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+A 
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+E 
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+W 
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+S 
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+Y 
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+S 
+
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+T 
+
+
+E 
+
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+M 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+O R, A N 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+Y/Z S 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+ANCIENT 
+
+
+MYTHOLOGY 
+
+
+Wherein an Attempt is made to divert: Tradition of F 
+
+and to reduce the Truth to its Original Purity 
+
+
+WORK is driven an H 
+
+
+BABYLONIANS, 
+
+CHALDEANS, 
+
+EGYPTIANS, 
+
+
+CANAANITES, 
+
+HELLADIANS, 
+
+IONIANS, 
+
+
+ALSO OF THE 
+
+
+LELEGES, 
+DORIANS, 
+PELASGI : 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+SCYTHE,. 
+
+
+INDO-SCYTHiE 
+
+
+ETHIOPIANS, 
+PHENIC IAN S. 
+
+
+The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firft Ages, from the 
+Deluge to the Dispersion : Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and 
+the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts : Circumftances of great Confe- 
+quence, which were fubfequent to the Gentile History of Moses. 
+
+
+VOL. 
+
+
+II. 
+
+
+THE SECOND EDITION 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+JACOB 
+
+
+BRYANT, 
+
+
+Formerly of King’s College, Cambridge ; and Secretary to his Grace the late Duke 
+
+
+Marlbor 
+
+
+abroad j and Secretary to him as Matter 
+
+
+Maiefty 
+
+
+
+LONDON: 
+
+
+Printed for T. PAYNE, M 
+B. WHITE, in Fleet-st 
+
+
+p. elm: 
+
+WALTE 
+
+
+St R AN D; 
+
+
+M.DCC.LXXV. 
+
+
+
+Ill 
+
+
+PLATES in Volume the Seco nd 
+
+
+With the Pages, which they are to face. 
+
+
+• 4 * 
+
+
+
+OR-ASTER, five Sol Afterius, with the Deus Azoii 
+
+
+Mscrotr^?, facing the former 
+
+
+alfo 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+After Archima 
+
+
+gus before an altar and fire 
+
+
+pied from Chardin, Vol. II. 
+
+
+p. 164: and Hyde Religio Vet. Perfarum 
+At the bottom Deus Azon Perficus. 
+
+
+VI. p. 307 
+
+
+To frojtt Page 120 
+
+
+
+tion 
+
+
+Zor-After, and the Deus Azon Me<rccrrig in a different pofi- 
+: alfo Zor-After Archimagus before an altar with a par- 
+
+
+ticular covering like a Cupfelis or hive : taken from Kaempfer’s 
+
+Amoenitates Exoticse. • - ' - 
+
+9 
+
+Beneath is Zor-After, five Taurus Afterius AEgyptiacus: 
+from Price’s Apuleius, and Herodotus of Gronovius and 
+
+
+Weffelinge. 
+
+
+Page 122 
+
+
+III. 
+
+
+A Coin of Philip the Elder, and another of Severus, from 
+the City Apamea, the ancient Cibotus: copied from Falcone- 
+
+rius, and Seguinus, 
+
+Navis Biprora, five Baris iEgyptiaca, from Pocock’s Egypt: 
+fee two other fpecimens from the fame Author in Volume the 
+Firft, Plate IV, of this Work. Page 228 
+
+
+IV. 
+
+Deus Lunus Ovatus of Heliopolis in Syria from Vaillant’s 
+Coins of the Colonies. Vol. II. p. 331. 
+
+Vol. II. a The 
+
+
+
+iv 
+
+The Serpent, and Mundane Egg from the fame author, 
+p. 136. p. 147. 
+
+Deus Lunus of Carrhae from Vaillant,. 
+
+Page 240 
+
+V. 
+
+S 
+
+Janus Bifrons Erycinus with the Dove and Olive from Span- 
+heim de Prseftantia et Ufu Numifm. Antiquorum. Vol. I„ 
+p. 168. Ifs, and Doves : aifo a coin of Afcalon, upon which 
+is a Reprefentation of the Mother of the Oods with, a Tower 
+upon her head, and beneath a Ship ^ by her fide a Dove and 
+Altar. From. Paruta, Spanheim, and Gorlasus. P a ge 258 
+
+VI. 
+
+Hieroglyphics of the Scorpion ; and of the facred Serpents 
+of Egypt: particularly of a Serpent crowned with the water 
+lily, and ornamented with emblems of plenty, and ftyled Neo 
+Agaihodcemon. Ifis alfo upon the Lotos ; taken from Kircher, 
+Seguinus, and Gorlasus. Alfo a frog upon the Lotos from 
+Montfaucon, Vol. II. Part 2d. p. 348. Page 334. 
+
+VII. 
+
+yimo Samia Selenitis , handing in a lunette, and crowned 
+with a lunette, and difclofing her myftic veil from Spanheim. 
+
+Pag e 342 . 
+
+VIII. 
+
+Various Specimens of Mater Deorum Turrita, fitting upon 
+a rock, and holding in her hand lome ears of corn, and other, 
+fymbols : at her feet a man in different attitudes, who feems: 
+to be ftruggling in the water : feledted from coins of Antioch, 
+Rhefain, Nifibis, Edeffa, Carrhas, Singara, Side, and Damafcus ; 
+from Patinus, Vaillant, Goltzius, and others. Page 384. 
+
+f 
+
+IX. 
+
+
+
+IX. 
+
+
+Spes Divina with the facred Cupfelis, and other emblems : 
+
+
+from Gruter. Infcript. Vol. I. p. 102. 
+
+
+Page 384. 
+
+
+X. 
+
+
+The Chryfalis, Aurelia, Mufca, and other emblems relating 
+to the renewal of life, and the immortality of the Soul : 
+from Gorlzeus, and the Pamphilian Obelifk of Kircher. 
+
+Page 386 
+
+
+XL 
+
+
+The Marriage of Eros and Pfuche y from that curious Ca- 
+maio in the valuable Collection of his Grace the Duke of 
+Marlborough : defcribed upon an Onyx by Tryphon, a Gre¬ 
+cian ArtifL This Plate is finely engraved by Bartolozzi from 
+
+
+a drawing of Cipriani. 
+
+
+Page 392 
+
+
+XII. 
+
+
+Sarapis Uelius : with fpecimens of the God Or us crowned 
+with the water lily : alfo Janus Bifrons Taurinus Hetrufcus : 
+
+
+from Spanheim and others. 
+
+
+Page 398 
+
+
+XIII. 
+
+
+Juno with a fceptre, and dove, and the emblematical Rhoia, 
+or pomegranate. 
+
+Hermes KT £2 1 ST, the fame as Ofiris, upon a crocodile 
+with various emblems. 
+
+
+Dea Hippa ‘Triceps . 
+
+Dea Hippa Phigalenfium from Natalis Comes. 
+
+
+fanias, L.. 8. p. 686 
+
+
+XIV 
+
+
+See I^au- 
+Page 40 8 
+
+
+Tauri Lunati 
+
+
+-Tgyptiaci from Spanheim, and others. 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Taurus 
+
+
+
+VI 
+
+
+Taurus Sacer iEgyptiacus with, the Dove, from Kircher’s Pam- 
+
+
+philian Obelifk, p. 262 
+
+
+Page 420 
+
+
+XV. 
+
+
+Mithras Bovinus and. Eros Perficus upon the Iris or Arc : 
+from Thevenot’s Travels, Part fecond, p. 287 : of the Eng- 
+
+
+lifh edition p. 145 
+
+
+Page 424 
+
+
+XVI. 
+
+
+Me7J0-"Taurus Biceps EEgyptiacus from thofe curious fampl 
+
+
+of Egypt 
+
+
+Sculpt 
+
+
+at the Britifh Mufeum, fent 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+the Hon. Wortley Montague. 
+
+Alfo fpecimens both of the Tauro-Men, and Meno-Taurus : 
+particularly Tauro-Men Siculus Al-Arkaius : from Paruta, 
+
+
+Spanheim, and Baron Stoch 
+
+
+Pag 
+
+
+XVII. 
+
+
+Labara Sacra Lunata from Vaillant and Goltzius. 
+
+A marine bird, probably the Aithyia, upon a kind of 
+
+
+boat: from the Pamphilian Obelifk: 
+
+
+Pag 
+
+
+XVIII. 
+
+
+Palaemon in a Bate of childhood preferved upon a Cetus. 
+Palsemon and Cetus upon the Corinthian Cupfelis, or Ark. 
+Pofeidon and Beroe : A coin of Sidon with Beroe upon her 
+knees affifted by Pofeidon. Europa and Bull ; and winged 
+Horfe of Corinth. Page 456 
+
+XIX. 
+
+Two hands joined in union with ears of com, and the 
+fymboljcal Rhoia, from Gorlasus, Page 535 
+
+ERRATA. 
+
+Page 178. 1 , 18. for wc fhall in the end fhew, read we have fhevvn. 
+
+. Page 22,8. note 8 8 . for A yowoBerxv, read Ayanofortv 
+
+Page 129, ], 7, for below, read above, 
+
+
+
+A 
+
+«. » 
+
+N E W S Y S T E M: 
+
+♦ 
+
+O R, A N 
+
+ANA LYSIS 
+
+O F 
+
+ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+TEMPLE RITES 
+
+% 
+
+IN THE FIRST AGES, 
+
+I Mu ft continually put the reader in mind, how common 
+
+it was among the Greeks, not only out of the titles of 
+the Deities, but out of the names of towers, and other 
+edifices, to form perfonages, and then to invent hiftories, 
+to fupport what they had done. When they had created 
+a number of fuch ideal beings, they tried to find out 
+Vol. II. B fome 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+fome relation : and thence proceeded to determine the pa 
+rentage, and filiation of each, juft as fancy directed. 
+
+
+Some 
+
+colonies from Egypt, and Canaan, fettled in Thrace; as 
+appears from numberlefs memorials. The parts, which 
+they occupied, were upon the Hebrus, about Edonia, Si- 
+thon, and Mount Hasmus. They alfo held Pieria, and 
+Pseonia, and all the fea-coaft region. It was their cuf- 
+tom, as I have before mentioned, in all their fettlements 
+to form puratheia; and to introduce the rites of fire, 
+
+the coaft, of which I 
+
+
+and worfhip of the Sun. 
+
+
+Up 
+
+
+have been fpeaking, a temple of this fort was founded, 
+which is called Torone. The name is a compound oF 
+Tor-On, as I have before taken notice. The words pu- 
+
+
+rathus, and puratheia 
+
+
+of Egypt Pur 
+
+
+Ath, and Pur-Ait, formed from two titles of the God of fire. 
+Out of one of thefe the Grecians made a perfonage, which 
+
+they exprefled YlgoiTog, Proetus, whofe daughters, or rather 
+prieftefies, were the Proetides. And as they followed the 
+Egyptian rites, and held a Cow facred ; they were in confe- 
+quence of it fuppofed to have been turned into 1 cows ; juft 
+as the prieftefies of Hippa were faid to have been changed into 
+
+
+mares 
+
+
+the OEnotropas, and Peleiadse into pigeons 
+
+
+Proteus 
+
+of Egypt, whom Menelaus was fuppofed to have confulted 
+about his paflage homeward, was a tower of this fort with 
+purait. It was an edifice, where both priefts and pilots 
+
+
+refided 
+
+
+information 
+
+
+; and where a light was conti- 
+ually burning to dire& fhips- in the night. The tower of 
+
+Proetides implerunt falfisrnugitihus auras. Virgil. Eclog. 6. v. 48. 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Torone 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+Torone likewife was a Pharos, and therefore Piled by Lyco- 
+
+phron <pA sygoucc T ogoovr), the flaming Torone. The country 
+
+about it was in like manner called * <J>As ygct, Phlegra, both 
+from thefe flaming Towers, and from the worfhip there in¬ 
+troduced. There feems to have been a fire tower in this 
+
+region named Proteus; for according to the ancient ac- 
+
+* 
+
+counts, Proteus is mentioned as having refided in thefe parts, 
+and is faid to have been married to Torone. He is accord- 
+ingly ftiled by the Poet, 
+
+
+cpXsygcuctg Tttxrig 
+
+Xrvyvog 'Yo^myjg i ca yeXwg otT£^deToti } 
+
+Ka; <5 OLKgV. 
+
+The epithet fvyvog, gloomy, and fad, implies a bad cha¬ 
+racter, which arofe from the cruel rites praCtifed in thefe 
+
+
+
+aces. In all thefe temples, they made it a rule to facrifice 
+ftrangers, whom fortune brought in their way. Torone flood 
+near 4 Pallene, which was ftiled 5 Yqysvwv TgoQog, the nurfe 
+of the earth~bor?i , or giant brood. Under this character both 
+
+
+the fons of Chus, and the Anakim of 
+
+
+included 
+
+
+Lycophron takes off from Proteus the imputation of being 
+
+
+a Herod. L. 7. c. 123. 
+
+H Xeppo vr,(7o? 0 v\ ev 'tco la 6 tj.cc kzitccu ri 1 tdiv fxsv TlortS'cciXy vuv Se 
+
+Y.-xaorctv^^eicty 4 >A eypence S'e excc^.siTo. uxiovv ^ ccj-tw 61 ixvftvofjizvoi ViyccvreS} 
+
+tftvos Tccct cLvofj.cv. Strabo. Epitome. L. 7. p. 510. 
+
+3 Lycophron. V. 115. 
+
+4 Stephanus places Torone in Thrace, and fuppofes it to have been named 
+from Torone, who was not the wife, but the daughrer of Proteus. Airo Topurvs 
+rr??5 Figures. Some made her the daughter of Pofeidon and Phosnice. See 
+Steph. <$>teygcux. There were more towers than one of this name, 
+
+5 I 7 aAA??riar eTrtfA 0 £ r uyeyoov rgotpov. Lycoph* V. 127, 
+
+B 2 
+
+
+accefiary 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+acceflary to the vile practices, for which the pla 
+
+notorious ; 
+ftrangers. 
+guft. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+and makes only his fons guilty of murdering 
+He fays, that their father left them out of dif- 
+
+
+T SKVUV c 
+this he alludes 
+
+
+
+
+svonrovou; 7roChctg . 
+
+cuftom, of which I fhall take 
+
+
+hereafter. According to Euftathius the notion was, that 
+
+
+Proteus fled by a fubterraneous paflag 
+
+
+Egypt, in com 
+
+
+pany with his daugl 
+usTci rr t s QvyuTgog E ifroQsag 
+
+
+Eidothea 
+
+
+A TOKUTs^rj sig Qolpov 
+
+
+He went it feems from one 
+
+
+Pharos 
+
+
+from Pallene to the mouth of the Nile 
+
+
+The Pharos of Egypt was both a watch-tower, and a temple, 
+where people went to enquire about the fuccefs of their 
+
+ft 
+
+voyage 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+; and to obtain the afliftance of pilots. Proteu 
+yptian title of the Deity, under which he was 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+fhiped both in the Pharos, and at 8 Memphis. He was the 
+fame as Oflris, and Canobus : and particularly the God of 
+mariners, who confined his department to the 9 
+
+
+fea 
+
+
+From 
+
+
+hence, I think 
+
+
+we may unravel the myftery about the pilot 
+of Menelaus, who is faid to have been named Canobus, and 
+to have given name to the principal feaport in Egypt. The 
+
+
+priefis of the country laughed at the idle 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+ftory 
+
+
+and they 
+
+
+had good reafon : for the place was far prior to the people 
+fpoken of, and the name not of Grecian original. - It is ob- 
+
+
+0 Lycophron. V. 124. 
+
+7 Euftath. on Dionyfius. V. 259. 
+
+8 Herodot. L. 2. c. 112. 
+
+9 npcorea kixPwctxmi ttgvtv xfavS'cts ep/oirct. Orphic Hymn, 24. 
+
+10 Ariftides. Oratio iEgyptiaca. V. 3. p. 608, 
+
+fervable. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5 
+
+% 
+
+fervable, that Stephanus of Byzantium gives the pilot another 
+name, calling him, inftead of Canobus, Pharus. His 
+
+words are Qagog 0 IlgoogBvg M eveXcus, which are fcarce fenfe. I 
+make no doubt, from the hiftory of Proteus above, but that 
+in the original, whence Stephanus copied, or at leaft whence 
+the ftory was firft taken, the reading was <Poigog 0 UgooTsvg 
+M zvbKolu • that is, the Proteus of Menelaus, fo celebrated by 
+Homer, who is reprefented, as fo wife, and fo experienced 
+in navigation, whom they efteemed a great prophet, and 
+a Deity of the fea, was nothing elfe but a Pharos. I11 other 
+words, it was a temple of Proteus upon the Canobic branch 
+of the Nile, to which the Poet makes Menelaus have re- 
+courfe. Such was the original hiftory : but YlgcaTsvg Msv£- 
+Aas has been changed to 7 Tgc*)g£vg j and the God Canobus 
+turned into a Grecian pilot. As thefe w r ere Ophite tem¬ 
+ples, a ftory has been added about this perfon having been 
+
+ftung by a ferpent. 11 II googevg sv tij W]<r« Srfyfeig v 7 ro ocpewg 
+srcttpY], ‘This Pilot was bitten by a ferpent , and buried in the 
+if and. Conformable to my opinion is the account given by 
+Tzetzes, who fays, that Proteus reftded in the 11 Pharos : by 
+which is ftgnified, that he was the Deity of the place. He 
+is reprefented in the Orphic poetry as the ftrft-born of the 
+world, the chief God of the fea, and at the fame time a 
+mighty 13 prophet. 
+
+The hiftory then of Menelaus in Egypt, if fuch a perfon 
+
+11 Stephanus Byzant. 
+
+Chilias. 2. Hift. 44, p. 31. Tlpocrevs &oiync>}$ $otv*K0$ 7rocis—~yregi ym Qclogv 
+
+TtCtTGlXWy, 
+
+l 3 Orphic Hymn to Proteus. 24. 
+
+7 
+
+
+ever 
+
+
+
+6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ever exifted, amounts to this. In a ffcate of uncertainty he 
+applied to a temple near Canobus, which was facred to Pro¬ 
+teus. This was one title out of many, by which the chief 
+Deity of the country was worfhiped, and was equivalent to 
+On, Orus, Ofiris, and Canobus. From this place Menelaus 
+obtained proper advice, by which he directed his voyage. 
+
+Hence fome fay, that he had Opmj, Phrontis, for his pilot. 
+
+% 
+
+14 K uSs^wjnjs agifog M bvbXolu o Qgovng, vtog O VYfrogog. Me¬ 
+nelaus had an excellent pilots one Phs^ontis, the fo?i of One- 
+tor. This, I think, confirms all that I have been faying : 
+for what is Phrontis, but advice and experience ? and what 
+is Onetor, but the Pharos, from whence it was obtained ? 
+
+Onetor is the fame as Torone, 'Togoevri, only reverfed. They 
+were both temples of Proteus, the fame as On, and Orus : 
+both $>Xey g ou ou , by which is meant temples of fire, or light- 
+houfes. Hence we may be pretty certain, that the three pi¬ 
+lots, Canobus, Phrontis, Pharos, together with Onetor, 
+were only poetical perfonages : and that the terms pro¬ 
+perly related to towers, and fandtuaries, which were of Egyp¬ 
+tian original. 
+
+Thefe places were courts of juftice, where the priefcs 
+feem to have pradtifed a flridt inquifition ; and where pains, 
+and penalties were very fevere. The notion of the Furies 
+was taken from thefe temples : for the term Furia is from 
+Ph’ur, ignis, and fignifies a priefl of fire. It was on ac¬ 
+count of the cruelties here pradtifed, that moft of the an¬ 
+cient judges are reprefented as inexorable ; and are there- 
+
+
+X4 Euftath. in Dionyf. V. 14. 
+
+$go*Ttv Owro^i/V. Homer. Odyff. T. V. 282. 
+
+
+See alfo Hefych, 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+7 
+
+fore made judges in hell. Of what nature their department 
+was efleemed may be learned from Virgil, 
+
+15 Gnoflius haec Rhadamanthus habet duriffima regna: 
+Caftigatque, auditque dolos, fubigitque fateri, &c. 
+
+The temple at Phlegya in Bceotia was probably one of thele 
+courts ; where juftice was partially adminiftered, and where 
+great cruelties were exercifed by the priefis. Hence a per- 
+fon, named Phlegyas, is reprefented in the fhades below, 
+crying out in continual agony, and exhorting people to juf¬ 
+tice. 
+
+16 — Phlegyafque miferrimus omnes 
+Admonet, et trifti teftatur voce per umbras, 
+
+Difcite juftitiam moniti, et non temnere Divos. 
+Excellent counfel, but introduced rather too late. Phlegyas 
+was in reality the Sun ; fo denominated by the iEthiopes, or 
+Cuthites, and efteemed the fame as Mithras of Perils. They 
+looked up to him as their great benefadfeor, and lawgiver : 
+for they held their laws as of divine original. His worlhip 
+was introduced among the natives of Greece by the Cuthites, 
+ftiled Ethiopians, who came from Egypt. That this was 
+the true hiftory of Phlegyas we may be allured from Ste- 
+ph anus, and Phavorinus. They mention both Phlegyas, 
+and Mithras, as men deified ; and fpecify, that they were 
+
+of Ethiopian original. 17 zou OXsyvoLVj uvfyotg A1Q10- 
+
+'TTotg to yzvog . Minos indeed is Ipoken of, as an upright 
+
+♦ 
+
+judge : and the perfon alluded to under that character was 
+
+# 
+
+,s iEneid. L. 6 . v. 556. 
+
+15 Virg. iEneid. L, 6. v. 618. 
+
+! 7 Stephanus. A;8 iomx. 
+
+eminently 
+
+
+
+S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+-eminently didinguifhed for his piety, and judice. But his 
+prieds were edeemed far otherwife, for they were guilty of 
+great cruelties. Hence we find, that Minos was looked 
+upon as a judge of hell, and diled Qutefitor Minos. He was 
+in reality a Deity, the fame as Menes, and Menon of Egypt: 
+and as Manes of Lydia, Perils, and other countries. And 
+though his hidory be not confidently exhibited, yet, fo much 
+light may be gained from the Cretans, as to certify us, that 
+there was in their Ifland a temple called Men-Tor, the tower 
+
+of Men, or Menes. The Deity, from a particular 18 hie- 
+
+« 
+
+roglyphic, under which the natives worlhiped him, was 
+diled Minotaurus. To this temple the Athenians were 
+obliged annually to fend fome of their prime youth to be fa- 
+crificed 5 jud as the people of Carthage ufed to fend their 
+children to be viffims at 19 Tyre. The Athenians were 
+obliged for fome time to pay this tribute, as appears from the 
+fedival in commemoration of their deliverance. The places 
+mod infamous for thefe cudoms were thofe, which were fi- 
+tuated upon the feacoad : and efpecially thofe dangerous 
+pafles, where bailors were obliged to go on fhore for affid- 
+ance, to be directed in their way. Scylla upon the coad of 
+Rhegium was one of thefe : and appears to have been parti¬ 
+cularly dreaded by mariners. Ulyfles in Homer fays, that he 
+was afraid to mention her name to his companions, led they 
+fhould through adonilhment have lod all fenfe of preferva- 
+tion. 
+
+13 The hieroglyphic was a man with the head of a bull ; which had the fame 
+reference, as the Apis, and Mneuis of Egypt. 
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 20. p. 756. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+(T OVKST SfJLvdsOfJLYlV Ct7TgY)iCT0V OLVlTiV, 
+
+Mr\7TCfQg fjuoi £si(rccneg cL7ro\'hrfesioLV erougoi 
+’Eige<nr l g > _ svrog <5 e ttvkol^oibv (rpsctg cumsg. 
+
+Some fuppofe Scylla to have been a dangerous rock ; and 
+that it was abominated on account of the frequent fhip- 
+wrecks. There was a rock of that name, but attended 
+with no fuch peril. We are informed by Seneca, 21 Scyllam 
+faxum effe, et quidem non terribile navigantibus. It was 
+the temple, built of old upon that 22 eminence, and the cuf- 
+toms which prevailed within, that made it fo detefled. This 
+temple was a Petra: hence Scylla is by Homer fliled 
+’EkvXKyi II sTgcuY) ; and the dogs, with which file was fup- 
+pofed to have been furrounded, were Cahen, or priefls. 
+
+As there was a Men-tor in Crete, fo there was a place of 
+
+the fame name, only reverfed, in Sicily, called Tor-men, 
+
+■» 
+
+and Tauromenium. There is reafon to think, that the fame 
+cruel practices prevailed here. It flood in the country of 
+the Lamiaa, Leflrygons, and Cyclopes, upon the river On- 
+
+Baal, which the Greeks rendered Onoballus. From hence 
+
+% 
+
+we may conclude, that it was one of the Cyclopian build¬ 
+ings. Homer has prefented us with fomething of truth, 
+though we receive it fadly mixed with fable. We find from 
+him, that when Ulyffes entered the dangerous pafs of 
+Rhegium, he had fix of his comrades feized by Scylla : 
+
+20 Homer. OdyfT. M. v. 222. 
+
+21 EpifL 79* 
+
+22 A.X.&atXctos &Ggxvvo$ Ttau 'Excctm tyw '2,kvXXclv heyet. yuriy/opos £e 9 ev rr, 
+2?ct;AA >? 5 A ccjaigls t/jf 2?tuAA ccv <pn<ri ftvyc&Teocc eivcu. Apollonius. Schol. L. 4 . 
+v. 828. 
+
+V OL. II. 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+IO The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+and he lofes the fame number in the cavern of the Cy- 
+
+♦ 
+
+clops, which that monfter devoured. Silenus, in a paf- 
+fage before taken notice of, is by Euripides made to fay, 
+that the mod: agreeable repaft to the Cyclops was the flefh 
+of Grangers : nobody came within his reach, that he did not 
+feed upon. 
+
+* 3 rXVKVTCLTCL, <pYi<Tly TO. KgSCL Ti$g %£V8g <pSg£lV‘ 
+
+O vfistg fJLOXoOD $£Vg, Ofig 8 KaT£<T<payY\. 
+
+From thefe accounts fome have been led to think, that the 
+priefts in thefe temples really fed upon the flelh of the 
+perfons facrificed : and that thefe ftories at bottom allude to 
+a fhocking depravity ; fuch, as one would hope, that human 
+nature could not be brought to. Nothing can be more 
+horrid, than the cruel procefs of the Cyclops, as it is repre- 
+fented by Homer. And though it be veiled under the fhades 
+of poetry, we may {till learn the deteftation in which thele 
+places were held. 
+
+** Xw $£ dvw [AOL^Cig, COS'S (TZVAciKag 7T0TL yCClYj 
+
+Kottt, ek ¥ syKspctXog •fcctfJLotfog pas, Seve Js yaiav. 
+
+'Tag te ^ia.fJLEAsig -1 rafawv oo7rhi<r<raTo $og7rov' 
+
+HfQis <T ojVs hsoov ogsriTgotpog, 8$’ 0L7 ve7\ei7Tev 
+
+E yKocToi rs , cagmg te , aai ossa. ^vsKoEvra. 
+
+'Hfasig Je yJhaiovTEg , avEtfysQopsv A u ys^ag y 
+XtCETXia Egy ogooovTsg, ay.vyav iy) <T sys Ov^ov. 
+
+* s Fie anfwered with his deed : his bloody hand 
+Snatch’d two unhappy of my martial band, 
+
+Euripides. Cyclops. V. 126, 
+
+114 Odyff. L. I. v. 289. 
+
+* 5 Imitated bv Mr. Pope. 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. t z 
+
+And dafli’d like dogs againft the rocky floor : 
+
+The pavement fwims with brains, and mingled gore. 
+
+Torn limb from limb, he fpreads the horrid feaft. 
+
+And fierce devours it like a mountain beaft. 
+
+He fucks the marrow, and the blood he drains ; 
+
+Nor entrails, flefli, nor folid bone remains. 
+
+We fee the death, from which we cannot move, 
+
+And humbled groan beneath the hand of Jove. 
+
+One would not be very forward to ftrengthen an imputa¬ 
+tion, which difgraces human nature : yet there mull cer¬ 
+tainly have been fomething highly brutal and depraved in the 
+chara<fler of this people, to have given rife to this defcription 
+of foul and unnatural feeding. What muft not be concealed, 
+Euhemerus, an ancient writer, who was a native of thefe 
+
+n 
+
+parts, did aver, that this beftial practice once prevailed. Sa¬ 
+turn’s devouring his own children is fuppofed to allude to 
+this cuftom. And we learn from this writer, as the paf- 
+fage has been tranfmitted by 26 Ennius, that not only Saturn, 
+but Ops, and the reft of mankind in their days, uled to feed 
+upon human flefh.— 27 Saturnum, et Opem, czeterofque turn 
+homines humanam carnem folitos efitare. He fpeaks of 
+Saturn, and Ops, as of perfons, who once lived in the world, 
+and were thus guilty. But the priefts of their temples were 
+the people to be really accufed ; the Cyclopians, Lamias, 
+
+25 Ennius tranflated into Latin the hiftory of Euhemerus, who feems to have 
+been a fenfible man, and faw into the bafe theology of his country. He like- 
+wife wrote againft it, and from hence made himfelf many enemies. Strabo treats 
+him as a man devoted to fiflion. L. 2. p. 160. 
+
+17 Ex Ennii Hiftoria facra, quoted by Ladtantius. Divin. Infticut. Yol. 1. 
+c. 13. p. 59. 
+
+C 2 and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+and Leftryg 
+
+
+who officiated at their altars. He fpeaks 
+
+
+of the cuftom, as well known : and it had undoubtedly been 
+pradifed in thofe parts, where in 
+
+
+aftertimes 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+born 
+
+
+he was a native 18 of Zancle, and lived in the very country 
+
+
+of which we have been fpeaking 
+
+
+the land of the Leftry 
+
+
+gons, and Cyclop 
+
+
+The promontory of Scylla was within 
+
+
+his light. He was therefore well qualified to give an accoun 
+
+of thefe parts; and his evidence mull neceffarily have weight 
+
+* 
+
+Without doubt thefe cruel practices left lafting impreffions ; 
+and the memorials were not effaced for ages. 
+
+
+It is faid of Orpheus by Horace, Caedibus, et vidu fedo 
+deterruit : by which one ffiould be led to think, that the 
+putting a flop to this unnatural gratification was owing to 
+him. Others think, that he only difcountenanced the eating 
+of raw flelh, which before had been ufual. But this could 
+not be true of Orpheus : for it was a circumftance, which 
+made one part of his inftitutes. If there were ever fuch a 
+man, as Orpheus, he enjoined the very thing,‘which he is fup- 
+pofed to have prohibited. "For both in the a * orgies of Bac¬ 
+chus and in the rites of Ceres, as well as of other Deities, 
+one part of the myfteries conflfted in a ceremony ftiled 
+cqa opotyict ; at which time they eat the flelh quite crude with 
+the blood. In Crete at the 30 Dionuliaca they ufed to tear the 
+flelh with their teeth from the animal, when alive. This 
+
+
+A<i 'Mecrtniviov Euw/^g^oi'. Strabo. L. i. p. 81. 
+
+5-9 Clemens. Cohort. P. n. Arnobius. Li. 5. 
+
+30 Z^Lovvcrov "MouvoXov ogytcc&ai oc>fJLG(pa,yia tyw lego/JLctvtctv ayovTet* xca 
+
+n tgls kosov o/juas tuv (povcov uve^efji^evQi t 015 o(pe<riv • Clemens Cohort, 
+
+
+p. 11. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 13 
+
+they did in commemoration of Dionufus. 31 Feftos funeris 
+dies ftatuunt, et annuum facrum trieterica confecratione 
+componunt, omnia per ordinem facientes, quas puer mo- 
+riens aut fecit, aut pafliis eft. Vi<vum laniant dentibus \'Taurum , 
+crudeles epulas annuis commemorationibus excitantes. Apol¬ 
+lonius Rhodius fpeaking of perfons like to Bacchanalians, 
+reprefents them 3Z ®vot<nv u^o^ogoig iks'Kcu, as favage as the 
+Thyades, who delighted in bloody banquets. Upon this 
+the Scholiaft obferves, that the Mamades, and Bacchae, 
+ufed to devour the raw limbs of animals, which they had 
+cut or torn afunder. 33 IloKXctzig Tp [JLixvict zcctolg”yiQsvt a , tcca 
+oo[jLO(j' 7 roLgoLXTCit ) scrOigtriv. In the illand of Chios it was a reli¬ 
+gious cuftom to tear a man limb from limb by way of facri- 
+ftce to Dionufus. The fame obtained in Tenedos. It is Por¬ 
+phyry, who gives the account. He was a ftaunch Pagan, and 
+his evidence on that account is of confequence. He quotes for 
+the rites of Tenedos Euelpis the Caryftian. 34 JiOvovTo os Kca 
+
+sv Xiw rw Q.fjLcab'ict] Aiovvtrw cLv$gc*J 7 rov §'is<r 7 r&VTsg' aca sv Te- 
+
+fsJw, (pritriv "EvsTwrig 0 K zgvg'wg. From all which we may 
+learn one fad truth, that there is fcarce any thing fo impious 
+and unnatural, as not at times to have prevailed. 
+
+We need not then wonder at the character given of the 
+Leftrygones, Lamias, and Cyclopians, who were inhabitants 
+of Sicily, and lived nearly in the fame part of the ifland. 
+They feem to have been the priefts, and prieftefles, of the 
+
+31 Julius Firmicus. P. 14. 
+
+Apollon. Rhod. L. 1. v. 636. 
+
+* 
+
+33 Scholia Apollon. JL. 1. v. 635. 
+
+34 Porphyry Tregt L. 2. p. 224, 
+
+
+Leontini, 
+
+
+
+14 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+Leontini, who refided at Pelorus, and in the Cyclopian towers: 
+on which account the Lamias are by Lucilius termed 35 Tur- 
+ricolas. They are fuppofed to have delighted in human 
+blood, like the Cyclopians, but with this difference, that 
+their chief repaft was the fleih of young perfons and chil¬ 
+dren ; of which they are reprefented as very greedy. They 
+were priefts of Ham, called El Ham; from whence was 
+formed ’Lamus and ’Lamia. Their chief city, the fame 
+probably, which was named Tauromenium, is mentioned by 
+Homer, as the city of Lamus. 
+
+
+36 
+
+
+f [JLOCTYl <T ix.O[JL£(rQci ActfJLX 0 U 7 TV 7 TT 0 lhlz() gQV. 
+
+
+And the inhabitants are reprefented as of the giant race.' 
+
+37 <J>omoj/ <T icpOtpLoi Acus'gvyovsg, otKKoOsv a Khog, 
+
+M vgioi, ovk tt.vfys<r(nv soikotss, aXhct Tiycuri. 
+
+Many give an account of the Leftrygons, and Lamiae, upon 
+the Liris in Italy ; and alfo upon other parts of that coaft : 
+and fome of them did fettle there. But they were more 
+particularly to be found in 38 Sicily near Leontium, as the 
+Scholiaft upon Lycophron obferves. 39 Acuiygvyovss, 01 vvv As- 
+
+ovtivoi. Lhe ancient Lejlrygons were the people , whofe pojle- 
+rity are now called Leontini. The fame writer takes notice 
+
+
+55 Turricolas Lamias, Fauni quas Pompiliique 
+
+Inftituere Numse. Laftant. de falfa Relig. L. i. c. 22. p. 105, 
+
+Homer OdylF K. v. Si. 
+
+57-— K. v. 120. 
+
+Rv pieoei t ivi T7& Z'woccs (tw$ iocs) Ku/tAco7 res* tcui A au^guyovB$ 9 otTOurcc'* 
+
+Thucyd. L. 6. p. 378. 
+
+19 Scholia. V. 956. Leon, in Leontium is a tranQation of Lais («>'%) L eo: 
+Bocnart. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient-Mythology. 15 
+
+\ 
+
+of their incivility to ftrangers : 40 Ovjc ri<T&v si@HTfJi.svoi %svag 
+
+. That they were Amonians, and came origi- 
+Babylonia, is pretty evident from the hiftory of 
+
+the Erythrean 
+
+prieftels. She is faid to have been the daughter of Lamia, 
+who was the daughter of Pofeidon. 41 2 ,i£vX\a.v-~Aoi[J.ioig 
+&<rou> OvyctTSga. T3 UoTS.i^oovog. Under the character of one 
+perfon is to be understood a priefthood : of which commu¬ 
+nity each man was called Lamus, and each prieftefs Lamia. 
