms of international law the only norms that set out obligations erga omnes?",
      "model_answer": "D",
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    {
      "question": "What is the constitutive theory of recognition?",
      "model_answer": "D",
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      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 32.389480113983154
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    {
      "question": "The enforcement mechanism of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (and Protocol) consists of",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.38997006416321
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    {
      "question": "Is piracy under international (jure gentium) law subject to universal jurisdiction?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.3903169631958
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    {
      "question": "What are self-executing treaties?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.39066791534424
    },
    {
      "question": "Is the ICJ hostile to the idea that an armed attack may arise through a series of lower intensity, yet cumulative, instances of armed force?",
      "model_answer": "A",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.3910129070282
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    {
      "question": "Is there any priority among international courts and tribunals?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.39147400856018
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    {
      "question": "Do third States enjoy any fishing rights within the Exclusive Economic Zone of another State?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.391828775405884
    },
    {
      "question": "What is the purpose of sovereign immunity?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.79887795448303
    },
    {
      "question": "What is passive personality jurisdiction?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.79933500289917
    },
    {
      "question": "Which of the following types of rights have been described as first generation rights?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.80364108085632
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    {
      "question": "What is the problem of 'fragmentation' of international law?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.80436110496521
    },
    {
      "question": "What is functional (ratione materiae) immunity?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.8047239780426
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of implied authorisation?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.80506491661072
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    {
      "question": "Which philosopher called the idea of natural rights 'nonsense on stilts'?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.805402994155884
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    {
      "question": "Who has the authority to conclude a treaty on the part of States?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.80584001541138
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    {
      "question": "Who is a 'persistent objector'?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.80618596076965
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of collective security?",
      "model_answer": "C.",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 32.806528091430664
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    {
      "question": "The European Convention on Human Rights is predominantly concerned with which of the following?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 34.76876497268677
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    {
      "question": "Is the jurisdiction of international tribunals regulated by the same principles applicable to national courts?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": false,
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of collective rights?",
      "model_answer": "D",
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    {
      "question": "Are States under any obligation when they conduct negotiations?",
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      "correct_answer": 1,
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    {
      "question": "What is the major difference between naturalism and positivism?",
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      "correct_answer": 0,
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    {
      "question": "What is an 'internationally wrongful conduct'?",
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      "correct_answer": 2,
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    {
      "question": "What is the effects doctrine?",
      "model_answer": "D",
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    {
      "question": "Which persons are considered as 'de facto' organs of the State under the law of international responsibility?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 34.77195715904236
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    {
      "question": "What is the fundamental prerequisite for the incorporation of custom under English law?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 34.77231311798096
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    {
      "question": "Was the use of armed force permitted prior to the United Nations Charter?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
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    {
      "question": "What is the protective principle of jurisdiction?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
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    {
      "question": "Which one of the following statements is correct?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 34.865562200546265
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    {
      "question": "What is the 'equitable result' in the law and practice of maritime delimitation?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
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    {
      "question": "What is a derogation?",
      "model_answer": "A",
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      "response_time": 34.8657488822937
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    {
      "question": "What is an act jure gestionis?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
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      "response_time": 34.86584115028381
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of cultural relativism?",
      "model_answer": "B",
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      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 34.86593198776245
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    {
      "question": "Is recognition of governments prevalent in contemporary international practice?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 34.866021156311035
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    {
      "question": "What is the legal nature of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 34.86619806289673
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    {
      "question": "Under what circumstances do human rights violations taking place outside the territory of ECHR member States fall within the remit of the ECHR?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 34.866305112838745
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    {
      "question": "What does the principle 'pacta sunt servanda' mean?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 34.866397857666016
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    {
      "question": "What was the consequence from the absence of implementing legislation in the Tin Council case?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 36.06699085235596
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    {
      "question": "Which of the following statements is true?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 36.067099809646606
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    {
      "question": "What forms may the obligation of reparation take?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 36.06718993186951
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    {
      "question": "What is jus cogens?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
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      "response_time": 36.067278146743774
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    {
      "question": "What is 'unilateral acts'?",
      "model_answer": "B.",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 36.06736898422241
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    {
      "question": "Is extra-territorial abduction a ground for refusal of otherwise lawful jurisdiction by English courts?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 36.06746006011963
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    {
      "question": "What is the meaning of 'secondary rules' in the law of international responsibility?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 1,
      "is_correct": true,
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    {
      "question": "What does the doctrine of incorporation suggest in respect of treaties?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
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    {
      "question": "Are the provisional measures issued by the ICJ binding upon the parties?",
      "model_answer": "D",
      "correct_answer": 3,
      "is_correct": true,
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    {
      "question": "When are countermeasures illegal?",
      "model_answer": "A",
      "correct_answer": 0,
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      "response_time": 36.06782388687134
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    {
      "question": "What is the difference between political and legal means of dispute settlement?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.999021768569946
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    {
      "question": "What is the rationale for the exhaustion of local remedies in international human rights?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 37.999393701553345
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    {
      "question": "Which of the following cases best illustrates the 'living instrument principle' used by the European Court of Human Rights?",
      "model_answer": "B",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": false,
      "response_time": 37.99973678588867
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    {
      "question": "Is the recognition of foreign judgments subject to the same rules as those applicable to the incorporation and transformation of treaties?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 38.00014281272888
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    {
      "question": "What was the most important finding by the House of Lords in the Pinochet case?",
      "model_answer": "C",
      "correct_answer": 2,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 38.00049185752869
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    {
      "question": "Which one of the statements below is false?",
      "model_answer": "A.",
      "correct_answer": 0,
      "is_correct": true,
      "response_time": 38.00095891952515
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    {
      "question": "Which State exercises jurisdiction over vessels on the high seas?",
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      "question": "Should treaties assume a particular form?",
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    {
      "question": "What is the fundamental premise of monist theory?",
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    {
      "question": "Where do we find the 'general principles of law recognized by civilized nations' (article 38 ICJ Statute)?",
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      "question": "When does an illegal act of violence on the high seas fall short of qualifying as piracy?",
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      "question": "What is the meaning of \"armed attack\" in Article 51 UN Charter?",
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    {
      "question": "Who is an 'injured State' in the law of international responsibility?",
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    {
      "question": "What is personal (ratione personae) immunity?",
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    {
      "question": "Which of the following statements best describes the UN Human Rights Council?",
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      "question": "When a reservation is considered as invalid under the law of treaties?",
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    {
      "question": "What kind of rights do coastal States enjoy over their continental shelf?",
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    {
      "question": "Are there any limits to the application of article 103 of the UN Charter?",
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    {
      "question": "Can countries rely on their domestic law as an excuse to violate their obligations under international law?",
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      "question": "What is meant by an international organisation's implied powers?",
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    {
      "question": "What are the criteria for statehood under the 1933 Montevideo Convention?",
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}