sandbox/20241104 - CQA - StepByStep CQA.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The autoreload extension is already loaded. To reload it, use:\n",
      "  %reload_ext autoreload\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "True"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import pandas as pd \n",
    "import numpy as np\n",
    "import os\n",
    "\n",
    "%load_ext autoreload\n",
    "%autoreload 2\n",
    "\n",
    "import sys\n",
    "sys.path.append(os.getcwd()+\"../\")\n",
    "\n",
    "from dotenv import load_dotenv\n",
    "load_dotenv()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## LLM"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "AIMessage(content='Hello! How can I assist you today?', response_metadata={'finish_reason': 'stop'}, id='run-5993a6ca-a40b-4cf1-a0a1-cafad4510566-0')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from climateqa.engine.llm import get_llm\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.llm.ollama import get_llm as get_llm_ollama\n",
    "\n",
    "llm = get_llm(provider=\"openai\")\n",
    "llm.invoke(\"Say Hello !\")\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Retriever "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 56,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:sentence_transformers.SentenceTransformer:Load pretrained SentenceTransformer: BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading embeddings model:  BAAI/bge-base-en-v1.5\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:sentence_transformers.SentenceTransformer:Use pytorch device_name: cpu\n",
      "INFO:pinecone_plugin_interface.logging:Discovering subpackages in _NamespacePath(['/home/tim/anaconda3/envs/climateqa/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pinecone_plugins'])\n",
      "INFO:pinecone_plugin_interface.logging:Looking for plugins in pinecone_plugins.inference\n",
      "INFO:pinecone_plugin_interface.logging:Installing plugin inference into Pinecone\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 1152.0, 'num_tokens': 223.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 285.0, 'num_words': 214.0, 'page_number': 2516.0, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '(a) Low-lying coastal systems', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'Chapters and Cross-Chapter Papers ', 'toc_level1': 'Chapter 16  Key Risks across Sectors and Regions', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf'}, page_content=\"'Impact of climate change' is defined as the difference between the observed state of the system and the state of \\r\\nthe system assuming the same observed levels of non-climate-related drivers but no climate change. For example, \\r\\nwe can compare the level of crop yields, damage induced by a river flood, and coral bleaching with differences \\r\\nin fertilizer input, land use patterns or settlement structures, without climate change and with climate change \\r\\noccurring.\\nWhile this definition is quite clear, there certainly is the problem that, in real life, we do not have a 'no climate \\r\\nchange world' to compare with. We use model simulations where the influence of climate change can be eliminated \\r\\nto estimate what might have happened without climate change. In a situation where the influence of other \\r\\nnon-climate-related drivers is known to be minor (e.g., in very remote locations), the non-climate-change situation \\r\\ncan also be approximated by observation from an early period where climate change was still minor. Often, a \\r\\ncombination of different approaches increases our confidence in the quantification of the impact of climate change.\"),\n",
       " Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document2', 'document_number': 2.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2409.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of the WGI to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 1010.0, 'num_tokens': 218.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 222.0, 'num_words': 167.0, 'page_number': 877.0, 'release_date': 2021.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '6.5 Implications of Changing Climate on AQ', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGI FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '6: Short-lived Climate Forcers', 'toc_level1': '6.5 Implications of Changing Climate on AQ', 'toc_level2': '6.5.1 Effect of Climate Change on Surface Ozone', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg1/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf'}, page_content='Air pollutants can be impacted by climate change through physical \\r\\nchanges affecting meterorological conditions, chemical changes \\r\\naffecting their lifetimes, and biological changes affecting their natural \\r\\nemissions (Kirtman et al., 2013). Changes in meteorology affect air \\r\\nquality directly through modifications of atmospheric transport \\r\\npatterns (e.g.,  occurrence and length of atmospheric blocking \\r\\nepisodes, ventilation of the polluted boundary layer), extent of mixing \\r\\nlayer and stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) for surface ozone \\r\\n(von Schneidemesser et al., 2015), and through modifications of the \\r\\nrate of reactions that generate secondary species in the atmosphere. \\r\\nChanging precipitation patterns in a  future climate also influence \\r\\nthe wet removal efficiency, in particular for atmospheric aerosols \\r\\n(Hou  et al., 2018). Processes at play in non-CO2 biogeochemical \\r\\nfeedbacks (Section  6.4.5) are also involved in the perturbation of \\r\\natmospheric pollutants (Section 6.2.2).'),\n",
       " Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document33', 'document_number': 33.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 894.0, 'name': 'Full Report. Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia', 'num_characters': 918.0, 'num_tokens': 233.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 230.0, 'num_words': 173.0, 'page_number': 529.0, 'release_date': 2018.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '4.7 DRIVERS AND \\r\\nEFFECTS OF CLIMATE \\r\\nCHANGE ', 'short_name': 'IPBES RAR ECA FR', 'source': 'IPBES', 'toc_level0': \"CHAPTER 4: DIRECT AND INDIRECT DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE'S CONTRIBUTIONS PEOPLE\", 'toc_level1': '4.7 Drivers and effects of climate change ', 'toc_level2': '4.7.1 Effects of climate change on biodiversity', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://zenodo.org/record/3237429/files/ipbes_assessment_report_eca_EN.pdf'}, page_content=\"4.7 DRIVERS AND \\r\\nEFFECTS OF CLIMATE \\r\\nCHANGE \\n4.7.1 Effects of climate change on \\r\\nbiodiversity\\n4.7.1 Effects of climate change on \\r\\nbiodiversity\\n <Section-header> 4.7.1 Effects of climate change on \\r\\nbiodiversity </Section-header> \\n\\nand modulate important ecosystem functions and \\r\\nprocesses that underpin human livelihoods and nature's \\r\\ncontributions to people, such as water regulation, food \\r\\nproduction, and carbon sequestration (CBD, 2016; \\r\\nGallardo et al., 2015; IPBES, 2016a; IPCC, 2014a; \\r\\nMEA, 2005a).\\nClimate change is a complex driver of ecosystem change, \\r\\nconsisting of changes in precipitation and temperature \\r\\npatterns which lead to changes in drought, flood, and fire \\r\\nrisk, ocean-atmosphere interchange, marine circulation \\r\\nand stratification, and the concentrations and distribution \\r\\nof O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere and in the ocean (IPCC, \\r\\n2014a). These impacts affect species and influence\"),\n",
       " Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document31', 'document_number': 31.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 616.0, 'name': 'Full Report. Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Asia and the Pacific', 'num_characters': 928.0, 'num_tokens': 186.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 209.0, 'num_words': 157.0, 'page_number': 586.0, 'release_date': 2018.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': 'Climate change', 'short_name': 'IPBES RAR AP FR', 'source': 'IPBES', 'toc_level0': 'ANNEXES', 'toc_level1': 'Annex I: Glossary', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://zenodo.org/record/3237374/files/ipbes_assessment_report_ap_EN.pdf'}, page_content='Climate change\\nClimate change is a change in the statistical \\r\\ndistribution of weather patterns when that \\r\\nchange lasts for an extended period of time \\r\\n(i.e., decades to millions of years). Climate \\r\\nchange may refer to a change in average \\r\\nweather conditions, or in the time variation \\r\\nof weather within the context of longer\\x02term average conditions. Climate change is \\r\\ncaused by factors such as biotic processes, \\r\\nvariations in solar radiation received by Earth, \\r\\nplate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. \\r\\nCertain human activities have been identified \\r\\nas primary causes of ongoing climate \\r\\nchange, often referred to as global warming.\\n <Section-header> Climate change </Section-header> \\n\\nClimate Smart Agriculture (CSA)\\r\\nAgriculture that sustainably increases \\r\\nproductivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/\\r\\nremoves GHGs (mitigation), and enhances \\r\\nachievement of national food security and \\r\\ndevelopment goals.')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 56,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from climateqa.engine.vectorstore import get_pinecone_vectorstore\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.embeddings import get_embeddings_function\n",
    "from climateqa.knowledge.retriever import ClimateQARetriever\n",
    "\n",
    "question = \"What is the impact of climate change on the environment?\"\n",
    "\n",
    "embeddings_function = get_embeddings_function()\n",
    "vectorstore_ipcc = get_pinecone_vectorstore(embeddings_function)\n",
    "docs_question = vectorstore_ipcc.search(query = question, search_type=\"similarity\")\n",
    "docs_question"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:pinecone_plugin_interface.logging:Discovering subpackages in _NamespacePath(['/home/tim/anaconda3/envs/climateqa/lib/python3.11/site-packages/pinecone_plugins'])\n",
      "INFO:pinecone_plugin_interface.logging:Looking for plugins in pinecone_plugins.inference\n",
      "INFO:pinecone_plugin_interface.logging:Installing plugin inference into Pinecone\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[(Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_349', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Consumption-based emissions are national emissions that have been adjusted for trade. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp'}, page_content='Change in CO2 emissions and GDP'),\n",
       "  0.668701708),\n",
       " (Document(metadata={'category': 'Climate Change', 'doc_id': 'owid_766', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': \"This is shown as a country or region's share of the global mean surface temperature change as a result of its cumulative emissions of three gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.\", 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change'}, page_content='Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature'),\n",
       "  0.660993457),\n",
       " (Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_386', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': \"This is shown as a country or region's share of the global mean surface temperature change as a result of its cumulative emissions of three gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.\", 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change'}, page_content='Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature'),\n",
       "  0.660993457),\n",
       " (Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_331', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-fossil-plus-land-use?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023)', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-fossil-plus-land-use'}, page_content='CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change'),\n",
       "  0.643842101),\n",
       " (Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_330', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023)', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land'}, page_content='CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change'),\n",
       "  0.643842101)]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# optional filters\n",
    "sources_owid = [\"OWID\"]\n",
    "filters = {}\n",
    "filters[\"source\"] = {\"$in\": sources_owid}\n",
    "\n",
    "# vectorestore_graphs\n",
    "vectorstore_graphs = get_pinecone_vectorstore(embeddings_function, index_name = os.getenv(\"PINECONE_API_INDEX_OWID\"), text_key=\"title\")\n",
    "owid_graphs = vectorstore_graphs.search(query = question, search_type=\"similarity\")\n",
    "owid_graphs = vectorstore_graphs.similarity_search_with_score(query = question, filter=filters, k=5)\n",
    "owid_graphs"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "# # Search the document store using the retriever\n",
    "# retriever = GraphRetriever(\n",
    "#     vectorstore = vectorstore,\n",
    "#     sources = sources,\n",