+By the Sibyl being the daughter of Lamia, the daughter of 
+Pofeidon, is meant, that fhe was of Lamian original, and 
+ultimately defcended from the great Deity of the fea. Who 
+is alluded to under that character, will hereafter be fhewn. 
+The countries, to which the Sibyl is referred, point out her 
+extraction : for fhe is faid to have come from Egypt, and 
+Babylonia. 4 * ' Oi < 5 s ctvTi)V Ba&Awwap, sTSgoi S's X&vKXctv 
+
+Koohuviv Aiyv7TTioiV. If the Sibyl came from Babylonia and 
+Egypt, her fuppofed parent Lamia mu ft have been of the 
+fame original. 
+
+The Lamias were not only to be found in Italy, and 
+Sicily, but Greece, Pontus, and 43 Libya. And however 
+widely they may have been feparated they are ftill repre- 
+
+
+Sibyl; who was no other than a Lamian 
+
+
+
+40 
+
+
+Lycoph. above. 
+
+
+41 Plutarch de Defeat. Orac. Vol. i. P. 39S. 
+
+'Ets^oi Se (pctmv ex. MctAicctuv cc(£ixeo-Qcci Actju.ix$ Quyctregcc 'XlQvAAccv. Clem. 
+Alex. Strom. L. 1. p. 35S. Paufanias makes her the daughter of Jupiter and 
+JLamia. L. 10. p. 825. 
+
+4i Clemens Alex. L. 1. p. 358. 
+
+See Diodorus. L. 20. p. 778. of the Lamia in Libya, and of her cavern. 
+
+fented 
+
+
+
+16 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fented in the fame unfavourable light. Euripides fays that 
+their very name was deteftable. 
+
+' 5+ T IS T QVVQfJLOL rod’ S7TOV£lfo?OV .SgOTOig 
+
+Ova oicfs Aapuag Tt\g AlEvfucris ysvog. 
+
+Philoftratus fpeaks of their beflial appetite, and unnatural 
+gluttony. 4S AoLfjLiag c ragxcov, kou poihig-CL clvQ gooftstcav, egw. 
+And Ariftotle alludes to practices flill more fhocking : as if 
+they tore open the bodies big with child, that they might 
+get at the infant to devour it. I fpeak> fays he, of people , 
+
+who have brutal appetites . 46 As yw S's Tctg o^wds#?, oiov ty\V 
+
+uvQgod7rov, ty)V Xsyxvi rag kv%< rctg clvolt^i£ x<r clv to. ?roufoct 
+kcltbtQbbiv.- Thefe defcriptions are perhaps carried to a great 
+excefs ; yet the hiftory was founded in truth : and fhews 
+
+ainly what fearful im 
+men from the barbarity of the firft ages. 
+
+One of the principal places in Italy, where the Lamias 
+feated themfelves, was about Formias ; of which Horace 
+takes notice in his Ode to ALlius Lamia. 
+
+47 iEli, vetufto nobilis ab Lamo, &c. 
+
+Authore ab illo ducis originem, 
+
+Qui Formiarum mcenia dicitur 
+Princeps, et innantem Marie® 
+
+Littoribus tenuiffe Lirim. 
+
+The chief temple of the Formians was upon the fea-coaft at 
+
+Euripides quoted ibid. 
+
+45 Philoftratus. Vita Apollon. L. 4. p. 183. 
+
+46 Ariftot. Ethic. L. 7. c. 6. p. 118. See Plutarch yj-eci TrcKvTr^ocyy.o^vvw* 
+And Ariftoph. Vefpae. Schol. v. 1030. 
+
+% 
+
+47 Horace. L. 3. Ode 17. 
+
+
+
+preflions were left upon the minds of 
+
+
+Caiete. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 17 
+
+J 
+
+Caiete. It is faid to have had its name from a woman, who 
+died here : and whom fome make the nurfe of JEneas, others 
+of Afcanius, others flill of 48 Creufa. The truth is this : it 
+flood near a cavern, facred to the God Ait, called Ate, A tis, 
+and Attis; and it was hence called Caieta, and Caiatta. 
+Strabo fays, that it was denominated from a cave, though 
+he did not know the precife 49 etymology. There were 
+alfo in the rock fbme wonderful fubterranes, which branched 
+out into various apartments. Here the ancient Lamii, 
+the priefls of Ham, s ° refided : whence Silius Italicus, when 
+
+fliles it 51 Regnata Lamo Cai¬ 
+eta. They undoubtedly facrificed children here; and pr6- 
+bably the fame cuftom was common among the Lamii, as 
+prevailed among the Lacedaemonians, who ufed to whip 
+their children round the altar of Diana Orthia. Thus much 
+we are allured by Fulgentius, and others, that the ufual 
+term among the ancient Latines for the whipping of chil¬ 
+dren was Caiatio. 5Z Apud Antiquos Caiatio dicebatur 
+puerilis caedes. 
+
+The coaft of Campania feems to have been equally infa¬ 
+mous : and as much dreaded by mariners, as that of Rhe- 
+gium, and Sicily. Here the Sirens inhabited, who are 
+reprefented, as the bane of all, who navigated thofe feas. 
+They like the Lamii were Cuthite, and Canaanitifh priefls, 
+
+48 Virgil. JEn. L. 7. v. 1. See Servius. 
+
+49 Strabo. L. 5. p. 357. KoAwor Ka<aTTar. jcA. 
+
+50 Ibid. P. 356. 
+
+51 Silius. L. 8. 
+
+5i De Virgiliana continentia. P. 762. Caiat fignined a kind of whip, or thong, 
+probably fuqh was ufed at Caiate. 
+
+Vol. II. D 
+
+
+
+who 
+
+
+
+18 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+who had founded temples in thefe parts ; and particularly 
+near three fmall iflands, to which they gave name. Thefe 
+temples were rendered more than ordinarily famous on ac¬ 
+count of the women, who officiated. They were much ad¬ 
+dicted to the cruel rites, of which I have been {peaking ; 
+fo that the fhores, upon which they refided, are defcribed, 
+
+as covered with the bones of men, deftroyed by their arti¬ 
+fice. 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+Jamque adeo fcopulos Sirenum adve&ra fubibat 
+Difficiles quondam, multorumque offibus albos 
+
+
+They ufed hy 
+
+
+in their temples, accompanied with the 
+
+
+mufick of their country: which muffc have been very en¬ 
+chanting, as we may judge from the traditions handed down 
+of its efficacy. I have mentioned, that the fongs of the 
+Canaanites and s * Cretans were particularly plaintive, and 
+
+
+pleafing 
+
+
+othing can fhew more fully the power of 
+
+
+ancient harmony than the character given of the Sirens. 
+
+
+T heir 
+
+
+elty the ancients held in deteftation 
+
+
+alway 
+
+
+{peak feelingly of their mufic. They reprefent their fong 
+
+as fo fatally winning, that nobody could withftand their 
+fweetnefs. All were foothed with it : 
+
+
+the purchafe of the gratification 
+
+
+phron 
+
+chore 
+
+
+makes them the children of the Mufe 
+
+
+though their life was 
+Scholiaft upon Lyco- 
+
+
+Terpfi 
+
+
+Nicander fuppofes their mother to have been Melp 
+others make her Calliope. The whole of this 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+merely an allegory 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+means 
+
+
+nly that they were the 
+
+
+13 Virgil. iEneid. L. 5. v. S64. 
+5+ SeeNonnus. L. 19. p. 320. 
+
+55 V. 653. See Natalis Comes. 
+
+9 
+
+
+daughters 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+daughters of harmony. Their efficacy is mentioned by 
+56 Apollonius Rhodius: and by the Author of the Orphic 57 
+Argonautica: but the account given by Homer is by far the 
+moft affedfcing. 
+
+58 (JLSV 7TgMT0V d^l^BCil, Oil pOL TS TTCiVTCig 
+
+AvQgw7MS QsXyanv, 0 , r ig c rpeecs zuroLcpucYfroLi. 
+
+Og'ig otifysiri nehaLirsi, mi cpQoyyov azac’r) 
+
+XsigwaWy <T an yvvr), mi vy{kicl tbkvol 
+Oimh vofYpcLVTi 7rctgis , ctT(x.i ) ah yawnou * 
+
+A XKol tb Xsi§r\vsg Xiyvgri 6s\ya<riv ctoity, 
+
+'Hpisvcti bv Tkbi^vi' 7 ToXvg t ctputp og'socpiv Qig 
+AvSguw TrvQofJLBi/wv, 7rsgi <Ts ptvoi puvvQa<nv. 
+
+They are the words of Circe to Ulyfles, giving him an ac¬ 
+count of the dangers, which he was to encounter. 
+
+59 Next where the Sirens dwell, you plough the feas. 
+Their fong is death, and makes deftrucftion pleafe. 
+Unbleft the man, whom muftc makes to ftray 
+Near the curft coaft, and liften to their lay. 
+
+No more that wretch ffiall view the joys of life. 
+
+His blooming offspring, or his pleafing wife. 
+
+In verdant meads they fport, and wide around 
+Lie human bones, that whiten all the ground : 
+
+The ground polluted floats with human gore, 
+
+And human carnage taints the dreadful ffiore. 
+
+Fly, fly the dangerous coaft. 
+
+
+56 L. 4. v. 892. 
+
+57 V. 1269. 
+
+18 OdyiT. M. v. 39. 
+
+59 From Mr. Pope’s Tranflation. 
+
+
+D a 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+20 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+T he ftory at bottom relates to the people above mentioned ; 
+who with their mulic ufed to entice ftrangers into the pur¬ 
+lieus of their temples, and then put them to death. Nor 
+was it muiic only, with which perfons were feduced to fol¬ 
+low them. The female part of their choirs were main¬ 
+tained for a twofold purpofe, both on account of their 
+voices and their beauty. They were accordingly very liberal 
+of their favours, and by thefe means enticed feafaring per¬ 
+fons, who paid dearly for their entertainment. Scylla was 
+a perfonage of this fort: and among the fragments of Cal¬ 
+limachus we have a fhort, but a moft perfect, defcription of 
+her charaher. 
+
+-! 'EzvAKotj yvvrj mroLm<rot y mi ov ■vj/y0o$ zvof z'gisrct. 
+
+Kcarocmcrot is by fome interpreted malefca : upon which the 
+learned Hemfterhulius remarks very juftly— mrctmcrct cur 
+Latine vertatur malefica non video. Si Grammaticis obtem- 
+peres, meretricem interpretabere : erat enim revera Nj r\<nwrig 
+
+mM sTougoL, ut Heraclitus 7 rzgi auKi? : c. 2. Scylla then, un¬ 
+der which character we are here to underhand the chief 
+prieftefs of the place, was no other than a handfome iiland 
+ftrumpet. Her name it feems betokened as much, and fhe 
+did not belie it : 3 zvof zyiKTcx.. We may from thefe 
+
+data decipher the hihory of Scylla, as given by Tzetzes. 
+
+Hy Kgurov XkvTO\ol yvvY\ ev7rge7rrjg' Uotrsiftoovi <rvmv& 
+
+a,7TS@r)giuQr]. Scylla was originally a ha?idfome wench ; but being 
+too free with feafaring people Jhe ftiade herfelf a beaf. She 
+was, like the Sibyl of Campania, faid by Stelichorus to have 
+
+
+60 
+
+
+Callimachi Frag. 184. P. 5x0. 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 21 
+
+been the daughter of 61 Lamia. Hence we may learn, that 
+all, who refided in the places, which I have been defcribing, 
+were of the fame religion, and of the fame family ; being 
+the defendants of Ham, and chiefly by the collateral 
+branches of Chus, and Canaan. 
+
+The like rites prevailed in Cyprus, which had in great 
+meafure been peopled by perfons of thefe families. One 
+of their principal cities was Curium, which was denomi- 
+nated from 63 Curos, the Sun, the Deity, to whom it was 
+facred. In the perilous voyages of the ancients nothing was 
+more common than for ftrangers, whether fhipwrecked, or 
+otherwife diftrefled, to fly to the altar of the chief Deity, 
+
+©SB cpihiii, KOU %evi8j the God of charity and hofpitality for 
+his protection. This was fatal to thofe, who were driven 
+upon the weftern coafl of Cyprus. The natives of Curium 
+made it a rule to deftroy all fuch under an appearance of a 
+religious rite. Whoever laid their hands upon the altar of 
+Apollo, were caft down the precipice, upon which it flood. 
+
+d EvQvg sg’iv a^ct, auf rig f>i7rr%<Ti Txg ctpevovg tb tb 
+
+A 7roT\Xwvog. Strabo fpeaks of the practice, as if it fubfifled 
+in his time. A like cuftom prevailed at the Tauric Cher- 
+fonefus, as we are informed by Herodotus. 65 ©l>b (n pisv tjj 
+
+61 Apollon. L. 4. v. 828. Scholia. She is faid alfo to have been the daughter 
+of Hecate and Phorcun. Ibid. The daughter of a Deity means the prieftefs. 
+Phor-Cun fignifies Ignis Dominus a the fame as Hephaeftus. 
+
+6z Herodotus. L. 7. c. 90. 
+
+63 Kvgo$ 0 See Radicals. P. 40. 
+
+64 Strabo. L. 14.Jp- 1002. the promontory was called Curias. Kugtcts ctvt^cc 
+
+91 TCL TTq\l$ K&glOV. 
+
+L. 4. c. 103. 
+
+TlagOsvcp 
+
+
+
+22 The Analyses op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+UagQsmTovg ts vavriyovg, kdli Tsg uv AaSwcr* 'ETyAijiwv £7ramp£- 
+Osvrctg, TgoTTw Toiwde, K cctci^ol^jlbvoi poTralhy 7rctix<n Ttjv ttzqxiNtiv. 
+'Oi peev ?\sys<ri, usg to TwpLOt ouxo tb Kgr)p.v& SiuQsbvi kcltoo' 
+STTi yctg y.gr^vB idgvTou to \pov. ktK. The people of this place 
+
+worfoip the 'virgin Goddefs Jlrtemis : at whofe ferine they facri- 
+fice all perfo 7 is^ who have the misfortune to be foip wrecked hpon 
+their coaf : a?id all the Grecians , that they can lay hold of 
+when they are at any time thither driven. Sill thefe they with¬ 
+out any ceremony drain with a club . Tloough others fay , that 
+they fove them off headlong from a high precipice : for their 
+temple is foimded upon a cliff. 
+
+The Den of Cacus was properly Ca-Chus, the cavern, or 
+temple of Chus : out of which the poets and later hiflori- 
+ans have formed a ftrange perfonage, whom they reprefent 
+as a fhepherd, and the fon of Vulcan. Many ancient Divi¬ 
+nities, whofe rites and hiftory had any relation to Ur in 
+Chaldea, are faid to have been the children of Vulcan; and 
+oftentimes to have been born in fire. There certainly flood 
+a temple of old upon the Aventine mountain in Latium, 
+which was the terror of the neighbourhood. The cruelties 
+of the priefls, and their continual depredations, may be in¬ 
+ferred from the hiflory of Cacus. Virgil makes Evander 
+defcribe the place to JEneas 5 though it is fuppofed in his 
+time to have been in ruins. 
+
+f 6 Jam primum faxis fufpenfam hanc afpice rupem, 
+
+procul ut moles, defertaque montis 
+Stat domus, et fcopuli ingentem traxere ruinam. 
+
+
+
+66 
+
+
+Virgil. iEneid. L. 8. v. 190. 
+
+
+Hie 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+23 
+
+
+Hie fpelunca fuit, vafto fubmota receflii, 
+
+Semihominis Caci, facies quam dira tegebat, 
+
+Solis inaccefTam radiis : femperque recenti 
+Caede tepebat humus ; foribufque afiixa fuperbis 
+Ora virum trifti pendebant pallida tabo. 
+
+Huic monftro Vulcanus erat pater. 
+
+Livy mentions Cacus as a fhepherd, and a perfon of great 
+ftrength, and violence. 67 Paftor, accola ejus loci, Cacus, 
+ferox viribus. He is mentioned alfo by Plutarch, who ftiles 
+him Caccus, Koikkos. 68 Top yep yag 'H epoug-is notifrct 'P uyou01 
+K.OLKKOV ig-og&cri 7rvg kou cpXoycts cupievou hot r« g-oy.ct.Tos 
+
+psisoroeg. As there were both priefts, and prieftefles, in tem¬ 
+ples of this fort, perfons ftiled both Lami, and Lamias ; fo 
+we read both of a Cacus, and a Caca. The latter was fup- 
+pofed to have been a Goddefs, who was made a Deity for 
+having betrayed her brother to Hercules. 69 Colitur et Caca, 
+qua: Herculi fecit indicium bourn ; divinitatem confecuta, 
+quia perdidit fratrem. In fhort, under the characters of 
+Caca, and Cacus, we have a hiftory of Cacufian priefts, 
+who feem to have been a fet of people devoted to rapine 
+and murder. 
+
+What we exprefs Cocytus, and fuppofe to have been 
+merely a river, was originally a temple in Egypt called Co- 
+Cutus : for rivers were generally denominated from fome 
+town, or temple, near which they ran. Co-Cutus means the 
+Cuthite temple, the houfe of Cuth. It was certainly a place 
+
+
+67 
+
+
+Livy. L. 1. c. 7. 
+
+68 Plutarch, in Amatorio. Vol. 2. p. 762. 
+
+69 Laftantius de F. R. L. 1. c. 20. p. 90 
+
+
+
+24 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of inquilition, where great cruelties were exercifed. Hence 
+the river, which was denominated from it, was efleemed a 
+
+river of hell ; and was fuppofed to have continual cries, and 
+
+% 
+
+lamentations refounding upon its waters. 
+
+70 Cocytus, named of lamentation loud 
+Heard on its banks. 
+
+Milton fuppofes the river to have been named from the 
+Greek word KMtcvrog : but the reverfe is the truth. From 
+the baleful river and temple Co-cutus came the Greek terms 
+jco0xvrog y and jcooxvoj. Acheron, another infernal river, was 
+properly a temple of Achor, the Qzog a.7ropLViog of Egypt, 
+Palestine, and Gyrene. It was a temple of the Sun, called 
+Achor-On : and it gave name to the river, on whofe banks 
+it flood. Hence like Cocutus it was looked upon as a 
+melancholy fir earn, and by the Poet Theocritus ftiled 
+7 J A yysgODTOL the river of lamentations. Arifto- 
+
+phanes fpeaks of an eminence of this name, and calls it 
+7Z A yzgovnog (rno 7 tzXog dipLarog'ayng, the rock of Acheron , 
+
+dropping blood . 
+
+70 Milton. L. 2. v. 579. 
+
+71 Theoc. Idyll. 17. V. 47. 
+
+71 Ariftoph. Bccrgct^' V. 474. So Cocytus is by Claudian defcribed as the 
+river of tears. 
+
+. — preffo lacrymarum fonte refedit 
+Cocytos. De Rapt. Proferp. L. 1. v. 87.. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+( 25 ) 
+
+
+O F 
+
+MEED or M H T I 2, 
+
+AND 
+
+The Goddess HIP PA. 
+
+# 
+
+O NE of the moft ancient Deities of the Amonians 
+
+was named Meed, or Meet; by which was signified 
+divine wifdom. It was rendered by the Grecians Myitis in 
+the mafculine : but feems to have been a feminine Deity; 
+and reprefented under the fymbol of a beautiful female 
+countenance furrounded with ferpents. The author of 
+the Orphic Poetry makes Metis the origin of all 1 things : 
+which Proclus expreffes a ty\v SrjfJUXgyiKW oariav : and fuppofes 
+this perfonage to be the fame as Phanes, and Dionufus, from 
+whom all things proceeded. By Timotheus Chronogra- 
+phus, in his account of the creation, this Divinity was de- 
+fcribed as that Vivifying light, which firft broke forth upon 
+
+the infant world, and produced life and motion. His notion 
+
+* 
+
+♦ 
+
+Pie makes Metis the fame as Athena. H. 31. L. 10. 
+
+• In another place Metis is filled 7 t^ootos ysvercoo. Frag. 6. v. 19. p. 366. 
+z Ibid. Fragm. 8. p. 373. 
+
+VOL. II. E 
+
+
+IS 
+
+
+
+26 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+faid 
+
+
+have been borrowed from Orpheus : 
+
+
+
+QTi TO &&Q 
+
+
+
+TW m@£PQL Etpomtt ttcur&A 
+
+
+(TlV SlftOOV, BKSIVO BlVOLl TO <pu$ TO prfeocv TOV CLlQsgOL TO 7TgOSlgY) 
+
+
+U.SVOV 
+
+
+VKSgTCLTOV 
+
+
+OVOJJLOL 
+
+
+Og<psvg 
+
+
+Mccvrsiccg b^bltb MHTL 2 , qtbq s^[ay]vbvbtou BOTAH, <E >£22 
+
+~El7TSV BV Tfl CLVTX B/JsTBi TOLVTOtg TOtg TPSig Q&Ot* 
+
+
+Zf 20 A 0 THP 
+
+
+TOCV OVOUCLTWV SwOLfJLBig (JLIOLV BlVOLl JuVCLfJLlV, KOU BV KgOLTOQ TX 
+
+T av © bov, ov ovS'Big ogcL. The account is remarkable. Hipp; 
+was another Goddefs of the like antiquity, and equally ob 
+
+
+folete. Some traces however are to be ftill found 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Orphic verfes above mentioned, by which we may difcover 
+her original character and department. 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+repre 
+
+
+fented 
+
+
+the nurfe of 4 Dionufus* and feems to have been 
+
+
+the fame as Cybele, who was worfhiped in the mountains 
+of 5 Phrygia, and by the Lydians upon Tmolus. She is faid 
+to have been the foul of the 6 world : and the perfon, who 
+received, and foftered Dionufus, when he came from the 
+thigh of his father. This hiftory relates to his fecond birth, 
+when he returned to a fecond ffcate of childhood. Dionufus 
+was the chief God of the Gentile world, and worfhiped 
+under various titles : which at length came to be looked 
+upon as different Deities. Mold of thefe fecondary Divini¬ 
+ties had the title of Hippius, and Hippia : and as they had 
+female attendants in their, temples, thefe too had the name of 
+
+3 Eufebii Chron. Log. p. 4. 1 . 42. 
+
+4 \tt 7 TCCV XLXhVCKCO t go<pov* Hymn, 48. 
+
+5 Hymn. 47, v. 4. 
+
+6 Orphic Frag. 43, *H f*ev yag r \irivoc Ttf Trarros bctgs *tA. Proelus. ibid. 
+
+4 
+
+p. 401. 
+
+Hippai. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+Hipp 
+
+Hipp 
+
+
+What may have been the 
+and Hippus, will be matter 
+
+
+original of the term 
+oi future difquifition. 
+
+
+Thus much is certain, that the Greeks, who were but little 
+acquainted with the purport of their ancient theology, uni¬ 
+
+
+formly referred it to 7 horfes 
+
+
+Hence it was often prefixed 
+
+
+the names of Gods, and of Goddefies, when it had 
+
+
+lation to their dep 
+
+
+and feemed inconfiftent with 
+
+
+their character 
+
+
+We have not only an account of A p 
+
+
+Mars the horfeman ; but of Pofeidon Hipp 
+
+
+a God of the fea 
+
+
+He is 
+
+
+this title by the Poet Ariftophs 
+
+! 'I7F7CI AVC& YloTBi^QV 
+
+
+rdingly complimented upon 
+
+
+Xa7j£OX£OT6W InWOdV KTV7TC 
+K Oil %ge{JLSTl(T(JLO$ OLV&OLVSI. 
+
+
+Ceres had the title of Hipp 
+
+
+and the Goddefs of wifdom 
+
+
+Minerva had the fame. We read alfo of Juno Hippia, who 
+at Olympia partook of joint rites, and worfhip with thofe 
+equeftrian Deities Neptune, and Mars. Paufanias mentions 
+9 Tlureifcdvos 'Iroa, kcu 'Hgotg *Itctcv& : and hard by rr\ {jlbv 
+
+Ageug '1 wiris, tyi h AGyivqlg '\7 T7ns £o[j,og. In Arcadia, and 
+Elis, the moft ancient rites were nreferved : and the Gre- 
+
+
+9 Hotreifoovos 'Prsna, zou 'Hgotg 'Itfttus 
+
+Ageug 'I win, ty) h AQyivqlg 'l7T7rii£ £ou 
+
+
+pog 
+
+
+Elis, the moft 
+
+
+ntes were 
+
+
+preferved 
+
+
+cians might have known, that the terms Hippa and Hippia 
+
+7 Among the Egyptians the emblems, of which they made ule, were arbitrary, 
+and very different from the things, to which they referred. An eagle, an ox, and 
+a horfe, were all ufed as fymbols, but had no real connection with the things 
+alluded to, nor any the leaf! likenefs. ‘ The Grecians not considering this, were 
+
+always milled by the type j and never regarded the true hiftory, which was veiled 
+
+% 
+
+under it. 
+
+
+8 C l7T7r£<?. v. 548. 
+
+’ Paufan. L. 5. p. 414. 
+
+
+E 2 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+28 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+were of foreign purport from, the other titles given to Juno 
+at Olympia. For they facrihced here to 10 Amonian Juno, 
+and to Juno Paramonian ; which were alfo titles of Hermes. 
+Hippa was a facred Egyptian term, and as luch was confer¬ 
+red upon Arlinoe, the wife of Ptolemy Philadelphus : for 
+the princes of Egypt always affumed to themfelves facred 
+appellations. 11 '1 7T7rict Agcrivov), q ra yvvq. As 
+
+the Grecians did not enquire into the hidden purport of an¬ 
+cient names, they have continually mifreprefented the hifto- 
+ries, of which they treated. As Ceres was (tiled Hippa, they 
+have imagined her to have been turned into a mare : and 
+Hippius Pofeidon was in like manner changed to a horfe, 
+and fuppofed in that fhape to have had an intimate acquaint¬ 
+ance with the Goddefs. Of this Ovid takes notice. 
+
+13 Et te, flava comas, frugum mitiftima mater 
+Senfit equum : te feniit avem crinita colubris 
+Mater equi volucris. 
+
+The like is mentioned of the nymph 14 Ocuroe : alfo of Phil- 
+lyra, who was fo changed by Saturn. He is faid to have 
+taken upon himfelf the fame fhape, and to have followed her 
+neighing over the mountains of Theflaly. 
+
+15 Talis et ipfe jubam cervice effudit equina 
+Conjugis adventu pernix Saturnus, et altum 
+Pelion hinnitu fugiens implevit acuto. 
+
+^ Paufan. L. 5. p. 416. 
+
+xx Hefych. \1r1r1ct. 
+
+Paufan. 8. p. 649. 
+
+15 Metam. L. 6. v. 117. 
+
+14 Ovid. Metam. L. 2. v. 668* 
+
+15 Virg. Georg. L. 3. v. 92. 
+
+6 
+
+
+
+
+f 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 29 
+
+♦ 
+
+All thefe legendary ftories arofe from this ancient term 
+being obfolete, and mifapplied. Homer makes mention of 
+the mares of Apollo, which the God was fuppofed to have 
+bred in Pieria: 
+
+16 Tag zv HiegiY) Qge\ J/ agyvgoTo^og AkoXXw. 
+
+And he has accordingly put them in harnefs, and given 
+
+them to the hero Eumelus. Callimachus takes notice of the 
+
+■ 
+
+fame mares in his hymn to the Shepherd God Apollo. 
+
+17 &0L&0P KCLl N OfJUOP KUCAqiTitOfJLZV , 2%2Tl XZlV'd, 
+
+E%st Z7T A[JL(pgVCCi) isvyrtltioLQ zTgzpzv bnrag, 
+
+V7T ZgCdTl KSmV[XSVOg A${JLYfrOlO. 
+
+Thefe Hippai, mifconftrued mares, were priefteffes of the 
+Goddefs Hippa, who was of old worfhipped in Theflaly, 
+and Thrace, and in many different regions. They chanted 
+hymns in her temples, and performed the rites of fire : but 
+the worfhip growing obfolete, the very terms were at laft 
+miftaken. How far this worfhip once prevailed may be 
+known from the many places denominated from Hippa. It 
+was a title of Apollo, or the Sun, and often compounded 
+Hippa On, and contracted Hippon : of which name places 
+occur in Africa near Carthage 18 . 'Hrs St 9 K igrct nohig zv- 
+T olvOol koli 01 Svo I inrcdvzg. Argos was of old called Hip- 
+
+
+l6 
+
+
+Iliad B. v. 766. He alfo mentions the mares of Erifthonius, with which 
+
+
+Boreas was luppofed to have been enamoured. 
+
+Tcccov xcti Ropevs yiqclggcltq CoGTCojuiSvccooi'^ 
+
+1 7T7rcp cf eiGccptevcs tt 0 kvclvo^clltk* 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+iS 
+
+
+Ai cf 5 v7rc'XVGc-.ccfjLevGLi erexov dvox.cuS'ex.cc ttoo 
+H. to Apollo, v. 47. 
+
+Strabo.L. 17. p. 1188. 
+
+
+Iliad. T. V. 224. 
+
+
+peion 
+
+
+
+30 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+peion ; not from the animal '1 THrog, but 19 cctto 'I TTYig Ta 
+
+ActvcvSy from Hippa the daughter of IDanaus : that is from a 
+
+♦ 
+
+prieftefs, who founded there a temple, and introduced the 
+rites of the Goddefs, whom ihe ferved. As it was a title of 
+the Sun, it was fometimes exprefled in the mafculine gender 
+Hippos : and Paufanias takes notice of a moft curious, and 
+remarkable piece of antiquity, though he almoft ruins the 
+purport of it by referring it to an horfe. It {food near 
+mount Taygetus in Laconia, and was called the monument 
+of Hippos. The author tells us, 10 that at particular inter¬ 
+nals from this monume?it food fenen pillars , kcctcl Tgoftov 
+
+aggOLiov, placed , fays he, as I imagine according to fome ancient 
+rule and method ; which pillars were fuppofed to i~eprefent the 
+fene?t planets. If then thefe exterior Hones related to the 
+feven erratic bodies in our fphere, the central monument of 
+Hippos mu ft neceffarily have been defigned for the Sun. 
+And however rude the whole may po/libly have appeared, it 
+is the moft ancient reprefentation upon record, and confe- 
+quently the moft curious, of the planetary fyftem. 
+
+It is from hence, I think, manifeft, that the titles Hippa, 
+and Hippos, related to the luminary Ofiris ; and betokened 
+fome particular department of that Deity, who was the fame 
+
+19 Hefych. 17 rTrtiov. 
+
+2,0 TIcoYgVCTI Se C l7T7T'd XCt?l»fJLSVGV pLVWfJ.CL -K 10VB$ Ss B'ZZTT CC^ 01 T8 f UW,UCtT05 
+
+tbtb S Leaser iv ou ^roAhs xccrcc tqqitqv oi/xccl top ctp^ctiov^ ovs toop IlAavwTwv 
+
+(pcto'iv ctyct.T^fJLcL'rcc. Paufan. L. 3. p. 262. 
+
+2,1 They included the moon among the primary planets 5 not being acquainted 
+with any fecondary. 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3i 
+
+
+as Dionulus 
+appellation 
+
+
+He was undoubtedly worshiped under this 
+
+
+var iou s region s 
+
+
+hence we read of Hipp 
+
+
+Montes in Colchis : 'ITnra KUfJU/i in Lycia: ' 1 nm* otxpa 
+
+
+bya: 
+
+Felix 
+
+
+opog 
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+and a town Hipp 
+
+
+Arabia 
+
+
+Felix. There occur alfo in compolition 
+rum, Hippouris, Hippana, Hipponefus, 
+
+
+Hippon, Hipp 
+
+
+Hipp 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+laid 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+facred fountain, denominated from the God of 
+
+
+light, who was the patron of verfe, and fcience: but by the 
+Greeks it was referred to an animal, and fuppofed to have 
+been produced by the hoof of an horfe. The rites of Dio- 
+nufiis Hippius were carried into Thrace, where the horles of 
+Diomedes were faid to have been fed with human flefh. 
+Deianira is introduced by Ovid, as alking Hercules, if he did 
+not well remember this practice. 
+
+
+a3 Non tibi fuccurrit crudi Diomedis imago, 
+
+Elferus humana qui dape pavit equos ? 
+
+Abderus, the founder of Abdera, is fuppofed to have been a 
+vidtim to thefe animals : of which Scymnus Chius gives the 
+following account. 
+
+
+14. 
+
+
+TWV <T S7TI OothUTTY) KSlfJLSVOOV IV 7P0Xig 
+A&JV)^, 0L7T A&J^g (JLSV OOVO[JLClG'fJl,£VY) y 
+Ta KOLl yjn<XCLVTO$ KgOTZgOV CLVTY\V * Q£ C fojCSl 
+tr T7tO TCiOV AlQ(JUf)$OVS VfZgOV {•SVQXTOMV 
+'I TTTtttV <pQOLgqVCU . 
+
+
+See Steph.. Byzant. and Cellarius. 
+M Ovid. Deianira ad Here. Epift. 
+
+
+
+
+Geog. Vet. Vol. 2. v. 665. 
+
+
+See alfo Diodorus. L. iv. p. 223. alfo Strabo 
+
+
+Epitome. L. 7. p. 511. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+32 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Thefe horfes, g si/ozrom , which fed upon the flefh of ftran 
+gers, were the priefts of Hippa, and of Dionufus, ftiled Hip 
+
+
+pus, or more properly Hipp 
+
+
+They feem to have refided 
+
+
+in an ifland, and probably in the Thracian Cherfonefe: 
+which they denominated 2,5 Diu-Medes, or the ifland of the 
+Egyptian Deity Medes. From hence the Grecian Poets have 
+formed a perfbnage Diomedes, whom they have made king 
+
+
+of the country. There 
+
+
+the fame 
+
+
+where ftmilar 
+
+
+were here Cycneans, and defcribed as a 
+
+
+ppofite to Apulia iflands of 
+ites prevailed. The priefts 
+
+ecies of fwans. 
+
+
+
+who were kind 
+
+
+people of their own 
+
+
+but cruel to 
+
+
+2,6 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+ftrangers. A Diomedes is fuppofed to have been a king 
+thefe parts, and to have given name to thefe iflands 
+faid by Scymnus Chius above, that Abderus, who was de¬ 
+voured by the horfes of Diomedes in Thrace, built the city 
+
+
+which bore his 
+
+
+The Gr 
+
+
+icians continually fuppofed 
+•the perfonage, in whofe honour a city was built, to haVe 
+been the founder. I have mentioned, that Abdera ftgnift.es 
+
+the place of Abdir, which is a contraction of Abadir, the 
+
+% 
+
+ferpent Deity Ad-Ur, or Adorus. And it is plain from many 
+paffages in ancient writers, that human facrifices were com¬ 
+
+
+mon at his fhrine ; and particularly thofe of infants 
+Abderus being a victim to the horfes of Diomedes is 
+
+
+By 
+
+
+the natives of that pi 
+
+
+which flood in the vicinity of 
+
+
+* 9 
+
+
+5 See Radicals, p. 96. 
+
+0 The birds at the lake Stymphalus are defcribed as feeding upon human fiefli. 
+-A oyof OgnGais vrore ctvS stt cc utw tcglQyivou. Paufan. L. 8. p. 640, The 
+
+Teal hiftory of the place was, that the birds called Stymphalides were a fet of 
+Canibal priefts. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+the Cherfonefus, were obliged to fubmit to the cruel rites of 
+the Diomedean 27 priefts. The very name muft have come 
+from them ; for they worfhiped the Deity under the titles of 
+Meed, Hippa, and Abadir; and various other appellations. 
+
+There is an account given by 28 Palasphatus of one Metra, 
+who in the more authentic manufcripts is called M ^pol, 
+Meeftra. It is faid of her, that fhe could change herfelf into 
+various forms, particularly bh xogY)$ ysvstrbou &W, you avOig 
+
+ttvvct , aou ogveov, that Jhe would inftead of a young woman ap¬ 
+pear an ox, or a cow ; or elfe be in the Jhape of a dog , or of a 
+bird . She is reprefented as the daughter of Erifidthon : and 
+thefe uncommon properties are mentioned by Ovid 29 , who 
+fets them off with much embellishment. The ftory at bot¬ 
+tom is very plain. Egypt, the land of the Mizraim, was by 
+the Greeks often ftiled 30 Meftra and 31 Meftraia : and by the 
+perfon here called Meftra we are certainly to underhand a 
+woman of that country. She was fometimes mentioned 
+fimply as a Cahen, or prieftefs, which the Grecians have ren¬ 
+dered hvvol, a dog. Women in this facred capacity attended 
+at the fhrine of Apis, and Mneuis ; and of the facred heifer 
+at Onuphis. Some of them in different countries were ftiled 
+Cygneans, and alfo Peleiadas, of whom the principal were the 
+
+
+'* 7 Glaucus, the fon of Sifyphus, is faid to have been eaten by horfes. Palae- 
+
+
+phatus. P. 58. 
