---
tags:
- sentence-transformers
- sentence-similarity
- feature-extraction
- generated_from_trainer
- dataset_size:8994
- loss:MultipleNegativesRankingLoss
base_model: pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2
widget:
- source_sentence: Real estate data to analyse the relationship between property prices,
sustainability levels and socio-economic indicators. Recent studies have sought
to explore the relationship between environmental and financial performance, in
particular the relationship between the energy efficiency level of a building
and its financial value. The present real estate dataset contains 43 variables
of repeat sales transactions, energy performance certificate (EPC) rating, index
of multiple deprivation (IMD), and geographical location of properties in England
and Wales involved in a total of 4,201 transactions from 1995 to 2012. This dataset
enables researchers and practitioners to further explore important questions regarding
the nexus between the real estate industry, sustainability levels, and socio-economic
aspects. Due to the scarcity of publicly available quality real estate data, the
dataset detailed in this article may play a relevant role by becoming easily discoverable,
clearly explained, and structured to be ready to be used by researchers, analysts,
and policymakers. The empirical analysis of the economic case for energy-efficient
dwellings in the UK private rental market performed in Fuerst, et al. is based
on this dataset.
sentences:
- How do congenital glycosylation disorders impact the development and function
of various bodily systems, and what are the implications for patient care and
management?
- How do environmental and socio-economic factors influence property prices and
what are the implications for sustainable development policies?
- How do anisotropic properties of organic semiconductors influence their kinetic
behavior and potential applications?
- source_sentence: 'Mitochondrial DNA sequence and gene organization in the [corrected]
Australian blacklip [corrected] abalone Haliotis rubra (leach). The complete mitochondrial
DNA of the blacklip abalone Haliotis rubra (Gastropoda: Mollusca) was cloned and
16,907 base pairs were sequenced. The sequence represents an estimated 99.85%
of the mitochondrial genome, and contains 2 ribosomal RNA, 22 transfer RNA, and
13 protein-coding genes found in other metazoan mtDNA. An AT tandem repeat and
a possible C-rich domain within the putative control region could not be fully
sequenced. The H. rubra mtDNA gene order is novel for mollusks, separated from
the black chiton Katharina tunicata by the individual translocations of 3 tRNAs.
Compared with other mtDNA regions, sequences from the ATP8, NAD2, NAD4L, NAD6,
and 12S rRNA genes, as well as the control region, are the most variable among
representatives from Mollusca, Arthropoda, and Rhynchonelliformea, with similar
mtDNA arrangements to H. rubra. These sequences are being evaluated as genetic
markers within commercially important Haliotis species, and some applications
and considerations for their use are discussed.'
sentences:
- What are the potential mechanisms underlying the high variability of certain mitochondrial
DNA sequences, such as those found in the ATP8, NAD2, NAD4L, NAD6, and 12S rRNA
genes, and how might this impact their use as genetic markers?
- How do interactions between an individual's genetic makeup and their diet influence
the development of their gut microbiome?
- How do animal models contribute to our understanding of human metabolic disorders
and what are the implications for developing therapeutic interventions?
- source_sentence: 'Maxillary lateral incisor with two roots: a case report. Although
the dental literature has indicated that 100% of maxillary lateral incisors have
a single canal anatomy, it is possible for these teeth to have extra canals. These
extra canals must be identified and debrided to prevent endodontic failure. This
report presents an uncommon case involving a maxillary lateral incisor with two
roots. Even when the frequency of radicular anatomy abnormality is extremely low,
dentists must consider the possibility that a tooth has extra root canals or even
extra roots.'
sentences:
- What are the underlying neural mechanisms by which early life experiences, such
as malnutrition or enriched environments, shape synaptic plasticity and memory
formation in adulthood?
- How do the complexities of identifying and managing multiple root canals or roots
in a single tooth impact endodontic procedures and success rates?
- What are the molecular mechanisms underlying the aberrant processing and signaling
of truncated receptor polypeptides, and how can these be targeted therapeutically?
- source_sentence: 'Novel methodology for the evaluation of symptoms reported by patients
with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation: Application of natural language processing
to electronic medical records data. INTRODUCTION: Understanding symptom patterns
in atrial fibrillation patients. The incidence rate of symptom reports was highest
at 0-3 months post-diagnosis and lower at >3-6 and >6-12 months (pre-defined timepoints).