    "#     k_total = k_before_reranking,\n",
    "#     threshold = 0.5,\n",
    "#     )\n",
    "# docs_question = retriever.get_relevant_documents(question)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Reranker"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "Loading FlashRankRanker model ms-marco-TinyBERT-L-2-v2\n",
      "Loading model FlashRank model ms-marco-TinyBERT-L-2-v2...\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 1152.0, 'num_tokens': 223.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 285.0, 'num_words': 214.0, 'page_number': 2516.0, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '(a) Low-lying coastal systems', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'Chapters and Cross-Chapter Papers ', 'toc_level1': 'Chapter 16  Key Risks across Sectors and Regions', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf', 'reranking_score': 0.9995266199111938, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}, page_content=\"'Impact of climate change' is defined as the difference between the observed state of the system and the state of \\r\\nthe system assuming the same observed levels of non-climate-related drivers but no climate change. For example, \\r\\nwe can compare the level of crop yields, damage induced by a river flood, and coral bleaching with differences \\r\\nin fertilizer input, land use patterns or settlement structures, without climate change and with climate change \\r\\noccurring.\\nWhile this definition is quite clear, there certainly is the problem that, in real life, we do not have a 'no climate \\r\\nchange world' to compare with. We use model simulations where the influence of climate change can be eliminated \\r\\nto estimate what might have happened without climate change. In a situation where the influence of other \\r\\nnon-climate-related drivers is known to be minor (e.g., in very remote locations), the non-climate-change situation \\r\\ncan also be approximated by observation from an early period where climate change was still minor. Often, a \\r\\ncombination of different approaches increases our confidence in the quantification of the impact of climate change.\"),\n",
       " Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document2', 'document_number': 2.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2409.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of the WGI to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 1010.0, 'num_tokens': 218.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 222.0, 'num_words': 167.0, 'page_number': 877.0, 'release_date': 2021.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '6.5 Implications of Changing Climate on AQ', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGI FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '6: Short-lived Climate Forcers', 'toc_level1': '6.5 Implications of Changing Climate on AQ', 'toc_level2': '6.5.1 Effect of Climate Change on Surface Ozone', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg1/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf', 'reranking_score': 0.9976709485054016, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}, page_content='Air pollutants can be impacted by climate change through physical \\r\\nchanges affecting meterorological conditions, chemical changes \\r\\naffecting their lifetimes, and biological changes affecting their natural \\r\\nemissions (Kirtman et al., 2013). Changes in meteorology affect air \\r\\nquality directly through modifications of atmospheric transport \\r\\npatterns (e.g.,  occurrence and length of atmospheric blocking \\r\\nepisodes, ventilation of the polluted boundary layer), extent of mixing \\r\\nlayer and stratosphere-troposphere exchange (STE) for surface ozone \\r\\n(von Schneidemesser et al., 2015), and through modifications of the \\r\\nrate of reactions that generate secondary species in the atmosphere. \\r\\nChanging precipitation patterns in a  future climate also influence \\r\\nthe wet removal efficiency, in particular for atmospheric aerosols \\r\\n(Hou  et al., 2018). Processes at play in non-CO2 biogeochemical \\r\\nfeedbacks (Section  6.4.5) are also involved in the perturbation of \\r\\natmospheric pollutants (Section 6.2.2).'),\n",
       " Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document33', 'document_number': 33.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 894.0, 'name': 'Full Report. Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Europe and Central Asia', 'num_characters': 918.0, 'num_tokens': 233.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 230.0, 'num_words': 173.0, 'page_number': 529.0, 'release_date': 2018.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '4.7 DRIVERS AND \\r\\nEFFECTS OF CLIMATE \\r\\nCHANGE ', 'short_name': 'IPBES RAR ECA FR', 'source': 'IPBES', 'toc_level0': \"CHAPTER 4: DIRECT AND INDIRECT DRIVERS OF CHANGE IN BIODIVERSITY AND NATURE'S CONTRIBUTIONS PEOPLE\", 'toc_level1': '4.7 Drivers and effects of climate change ', 'toc_level2': '4.7.1 Effects of climate change on biodiversity', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://zenodo.org/record/3237429/files/ipbes_assessment_report_eca_EN.pdf', 'reranking_score': 0.9971858859062195, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}, page_content=\"4.7 DRIVERS AND \\r\\nEFFECTS OF CLIMATE \\r\\nCHANGE \\n4.7.1 Effects of climate change on \\r\\nbiodiversity\\n4.7.1 Effects of climate change on \\r\\nbiodiversity\\n <Section-header> 4.7.1 Effects of climate change on \\r\\nbiodiversity </Section-header> \\n\\nand modulate important ecosystem functions and \\r\\nprocesses that underpin human livelihoods and nature's \\r\\ncontributions to people, such as water regulation, food \\r\\nproduction, and carbon sequestration (CBD, 2016; \\r\\nGallardo et al., 2015; IPBES, 2016a; IPCC, 2014a; \\r\\nMEA, 2005a).\\nClimate change is a complex driver of ecosystem change, \\r\\nconsisting of changes in precipitation and temperature \\r\\npatterns which lead to changes in drought, flood, and fire \\r\\nrisk, ocean-atmosphere interchange, marine circulation \\r\\nand stratification, and the concentrations and distribution \\r\\nof O2 and CO2 in the atmosphere and in the ocean (IPCC, \\r\\n2014a). These impacts affect species and influence\"),\n",
       " Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document31', 'document_number': 31.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 616.0, 'name': 'Full Report. Regional Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services for Asia and the Pacific', 'num_characters': 928.0, 'num_tokens': 186.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 209.0, 'num_words': 157.0, 'page_number': 586.0, 'release_date': 2018.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': 'Climate change', 'short_name': 'IPBES RAR AP FR', 'source': 'IPBES', 'toc_level0': 'ANNEXES', 'toc_level1': 'Annex I: Glossary', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://zenodo.org/record/3237374/files/ipbes_assessment_report_ap_EN.pdf', 'reranking_score': 0.9812125563621521, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}, page_content='Climate change\\nClimate change is a change in the statistical \\r\\ndistribution of weather patterns when that \\r\\nchange lasts for an extended period of time \\r\\n(i.e., decades to millions of years). Climate \\r\\nchange may refer to a change in average \\r\\nweather conditions, or in the time variation \\r\\nof weather within the context of longer\\x02term average conditions. Climate change is \\r\\ncaused by factors such as biotic processes, \\r\\nvariations in solar radiation received by Earth, \\r\\nplate tectonics, and volcanic eruptions. \\r\\nCertain human activities have been identified \\r\\nas primary causes of ongoing climate \\r\\nchange, often referred to as global warming.\\n <Section-header> Climate change </Section-header> \\n\\nClimate Smart Agriculture (CSA)\\r\\nAgriculture that sustainably increases \\r\\nproductivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/\\r\\nremoves GHGs (mitigation), and enhances \\r\\nachievement of national food security and \\r\\ndevelopment goals.')]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 16,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from climateqa.engine.reranker import get_reranker\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.reranker import rerank_docs\n",
    "\n",
    "reranker = get_reranker(\"nano\")\n",
    "reranked_docs_question = rerank_docs(reranker,docs_question,question)\n",
    "reranked_docs_question"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Graph"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Translate query ----\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
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      "text/plain": [
       "<IPython.core.display.Image object>"
      ]
     },
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "display_data"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "from climateqa.engine.graph import make_graph_agent, display_graph\n",
    "\n",
    "app = make_graph_agent(llm=llm, vectorstore_ipcc=vectorstore_ipcc, vectorstore_graphs=vectorstore_graphs, reranker=reranker)\n",
    "display_graph(app)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "from climateqa.engine.graph import search \n",
    "\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.intent_categorization import make_intent_categorization_node\n",
    "\n",
    "\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.answer_chitchat import make_chitchat_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.answer_ai_impact import make_ai_impact_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.query_transformation import make_query_transform_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.translation import make_translation_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.retrieve_documents import make_retriever_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.answer_rag import make_rag_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.graph_retriever import make_graph_retriever_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.chitchat_categorization import make_chitchat_intent_categorization_node\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.chains.prompts import audience_prompts\n",
    "from climateqa.engine.graph import route_intent\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 150,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "inial_state = {\"user_input\": \"What is the impact of climate change on the environment?\", \"audience\" : audience_prompts[\"general\"],\"sources_input\":[\"IPCC\"]}\n",
    "state=inial_state.copy()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 151,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Categorize_message ----\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Output intent categorization: {'intent': 'search'}\n",
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'user_input': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?',\n",
       " 'audience': 'the general public who know the basics in science and climate change and want to learn more about it without technical terms. Still use references to passages.',\n",
       " 'sources_input': ['IPCC'],\n",
       " 'intent': 'search',\n",
       " 'language': 'English',\n",
       " 'query': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 151,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "cat_node = make_intent_categorization_node(llm)\n",
    "state.update(cat_node(inial_state))\n",
    "state"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 152,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'user_input': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?',\n",
       " 'audience': 'the general public who know the basics in science and climate change and want to learn more about it without technical terms. Still use references to passages.',\n",
       " 'sources_input': ['IPCC'],\n",
       " 'intent': 'search',\n",
       " 'language': 'English',\n",
       " 'query': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 152,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "state.update(search(state))\n",
    "state"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Translate query ----\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'query': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?'}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 165,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "intent = route_intent(state)\n",
    "\n",
    "if route_intent(state) == \"translate_query\":\n",
    "    make_translation_node(llm)(state)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 154,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Transform query ----"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n",
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n",
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'user_input': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?',\n",
       " 'audience': 'the general public who know the basics in science and climate change and want to learn more about it without technical terms. Still use references to passages.',\n",
       " 'sources_input': ['IPCC'],\n",
       " 'intent': 'search',\n",
       " 'language': 'English',\n",
       " 'query': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?',\n",