+a8 P. 54- 
+
+* 9 Metamorph. L. S. v. 873. 
+
+90 Jofephus calls Egypt Meftra. 
+Notes. 
+
+
+Antiq. L. 1. c. 6. §. 2. See Radicals. P. 7 
+
+
+3 * 
+
+
+O 7rga)Tc$ oncmccs 'Tin' ’Me^-gcttav mot Atyv7rrov * Eufeb. 
+
+
+Chron. P. 17. 
+
+VOL« II. 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+women 
+
+
+
+34 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+women at 3a Dodona. Many of them were prieftefles of 
+Hippa 
+
+ftiewn. Hence the mythologifts under tlie character of Mee- 
+ftra have reprefented an Egyptian prieftefs, who could af- 
+fume many departments, which were milconftrued different 
+lhapes. She could become, if we may credit Ovid, 
+
+Nunc equa, nunc ales, modo bos; 
+or according to Palaephatus, &W, kwcl, K&i ogveov: a cow , a 
+dog, and a bird. The whole of this related to the particu¬ 
+lar fervice of the prieftefs j and to the emblem, under which 
+the Deity was worlhiped. 
+
+Herodotus. L. 2. c. 55. 
+
+
+, and upon that account ftiled Hippai, as I have 
+
+
+HITES 
+
+
+
+( 35 ) 
+
+
+RITES 
+
+O F 
+
+
+D A M A T E R, or CERES. 
+
+
+1 ' Shall now proceed to the rites of Ceres : and the ge- 
+_ neral character of this Goddefs is fo innocent and 
+rural, that one would imagine nothing cruel could proceed 
+from her fhrine. But there was a time, when fome of her 
+temples were as much dreaded, as thofe of Scylla, and the 
+Cyclops. They were courts of juftice ; whence fhe is often 
+fpoken of as a lawgiver. 
+
+Prima Ceres unco terram dimovit aratro, 
+
+Prima dedit leges. 
+
+She is joined by Cicero with Libera 5 and they are ftiled the 
+
+Ovid. Metam. L. 5. V. .341. Moft temples of old were courts of juftice*, 
+and the priefts were the judges, who there prefided. 
+
+JElian. V. H. L. 14. c. 34, &ixccs~cct to v ccp^cciov Trap Aiyv^Tiois 01 leozis 
+ycrctv. 
+
+F 2 Deities, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+36 
+
+Deities, * a quibus initia vitse, atque vidtus, legum , morum , 
+manfuetudinis, humanitatis, exempla hominibus, et civita- 
+tibus data, ac difpertita effe dicantur. The Deity, to whom 
+flie was a fubftitute, wa.s El, the Sun. He was primarily 
+worshiped in thefe temples : and I have fhewn, that they 
+were from Achor denominated Acherontian ; alfo temples 
+of Ops, and Oupis, the great ferpent God. Hence it is 
+faid by Hefychius, that Acheron, and Ops, and Helle, and 
+3 Gerys, and Terra, and Demeter, were the fame. C H *Ap£££&>, 
+
+mi Sims, mi ‘EKhri, mi Tirigog, koli F^, mi 5 to 
+
+aiiTO. Ceres was the Deity of fire : hence at Cnidus fhe was 
+called K vgcL, 1 * * * * 6 Cura, a title of the Sun. Her Roman name 
+Ceres, expreffed by Hefychius Gerys, was by the Dorians 
+more properly rendered 7 * Garys. It was originally a name 
+of a city, called ~KcLgis : for many of the Deities were erro- 
+neoufly called by the names of the places where they wor- 
+fhiped. Charis is Char-Is, the s city of fire j the place where 
+Orus and Hephaftus were worfhiped. Hence as a perfonage 
+fhe is made the wife of 9 Vulcan, on account of her relation 
+
+1 Oratio in Verrem. 5. Se£t. ultima. Vol. 3. p.. 291. 
+
+3 Ceres is mentioned by Yarro quafi Geres. L. 4, p. 18.. 
+
+4 Hefychius. A%stgu. 
+
+s Reperitur in poematiis antiquis, a Pithaso editis, carmen in laudem Solis •» 
+quod cum efie Liberum, et Cererem, et Jovem ftatuit.. Huetius. Deraonft. Evang. 
+
+Prop.-4. p. 142. 
+
+6 Coelius Rhodig. L. 17. c. 27. 
+
+7 Varro fpeaks of Ceres, as if her name was originally Geres. L. 4. p. 18. 
+
+s There was a place called Charifia in Arcadia. Paulan. L. 8. p. 603. Cha- 
+refus, and Charefene, in Phrygia. Charis in Perils, and Parthia. See Treatife 
+upon the Cyclopes. 
+
+9 Paufan. L, 9. p. 781. Nonnus. L. 29. p. 760. 
+
+to 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 37 
+
+to fire. Her title of Damater was equally foreign to Greece ; 
+and came from Babylonia, and the eaffc. It may after this 
+feem extraordinary, that fhe fhould ever be efteemed the 
+Goddefs of corn. This notion arofe in part from the Gre¬ 
+cians not underfhanding their own theology : which bad ori¬ 
+ginally became continually more depraved, through their ig¬ 
+norance. The towers of Ceres were P’urtain, or TlgvTcx.vsia ,; 
+fo called from the fires, which were perpetually there pre- 
+ferved. The Grecians interpreted this 7 rvgx roifJLetov ; and 
+rendered, what was a temple of Oru,s, a granary of corn. In 
+
+uence of this, though they did not abolifh the ancient; 
+ufage of the place, they made it a repofitory of grain, from 
+whence they gave largefles to the people upon any a£t of 
+
+merit. 10 T onog y\v nag A Qwouoig, sv ca zoivou ariTY)(rsig roig dij- 
+
+/ JLO(rioig svsgysToug gdidWo* oQev zou JJ^vtolvsiov ezcl^eito, oiovel 
+
+7CvgoToL[JLZiov' %vgog yotg o' c nrog. In early times the corn there 
+depofited feems to have been for the priefts and 11 diviners. 
+But this was only a fecondary ufe, to which thefe places 
+were adapted. They were properly facred towers, where a 
+perpetual fire was preferved. Paulanias takes notice of fuch 
+
+a one in Arcadia. 12 AripYiTgog, zca K ogqg isgov, 7rvg ds evtolvQcl 
+
+KCUiZVl, 7T Q 18 (JLEV 0 L QgOVTlfroL, fJLYj KOtOt) (TtpiClV 0L7T0(T^EiT^SV. He 
+
+mentions a like circumftance at the Prutaneion in Elis 13 1 
+
+* 
+
+10 Etymolog. Mag. and Suidas. 
+
+tT /u.eT€i%py rys ev VJgvrccveicc (riTwtoos* Ariftoph. E igynj* 
+
+Scholia, v. 1084. 
+
+5i L. 8. p. 6x6. 
+
+’ 3 L. 5. p. 415. .. , _ 
+
+Er* 
+
+
+
+
+38 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+E gi Je r\ Tspgxg mi ocvty) 7rs7roiy)[/,svYi, mt E7v ctvTrig 
+
+OLVCL 7tOL<TCLV TB fjfJLSgOiV, KCU SV TCCLTy VVKTl WTCCVTCdg KOUSTOU. At¬ 
+tica at firfl: was divided into feparate and independent ham¬ 
+lets : each of which had its own Prutaneion, and Archon. 
+Thele Archons were priefts of the Prutaneia; and were 
+denominated from their office. Archon is the fame as Orchon, 
+and like Chon-Or fignifies the God of light, and fire ; from 
+which title the priefts had their name. In Babylonia, and 
+Chaldea, they were called Urchani. 
+
+As in thefe temples there was always a 15 light, and a fire 
+burning on the hearth, fome of the Grecians have varied in 
+their etymology, and have derived the name from 7 TVg, Pur. 
+Suidas fuppofes it to have been originally called II vgog t a- 
+
+(JOBIOV. 16 II gVTCiVBlOV, 7TVg0g TOLpLBlOV, BvQct. Y\V CLT^B^OV TUg. The 
+
+Scholiaffc upon Thucydides fpeaks to the fame purpofe. 
+
+17 A KKoi (5s <p&<nv , on to TL^vtccvsiov Tcv^og ry tol^biov, svQct r\v 
+
+OLToSTOV 7 rvg. Others tell us , that the Prutaneion to as of old 
+called Puros Pameion , from 7TV^ pur: becaufe it was the repo- 
+Jitory of a perpetual fire. It was facred to Heftia, the Vefta 
+of the Romans ; which was only another title for Damater : 
+and the facred hearth had the fame name. 18 E griotv d av 
+
+y.vgiuTCLToc mMirig ty\v bv UgVTama, £<p iis to 7rvg to olt^bzov 
+a,vcatT btoli. I have mentioned, that thefe places were tern- 
+
+14 VJpvT olvhoc r£ Zpf&crcc. xcci Ap^orrcc^. Thucyd. L. 2. p. IC>7» 
+
+To Se ai%wcj' ev npvTxieip. Theocrit. Idyl. 21. 
+
+16 Suidas. 
+
+I„. 2. p. 107. Others gave another reafon. 1 lo-iTuveioy exctXziro^ exzt 
+
+exa&w'T0 01 llnuTccrtii'i ci rcci’ oa&u' 1rocc') [j.cctojv £ioiy.titcci. Ibid. 
+
+13 Julios Pollux. L. 1. c. 1- p. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+pies, and at the fame time courts of juflice : hence we find, 
+that in the Prutaneion at Athens the laws of Solon were 
+19 engraved. Thefe laws were defcribed upon wooden cylin¬ 
+
+
+ders : fome of which remained to the time of 20 Plutarch. 
+
+Many of thefe temples were dedicated to the Deity under 
+the name of Perfephone, or Proferpine, the fuppofed daugh¬ 
+ter of Ceres. They were in reality the fame perfonage. 
+Perfephone was fliled K 0 ££, Cora j which the Greeks mif- 
+interpreted Uccg&evog, the virgin, or damfel. How could a 
+perfon, who according to the received accounts had been ra- 
+
+
+wlio 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+vifhed by Pluto, and been his confort for ages ; 
+the reputed queen of hell, be fliled by way of eminence 
+Tlagdevog ? Ko^a, Cora, which they underflood was the fame 
+as Cura, a feminine title of the Sun : by which Ceres alfo 
+was called at Cnidos. However mild and gentle Proferpine 
+may have been reprefented in her virgin flate by the Poets ; 
+yet her tribunal feems in many places to have been very for¬ 
+midable. In confequence of this we find her with Minos, 
+and Rhadamanthus, condemned to the fhades below, as an 
+infernal inquifitor. Nonnus fays, 
+
+2 * Il£g<rs<povY\ E gimccg. 
+
+The notion of which Furies 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+Proferpine armed the Furies . 
+
+arofe from the cruelties pradfifed in thefe Prutaneia. 
+were called by the Latines Funse ; and were originally only 
+priefls of fire : but were at lafl ranked among the hellifh 
+tormentors. Ceres the benefadtrefs, and lawgiver, was fome- 
+
+
+J 9 
+
+
+ao 
+
+
+ax 
+
+
+TIgvT<zv€iov tv 4 voyioi tb SoAgtos zi&i ytygctfj.y.zvot . Paufan, L» i . p. 4 I# 
+
+Plutarch in Solone. P. 92. 
+
+L. 44. p. 1152. 
+
+
+< 
+
+
+times 
+
+
+
+40 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+times enrolled in the lift of thefe daemons. This is manifeft 
+from a paftage in Antimachus, quoted by Paufanias, where 
+her temple is fpoken of as the ftirine of a Fury. 
+
+
+22 toQi (pc&mv E givvvog sivou e$s6xov. 
+
+The like is mentioned by the Scholiaft upon Lycophron: 
+
+23 E givvvs jo ArifjLYirrig sv Oytcoug 7roX$i tjo? Agmfoas ripcarcu. 
+
+Her temple ftood upon the river Ladon, and ftie had this 
+name given to her by the people of the place. KaTvacn 
+
+'Egivvvv 01 ©sXzaTiOi TY)V &sov. The e ThelpuJia?is call the God- 
+defs De???eter a Fury. Herodotus fpeaks of a Prutaneion in 
+Achaia Pthiotic, called Leitus ; of which he gives a fearful 
+account. No perfo?z , he fays, ever entered the precmEls, who 
+retur?ied. fFhat eve?” perfo?? ever Jlrayed that way, was i??i?ne- 
+diately feixed upo7i by the Priejls, a?id facrificed. 1he cujlom fo 
+far prevailed, that ?na?ty, who thought they were liable to fuffer, 
+fled away to foreig?? parts. Find he adds, that after a long ti?ne. 
+
+
+L. 8. p. 649. Mount Caucafus was denominated, as is fuppofed, from a 
+fhepherd Caucafus. The women, who officiated in the temple, were ftiled the 
+daughters of Caucafus, and reprefented as Furies : by which were meant prieft- 
+effes of fire. 
+
+Caucafi filire Furiae. See Epiphanius Anchorat. p. 90. 
+
+Lycophron. Scholia. V. 1225. Kcci KaAA'jc/.x^os Jiomvv xxXei tw 
+t pcc* Ibid. 
+
+Neptune is faid to have lain with Ceres, when in.the form of a Fury. Apol- 
+lodorus. L, 3. p. 157- She is faid from thence to have conceived the horfe 
+Areion. 
+
+Lycophron alludes to her cruel rites, when he is fpeaking of Tantalus, and 
+Pelops, 
+
+Ov TrccTrirov ev yccy.(pcc 1 criv Evvccicc ttotz 
+E OKW E gtWUSy kouoict) %l$Y,q,OgQ$^ 
+
+Acragxcc fj.tc^vXK gv$ £t vfxCeuaev Tcc<p&* V. 152. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4* 
+
+
+7 
+
+when any of them ventured to return , if they were caught , they 
+were irnsnediately led to the Prutaneion. Here they were crowned 
+with garlands , and in great parade conduEled to the altar. I 
+fhall quote the author’s words. AtyTov ds xaAsacn To flgv- 
+
+rccvYjiov 61 Ayyioi' w ds scrsA^, not ss'i, ozoog s%si<ri } 7tgiv t) 
+
+QvvsrQou pLsXXif cog's n 7tgog tbtoicti troXXoi rjds rcov [asXXovtoov 
+
+tstscov OvcrsrQou, dsicrocvTsg otypvro ct7rodgcx.vTsg sg cOIKyiv yugcy. 
+
+X^oj/a ds 7 rgo'iovTog, otitco Kctnre'hQovTsg, rjV ctAKncoovToti, ss'S’KKovto 
+sg to II gvraVYiiov, dog Qvstoli ts stjriysovTo, s'spc^ioLTi nag ttvkut^ 
+
+
+Osig, kou dog c rvv 7ro{JL7rri s^atgOsig. The people of Leitus are 
+faid to have been the fons of Cutiftorus. Herodotus lpeaks 
+
+« 
+
+of the temple, as remaining in his time : and of the cuftom 
+{till fubftfting. He further mentions, that when Xerxes was 
+informed of the hiftory of this place, as he pafled through 
+Theflaly, he withheld himfelf from being guilty of any vio¬ 
+lation. And he moreover ordered his army to pay due re¬ 
+gard to its fandtity 5 fo very awful, it feems, was myfterious 
+cruelty. 
+
+I imagine, that the ftory of the Harpies relates to Priefts 
+of the Sun. They were denominated from their feat of re- 
+ftdence, which was an oracular temple called Harpi, and 
+Hirpi, analogous to Orphi, and Urphi in other places. I 
+have fhewn, that the ancient name of a prieft was Cahen, 
+rendered miftakenly kvv, and canis. Hence the Harpies, 
+
+who were priefts of Ur, are ftiled by Apollonius the Dogs of 
+
+
+"Jove. 
+
+
+Iris accofting Calais, and Zethus, tells them, that 
+
+
+Herodotus. L. 7. c. 197. 
+
+Vol. II. G 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+4a Tbs Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+it would be a profanation to offer any injury to thofe per- 
+
+Up££<nriV £XaOTKf 
+
+*A£ 7 rwag, jU-syaXoio Aiog KTNA£. 
+
+This term in the common acceptation is not applicable to 
+the Harpies* either as birds, for fo they are represented ; or 
+as winged animals. But this reprefentation was only the 
+infigne of the people, as the vulture, and eagle were of the 
+Egyptians i a lion of the Perfians. The Harpies, were cer¬ 
+tainly a 26 college of .priefts in Bithynia; and on that ac¬ 
+count called Cahen. They feem to have been a let of rapa¬ 
+cious perfons, who for their repeated adts of violence, and 
+cruelty, were driven out of the country. Their temple was 
+ftiled Arpi y and the environs Arpi-ai : hence the Grecians 
+formed 27 'Aqkvicli. There was a region in Apulia named 
+Arpi \ and in its neighbourhood were the iflands of Dio- 
+medes, and the birds, which were fabled to have been like 
+fwans. I have before {hewn, that they were Amonian 
+priefts : fo likewife were the Hirpi near Soradte in Latium. 
+They were priefts of fire : of whofe cuftoms I have taken 
+notice.. 
+
+The perfons, who refided in thefe temples, are reprefented, 
+as perfqns of great ftrength, and ftature : for many of them. 
+
+
+
+L. 2. v. 288. 
+
+5,6 The Sirens and Harpies were perfons of the fame vocation: ; 
+Seholtaft upon,Lycophron feems to have been apprifed. See v. 653. 
+
+
+dof this the 
+
+
+17 Harpyia, 'Ag7rn/a, was certainly of old a name of a place. The town fo call¬ 
+ed is mentioned to have been near Encheliae in Illyria. Here was an Amonian 
+Petra of Cadmus, and Harmonia. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+Tttfi Analysis of AncISNIt Mythology. 43 
+
+* 
+
+were of the race of Anac. There is reafbn to think, that a 
+cuftom prevailed in thefe places of making Grangers engage 
+in fight with fome of the priefts trained up for that pur pole. 
+The manner of contention was either with the caeftuSj or by 
+wreftling. And as the prieft appointed for the trial was 
+pretty fure of coming off the conqueror, the whole was 
+looked upon as a more fpecious kind of facrifice. Amycus, 
+who was king of Bithynia, is reprefented as of a * 8 gigantic 
+fize, and a great proficient with the cseftus. He was in con- 
+fequence of it the terror of all Grangers who came upon the 
+coaft. Cercyon of 19 Megara was equally famed for wrefi¬ 
+ling ; by which art he flew many, whom he forced to the 
+unequal contention. But Cercyon was the name of the 
+** place ; and they were the Cercyonians, the prieffs of the 
+temple, who were noted for thefe atchievements. Paufanias 
+gives an account of them under the character of one perfon. 
+31 E ivca <Js 0 Ksgxvoov KsysTou kcci tcc oc7\Aoc afozog eig rsg %£wg, 
+
+Kou 'KoCha.izw 3 % 3 \opL£Voig. Cercyo?2 was in other refpe&s lawlefs 
+in his behaviour towards ftrangers ; but efpecially towards thofe 
+who would not contend with him in wreftlmg. Thefe Cercyo¬ 
+nians were undoubtedly priefts of Ceres, or Damater : who 
+feems to have been tired of their fervice, and glad to get rid 
+of them, as we are informed by the poet. 
+
+3 * Quaeque Ceres lasto vidit pereuntia vultu 
+
+Corpora Thefea Cercyonea manu. 
+
+
+Tirvcp ei’ccXiyxiGt wwo. Theocrit. Idyl. 22. V. 94. 
+
+2,9 Paufan. L. 1. p. 94. 
+
+Kb^wcov is compounded of Ker-Cuon, and fignifi.es the temple of the Deity.' 
+
+11 L. 1. p. 94. 
+
+3i Ovid. Ibis. v. 411. 
+
+Before 
+
+
+G 2 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+44 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+m « 
+
+% 
+
+Before moft temples of old were areas, which were defigned 
+for Gumnafia, where thefe feats of exercife were performed, 
+Lucian fpeaks of one before the temple of 32 Apollo Lucius; 
+And Paufanias mentions that particular 33 parade, where 
+Cercyon was fuppofed to have exhibited his art. It flood 
+before the tomb of A.lope, and was called the Palseflra of 
+Cercyon even in the time of this writer, who takes notice of 
+many others. He fliles it TOLcpog AAoth]?, as if it were a tomb. 
+But it was a Taph, or high altar, facred to Al-Ope, Sol Py- 
+tho, who was the Deity of the place called Cer-Cuon. Be¬ 
+fore this altar was the palseilra; where the Cercyonian priefts 
+obliged people to contend with them. I have taken notice, 
+of a Pharos at 34 Torone, which Proteus is faid to have quitr- 
+ted, that he might not be witnefs to the cruelties of his fons-. 
+He fled, it feems, to Egypt,. TsKVtav oCKv^ag rctg ^svoxTovctg 
+
+TrcCKcug, to fhun their wicked practices ; for they were fo fkiL 
+led in the Palaeftric art, that they flew all ftrangers, whom 
+they forced to engage with them. Taurus, called Minotau- 
+rus, was a temple in Crete ; but by the Grecians is fpoken 
+of as a perfon. Under this character Taurus is reprefented 
+
+3X Anacharfis. vol. 2. p. 388. Tuyvccaiov v(p 9 vyoov cvoy ct(^er a.i y kcci e^iv legcv 
+A 7 roAAa)l' 3 $ AuKIV* 
+
+33 Yictl 6 T07T0S GVTOS 7TCtXcU^gU VCCtl S$ tfAS gHaAgfTOj 0/\iyQV TO'J TCLfyOV T 7 J 5 AA 07 T>JS 
+
+cc7reyy^i^ Paufan. L. 1. p. 94* 
+
+That very ancient temple of Pan on Mount Lyceum in Arcadia had a Gym- 
+nafium in a grove. E <^1 tv tu A vx.clul> Tlcaos re 'leoov, xctt 7 regi uvto clXctos S'evS'gwv^ 
+•Kca ' hnro^gofJLos nre y xcu irgo clvtb ^'clS'igv. Paufan. L. 8. p. 678. 
+
+34 I have mentioned, that Torone was a temple of the Sun, and alfo <PAeygcaa, y 
+by which was meant a place of fire, and a lighthoufe. This is not merely theory : 
+for the very tower may be feen upon coins, where it is reprefented as a Pharos with, 
+a blaze of fire at the top. See vol. 1. PLATE VI. page 408. 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 45 
+
+as a 35 renowned wreftler; and many perfons are faid to have 
+been fent from Athens to be victims to his prowefs. Eu- 
+febius ftiles him, 36 wpog ncu ccvYipcsgog, a man of a. cruel and 
+four difpofttion. After he had done much mifehief, The- 
+feus at length Tpargov na.TSTocKa.Krs, foiled him in his own 
+art, and flew hini. EJe is fuppofed to have done the like by 
+Cercyon. 37 Asysroci Jg a Ks^kvoov Tovg hoceocvTocg .TocvTocg zg 
+
+7raKY]V 38 - biacpQsigai tKy]V ®q<rsMg. For it is faid of Cercyon , that 
+he few every perfon , who ventured to cope with him in wref- 
+ling, excepting Fhefeus. In all thefe inftances the place is 
+put for the perfons, who reiided in it : of which mfftake 
+I have been obliged, often to take notice.- 
+
+Ancient hiftory affords numberlefs inftances of this, unge¬ 
+nerous, and cruel practice. The ftranger, who flood moft in 
+need of courtefy, was treated as a profeft enemy : and the 
+rites of hofpitality were evaded under the undue fantftion of 
+a facriflee to the Gods. In the hiftory of Bufiris we have, an 
+account of this cuftom prevailing in Egypt. 39 Bucrigiv bs 
+
+Kara rqv AiyvTrov rw A u HocKKiegsiv < repaylocZpvra.. rag. 7ra.g r STi~ 
+
+^/ifJLSVTag SENOT2. Jt is faid of Bufris , that he ufed to offer 
+to Jupiter , as the moff acceptable facrifce , all the Jra77gers , 
+
+” Plutarch. Thefeus. p. 6. 
+
+^ Chron. Logos, p. 31. He was alfo named Aftcrus,. Afterion, and Afterius; 
+Lycoph. v. 1299. Schol. andEtymolog. Mag. Minoi's. Afterius was reprefented 
+as the ion of Anac. Avcckto?. Paui'an. L. 7. p. 524.. A vSge a tcvs 
+
+CC7ToBcCVOyTCCS V7T0 QwCTEtoS UTTZQzQfitXtV 6 A^ZOltoV (o Mll'CO.) Paufail. Lj. 2. p. iS 3 . 
+
+37 Paufan. L,. i, p. 94.. 
+
+38 Diodorus, explains farther the character of this perfonage, ,'iov Trcc^ctiovra. tols 
+
+‘TTCCOfOUCri, •K.a.l rov VTTilQei’TCC,SiaCpQeigOl’TCt. L. 4. p.- Z26. 
+
+39 Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p. 225, and 233. 
+
+whom 
+
+
+
+4-6 . The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+•whom chance brought into his country. There was a tradition, 
+concerning Antaeus, that he covered the roof of a temple, 
+facred to Pofeidon, with the Hail Is of foreigners, whom he 
+forced to engage with him. The manner of the engagement 
+was by *° wreftling. Eryx in Sicily was a proficient in this 
+art, and did much tnifchief to Grangers ; till he was in his 
+
+turn {lain. The Deity was the fame in thefe parts, as was 
+
+* 
+
+alluded to under the name of Taurus, and Minotaurus, in 
+Crete ; and the rites were the fame. Hence Lycophron 
+fpeaks of Eryx by the name of Taurus; and calls the place 
+Of exercile before the temple, 
+
+41 T avgx yvfj.vcx.$cL$ Kouio^evx 
+
+
+UoiXrjg Kovifgag. 
+
+This the Scholiaft interprets 7 tctXoufgCLV T 8 E %vko$ ts 
+KT 0 V&, the Gymnafium of JBrjyx, who ufed to murder Jirangers. 
+Androgeos the fon of Minos came to the 41 like end, who 
+had been fuperior to every body in this art. Euripides ftilcs 
+
+
+the hero Cycnus 43 ^svoodiKTOiV, on account of his cruelty to 
+ftrangers. He refided it feems near the fea-coaft: 5 and ufed 
+to oblige every perfon, who travelled that way, or whom ill 
+fortune brought on fhore, to contend with him. And his 
+ambition was to be able with the fkulls of the victims, which 
+he flew, to build a temple to Apollo. 44 K cuto^svog 6 K vx.vog, 
+
+9 
+
+non bv 9ra£o<Jw TY)g QoLhcc<r<rqg qikuv., STrs^a^aro^asi r ovg 7ra£iomt£, 
+
+
+40 I S'ioos tov Avtcciov <pnai t cov SEIMDN tcov KT'nwsvosv TO 12 KPANTOT 2 
+eoetpeiv tov tb Floo-si^covos vet or. Pindar. Ifth. Ode 4. Scholia, p. 458. See Dio- 
+dorus concerning Antseus aovccvccyxoc^ovrct tqvs %cvb$ J'igcttcc^zlsiv. L. 4. p. 233. 
+
+41 V, 866, and Scholia. 
+
+41 Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p, 263. 
+
+4 ' Hercules Furens. v. 391. 
+
+44 Pindar. Olymp. Ode 10. p. 97. Scholia, from the Cycnus of Stcfichorus. 
+
+VCLOV 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+vetov T& AttoAA&)« EhKo [XBVoi; e# r«r xspctKMv otnoboix^Ton. Men¬ 
+tion is made of Lycaon, qui advenas et hofpites trucidavit. 
+He is laid to have founded the temple of Jupiter 45 Lyeseus, 
+and to have firft introduced human facrifices, particularly 
+thofe of infants. Aujatuv Ss sti tov {fw/xoj' r ov 46 A vkouou 
+
+A log Egs<po$ YiVsyx.Bv outOgumov, nou sQvrs to Egstpos, kou svirsuTzv 
+
+2771 ts EojfJLX to OLtfJML. Lycaon was the perfon , who brought an 
+infant , the offspring of a man , to the altar of Zeus Lucaios : 
+and he few the infant , and he fprmkled the altar with the blood 
+which iffued from it. Antinous in Homer threatens to fend 
+Irus to one Echetus, a king in Epirus, who was the dread 
+of that country. The fame threat is uttered againft 47 Ulyf- 
+fes, if he fhould prefume to bend the how, which Penelope 
+had laid before the fuitors. Under the character of Lycaon, 
+Cycnus, &c. we are to underftand Lyeaonian and Cycnean 
+priefts ; which latter were from Canaan: and this method 
+of interpretation is to be obferved all through thefe hifto- 
+ries. Echetus, Ep££Ta$, was a title of Apollo, rendered more 
+
+commonly 48 'E^aro^ by the Greeks, as if it came from the 
+
+word b&ols. It was an Amonian title, by which Orus, and 
+Ofiris, were called : and this king Echetus was a pried of 
+
+45 Euripides. Oreftes. v. 1648. SchoL Lycaon was a Deity, and his priefts 
+were ftiled Lycaonid^. He was the fame as Jupiter Lyca^us* and JLucetius l the 
+fame alfo as Apollo. 
+
+46 Paufan. L. 8. p. 60a. 
+
+47 OdyfT. L. v. 307. 
+
+43 Mvwrofxctij f^ctOvijui Att'oAX&vqs ’Etcct'T'ciQ'* H'om’ff. Hv to ApoHb'. v. 1. 
+
+Ev Siscos otyopevs 05 O 7 r goiriocs C E xcctoiq. Iliad. A. v. 385. 
+
+4 o%ecc.igcci xctaiymTT] *Excltqiq. Iliad. Y\ v. 71. 
+
+that 
+
+
+
+48 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+that family, who was named, from the Deity, whom he 
+lerved. The Poet ftiles him SgoTW $r)Xr)fj,ovo y from his cruelty 
+to ftrangers. 
+
+49 UsfJL^oo - 0 " 7 Hzrs^ojds EoXoov sv vqi fjisXoivri 
+E is Ep^sroi/ EoKriXqoi, figoTuv ^XYifxovo 7 tovtoov. 
+
+'Og K 0.7:0 pivo TOfJLYjtri, Koi zoro VY\hzi yoXnu, 
+
+Mr±ho t efcsgvcros duy zv<nv upa. $o<ro<r 8 ca. 
+
+I’ll fend thee, caitiff", far beyond the feas, 
+
+To the grim tyrant Echetus, who mars 
+All he encounters ; bane of human kind. 
+
+4 
+
+Thine ears he’ll lop, and pare the nofe awa’y 
+From thy pale ghaftly vifage : dire to tell ! 
+
+The very parts, which modefty conceals, 
+
+He’ll tear relentlefs from the feat of life. 
+
+To feed his hungry hounds. 
+
+When the Spaniards got ac'cefs to the weftern world, there 
+were to be obferved many rites, and many terms, ffmilar to 
+thofe, which were fo common among the fons of Ham. 
+Among others was this particular cuftom of making the per- 
+lon, who was deffgned for a vidtim, engage in fight with 
+a prieft of the temple. In this manner he was flaughtered : 
+and this procedure was efteemed a proper method of 50 fa- 
+crifice. 
+
+The hiftories of which I have been fpeaking were founded 
+in truth, though the perfonages are not real. Such cuftoms 
+
+45 Odyflf. 2 . v. 83. 
+
+50 Purchas. Pilg. Vol. 5. p. 872. and GarcilafTo della Vega. Rycaut. p. 403. 
+
+did 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 49 
+
+did prevail in the firffc ages : and in confequence of thefe 
+cufioms we find thofe beggarly attributes of wreflling and 
+boxing conferred upon fome of the chief Divinities. Her¬ 
+cules and Pollux were of that number, who were as imagi¬ 
+nary beings, as any mentioned above : yet reprefented upon 
+earth as fturdy fellows, who righted fome, and 51 wronged 
+many. They were in fhort a kind of honourable Banditti, 
+who would fuller nobody to do any mifchief, but themfelves. 
+From thefe cuftoms were derived the Ifthmian, Nemean, 
+Pythic, and Olympic games, together with thofe at Delos. 
+Of thefe laft Homer gives a fine defcription in his Hymn to 
+
+f* AAAa crv A^Aw, <&o<6s, pcxX 1 ? S7HTeg7rscti Y\Tog. 
+
+'EvQol toi sXKsyiTCjovsg I a.ovg$ YjysgzQovTou, 
+
+AVToig (tvv 7Fou$8cr<rt 9 jcca aiSbirig ctXoyom. 
+
+'Oife crs nTTMAXIH* re, tcca ogxju&fjw, koli ctoify 
+
+MmjiTi ol^bv 01 regxanv, otolv ^(Tooutoci ctycdvct. 
+
+Thefe contentions had always in them fomething cruel, and 
+favage: but in later times they were conducted with an ap¬ 
+pearance of equity. Of old the whole ceremony was a moil 
+unfair and barbarous procefs. 
+
+51 See Plutarch’s life of Theieus. p. 3, 4. Vol. 1. 
+
+5 * v. 146. 
+
+
+
+Vol. II. 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+C A M P E 
+
+
+
+( 5* ) 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+C A M P E 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+C A M P I 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+N O T H E R name for thefe Amonian temples was 
+Campi, of the fame analogy, and nearly of the fame 
+purport, as Arpi above mentioned. I.t was in after times 
+
+to fignify the parade before the temples, where they 
+
+
+made to 
+
+wreftled, and otherwife celebrated their facred games 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+prefled Campu 
+
+
+When chariots came in fafhion 
+
+
+was e: 
+thele t 
+
+this fort introduced. Among the Latines the word Camp 
+
+
+admitted within the precindts ; and races of 
+
+
+came to mean any open and level fp 
+
+
+but among the 
+
+
+cilians the true meaning was in feme degree preferved 
+
+
+K oc^TTog 
+
+
+foopoSy XtKvXoi. Hefychius 
+
+
+was properly 
+
+
+the Greeks filled aywv, as$Ao£, d^uT^Kcx, 
+
+
+a place of exercife in general, and not confined to races. 
+Hence a combatant was ftyled 1 Campio, and the chief per- 
+fens, who prefided, 5 Campigeni. The exercife itfelf was by 
+
+; all Amonian terms, 
+taken from the titles of the Deity, in whofe honour the 
+games were inftituted. Thefe temples partly from their 
+fymbols, and partly from their hiftory, being mifinterpreted, 
+were by the ancient mythologifts reprefented as fo many 
+
+
+’ Campio, Gladiator. Ifidorus. 
+* Vegetius. L. z. c. 7. 
+
+
+H 2 
+
+
+dragons, 
+
+
+
+
+
+52 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+dragons, and monfters. Nonnus mentions both Arpe, and 
+Campe in this light; and fays that the latter had fifty heads, 
+each of fome different bead:: 
+
+3 'Hj OLWO $£lgY\S 
+
+H vQes 7revTr)jcovTot kol^oltol 7 romKcc Otigw. 
+
+But Campe was an oracular temple and inclofure, facred to 
+Ham or Cham: where people ufed to exercife. The fifty 
+heads related to the number of the Priefts, who there re- 
+fided ; and who were efteemed as fo many wild beafts for 
+their cruelty. Nonnus makes Jupiter kill Campe : but Dio¬ 
+dorus Siculus gives the honour to Dionufus ; who is fup- 
+pofed to have flain this monfter at Zaborna in Libya ; and 
+to have raifed over her or it, 7rci[JL[Ji.s r yE@£g 3 a vaft 
+
+mound of earth. This heap of foil was in reality a high 
+place or altar ; which in after times was taken for a place of 
+burial. Thefe inclofures grew by degrees into difrepute ; 
+and the hiftory of them obfolete. In confequence of which 
+the TOLtpoi , or mounds, were fuppofed to be the tombs of 
+heroes. The Grecians, who took every hiftory to them- 
+felves, imagined, that their Jupiter and Dionufus, and their 
+Hercules had (lain them. But what they took for tombs of 
+
+A 0 
+
+enemies were in reality altars to thefe very Gods ; who were 
+not confined to Greece, nor of Grecian original. The Cam¬ 
+panians in Italy were an ancient Amonian colony : and they 
+were denominated from Campe or Campus, which was pro¬ 
+bably the firft temple they eredled. Stephanus Byzantinus 
+
+% 
+
+fhews, that there was of old fuch a place : Ka^irog — 
+
+
+3 Nonnus. L. 18. p. 500. 