Across all time periods, the most common symptoms were dyspnea or shortness of
breath, followed by syncope, presyncope, lightheadedness, or dizziness. Similar
temporal patterns of symptom reports were observed among patients with prescriptions
for dronedarone or sotalol as first-line treatment. CONCLUSION: This study illustrates
that NLP can be applied to EMR data to characterize symptom reports in patients
with incident AF, and the potential for these methods to inform comparative effectiveness.'
sentences:
- How do electronic medical records and natural language processing contribute to
understanding patient-reported symptoms across various chronic conditions?
- How do advances in endoscopic technologies impact the diagnosis and treatment
of gastrointestinal diseases?
- What are the fundamental limitations and challenges associated with generating
high-quality 3D phase-only holograms using deep learning-based methods, and how
might these be addressed through innovative dataset creation or training protocols?
- source_sentence: 'Integrating virtual reality video games into practice: clinicians''
experiences. The Nintendo Wii is a popular virtual reality (VR) video gaming system
in rehabilitation practice and research. As evidence emerges related to its effectiveness
as a physical therapy training method, clinicians require information about the
pragmatics of its use in practice. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative
study is to explore observations and insights from a sample of physical therapists
(PTs) working with children with acquired brain injury regarding practical implications
of using the Wii as a physical therapy intervention. Six PTs employed at a children''s
rehabilitation center participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed
and analyzed using content analysis. Two themes summarize the practical implications
of Wii use: 1) technology meets clinical practice; and 2) onus is on the therapist.
Therapists described both beneficial and challenging implications arising from
the intersection of technology and practice, and reported the personal commitment
required to orient oneself to the gaming system and capably implement this intervention.
Findings include issues that may be relevant to professional development in a
broader rehabilitation context, including suggestions for the content of educational
initiatives and the need for institutional support from managers in the form of
physical resources for VR implementation.'
sentences:
- What are the broader implications of using viral vectors like rVSV for vaccine
development against emerging and re-emerging pathogens, particularly those with
high mortality rates?
- How do variations in surface preparation and condensation techniques affect the
bonding and mechanical integrity of amalgam repairs?
- How do clinicians balance the integration of emerging technologies with established
clinical practices?
pipeline_tag: sentence-similarity
library_name: sentence-transformers
---
# SentenceTransformer based on pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2
This is a [sentence-transformers](https://www.SBERT.net) model finetuned from [pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2](https://huggingface.co/pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2). It maps sentences & paragraphs to a 384-dimensional dense vector space and can be used for semantic textual similarity, semantic search, paraphrase mining, text classification, clustering, and more.
## Model Details
### Model Description
- **Model Type:** Sentence Transformer
- **Base model:** [pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2](https://huggingface.co/pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2)
- **Maximum Sequence Length:** 1024 tokens
- **Output Dimensionality:** 384 dimensions
- **Similarity Function:** Cosine Similarity
### Model Sources
- **Documentation:** [Sentence Transformers Documentation](https://sbert.net)
- **Repository:** [Sentence Transformers on GitHub](https://github.com/UKPLab/sentence-transformers)
- **Hugging Face:** [Sentence Transformers on Hugging Face](https://huggingface.co/models?library=sentence-transformers)
### Full Model Architecture
```
SentenceTransformer(
(0): Transformer({'max_seq_length': 1024, 'do_lower_case': False}) with Transformer model: BertModel
(1): Pooling({'word_embedding_dimension': 384, 'pooling_mode_cls_token': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_tokens': True, 'pooling_mode_max_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_mean_sqrt_len_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_weightedmean_tokens': False, 'pooling_mode_lasttoken': False, 'include_prompt': True})
)
```
## Usage
### Direct Usage (Sentence Transformers)
First install the Sentence Transformers library:
```bash
pip install -U sentence-transformers
```
Then you can load this model and run inference.