       " 'remaining_questions': [{'question': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?',\n",
       "   'sources': ['IPCC'],\n",
       "   'index': 'Vector'},\n",
       "  {'question': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?',\n",
       "   'sources': ['IPCC'],\n",
       "   'index': 'Vector'}],\n",
       " 'n_questions': 2}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 154,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "state.update(make_query_transform_node(llm)(state))\n",
    "state"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 155,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Retrieving graphs ----\n",
      "Subquestion 0: What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?\n",
      "8 graphs retrieved for subquestion 1: [Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_386', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': \"This is shown as a country or region's share of the global mean surface temperature change as a result of its cumulative emissions of three gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.\", 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change', 'similarity_score': 0.649586797, 'content': 'Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature', 'reranking_score': 0.004589226096868515, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_349', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Consumption-based emissions are national emissions that have been adjusted for trade. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp', 'similarity_score': 0.623827338, 'content': 'Change in CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.002260460052639246, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in CO2 emissions and GDP'), Document(metadata={'category': 'Forests & Deforestation', 'doc_id': 'owid_1358', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Net change in forest area measures forest expansion (either through afforestation or natural expansion) minus deforestation', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area', 'similarity_score': 0.612325966, 'content': 'Annual change in forest area', 'reranking_score': 0.001020866329781711, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Annual change in forest area'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_351', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term', 'similarity_score': 0.611927152, 'content': 'Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.0006646059919148684, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_330', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023)', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land', 'similarity_score': 0.602846205, 'content': 'CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change', 'reranking_score': 0.00017391949950251728, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_372', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-land-use?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-land-use', 'similarity_score': 0.59720397, 'content': 'Cumulative CO2 emissions from land-use change', 'reranking_score': 4.376090510049835e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Cumulative CO2 emissions from land-use change'), Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_199', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The number of species at risk of losing greater than 25% of their habitat as a result of agricultural expansion under business-as-usual projections to 2050. This is shown for countries with more than 25 species at risk.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species', 'similarity_score': 0.59466666, 'content': 'Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050', 'reranking_score': 2.851418685168028e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_375', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-including-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Emissions include those from fossil fuels and industry, and land-use change. They are measured as the cumulative total since 1850, in tonnes.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-including-land', 'similarity_score': 0.593179703, 'content': 'Cumulative CO2 emissions including land-use change', 'reranking_score': 2.8351740184007213e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Cumulative CO2 emissions including land-use change')]\n",
      "Subquestion 1: How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?\n",
      "7 graphs retrieved for subquestion 2: [Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_199', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The number of species at risk of losing greater than 25% of their habitat as a result of agricultural expansion under business-as-usual projections to 2050. This is shown for countries with more than 25 species at risk.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species', 'similarity_score': 0.638248205, 'content': 'Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050', 'reranking_score': 0.00037698738742619753, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050'), Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_192', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bird-populations-eu?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The bird population index is measured relative to population size in the year 2000 (i.e. the value in 2000 = 100).', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bird-populations-eu', 'similarity_score': 0.637129366, 'content': 'Change in bird populations in the EU', 'reranking_score': 0.0002982213336508721, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in bird populations in the EU'), Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_235', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projected-habitat-loss-extent-bau?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The projected number of mammal, bird and amphibian species losing a certain extent of habitat by 2050 as a result of cropland expansion globally under a business-as-usual-scenario.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projected-habitat-loss-extent-bau', 'similarity_score': 0.629549921, 'content': 'Number of animal species losing habitat due to cropland expansion by 2050', 'reranking_score': 0.00019150562002323568, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Number of animal species losing habitat due to cropland expansion by 2050'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_386', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': \"This is shown as a country or region's share of the global mean surface temperature change as a result of its cumulative emissions of three gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.\", 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change', 'similarity_score': 0.626872361, 'content': 'Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature', 'reranking_score': 0.0001559457741677761, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_349', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Consumption-based emissions are national emissions that have been adjusted for trade. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp', 'similarity_score': 0.605995178, 'content': 'Change in CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.00015302258543670177, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in CO2 emissions and GDP'), Document(metadata={'category': 'Forests & Deforestation', 'doc_id': 'owid_1358', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Net change in forest area measures forest expansion (either through afforestation or natural expansion) minus deforestation', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area', 'similarity_score': 0.605800509, 'content': 'Annual change in forest area', 'reranking_score': 0.00011613907554419711, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Annual change in forest area'), Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_351', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term', 'similarity_score': 0.59752804, 'content': 'Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.00010721882426878437, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP')]\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{'user_input': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?',\n",
       " 'audience': 'the general public who know the basics in science and climate change and want to learn more about it without technical terms. Still use references to passages.',\n",
       " 'sources_input': ['IPCC'],\n",
       " 'intent': 'search',\n",
       " 'language': 'English',\n",
       " 'query': 'What is the impact of climate change on the environment?',\n",
       " 'remaining_questions': [{'question': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?',\n",
       "   'sources': ['IPCC'],\n",
       "   'index': 'Vector'},\n",
       "  {'question': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?',\n",
       "   'sources': ['IPCC'],\n",
       "   'index': 'Vector'}],\n",
       " 'n_questions': 2,\n",
       " 'recommended_content': [Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_386', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': \"This is shown as a country or region's share of the global mean surface temperature change as a result of its cumulative emissions of three gases – carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide.\", 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/contributions-global-temp-change', 'similarity_score': 0.649586797, 'content': 'Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature', 'reranking_score': 0.004589226096868515, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Global warming: Contributions to the change in global mean surface temperature'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_349', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Consumption-based emissions are national emissions that have been adjusted for trade. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp', 'similarity_score': 0.623827338, 'content': 'Change in CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.002260460052639246, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in CO2 emissions and GDP'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Forests & Deforestation', 'doc_id': 'owid_1358', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Net change in forest area measures forest expansion (either through afforestation or natural expansion) minus deforestation', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area', 'similarity_score': 0.612325966, 'content': 'Annual change in forest area', 'reranking_score': 0.001020866329781711, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Annual change in forest area'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_351', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term', 'similarity_score': 0.611927152, 'content': 'Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.0006646059919148684, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_199', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The number of species at risk of losing greater than 25% of their habitat as a result of agricultural expansion under business-as-usual projections to 2050. This is shown for countries with more than 25 species at risk.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species', 'similarity_score': 0.638248205, 'content': 'Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050', 'reranking_score': 0.00037698738742619753, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_192', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bird-populations-eu?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The bird population index is measured relative to population size in the year 2000 (i.e. the value in 2000 = 100).', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bird-populations-eu', 'similarity_score': 0.637129366, 'content': 'Change in bird populations in the EU', 'reranking_score': 0.0002982213336508721, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in bird populations in the EU'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_235', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projected-habitat-loss-extent-bau?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The projected number of mammal, bird and amphibian species losing a certain extent of habitat by 2050 as a result of cropland expansion globally under a business-as-usual-scenario.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projected-habitat-loss-extent-bau', 'similarity_score': 0.629549921, 'content': 'Number of animal species losing habitat due to cropland expansion by 2050', 'reranking_score': 0.00019150562002323568, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Number of animal species losing habitat due to cropland expansion by 2050'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_330', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023)', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land', 'similarity_score': 0.602846205, 'content': 'CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change', 'reranking_score': 0.00017391949950251728, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_372', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-land-use?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-land-use', 'similarity_score': 0.59720397, 'content': 'Cumulative CO2 emissions from land-use change', 'reranking_score': 4.376090510049835e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Cumulative CO2 emissions from land-use change'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_375', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-including-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Emissions include those from fossil fuels and industry, and land-use change. They are measured as the cumulative total since 1850, in tonnes.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-including-land', 'similarity_score': 0.593179703, 'content': 'Cumulative CO2 emissions including land-use change', 'reranking_score': 2.8351740184007213e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Cumulative CO2 emissions including land-use change')]}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 155,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "state.update(make_graph_retriever_node(vectorstore_graphs, reranker)(state))\n",