+
+
+Kaywrai'g: 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 53 
+
+"Kokova : but would infinuate that it took its name from a 
+perfon the head of the colony. Euftathius more truly makes it 
+give name to the people : though he is not fufficiently deter¬ 
+minate. 4 K O{JL77OV0l 0.770 TWV V 770 KO^yLBV 0 dV SKBl YLofOTTWV OOVOfJLO- 
+
+c&ricrov, r) 0770 Ko/u .773 77 qKsu$. There were many of thefe 
+
+Campi in Greece, which are ftyled by Paufanias mroidga, in 
+contradiftindtion to the temples, which were covered. They 
+are to be found in many parts of the world, where the Amo- 
+nian religion obtained, which was propagated much farther 
+than we are aware. In our iftand the exhibition of thofe 
+manly fports in vogue among country people is called 
+Camping : and the inclofures for that purpofe, where they 
+wreftle and contend, are called Camping clofes. There are 
+many of them in Cambridgefhire, as well as in other parts of 
+the kingdom. In Germany we meet with the name of 
+Ksempenfelt; in which word there is no part derived from 
+the Latine language : for the terms would then be fynony- 
+mous, and one of them redundant. Ksempenfelt was, I 
+imagine, an ancient name for a field of fports, and exercife, 
+like the gymnafium of the Greeks : and a Camping place in 
+Britain is of the like purport. 
+
+4 Euftathius on Dionyfius. v. 357. 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+ANCIENT 
+
+
+
+ANCIENT HEROES 
+
+
+Js qoutiv (oi Aiyvmoi) rovg ‘E 7<Kv\vag e%iJtx£e<rdoit 
+
+TOVg SWUpGLVeZCLTQVQ 'H gC/OCtg TS , mi © 28 $, sn h KOU aromas 
+
+rag rag iavroov. Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 21. 
+
+
+I T has been my uniform purpofe, during the whole pro- 
+
+cefs, which I have made in my fyflem, to fhew, that the 
+Grecians formed Deities out of titles ; and that they often 
+attributed to one perfon, what belonged to a people. And 
+when they had compleated the hiftory, they generally took 
+the merit of it to themfelves. By means of this clue we may 
+obtain an iniight into fome of the moft remote, and the moil 
+obfcure parts of antiquity. For many and great achieve¬ 
+ments have been attributed to heroes of the firft ages, which 
+it was not poftible for them lingly to have performed. And 
+thefe actions, though in fome degree diveriiiied, and given 
+to different perfonages, yet upon examination will be found 
+to relate to one people or family ; and to be at bottom one, 
+and the fame hiftory. 
+
+
+OSIRIS. 
+
+
+5° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+
+
+R 
+
+
+
+S. 
+
+
+
+F we confider the hiftory of Oliris, he will appear a 
+wonderful conqueror, who travelled over the face of the 
+
+
+whole 1 earth, winning new territories, wherever he came ; 
+yet always to the advantage of thofe, whom he fubdued. 
+He is faid to have been the fon of Rhea: and his chief at¬ 
+tendants in his peregrinations were Pan, Anubis, Macedo, 
+
+
+with Maro a great planter of 
+
+
+alfo Triptolemus much 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+{killed in hulbandry. The people of India claimed Oliris, 
+
+own ; and maintained, that he was bom at Nufa in 
+country. Others fuppofed his birth-place to have 
+been at Nufa in 3 Arabia, where he firft planted the vine. 
+Many make him a native of Egypt : and mention the rout 
+of his travels as commencing from that country through 
+Arabia, and Ethiopia ; and then to India, and the regions 
+of the eaft. When he was arrived at the extremities of 
+the ocean, he turned back, and paffed through the upper 
+provinces of Alia, till he came to the Hellelpont, 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+he eroded 
+
+
+He then entered 4 Thrace, with the King of 
+which he had a fevere encounter : yet he is faid to have per- 
+
+
+fevered 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+weftward, till he arrived at the foun 
+
+
+of the Ifter. He was alfo in Italy, and Greece 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+the former of which he expelled the 
+
+
+ZD 
+
+
+Phlegra 
+
+
+* Diodorus Sicul. L. i. p. 13, 14. 
+
+OfAQICriS T3S lvStil TOV (jSQV T&TOV 7TCCO BCCVTD15 Oi7TO(fctVcG^CLt ')•€')■ OVSVCUm Diod 
+
+Sic. L. 4. p. 2 10. 
+
+3 Diodorus. L. 1. p. 14. 
+
+* Diodorus. L. 1. p. 17. 
+
+8 
+
+
+Campania. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 57 
+
+Campania. He vifited many places -upon the ocean : and 
+though he is reprefented as at the head of an army; and his 
+travels were attended with military operations ; yet he is at 
+
+the fame time defcribed with the Mufes, and Sciences in his 
+
+* 
+
+retinue. His march likewife was conducted with fongs, and 
+dances, and the found of every inftrument of mufic. He 
+built cities in various parts; particularly 5 Hecatompulos, 
+which he denominated Theba, after the name of his mo¬ 
+ther. In every region, whither he came, he is faid to have 
+inflruCted the people in 6 planting, and fowing, and other 
+ufeful arts. He particularly introduced the vine : and where 
+that was not adapted to the foil, he taught the natives the 
+ufe of ferment, and fhewed them the way to make 7 wine of 
+barley, little inferior to the juice of the grape. He was 
+efteemed a great bleffmg to the Egyptians both as a 8 Law¬ 
+giver, and a King. He firft built temples to the Gods: 
+and was reputed a general benefactor of 9 mankind. After 
+many years travel they reprefent him as returning to Egypt 
+
+• m 
+
+in great triumph, where after his death he was enfhrined 
+as a Deity. His Taphos, or high altar, was fhewn in many 
+places : in all which he in aftertimes was fuppofed to have 
+been buried. The people of Memphis fhewed one of them ; 
+
+5 Diodorus. L. i. p. 14. This city is alfo faid to have been built by Hercules. 
+Diodorus. L. 4. p. 225. 
+
+6 Primus aratra manu folerci fecit Ofiris, 
+
+Et teneram ferro follicitavit humum. Tibull. L. 1. El. S. v. 29. 
+
+7 ZuQ ex. tcov xfiQojv TzrofAoc. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 37. 
+
+8 BctcriAevovrct Ss Ocripiv AiyvirTiHs euBvs cc7rop& icai S 0 Yipia)S&$ oltt x,<xp- 
+7 rou$ t£ SeitccvTcc^ xctt vofjjis £rtfjisvcv ctvTois . Plut. If. et Ofir. p. 356. 
+
+9 Eufebius. Pr. Ev. L. 1. p. 44, 45. 
+
+VOL. II. I 
+
+
+whereon 
+
+
+
+58 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+whereon was a facred pillar, containing a detail of his life, 
+and great atdions, to the following purport. 30 My father 
+was Cronus y the youtigeft of all the Gods. I am the kmg Qferis y 
+who carried my ar?ns over the face of the whole earthy till I 
+arrived at the tminhabited pa?~ts of India. From thence I 
+pafed through the regions of the north to the foimtain head of 
+the Ifer. I vifted alfo other retnote countries ; nor fopped till 
+I came to the wefern ocean. I am the eldef fon of Cro7ius ; 
+fp rung from the genuine and refpe&able race of fojog) Sousy and 
+a 7 7i related to the fountahi of day. 'There is not a 7iatio7i upo7t 
+earthy where I have itot been ; and to whofe good I have not 
+contributed. 
+
+This is a very curious piece of ancient hiftory : and it will 
+be found to be in great meafure true, if taken with this al¬ 
+lowance, that what is here faid to have been atchieved by 
+one perfon, was the work of many. Ofiris was a title con¬ 
+ferred upon more perfons than one; by which means the 
+hiftory of the firft ages has been in fome degree confounded. 
+In this defcription the Cuthites are alluded to, who carried 
+on the expeditions here mentioned. They were one branch 
+of the pofterity of Ham y who is here fpoken of as the eldeft 
+fon of Cronus. How juftly they conferred upon him this 
+rank of primogeniture, I will not determine. By 11 Cronus 
+w*e are here to underhand the fame perfon, as is alfo repre- 
+
+10 Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 24. 
+
+11 Both the Patriarch and his fon Ham, had the name of Cronus, as may be 
+learned from Sanchoniathon. Hyevi'vQricrocp S'e tiki ev TJ a oca cl K povcp rpeis 'Groups?* K po~ 
+ros cy.oovvf*.Q$ Tzrccrpi^ x,tA. Eufeb. Prtep. L. 1. c. 10. p. 37. 
+
+Paraia is the fame as Pur-aia, the land of Ur j from whence the Gentile writers 
+deduce all their mythology. 
+
+fented 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 59 
+
+fented under the name of Soiis. This would be more truly 
+
+exprefled Xc*)op, Soon ; by which is meant the Sun. All the 
+
+* 
+
+Amonian families affected to be ftiled Heliadas, or the off- 
+lpring of the Sun : and under this title they alluded to their 
+great anceftor, the father of all : as by Ofiris they generally 
+meant Ham. Xooov, Soon, is the fame as 12 Zoon, and Zoan, 
+
+the fountain of day. The land of Zoan in Egypt was the 
+nome of Heliopolis : and the city Zoan the place of the 
+Sun. The perfon then ftiled here Soiis can be no other 
+than the great Patriarch under a title of the Sun. He is 
+accordingly by Philo Biblius called Oufoiis in an extradt 
+from Sanchoniathon. He makes him indeed refide, where 
+Tyre was afterwards built: but fuppofes him to have lived 
+at a time, when there were great rains and ftorms ; and to 
+have been the firft conftrudtor of a fhip, and the firft who 
+ventured upon the 13 feas, In refpedt to the travels of Ofiris, 
+we fhall find that the pofterity of Ham did traverfe at dif¬ 
+ferent times the regions above mentioned : and in many of 
+them took up their abode. They built the city Memphis in 
+Egypt; alfo Hecatompulos, which they denominated Theba, 
+after the name of their reputed mother. They alfo built 
+Zoan, the city of the Sun. 
+
+Ofiris is a title often conferred upon the great patriarch 
+himfelf: and there is no way to find out the perfon meant 
+but by obferving the hiftory, which is fubjoined. When we 
+read of Ofiris being 
+
+li See Radicals, p. 35. 
+
+13 P cLy£c£\odv yepo/j.tvcov oju.€pcev yccci nu-veuixctTcoi 9 Sevi' p? Xol^o^vjv nrov Ou - 
+
+crcoovi v.oli ct7rox/\cc<PevcrctVTccy nzrpojT 0 v rr cAft #crou €is &ct/\cco accv eyA:;vct . Euleb. Pr. 
+Ev, 1. c. 10. p. 35. 
+
+I 2 
+
+
+expofed in an ark, and being afterward 
+
+
+reftored 
+
+
+
+60 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+reftored to day; of his planting the vine, and teaching man¬ 
+kind agriculture; and inculcating religion, and juftice; the 
+perfon alluded to {lands too manifeft to need any further elu¬ 
+cidation. And when it is faid of Ofiris, that he went over 
+moft parts of the habitable globe, and built cities in various 
+regions; this too maybe eaftly underftood. It can allude to 
+nothing elfe, but a people called Ofirians, who traverfed the 
+regions mentioned. They were principally the Cuthites, 
+who went abroad under various denominations: and the hi- 
+flories of all the great heroes, and heroines of the firft ages 
+will be found of the fame purport, as the foregoing. Oiiris 
+is fuppofed to have been fucceeded in Egypt by Orus. After 
+Orus came Thoules ; who was fucceeded by I+ Sefoftris. 
+
+Eufeb. Chron. p. 7. 1 . 43. 
+
+PERSEUS. 
+
+
+P ERSEUS was one of the moft ancient heroes in the 
+
+mythology of Greece: the merit of whofe fuppofed 
+atchievements the Helladians took to themfelves ; and gave 
+out that he was a native of Argos. He travelled to the 
+temple of 1 Ammon ; and from thence traverfed the whole 
+extent of Africa. He fubdued the * Gorgons, who lived in 
+Mauritania, and at Tarteflus in Bcetica; and defeated the 
+Ethiopians upon the weftern ocean, and the nations about 
+
+1 Strabo. L. 17. p. 1168. 
+
+1 Tecs Topyovccs £7r’ uxsccvov Bcras r rav 1voXiv ISwpix? tw Tccpriurcrov. Schol. 
+
+in Lycophr. ad v. 838. 
+
+
+mount 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+6 i 
+
+mount Atlas : which 3 4 5 mountain he only and Hercules are 
+faid to have pafied. Being arrived at the extremity of the 
+continent, he found means to pafs over, and to get poflefion 
+of all the wefern lilands. He warred in the Eaf ; where 
+he freed * Andromeda, the daughter of Cepheus king of the 
+eaflern Ethiopia, who was expofed to a fea-monfer. Some 
+imagine this to have happened at s Joppa in Palefine, where 
+the 6 bones of this monfter of an extraordinary iize are fup- 
+pofed to have been for a long time preferved. He is faid to 
+have built 7 Tarfus in Cilicia, reputed the moft ancient city 
+in the world ; and. to have planted the peach tree at 8 Mem¬ 
+phis. The Persians were fuppofed to have been his defend¬ 
+ants. He travelled through Alia Minor, to the country of 
+the 9 Hyperboreans upon the Ifer, and the lake Mzeotis ; 
+and from thence defended to Greece. Here he built My- 
+cene, and Tiryns, faid by many to have been the work of the 
+Cyclopians. He eftablifhed a feminary at Helicon : and was 
+the founder of thofe families, which were filed Dorian, and: 
+Herculean. It is a doubt among writers, whether he came 
+
+3 [Atlas] Apex Perfeo et Herculi pervius. Solin. C. 24. 
+
+4 Andromedam Perfeus nigris portarit ab Indis. Ovid. Art. Amand. L. I. v. 53. 
+
+5 Paufan. L. 4. p. 370. 
+
+6 Pliny mentions thefe bones being brought from Joppa to Rome in the tedile-- 
+fhip of M. Scaurus; longitudine pedum 40, altitudine coftarum Indicos elephan- 
+tos excedente, fpinse craflitudine fefquipedali. L. 9. c. 5. 
+
+7 Deferitur Taurique jugum, Perfeaque Tarfus. Lucan. L. 3. v. 225* See 
+Solin. c. 38. 
+
+8 Perfeam quoque plantam-a Perfeo Memphi fatam, Plin. L. 15. c. 13,. 
+
+Of Perfeus in Cilicia, fee Chron. Pafch. p. 39. 
+
+9 Pindar. Pyth. Od. 10. v, 49 & 7o. E 1$ to t gov Mcocccpccv ctvS'poov eQycs.. Schol. 
+in v. 70. 
+
+
+into 
+
+
+
+62 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+into Italy. Some of his family were there ; who defeated 
+the giant race in 
+letum, and Ardea in Latium. Virgil luppofes it to have 
+been effe&ed by Danae, the mother of this Hero: 
+
+10 Ardea-—-- quam dicitur olim 
+
+Acrilioneis Danae fundaffe colonis. 
+
+Tut 11 Servius fays, that Perfeus himfelf in his childhood was 
+driven to the coaft of Daunia. He is reprefented as the an- 
+ceftor of the Grecian Hercules, fuppofed to have been bom 
+at Thebes in Boeotia. In reality neither 11 Hercules, nor Per¬ 
+feus, was of Grecian original ; notwithftanding the genealo¬ 
+gies framed in that country. The hiflory of the latter came 
+apparently from Egypt, as we may learn from Diodorus 13 : 
+
+Je kcli tov Usgcrscc. ysyovsvou kolt Aiyv7nrov. Herodotus 
+more truly reprefents him as an I+ Affyrian; by which is 
+meant a Babylonian : and agreeably to this he is faid to have 
+married 15 Afterie, the daughter of Belus, the fame as Afta- 
+roth and Aftarte of Canaan ; by whom he had a daughter 
+Hecate. This, though taken from an idle fyftem of theo- 
+
+
+Campania, and who afterwards built Argi- 
+
+
+10 Virgil. A 2 n. L. 7. v. 409. 
+
+Ardea a Danae Perfei matre condita. Plin. Hid. Nat. L. 3. p. 152. 
+
+11 Servius in Virgil JEn. L. 8. 
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 1. p. 21. 
+
+n Ibidem. 
+
+14 Herodotus, L. 6. c 54. See Chron. Pafchale. p. 38. 
+
+Some make him a Colchian. HA yccp (pncriv in- 1 $ yeveadcti S'vo ev Tots tottois 
+
+€K€lVOlS y 01$ 0V0JXCLTCC 71V YJepCTBVi KOCl AlWTWS* T8T8S S'e HCLTOUyeiV TVV xcu Amttiv 
+
+peep KoA^as Mctt&jTcts, lleocrect Se T au pints (ZoLo-itewcu. Schol. in Apollon. 
+Argonautic. L. 3, v. 199. 
+
+15 H Se Tlepre yw >7 A q-eoia, 7 rca$ nv Ka/a kcu <$>01(377$' 6 Kotos cTe kcli 4 >oi/ 2 >? OT-. 
+•PANOT 7 rca$e$. Schol. in Lycophron. v. 1175. 
+
+l°gy. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+63 
+
+
+logy, yet plainly fhews, that the hiftory of Perfeus had been 
+greatly mifapplied and lowered, by being inferted among the 
+fables of Greece. Writers fpeak of him as a great I& Aftro- 
+
+
+nomer, and a perfon of uncommon knowledge. He in- 
+ftrudted mariners to diredt their way in the fea by the lights 
+of heaven ; and particularly by the polar conflellation. This 
+
+I 
+
+he firft obferved, and gave it the name of Helice. Though 
+he was reprefented as a Babylonian ; yet he refided in Egypt, 
+and is faid to have reigned at Memphis. To fay the truth, 
+he was worfhiped at that place : for Perfeus was a title of the 
+Deity ; 17 Usgcrevs 0 HA/o? ; Pejjeus was no other than the Sun , 
+the chief God of the Gentile world. On this account he 
+had a temple of great repute at Ib Chemnis, as well as at 
+Memphis, and in other parts of Egypt. Upon the Hera- 
+cleotic branch of the Nile, near the fea, was a celebrated 
+watchtower, denominated from him. His true name was 
+Perez, or Parez, rendered Perefis, Perfes, and Perfeus : and 
+in the account given of this perfonage we have the hiftory 
+of the Perefians, Parrhafians, and Perezites, in their feveral 
+peregrinations ; who were no other than the Heliadas, and 
+Ofirians above mentioned. It is a mixed hiftory, in which 
+their forefathers are alluded to ; particularly their great 
+
+
+Natalis Comes. L. 7. c. 18. 
+
+17 Schol. in Lycophr. v. 18. 
+
+Lycophr. v* 17. 
+
+Tor 2 £pvoro 7 rcLTgov fjLop(pvov —t or rizpcscz* Schol. in Lycophr. v. 83S. 
+
+18 E yyvs tvs News ttoXios. He is laid to have introduced here Gymnic exerciles. 
+Herodot. L. 2. c. 91. And to have often appeared perfonally to the Priefts. He- 
+rodot. ibid. 
+
+Herodotus of the Dorians. L. 6. c. 54. 
+
+
+progenitor* 
+
+
+
+64 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+progenitor, the father of mankind. He was fuppofed to 
+have had a renewal of life : they therefore defcribed Per- 
+feus as inclofed in an 19 ark, and expofed in a ftate of child¬ 
+hood upon the waters, after having been conceived in a 
+fhower of gold. 
+
+Bochart thinks that the name both of Perils and Perfeus 
+was from DiS, Paras, an Horfe : becaufe the Perlians were 
+celebrated horfemen, and took great delight in that animal. 
+But it muft be conlidered that the name is very ancient, and 
+prior to this ufe of horfes. P’aras, P’arez, and P’erez, how¬ 
+ever diveriiiied, lignify the Sun ; and are of the fame ana¬ 
+logy as P’ur, P’urrhos, P’oros, which betoken fire. Every 
+animal, which was in any degree appropriated to a D city, 
+was called by fome facred 20 title. Hence an horfe was 
+called P’arez : and the fame name but without the prefix 
+was given to a lion by many nations in the eaft. It was at 
+fxrft only a mark of reference, and betokened a folar animal, 
+fpecifying the particular Deity, to whom it was facred. 
+There were many nations, which were diftinguilhed in the 
+fame manner ; fome of whom the Greeks ftyled Parrhalians. 
+Hence the ancient Arcadians, thofe Selenitze, who were un¬ 
+doubtedly an Amonian colony, had this appellation. A 
+
+19 Ev A otpvcLKi %v\woj. Schol. in Lycophr. v. 838. 
+
+Er •KiZooTCf) Tin. Chron. Pafch. p. 38. from Euripides. 
+
+The father of Danae evetp^cts ccvrr,v eis tvv K&ootqv y.erx ra I 7 AIA 02 K&Snjxev 
+ei$ to 7reXccyo$. Schol. in Pind. Pyth. Od. 10. v. 72. • 
+
+All falutary ftreams were confecrated to the Sun. There were fome waters 
+of this nature near Carthage, which were named Aquae Perfianse. See Apuleii 
+Florida. C. 16. p. 795, and p. 801. They were fo named from Perez, the Sun, to 
+whom they were facred. 
+
+10 people 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+
+people in Elis had the fame. The Poets defcribed the con- 
+ftellation of Helice or the Bear by the title of Parrhafis Arc- 
+tos, and Parrhafis Urfa. This afterifm was confefledly firft 
+taken notice of by Perez or Perfeus, by which is meant the 
+Per dans. 
+
+
+Verfaque ab axe fuo Parrhafis Artflos erat. 
+
+In the eaft, where the worfhip of Arez greatly prevailed, there 
+were to be found many nations called after this manner. 
+Part of Media, according to 42 Polybius, had the name of 
+Parrhafia. There were alfo Parrhafii and Parrhafini in 23 Sog- 
+diana; and 14 the like near Caucafus: alfo a town named 
+
+25 Parafinum in the Tauric Cherfonefus. The people ftyled 
+
+26 Parrhafians in Greece were the fame as the Dorians and 
+
+
+Heraclidse 
+
+
+all alike Cuthites, as were the ancient Perfian 
+
+
+Hence it is truly faid by Plato, that the Heraclidae in Greece, 
+and the Achasmenidse among the Perfians were of the fame 
+
+flock : 17 To <Jg 'H goLKXsag rs ysvog kou to A^cti[j.svs3g eig Usgrecc 
+rov A log oLVoupspzTcu. On this account 18 Herodotus makes 
+
+
+Herodotus makes 
+
+
+Xerxes claim kindred with the Argives of Greece, as being 
+
+
+41 Ovid. Trift. L. 1. Eleg. 3. v. 48. See Natalis Comes. L. 7. c. 18. 
+
+41 Polyb. L. 5. p. 389. 
+
+43 Plin. Hift. Nat. L. 6. c. 16. See Q^Curtius, and Strabo. 
+
+4+ Parrhafm in Hyrcania. Strabo. L. u. p. 775. 
+
+45 Plin. Hift. Nat. E. 2. c. 98. 
+
+46 Of Parrhafians in Arcadia, Strabo. L. 8. p. 595. See Plin. Hift. Nat. L.' : 
+4. c. 6 . 
+
+'Tios &n’UT r TGt Aa./jr.cc.gX'OS tuv S' a.ieGnx.ei' 
+
+Eixov’f cc7r ApxaEas n ocpcuzer/os ytvsav. 
+
+Paufan. L. 6. p. 471. See alfo L. 8. p. 654. 
+
+47 Plato in Alcibiad. Vol. 2. p. 120. 
+
+4S Herodot. L. 7. c. 150. 
+
+Vol. II. K equally 
+
+
+
+66 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+equally of the pofterity of Perfes, the fame as Perleus, the 
+Sun: under which character the Perfians defcribed the patri¬ 
+arch, from whom they were defcended. Perfeus was the fame 
+as Mithras, whofe facred cavern was ftiled Perfeiim. 
+
+25 Phcebe parens —- feu te rofeum Titana vocari 
+Gentis Achaemenias ritu ; feu prseftat Ofirin 
+Frugiferum; feu Perfei fub rupibus antri 
+Indignata fequi torquentem cornua Mithram. 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+
+N 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+And the Amazonians of Lybia 
+
+
+
+ROM a 
+
+
+that the Amazons were 
+
+
+of women, hiflorians have 
+
+
+community 
+
+
+fonage of their 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+female 
+
+
+prefented the chief per¬ 
+is mentioned by 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+This removes her hiftory far 
+
+
+fome as having flourifhed long before the asra of 3 * Troy: and 
+it is by others faid more precifely, that fhe lived in the time of 
+Orus, the fon of Ifis and Ofiris. 
+back ; fo as to make it coeval with the firft annals of time. 
+Her dominions lay in the mo ft weftern parts of 32 Africa, 
+at the extremity of Atlas j where the mountain terminated 
+
+* 9 Statii Theb. L. i. v. 717. 
+
+30 Diodorus Sicul. L. 3. p. 185. 
+
+3t floAAais ysvecus nzrgoregov tcov Tpw/xwv* Ibid. 
+
+T»s A&vm ev tois 'zzrpos ecr7reoccv y.epecnv B7rt t a 'zregccros tvs oix&jJLevvs. Diodorus 
+Sic. L.-3. p. 186. 
+
+She likewife was in pofieflion of the vvcroi or Iflands of the blefled 5 
+
+which lay oppofite to her dominions in Africa. 
+
+
+3 * 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 67 
+
+in the ocean, to which it gave name. This country was cal¬ 
+led Mauritania ; and was fuppofed to have been pofTefied by 
+the Atlantes and Gorgons. The Grecian writers, who did 
+not know that the fame family went under different titles, 
+have often made the fame nation at variance with itfelf. And 
+as they imagined every migration to have been a warlike ex¬ 
+pedition, they have reprefented Myrina as making great con- 
+quefts: and what is extraordinary, going over the fame 
+ground, only in a retrograde direction, which Ofiris had juft 
+palled before. Her firft engagement was with the Atlantes 
+of Cercene : againft whom fhe marched with an army of 
+30,000 foot, and 2000 horfe ; whom fhe completely armed 
+with the Ikins of ferpents. Having defeated the Atlantes, 
+Ihe marched againft the Gorgons, whom fhe likewife 33 con¬ 
+quered ; and proceeding forward fubdued the greater part 
+of Africa, till fhe arrived at the borders of Egypt. Having 
+entered into an alliance with Orus, fhe pafied the Nile, and 
+invaded the Arabians, whom fhe defeated. She then con¬ 
+quered the Syrians, and Cilicians, and all the nations about 
+Mount Taurus j till fhe arrived at Phrygia, and the regions 
+about the river Caicus. Here fhe built many cities, parti¬ 
+cularly Cuma, Pitane, and Priene. She alfo got pofteftion 
+of feveral iflands ; and among others, of Lefbos and Samo- 
+thracia, in which laft fhe founded an afylum. After thefe 
+tranfaftions Myrina, accompanied with Mopfus the diviner, 
+
+3J Writers mention that fhe railed over the {Iain three large mounds of earth, 
+
+O 7 
+
+which were called t et<pot Af 4 ,u£ova>v 7 the tombs of the Amazons. This fhews that 
+the Gorgons and Amazons were the fame people, however feparated, and repre¬ 
+fented in a ftate of warfare. 
+
+made 
+
+
+K 2 
+
+
+
+68 
+
+
+The An alysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+efs 
+
+
+pedition into Thrace, which was the ultimate of 
+; for fhe was fuppofed to have been here flam. 
+
+
+the died in Phryg 
+
+
+for he 
+
+
+of her tomb in the plains of Troas ; and reprefent 
+table performance. 
+
+}4 c 8s rig 7rgo7rctgoiS‘s 7 roXeoog aiftsicL /coAwwj, 
+
+Bf 7Ts8lCf CLTTOLPSvds, 7T£gl8gO[JLOg SV§CL XCLl £V§CL’ 
+
+'Tty rjToi oivSgsg Boltisiolv xizXYi<ncx<riu, 
+
+A@avct.Toi 8s re crquoi 7 roXv<T)ictfo[JLQio M vgiVY\g. 
+
+
+The tomb of this heroine was 
+
+
+eality a facred mound 
+
+
+high 
+
+
+and Myrina a Gentile divinity 
+
+
+her fuppofed 
+
+
+quells we may in great meafure fee the hillory of Oliris, 
+and Perfeus, reverfed, and in fome degree abridged ; yet not 
+fo far varied, but that the purport may be plainly difcerned. 
+Indeed there is no other way to obtain the hidden meaning, 
+but by collating the different hillories, and bringing them in 
+one view under the eye of the reader. 
+
+
+
+S IMILAR to the foregoing are the expeditions of Her¬ 
+cules, and the conquells, which he is fuppofed to have 
+performed. After many exploits in Greece, the reputed 
+place of his nativity, he travelled as far as mount Caucafus 
+near Colchis, to free Prometheus, who was there expofed to 
+an eagle or vulture. Upon the Thermodon he engaged with 
+
+
+34 Iliad B. v. 8 ii* M uqivcl cvoycc xugiov Ay•x'Qovos* 
+
+
+Scholia ibid. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 69 
+
+the Amazons, whom he utterly defeated; and then pafied 
+over into Thrace. Upon his return into Greece he was 
+ordered to make an expedition into Iberia, a region in the 
+
+a prince of great 
+wealth, refided. Hercules accepts of the commiffion ; but, 
+I know not for what reafon, goes firfl to Crete, and from 
+thence to 35 Libya ; and what is extraordinary, proceeds to 
+Egypt. This makes the plan of his fuppofed rout fome- 
+what irregular and unaccountable. After fome time fpent 
+in thefe parts, he builds the city Hecatompulos, faid before 
+to have been built by Ofiris : and then traverfes the whole 
+of Africa weftward, till he arrives at the Fretum Gadita- 
+num. Here he erects two pillars ; which being finished, he 
+at laft enters Iberia. He defeats the fons of Chrufaor, who 
+were in arms to oppofe him ; and bellows their kingdom 
+upon others. He likewife feizes upon the oxen of Geryon. 
+
+He then marches into the country of the Celtae, and 36 founds 
+
+\ 
+
+the city Corunna, and likewife 37 Alefia in Gaul. He after¬ 
+wards fights with the giants Albion and Bergion near Are- 
+late, in the plain ftiled Campus Lapideus; where are the 
+
+fait waters of Salona. Fie then pafles the 38 Alpes ; and upon 
+
+% 
+
+35 Diodorus Sicul* L. 4 - P- 216, 217, 225, 227, &c. See alfo Juftin. L. 44. 
+c. 4* and Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 10a. 
+
+Hercules of Tyre was faid to have been the Son of Athamas, the fame as Pa- 
+lasmon. 
+
+36 Ludovicus Nonnius in Hifpania. p. 166. 170. 
+
+37 Diodorus Sicul. L. 4. p. 227. 
+
+Corunna the fame as Kir-Ona. 
+
+Many Amonian cities of fimilar analogy to Akfia a 
+
+38 Diodorus, above. 
+
+
+farthefl part of Spain ; where Chrufaor, 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+jo The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+'the banks of the Eridanus encounters a perfon of fhepherd 
+race; whom he kills, and feizes his 39 golden flocks. In his 
+way homeward he viflts Hetruria, and arrives at the moun¬ 
+tain Palatinus upon the Tiber. From thence he goes to the 
+maritime part of Campania, about Cuma, Heraclea, and the 
+lake Aornon. Not far from hence was an aduft and fiery 
+region; fuppofed to have been the celebrated Phlegra, where 
+the giants warred againfi: heaven : in which war Hercules is 
+faid to have 40 aflifted. Here was an ancient oracular tem¬ 
+ple ; and hard by the mountain Vefuvius, which in thole 
+days flamed violently, though it did not for many ages after¬ 
+wards. During his refidence here he vifited the hot foun¬ 
+tains near Mifenus and Dicaearchea; and made a large caufe- 
+way, called in aftertimes Via Herculanea, and Agger Puteo- 
+lanus. After having vifited the Locrians, and the people of 
+Rhegium, he eroded the fea to Sicily ; which fea he fwam 
+over, holding by the horn of an ox. At his arrival fome 
+warm fprings buril: forth miraculoufly, to give him an op¬ 
+portunity of bathing. Here he boxed with Eryx ; defeated 
+the Sicani; and performed many other exploits. What is 
+remarkable, having in Spain feized upon the cattle of Ge- 
+ryon, he is faid to have made them travel over the Pyrenean 
+
+into Italy; and 
+from thence crofs the fea into Sicily ; and being now about 
+
+39 XgL/c-a. fj-nXct — t rpoQctTCL. Schol. in Apollon. Argonaut. L. 4. v. 1396. 
+
+01T3 S V r A &V7L6t)V* 
+
+40 Tor Hpax-Afcc., GVfA,/J.CL%&VTOJV CCVTO) T &V X£><XT'f)<Tca T7\ JXCt%Y) y XCU 
+
+ccveXovTct mv ygageev etr,jxegcoaoLin Diodorus Sicul. L. 4. p. 229. Strabo. 
+L. 5. p. 376. and JL, 6. p. 430. 
+
+
+
+mountains^ and afterwards over the Alpes, 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 71 
+
+to leave that ifland, he fwims with them again to Rhegium: 
+and ranging up the coaft of the Adriatic, pafles round to 
+Illyria, from thence to Epirus ; and fo defcends to Greece. 
+The whole of thele travels is faid to have been completed in 
+ten years. 
+
+He was alfo reported, according to 41 Megafthenes and 
+others, to have made an expedition into 41 India, and to have 
+left many memorials of his tranfadtions in thofe parts. He 
+travelled likewile into the region called afterwards Scythia; 
+the natives of which country were his 43 defendants* He 
+alfo vifited the Hyperboreans. In all thefe peregrinations he 
+is generally defcribed as proceeding alone : at leaft we have 
+no intimation of any army to afiift in the performance of thele 
+great enterprifes. He is indeed fuppofed to have failed with 
+fix lhips to 44 Phrygia : but how he came by them is not 
+faid ; nor whence he raifed the men, who went with him. 
+At other times he is reprefented with a club in his hand^ 
+and the Ikin of an animal upon his Ihoulders. When he paf- 
+fed over the ocean, he is faid to have been wafted in a golden 
+
+45 bowl. In Phrygia he freed Hefione from a Cetus, or fea 
+
+_ • 
+
+monfter, juft as Perfeus delivered Andromeda. He is men¬ 
+tioned as founding many cities in parts very remote : the fea- 
+
+41 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1007. and L. ii.p. 771. Diodorus Sic. L. 2. p. 124. 
+
+4 * Arrian. Hift. Indica. p. 321. 
+
+45 Herod. L. 4. c. 9. Ariftid. Orat. v. 1. p. 85. 
+
+44 Ovid. Metam. L. 11. v. 21S. 
+
+45 Poculo Herculem vedtum ad Eriytheiam. Macrob. Sat. L. 5. c. 12. Apol- 
+
+lodorus. L. 2. p. too. Sc hoi. Apollon. Argonaut. L. 4. v. 1396. from Phere- 
+
+cydes Syrus •, and from the Libyca of Agroit as. Aa£W ZCgVGB}' JSTTCCS TTCCg 'HAl'd—* 
+cT icc tb ooxearB TrXeiv* 
+
+
+coaft 
+
+
+
+72 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+coaft of Bcetica, and Cantabria, was, according to fome writ¬ 
+ers, peopled by 46 him. By Syncellus he is laid to have re- 
+fided in Italy, and to have reigned in 47 Latium. The Gre¬ 
+cians fuppofed that he was burnt upon Mount OEta : but 
+the people of Gades fhewed his Taphos in their 48 city, juft 
+as the Egyptians fhewed the Taphos of Oftris at Memphis, 
+and elfewhere. Hence it was imagined by many, that Her¬ 
+cules was buried at Gades. The philofopher Megaclides 
+could not be brought to give the leaft aflent to the hiftories 
+of this 49 hero : and Strabo feems to have thought a great 
+part of them to have been a s ° fable. In fhort, the whole 
+account of this perfonage is very inconftftent : and though 
+writers have tried to compromife matters by fuppoling more 
+perfons than one of this name, yet the whole is ftill incredi¬ 
+ble, and can never be fo adj lifted as to merit the leaft belief. 