```python
from sentence_transformers import SentenceTransformer
# Download from the 🤗 Hub
model = SentenceTransformer("pankajrajdeo/UMLS-Pubmed-ST-TCE-Epoch-2-QA_10K")
# Run inference
sentences = [
"Integrating virtual reality video games into practice: clinicians' experiences. The Nintendo Wii is a popular virtual reality (VR) video gaming system in rehabilitation practice and research. As evidence emerges related to its effectiveness as a physical therapy training method, clinicians require information about the pragmatics of its use in practice. The purpose of this descriptive qualitative study is to explore observations and insights from a sample of physical therapists (PTs) working with children with acquired brain injury regarding practical implications of using the Wii as a physical therapy intervention. Six PTs employed at a children's rehabilitation center participated in semi-structured interviews, which were transcribed and analyzed using content analysis. Two themes summarize the practical implications of Wii use: 1) technology meets clinical practice; and 2) onus is on the therapist. Therapists described both beneficial and challenging implications arising from the intersection of technology and practice, and reported the personal commitment required to orient oneself to the gaming system and capably implement this intervention. Findings include issues that may be relevant to professional development in a broader rehabilitation context, including suggestions for the content of educational initiatives and the need for institutional support from managers in the form of physical resources for VR implementation.",
'How do clinicians balance the integration of emerging technologies with established clinical practices?',
'How do variations in surface preparation and condensation techniques affect the bonding and mechanical integrity of amalgam repairs?',
]
embeddings = model.encode(sentences)
print(embeddings.shape)
# [3, 384]
# Get the similarity scores for the embeddings
similarities = model.similarity(embeddings, embeddings)
print(similarities.shape)
# [3, 3]
```
## Training Details
### Training Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 8,994 training samples
* Columns: anchor and positive
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | anchor | positive |
|:--------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | - min: 19 tokens
- mean: 268.28 tokens
- max: 808 tokens
| - min: 14 tokens
- mean: 27.58 tokens
- max: 51 tokens
|
* Samples:
| anchor | positive |
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Biallelic variants in DNA2 cause microcephalic primordial dwarfism. Microcephalic primordial dwarfism and c.74+4A>C) found in these individuals substantially impair DNA2 transcript splicing. Additionally, we identify a missense variant, affecting a residue of the ATP-dependent helicase domain that is highly conserved between humans and yeast, with the resulting substitution (p.Thr655Ala) predicted to directly impact ATP/ADP (adenosine diphosphate) binding by DNA2. Our findings support the pathogenicity of these variants as biallelic hypomorphic mutations, establishing DNA2 as an MPD disease gene. | How do genetic variations in genes involved in DNA replication and repair contribute to human developmental disorders? |
| Psychological Distress as a Primer for Sexual Risk Taking Among Emerging Adults. Emerging adults experience increased morbidity as a result of psychological distress and risky sexual behavior. This study examines how sexual behaviors (for example, condom use inconsistency and past year STI history) differ among emerging adults with low, moderate, and high psychological distress. Participants are 251,254 emerging adults attending colleges and universities in the United States who participated in the National College Health Assessment (NCHA). Findings suggest a dose-response relationship between psychological distress, condom use inconsistency, and past STI history, such that an association between greater psychological distress and condom use inconsistency and/or past year history of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). | How do mental health factors influence the likelihood of engaging in high-risk behaviors among young adults? |