    "state"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 156,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "RunnableLambda(afunc=lambda x: x.metadata['reranking_score'])"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 156,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "retriever_node = make_retriever_node(vectorstore_ipcc, reranker, llm)\n",
    "retriever_node"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 157,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Retrieve documents ----\n",
      "{'documents': [Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document13', 'document_number': 13.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate', 'num_characters': 442.0, 'num_tokens': 113.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 133.0, 'num_words': 100.0, 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Observed Impacts on Ecosystems', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR OC SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/01_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.768190384, 'content': 'A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}', 'reranking_score': 0.9998337030410767, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. 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Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change\\nIncreases in global mean surface temperature (GMST), relative to pre-industrial levels, aect processes involved in desertification (water  scarcity), land degradation (soil erosion, vegetation loss, wildfire, permafrost thaw) and food security (crop yield and food supply  instabilities). Changes in these processes drive risks to food systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, the value of land, and human and  ecosystem health. Changes in one process (e.g. wildfire or water scarcity) may result in compound risks. Risks are location-specific and  dier by region.\\n <Section-header> A. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change </Section-header>', 'reranking_score': 0.9997828602790833, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Summary for Policymakers\\nA. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change\\nIncreases in global mean surface temperature (GMST), relative to pre-industrial levels, aect processes involved in desertification (water  scarcity), land degradation (soil erosion, vegetation loss, wildfire, permafrost thaw) and food security (crop yield and food supply  instabilities). Changes in these processes drive risks to food systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, the value of land, and human and  ecosystem health. Changes in one process (e.g. wildfire or water scarcity) may result in compound risks. Risks are location-specific and  dier by region.\\n <Section-header> A. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change </Section-header>'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document10', 'document_number': 10.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Synthesis report of the IPCC Sixth Assesment Report AR6', 'num_characters': 1030.0, 'num_tokens': 220.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 265.0, 'num_words': 199.0, 'page_number': 11, 'release_date': 2023.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Observed Changes and Impacts', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 SYR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.728410065, 'content': 'A.2.3 Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible losses, in terrestrial, freshwater,  cryospheric, and coastal and open ocean ecosystems (high confidence). Hundreds of local losses of species have been  driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes (high confidence) with mass mortality events recorded on  land and in the ocean (very high confidence). Impacts on some ecosystems are approaching irreversibility such as  the impacts of hydrological changes resulting from the retreat of glaciers, or the changes in some mountain (medium  confidence) and Arctic ecosystems driven by permafrost thaw (high confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1)\\n10 GHG emission levels are rounded to two significant digits; as a consequence, small differences in sums due to rounding may occur. {2.1.1}\\n11 Territorial emissions.\\n12 Acute food insecurity can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes, context or duration, as a result', 'reranking_score': 0.9997828602790833, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.2.3 Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible losses, in terrestrial, freshwater,  cryospheric, and coastal and open ocean ecosystems (high confidence). Hundreds of local losses of species have been  driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes (high confidence) with mass mortality events recorded on  land and in the ocean (very high confidence). Impacts on some ecosystems are approaching irreversibility such as  the impacts of hydrological changes resulting from the retreat of glaciers, or the changes in some mountain (medium  confidence) and Arctic ecosystems driven by permafrost thaw (high confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1)\\n10 GHG emission levels are rounded to two significant digits; as a consequence, small differences in sums due to rounding may occur. {2.1.1}\\n11 Territorial emissions.\\n12 Acute food insecurity can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes, context or duration, as a result'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document13', 'document_number': 13.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. 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As part of the assessment, literature was  compiled and data extracted into a summary table. A multi-round expert elicitation process was undertaken with independent evaluation of threshold  judgement, and a final consensus discussion. Further information on methods and underlying literature can be found in Chapter 5, Sections 5.2  and 5.3 and Supplementary Material. {3.2.3, 3.2.4, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2.5, 5.3.7, SM5.6, SM5.8, Figure 5.16, Cross Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1 Table CCB1} \\n <Section-header> Summary for Policymakers </Section-header>', 'reranking_score': 0.999757707118988, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='biological, biogeochemical, geomorphological and physical aspects. Higher risks associated with compound effects of climate hazards include  habitat and biodiversity loss, changes in species composition and distribution ranges, and impacts/risks on ecosystem structure and functioning,  including changes in animal/plant biomass and density, productivity, carbon fluxes, and sediment transport. As part of the assessment, literature was  compiled and data extracted into a summary table. A multi-round expert elicitation process was undertaken with independent evaluation of threshold  judgement, and a final consensus discussion. Further information on methods and underlying literature can be found in Chapter 5, Sections 5.2  and 5.3 and Supplementary Material. {3.2.3, 3.2.4, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2.5, 5.3.7, SM5.6, SM5.8, Figure 5.16, Cross Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1 Table CCB1} \\n <Section-header> Summary for Policymakers </Section-header>'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document9', 'document_number': 9.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2258.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of the WGIII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 547.0, 'num_tokens': 104.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 116.0, 'num_words': 87.0, 'page_number': 839, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '7.6.4.3 Ecological Barriers and Opportunities', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGIII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '7.6 Assessment of Economic, Social and\\xa0Policy Responses', 'toc_level1': 'Box\\xa07.12 | Financing AFOLU Mitigation; What Are the Costs and Who Pays?', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.789457798, 'content': 'The effects of climate change on ecosystems, including changes in  crop yields, shifts in terrestrial ecosystem productivity, vegetation  migration, wildfires, and other disturbances also will affect the  potential for AFOLU mitigation. Climate is expected to reduce crop  yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on  undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and  increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation  techniques (medium confidence) (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 5).', 'reranking_score': 0.999757707118988, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='The effects of climate change on ecosystems, including changes in  crop yields, shifts in terrestrial ecosystem productivity, vegetation  migration, wildfires, and other disturbances also will affect the  potential for AFOLU mitigation. Climate is expected to reduce crop  yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on  undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and  increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation  techniques (medium confidence) (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 5).'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document5', 'document_number': 5.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 84.0, 'name': 'Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. 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Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).', 'reranking_score': 0.9997003078460693, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. 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Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).', 'reranking_score': 0.9996869564056396, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. 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      "---- Retrieve documents ----\n",
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Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. 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Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change\\nIncreases in global mean surface temperature (GMST), relative to pre-industrial levels, aect processes involved in desertification (water  scarcity), land degradation (soil erosion, vegetation loss, wildfire, permafrost thaw) and food security (crop yield and food supply  instabilities). Changes in these processes drive risks to food systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, the value of land, and human and  ecosystem health. Changes in one process (e.g. wildfire or water scarcity) may result in compound risks. Risks are location-specific and  dier by region.\\n <Section-header> A. 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Hundreds of local losses of species have been  driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes (high confidence) with mass mortality events recorded on  land and in the ocean (very high confidence). 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Higher risks associated with compound effects of climate hazards include  habitat and biodiversity loss, changes in species composition and distribution ranges, and impacts/risks on ecosystem structure and functioning,  including changes in animal/plant biomass and density, productivity, carbon fluxes, and sediment transport. As part of the assessment, literature was  compiled and data extracted into a summary table. A multi-round expert elicitation process was undertaken with independent evaluation of threshold  judgement, and a final consensus discussion. Further information on methods and underlying literature can be found in Chapter 5, Sections 5.2  and 5.3 and Supplementary Material. {3.2.3, 3.2.4, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2.5, 5.3.7, SM5.6, SM5.8, Figure 5.16, Cross Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1 Table CCB1} \\n <Section-header> Summary for Policymakers </Section-header>'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document9', 'document_number': 9.