+How they multiplied the fame Deity, in order to remedy 
+their faulty mythology, may be feen in the following extract 
+from Cicero. s ' Quanquam, quern potiflimum Herculem co- 
+lamus, feire velim: plures enim nobis tradunt ii, qui inte- 
+riores ferutantur et reconditas literas. Antiquiftimum Jove 
+natum, fed item Jove antiquiftimo : nam Joves quoque plu- 
+jes in prifeis Grascorum literis invenimus. Ex eo igitur et 
+
+
+46 Strabo. L. 3. p. z 3 7. He was fuppofed to have been the founder of Tar- 
+
+
+teffus, where he was worfhiped under the name of Archaleus. Etymolo 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+>a. 
+
+
+F CC'Pctg I 
+
+47 Syncellus. p. 171. 
+
+48 Pomponius Mela. L. 3. c. 6 . 
+
+49 Athenseus. L. 12. c. 512. 
+
+50 Strabo. L. 15. p. ioog. TlAccc-y.ee roov 'Hgccx.Ae:ctv 7 roi 3 vTc*n\ 
+
+51 Nat. Deorum. L. 3. c. 16. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+Mag. 
+
+
+Lyfito 
+
+
+
+73 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Lyftto eft is Hercules, quern, concertafte cum Apolline de 
+tripode accepimus. - Alter traditur Nilo natus, JEgyptius ; 
+quem aiunt Phrygias literas confcripftffe. Tertius eft ex Idsis 
+Dadtylis, cui inferias afFerunt. Quartus Jovis eft, et Afterise, 
+
+Latonae fororis, quem Tyrii maxime colunt; cujus Crrthagi- 
+
+♦ 
+
+nem filium ferunt. Quintus in 51 India, qui Belus dicitur. 
+
+# 
+
+Sextus hie, ex Alcumena quem Jupiter genuit ; fed tertius 
+Jupiter : quoniam, ut docebo, plures Joves accepimus. 
+
+Hercules was a title given to the chief Deity of the Gen¬ 
+tiles, who have been multiplied into almoft as many per- 
+fonages, as there were countries where he was worfhiped. 
+What has been attributed to this god ftngly, was the work 
+of Herculeans ; a people, who went under this title among 
+the many, which they aflumed; and who were the fame 
+as the Oftrians, Perefians, and Cuthites. They built Tar- 
+
+They 
+
+
+tefliis in Boetica, and occupied great part of Iberia, 
+likewife founded 53 Corunna in Cantabria, and 54 Alefia in 
+
+of which there are traditions to this day. Some of 
+
+: alfo 
+
+
+Gaul: 
+
+them fettled near 55 Arelate : others among the 
+
+
+56 
+
+
+Alp 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+at Cuma, and Heraclea in Campania. They were alfo to be 
+found at Tyre, and in Egypt ; and even in the remoteft parts 
+
+
+sz Arrian fpeaks of this Indian Hercules together with the others mentioned by 
+Cicero. E/ cfe 'zeu^cc tccvtcc^ aAAos cev &ro$ ew, b% o OnCaios^ n o T u- 
+
+£10$ &T0?} 7J 0 J\iyV7TTlO$^ 71 T 1$ 7CCCI XCCTCL CCW ^COpTIV 3 'ZZTOppCO TVS Iv£COV yWS CdXlITfJ^VTIV 
+
+fjLey*$ ficttritevs. Hift. Ind. p. 319. Varro mentions forty of this name, who were 
+all reputed Deities. 
+
+53 See Ludovicus Nonnius, in Hifpan. p. 196. 170. 
+
+54 See Audigier Origines des Franfois. Part. 1. p. 225. 230. 
+
+* 55 Mela. L. 2. c. 5. 1 . 30. 
+
+56 Petronius. p. 179. Eft locus Herculeis aris facer. 
+
+Vol. II. L 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+74 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of 57 India. In fhort, wherever they were Heraclidae, or 
+Herculeans, an Hercules has been fuppofed. Hence his 
+character has been varioufly reprefented. One while he ap¬ 
+pears little better than a fturdy vagrant: at other times he is 
+mentioned as a great benefactor ; alfo as the patron of fcience, 
+the 58 God of eloquence with the Mufes in his train. On 
+this account he had the title of S9 Mufagetes ; and the Roman 
+general Fulvius dedicated a temple, which he had ereCted to 
+his honour, and infcribed it 60 Herculi Mufarum. There are 
+gems, upon which he is reprefented as preliding among the 
+Deities of 61 Science. He is faid to have been fwallowed by 
+a Cetus, or large fifti, from which he was after fome time 
+delivered. This hiftory will hereafter be eaftly deciphered. 
+He was the chief deity of the 6z Gentile world ; the lame as 
+Hermes, Ofiris, and Dionufus; and his rites were introduced 
+into various parts by the Cuthites. In the detail of his pere¬ 
+grinations is contained, in great meafure, an hiftory of that 
+people, and of their fettlements. Each of thefe the Greeks 
+have defcribed as a warlike expedition ; and have taken the 
+glory of it to themfelves. He is faid to have had many Ions. 
+
+57 He was worlhiped by the Suraceni, a particular Indian nation, who ftyled 
+him r nyevK., or the Man of the Earth. Arrian. Hift. Indie, p. 321. 
+
+58 Hercules apud Celtas. See Vofs. de Idololat. L. 1. c. 35. L. 2. e. 15. 
+
+59 Eumenius in Orat. pro Scholis inftaurandis. See Liiius Gyraldus, Synt. 10. 
+
+P' 33 °- 
+
+60 Suetonius in Augufto. C. 29. Livy. L. 40. c. 51. 
+
+61 Johan. Sambuci Emblemata. » 
+
+He was the fame as Ofiris, the Sun. Tcu Bv icon t<ov ^HAfor. 
+
+Macrob. Saturn. L. 1. c. 20. p. 207. See Porphyry apud Eufcb. Praep. Evang. 
+
+L. 3. p* 112. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+One 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+One of thefe was 63 Archemagoras ; by which is meant the 
+father or chief of the Magi. There are many others enume¬ 
+rated : the principal of whom are faid to have been ; 6 * Sar- 
+dus, or Sardon ; Cyrnus, Gelonus, Olynthus, Scythus, Gala- 
+thus, Lydus, Iberus, Celtus, Poimen. As thefe are all ma- 
+nifeftly the names of nations, we may perceive by the pur¬ 
+port of this hiftory, that the Sardinians, Corficans, Iberians, 
+Celtse, Galatae, Scythe, &c. &c. together with thofe ftyled 
+Shepherds, were Herculeans; all defcended from that 65 Her¬ 
+cules, who was the father of Archemagoras the chief of 
+the Magi. 
+
+
+
+r jn , 'HE hiftory of Dionufus is clofely connected with that 
+
+of Bacchus, though they were two diftindl perfons. 
+It is faid of the former, that he was born at 66 Nufa in 
+
+63 See Lilius Gyraldus Syntag. 10. p. 592. Paufanias exprefies the name Ai^ 
+
+fxccyopcts. L. 8. p. 624. 
+
+64 Lilius Gyrald. p. 595. 
+
+65 In the following extrafts we may fee the chara< 5 ter of this Deity among dif¬ 
+ferent nations. TfyaxAecc cfe ovrivct e$ Ij'cTbs ct(pnceo'9cu Xoyos nccre^ei 'z&ctg cwroiaiv 
+IvSoiaiv Tnyevect Xeyecr9<xi' tbtov tov‘H/ xtxAga y.cchicp'cc f &po$ 'ZZvgccayivuv yeocupea9cti 3 
+
+h'S'txs e9w$. Arrian. Hift. Ind. p. 321. 
+
+AAA cc t a ocp^caos e^i Sreos AiyvirTioicn 'H^axAewf cfs ccvtoi Keyaai erect e^i hr* 
+TUKia^i/\tct ucci fJLvpta, es Aptotviv (Zcto-ihevaavTct. Herod. L. 2. c. 43. 
+
+AAA ? itrjjiev AiyoirTia^ ocrov mrot otyucriv 'HpcocAect} ncct Tvgiv$ y oti nrpooTov c reSsai 
+
+Oecov. Ariftid. Orat. V. 1. p. 59. He had at Tyre a temple, as old as the city. 
+E (fctcrctv y&g d/nct'Tvga) oiHi^oysvA Kcti to lepov ts S’Sb iJ'gvvQwcci. Herod. L. 2. 
+
+c. 4~4* 
+
+E cp't yctg ev 'Tvgcp \ef>ov 'Hpctx Aeas nraXctioTctrov^ dv fJLVYifJiri ctv9gccTrivr\ Sicecroo^BTctC 
+
+a to Ap^eia c H^axA£B5. ac.A. Arrian. Expedit. Alex. p. 88. 
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 195. 196. and p. 200. 
+
+L 2 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+Arabia: 
+
+
+
+76 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Arabia: but the people upon the Indus infilled, that he was 
+a native of their 67 country ; and that the city Nufa, near 
+mount Meru, was the true place of his birth. There were, 
+however, fome among them, who allowed, that he came into 
+their parts from the weft ; and that his arrival was in the 
+moft ancient times. He taught the nations, whither he came, 
+
+a 
+
+to build and to plant, and to enter into focieties. To effedi 
+this, he collected the various families out of the villages, in 
+which they dwelt, and made them incorporate in towns and 
+cities, which he built in the moft commodious fituations. 
+After they were thus eftablifhed, he gave them laws, and in- 
+ftrudied them in the worfhip of the Gods. He alfo taught 
+them to, plant the vine, and to extradt the juice of the 
+grape; together with much other falutary knowledge. This 
+he did throughout all his 68 travels, till he had conquered 
+every region in the Eaft. Nor was it in thefe parts only, 
+that he (hewed himfelf fo beneficent a conqueror \ but over all 
+the habitable 69 world. The account given by the Egyptians 
+is confonant to that of the Indians : only they fuppofe him to 
+
+67 Aioroo-a oaroyoms Ofu^axcss.' Strabo. L. 15. p. 1008. The Tyrians laid the 
+-dme claim to him. T ov Zstowaov Tvpiot vofAi^xaiv sccvtow etvca. A.chill,. Tatius. L. 2*. 
+p. 67. So did like wife the Cretans, and the people of Naxos. Some of the JLh 
+
+\ ) lie was d q in the grotto of the Nymphs upon the rivex 
+
+Iriton, Didor.. S;c. L. 3. p. 20.2. 203. Concerning Dionufus the benefadtor, 
+fee Arrian. Hi ft.. Ind.. p. 321. 
+
+Oi his coming to India from the well. Philoftratus L,. 2. p. 64, E7 rv&uTO.v cvjtov 
+
+Aacupi.ov. 
+
+68 Of his travels, fee Strabo. L. 1.5. p, 100S. 
+
+69 Top S' &v /\lQpUO-OV, fJ.BTCC ^ pcc'TOTTSS'B 'GTOLO’CtV T Y,V QlXBft£V 7 )V} S'lS'CZ§~CM 
+
+tpuTSiav tb afJ. 7 TS.\B. Diodor. Sic. L. 3. p. 197. 
+
+K«i 'zzrpo AAs|;a;i 0£>«, Z^ioi'vaB 'zzrepi "sroAAos ?\.oyos xccTf^ySi^ cos kcci tbtb ^pctTSu- 
+
+scctyros is IrJ'e?. Arrian. Hift. Indie, p. 3x8. 
+
+have- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 77 
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+have been of their own country ; and to have fet out by the 
+
+« 
+
+way of Arabia and the Red Sea, till he arrived at the extre- 
+
+♦ 
+
+mities of the Eaft. He travelled alfo into 70 Lybia, quite to 
+the Atlantic; of which performance Thymostes is fajd to 
+have given an account in an ancient Phrygian poem. After 
+his Indian expedition, which took him up three years, he 
+paffed from Alia by the Hellefpont into Thrace, where Ly- 
+curgus withftood him, and at laft put him to flight. He 
+came into Greece ; and was there adopted by the people, and 
+reprefented as a native of their country. He vifited many 
+places upon the Mediterranean ; efpecially Campania, and the 
+
+0 
+
+coaft of Italy, where he was taken prifoner by the Hetrurian 
+pirates. Others fay, that he conquered all 71 Hetruria. He 
+had many attendants ; among whom were the Tityri, Satyri, 
+Thyades, and Amazons. The whole of his hiftory is very 
+inconfiftent in refpeff both to time and place. Writers there¬ 
+fore have tried to remedy this by introducing different peo¬ 
+ple of the fame name. Hence Dionufus is multiplied into 
+as many 7Z perfonages as Hercules. His hiftory was looked 
+upon as very interefting ; and therefore was the chief theme 
+of all the ancient 73 bards. His flight, ftyled <pvyY) Aioi/vtr'd, 
+was particularly 74 recorded. He was the fame as Ofiris; 
+
+and 
+
+
+70 Diodorus. L. 3. p. 2.04. 
+
+71 lyf'us xcci TvftYtt'Zs Xey'datv^.cos xccrsp'pe^pxro (Aicvug-q$). Ariftid. Orat. in DionuC 
+
+
+P- 54 
+
+
+7 - 
+
+
+Cic. de Nat. Deor. L. 3. c. 23.. Of the various places of his birth, fee Dio¬ 
+dorus Sic. L. 3. p. 2.00. 
+
+73 Linus,. Orpheus, Panopides, Thymcetes,. and D.ionyfius Milefius. Diodorus 
+Sic. L. 3. p. 201. 
+
+74 It was a common fubjedl for Elegy. Plutarch. Ills et Ofir. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+7 8 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and many of the latter mythologies acknowledged this truth 
+Aiyuitrm pep yxg top wag xvtms $ew On gw cvopagopeva 
+<pu<fiv sivoa Ttv 'Gr&g 'EAA^i Aiovvaror tbtov <5 s pvQoXoy&irtv 
+girsXhiP tsrctffetv Tt\D ouczspsvr)v—iQpotcag h mi th$ Ivfog tov 
+
+
+§sov TtsTov iff vie ioLvrois a. ftopcLVz&tti yeyovBvcti 
+
+
+The Egypt, 
+
+
+fays 75 Diodorus, maintain that their God OJiris is no other than 
+the Dionufus of Greece : And they farther mention , that he tra¬ 
+
+
+the Dionufus of Greece : And they farther mention , that he tra¬ 
+velled over the face of the whole earth—In like manne?~ the Indi 
+affure us , that it is the fame Deity, who was converfatit in their 
+
+
+he Indi 
+
+
+76 
+
+
+country . 
+Dionufus 
+
+
+cording to the Grecian mythology* 
+
+
+fented as having been twice born 
+
+
+and is faid 
+
+
+is repre- 
+have had 
+
+
+two fathers and two mothers 
+
+
+He was alfo expofed 
+
+
+77 
+
+
+Ark, and wonderfully preferved 
+
+
+The purport of which 
+
+
+hiftories is pla 
+
+
+We muft however for the moft part 
+
+
+lloiTKTOfJieQcc <Te rw eto^iv cltto Aiqvvct& 9 x<zi 'motXctioit Sivou aipoSpct rorov, xcu 
+fjipyicf'cus evzgyecricas xctTctTz9stcr8cti too ysvsi tccv ctv8pco7rc^u% Diodorus Sicul. L. 4* 
+p. 210. 
+
+A ivov (petal tois riehocayncois ypacfJLfJuxai auvToL^ac/xevov Ttt $ t&'& rpa)T*s &tovwr& 'wpsc.^ei?* 
+Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 201. 
+
+75 L. 4. p. 201. 
+
+Tor Qcripiv Z^iowaov eivcci A eywtv m Herod. L. 2. c. 4.2. c. 14 5 # 
+
+76 The Indians gave the fame account of Dionufus, as the Egyptians did of Ofiris. 
+rioA/as T6 oixvaca (A towtrov) xcci vofA&s ^eaQcti t riai •gtoT&giVj own ts S'ompct IvS'ois 
+yevzaBctt'—'Tccti airetpeiv S'i£<z£,cti rnv ymv y S'iS'ovtcl ccvtov cr7regf*.a.Tct—~ fiocts t£vtt 
+
+ctgoTgu>Qevt;czt Aiovucov nxrgMTov'—*-xcct creGeiv on eS i i<Pcc.£e Aforwros— jctA. Arrian. 
+
+Hift. Indie, p. 321. 
+
+77 Paufan. L. 3. p. 272. As his rites came originally from Chaldea, and the 
+land of Ur, he is in confequence of it often flyled Tlvpiyzvns^ and Tlvpunrogoe. Strabo. 
+
+L. 13. p. 932. Ea 0 £, ptetxctp Afoiwe, FITPISnOPE, rctvpofAeT&7r£. Orphic. 
+
+% 
+
+Hymn. 44. v. 1. 
+
+
+iider 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 79 
+
+fider the account given of Dionufus, as the hiftory of the 
+Dionufians. This is twofold. Part relates to their rites and 
+religion ; in which the great events of the infant world, and 
+the prefervation of mankind in general were recorded. In 
+the other part, which contains the expeditions and conquefts 
+of this perfonage, are enumerated the various colonies of the 
+people, who were denominated from him. They were the 
+fame as the Ofirians and Herculeans; all of one family, 
+though under different appellations. I have fhewn, that 
+there were many places, which claimed his birth; and as 
+many, where was fhewn the fpot of his interment. Of thefe 
+we may find famples in Egypt, Arabia, and India ; as well 
+as in Africa, Greece, and its iflands. For the Grecians, 
+wherever they met with a grot or a cavern facred to him, 
+took it for granted that he was bom there: and wherever 
+he had a taphos, or high altar, fuppofed, that he was there 
+78 buried. The fame is alfp obfervable in the hiftory of all 
+the Gods. 
+
+From what has been laid we may perceive that the lame 
+hiftory has been appropriated to different perfonages : and if 
+we look farther into the annals of the fxrft acres, we fhall 
+
+O * 
+
+find more inftances to the fame purpofe. It is faid of 79 Cro¬ 
+nus, and Aftarte, that they went over the whole earth; dif- 
+pofing of the countries at their pleafure, and doing good 
+wherever they came. Cronus in confequence of it is repre- 
+
+78 There was a cavern, where they fupp.ofed him to be buried, at Delphi, Tz-ccpx 
+Xpucreu A7roAAwr/. Cyril, contra Jul. p. 342. 
+
+79 Kpovos 'Tsrepizwv 'rm oiT&f&yn*. S.aachoniath. apud Eufeb. Prasp. Evaijg. L. 1. 
+
+C. 20. p. 38. 
+
+
+fented 
+
+
+
+8o 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+fented as an univerfal So benefactor ; who reclaimed men from 
+
+* 
+
+their favage way of life, and taught them to pafs their days 
+in innocence and truth. A like account is given of Oura- 
+nus, the great king of the 81 Atlantians, who obferving man¬ 
+kind in an unfettled and barbarous flate, fet about building 
+cities for their reception ; and rendered them more humane 
+and civilized by his inftitutions and laws. His influence was 
+very extenfive; as he is fuppofed to have had the greater 
+part of the world under his rule. All this, and what was 
+above done by Cronus and Aftarte, the Grecians attributed to 
+Apollo and Themis. Strabo mentions from the hiflorian 
+Ephorus, that the oracle at Delphi was founded by thefe two 
+82 deities at the time, when Apollo was going over the world 
+doing good to all mankind. He taught the nations, where 
+he came, to be more 83 gentle and humane in their manners ; 
+and to abflain from their wild fruits, and foul banquets : 
+affording them instructions how to improve themfelves by 
+cultivation. 
+
+Some of thefe perfons are mentioned as proceeding in a 
+pacific manner : hut thefe peregrinations in general are re- 
+
+
+s ° Toy fJLSV BV K pouov QVTCt 'ZtTpSCrSvTOCTOV (3OiCTi^ZX y€vSO~QcCl* ItCtl TBS xa0 ZCLVTOV CLP- 
+
+Qpk) 7 r&$ £§ otygiB citcaTYis ets (3iov vpiepov fjcerct^ncrcu, kcu cT mz tbto ct7rpJ s o%'M pteyccXvs 
+tv^ovtcc Ts-oAAye e7re?J)eiv tts oiKVfjLBvtis tottbs' eicrvywctaBa'i S'e tctccvi tup t£ 
+
+<ruiw xou tup a7rAoT>iTa tvs Diodorus Sicul. L. 5. p. 334. 
+
+81 Ougccvov—TBs ctvQpoo 7 rB$ airooocS'Yiv qikbvtccs avvctyccytiv eis TcroAews Tcrg^CoAor, kcu 
+
+TVS yJcV CLVOUICCS Kctl S’VptQoS'BS (3iB ‘TxTiXVrjCU - KCCTCCytJW&CtGdctl cTg CCVTOP TVS QIVt&lJLZVm TUP 
+
+'ZoA ei^w. Diodorus Sicul. L. 3. p. 189. 
+
+Sz A7toAA<wi/o. y.STct &)feA varai fid^opievop to ysvos vfxcav 9 eirct tw co(peXsi(zv 
+
+ei7rct)ifj ct i eis tiyLepoTVTct 'urpdKcttietTo. Strabo. L. 9. p. 646. 
+
+
+8j Ko-Q’ ov ^ovov ATroAAcora t vv yyv zinovra, *\fj.zp3v tbs ctpdpotTT&S cctto tb tojp olvv~ 
+fiSptov x,ctp7rcop Ttcti fiioov. Ibid. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+prefented 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 8i 
+
+i 
+
+prefented as a procefs of war ; and all that was effected, was 
+fuppofed to have been by conqueft. Thus Ofiris, Hercules, 
+Perfeus, Dionufus, difplayed their benevolence fword in 
+hand : and laid every country under an obligation to the 
+limits of the earth. The like is faid of Zeuth, the Zeus of 
+
+~ 0 to » 
+
+Greece, who was an univerfal conqueror and benefactor : 
+s+ Toy A ax itvgiov ysvopLsvov tmv qKwv skskOsiv oltoltc/.v ty\v oikx- 
+
+fj.svqv , svsgysT&vTa. to ysvog tuv a.v6g(*)7Cwv m heveyjteiv (5s olvtov 
+
+jccu coopLOLTog poopLy kczi Toug oCKKaig dnoLVoug ccgsToug, kou < 5 \ol 
+
+tbto Tcrgy zvgiov ysvs&ou ra c TvptTOLVTog KO<rp,a. Zeus (or j“- 
+piter) having got the intire fupremacy marched over the whole 
+earth , benefiting ??iankind wherever he came. And as he was a 
+perf on of great bodily Jlrength , and at the fame time had every 
+princely quality , he very foon J'ubdued the whole world. 
+
+No mention is made of any conquefts atchieved by Orus 
+and the reafon is, becaufe he was the fame as Ofiris. Indeed 
+they were all the fame perfonage : but Orus was more parti¬ 
+cularly Ofiris in his fecond ftate ; and therefore reprefented 
+by the ancient Egyptians as a child. What is omitted by 
+him, was made up by his immediate fuccefior Thoules ; who 
+like thofe, who preceded, conquered every country, which 
+was inhabited. 85 EiTot Ocrigig, post)’ ov £lgog, mi pLSTcc olvtov 
+
+@%hr}g, og mi soog t% uksolv b tstoltolv ty\v yr,v 'sroLgeiKtysv. After 
+him (that is, Sous, or Sofis,) came Ofiris ; a?id then Orus : to 
+
+
+84 Diodorus Sicul. L. 3. p. 195. 
+
+The wanderings of Ills and Iona relate to the fame 
+of Cadmus. 
+
+
+hi (lory : as do like wife thofe 
+
+
+8s Eufebii Chron. p. 7. 1, 37. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+whom 
+
+
+
+82 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+f whom fucceeded ‘Thoules , who conquered the whole earth quite to 
+
+the ocean . The like hiftory is given of him by 86 Suidas, and 
+
+♦ 
+
+by the author of the 87 Chronicon Pafchale. 
+
+Thefe accounts I have collated, and brought in fucceflion 
+to one another ; that we may at a view fee the abfurdity of 
+the hiftory, if taken in the common acceptation. And how¬ 
+ever numerous my inftances may have been, I fhall introduce 
+other examples before I quit the fubjedh I muft particularly 
+fpeak of an Egyptian hero, equally ideal with thofe above- 
+mentioned ; whofe hiftory, though the moft romantic and 
+improbable of any, has been admitted as credible and true. 
+The perfon, to whom I allude, is the celebrated Sefoftris. 
+Moft of the ancient hiftorians fpeak of his great atchieve- 
+ments ; and the moft learned of the modern chronologifts 
+have endeavoured to determine his sera, and point out the 
+time of his reign. But their endeavours have been fruitlefs ; 
+and they vary about the time when he lived not lefs than a 
+thoufand years: nay, fome differ even, more than this in the 
+sera, which they aflign to him. 
+
+86 ©bA LS m r O*JTGS eS&criXevcrs 'z&acnis Aiyv^TBy xcli ecus ooxeocvB* xca fjucty t cov ev 
+ctvroo vvcroov excc?vecrev ocnro tb ovoficcros ©«A«r. Suidas. 
+
+87 Met cc Oaigiv eScco-iXevaev Opo$' xou jj&tol tgv Qpov eZcttriXevG'e ©bA oq-is 'ttctpe*- 
+Aafe fierce S'vvcc^lscos nvos •mocaa.v t yiv yvv zoos tb coxsccvb* Chron.. Pafch. p. 46.. 
+
+He is mentioned by Cedrenus. ©bA>?$, os zcos tb cox.eciv& 'arccactu tw yn& 
+
+r &cc£eiXn<£ev. p. zq 0 
+
+
+-fESOSTRIS. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+83 
+
+
+SESOSTRIS. 
+
+0 
+
+» 
+
+A M O N G the writers, who have written concerning this 
+^ extraordinary perfonage, Diodorus Siculus is the moft 
+uniform and full ; and with his evidence I will begin my 
+account. He 1 informs us, that, when this prince was a 
+youth, he was intruded by his father with a great army. 
+He upon this invaded Arabia: and though he was obliged 
+to encounter hunger and third; in the wilds, which he tra- 
+verfed ; yet he fubdued the whole of that large traft of coun¬ 
+try. He was afterwards fent far into the weft; where he 
+conquered all the regions of Lybia, and annexed great part 
+of that country to the kingdom of Egypt. After the death 
+of his father he formed a refolution to fubdue all the na¬ 
+tions upon earths Accordingly having fettled every thing 
+at home, and appointed governors to each province, he fet 
+out with an army of fix hundred thoufand foot, and twenty 
+four thoufand horfe, and twenty feven thoufand armed 
+chariots. With tbefe he invaded the Ethiopians to the 
+fouth; whom he defeated and made tributaries to Egypt. 
+He then built a fleet of fhips upon the Red fea: and he is 
+recorded as the firft perfon, who conftrudted veffels fit for 
+diflant navigation. With thefe by means of his generals he 
+fubdued all the fea-coaft of Arabia, and all the coaft upon 
+the ocean as far as India. In the mean time he marched in 
+
+! Diodorus Sicul. L. i.p. 49. 
+
+'S M -2 
+
+
+
+
+8 4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+perfon with a puiftant army by land, and conquered the 
+•whole continent of Alia. He not only overran the coun¬ 
+tries, which Alexander afterwards invaded; but eroded both 
+
+the Indus, and the Ganges ; and from thence penetrated to 
+
+# + 
+
+the eaftern ocean. He then turned to the north, and at¬ 
+tacked the nations of Scythia ; till he at lad; arrived at the 
+Tanais, which divides Europe and Alia. Here he founded 
+a colony : leaving behind him fome of his people, as he had 
+juft before done at a Colchis. Thefe nations are faid to the 
+laft to have retained memorials of their original from Egypt. 
+About the fame time Alia Minor, and moft of the iflands 
+near it, fell into his hands. He at laft palled into 3 Thrace, 
+where he is faid to have been brought into fome difficulties. 
+He however perlifted, and fubdued all the regions of Europe. 
+In moft of thefe countries he erected pillars with hierogly- 
+phical inferiptions ; denoting that thefe parts of the world 
+had been fubdued by the great Sefoftris, or, as 4 Diodorus ex- 
+preftes his name, Seloolis. He likewife eredted ftatues of 
+himfelf, formed of ftone, with a bow and a lance : which 
+ftatues were in length four cubits and four palms, according 
+to the dimenlions of his own height and ftature. Having 
+thus finilhed his career of 5 vidtory, he returned laden with 
+
+
+Herodot 
+
+
+yWpoLV Q7TAcT 
+
+
+KCCt 
+
+
+
+/• 
+
+
+Syncellus. p. 59, 60. 
+
+3 Diodorus Sicul. above. He was near lofing his \yhole army 
+
+4 T>;y cT'e TY)l 
+
+otv5 /leo-7rQT&v 2 scxocejcris . Diodor. Sicul. ibid. 
+
+• * - 
+
+% 
+
+5 He pafied through all Ethiopia to the Cinnamon country. Strabo. L. 17. 
+p. 1138. This muft be Indica Ethiopia, and the ifland Seran-Dive. Hence came 
+Cinnamon : here were —/jAa* >:cu evrtypcc^cc 1 . 
+
+Venit ad occaium, mundique extrema Sefoftris. Lucan. L. 10. v. 27 6. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 85 
+
+fpoils to Egypt, after an abfence of 6 nine years ; which is 
+one year lefs, than was attributed to the expeditions of Her¬ 
+cules. 
+
+The detail given by this hiftorian is very plain and pre- 
+cife : and we proceed very regularly and minutely in a geo¬ 
+graphical feries from one conqueft to another : fo that the 
+ftory is rendered in fome degree plaufible. But we may 
+learn from Diodorus himfelf, that little credit is to be paid 
+to this narration, after all the pains he may have taken to 
+win upon our credulity. He ingenuoufly owns, that not 
+only the Grecian writers, but even the priefts of Egypt, and 
+the bards of the fame country, varied in the accounts, which 
+they gave of this hero ; and were guilty of great inconliftence. 
+It was therefore his chief labour to collect what he thought 
+moft credible, and what appeared molt confonant to the me¬ 
+morials in Egypt, which time had fpared : 7 Ta 'W'i&cx.vcctcx.T cc, 
+
+KOU T Oig V7tOL%yX<XlV £Tl XClTOt TY\V 'fcOOgOtV TOC (JLOiXig-Oi > 
+
+tpmsvTct otshOsiv. But, as thefe memorials confifted chiefly 
+in hieroglyphics, I do not fee how it was poflible for Dio¬ 
+dorus to underhand, what the bards and priefts could not 
+decipher. The adjuftment of this hiftory, had it been prac¬ 
+ticable, fhould have been the work of a native Egyptian, 
+and not of a perfon either from Greece, or Sicily. This 
+
+
+'Xeucoq-'pis erv fJLYi) os ctTcco’ctu e^sipcfoaccro tw Amcor bv encvjTQis ewecc. Syncellus. 
+
+
+P- 59 
+
+
+Some make him advance farther, and conquer all Europe : opioids V7rercc^e 
+*rw Aaiav 'zudGQLv^ xcti THN ETPnPIHN, niv Sxu'hxv, kccl t m> M vmxv. Chron. 
+Pafch. p. 47. Herodotus thinks that he did not proceed farther than Thrace. E. 2. 
+
+
+c. 103. 
+
+7 Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. p. 49. 
+
+
+writer 
+
+
+
+86 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+writer afterwards mentions the mighty 8 works of Sefoftris 
+Upon his return into Egypt: the temples, which he built* 
+and the great entrenchments, which he made to the eaft, to 
+guard the country from the Arabians : and having enume¬ 
+rated the whole of his actions, he concludes with an inge¬ 
+nuous confeftion, that 9 little could be obtained, that was pre- 
+cifely true. He has without doubt culled the moft pro¬ 
+bable achievements of this hero ; and coloured and arranged, 
+them to the bed advantage : yet they dill exceed belief. 
+And if after this care and difpodtion they feem incredible, 
+how would they appear in the garb, in which he found them? 
+Vet the hidory of this perfonage has been admitted as cre¬ 
+dible by the mod learned 30 writers and chronologids: though^ 
+as I before mentioned, they cannot determine the asra of his 
+reign within a thoufand years. Sir John Marfham and Sir 
+Ifaac Newton fuppofe him to have been the Sefac of the fcrip- 
+tures ; and confequently bring his reign down to the time of 
+Rehoboam king of Judah. But the only realbn for this, as 
+far as I can perceive, feems to be, that Sefoftris is repre- 
+fented as a great conqueror ; and Sefac is prefumed from his 
+large 11 army to have been fo likewife. But there is nothing 
+
+s Of all the great actions of Sefoftris, fee Marfham. Can. Chron. Sec. 14. p. 354. 
+
+9 Ulegi cPg tht gov to a ex.QecrQcti /xg t’ axpi&iM & pccf'tov. Diodor. Sicul. 
+L. 1. p. 52. 
+
+10 Sir John Marftiam 9 s Can. Chron. Sec, 14. p. 354* 
+
+Sir Ifaac Newton’s Chronolgy. p. 217. 
+
+1 Kings. C. 14. v. 25, 26. And it came to pafs , that in the fifth year of kiitg 
+Rehoboam Shi f oak king of Egypt came up againft Jerufalem (becaufe they had tranfgreffed 
+cigainfl the Lord) \ with twelve hundred chariots: and threefcore thoufand horfemen ; and 
+the people were without number , that came with him out of Egypt , the Lubims , the Suk- 
+kiimSy and the Ethiopians . 2. Chron, c. 12. v. 2, 3. 
+
+L 
+
+
+more 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+more faid of Sefac, than that he formed a plan of conquering 
+the king of Judah ; and accordingly came with the army be- 
+forementioned, to put his defign in execution. But the 
+Jz capital being delivered into his hands without the lead: re- 
+fiftance, and the king intirely fubmitting himfelf to his will; 
+he contented himfelf with the rich plunder, which he found, 
+and which he carried away at his departure. We may alfo 
+infer from the fervitude, to which the people of Judah were 
+reduced, that he impofed upon them fome future contribu¬ 
+tions. This is the whole of the hiftory of Sefac, or Shifhak : 
+by whom no other expedition was undertaken that we know 
+of: nor is there mention made upon record of a fingle battle, 
+which he fought. Yet from a notion that Sefac was a great 
+warrior, he is made the fame as Sefoftris : and the age of the 
+latter is brought down very many centuries beneath the sera, 
+to which the beft writers have adjudged it. When we differ 
+from received tradition, we fhould not pafs over in filence 
+what is faid on the contrary part ; but give it at large, and 
+then fhew our reafons for our departure from it. I have 
+taken notice of the fuppofed conquerors of the earth : and 
+among them of the reputed deities of Egypt, who came un¬ 
+der the names of Ofiris, Perfeus, Thoules, &c. Thefe are 
+fuppofed, if they ever exifted, to have lived in the firft ages 
+of the world, when Egypt was in its infant ftate : and Se- 
+foftris is made one of their number. He is by forne placed 
+after Orus ; by others after Thoules ; but ffcill referred to the 
+firfl ages. He is reprefented under the name of Sethos, 53 Se- 
+
+
+JZ n«paAaSa:v Se S^craxos ctuct^nn rnv 'zvoAiv. Jofeph. Antiq. L. 8.. c. 10. 
+u Sechofis of Jofephus contra Apion. L- i. p. 447 - 
+
+thoflSy 
+
+
+
+88 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+thofis, Sefoofis, Sefonchofis, Sefoftris ; but the hiftory, with 
+which thefe names are accompanied, fhews plainly the iden¬ 
+tity of the perfonage. Eufebius in reckoning up the dynafty 
+of kings, who reigned after Hephaiftus or Vulcan, mentions 
+them in the following order : 14 “Then fucceeded his fon Helius ; 
+after him Sofes , then Oferis , then Or us , then Thoules , who con¬ 
+quered the whole earth to the ocean % and lajl of all Sefofris. 