| Long-Term Safety of Teriflunomide in Multiple Sclerosis Patients: Results of Prospective Comparative Studies in Three European Countries. BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Teriflunomide is a disease-modifying therapy (DMT) for multiple sclerosis (MS). This post authorisation safety study assessed risks of adverse events of special interest (AESI) associated with teriflunomide use. METHODS: Secondary use of individual data from the Danish MS Registry (DMSR), the French National Health Data System (SNDS), the Belgian national database of health care claims (AIM-IMA) and the Belgian Treatments in MS Registry (Beltrims). We included patients treated with a DMT at the date of teriflunomide reimbursement or initiating another DMT. Adjusted hazard rates (aHR) and 95% confidence intervals were derived from Cox models with time-dependent exposure comparing teriflunomide treatment with another DMT. RESULTS: Of 81 620 patients (72% women) included in the cohort, 22 324 (27%) were treated with teriflunom... | What are the potential mechanisms underlying the observed differences in risk profiles between teriflunomide and other disease-modifying therapies, particularly with regards to opportunistic infections and renal failure? |
* Loss: [MultipleNegativesRankingLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"scale": 20.0,
"similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}
```
### Evaluation Dataset
#### Unnamed Dataset
* Size: 1,000 evaluation samples
* Columns: anchor and positive
* Approximate statistics based on the first 1000 samples:
| | anchor | positive |
|:--------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| type | string | string |
| details | - min: 20 tokens
- mean: 272.12 tokens
- max: 935 tokens
| - min: 14 tokens
- mean: 27.77 tokens
- max: 56 tokens
|
* Samples:
| anchor | positive |
|:---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|:-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|
| Posttraumatic Cognitions and Suicidal Ideation among Veterans receiving PTSD Treatment. With approximately 20 veteran suicide deaths per day, suicidal ideation (SI) among veterans is an important concern. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with SI among veterans, yet mechanisms of this relationship remain unclear. Negative posttraumatic cognitions contribute to the development and maintenance of PTSD, yet no studies have prospectively examined the relationship between posttraumatic cognitions and SI. Veterans (N = 177; 66% Male) participating in a 3-week intensive outpatient program for PTSD completed assessments of PTSD severity, depressive symptoms, SI, and posttraumatic cognitions. Negative posttraumatic cognitions about the self significantly predicted SI at posttreatment, controlling for pretreatment levels of SI, depression, and PTSD symptom severity. Self-blame and negative posttraumatic cognitions about others/world did not predict SI prospectively. Negative pos... | What are the underlying psychological mechanisms by which self-blame and negative cognitions about oneself or others/world influence suicidal ideation in veterans with PTSD? |
| Bilirubin increases insulin sensitivity in leptin-receptor deficient and diet-induced obese mice through suppression of ER stress and chronic inflammation. Obesity-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress causes chronic inflammation in adipose tissue and steatosis in the liver, and eventually leads to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The goal of this study was to understand the mechanisms by which administration of bilirubin, a powerful antioxidant, reduces hyperglycemia and ameliorates obesity in leptin-receptor-deficient (db/db) and diet-induced obese (DIO) mouse models. db/db or DIO mice were injected with bilirubin or vehicle ip. Blood glucose and body weight were measured. Activation of insulin-signaling pathways, expression of inflammatory cytokines, and ER stress markers were measured in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and liver of mice. Bilirubin administration significantly reduced hyperglycemia and increased insulin sensitivity in db/db mice. Bilirubin treatmen... | What cellular pathways and stress responses contribute to the development of insulin resistance in obesity, and how can they be targeted therapeutically? |