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2258.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of the WGIII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 547.0, 'num_tokens': 104.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 116.0, 'num_words': 87.0, 'page_number': 839, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '7.6.4.3 Ecological Barriers and Opportunities', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGIII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '7.6 Assessment of Economic, Social and\\xa0Policy Responses', 'toc_level1': 'Box\\xa07.12 | Financing AFOLU Mitigation; What Are the Costs and Who Pays?', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.789457798, 'content': 'The effects of climate change on ecosystems, including changes in  crop yields, shifts in terrestrial ecosystem productivity, vegetation  migration, wildfires, and other disturbances also will affect the  potential for AFOLU mitigation. Climate is expected to reduce crop  yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on  undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and  increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation  techniques (medium confidence) (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 5).', 'reranking_score': 0.999757707118988, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='The effects of climate change on ecosystems, including changes in  crop yields, shifts in terrestrial ecosystem productivity, vegetation  migration, wildfires, and other disturbances also will affect the  potential for AFOLU mitigation. Climate is expected to reduce crop  yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on  undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and  increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation  techniques (medium confidence) (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 5).'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems', 'num_characters': 899.0, 'num_tokens': 228.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 272.0, 'num_words': 204.0, 'page_number': 10, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR CCL SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2022/11/SRCCL_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.724869668, 'content': 'Summary for Policymakers\\nA.2.6 Global warming has led to shifts of climate zones in many world regions, including expansion of arid climate zones and  contraction of polar climate zones (high confidence). As a consequence, many plant and animal species have experienced  changes in their ranges, abundances, and shifts in their seasonal activities (high confidence). {2.2, 3.2.2, 4.4.1}\\nA.2.7 Climate change can exacerbate land degradation processes (high confidence) including through increases in rainfall intensity,  flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, dry spells, wind, sea-level rise and wave action, and permafrost thaw  with outcomes being modulated by land management. Ongoing coastal erosion is intensifying and impinging on more regions  with sea-level rise adding to land use pressure in some regions (medium confidence). {4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.9.6,', 'reranking_score': 0.9997363686561584, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Summary for Policymakers\\nA.2.6 Global warming has led to shifts of climate zones in many world regions, including expansion of arid climate zones and  contraction of polar climate zones (high confidence). As a consequence, many plant and animal species have experienced  changes in their ranges, abundances, and shifts in their seasonal activities (high confidence). {2.2, 3.2.2, 4.4.1}\\nA.2.7 Climate change can exacerbate land degradation processes (high confidence) including through increases in rainfall intensity,  flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, dry spells, wind, sea-level rise and wave action, and permafrost thaw  with outcomes being modulated by land management. Ongoing coastal erosion is intensifying and impinging on more regions  with sea-level rise adding to land use pressure in some regions (medium confidence). {4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.9.6,'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems', 'num_characters': 633.0, 'num_tokens': 170.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 194.0, 'num_words': 146.0, 'page_number': 17, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR CCL SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2022/11/SRCCL_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.720580459, 'content': 'A.5 Climate change creates additional stresses on land, exacerbating existing risks to livelihoods,  biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems (high confidence).  Increasing impacts on land are projected under all future GHG emission scenarios (high confidence).  Some regions will face higher risks, while some regions will face risks previously not anticipated (high  confidence). Cascading risks with impacts on multiple systems and sectors also vary across regions  (high confidence). (Figure SPM.2) {2.2, 3.5, 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, Cross-Chapter Box 9  in Chapter 6}', 'reranking_score': 0.9997039437294006, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.5 Climate change creates additional stresses on land, exacerbating existing risks to livelihoods,  biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems (high confidence).  Increasing impacts on land are projected under all future GHG emission scenarios (high confidence).  Some regions will face higher risks, while some regions will face risks previously not anticipated (high  confidence). Cascading risks with impacts on multiple systems and sectors also vary across regions  (high confidence). (Figure SPM.2) {2.2, 3.5, 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, Cross-Chapter Box 9  in Chapter 6}'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document5', 'document_number': 5.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 84.0, 'name': 'Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 444.0, 'num_tokens': 88.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 106.0, 'num_words': 80.0, 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'TS', 'section_header': '(b) Observed impacts of climate change on human systems', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII TS', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'TS.B Observed Impacts', 'toc_level1': 'Ecosystems and biodiversity', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_TechnicalSummary.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.785278857, 'content': '(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).', 'reranking_score': 0.9997003078460693, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 444.0, 'num_tokens': 88.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 106.0, 'num_words': 80.0, 'page_number': 59, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '(b) Observed impacts of climate change on human systems', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'Technical Summary ', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.785278857, 'content': '(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).', 'reranking_score': 0.9996869564056396, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document13', 'document_number': 13.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate', 'num_characters': 442.0, 'num_tokens': 113.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 133.0, 'num_words': 100.0, 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Observed Impacts on Ecosystems', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR OC SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/01_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.714953661, 'content': 'A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}', 'reranking_score': 0.9996391534805298, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document4', 'document_number': 4.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 34.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 1209.0, 'num_tokens': 218.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 262.0, 'num_words': 197.0, 'page_number': 24, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'C: Adaptation Measures and Enabling Conditions', 'toc_level1': 'Future Adaptation Options and their Feasibility', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.714823604, 'content': \"C.2.4 Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management  to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change, reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change (high confidence). The  resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded  areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors (high confidence). To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly  need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure,  community composition and species' distributions, especially as 1.5degC global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded  (high confidence). Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically  appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity  between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally (medium confidence). {2.3, 2,6,\", 'reranking_score': 0.9995535016059875, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content=\"C.2.4 Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management  to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change, reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change (high confidence). The  resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded  areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors (high confidence). To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly  need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure,  community composition and species' distributions, especially as 1.5degC global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded  (high confidence). Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically  appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity  between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally (medium confidence). {2.3, 2,6,\"), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'image', 'document_id': 'document10', 'document_number': 10.0, 'element_id': 'Picture_0_12', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 109.03125, 'image_path': '/dbfs/mnt/ai4sclqa/raw/climateqa/documents/document10/images/Picture_0_12.png', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Synthesis report of the IPCC Sixth Assesment Report AR6', 'num_characters': 'N/A', 'num_tokens': 'N/A', 'num_tokens_approx': 'N/A', 'num_words': 'N/A', 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2023.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'N/A', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 SYR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.709608436, 'content': 'Summary: This image provides a visual summary of the impacts of climate change on various aspects such as health, well-being, agriculture, water availability, and ecosystems. It shows the relationships between physical climate conditions altered by human influence and the consequential effects on food production, human health, and biodiversity. The visual icons depict specific areas affected by climate change, including crop production, animal and livestock health, fisheries, infectious diseases, mental health, and displacement due to extreme weather events. Additionally, it addresses the impacts on cities, settlements, and infrastructure, illustrating issues like inland flooding, storm-induced coastal damage, and damage to key economic sectors. For biodiversity, it highlights the changes occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems. These elements are critical for understanding targeted areas for climate resilience and adaptation strategies.', 'reranking_score': 0.999546229839325, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Summary: This image provides a visual summary of the impacts of climate change on various aspects such as health, well-being, agriculture, water availability, and ecosystems. It shows the relationships between physical climate conditions altered by human influence and the consequential effects on food production, human health, and biodiversity. The visual icons depict specific areas affected by climate change, including crop production, animal and livestock health, fisheries, infectious diseases, mental health, and displacement due to extreme weather events. Additionally, it addresses the impacts on cities, settlements, and infrastructure, illustrating issues like inland flooding, storm-induced coastal damage, and damage to key economic sectors. For biodiversity, it highlights the changes occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems. These elements are critical for understanding targeted areas for climate resilience and adaptation strategies.'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 506.0, 'num_tokens': 96.