+The 15 Scholiaft upon Apollonius Rhodius calls him Sefon¬ 
+chofis ; and places him immediately after Orus, and the third 
+in fucceflion from Ofiris : giving at the fame time an account 
+of his conquefts. He adds that he was the perfon, whom 
+Theopompus called Sefoftris. The fame Scholiaft quotes a 
+curious pafiage from Dicaearchus, in which Sefonchofis main¬ 
+tains the fame rank, and was confequently of the higheft 
+antiquity. lG Dicaearchus in the firjl booh of his hifory mentions , 
+that immediately after the reign of Orus , the fon of Ifs and 
+Ofris , in Egypt , the government devolved to Sefonchofs : fo that 
+fro 7 n the time of Sefonchofs to IVilus were two thoufand years. 
+Cedrenus 17 calls him Sefoftris ; and mentions him after Ofiris, 
+and Orus, and Thoules ; which laft was by the above writer 
+omitted. Oc rigig. £lgo$. 08 /\^s. (jlbtol Jg tutov Zstrws'gis. The 
+
+
+* 4 Eufeb. Chron. p. 7. 1 . 43. ©aA«s # fierce S'e tbtqv 
+
+15 ^eo'oy%'wai$} Aiyvirm 'z&ctms @ccai?iev$ fjjcToc ms laiS'os xcci Ocripidos 'zuoui'a^ 
+
+mv pitv Aaiccv ocpoicrccs 'vcraactv xccTe^rpe^ccTo^ opLoi&s <Pe tcc 'urAei^'cc ms Eupooms* 
+OsoTTOfA'iros S'e ev rgiTc? cturov xcc^ei. Schol. in Apollon. Argonaut. 
+
+L. 4. v. 272. 
+
+16 /\ixoLictp%' 0 $ sv 'ZtTpcoTte, pLSrcc T ov IcriiPos xca OaipiS^os Clpov^ (ZctcriAecz. yeyovsvai 
+'Xsa'OyXjuaiv Aeyei* yerecrQczi cltto ms HHe<7oy%wcri<S'o$ ficccriAeiccs f^s^pi ms Ns/Ab 
+em cT L<r%iXicc. Schol. in Apollon. Argonaut, ibid. 
+
+17 Cedrenus. Y. 1. p. 20. Ofiris, Orus, Thoules, Sefoftris. 
+
+
+au thor 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 89 
+
+author of the Chronicon Pafchale makes Orus to have been 
+fucceeded by the fame perfonage, as is mentioned above* 
+whom he calls Thoulis ; and next to him introduces Sefoftris. 
+He relates all his great conquefts ; and gives us this farther 
+information, that this prince was the firft of the line of Ham, 
+who reigned in Egypt: in other words, he was the iirft king 
+of the country. 18 Ev tbto ig (jlstix, tclvtcl ygovoig £oa<n?\.sug 
+
+roov Aiyv7moov 'STgoorog bk t rig <pvhYis TOT XAM 19 2 sc rug-gt;. 
+Ariftotle {peaks of Sefoftris ; but does not determine the time 
+of his reign on account of its great antiquity. He only fays 
+that it was long before the age of 20 Minos, who was fup- 
+pofed to have reigned in Crete. Apollonius Rhodius, who 
+is thought to have been a native of Egypt, fpeaks of the 
+great actions of this prince ; but mentions no name : not 
+knowing, I imagine, by which properly to diftinguilh him, 
+as he was reprefented under fo many. He however attri- 
+
+par- 
+
+
+butes to him every thing, which is faid of ** Sefoftris 
+
+
+,s Succeeded by 4 >oipxco. Chron. Pafch. p. 48. 
+
+19 Joannes Antiochenus has borrowed the fame hiftory, and calls this king 
+Softris. TUCotaitevaev Aiyvimctov •zvpcoTos ex tvs <f>uXvs tb Xa/x p. 28. He 
+
+adds* that Softris, or Sefoftris, lived in the time of Hermes, 'Eppcvso Tpis-fJLzyiq~os 
+Aiyv7rnos. He was fucceeded by Pharaoh, the firfl: of the name. Ibid. 
+
+Herodotus calls him Pheron, and Pherona. L. 2. c. 111. 
+
+* 9 rioAu v7repTeivsi to/s ^§ovots tvv Tsitvso /BccaiXetav v 'S,ecrcio$'pios. Politic. L. 7. 
+c. 10. 
+
+11 Apollon. Argonaut. L. 4. v. 272. EiOep S'v twcl (pctai — 'Xeo‘oy%p)ais 3 Kiyu7TT3 
+
+TSTCLtrys $cco‘iAev$ m —©eQ7ro/j.7rcs cTs tv Tptraj Hefra^-piv ccvtov Schol. ibid. 
+
+ttepi S e t oov ovoov 7 kc&' bs eytvero 'Xeo-oy%poG‘is, o pnev A7roAAwms tbto pxovov 
+
+<py<rt) rsroXvs yocg ctS'vv ct7revvvoQev cticov. Schol. ibid. 
+
+Lycophron fpeaks of Apollo 'Zca^vgios^ and a promontory TLoo^vpiov, tv 4 legw 
+'Zoornpte ATroAAwros. Schol. ad v. 1278. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+ticularly 
+
+
+
+90 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+ticularly the fettling a colony at Colchis, and building innu¬ 
+merable cities in the countries, which he traverfed : 
+
+[JLVglCL (T 0t5"n 
+
+Ntz<rcrccT £7 Toij(P(jlsvo $. 
+
+He reprefents him as conquering all Alia and Europe ; and 
+this in times fo remote, that many of the cities, which he 
+built, were in ruins before the asra of the Argonauts. 
+
+From what has been faid, we may perceive that, if fuch a 
+perfon as Sefoftris had exifted, his reign mult have been of 
+the earlieft date. He is by fome reprefented as fucceeding 
+Thoules : according to others he comes one degree higher, 
+being introduced after 22 Orus, who in the catalogue of Pan- 
+odorus is placed firft of the Demigods, that reigned in 
+Egypt 5 but by 23 Herodotus is ranked among the deities. 
+According to Dicasarchus the reign of Sefoftris was two thou- 
+fand five hundred years before Nilus : and the reign of the 
+latter was four hundred and thirty-fix years before the firft 
+Olympiad. I do not place the leaft confidence in thefe 
+computations ; but would only ffiew from them that the per¬ 
+fon fpoken of muft be referred to the mythic age, to the aera 
+of the Demigods of Egypt. Some of thefe evidences are 
+taken notice of by Sir John Marffiam; who cannot extri¬ 
+cate himfelf from the difficulties, with which his fyftem is 
+
+Sdiol. Apollon. L. 4. v. 272. Syncellus joins him with Serapis. p. 91.. 
+
+Herodotus. L. 2. c . 144. 
+
+(Jv7ro) reifscc 'wccvtol. k.t.A. Apollon. L. 4. v. 261. See the whole, and SchoL 
+ibid. 
+
+5,4 Canon. Chronic. Sec. 10. p. 23S. 239. 
+
+
+attended. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 91 
+
+attended. He has taken for granted, that Sefoftris arid Se- 
+conchofis are the Sefac of the Scriptures ; though every cir- 
+cumftance of their hiftory is repugnant to that notion. 
+25 I know not) fays he, what to make of this Sefonchofs ; who is 
+reprefented as five thoufand years before Me?ies , and who is refer¬ 
+red to the time of the Demigods. In another place : Sefofris y 
+who is in the twelfth Dynafly of Africanus , and whofe cera ex¬ 
+tends higher , than the Canon of Eufebius reaches , reig7ted accord¬ 
+ing to Scaliger s computation in the 1392 d year of the fulian 
+Period. By this calculation Sefofris is made prior to Sefofris ; 
+and this too by no lefs than 235 5 years : for it is manifef y as 
+I will foew from Scripture , that Sefofris undertook his expe¬ 
+dition into Afa y and got poffefjion of ferufalem in the 4.7 th 
+year of the Period abovementioned. What is faid in the facred 
+writings, I have taken notice of before. Not a word occurs 
+about Sefoftris, nor of any fuch Afiatic expedition. I am 
+obliged to fay, that through the whole of this learned writer’s 
+procefs, inftead of a proof, we find nothing elfe but the ques¬ 
+tion begged, and fome inferences of his own in confequence 
+of this affumption. He indeed quotes the authority of Ma¬ 
+ne thon from Jofephus, to prove that the great actions of Se¬ 
+foftris were the fame as were performed by Sefac. But Ma- 
+nethon fays no fuch thing : nor does Jofephus attribute any 
+
+Quis igitur Sefonchofis ille, qui, Menen antcvertens annis amplius 5000, inter 
+Semideos locum habere videatur ? Marfham. Canon. Chronic. Sec. 10. p. 238. 
+
+Sefoftris in XII. Africani Dynaftia (quae Eufebiani Canonis epocham antevertit) 
+ex Scaligeri calculis regnavit anno Per. Jul. 1392 : quo ratiocinio Sefoftris fadlus 
+eft annos 2355 ipfo Sefoftre fenior. Nam ex S. literis (fuo loco) apparebit, Se- 
+foftrim expeditionem fufeepifie in Afiam* et Hierofolyma cepifie Anno Per. Jul. 
+3747. Ibid. p. 239. 
+
+
+N 2 
+
+
+fuch 
+
+
+
+92 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fuch exploits to Sefac : but exprefsly fays more than once, 
+that Sefac, and Sefoftris were two different 26 perfons. ft is 
+no where faid of Sefac, that he made an expedition into Alia; 
+much lefs that he conquered it, as is fuppofed of Sefoftris. 
+Sefac went up againft Jerufalem, and took it, ct^OL^Ti , with¬ 
+out meeting with any oppofition. Upon this he departed, 
+and carried with him the treafures, which he had there 
+feized : in other words, he went home again. There is not 
+the leafl mention made of his invading 27 Samaria, or the 
+country about Libanus, and Sidon ; or of his marching to 
+Syria : all which made but a fmall part of the great Conti¬ 
+nent, called in after-times Alia.: much lefs did he vifit the 
+countries of the Aflyrians, and Babylonians ; or the regions 
+of Elam and the Medes. All this, and much more he inuft 
+have done, to have come up to the charadter, to which they 
+would fain entitle him. 
+
+I will not enter into any further difcuflion of the great 
+conquefts attributed to this fuppofed monarch Sefoftris. 
+They are as ideal as thofe of Sefac, and fufficiently confute 
+themfelves. Firft Ohris is faid to have conquered the whole 
+earth : then Zeus, then Perfeus, then 28 Hercules, all nearly 
+of the fame degree of antiquity, if we may believe the belt 
+Mythologies. Myrina comes in for a fhare of conqueft in 
+
+
+zC Antiq. L. 8 . c. io. p. 449. and 450. 
+
+17 He came merely as a confederate to Jeroboam* in favour of the kingdom of 
+Iirael ; and his intention was to ruin Judah : but his cruel purpofe was averted by 
+the voluntary fubmiflion both of the king and people; and by the treafures they 
+gave up to him, which were the purchafe of their fecurity. 
+
+xS Hercules is faid to have commanded the armies of Ofiris. Diodorus SicuL 
+L. 1. p. 15. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+the time of Orus 
+
+
+After her Thoules fubdues the whole 
+
+
+from the Eaftern Ocean, to the great Atlantic: and as if no¬ 
+thing had been performed before, Sefoftris immediately fuc- 
+ceeds, and conquers it over again. 19 Herodotus informs us, 
+as a token of thefe victories, that Sefoftris eredted pillars and 
+obelifks with emblematical infcriptions : and that he faw 
+fome of them in Phrygia, and in other countries, which had 
+been conquered. He without doubt faw pillars : but how 
+did he know for certain, by whom they were eredted ? 
+and who taught him to interpret the fymbols ? Paufanias 
+
+
+takes 30 notice of a coloflal ftatue in the Thebais, and fays 
+that the hiftory given of it was not fatisfadtory. He tells 
+us, that it ftood near the Syringes, in upper Egypt; and 
+he viewed it with great admiration. It was the figure of a 
+man in a fitting pofture ; which fome faid was the reprefen- 
+tation of Memnon the Ethiopian : others maintained, that it 
+was the ftatue of Phamenophis : and others again, that it re¬ 
+lated to Sefoftris. There were here emblems, and fymbols ; 
+yet a diverfity of opinions. I want therefore, to know, how 
+Herodotus could interpret in Phrygia, what a native could 
+not decipher in.Egypt. The fame queftion may be afked 
+about the people of Syria, among whom were obelifks attri¬ 
+buted to the fame perfon. How came they to be fo deter- 
+
+
+* 9 L. 2. c. 106. Concerning the interpretation of thefe emblems, fee Joan. Pierii 
+Hieroglyph. L. 34. c. 20. 
+
+30 Paufan. L. 1. p. 101. The ftatue remains to this day. In like manner it was 
+reported that Dionufus raifed pillars. Strabo. L. 3. p. 260. 
+
+Ev 0 a t£ xai ©nG&iyereo:’ A.'oiwb. Dionys. Perieg. v. 623. 
+
+Hercules eredted the like. All which was done by people fly led Dionyfians and 
+Herculeans* 
+
+
+inmate 
+
+
+
+94 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+minate about an Egyptian work; when people ..of that coun¬ 
+try in the fame circumftances were fo utterly at a lofs ? the 
+whole undoubtedly was matter of furmife. I fhall not there¬ 
+fore fay any thing more of Sefoftris ; as I muft again fpeak of 
+him, when I come to the kings of Egypt. 
+
+If we compare the above hiftories, we may perceive that 
+they bear a manifeft limilitude to one another; though they 
+are attributed to different perfons. They contain accounts 
+of great achievements in the firft ages : in effecting which 
+thefe ancient heroes are reprelented as traverling immenfe re¬ 
+gions, and carrying their arms to the very limits of the known 
+world : the great Tartarian ocean to the eaff, and the At¬ 
+lantic weftward, being the boundaries of their travel. Some 
+of them feem to have been of the fame age; and to have car¬ 
+ried on thefe conquefts at nearly the fame time : and thofe, 
+whofe aera may pollibly differ, have this in common with the 
+others ; that they vilit the fame countries, march for the 
+moft part by the fame rout; and are often joined by the lame 
+allies, and are followed by the like attendants. They are in 
+general efteemed benefactors, wherever they go : and carry 
+the fciences with them, as well as their religious rites ; hr 
+
+
+which they inftrucft the natives in different parts of the world. 
+Thefe are to be fure noble occurrences; which however 
+could not pollibly have happened, as they are reprefented 
+above. It is not to be fuppofed, that any perfon in thofe 
+early ages, or in any age, could go over fuch a traCt of coun¬ 
+
+
+try 
+
+
+much 
+
+
+that he fhould fubdue 
+
+
+mn 
+
+
+more 
+
+
+improbable, that fuch extenlive conquefts fhould be fo im¬ 
+mediately repeated : and that they fhould in fome inftances 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+be carried on by different people at nearly the fame time. 
+They, who fpeak of mighty empires being founded in thofe 
+early days, know little of true hiftory ; and have formed a 
+very wrong judgment of the politics, which then univerfally 
+prevailed. The whole earth, as far as we can learn, was 
+divided into little coordinate Hates : every city feems to have 
+been fubfervient to its own Judge and Ruler, and independ¬ 
+ent of all others. In the land of 31 Canaan thirty-one kings 
+were fubdued by Jofhua, between Jordan and the fea : and 
+fome were Hill left by him unconquered. In thofe days, 
+fays the learned Marfham, quot urbes, tot regna. The like 
+was for many ages afterwards obfervable in Greece, as well 
+as in Latium, Samnium, and Hetruria. A powerful enemy 
+made Egypt unite under one head : and the necefiities of the 
+people in a time of dearth ferved to complete that fyftem. 
+The lfraelites, too, when fettled in Canaan, formed a large 
+kingdom. Excepting thefe two nations we know of none of 
+
+
+any confiderable extent, that were thus united. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+32. 
+
+
+Sy¬ 
+
+
+rians and the PhiliHim were in feparate Hates, and under 
+different governors. The kingdoms of Nineve and Baby¬ 
+lonia oonfiffed each of one mighty city, with its environs ; in 
+
+
+villages. 
+
+
+which were perhaps included fome fubordiriate 
+
+V 
+
+They were properly walled 33 Provinces : and the inhabitants 
+were in a- Hate of reff for ages. The Affyrian did not till 
+
+
+91 Jofhua. c. 12. v. 24. Aclonibezek had threefcore and ten vafiaJ princes at his 
+feet if the headsman of every village may be fo called. Judges c. i. v. 7. 
+
+51 Benhadad of Damafcus was attended with thirty-two kings, when he invaded 
+Samaria. 1. Kings, c. 20. v. 1. 
+
+35 The people plowed, and lowed, and had fruits, and pailures, within their 
+walls. 
+
+ab c u.t 
+
+
+
+q6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+about fev 
+
+
+hundred 
+
+
+before Chrift, begin to contend 
+
+
+for dominion, and make acquifttion of territory : and we 
+may form a judgment, from what he then 3+ gained, of what 
+he was pofteffed before. The cities Hala, Habor, Haran in 
+
+
+Mefop 
+
+
+with Carchemifh upon the Euph 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+his firft conquefts 
+Iva, and Sepharv? 
+
+
+> thefe he added the puny ftates Ina, 
+upon the fame river. He then 
+
+
+ceeded to Hamath, Damafcus, and other cities of Sy 
+
+
+pro- 
+
+and 
+
+
+laft 
+
+
+Samaria. The line of conqueft points 
+
+
+he took 
+
+
+fhews that there were in Me 
+
+
+fopotamia numberlefs little ftates, independent of Babylo: 
+and Nineve, though in their immediate vicinity. Confe 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+notion of the extent, dominion, and antiquity 
+of thofe monarchies, as delivered by Ctefias and others, is 
+intirely void of truth. The conquefts likewife of thofe He¬ 
+roes and Demigods, who are made coeval with the fuppofed 
+foundations of thofe monarchies, muft be equally groundless. 
+
+
+To fay 
+
+
+truth, the very perfon 
+
+
+are ideal, and have 
+
+
+been formed out of the titles of the Deity : and the hiftory, 
+with which they are attended, related not to conqueft, but 
+to peregrinations of another nature ; to colonies, which went 
+
+
+abroad, and fettled 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+mentioned. The An 
+
+
+cients, as I have repeatedly faid, have given to a perlon, what 
+related to a people : and if we make this fmall allowance, 
+the hiftory will be found in great meafure true. 
+
+
+34 
+
+
+2 Kings, c. 17. v. 6. and c. 18. v. 11. and v. 34. Ifaiah. c. 10. v. 9. c. 37 
+
+
+v. 13 
+
+
+N INUS 
+
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+97 
+
+
+N I N U S 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+SEMIRAMIS 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+AVING given an account of the mythic heroes of 
+
+
+;ypt, I think 
+
+
+ceffary to fubj 
+
+
+an hiftory of 
+
+
+two others of the like Itamp, who have made no lefs figure 
+
+
+the annals of Babylon and Afiy 
+
+
+The perfons, to whom 
+
+
+allude, are Ninus and Semiramis ; whofe. conquefts, though 
+
+
+they did not extend fo far as thofe above 
+
+
+yet alike won 
+
+
+derful, and equally groundlefs 
+was the firft king of 1 Afiyria 
+power, he made war on his 
+whom he coi 
+
+
+It is faid of Ninus, that he 
+and being a prince of great 
+neighbours the Babylonians, 
+
+
+mans 
+
+
+conquered. He afterwards invaded the Arme- 
+whofe king Barfanes, finding himfelf much inferior 
+to his adverlary, diverted his anger by great prefents, and a 
+voluntary * fubmifiion. The next objedl of his ambition 
+was Media, which he foon fubdued ; and getting Phanius, 
+the king of the country, into his hands, together with his 
+wife and feven children, he condemned them all to be cruci¬ 
+fied. His hopes being greatly raifed by this fuccefs, he pro¬ 
+ceeded to reduce all the nations to his obedience between 
+the Tanais and the Nile : and in feventeen years he made fo 
+great a progrefs, that, excepting Badlria, all Alia fubmitted 
+to him as far as the river Indus. In the feries of conquered 
+countries Ctefias enumerates Egypt, Phenicia, Coile Syria, 
+
+
+1 Diodorus Sicul. I_,. 2. p. go 
+* Diodorus Sicul. L. 2. p. 91 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+Cicilia, 
+
+
+
+^8 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Cilicia, Pamphyl 
+
+
+Ly 
+
+
+Caria, Phryg 
+
+
+Myfi 
+
+
+and the 
+
+
+Cappadocia, 
+
+Tanais. To thefe are added the Dacians, Hy 
+
+
+and thofe 
+
+
+Lydia, 
+iar the 
+. Der- 
+
+
+bicians, Carmanians, Parthians, with all Perils and Sufiana, 
+and the numerous nations upon the Cafpian fea. After thefe 
+notable a<£tions he laid the foundation of the' great city Ni- 
+neve ; which by miftake is faid to have been built upon the 
+banks of the 3 Euphrates. 
+
+
+His 
+
+
+laffc expedition was againfb 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+which time he Erft faw Semiramis 
+
+
+wo 
+
+
+man of uncommon endowments, and great perfonal charms. 
+He had an army which amounted to feven millions of foot, 
+and two millions of horfe, with two hundred thouland cha¬ 
+riots with fcythes. For the poflibility of which circum- 
+ftances Diodorus tries to account in favour of the historian, 
+from whom he borrows. By the condudt of Semiramis the 
+Badrrians are fubdued ; and Ninus takes the capital of the 
+country: upon which in return for her lervices he makes 
+Semiramis his queen. Not long after he dies, leaving only 
+one fon by this princefs, who was called Ninyas. 
+
+The hiftory of Semiramis is variously related by different 
+authors. Some make her a native of Afcalon ; and fay that 
+fhe was e.xpofed in the defert, and nourifhed by pigeons. 
+She was in this fituation difcovered by a fhepherd named 
+Simma. He bred her up, and married her to Menon; whom 
+
+During her foil’s minority fhe af- 
+
+
+fhe deferted for Ninus. 
+
+
+un 
+
+
+fumed the regal date; and the firft work which fhe 
+dertook, was the interment of her hufband. She accordingly 
+buried him with great fplendor; and raifed over him a 
+
+3 Diodorus Sicul. L. i. p. 92. 
+
+
+mound 
+
+
+
+The Analysis or Ancient Mythology. 99 
+
+mound of earth, no lefs than a mile and a quarter high, 
+and proportionally wide at bottom: after which Ihe built 
+Babylon. This being finifhed, fhe made an expedition into 
+Media ; and wherever fhe came left memorials of her power 
+and munificence. This was effected by erecting vaft ffcruc- 
+tures, forming lakes, and laying out gardens of great extent; 
+particularly in Chaonia and Ecbatana. In fhort, fhe le¬ 
+velled hills, and raifed * mounds of an immenfe height, which 
+retained her name for ages. After this fire invaded Egypt, 
+and conquered Ethiopia, with the greater part of Libya : 
+and having accomplifhed her wifh, and there being no ene¬ 
+my to cope with her, excepting the people of India, fhe 
+refolved to diredfc her forces towards that quarter. She had 
+an army of three millions of foot, five hundred thoufand 
+horfe, and one hundred thoufand chariots. For the palling 
+of rivers, and engaging with the enemy by water, fhe had 
+procured two thoufand fhips to be fo conftrudted, as to be 
+taken to pieces for the advantage of carriage : which fhips 
+were built in Badtria by experienced perfons from Phoenicia, 
+Syria, and Cyprus. With thefe fhe entered into a naval en¬ 
+gagement with Strabrobates king of India; and at the firfi 
+encounter funk a thoufand of his fhips. Upon this fhe built 
+a bridge over the river Indus, and penetrated into the heart 
+of the country. Here Strabrobates engaged her ; but being 
+
+4 Autjj }JLiv ccttsS et'XTo 2 'm i ucctc(, avoi to tztsS'iov tovTcc Herod. L. I. 
+
+c. 184. 
+
+Such ^ojfAdTcc were raifed by the Amonians in all places where they fettled, 
+called Tupoi. 
+
+Four fuch were in Troas. E ici /jlsv bv Xo<poi tstt ceps?, Qh'jjj.7rioi 
+Strabo. L. io. p. 720. There were fuch alfo of the Amazons in Mauritania. 
+
+O 2 deceived 
+
+
+
+IOO 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+deceived by the numerous appearance of her elephants ait 
+firft gave way. For being deficient in thofe animals fhe had 
+procured the hides of three thoufand black oxen ; which be- 
+ing properly fewed, and fluffed with ftraw, formed an ap¬ 
+pearance of fo many elephants. All this was done fo natu¬ 
+rally, that the real animals could not Hand the fight. But 
+this flratagem being at laft difcovered, Semiramis was obliged 
+to retreat, after having loft a great part of her 5 army. Soon 
+after this fhe refigned the government to her fon Ninyas, 
+and died. According to fome writers, fhe was flain by his 
+hand. 
+
+The hiftory of Ninus and Semiramis, as here reprefented. 
+
+
+is in great meafure founded 
+
+
+terms, which have been 
+
+
+mifconftrued 
+
+
+thefe fidlions have b 
+
+
+invented 
+
+
+con 
+
+
+fequence of the miftakes. Under the character of Semiramis 
+
+Lily to underftand a people ftyled Semarim, a 
+
+rnians. They were called 
+
+
+we are 
+
+
+title affumed by the ancient Babylonians. 
+
+Semarim from their infigne, which was a dove, expreffed 
+maramas, of which I fhall fpeak hereafter more at large. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+ufed 
+
+
+objedt of worfhip ; and efteemed the fame 
+
+
+as Rhea, the mother of the gods 
+
+KcO\H[JLSVY]U WBtg. A<7<TVpi0ig. 
+
+
+'ZeyLlgCLLLlV 
+
+
+TY\V 
+
+
+'P e&v 
+
+
+If we take 
+
+
+hiftory of 
+
+
+as It is given us by 
+
+
+and others ; nothing can be more inconfiftent. Some 
+
+
+make her the wife of Ninus 
+
+
+others fay that fhe was his 
+
+
+! She carried back but twenty men, according to Strabo. L. 15.. p. 1051. 
+
+Chi on. Pafchale. p. 36. Semiramis was, we find, Rhea: and Rhea was the 
+
+fame as. Cybele, the- mother of" the Gods t tiw Pfestr, KuCsA nai K.u£>iv,. ?ecu A. ivS'u— 
+y,:w)v- Strabo.. L. io. p, 721:. 
+
+
+daughter ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ioi 
+
+
+7 daughter : and about the time of her birth they vary be¬ 
+yond meafure. She is fometimes made coeval with the city 
+Nineve : at other times fhe is brought down within a few 
+centuries of 8 Herodotus. She invades the Babylonians be¬ 
+fore the city was 9 built, from whence they were denomi¬ 
+nated : and makes fumptuous gardens at Ecbatana. Hence 
+that city is introduced as coeval with Nineve : though, if 
+the lead: credit may be given to IO Herodotus, it was built 
+many ages after by Deioces the Mede. The city Nineve it- 
+felf is by Cteiias placed upon the 11 Euphrates; though every 
+other writer agrees, that it lay far to the eaffc, and was 
+lituated upon the Tigris. This fhews, how little credit is 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+Cononis narrationes apud Phot. p. 427. 
+
+Herodot. L. 1. c. 184. five ages (yeveca) before Nitocris the mother of La- 
+
+
+bynitus, whom Cyrus conquered. 
+
+It may be worth while to obferve the different opinions of authors about the 
+
+
+time, when Semiramis is fuppofed to have lived. 
+
+
+According to Syncellus fhe lived before Chrift 
+Petavius makes the term 
+Helvicus 
+Eufebius 
+Mr. Jackfon 
+Abp. Ufher 
+
+Philo Biblius from Sanchoniathon (apud Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. 1. p. 
+
+3.1.) about 
+Herodotus about 
+
+
+Years. 
+2x77 
+2060 
+2 24S 
+19S4 
+1964 
+1215 
+
+
+
+1200 
+
+
+/ 1 3 
+
+
+What 
+
+
+
+
+the time of whofe life cannot 
+
+
+be afcertained within 1535 years? for fo great is the difference of the extremes in 
+the numbers above given. 
+
+See Dionyf. Perieg. Schok in v. ioc6. 
+
+9 Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. c. 90. 
+
+
+TO 
+
+
+XI 
+
+
+Herodotus. L. 1. p. 93. 
+Diodorus SicuL L. i. p. 92. 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+102 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+to be paid to Cteflas. The whole account of the fleet of 
+fhips built in Badiria, and carried upon camels: to the Indus, 
+is a childifh forgery. How can we fuppofe, that there were 
+no woods to conftrud fuch vefTels, but in the mold inland 
+regions of Alia ? The ftory of the flditious elephants, made 
+out of the hides of black oxen, which put to flight the real 
+elephants, is another Ally fable. Megafthenes, who wrote of 
+India, would not allow that Semiramis was ever in thofe 
+12 parts. Arrian lee ms to fpeak of it as a groundlefs 13 fur- 
+mife. Her building of Babylon was by 14 Berofus treated as 
+a fable. Herennius Philo maintained, that it was built by a 
+fon of Belus the wife, two thoufand years before her 15 birth. 
+Suidas fays, that fhe called Nineve 16 Babylon : fo uncertain 
+is every circumftance about this heroine. She is fuppofed 
+to have fent to Cyprus, and Phenicia, for artifts to conftrud, 
+and manage the fhips abovementioned ; as if there had been 
+people in thofe parts famous for navigation before the founda¬ 
+tion of Nineve. They fometimes give to Semiramis herfelf 
+the merit of building the 17 Arid fliip ; and likewife the in¬ 
+vention of weaving cotton : and another invention more ex¬ 
+traordinary, which was that of emafculating lS men, that they 
+might be guardians and overfeers in her fervice. Yet it is 
+
+O O 
+
+faid of her, that Are took a man to her bed every night, 
+
+11 Strabo, L. 15. p. 1007. 
+
+13 Arrian. Hift. Ind. p. 318. 
+
+14 Jofephus cont. Ap. L. 1, c. 19. p. 451. 
+
+15 Steph. Byzant. B ocSvAuv. 
+
+> 16 Suidas. 'Xey.ipccfjus. 
+
+T7 Plin. L. 7. p. 417. 
+
+lS Semiramis teneros mares caftravit omnium prims. Marcellinus. L. 14. c. 6. 
+
+7 whom 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 103 
+
+* 
+
+whom flie put to death in the morning. How can it be 
+imagined, if fhe was a woman of fuch unbridled 19 luft, that 
+fhe would admit fuch fpies upon her actions ? We may as 
+well fuppofe, that a felon would forge his own gyves, and 
+conftruCt his own prifon. Claudian thinks, that fhe did it 
+to conceal her own fex, by having a let of beardlefs people 
+about her. 
+
+20 Seu prima Semiramie aftu 
+Affyriis mentita virum, ne vocis acutaa 
+Mollities, levefque genas fe prodere poffent, 
+
+Hos fibi junxiflet focios : feu Parthica ferro 
+Luxuries nafci vetuit lanuginis umbram ; 
+
+Servatofque diu puerili fiore coegit 
+Arte retardatam Veneri fervire juventam. 
+
+In refpeCt to Semiramis I do not fee how this expedient could 
+avail. She might juft as well have dreffed up her maids in 
+mens clothes, and with lefs trouble. In fhort the whole of 
+thefe hiftories in their common acceptation is to the laft 
+degree abfurd, and improbable : but if we make ufe of an 
+expedient, which I have often recommended, and for a 
+perfon fubftitute a people, we fhall find, when it is flopped 
+of its falfe colouring, that there is much truth in the nar¬ 
+ration . 
+
+It was a common mode of expreftion to call a tribe or 
+family by the name of its founder : and a nation by the head 
+of the line. People] are often fpoken of collectively in the 
+
+
+*9 
+
+20 
+
+
+~Xty.ipcifJU5 ?,ocyvos yuvn 3 kxi fxuxtcpava;. 
+
+Claudian. in Eutrop. L. i. v. 3.39. 
+
+
+Athenag. Legatio. p. 307. 
+
+
+finenilar 
+
+
+
+104 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+lingular under fuch a patronymic. Hence we read in Scrip¬ 
+ture, that Ifrael abode in tents ; that Judah was put to the 
+v/orft in battle; that Dan abode in fhips; and Afher remained 
+on the fea-coaft. The fame manner of fpeaking undoubtedly 
+prevailed both in Egypt, and in other countries : and Chus 
+muft have been often put for the Cuthites, or Cufeans; 
+Amon for the Amonians ; and A flu r, or the Affyrian, for the 
+people of Alfyria. Hence, when it was faid, that the Nine- 
+vite performed any great adtion, it has been afcribed to a per- 
+fon Ninus, the fuppofed founder of Nineve. And as none 
+of the Ailyrian conquefls were antecedent to Pul, and Alfur 
+Adon, writers have been guilty of an unpardonable anticipa¬ 
+tion, in afcribing thofe conquefts to the firft king of the 
+country. A like anticipation, amounting to a great many 
+centuries, is to be found in the annals of the Babylonians. 
+Every thing that was done in later times, has been attributed 
+to Belus, Semiramis, and other imaginary princes, who are 
+reprefented as the founders of the kingdom. We may, I 
+think, be allured, that under the character of Ninus, and 
+Ninyas, we are to underftand the Ninevites ; as by Semira¬ 
+mis is meant a people called Samarim : and the great adtions 
+of thefe two nations are in the hiftories of thefe perfonages 
+recorded. But writers have rendered the account incon- 
+liftent, by limiting, what was an hiftorical feries of many 
+ages, to the life of a fingle perfon. The Ninevites and Sa¬ 
+marim did perform all that is attributed to Semiramis, and 
+Ninus. They did conquer the Medes, and Badlrians ; and 
+extended their dominions weftward as far as Phrygia, and the 
+river Tanais, and to the fouthward as far as Arabia, and 
+
+
+
+.The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+But thefe events were many ages after the founda 
+
+
+of the two kingdoms 
+
+
+They began under Pul of Ni 
+
+
+and were carried on by Affur Adon, SalmanafTur 
+
+
+nacherib, . and other of: his fucceffors 
+
+
+Nineve was 
+
+
+laft 
+
+
+ruined, and the kingdom of Aflyria was united with that of 
+
+
+\ Babylonia. 
+
+
+This is probably alluded to in the fuppofed 
+
+
+marriage of Semiramis and Ninus. 
+
+
+Then it was, that the 
+
+
+Samarim performed the great works attributed to them. For 
+exclufive of what was performed at Babylon ; ’There are, fays 
+“ Strabo,, almoft over the face of the whole earthy vaf 13 mounds 
+of earthy and walls , and ramparts, attributed to Semiramis ; 
+and in. thefe are fubterraneous paffages of communication , and 
+
+
+tanks for water , with fair cafes of fone. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+are a 
+
+
+1 / 0 - 
+
+
+vaf . canals to divert the courfe of rivers , and lakes to receive 
+them ; together with highways and bridges of a wonderful fruc~ - 
+ture . They built the famous terraces at ** Babylon ; and 
+
+
+Babylon ; and 
+
+
+thofe beautiful gardens at Egbatana, after that city had 
+
+
+fallen into their hands. 
+
+
+To them was owing that cruel 
+
+
+device of emafculating their flaves, that their numerous 
+wives and concubines might be more fecurely guarded : 
+
+
+t3, This is the reafon that we find thefe kingdoms fo often confounded, and the 
+Babylonians continually fpoken of as Afiyrians, and fometimes as Perfians. Ba£u- 
+A car risparioi 'etoAis. Steph. Byz. 
+
+- ~ Strabo. L. 16. p. 1071. 
+
+Thefe mounds were high altars, upon which they facrificed to the Sun. By 
+Ctefias they are fuppofed to have been the tombs of her lovers, whom fhe buried 
+alive, Syncellus, p. 64. 
+
+
+t4 They built Babylon itfelf which by Eupolemus was faid to have been the 
+work of Belus, and the Giants. Eufeb. Prasp. L. 9. c. 17. p. 418. Quint. Curt. 
+L. 5* c. 1. Abydenus apud Eufeb. Prasp. L. 9. c. 15. Syncellus. p. 44. 