| Repair strength of dental amalgams. This study tested the hypothesis that newly triturated amalgam condensed vertically on old amalgam was essential for establishing a bond between the new and old amalgams. Twelve rectangular bars were prepared with Dispersalloy and Tytin to establish their baseline flexure strength values. An additional 12 specimens were made and separated into 24 equal halves. All fracture surfaces were abraded with a flat end fissure bur. Twelve surfaces were paired with the original amalgam, and the remaining 12 surfaces were repaired with a different amalgam. At first, freshly triturated amalgam was condensed vertically on the floor of the specimen mold (Group A). The majority of specimens repaired with Group A failed to establish bond at the repair interface. All repair surfaces were abraded again and prepared by a second method. A metal spacer was used to create a four-wall cavity to facilitate vertical condensation directly on the repair surface (Group B). The ... | How do variations in surface preparation and condensation techniques affect the bonding and mechanical integrity of amalgam repairs? |
* Loss: [MultipleNegativesRankingLoss](https://sbert.net/docs/package_reference/sentence_transformer/losses.html#multiplenegativesrankingloss) with these parameters:
```json
{
"scale": 20.0,
"similarity_fct": "cos_sim"
}
```
### Training Hyperparameters
#### Non-Default Hyperparameters
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `fp16`: True
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: True
#### All Hyperparameters
Click to expand
- `overwrite_output_dir`: False
- `do_predict`: False
- `eval_strategy`: epoch
- `prediction_loss_only`: True
- `per_device_train_batch_size`: 16
- `per_device_eval_batch_size`: 16
- `per_gpu_train_batch_size`: None
- `per_gpu_eval_batch_size`: None
- `gradient_accumulation_steps`: 1
- `eval_accumulation_steps`: None
- `torch_empty_cache_steps`: None
- `learning_rate`: 2e-05
- `weight_decay`: 0.0
- `adam_beta1`: 0.9
- `adam_beta2`: 0.999
- `adam_epsilon`: 1e-08
- `max_grad_norm`: 1.0
- `num_train_epochs`: 5
- `max_steps`: -1
- `lr_scheduler_type`: linear
- `lr_scheduler_kwargs`: {}
- `warmup_ratio`: 0.0
- `warmup_steps`: 0
- `log_level`: passive
- `log_level_replica`: warning
- `log_on_each_node`: True
- `logging_nan_inf_filter`: True
- `save_safetensors`: True
- `save_on_each_node`: False
- `save_only_model`: False
- `restore_callback_states_from_checkpoint`: False
- `no_cuda`: False
- `use_cpu`: False
- `use_mps_device`: False
- `seed`: 42
- `data_seed`: None
- `jit_mode_eval`: False
- `use_ipex`: False
- `bf16`: False
- `fp16`: True
- `fp16_opt_level`: O1
- `half_precision_backend`: auto
- `bf16_full_eval`: False
- `fp16_full_eval`: False
- `tf32`: None
- `local_rank`: 0
- `ddp_backend`: None
- `tpu_num_cores`: None
- `tpu_metrics_debug`: False
- `debug`: []
- `dataloader_drop_last`: False
- `dataloader_num_workers`: 0
- `dataloader_prefetch_factor`: None
- `past_index`: -1
- `disable_tqdm`: False
- `remove_unused_columns`: True
- `label_names`: None
- `load_best_model_at_end`: True
- `ignore_data_skip`: False
- `fsdp`: []
- `fsdp_min_num_params`: 0
- `fsdp_config`: {'min_num_params': 0, 'xla': False, 'xla_fsdp_v2': False, 'xla_fsdp_grad_ckpt': False}
- `fsdp_transformer_layer_cls_to_wrap`: None
- `accelerator_config`: {'split_batches': False, 'dispatch_batches': None, 'even_batches': True, 'use_seedable_sampler': True, 'non_blocking': False, 'gradient_accumulation_kwargs': None}
- `deepspeed`: None
- `label_smoothing_factor`: 0.0
- `optim`: adamw_torch
- `optim_args`: None
- `adafactor`: False
- `group_by_length`: False
- `length_column_name`: length
- `ddp_find_unused_parameters`: None
- `ddp_bucket_cap_mb`: None
- `ddp_broadcast_buffers`: False
- `dataloader_pin_memory`: True
- `dataloader_persistent_workers`: False
- `skip_memory_metrics`: True
- `use_legacy_prediction_loop`: False
- `push_to_hub`: False
- `resume_from_checkpoint`: True
- `hub_model_id`: None
- `hub_strategy`: every_save
- `hub_private_repo`: False
- `hub_always_push`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing`: False
- `gradient_checkpointing_kwargs`: None
- `include_inputs_for_metrics`: False
- `include_for_metrics`: []
- `eval_do_concat_batches`: True
- `fp16_backend`: auto
- `push_to_hub_model_id`: None
- `push_to_hub_organization`: None
- `mp_parameters`:
- `auto_find_batch_size`: False
- `full_determinism`: False
- `torchdynamo`: None
- `ray_scope`: last
- `ddp_timeout`: 1800
- `torch_compile`: False
- `torch_compile_backend`: None
- `torch_compile_mode`: None
- `dispatch_batches`: None
- `split_batches`: None
- `include_tokens_per_second`: False
- `include_num_input_tokens_seen`: False
- `neftune_noise_alpha`: None
- `optim_target_modules`: None
- `batch_eval_metrics`: False
- `eval_on_start`: False
- `use_liger_kernel`: False
- `eval_use_gather_object`: False
- `average_tokens_across_devices`: False
- `prompts`: None
- `batch_sampler`: batch_sampler
- `multi_dataset_batch_sampler`: proportional