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 116.0, 'num_words': 87.0, 'page_number': 1951, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '14.2.2 Projected Changes in North American Climate', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'Chapters and Cross-Chapter Papers ', 'toc_level1': 'Chapter 14  North America', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.814534, 'content': 'Biodiversity is affected by climate change in this way too. For example, numerous bird populations across North  America are estimated to have declined by up to 30% over the past half-century. Multiple human-related factors,  including habitat loss and agricultural intensification, contribute to these declines, with climate change as an added  stressor. Increasingly extreme events, such as severe storms and wildfires, can decimate local populations of birds,  adding to existing ecological threats.', 'reranking_score': 0.9995321035385132, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Biodiversity is affected by climate change in this way too. For example, numerous bird populations across North  America are estimated to have declined by up to 30% over the past half-century. Multiple human-related factors,  including habitat loss and agricultural intensification, contribute to these declines, with climate change as an added  stressor. Increasingly extreme events, such as severe storms and wildfires, can decimate local populations of birds,  adding to existing ecological threats.'), Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document2', 'document_number': 2.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2409.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of the WGI to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 299.0, 'num_tokens': 63.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 68.0, 'num_words': 51.0, 'page_number': 178, 'release_date': 2021.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '1.2.1.2 Long-Term Perspectives on \\r\\nAnthropogenic Climate Change', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGI FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '1: Framing, Context, and Methods', 'toc_level1': '1.2 Where We Are Now', 'toc_level2': '1.2.2 The Policy and Governance Context', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg1/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.782265961, 'content': \"Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019), climate change is  a 'direct driver that is increasingly exacerbating the impact of other  drivers on nature and human well-being', and 'the adverse impacts  of climate change on biodiversity are projected to increase with  increasing warming.'\", 'reranking_score': 0.9995050430297852, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content=\"Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019), climate change is  a 'direct driver that is increasingly exacerbating the impact of other  drivers on nature and human well-being', and 'the adverse impacts  of climate change on biodiversity are projected to increase with  increasing warming.'\")], 'remaining_questions': []}\n"
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       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_349', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Consumption-based emissions are national emissions that have been adjusted for trade. This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp', 'similarity_score': 0.623827338, 'content': 'Change in CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.002260460052639246, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in CO2 emissions and GDP'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Forests & Deforestation', 'doc_id': 'owid_1358', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Net change in forest area measures forest expansion (either through afforestation or natural expansion) minus deforestation', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/annual-change-forest-area', 'similarity_score': 0.612325966, 'content': 'Annual change in forest area', 'reranking_score': 0.001020866329781711, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Annual change in forest area'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_351', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'This measures fossil fuel and industry emissions. Land-use change is not included.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-and-gdp-long-term', 'similarity_score': 0.611927152, 'content': 'Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP', 'reranking_score': 0.0006646059919148684, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in per capita CO2 emissions and GDP'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_199', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The number of species at risk of losing greater than 25% of their habitat as a result of agricultural expansion under business-as-usual projections to 2050. This is shown for countries with more than 25 species at risk.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/habitat-loss-25-species', 'similarity_score': 0.638248205, 'content': 'Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050', 'reranking_score': 0.00037698738742619753, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Countries with more than 25 species at risk of losing more than 25% of their habitat by 2050'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_192', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bird-populations-eu?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The bird population index is measured relative to population size in the year 2000 (i.e. the value in 2000 = 100).', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/bird-populations-eu', 'similarity_score': 0.637129366, 'content': 'Change in bird populations in the EU', 'reranking_score': 0.0002982213336508721, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Change in bird populations in the EU'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'Biodiversity', 'doc_id': 'owid_235', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projected-habitat-loss-extent-bau?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'The projected number of mammal, bird and amphibian species losing a certain extent of habitat by 2050 as a result of cropland expansion globally under a business-as-usual-scenario.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/projected-habitat-loss-extent-bau', 'similarity_score': 0.629549921, 'content': 'Number of animal species losing habitat due to cropland expansion by 2050', 'reranking_score': 0.00019150562002323568, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Number of animal species losing habitat due to cropland expansion by 2050'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_330', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Data source: Global Carbon Budget (2023)', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/co2-emissions-fossil-land', 'similarity_score': 0.602846205, 'content': 'CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change', 'reranking_score': 0.00017391949950251728, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='CO2 emissions from fossil fuels and land-use change'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_372', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-land-use?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Emissions from land-use change can be positive or negative depending on whether these changes emit (positive) or sequester (negative) carbon.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-land-use', 'similarity_score': 0.59720397, 'content': 'Cumulative CO2 emissions from land-use change', 'reranking_score': 4.376090510049835e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Cumulative CO2 emissions from land-use change'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'category': 'CO2 & Greenhouse Gas Emissions', 'doc_id': 'owid_375', 'returned_content': '<iframe src=\"https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-including-land?tab=map\" loading=\"lazy\" style=\"width: 100%; height: 600px; border: 0px none;\" allow=\"web-share; clipboard-write\"></iframe>', 'source': 'OWID', 'subtitle': 'Emissions include those from fossil fuels and industry, and land-use change. They are measured as the cumulative total since 1850, in tonnes.', 'url': 'https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/cumulative-co2-including-land', 'similarity_score': 0.593179703, 'content': 'Cumulative CO2 emissions including land-use change', 'reranking_score': 2.8351740184007213e-05, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IEA', 'OWID']}, page_content='Cumulative CO2 emissions including land-use change')],\n",
       " 'documents': [Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document13', 'document_number': 13.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate', 'num_characters': 442.0, 'num_tokens': 113.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 133.0, 'num_words': 100.0, 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Observed Impacts on Ecosystems', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR OC SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/01_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.768190384, 'content': 'A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}', 'reranking_score': 0.9998337030410767, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems', 'num_characters': 830.0, 'num_tokens': 178.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 210.0, 'num_words': 158.0, 'page_number': 16, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR CCL SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2022/11/SRCCL_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.731245279, 'content': 'Summary for Policymakers\\nA. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change\\nIncreases in global mean surface temperature (GMST), relative to pre-industrial levels, aect processes involved in desertification (water  scarcity), land degradation (soil erosion, vegetation loss, wildfire, permafrost thaw) and food security (crop yield and food supply  instabilities). Changes in these processes drive risks to food systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, the value of land, and human and  ecosystem health. Changes in one process (e.g. wildfire or water scarcity) may result in compound risks. Risks are location-specific and  dier by region.\\n <Section-header> A. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change </Section-header>', 'reranking_score': 0.9997828602790833, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Summary for Policymakers\\nA. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change\\nIncreases in global mean surface temperature (GMST), relative to pre-industrial levels, aect processes involved in desertification (water  scarcity), land degradation (soil erosion, vegetation loss, wildfire, permafrost thaw) and food security (crop yield and food supply  instabilities). Changes in these processes drive risks to food systems, livelihoods, infrastructure, the value of land, and human and  ecosystem health. Changes in one process (e.g. wildfire or water scarcity) may result in compound risks. Risks are location-specific and  dier by region.\\n <Section-header> A. Risks to humans and ecosystems from changes in land-based processes as a result of climate change </Section-header>'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document10', 'document_number': 10.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Synthesis report of the IPCC Sixth Assesment Report AR6', 'num_characters': 1030.0, 'num_tokens': 220.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 265.0, 'num_words': 199.0, 'page_number': 11, 'release_date': 2023.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Observed Changes and Impacts', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 SYR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.728410065, 'content': 'A.2.3 Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible losses, in terrestrial, freshwater,  cryospheric, and coastal and open ocean ecosystems (high confidence). Hundreds of local losses of species have been  driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes (high confidence) with mass mortality events recorded on  land and in the ocean (very high confidence). Impacts on some ecosystems are approaching irreversibility such as  the impacts of hydrological changes resulting from the retreat of glaciers, or the changes in some mountain (medium  confidence) and Arctic ecosystems driven by permafrost thaw (high confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1)\\n10 GHG emission levels are rounded to two significant digits; as a consequence, small differences in sums due to rounding may occur. {2.1.1}\\n11 Territorial emissions.\\n12 Acute food insecurity can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes, context or duration, as a result', 'reranking_score': 0.9997828602790833, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.2.3 Climate change has caused substantial damages, and increasingly irreversible losses, in terrestrial, freshwater,  cryospheric, and coastal and open ocean ecosystems (high confidence). Hundreds of local losses of species have been  driven by increases in the magnitude of heat extremes (high confidence) with mass mortality events recorded on  land and in the ocean (very high confidence). Impacts on some ecosystems are approaching irreversibility such as  the impacts of hydrological changes resulting from the retreat of glaciers, or the changes in some mountain (medium  confidence) and Arctic ecosystems driven by permafrost thaw (high confidence). {2.1.2, Figure 2.3} (Figure SPM.1)\\n10 GHG emission levels are rounded to two significant digits; as a consequence, small differences in sums due to rounding may occur. {2.1.1}\\n11 Territorial emissions.