+
+
+VOL. 11, 
+
+
+p 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+x 
+
+
+
+iq6 
+
+
+The Analysis* or Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+an invention, which cannot confidently be attributed- 
+to a woman. They found out the art of wearing cot¬ 
+ton : which difcovery has by fbme been afBgned ta thafe of 
+their family, who went into Egypt: for there were Sama- 
+rim here too. In confequence of this, the invention has 
+been attributed to a Semiramis, who is here reprefented as a 
+man, and a king of the country: or at leaft it is referred to 
+his reign. * s ’Em re XefJUgc&fJLsug fianXswg Ajyv7mu)V' roe fiver- 
+ertvot ifjioLriot ivgnerOcti I?ogx<riv. The Samarim of Egypt and 
+Babylonia, were of the fame family, the Ions of Chus. They 
+came and fettled among the Mizraim, under the name of the 
+fhepherds, of whofe hiftory I have often fpoken. The: reafon 
+of their being called Semarim, and Samarim, I fhall hereafter 
+difclofe, together with the purport of the name, and the- hif¬ 
+tory, with which it is attended. 
+
+
+
+
+npHE celebrated Zoroafter feems to have been a perfon- 
+“*• age as much miftaken, as any, who have preceded. 
+The ancients, who treated of him, have deferibed him in 
+the fame foreign light as they have reprefented Perfeus, 
+Dionufus, and Oliris. They have formed a character, which 
+by length of time has been feparated, and eftranged, from the 
+perfon, to whom it originally belonged. And as among the 
+ancients there was not a proper uniformity obferved in the 
+
+I s Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i. p. 364. 
+
+appropriation 
+
+
+
+
+Tire Analysis or Ancie-nt Mythology. 107 
+
+appropriation of terms, we {hall find more perfons than one 
+
+Ipoken of under the character of Zoroafter : though there 
+
+* . - ; 
+
+was one principal, to-whom it more truly related. It will be 
+•found., that not only the perfon originally recorded and re¬ 
+verenced ; but others, by whom the rites were inftituted and 
+propagated, and by whom they were in after-times renewed, 
+have been mentioned under this title : Priefts'being often de¬ 
+nominated from the Deity, whom they ferved. 
+
+Of men, ftyled Zoroafter, the firft was a deified perfon- 
+age, reverenced by fome of his pofterity, whofe worfhip was 
+
+Magia, and the profeffor-s of it Magi. His hiftory is 
+therefore to be looked for among the accounts tranfmitted 
+by the ancient Babylonians, and Chaldeans. They were the 
+firft people ftyled Magi; and the inftitutors of thole rites, 
+which ^elated to Zoroa ter. From them -this worftiip was 
+
+9 
+
+imparted to the Perfians, who like wife had their Magi. And 
+when the Babylonians funk into a more complicated ido¬ 
+latry, the Perfians, who fucceeded to the fovereignty of 
+Alia, renewed under their Princes, and particularly under 
+Darius the fon of Hyftafpes, thefe rites, which had been in 
+a great degree effaced, and forgotten. That king was de¬ 
+voted to the religion ftyled Magia 26 ; and looked upon it, as 
+one of his moft honourable titles, to be called a profeffor of 
+thofe dodtrines. The Perfians were originally named Pere- 
+fians, from the Deity Perez, or Parez the Sun ; whom they 
+alfo worfhiped under the title of 17 Zor-After. They were 
+
+V 
+
+26 He ordered ic to be infcribed upon his tomb, on kcu Mc&yixGoi' yevoiro J'iScco-~ 
+xaAos. Porph. de Abftin. L. 4. p, 399. 
+
+* 7 By Zoroafter was denoted both the Deity, and alfo his priefh It was a name 
+conferred upon many perfonages. 
+
+P 2 at 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+
+io8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+at different eeras greatly diftreffed and perfecuted, efpecially 
+upon the death of their laft king Yefdegerd. Upon this 
+account they retired into Gedroiia, and India ; where peo¬ 
+ple of the fame family had for ages reftded. They car¬ 
+ried with them fome Mattered memorials of their religion 
+in writing, from whence the Sadder, Shafter, Vedam, and 
+Zandavafta were compiled. Thefe memorials feem to have 
+been taken from ancient fymbols ill underftood; and all 
+that remains of them conlifts of extravagant allegories, and 
+fables, of which but little now can. be deciphered. Upon 
+thefe traditions the religion of the Brahmins, and Perfees, is 
+founded. 
+
+The perfon, who is fuppofed to have firft formed a code 
+of inftitutes for this people, is laid to have been one of the 
+Magi, named Zerdufht. I mention this, becaufe Hyde, and 
+other learned men, have imagined this Zerdufht to have 
+been the ancient Zoroafter. They have gone fo far as to 
+fuppofe the two names to have been the 18 fame; between 
+which I can fcarce defcry any refemblance. There leem 
+
+to have been many 
+name had cafually retained any affinity ; or if it had been 
+literally the fame, yet it would not follow, that this Perfic 
+and Indian Theologift was the perfon, of whom antiquity 
+fpeaks fo loudly. We read of perfons of this name in dif¬ 
+ferent parts of the world, who were all of. them Magi, or 
+Priefts, and denominated from the rites of Zoroafter, which 
+they followed. Suidas mentions a Zoroafter, whom he ftyles 
+
+13 Zerdufht, feu, ut fetnel cum vocali damna fcriptum vidi, Zordufh’t, idem eft, 
+qui Graecis fonat Zwooa^-pjjs. Hyde Relig. Yet. Perfar. c. 24. p. 312. 
+
+an 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 169 
+
+* ~ ' * • 1 
+
+■sl n Afiyrian ; and another, whom he calls Ylsotro-Wlrioiq;, 
+
+* 
+
+Perfo-Medes : and defcribes them both as great in fcience. 
+There was a Zoroafter Proconneftus, in the time of Xerxes, 
+fpoken of by 19 Pliny. Arnobius mentions Zoroaftres Bac- 
+“ trianus : and Zoroaftres Zoftriani nepos 30 Armenius. Cle- 
+mens Alexandrinus takes notice of Zoroafter 31 Medus, who 
+is probably the fame as the Perfo-Medes of Suidas. Zoro¬ 
+aftres Armenius is likewife mentioned by him, but is ftyled 
+the fon of 32 Armenius, and a Pamphylian. It is faid of him, 
+that he had a renewal of life : and that during the term 
+
+O 
+
+• V 
+
+that he was in a ftate of death, he learned many things of the 
+Gods. This was a piece of mythology, which I imagine 
+
+0 
+
+did not relate to the Pamphylian Magus, but to the head of 
+
+• • 
+
+all the Magi, who was reverenced and worshiped by them. 
+There was another ftyled a Perfian, whom Pythagoras is faid 
+to have 33 vifited. Juftin takes notice of the Badtrian 34 Zo¬ 
+roafter, whom he places in the time of Ninus. He is alfo 
+
+• 0 % 
+
+mentioned by 35 Cephalion, who fpeaks of his birth, and the 
+birth of Semiramis (yzvscriv %s[JUga.fJLeocg nou Zw^oagr^a Mays) 
+as of the fame date. The natives of India have a- notion of 
+a Zoroafter, who was of Chinefe original, as we are in- 
+
+
+ao 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+L. 30. c. x. p. 523. 
+
+
+Arnobius. L. i. p. 31. 
+3 * Clemens. L. 1. p. 399. 
+3X Clemens. L. 5. p. 711. 
+
+
+(p-t/AoEr yevof^evos 'nrccga Qsoov* 
+
+33 Clemens. L. 1. p. 357, 
+after the reign of Cambyfcs. 
+
+34 Juftin. L. 1 : c. i. 
+
+35 Syncellus. p. 167. 
+
+
+T ccSe <rvvzy pcc<pev 'Zupoczf-pw J u/b- to ysros Tlu/uc.- 
+
+
+Zoroafter 
+
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+formed 
+
+
+
+i-io 
+
+
+An ALY S IS Of An CUE NT MyXHDLOO'V. 
+
+
+-formed by 46 Hyde. This learned man fuppofes all thefe 
+
+% 
+
+; per foil ages, the Mede, the Medo-Perfic, -the Proconnefian, 
+the Ba&rian, the Pamphylian, &c. to have been one, and the 
+fame. This is very wonderful; .as they are by their hiftory 
+apparently different. He moreover adds., that however 
+people may differ about the origin of this perfon, yet all 
+..are unanimous about the time, when he 37 lived. To fe-e 
+that thefe could not all be the fame perfon, we need only 
+to caft our eye back upon the evidence, which has been col¬ 
+lected above : and it will be equally certain, that they could 
+not be ah of .the fame sera. There are many fpe-cified in 
+hiftory; but we may perceive, that there was one perfon 
+more ancient, and celebrated than the reft j whofe hiftory 
+has been confounded with that of others, who came after 
+him. This is a circumftance, which has been obferved by 
+38 ,many : but this ingenious writer unfortunately oppofes all, 
+who have written upon the fubjedt; howeyer determinately 
+they may have expreffed themfelves. 39 At quicquid dixerint, 
+ille (Zor©after) hurt tantum unus, ifque tempore Darii Hy- 
+ftafpis : ne.c ejus nomine plures unquam extitere. It is to be 
+
+obferved, that the perfon, whom he ftyles Zoroafter, was one 
+
+* 
+
+36 P. 315. It is alfo taken notice of by Huetius. Sinam recentiores Perfae apud 
+Indos degentes faciunt (Zoroaftrem). D. E. Prop. 4. p. 89. 
+
+37 Sed haud mirum eft, ft Europsei hoc modo diffentiant de homine peregrino, 
+cum illius populares orientales etiam de ejus profapia dubitent. At de ejus tem¬ 
+pore concordant omnes, unum tantum conftituentes Zoroaftrem, eumque in eodem 
+
+§ 
+
+leculo ponentes. p. 315. 
+
+38 Plures autem fuere Zoroaftres ut fatis conftat. Gronovius in Marcellinum. 
+L. 23. p. 288. Arnobius and Clemens mention more than one, Stanley reckons 
+up fix. See Chaldaic Philofophy. 
+
+39 P. 312. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Zerdufht. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient- Mvth^logy. m 
+
+Zerdufht. He lived, it feems, in the reign of Darius,, the 
+father of Xerxes; which was about the time of the battle of 
+Marathon: eonfequently- not a century before the birth of 
+Eudoxus* Xenophon, and Plato. We have therefore no au¬ 
+thority to fiippofe 40 this Zerdufht to have been the famous 
+Zoroafter. He was apparently the renewer of the Sabian 
+rites : and we may be allured, that he could not be the per- 
+fon fo celebrated by the ancients, who was referred to the 
+fir ft ages. Hyde afterts, that all writers agree about the 
+time, when Zoroafter made his appearance : and he places' 
+him, as we have feen above, in the reign of Darius. But 
+Xanthus Lydius made him above 4T fix hundred years prior.. 
+And 42 Suidas from fome anonymous author places him five 
+hundred years before the war of Troy. Hermadorus Blato- 
+nicus went much farther, and made him five thoufand years 
+before that 43 sera. Hermippus, who profefledly wrote of his 
+dodtrine3, fuppofed him to have been of the fame 44 antiquity-.. 
+Plutarch alfo 4S concurs, and allows himr five thoufand years 
+before that war. Eudoxus, wha. was a confummate phi- 
+lofopher, and a great traveller-, fuppofed him to have fiou- 
+
+
+I 
+
+40 Zoroafter may* have teen called Zerdufht, . and Zertooft : but he was not Zer- 
+dufht the fon of Guftafp, who is fuppofed- ter have- lived during the Perfian mon¬ 
+archy. Said Ebn Batrick ftyles him Zorodafht, but places him in the time of. Na.~ 
+hor, the father of Ter ah, before the days of Abraham. Vol. i. p. 6 3, 
+
+41 Diogenes Laert. Prcem. p. 3. 
+
+41 n P o t ocv Tpoowocv erect ZcogocL^gns. 
+
+43 Laertius Procem. p. 3. 
+
+
+4+ 
+
+
+Pliny. L. 30. c. 1. 
+
+
+45 Zcagocccf’pvs 0 M ccyo^ ov 'EjevrcL’>Lia%i\iQi$ erectv nuiy yeyoygycti ^srpecCv^ 
+
+
+T egGV Kf'Og&ClY 
+
+
+Ifis 
+
+
+Ofir. p. 369* 
+
+
+rifhed 
+
+
+
+212 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+sifhed fix thoufand years before the death of 46 Plato. Mofes 
+
+
+47 Chorenenfis, and 48 Cephalion, make him only contem¬ 
+porary with Ninus, and Semiramis : but even this removes 
+him very far from the reign of Darius. . Pliny goes beyond 
+them all; and places him many thoufand years before Mofes. 
+43 Eft et alia Magices fa<£Ho, a Mofe, et Jamne, et Lotapea 
+Judasis pendens : fed multis millibus annorum poft Zoro- 
+aftrem. The numbers in all thefe authors are extravagant : 
+but fo much we may learn from them, that they relate to a 
+perfon of the higheft antiquity. And the purport of the 
+original writers, from whence the Grecians borrowed their 
+evidence, was undoubtedly to fhew, that the perfon fpoken 
+of lived at the extent of time ; at the commencement of all 
+hiftorical data. No fa<ft, no memorial upon record, is placed 
+fo high, as they have carried this perfonage. Had Zoroafter 
+been no earlier than Darius, Eudoxus would never have ad¬ 
+vanced him to this degree of antiquity. This writer was at 
+the fame diftance from Darius, as Plato, of whom he fpeaks : 
+and it is not to be believed, that he could be fo ignorant, as 
+
+
+not to diftinguifti between a century, and fix thoufand years. 
+Agathias indeed mentions, that fome of the perfons had a 
+notion, that he flouriftied in the time of one Hyftafpes; but 
+he confefles, that who the Hyftafpes was, and at what time 
+he lived, was 50 uncertain. Ariftotle wrote not long after 
+
+Eudoxus, 
+
+
+46 Zoroaftrem hunc fex millibus annorum ante Platonis mortem. Pliny. L. 30. c, j, 
+
+47 P. 16. and p. 47. 
+
+4S Eufeb. Chron. p. 32. Syneellus. p. 167. 
+
+49 Plin. L. 30. c. 1. p. 524. 
+
+that 
+he 
+
+
+O vk aivou yctQeiv 
+
+
+TZQTSOSV 
+
+
+/IctpeiB -u7cct/1p 0 sitb kcci aAA os x A. He owns. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+Eudoxus, when the hiftory of the Persians was more known 
+to the Grecians : and he allots the fame number of years be¬ 
+tween Zoroafter and Plato, as had been 
+
+
+5 1 
+
+
+before 
+
+
+given 
+
+
+trianum 
+
+
+Thefe accounts are for the moft part carried too far; but at 
+the fame time, they fully afcertain the high antiquity of this 
+perfon, whofe sera is in queftion. It is plain that thefe writers 
+in general extend the time of his life to the sera of the world, 
+according to their eftimation ; and make it prior to Inachus, 
+and Phoroneus, and iEgialeus of Sicyon. 
+
+Huetius takes-notice of the various accounts in refpe£l to 
+his country. 51 Zoroaftrem nunc Perfam, nunc Medum ponit 
+Clemens Alexandrinus ; Perfomedum Suidas ; plerique Bac- 
+
+; alii iEthiopem : quos inter ait Arnobius ex fEthio- 
+pia interiore per igneam Zonam veniffe Zoroaftrem. In fliort 
+they have fuppofed a Zoroafter, wherever there was a Zoro- 
+
+V # 
+
+aftrian: that is, wherever the religion of the Magi was 
+adopted, or revived. Many were called after him ; but who 
+among men was the Prototype can only be found out by dili¬ 
+gently collating the hiftories, which have been tranfmitted. I 
+mention amo?ig men ; for the title originally belonged to the 
+Sun ; but was metaphorically bellowed upon facred and en¬ 
+lightened perfonages. Some have thought that the perfon 
+alluded to was Ham. He has by others been taken for 
+Chus, alfo for Mizraim, and 13 Nimrod : and by Huetius for 
+
+
+he could not find out, when Zoroafter lived. 'Oirwixct jxbv (o v%jj,cLcrz 
+
+r rw ctgx™'? TB5 vofji&s eBero, cr<xq>cos (Pictyvcovou. L. 2. p. 62. 
+
+
+Pliny. L. 30. c. 1. 
+
+51 Huetii Demons. Evan. Prop. 4. p, 88. 89 
+53 See Huetius ibid. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+
+
+Mofes. 
+
+
+
+114 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Moles. It may be worth while to conlider the primitive 
+character, as given by different writers. He was efteemed 
+the jfirft oblerver of the heavens ; and it is faid that the an¬ 
+cient Babylonians received their knowledge in Aftronomy 
+from him : which was afterwards revived under Oftanes ; and 
+from them it was derived to the 5+ Egyptians, and to the 
+
+
+Greeks. Zoroafter was looked upon as the head of all thofe, 
+who are fuppofed to have followed his ss inftitutes : confe- 
+quently he muff have been prior to the Magi, and Magia, 
+the priefts, and worfhip, which were derived from him. Of 
+what antiquity they were may be learned from Ariftotle^ 
+
+56 AgizorzTw; <T tv 'urgooTca nregt cpiXotroctets (rag Mayas) x&i 
+
+'tirgt<J‘£vrtgag sivcu toov AiyvTmtiv. ‘The Magi, according to Ai~if- 
+totle, were prior even to the Egyptians : and with the antiquity 
+
+of the Egyptians “we are well acquainted. Plato fiyles him 
+
+the Ion of ® Orornazes, who was the chief Deity of Per- 
+
+iians : and it is faid of him that he laughed upon the day. 
+
+on which he was 55 born. By this I imagine, that fomething 
+
+fortunate was fuppofed to be portended : fome indication, 
+
+that the child would prove a bleffing to the world. In his 
+
+childhood he is faid to have been under the care of 59 Azo*- 
+
+
+Aq-gorofAiav TzrgtoToi B <x.€vXoovioi €(p£vpQV chat Zoopou^pS^ to* 
+
+Aiyv7rTiQi Tccci &Pe%cc.vTo. Anon, apud Suidam. Aq-pc&.. 
+
+& 
+
+55 Primas dititur magitas attes invfcnifle. Juftiia. L. i. c. i* 
+
+56 Diog. Laertius Proem, p. 6. 
+
+57 Tyv Mtzyenzv Zwpoct<rg& tb ^Ipo/xaZs. Plato in Alcibiade. L. t. p. 122:* 
+Agathias calls him the fon of Oromafdes. L. 2. p. 62. 
+
+58 Pliny. L. 7. c. 16. Rifit eodem, quo natus eft, die. See Lord’s account of 
+the modern Perfees in India, c. 3. It is by them faid, that he laughed as loon as 
+he^came into the world. 
+
+59 Hermippus apud Plinium. L. 30. c* 1, 
+
+9 
+
+
+graces ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 115 
+
+naces : which I fhould imagine was a name of the chief 
+Deity Oromazes, his reputed father. He was in procefs of 
+time greatly enriched with knowledge, and became in high 
+repute for his 60 piety, and juftice, He firft facrificed to the 
+Gods, and taught men to do the 6? fame. He likewife in- 
+ftrucfted them in fcience, for which he was greatly 6z famed : 
+and was the firft, who gave them laws. The Babylonians 
+feem to have referred to him every thing, which by the 
+Egyptians was attributed to Thoth and Hermes. He had 
+the title of 63 Zarades, which fignifies the Lord of light, and 
+is equivalent to Orus, Oromanes, and Gfiris. It was fpme- 
+times exprefled 6+ Zar-Ati§, and fuppofed to belong to a fe¬ 
+minine Deity of the Perfians, Moles Chorenenfis ftyles 
+him 6s Zarova.nus, and lpeaks of him as the father of the 
+Gods. Plutarch would infinuate, that he was author of 
+the doctrine, embraced afterwards by the Manicheans, con¬ 
+cerning two prevailing principles, the one good, and the 
+other evil 66 : the former of thefe was named Oromazes, the 
+latter Areimanius. But thefe notions were of late 67 date, in 
+
+
+Co 
+
+
+Dio Chryfoftom. Oratio Boryllhenica. 38. Fol. 448. Eufeb. Praep. L. 1. p. 42. 
+
+
+See alfo Agathias above. 
+
+
+6l 
+
+
+6x 
+
+
+Qvsiv evycTccict y.qu ^ccoic^rjpict. Plutarch. If. et Ofir. p. 369. 
+
+Primus dicitur art.es magicas invenifle, et mundi principia, fiderumque motus 
+
+
+diligentiffime fpeftafle. Juftin. L. 1. c. 1. 
+
+63 Zctg.ccJr,*' ya,p tir ccutw €7rijovufAtct* Agath. L. 2. p. 62, 
+
+6+ Tlegactu Hefych, 
+
+Zar-Ades fignifies the Lord of light: Zar-Atis and Atifh, the Lord of fire. 
+
+65 L. 1. c. 5. p. 16. Of the title Zar-Oyanus, I ihall treat hereafter. 
+
+66 Plutarch. If. etOfiris. p. 369. 
+
+
+67 SeeAgathias. L. 2, p. 62. 
+
+
+
+comparifon 
+
+
+
+n6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+comparifon of the antiquity, which is attributed to 68 Zoro- 
+after. If we might credit what was delivered in the writ¬ 
+ings transmitted under his name, which were probably com- 
+pofed by fome of the later Magi, they would afford us a 
+much higher notion of his docftrines. Or if the account 
+
+o 
+
+given by Oftanes were genuine, it would prove, that there 
+had been a true notion of the Deity tranfmitted from 69 Zo- 
+roafter, and kept up by the Magi, when the reft of the gen¬ 
+tile world was in darknefs. But this was by no means true. 
+
+» 
+
+It is faid of Zoroafter, that he had a renewal of 70 life : for I 
+apply to the original perfon of the name, what was attri¬ 
+buted to the Magus of Pamphylia : and it is related of him, 
+that while he was in the intermediate ftate of death, he was 
+
+inftrucfted by the 71 Gods. Some fpeak of his retiring to a 
+
+• 
+
+mountain of Armenia, where he had an intercourfe with the 
+, 7 * Deity : and when the mountain burned with fire, he was 
+preferved unhurt. The place, to which he retired, according 
+to the Perfic writers, was in the region called 73 Adarbain ; 
+where in aftertimes was the greateft Puratheion in Afia. 
+This region was in Armenia: and fome make him to have 
+
+
+58 Plutarch fays, that Zoroafter lived five thoufand years before the Trojan war. 
+Plutarch above. 
+
+
+c Ovro 3 (0 Qeos) £~iv 6 'z&puToc, cc^ccorof, aiidho?, aysm/Tc?,' 
+rtvio^pi 'UTCti'Tcs xct Ay, ccSmogS'gxyito< 1> ctycc§c/w ccycSceTccros^ typGvifxocv 
+E<r< Kct- 1 r woLT))p Biivouict^ xcti Oix.cao<7UVV$, ccjToSiS'cot'ro^ (pucrixc f, x 
+
+crotpoSy xcu leps (pucrixe fxoros evpBTVS, Eufeb. P. E. L. I. p. 42. 
+
+
+eZl-a/AGlOTCCT^y 
+(pgOVifACdTCCTOC* 
+CU TSA €10?^ XGU 
+
+
+70 Clemens. L. 5. p. 711. 
+
+71 Kr yBvofjLBvos eS'caiv 'z&ctpct Ibid. 
+
+7i Dion Chry'foftom, Oratio Boryfthenica. p. 448a 
+73 Hyde. p. 312. 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 117 
+
+been born in the fame country, upon one of the Gordiaean 
+7+ mountains. Here it was, that he firft inftituted facrifiices, 
+and gave laws to his followers ; which laws are fuppofed to- 
+be contained in the facred book named Zandavafta. To him 
+has been attributed the invention of Magic; which notion 
+has arifen from a mifapplication of terms. The Magi were- 
+priefts, and they called religion in general Magia. They, 
+and their rights, grew into difrepute ; in confequence of 
+which they were by the Greeks called OL7COLT£cavsg y (pcLguottcsvTcu v 
+j u ggler s j an d conjurers. But the Perftans of old efteemed’ 
+them very highly. 75 M ccyov, rot SsoctsSy), kcli BeoXoyov, jcctt- 
+
+Isgsot, 61 fls^crai Asyatrn. By a Magus , the Perfatts 
+
+underfattd a facred peifon , a profejjbr of theology , and a' 
+
+Prieft. Hagen ITsgtrccis 76 M ocyoi oi cpi?\0(ro<poi , xcli SscxpiXoi. 
+Mmong the Perfans , the Magi are perfons addiEled to philofophy ,' 
+and to the ivorjhip of the Deity. 77 Dion Chryfoftom, and 
+Porphyry fpeak to the- fame purpofe. By Zoroafter being 
+the author of Magia, is meant, that he was the firft promoter 
+of religious rites, and the inftrudter of men in their duty to 
+God. The war of Ninus with Zoroafter of Badtria relates 
+
+7 * Abulpheda. Vol, 3,. p. 58. See Hyde. p. 312^ 
+
+Hefych. Mctyov • 
+
+76 Suidas. M ay01. 
+
+77 Oratio Boryfthen. p. 449. 
+
+M ccyoi^ cl wept to Srior crotyot. Porph. de Abft. L. 4. p. 39 S. 
+
+Apuleius ftyles Magia—Diis immorialibns acceptam, colendi eos ac venerandi 
+pergnaram, piam fcilicet et divinifcientem, jam inde a Zoroaftre Oromazi, nobili 
+Cselitum antiftite. Apol. 1. p. 447. fo it fhould .be read. See Apuleii Florida, 
+c. 15. p. 793. 1. 3. 
+
+. Tbs cTe Mccyvs wept ts &epct7reta$ Sreow ^lUTpiSeiy Cleitarchus apud Laertium. 
+Proaem. p. 5. 
+
+
+probably 
+
+
+
+118 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+probably to fome hoflilities carried on between the Ninevites 
+of Aflyria, and the Badtrians, who had embraced the Zoro- 
+aftrian rites. Their prieft, or prince, for they were of old 
+the fame, was named 73 Oxuartesv; but from his office had 
+the title of Zoroafter; which was properly the name of the 
+Sun, whom he adored. This religion began in Chaldea; 
+and it is exprefsly faid of this Badirian king, that he bor¬ 
+rowed the knowledge of it from that country, and added 
+
+79 Cujus fcientias faeculis prifcis multa ex Chal- 
+dseorum arcanis Badtrianus addidit Zoroaftres. When the 
+Perfians gained the empire in 
+
+
+to it largely. 
+
+
+Aha, they renewed thefe 
+
+
+dodtrine 
+
+
+i. 80 Multa deinde (addidit) Hyftafpes Rex pru- 
+dentiffimus, Darii pater. Thefe rites were idolatrous; yet not 
+fo totally depraved, and grofs, as thofe of other nations. They 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+introduced by Chus ; at ieaft by the Cuthites: one 
+branch of whom were the Perefians, or Perfians. The Cuth¬ 
+ites of Chaldea were the original Magi; and they gave to Chus 
+the title of Zoroafter .Magus, as being the firft of the order. 
+Hence the account 
+
+
+deg 
+
+
+-given by Gregorius Turonenfis is in a 
+
+
+
+
+Primogeniti Cham ffiii Noe fuit Chus 
+
+
+Hie ad Perfas tranfiit, quern Perfas vocitavere Zoroaftrem 
+
+
+Chus, we find, was called by this 
+
+
+and from him the 
+
+
+ion ftyled Magia paffed to the Perfians. But titles, as I 
+fhewn, were not always determinately appropriated : nor 
+
+
+4 w 
+
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 2. p. 94. 
+
+
+79 Marcellmus. L. 23. p. 288. 
+
+Ibidem. It fhould be Regis prudentifftmi; for Hyftafpes 
+Sl Rerum Franc. L. 1. 
+
+
+divinitus igne coniumptum, ut Deum colunt. 
+
+
+He adds, Ab hoc etiam ignem adorare confueti, ipfum 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+i 19 
+
+
+was Chus the original perfon, who was called Zoroafter. 
+There was another beyond him, who was the firft deified 
+mortal, and the prototype in this worfhip. To whom I al¬ 
+lude, may, I think, be known from the hiftory given above. 
+It will not fail of being rendered very clear in the courfe of 
+my procedure.. 
+
+
+The purport of the term Zoroafter is faid by the 
+
+
+Au 
+
+
+thor of the Recognitions, and by others, to be the living ft a?'t 
+and they fpeak of it, as if it were of Grecian etymology, 
+and from the words 
+
+
+
+, and. asijgy It is certainly com¬ 
+pounded of After, which among many nations fignified a 
+ftar. But, in refpedfc to the former term, as the object of 
+the Ferric and Ghaldaic worfhip was the Sun, and moft of 
+their titles were derived from thence ; we may be pretty 
+certain, that by Zoro-After was meant Sol Afterius. Zor* 
+Sor,, Sur, Sehor, among the Amonians always related to the 
+
+
+Sun. 
+
+
+Eufebius fays, that Oftris was efteemed the fame as 
+Dionufus, and the Sun : and that he was called 83 Surius. 
+
+
+The region 
+
+
+of Syria was hence denominated Zvgicc ; and is 
+
+
+at this day called Souria, from Sur, and Sehor, the Sun. The 
+Dea Syria at Hierapolis was properly Dea Solaris. In con- 
+fequence of the Sun’s being called Sor, and Sur, we find that 
+his temple is often mentioned under the 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+eth 
+
+
+32 
+
+
+Aq-pov <^mo v. Clemens Recogrtit. L. 4. c. 2.S. p. 54 6. Greg. Turonenfis 
+
+
+fupra. Some have inierpreted the name ctq-goBurvz. 
+
+83 ngocruyopevuat ttoti 'S.vpiov^ Pr. Evan. L. i. p. 27. 
+fiov: but they are both of the fame purport; and indeed the fame term 
+expreffed. Periae Sup Deum vocant. Eilius Gyrald. Synt. 1. p. 5. 
+
+44 Jofhua. c. 15. v. 58. 
+
+
+change 
+
+
+Sur 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+I 20 
+
+
+•The Analysis of Ancient Mythologt. 
+
+
+Sur, and S5 Beth-Sura, which Jofephus renders 86 It 
+
+was alfo called Beth-Sor, and Beth-Soron, as we learn from 
+
+87 Eufebius, and 88 Jerome. That Suria was not merely a pro¬ 
+vincial title is plain from the Suria Dea being worfhiped at 
+Eryx in 89 Sicily ; and from an infcription to her at 90 Rome. 
+She was worfhiped under the fame title in Britain, as we may 
+infer from an Infcription at Sir Robert Cotton’s of Conning- 
+ton in Cambridgefhire. 
+
+9 i r>Eds surIjE 
+
+SUB CALPURNIO 
+
+LEG. AUG. 
+
+Syria is called Sour, and Souriftan, at this day. 
+
+The Grecians therefore were wrong in their etymology ; 
+and we may trace the origin of their miftake, when they fup- 
+pofed the meaning of Zoroafter to have been vivens aftrum. 
+
+I have mentioned, that both Zon and 9 * Zoan fignified the 
+Sun : and the term Zor had the fame meaning. In confe- 
+
+
+Maccab 
+
+
+2 Chron, c. u. v. 7 
+
+
+l nere was an 
+
+
+ancient city Sour, in Syria near Sidon. Judith, c. 2. v. 28. it retains its name at 
+this day. 
+
+s5 B vQcrvg. Antiq. L. 8. c. 10. 
+
+The Sun was termed Sehor, by the Tons of Ham, rendered Sour, Surius, 'Xetpi&y 
+by other nations. 
+
+'Xeipio;, 0 ‘HAzos. Hefych. 'Xbidios ovo^cc aq-epoc, » 0 "HA zo$. Phavorinus. 
+
+*' 7 B e^ersp — vvv xoipw B sQc-opce)v. In Onomaftico. 
+
+
+Bethfur eft hodie Bethforon. 
+
+Lilius Gyraldus Syntag. 13. p. 402 
+
+
+Hebraeis 
+
+
+r i. O. M. et! 
+
+M. SYRI^E 
+
+
+Patinus. p. 183. 
+
+
+91 Apud Brigantas in Northumbria. Ca.mbden’s Britannia, p. 1071. 
+91 See Radicals, p. 35. of Zon. 
+
+
+quence 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+(/.'las/rz y 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
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+
+
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+
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+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+I 2 I 
+
+
+quence of this, when the Grecians were told that 
+
+
+After 
+
+
+was the fame 
+
+
+After, they by an uniform mode of 
+
+
+miftake exprefted the latter 
+
+
+and interpreted Zoroafter 
+
+
+H* & 
+
+
+fignified the 
+
+
+The city 
+
+
+Egypt was Heliopolis ; and the land of Zoan the Heliopoli 
+
+
+tan nome 
+Afterius. 
+of a bull; 
+
+
+Both Zoan-After, and Zor-After, ftgnified Sol 
+The God Menes was worfhiped under the fymbol 
+and oftentimes under the fymboi of a bull, and a 
+
+
+man. Hence we read of Meno-Taur, and of Taur-Men 
+
+
+Crete, Sicily, and 
+ftyled limply 93 Ta 
+
+
+pla 
+
+
+he fame perfon was alfo 
+
+
+from the emblem, under which 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+prefented. This Taurus was alfo called After, and 
+
+
+Afterius, as we learn from 94 Lycopl 
+
+
+'O A 57 \fl 
+
+
+Mivqtolvp 
+
+
+>n, and his Scholiaft. 
+By Afterius is Jignijied 
+
+
+the fame per foil as the Minotaur. This Taur-After is exactly 
+analogous to 9S Zor- 
+
+
+After above. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+fame emblem 
+
+
+as the Mneuis, or facred bull of Egypt: which was defcribed 
+with a ftar between his horns. Upon fome of the 96 entabla¬ 
+tures at Naki Ruftan, fuppofed to have been the ancient Per- 
+fepolis, we find the Sun to be defcribed under the appearance 
+of a bright 97 ftar : and nothing can better explain the hiftory 
+
+
+95 Chron. Pafchale. p. 43. Servius upon Virg. -®neid. L. 6. v. 14. 
+
+94 Lycophron. v. 1301. 
+
+95 Zor and Taur among the Amonians had fometimes the fame meaning. 
+
+96 See the engraving of the Mneuis, called by Herodotus the bull of Mycerinus. 
+Herod. L. 2. c. 130. Editio Wefieling. et Gronov. 
+
+97 See the Plates annexed, which are copied from Ksempfer’s Amcenitates Exo- 
+ticse. p. 312. Le Bruyn. Plate 158. Hyde. Relig. Vet. Perf. Tab. 6. See alio 
+Plate 2. and Plate 4. 5. Vol. 1. of this work. They were all originally taken from 
+the noble ruins at Iftachar, and Naki Ruftan in Perfia. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+there 
+
+
+
+122 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+there reprefented, than the account given of Zoroafter. He 
+was the reputed fon of Oromazes, the chief Deity; and his 
+principal inftrudlor was Azonaces, the fame perfon under a 
+different title. He is fpoken of as one greatly beloved by 
+heaven : and it is mentioned of him, that he longed very 
+much to fee the Deity, which at his importunity was granted 
+to him. This interview however was not effected by his own 
+corporeal eyes, but by the mediation of an 98 angel. Through 
+this medium the vifion was performed : and he obtained a 
+view of the Deity fur'rounded with light. The angel,, 
+
+through whofe intervention this favour was imparted, feems 
+
+* 
+
+to have been one of thofe ftyled Zoni, and 99 AzonL All 
+the veftmerits of the priefts, and thofe, in which they ufed to 
+apparel their Deities, had facred names, taken from terms in 
+their worfhip. Such were Carnife, Gandys, Camia, Cidaris^ 
+Mitra, Zona, and the like. The laft was a facred fillet, or 
+girdle, which they efteemed an emblem of the orbit defcribed 
+by Zon, the Sun. They either reprefented their Gods, as 
+girded round with a ferpent, which was an emblem of the 
+fame meaning ; or elfe with this bandage, denominated 
+100 Zona. They feem to have been fecondary Deities, who 
+were called Zoni and 1 Azoni. The term fignifies Heliadae: 
+
+and 
+
+9? Huetii Prop. 4. p. 92. 
+
+Lord in. his account of the Perfees fays, that Zertooft (fo he expreffes the name) 
+was conveyed by an Angel, and law the Deity in a vifiony who appeared like a 
+bright light or flame. Account of the Perfees. c: 3. 
+
+99 See Stanley’s Chaldaic Philof. p. 7. and p. 11. They were by Damafcius 
+ftyled Za)ro/, and A ^covoi: both terms of the fame purport, though diftinguiftied by 
+perfons, who did not know their purport. 
+
+100 See Plates annexed. 
