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---
language: en
thumbnail:
license: mit
tags:
- question-answering
- bert
- bert-base
datasets:
- squad
metrics:
- squad
widget:
- text: "Where is the Eiffel Tower located?"
context: "The Eiffel Tower is a wrought-iron lattice tower on the Champ de Mars in Paris, France. It is named after the engineer Gustave Eiffel, whose company designed and built the tower."
- text: "Who is Frederic Chopin?"
context: "Frédéric François Chopin, born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano."
---
## BERT-base uncased model fine-tuned on SQuAD v1
This model was created using the [nn_pruning](https://github.com/huggingface/nn_pruning) python library: the **linear layers contains 15.0%** of the original weights.
The model contains **34.0%** of the original weights **overall** (the embeddings account for a significant part of the model, and they are not pruned by this method).
With a simple resizing of the linear matrices it ran **2.32x as fast as BERT-base** on the evaluation.
This is possible because the pruning method lead to structured matrices: to visualize them, hover below on the plot to see the non-zero/zero parts of each matrix.
<div class="graph"><script src="/madlag/bert-base-uncased-squadv1-x2.32-f86.6-d15-hybrid-v1/raw/main/model_card/density_info.js" id="fd51557a-ad63-4088-bc25-67d39b0c0b2c"></script></div>
In terms of accuracy, its **F1 is 86.64**, compared with 88.5 for BERT-base, a **F1 drop of 1.86**.
## Fine-Pruning details
This model was fine-tuned from the HuggingFace [BERT](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1423/) base uncased checkpoint on [SQuAD1.1](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer), and distilled from the model [bert-large-uncased-whole-word-masking-finetuned-squad](https://huggingface.co/bert-large-uncased-whole-word-masking-finetuned-squad).
This model is case-insensitive: it does not make a difference between english and English.
A side-effect of the block pruning is that some of the attention heads are completely removed: 63 heads were removed on a total of 144 (43.8%).
Here is a detailed view on how the remaining heads are distributed in the network after pruning.
<div class="graph"><script src="/madlag/bert-base-uncased-squadv1-x2.32-f86.6-d15-hybrid-v1/raw/main/model_card/pruning_info.js" id="2531d97a-f550-49d6-9b4e-8d344db20f2b"></script></div>
## Details of the SQuAD1.1 dataset
| Dataset | Split | # samples |
| -------- | ----- | --------- |
| SQuAD1.1 | train | 90.6K |
| SQuAD1.1 | eval | 11.1k |
### Fine-tuning
- Python: `3.8.5`
- Machine specs:
```CPU: Intel(R) Core(TM) i7-6700K CPU
Memory: 64 GiB
GPUs: 1 GeForce GTX 3090, with 24GiB memory
GPU driver: 455.23.05, CUDA: 11.1
```
### Results
**Pytorch model file size**: `368M` (original BERT: `438M`)
| Metric | # Value | # Original ([Table 2](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/N19-1423.pdf))| Variation |
| ------ | --------- | --------- | --------- |
| **EM** | **78.77** | **80.8** | **-2.03**|
| **F1** | **86.64** | **88.5** | **-1.86**|
## Example Usage
Install nn_pruning: it contains the optimization script, which just pack the linear layers into smaller ones by removing empty rows/columns.
`pip install nn_pruning`
Then you can use the `transformers library` almost as usual: you just have to call `optimize_model` when the pipeline has loaded.
```python
from transformers import pipeline
from nn_pruning.inference_model_patcher import optimize_model
qa_pipeline = pipeline(
"question-answering",
model="madlag/bert-base-uncased-squadv1-x2.32-f86.6-d15-hybrid-v1",
tokenizer="madlag/bert-base-uncased-squadv1-x2.32-f86.6-d15-hybrid-v1"
)
print("BERT-base parameters: 110M")
print(f"Parameters count (includes head pruning)={int(qa_pipeline.model.num_parameters() / 1E6)}M")
qa_pipeline.model = optimize_model(qa_pipeline.model, "dense")
print(f"Parameters count after optimization={int(qa_pipeline.model.num_parameters() / 1E6)}M")
predictions = qa_pipeline({
'context': "Frédéric François Chopin, born Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin (1 March 1810 – 17 October 1849), was a Polish composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic era who wrote primarily for solo piano.",
'question': "Who is Frederic Chopin?",
})
print("Predictions", predictions)
``` |