\\n12 Acute food insecurity can occur at any time with a severity that threatens lives, livelihoods or both, regardless of the causes, context or duration, as a result'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document13', 'document_number': 13.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate', 'num_characters': 942.0, 'num_tokens': 226.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 260.0, 'num_words': 195.0, 'page_number': 24, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR OC SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/01_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.728101909, 'content': 'biological, biogeochemical, geomorphological and physical aspects. Higher risks associated with compound effects of climate hazards include  habitat and biodiversity loss, changes in species composition and distribution ranges, and impacts/risks on ecosystem structure and functioning,  including changes in animal/plant biomass and density, productivity, carbon fluxes, and sediment transport. As part of the assessment, literature was  compiled and data extracted into a summary table. A multi-round expert elicitation process was undertaken with independent evaluation of threshold  judgement, and a final consensus discussion. Further information on methods and underlying literature can be found in Chapter 5, Sections 5.2  and 5.3 and Supplementary Material. {3.2.3, 3.2.4, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2.5, 5.3.7, SM5.6, SM5.8, Figure 5.16, Cross Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1 Table CCB1} \\n <Section-header> Summary for Policymakers </Section-header>', 'reranking_score': 0.999757707118988, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='biological, biogeochemical, geomorphological and physical aspects. Higher risks associated with compound effects of climate hazards include  habitat and biodiversity loss, changes in species composition and distribution ranges, and impacts/risks on ecosystem structure and functioning,  including changes in animal/plant biomass and density, productivity, carbon fluxes, and sediment transport. As part of the assessment, literature was  compiled and data extracted into a summary table. A multi-round expert elicitation process was undertaken with independent evaluation of threshold  judgement, and a final consensus discussion. Further information on methods and underlying literature can be found in Chapter 5, Sections 5.2  and 5.3 and Supplementary Material. {3.2.3, 3.2.4, 5.2, 5.3, 5.2.5, 5.3.7, SM5.6, SM5.8, Figure 5.16, Cross Chapter Box 1 in Chapter 1 Table CCB1} \\n <Section-header> Summary for Policymakers </Section-header>'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document9', 'document_number': 9.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2258.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change. Contribution of the WGIII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 547.0, 'num_tokens': 104.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 116.0, 'num_words': 87.0, 'page_number': 839, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '7.6.4.3 Ecological Barriers and Opportunities', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGIII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '7.6 Assessment of Economic, Social and\\xa0Policy Responses', 'toc_level1': 'Box\\xa07.12 | Financing AFOLU Mitigation; What Are the Costs and Who Pays?', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGIII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.789457798, 'content': 'The effects of climate change on ecosystems, including changes in  crop yields, shifts in terrestrial ecosystem productivity, vegetation  migration, wildfires, and other disturbances also will affect the  potential for AFOLU mitigation. Climate is expected to reduce crop  yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on  undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and  increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation  techniques (medium confidence) (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 5).', 'reranking_score': 0.999757707118988, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='The effects of climate change on ecosystems, including changes in  crop yields, shifts in terrestrial ecosystem productivity, vegetation  migration, wildfires, and other disturbances also will affect the  potential for AFOLU mitigation. Climate is expected to reduce crop  yields, increase crop and livestock prices, and increase pressure on  undisturbed forest land for food production creating new barriers and  increasing costs for implementation of many nature-based mitigation  techniques (medium confidence) (IPCC AR6 WGII Chapter 5).'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems', 'num_characters': 899.0, 'num_tokens': 228.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 272.0, 'num_words': 204.0, 'page_number': 10, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR CCL SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2022/11/SRCCL_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.724869668, 'content': 'Summary for Policymakers\\nA.2.6 Global warming has led to shifts of climate zones in many world regions, including expansion of arid climate zones and  contraction of polar climate zones (high confidence). As a consequence, many plant and animal species have experienced  changes in their ranges, abundances, and shifts in their seasonal activities (high confidence). {2.2, 3.2.2, 4.4.1}\\nA.2.7 Climate change can exacerbate land degradation processes (high confidence) including through increases in rainfall intensity,  flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, dry spells, wind, sea-level rise and wave action, and permafrost thaw  with outcomes being modulated by land management. Ongoing coastal erosion is intensifying and impinging on more regions  with sea-level rise adding to land use pressure in some regions (medium confidence). {4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.9.6,', 'reranking_score': 0.9997363686561584, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Summary for Policymakers\\nA.2.6 Global warming has led to shifts of climate zones in many world regions, including expansion of arid climate zones and  contraction of polar climate zones (high confidence). As a consequence, many plant and animal species have experienced  changes in their ranges, abundances, and shifts in their seasonal activities (high confidence). {2.2, 3.2.2, 4.4.1}\\nA.2.7 Climate change can exacerbate land degradation processes (high confidence) including through increases in rainfall intensity,  flooding, drought frequency and severity, heat stress, dry spells, wind, sea-level rise and wave action, and permafrost thaw  with outcomes being modulated by land management. Ongoing coastal erosion is intensifying and impinging on more regions  with sea-level rise adding to land use pressure in some regions (medium confidence). {4.2.1, 4.2.2, 4.2.3, 4.4.1, 4.4.2, 4.9.6,'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document12', 'document_number': 12.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change and Land: an IPCC special report on climate change, desertification, land degradation, sustainable land management, food security, and greenhouse gas fluxes in terrestrial ecosystems', 'num_characters': 633.0, 'num_tokens': 170.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 194.0, 'num_words': 146.0, 'page_number': 17, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR CCL SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/4/2022/11/SRCCL_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.720580459, 'content': 'A.5 Climate change creates additional stresses on land, exacerbating existing risks to livelihoods,  biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems (high confidence).  Increasing impacts on land are projected under all future GHG emission scenarios (high confidence).  Some regions will face higher risks, while some regions will face risks previously not anticipated (high  confidence). Cascading risks with impacts on multiple systems and sectors also vary across regions  (high confidence). (Figure SPM.2) {2.2, 3.5, 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, Cross-Chapter Box 9  in Chapter 6}', 'reranking_score': 0.9997039437294006, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.5 Climate change creates additional stresses on land, exacerbating existing risks to livelihoods,  biodiversity, human and ecosystem health, infrastructure, and food systems (high confidence).  Increasing impacts on land are projected under all future GHG emission scenarios (high confidence).  Some regions will face higher risks, while some regions will face risks previously not anticipated (high  confidence). Cascading risks with impacts on multiple systems and sectors also vary across regions  (high confidence). (Figure SPM.2) {2.2, 3.5, 4.2, 4.4, 4.7, 5.1, 5.2, 5.8, 6.1, 7.2, 7.3, Cross-Chapter Box 9  in Chapter 6}'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document5', 'document_number': 5.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 84.0, 'name': 'Technical Summary. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 444.0, 'num_tokens': 88.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 106.0, 'num_words': 80.0, 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'TS', 'section_header': '(b) Observed impacts of climate change on human systems', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII TS', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'TS.B Observed Impacts', 'toc_level1': 'Ecosystems and biodiversity', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_TechnicalSummary.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.785278857, 'content': '(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).', 'reranking_score': 0.9997003078460693, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 444.0, 'num_tokens': 88.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 106.0, 'num_words': 80.0, 'page_number': 59, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '(b) Observed impacts of climate change on human systems', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'Technical Summary ', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.785278857, 'content': '(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).', 'reranking_score': 0.9996869564056396, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'What are the effects of climate change on ecosystems?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='(a) Climate change has already altered terrestrial, freshwater and ocean ecosystems at global scale, with multiple impacts evident at regional and local scales where there is  sufficient literature to make an assessment. Impacts are evident on ecosystem structure, species geographic ranges and timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) (for methodology  and detailed references to chapters and cross-chapter papers see SMTS.1 and SMTS.1.1).'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document13', 'document_number': 13.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: IPCC Special Report on the Ocean and Cryosphere in a Changing Climate', 'num_characters': 442.0, 'num_tokens': 113.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 133.0, 'num_words': 100.0, 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2019.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Observed Impacts on Ecosystems', 'short_name': 'IPCC SR OC SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/site/assets/uploads/sites/3/2022/03/01_SROCC_SPM_FINAL.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.714953661, 'content': 'A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}', 'reranking_score': 0.9996391534805298, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='A.6 Coastal ecosystems are affected by ocean warming, including intensified marine heatwaves,  acidification, loss of oxygen, salinity intrusion and sea level rise, in combination with adverse  effects from human activities on ocean and land (high confidence). Impacts are already  observed on habitat area and biodiversity, as well as ecosystem functioning and services  (high confidence). {4.3.2, 4.3.3, 5.3, 5.4.1, 6.4.2, Figure SPM.2}'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document4', 'document_number': 4.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 34.0, 'name': 'Summary for Policymakers. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 1209.0, 'num_tokens': 218.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 262.0, 'num_words': 197.0, 'page_number': 24, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'Summary for Policymakers', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII SPM', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'C: Adaptation Measures and Enabling Conditions', 'toc_level1': 'Future Adaptation Options and their Feasibility', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg2/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGII_SummaryForPolicymakers.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.714823604, 'content': \"C.2.4 Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management  to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change, reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change (high confidence). The  resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded  areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors (high confidence). To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly  need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure,  community composition and species' distributions, especially as 1.5degC global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded  (high confidence). Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically  appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity  between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally (medium confidence). {2.3, 2,6,\", 'reranking_score': 0.9995535016059875, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content=\"C.2.4 Conservation, protection and restoration of terrestrial, freshwater, coastal and ocean ecosystems, together with targeted management  to adapt to unavoidable impacts of climate change, reduces the vulnerability of biodiversity to climate change (high confidence). The  resilience of species, biological communities and ecosystem processes increases with size of natural area, by restoration of degraded  areas and by reducing non-climatic stressors (high confidence). To be effective, conservation and restoration actions will increasingly  need to be responsive, as appropriate, to ongoing changes at various scales, and plan for future changes in ecosystem structure,  community composition and species' distributions, especially as 1.5degC global warming is approached and even more so if it is exceeded  (high confidence). Adaptation options, where circumstances allow, include facilitating the movement of species to new ecologically  appropriate locations, particularly through increasing connectivity  between conserved or protected areas, targeted intensive management for vulnerable species and protecting refugial areas where species can survive locally (medium confidence). {2.3, 2,6,\"),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'image', 'document_id': 'document10', 'document_number': 10.0, 'element_id': 'Picture_0_12', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 109.03125, 'image_path': '/dbfs/mnt/ai4sclqa/raw/climateqa/documents/document10/images/Picture_0_12.png', 'n_pages': 36.0, 'name': 'Synthesis report of the IPCC Sixth Assesment Report AR6', 'num_characters': 'N/A', 'num_tokens': 'N/A', 'num_tokens_approx': 'N/A', 'num_words': 'N/A', 'page_number': 13, 'release_date': 2023.0, 'report_type': 'SPM', 'section_header': 'N/A', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 SYR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'N/A', 'toc_level1': 'N/A', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/syr/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_SYR_SPM.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.709608436, 'content': 'Summary: This image provides a visual summary of the impacts of climate change on various aspects such as health, well-being, agriculture, water availability, and ecosystems. It shows the relationships between physical climate conditions altered by human influence and the consequential effects on food production, human health, and biodiversity. The visual icons depict specific areas affected by climate change, including crop production, animal and livestock health, fisheries, infectious diseases, mental health, and displacement due to extreme weather events. Additionally, it addresses the impacts on cities, settlements, and infrastructure, illustrating issues like inland flooding, storm-induced coastal damage, and damage to key economic sectors. For biodiversity, it highlights the changes occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems. These elements are critical for understanding targeted areas for climate resilience and adaptation strategies.', 'reranking_score': 0.999546229839325, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Summary: This image provides a visual summary of the impacts of climate change on various aspects such as health, well-being, agriculture, water availability, and ecosystems. It shows the relationships between physical climate conditions altered by human influence and the consequential effects on food production, human health, and biodiversity. The visual icons depict specific areas affected by climate change, including crop production, animal and livestock health, fisheries, infectious diseases, mental health, and displacement due to extreme weather events. Additionally, it addresses the impacts on cities, settlements, and infrastructure, illustrating issues like inland flooding, storm-induced coastal damage, and damage to key economic sectors. For biodiversity, it highlights the changes occurring in terrestrial, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems. These elements are critical for understanding targeted areas for climate resilience and adaptation strategies.'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document6', 'document_number': 6.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 3068.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2022: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of the WGII to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 506.0, 'num_tokens': 96.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 116.0, 'num_words': 87.0, 'page_number': 1951, 'release_date': 2022.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '14.2.2 Projected Changes in North American Climate', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGII FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': 'Chapters and Cross-Chapter Papers ', 'toc_level1': 'Chapter 14  North America', 'toc_level2': 'N/A', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg2/IPCC_AR6_WGII_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.814534, 'content': 'Biodiversity is affected by climate change in this way too. For example, numerous bird populations across North  America are estimated to have declined by up to 30% over the past half-century. Multiple human-related factors,  including habitat loss and agricultural intensification, contribute to these declines, with climate change as an added  stressor. Increasingly extreme events, such as severe storms and wildfires, can decimate local populations of birds,  adding to existing ecological threats.', 'reranking_score': 0.9995321035385132, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content='Biodiversity is affected by climate change in this way too. For example, numerous bird populations across North  America are estimated to have declined by up to 30% over the past half-century. Multiple human-related factors,  including habitat loss and agricultural intensification, contribute to these declines, with climate change as an added  stressor. Increasingly extreme events, such as severe storms and wildfires, can decimate local populations of birds,  adding to existing ecological threats.'),\n",
       "  Document(metadata={'chunk_type': 'text', 'document_id': 'document2', 'document_number': 2.0, 'element_id': 'N/A', 'figure_code': 'N/A', 'file_size': 'N/A', 'image_path': 'N/A', 'n_pages': 2409.0, 'name': 'Full Report. In: Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of the WGI to the AR6 of the IPCC', 'num_characters': 299.0, 'num_tokens': 63.0, 'num_tokens_approx': 68.0, 'num_words': 51.0, 'page_number': 178, 'release_date': 2021.0, 'report_type': 'Full Report', 'section_header': '1.2.1.2 Long-Term Perspectives on \\r\\nAnthropogenic Climate Change', 'short_name': 'IPCC AR6 WGI FR', 'source': 'IPCC', 'toc_level0': '1: Framing, Context, and Methods', 'toc_level1': '1.2 Where We Are Now', 'toc_level2': '1.2.2 The Policy and Governance Context', 'toc_level3': 'N/A', 'url': 'https://report.ipcc.ch/ar6/wg1/IPCC_AR6_WGI_FullReport.pdf', 'similarity_score': 0.782265961, 'content': \"Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019), climate change is  a 'direct driver that is increasingly exacerbating the impact of other  drivers on nature and human well-being', and 'the adverse impacts  of climate change on biodiversity are projected to increase with  increasing warming.'\", 'reranking_score': 0.9995050430297852, 'query_used_for_retrieval': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'sources_used': ['IPCC'], 'question_used': 'How does climate change affect biodiversity and wildlife?', 'index_used': 'Vector'}, page_content=\"Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES, 2019), climate change is  a 'direct driver that is increasingly exacerbating the impact of other  drivers on nature and human well-being', and 'the adverse impacts  of climate change on biodiversity are projected to increase with  increasing warming.'\")]}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 157,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "new_state = state.copy()\n",
    "while len(new_state[\"remaining_questions\"])>0:    \n",
    "    async for temp_state in retriever_node.astream(new_state):\n",
    "        new_state.update(temp_state)\n",
    "        print(temp_state)\n",
    "new_state"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
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    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "---- Answer RAG ----\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stderr",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "INFO:httpx:HTTP Request: POST https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions \"HTTP/1.1 200 OK\"\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "\n",
      "\n",
      "Answer:\n",
      "Climate change has significant and wide-ranging impacts on the environment, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and the services they provide. Here are the key points:\n",
      "\n",
      "### 1. **Ecosystem Alterations**\n",
      "- Climate change has already led to noticeable changes in terrestrial, freshwater, and ocean ecosystems globally. These changes include shifts in species distributions, alterations in ecosystem structure, and changes in the timing of seasonal life cycles (phenology) [Doc 8, Doc 9].\n",
      "- Coastal ecosystems are particularly vulnerable, facing threats from ocean warming, acidification, and rising sea levels. These factors, combined with human activities, have resulted in habitat loss and declines in biodiversity [Doc 1, Doc 10].\n",
      "\n",
      "### 2. **Biodiversity Loss**\n",
      "- Many species are experiencing declines in their populations and geographic ranges due to climate change. For instance, bird populations in North America have reportedly decreased by up to 30% over the past fifty years, with climate change compounding other threats like habitat loss [Doc 13].\n",
      "- The risk of extinction for various species is increasing as ecosystems become more stressed and less resilient to changes [Doc 11].\n",
      "\n",
      "### 3. **Food Security and Land Degradation**\n",
      "- Climate change is impacting agricultural productivity, leading to reduced crop yields and increased food prices. This creates challenges for food security and can exacerbate land degradation processes, such as soil erosion and vegetation loss [Doc 2, Doc 5].\n",
      "- The interplay of climate change with other factors, like wildfires and water scarcity, can create compound risks that threaten livelihoods and infrastructure [Doc 2, Doc 7].\n",
      "\n",
      "### 4. **Extreme Weather Events**\n",
      "- The frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as storms and wildfires, are increasing due to climate change. These events can have devastating effects on local ecosystems and human communities, further stressing biodiversity [Doc 13, Doc 14].\n",
      "\n",
      "### 5. **Future Risks and Adaptation**\n",
      "- As global temperatures continue to rise, the risks to ecosystems and biodiversity are expected to increase. This includes the potential for irreversible changes in some ecosystems, particularly in sensitive areas like the Arctic and regions affected by glacier retreat [Doc 3, Doc 6].\n",
      "- To mitigate these impacts, conservation and restoration efforts are essential. Strategies may include protecting natural areas, facilitating species movement to suitable habitats, and managing human activities that stress ecosystems [Doc 11].\n",
      "\n",
      "In summary, climate change poses a serious threat to the environment, affecting ecosystems, biodiversity, and food security. The need for proactive measures to adapt and mitigate these impacts is critical for the health of our planet and future generations.\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "answer_rag = await make_rag_node(llm)(new_state,{})\n",
    "new_state.update(answer_rag)"
   ]
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   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
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