+
+* Martianus Capella. L. 1. c. 17. Ex cun£tis igitur Cceli regionibus. advocatis 
+
+Diis, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+oti’? k yj&faru* JK gyptiacu s . 
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+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 123 
+
+and they were looked upon as sethereal eflences, a kind of 
+emanation from the Sun. They were exhibited under dif¬ 
+ferent reprefentations ; and oftentimes like Cneph of Egypt. 
+The fillet, with which the Azoni were girded, is deferibed 
+as of a fiery nature : and they were fuppofed to have been, 
+wafted through the air. Arnobius fpeaks of it in this light. 
+a Age, nunc, veniat, quaefo, per igneam zonam Magus ab 
+interiore orbe Zoroaftres. I imagine, that by Azonaces, 
+A<?u'voutW; before mentioned, the reputed teacher of Zoro- 
+after, was meant the chief Deity, the fame as Oromanes, and 
+
+Oromafdes. He feems to have been the fupreme of thofe 
+^ethereal fpirits deferibed above ; and to have been named 
+Azon-Nakis, which fignifies the great Lord, 3 Azon. Naki, 
+Nakis, Nachis, Nachus, Negus, all in different parts of the 
+world betoken a king. The temple at Iftachar, near which 
+thefe reprefentations were found, is at this day called the 
+palace of Naki Ruftan, whoever that perfonage may have 
+been. 
+
+Diis, cseteri, quos Azonos vocant, ipfo commoner!te Cyllenio, convocantur. Pfel- 
+lus ftyles them /, and ’Zuvauoi. See Scholia upon the Chaldaic Oracles. 
+
+1 Arnobius. L. i. p. 31. 
+
+* The Sun was ftyled both Zon, and Azon ■, Zan and Azan: fb Dercetis was 
+called Atargatis j Neith of Egypt Andth. The fame was to be obferved in places. 
+Zelis was called Azilis: Saba, Azaba r Stura, Aftura: Puglia, Apugtia: Bufus, 
+Ebufus: Damafec, Adamafec. Azon was therefore the fame as Zen ; and Azon 
+Nakis may be interpreted Sol Rex, vel Dotninus. 
+
+
+R 2 
+
+
+ORPHEUS. 
+
+
+
+124 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ORPHEUS. 
+
+0 
+
+r Tr"' H E character of Orpheus is in fome refpects not un- 
+
+like that of Zoroafter, as will appear in the fequel. 
+He went over many regions of the earth ; and in all places, 
+whither he came, was efteemed both as a prieft, and a pro¬ 
+phet. There feems to be more in his hiftory than at firft 
+fight appears : all which will by degrees be unfolded. His 
+fkill in harmony is reprefented as very wonderful: infomuch 
+that he is faid to have tamed the wild beafts of the foreft, and 
+made the very trees follow him. He likewife could calm the 
+winds, and appeafe the raging of the fea. Thefe laft cir- 
+cumftances are taken notice of by a poet in fome fine verfes, 
+wherein he laments his death. 
+
+4 Ovk sn KoifjLOLtreig ctvs^cap (3go/xov, %a.Xcx.£ccv, 
+
+Ov vupsToov <rvg[JU£g, g 'srotTetyeucraj' dXct' 
+f2A bo yoig. jcK. 
+
+He is mentioned, as having been twice in a {fate of 4 5 death ; 
+
+which is reprefented as a twofold defcent to the fbades be- 
+
+% 
+
+low. There is alfo an obfcure piece of mythology about his 
+wife, and a ferpent; alfo of the Rhoia or Pomegranate: 
+which feems to have been taken from fome fymbolical re- 
+prefentation at a time, when the purport was no longer un-* 
+
+4 Antholog. L. 3. p. 269. 
+
+5 See Huetius. Demonf, Evang. Prop. 4. p. 129. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+derflood. 
+
+
+
+© 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 125 
+
+% 
+
+derftood. The Orpheans dealt particularly in fymbols, as 
+we learn from Proclus. 6 7 * O gpiitoi <Tta c rvfjdooXoov, IIv$ctyogsiai 
+
+tioc eixovcav, rex. Sstcx. (junvueiv s<pisfj(.evoi . His character for fei- 
+ence was very great; and Euripides takes particular notice 
+of fome ancient tablets, containing much- falutary know¬ 
+ledge, which were bequeathed to the Thracians by Orpheus : 
+7 dg Ogcpsiri holt eygcxs \>g yvgvg. Plato ftyles his works s (3iSXcoy 
+
+ofJLOL^oVy a c oajl lumber of learnings from the quantity, which 
+people pretended had been tranfmitted from him. He one 
+while refided in Greece ; and particularly at Thebes in Bce- 
+otia. Here he introduced the rites of Dionufus, and cele¬ 
+brated his Orgies upon mount 9 Cithaeron. He is faid to 
+have ^been the firft who inftituted thofe rites ; and was the 
+author of all myfterious worfhip. 10 Ugoorog Ogepevg [jLvrrigicx. 
+
+®buov nr . All thefe were accompanied with fcience 
+of another nature : for he is reputed to have been {killed in 
+many arts. 
+
+From Thebes he travelled towards the feacoaft of Chaonia 
+in order to recover his loft Eurydice ; who had been killed 
+by a ferpent. According to ” Agatharcides Cnidius it was 
+at Aorthon in Epirus, that he defeended for this purpofe to 
+
+6 In Theolog. Platonis. L. i. c. 4. 
+
+7 OuSe T l (pCCOJJLCtKOV 
+
+G^aacus tv cccvictl, 
+
+Tas Qpcpeiy ycccrty^cc^e yvw. Alceftis. v. 9 6 S’. 
+
+5 Plato de Repub. L, 2. p. 364. 
+
+9 Ladtant. de F. R. L. 1. p. 105. 
+
+10 Scholia in Alceftin. v. 968. 
+
+Concerning Orpheus* fee Diodorus. L. 1. p-. 86. Ariftoph. Ranae. v. 1064. 
+Eufeb. P. E. Lib xo. p. 469. 
+
+1 1 L. 22. See Natalis Comes. L. 7. p. 401. 
+
+the 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+
+126 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the (hades below. The fame account is given by 11 Paufa- 
+nias, who calls the place more truly Aornon. In the Or¬ 
+phic Argonauts it is faid to have been performed at Tasnarus 
+in 13 Laconia. He likewife refided in Egypt, and travelled 
+over the regions of Libya; and every where inftru£ted people 
+in the rites, and religion, which he profeffed. In the fame 
+manner he went over a great part of the world. 
+
+14 '£lg i&OfjLW S7ri yctictv CL7reigeTov> 1 $e f uroKr\a.g > 
+
+Aiyu7TTu\ AlEvy re, figoroig olvol Secr<paroL cpouvoov. 
+
+♦ 
+
+Some make Orpheus by birth a Thracian ; fome an Arca¬ 
+dian ; others a Theban. Paufanias mentions it as an opinion 
+among the 15 Egyptians, that both Orpheus, and Amphion, 
+were from their country. There is great uncertainty about 
+his parents. He is generally fuppofed to have been the fon of 
+OEagrus, and Calliope: but Afclepiades made him the Ion 
+of Apollo, by that ,6 Goddefs. By fome his mother was faid 
+to have been Menippe ; by others 17 Polymnia. He is alfo 
+mentioned as the fon of 18 Thamyras. Plato differs from 
+them all, and ftyles both Orpheus, and Mufasus, 19 mi 
+
+Macros Byyoi/oi, the offspring of the Moon> and the Mufes: in 
+
+,x L. 9. p. 768, 
+
+13 V. 41. 
+
+Ibid. v. 99. 
+
+L. 6 . p. 505* 
+
+16 Apollon. Rhod. L. i. v. 23. 
+
+17 Scholia, ibid. 
+
+,s Natalis Comes. L. 7. p. 400. 
+
+19 De Repub. L. 2. p. 364. Mufasus is likewife by the Scholiafl: upon Arifto- 
+phanes ftyled Jxos SeAwjis. Ranse, v. 1065. Schol. 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+127 
+
+
+* 
+
+which account is contained home curious mythology. The 
+principal place of his refidence is thought to have been in 
+Pieria near mount Haemus. He is alfo faid to have refided 
+among the Edonians ; and in Sithonia at the foot of mount 
+Pangaeus: alfo upon the feacoaft at Zona. In all thefe places 
+he difplayed his fuperiority in fcience : for he was not only a 
+Poet, and {killed in harmony, but a great Theologift, and 
+Prophet; alfo very knowing in medicine, and in the hiftory 
+of the 10 heavens. According to Antipater Sidonius, he was 
+the author of Heroic verfe. And fome go fo far as to afcribe 
+to him the invention of letters ; and deduce all knowledge 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+a* 
+
+
+him. 
+
+
+# 
+
+Many of the things, reported to have been done by Or 
+
+
+pheus, are attributed to other perfons, fuch as 22 E 
+fseus, Melampus, Linus, Cadmus, and Philammon 
+
+
+Mu 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+thefe 
+
+
+are 
+
+
+faid 
+
+
+have had the fame 23 parents. Authors 
+
+
+their accounts of Orpheus, do not agree about the manner of 
+his 24 death. The common notion is, that he was torn to 
+pieces by tire Thracian women. But according to Leonides 
+
+
+in Laertius he was {lain by lightning : and there is an 3S 
+taph to that purpofe. The name of Orpheus is to be found 
+
+
+epi- 
+
+
+2,0 Lucian. Aflrolcgus. 
+
+zr See Lilius Gyraldus de Poetarum Hift. Dialog. 2. p. 73. 
+
+Opcpeus? (popfjjx. t ccs cLotS'oLv 'mctTvp. Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 253. 
+
+2-2 dementis Cohort, p. 12. Diog. Laerr. Procem. p. 3. Htrodotus. L. 2. c. 49. 
+Diodorus. L. 1. p. 87. 1 . 3. p. 300. Apollodorus. L. 1. p. 7. 
+
+23 Linus was the fon of Apollo, and Calliope. See Suidas, A ivos. 
+
+24 There were in like manner different places, where he was fuppofed to have 
+been buried. 
+
+25 Procem. p. 5. Antholog. L. 3. p. 270, In like manner Zoroafter was faid 
+to have been flain by lightning, 
+
+in 
+
+
+
+128 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+in the lifts of the Argonauts : and he is mentioned in the two 
+principal poems upon that fubjecft. Yet there were writers, 
+
+before the war of Troy, 
+
+tion. a6 F By ops 
+
+oi $s ICC q>Y)TlV. 
+
+
+d placed him eleven generations 
+fequently ten generations before that .exped 
+
+
+vrgo icc ysvswv Tcav T p 
+
+
+/ 3 loovcci S's ysvsccg •& 
+
+
+He was born eleven ages before the fege of Hoy , and he is faid 
+
+
+have lived nme ages ; and according to fo 
+
+
+Thi 
+
+
+s ex¬ 
+
+
+tent of * 7 life has been given him in order to bring him down 
+as low as the sera of the Argonauts : though, if we may be¬ 
+lieve Pherecydes Syrus, he had no ftiare in that expedition. 
+
+To remedy the inconftftencies, which arife in the hiftory 
+of Orpheus, writers have fuppofed many perfons of this name. 
+
+
+Suidas takes notice of no lefs than four 
+
+
+*8 
+
+
+Thrace. But all 
+
+
+thefe will not make the hiftory conftftent. Voftius therefore 
+with good reafon doubts, whether fuch a perfon ever exifted. 
+Nay, he aflerts, 29 Triumviros iftos Poefeos, Orphea, Mu- 
+fteunij Linum, non fuifle: fed efle nomina ab antiqua Phceni- 
+cum lingua, qua uft Cadmus, et aliquamdiu pofteri. There 
+is great truth in what Voftius here advances : and in refpecft 
+to Orpheus, the teftimony of Ariftotle, quoted by him from 
+
+
+Cicero, is very deciftve. 
+
+
+3 ° 
+
+
+Orpheum poetam docet Arifto- 
+
+
+teles nunquam fuifte. Dionyftus, as we learn from Suidas, 
+affirmed the fame thing. Palsphatus indeed admits the 
+
+
+3.6 Suidas, Oprpsvs. 
+
+2.7 Tzetzes makes him live one hundred years before the war of Troy. Hift. 399. 
+
+ChiL 12. 
+
+* 8 Opcpeus . 
+
+29 Voflius de Arte Poet. c. 13. p. 78. 
+
+30 Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 1. c. 38. See alfo iElian. Var. Hift. L. 8. c. 6. 
+
+
+man ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+129 
+
+
+man; but fets afi.de the hiftory. 31 ¥sv$r t $ kcu 6 'UTsgi T8 Og- 
+
+<psoog [JivOog . The hiftory too of Orpheus is ?tothing elfe but a 
+
+From what has been faid, I think, it is plain, that 
+under the character of this perfonage we are to underftand a 
+people named 31 Orpheans ; who, as Voftius rightly inti¬ 
+mates, were the fame as the Cadmians. I 11 confequence of 
+this, there will fometimes be found a great fimilarity between 
+the characters of thefe two perfons. 
+
+I have {hewn, that colonies from 33 Egypt fettled in the 
+region of Sethon, called afterwards Sethonia, upon the river 
+Palseftinus. They were likewife to be found in the coun¬ 
+tries of Edonia, Pieria, and Peonia : in one of which they 
+founded a city and temple. The Grecians called this city 
+Orpheus: 34 Ogpavg sg-i 'WoTs.ig V7TQ Tp Tlisgip. Orpheus is a city 
+of 'Thrace belo-co Pieria. But the place was originally ex- 
+preffed Orphi, by which is meant the oracular temple of 
+Orus. From hence, and from the worlhip here inftituted, 
+the people were fly led Orphites, and Orpheans. They were 
+noted for the Cabiritic myfteries ; and for the Dionuiiaca, 
+and worftnp of Damater. They were likewife very famous 
+for the medicinal arts ; and for their {kill in aftronomy and 
+mufic. But the Grecians have comprehended under the 
+
+31 C. 24. p. 84. 
+
+31 Through the whole of this I am obliged to difTent from a perfon of great eru¬ 
+dition, the late celebrated Profeflbr I. M. Gefner of Gottingen : to whom however 
+I am greatly indebted, and particularly for his curious edition of the Orphic poems 
+publiftied at Leipfick, 1764. 
+
+All the Orphic rites were confefiedly from Egypt. Diodorus above. See 
+Lucian’s Aftrologus. 
+
+3+ Suidas. 
+
+Vol, II. S character 
+
+
+
+
+130 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+character of one perfon the hiftory of a people. When they 
+fettled in Thrace, they introduced their arts, and their wor¬ 
+ship, among the barbarous 35 natives ; by whom they were 
+revered for their fuperior knowledge. They likewife be¬ 
+queathed many memorials of themfelves* and of their fore¬ 
+fathers, which were probably fome emblematical fculptures 
+upon wood, or ftone : hence we read of the tablets of Or¬ 
+pheus preferved in Thrace, and particularly upon mount 
+36 Hsemus. The temple, which they built upon this moun¬ 
+tain, feems to have been a college, and to have confided of 
+a fociety of priefts. They were much addidted to celibacy, 
+as we may judge from their hiftory ; and were in great mea- 
+fure reclufes after the mode of Egypt, and Canaan. Hence 
+it is faid of Orpheus, that he fecreted himfelf from the 
+world, and led the life of a 37 Swan : and it is moreover men¬ 
+tioned of Ariftzeus, when he niade a vifit to Dionufus upon 
+mount Haemus, that he difappeared from the fight of men, 
+and was never after 38 feen. According to the moft com- 
+
+9 
+
+mon accounts concerning the death of Orpheus, it was owing 
+to his principles, and manner of life. He was a folitary, and 
+refufed all commerce with woman-kind. Hence the Masna- 
+des, and other women of Thrace, rofe upon him, and tore 
+him to pieces. It is faid, that his head, and lyre were 
+thrown into the Hebrus ; down which they were wafted to 
+
+35 Maximus Tyrius. c. 37. p. 441. 
+
+36 Scholia upon the Hecuba of Euripides, v. 1267. See alfo the Alceftis. 
+v. 968. 
+
+37 Plato de Repub. L. 10. p. 620. 
+
+38 Diodorus. L. 4. p. 282. The hiftory of Ariftseus is nearly a parody of the 
+hiftories of Orpheus, and Cadmus. 
+
+Lemnos. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+Lemnos 
+
+
+What is here mentioned of Orpheus, undoubtedly 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+their temple upon mount 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+relates to the Orph 
+
+Hasmus. This temple was in procefs of time ruined 
+there is great reafon to think, that it was demolifhed upon ac¬ 
+count of the cruelties pradtifed by the priefts, and probably 
+from a deteflation of their unnatural crimes, to which there 
+are frequent allufions. Ovid having given a charadter of Or¬ 
+pheus, concludes with an accufation to this purpofe. 
+
+
+39 Ille etiam Thracum populis fuit audtor amores 
+In teneros transferre mares : citraque juventam 
+iEtatis breve ver, et primos carpere flores. 
+
+
+Thofe of the community, who furvived the difafter, fled 
+down the Hebrus to Lefbos ; where they either found, ox 
+eredted, a temple flmilar to that, which they had quitted. 
+
+ace grew 
+
+into great reputation. They likewife fettled at Lemnos. 
+This ifland lay at no great diftance from the former ; and 
+was particularly devoted to the Deity of fire. It is faid by 
+Hecataeus, that it received the name of Lemnos from the 
+Magna Dea, Cybele. She was ftyled by the natives 
+and at her fhrine they ufed to facrifice young perfons. 
+
+40 At to fJLzycO\fig Xsyo^Evng ©sa* TctvTp <3s kou 'Gra.gQsv&g eQvov. 
+They feem to have named the temple at Lefbos Orphi, and 
+
+
+Here the fame worfhip was inflituted ; and the pi 
+
+
+39 Ovid. Metamorph. L. io. v. 83. The like is mentioned of the Cadmians. See 
+Aiichylus* 'Ettt stti <3v£cu<;. Prooem. Lilian. Var. Hift. L. 13. c. 5. 
+
+40 Hecatgeus apud Steph. Byzant. Aa/xro?. The firft inhabitants are faid to 
+have been Thracians, ftyled 'Xlvtizs xa* 2ct7ra/oi: the chief cities Myrina, and He- 
+phaiftia. 
+
+s 2 
+
+
+Orphe’f 
+
+
+
+132 . The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Orphe'i caput : and it appears to have been very famous on 
+account of its oracle. Philoftratus fays, that the Ionians, 
+and fEolians, of old univerfally confulted it : and, what is 
+extraordinary, that it was held in high eftimation by the 
+people of Babylonia. He calls the place the head of Or¬ 
+pheus : and mentions, that the 41 oracle proceeded from a ca¬ 
+vity in the- earth ; and that it was confulted by Cyrus, the 
+Perfian. That the Babylonians had a great veneration for 
+a temple named Orphi, I make no doubt: but it certainly 
+could not be the temple at Lefbos. During the Babylonifh 
+empire, Greece, and its iflands, were fcarcely known to peo¬ 
+ple of that country. And when the Perfians fucceeded, it is 
+not credible, that they fhould apply to an oracle at Lefbos, 
+or to any oracle of Greece. They were too refined in their 
+religious notions to make any fuch application. It is noto¬ 
+rious, that, when Cambyfes, and Ochus, invaded Egypt, and 
+when Xerxes made his inroad into Greece, they burnt and 
+ruined the temples in each nation, out of abomination to the 
+worfhip. It was another place of this name, an oracle of 
+their own, to which the Babylonians, and Perfians, applied. 
+For it cannot be fuppofed, in the times fpoken of, that they 
+had a correfpondence with the weftem world. It was Ur, in 
+Chaldea, the feat of the ancient Magi, which was ftyled Ur- 
+phi, and Orphi, on account of its being the feat of an oracle. 
+That there was fuch a temple is plain from Stephanus Byzan- 
+tinus, who tells us, 41 Mcurrsiov sysiv ctvrzg (Xa7\$cttisg) 'uxagee 
+
+41 Philofbrati I-Jeroica. p. 677. xct Avj 751 y\ 1 vert-wf ei* 
+
+41 Steph. Byz. XaAsfaic?. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*33 
+
+
+among; the Grecians. 
+
+
+Urphi. 
+
+
+fictg&ccgoig, 6 os AsKpoi 'uru.g 'E Khnu'i. The Chaldeans had an 
+oracle as famous among the people of thofe parts , as Delphi was 
+
+This temple was undoubtedly ftyled 
+I do not mean that this was neceftarily a proper 
+name ; but an appellative, by which oracular places were in 
+general diftinguifhed. The city Edefta in Mefopotamia 
+feems likewife to have had the name of Urphi, which was 
+given on account of the like rites, and worfhip. That it was 
+fo named, we may fairly prefume from its being by the na¬ 
+tives called 43 Urpha, at this day. It was the former temple, 
+to which the Babylonians, and Perlians had recourfe : and it 
+was from the Magi of thefe parts, that the Orphic rites and 
+myfteries were originally derived. They came from Baby¬ 
+lonia to Egypt, and from thence to Greece. We accordingly 
+
+
+find this particular in the character of Orpheus, 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+stvcu 
+
+
+<Jg 
+
+
+TQV 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+Ogcpsct [JLa.ysv<rcii Szlvqv, that he was great in all the myfteries of 
+the Magi. We moreover learn from Stephanus Monachius, 
+that Orphon, a term of the fame purport as Orpheus, was 
+one of the appellations, by which the Magi were called. 
+
+Orphon, quod Arabibus Magum fonat. In fhort, under 
+the character of Orpheus, we have the hiftory both of the 
+Deity, and of his votaries. The head of Orpheus was faid 
+to have been carried to Lemnos, juft as the head of Ofiri-s 
+ufed to be wafted to Byblus. He is defcribed as going to the 
+fhades below, and afterwards returning to upper air. This 
+is fimilar to the hiftory of Ofiris, who was fuppofed to have 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+3 PoGOck’s Travels, Vol. 2. p. 159* 
+
+Paufan. L, 6. p. 505., 
+
+* s See Huetii Demonft. Evang, Pr, 4, p, 129 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+
+134 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+been in a ftate of death, and after a time to have come to 
+life. There was moreover fomething myfterious in the death 
+of Orpheus ; for it feems to have been celebrated with the 
+fame frantic a£ts of grief, as people pra<fti{ed in their lamen¬ 
+tations for Thamuz and Oftris, and at the rites of Baal. 
+The Biftonian women, who were the fame as the Thyades, 
+and Maenades, ufed to gafh their arms with knives, and be- 
+fmear themfelves with 46 blood, and cover their heads with 
+afhes. By this difplay of forrow we are to underftand a re¬ 
+ligious rite ; for Orpheus was a title, under which the Deity 
+of the place was worfhiped. He was the fame as Orus of 
+Egypt, whom the Greeks efteemed both as Apollo, and He- 
+phaiftus. That he was a deity is plain from his temple 
+and oracle abovementioned : which, we find, were of great 
+repute, and reforted to by various people from the oppofite 
+coaft. 
+
+As there was an Orpheus in Thrace, fo there appears to 
+have been an Orpha in 47 Laconia, of whofe hiftory we have 
+but few remains. They reprefent her as a Nymph, the 
+daughter of Dion, and greatly beloved by Dionufus. She 
+was faid at the clofe of her life, to have been changed to 
+a tree. The fable probably relates to the Dionufiaca, and 
+other Orphic rites, which had been in early times intro¬ 
+duced into the part of the world abovementioned, where 
+they were celebrated at a place called Orpha. But the rites 
+grew into difufe, and the hiftory of the place became ob- 
+
+46 SIXTHS fitULCt^OCVTQ (2pCt^lOVOCGy CCfJiCpt fASXoUVYl 
+
+£±euofA.evcci (TTroS'M QgyiKtov 'ZcrAoxaftor. Antholog. L. 3. p. 270. 
+
+47 Servius in Virgil. Eclog. 8. See Salmafius upon Solinus. p. 425. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+folete : 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology* 135 
+
+folete : hence Orpha has been converted to a nymph, fa- 
+
+and was afterwards fup- 
+pofed to have been changed to one of the trees, which grew 
+within its prechnfts. 
+
+Many undertook to write the hiftory of Orpheus; the prin¬ 
+cipal of whom were Zopurus of Heraclea, Prodicus Chius, 
+Epigenes, and Herodotus. They feem all to have run into 
+that general millake of forming a new perfonage from a title, 
+and making the Deity a native, where he was infbrined. 
+The writings, which were tranfmitted under the name of 
+Orpheus, were innumerable : and are juftly ridiculed by Lu¬ 
+cian, both for their quantity, and matter. There were how¬ 
+ever fome curious hymns, which ufed to be of old fung in 
+Pieria, and Samothracia; and which Onomacritus copied. 
+They contain indeed little more than a lift of titles, by which 
+the Deity in different places was addreffed. But thefe titles 
+are of great antiquity : and though the hymns are tranfmitted 
+in a modern garb, the perfon, through whom we receive 
+them, being as late as 48 Piftftratus, yet they deferve our no¬ 
+tice. They mu ft neceftarily be of confequence, as they re¬ 
+fer to the worfhip of the firft ages, and afford us a great in¬ 
+fight into the theology of the ancients. Thofe fpecimens 
+alfo, which have been preferved by Proclus, in his differ- 
+tations upon Plato, afford matter of great curioftty. They 
+are all imitations, rather than tranflations of the ancient Or¬ 
+phic poetry, accompanied with a fhort comment. This 
+poetry was in the original Amonian language, which grew 
+
+
+voured of the God there worihiped ; 
+
+
+48 Tlegi t yiv izrevTiw.oq'vv OXvfJiTriccS'cx.. Tatianus AfTyr. p. 275. 
+Orphic hymns, which were fung by the Lycomedae at Athens. 
+
+
+Thefe were the 
+
+
+1 
+
+obfolete 
+
+
+
+136 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+obfolete among the Helladians, and was no longer intelli¬ 
+gible : but was for a long time preferved in 49 Samothracia, 
+and ufed in their facred rites. 
+
+49 Diodorus Sic. p. L. 5. p. 322. 
+
+
+
+A LTHOUGH I have laid fo much about Dionufus, 
+
+Sefoftris, and other great travellers, I cannot quit the 
+fubjecd, till I have taken notice of Cadmus : for his expedi¬ 
+tions, though not fo extenlive as fome, which I have been 
+mentioning, are yet efteemed of great confequence in the 
+hiftories of ancient nations. The time of his arrival in Greece 
+is looked up to as a fixed sera : and many circumftances in 
+chronology are thereby determined. He is commonly re¬ 
+puted to have been a Phenician by birth ; the fon of Agenor, 
+who was the king of that country. He was fent by his fa¬ 
+ther’s order in quell of his filler Europa ; and after wander¬ 
+ing about a long time to little purpofe, he at laft fettled in 
+Greece. In this country were many traditions concerning 
+him ; efpecially in Attica, and Boeotia. The particular fpot, 
+where he is fuppofed to have taken up his refidence, was in 
+the latter province at Tanagra upon the river Ifmenus. He 
+afterwards built Thebes : and wherever he came, he intro¬ 
+duced the religion of his country. This confilled in the 
+worfhip of s ° Dionufus ; and in the rites, which by the later 
+
+
+5 ° 
+
+
+AiyvTTTiB A/orucra 
+
+
+Mug-isTos evvv^yioLs tsA eras a& 
+
+
+Nonnus. Dionuf. L. 4. p. 128. 
+
+
+There will be found in fome circumftances a great refemblance between Cadmus 
+
+
+and Orpheus. 
+
+
+Greeks 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 137 
+Greeks were termed the Dionufiaca. They feem to have 
+
+w 
+
+been much the fame as the Cabiritic myfteries, which he is 
+faid to have eftablifhed in Samothracia. He fought with a 
+mighty dragon; whofe teeth he afterwards fowed, and pro¬ 
+duced an army of men. To him Greece is fuppofed to have 
+
+been indebted for the firft: introduction of 51 letters ; which are 
+
+% 
+
+faid to have been the letters of his country Phenicia, and in 
+number flxteen. He married Harmonia, the daughter of 
+Mars arid Venus : and his nuptials were graced with the pre¬ 
+fence of all the Gods, and Goddefles ; each of whom con¬ 
+ferred fome gift upon the bride. He had feveral children ; 
+among whom was a daughter Semele, efteemed the mother of 
+Bacchus. After having experienced great viciflitudes in life, 
+he is faid to have retired with his wife Harmonia to the coaft 
+of Illyria, where they were both changed to ferpents. He 
+was fucceeded at Thebes by his fon Polydorus, the father of 
+Labdacus, the father of Laius. This laft was the hulband 
+of Jocafta, by whom he had OEdipus. 
+
+Bochart with wonderful ingenuity, and equal learning, 
+tries to folve the aenigmas, under which this hiftory is repre- 
+fented. He fuppofes Cadmus to have been a fugitive Ca- 
+naanite, who fled from the face of Jofhua : and that he was 
+called Cadmus from being a Cadmonite, which is a family 
+mentioned by Mofes. In like manner he imagines, that Har¬ 
+monia had her name from mount Hermon, which was pro- 
+
+
+51 Oi cfg 0UT01 01 cruv KaJ/jta) • surnya.'yov S'lS'cccrx-ct^ia, £5 ths 
+
+'EAAwas, itai JSj xai ^aftjKSTa, asc zovtix. 'as-gtv 'EAAj?<7Z»\ Herod. L. 5. c. 58. 
+
+Literas—in Graeciam intuliffe e Phoenice Cadmum, fedecim numero. Pliny 
+L. 7. c. 56. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+bably 
+
+
+
+138 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+bably in the diftriCt of the Cadmonites. The ftory of the 
+dragon he deduces from the Hevaei, or Hivites ; the fame 
+people as the Cadmonites. He proceeds afterwards with 
+great addrefs to explain the reft of the fable,, concerning the 
+teeth of the dragon, which were 'fown ; and the armed men, 
+which from thence arofe : and what he fays is in many par¬ 
+ticulars attended with a great ftiew of probability. Yet after 
+all his ingenious conjectures, I am obliged to diffent from 
+hirh in fome points ; and particularly in one, which is of the 
+greateft moment. I cannot be induced to think,, that Cad¬ 
+mus was, as Bochart reprefents him, a Phenician. Indeed 
+I am perfuaded, that no fuch perfon exifted. If Cadmus 
+brought letters from Phenicia, how came he to bring but 
+ftxteen ; when the people, from whom he imported them, 
+had undoubtedly more, as we may infer from their neigh¬ 
+bours ? And if they were the current letters of Greece, as 
+Herodotus intimates ; how came it to pafs, that the tablet 
+of Alcmena, the wife of Amphitryon, the third in defcent 
+from Cadmus, could not be underftood, as we are affured by 
+51 Plutarch ? He fays, that in the reign of Ageftlaus of 
+Sparta, a written tablet was found in the tomb of Alcmena, 
+to whom it was infcribed : that the characters were obfolete, 
+and unintelligible; on which account they fent it to Conu- 
+phis of Memphis in Egypt to be deciphered. If thefe cha¬ 
+racters were Phenician, why were they fent to a prieft of a 
+different country for interpretation ? and why is their date, 
+and antiquity defined by the reign of a king in Egypt ? 
+
+
+Tag 
+
+
+Plutarch. De Genio Socratis. Vol. 1. p. 578. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+139 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+T a 
+
+
+TV7T8S SIVOU TY]g £7Tl IlgOQTEl ficHTlXsVOVTl r ygCirjL[JLCX.TltCr i g 
+
+
+The form of the 
+teus reigned in that 
+
+
+the fame , as was in life , when P 
+Herodotus indeed, to prove f 
+
+
+the Cadmians brought letters into Greece, allures us, that he 
+
+
+Jaw fp 
+
+
+of their writing 
+
+
+at Thebes 
+
+Apollo s+ Ifmenius : that there was a tripod 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+reign of 
+
+
+the fon of Labdacus 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+infeript 
+
+
+which imported, that it had been there dedicated by Ampl 
+tryon upon his victory over the Telebose. I 
+
+
+make no doubt 
+
+
+but that Herodotus faw 
+
+
+pods with 
+
+
+nfeript 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+and there might be one with the name of Amphitryon 
+how could he be fure that it was the writing of that perfon 
+and of thofe times ? We know what a pleah 
+enhancing the antiquity of things ; 
+
+
+is m 
+
+
+and how often inferip- 
+tions are forged for that purpofe. Is it credible, that the 
+characters of Amphitryon fhould be fo eafy to be appre¬ 
+hended, when thole of his wife Alcmena could not be under- 
+ftood ? and which of the two are we in this cafe to believe, 
+Herodotus or Plutarch ? I do not mean that I give any cre- 
+
+: nor do I be- 
+
+
+dence to the Itory of Alcmena, and her tablet 
+
+
+lieve, that there was 
+
+
+pod with characters as ancient as 
+
+
+Amphitryon 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+nly argue from the principles of the 
+
+
+Greeks, to prove their inconliltency. The Pheneatae in Ar 
+cadia {hewed to Paufanias an infeription upon the balls of 
+
+
+53 Plutarch above. 
+
+54 O fxev S'n J/5 t av rpiTroPoov emypccfxfxcc 
+
+A [x(pn gvwv jx ccveftmet' ecov arrro TtfAcSoacor. 
+
+Twrcc fiAncwv av ew xccrcc Actio? top Aa£eTa*y* Herod. L. 5. c. 59. 
+
+
+T 2 
+
+
+brazen 
+
+
+
+140 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+brazen fbitue, which was dedicated to 55 Pofeidon Hippius. 
+It was faid to have been written by Ulyffes ; and contained a 
+treaty made between him and Tome fhepherds. But Paufa- 
+nias acknowledges, that it was an impoiition: for neither 
+
+
+ftatues of bra’fs 
+time alluded to 
+
+
+ftatues of any fort 
+
+
+ufe 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+It is faid of Cadmus, that he introduced the rites of 
+56 Bacchus into Greece. But how is this poflible, if Bacchus 
+was his defcendant, the fon of his daughter Semele ? To re¬ 
+medy this, the latter mythologifts fuppofe, that there was a 
+prior Bacchus, who was worfhiped by Cadmus. This is their 
+
+
+ufual recourfe, when they 
+
+
+hard preffed with inconfiften 
+
+
+cies. 
+
+
+They then create other perfonages 
+
+
+help them 
+
+
+of their difficulties. They form with great facility a new 
+
+
+Semiramis 
+
+
+Ninus ; another 
+
+
+Perfeus. Minos, Her 
+
+
+mes 
+
+
+Phoroneu 
+
+
+Af 
+
+
+though to little purpofe : for the 
+
+
+miftake being fundamental, the inconveniencies cannot be 
+remedied by fuch fubftitutes. We are told, that Cadmus 
+was a Phenician : but Diodorus Siculus fpeaks of him as af- 
+furedly of Egypt ; and mentions moreover, that he was a na- 
+
+
+of the Thebai’s 
+
+
+: S7 K ClS'fJLOV BK G/joOJV OVTCt TM AiyV 7 TTlC*ni. 
+
+Pherecydes Syrus alfo, from whom mod; of the mythology of 
+Greece was borrowed, makes Cadmus an 58 Egyptian, the 
+
+fon 
+
+
+s " 5 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 628. 
+
+He is faid to have introduced Aiovvatcacnv^ tsA er&pyico'^ (pcch^ycpooiccv. 
+
+57 Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. p. 20. 
+
+5S Cadmum Pherecydes L. 4. Hiftoriarum ex Agenore et Argiope, Nili fluvii : 
+filia natum efle tradidit. Natalis Comes. L. 8. c. 23. p. 481. There are various 
+genealogies of this perfonage. A £vyjs rns l£.7rcc<ps y,ca riocreiJ'coro^ A yyvcop kcci B>?A 05. 
+Aywopos xc&i Ayr io7tyis tvs BaA b Ka^/405.. Scholia Euripid. PhoenifT. v. 5. 
+
+
+Qepexvf'r,* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+i 4 i 
+
+
+fon of Agenor, and Argiope, who was the daughter of Nilus 
+By others he is faid to have been the fon of Antiop 
+daughter of Belus : c< 
+
+
+i, the 
+
+nfequently he muffc originally have been 
+
+
+of Babylonifh extraction. His father Agenor, from whom he 
+is fuppofed to have been inftruCted in the fciences, is repre- 
+lented by Nonn.us as redding at Thebes. 
+
+
+59 TLccrgioc §e<T7re<riY\$ bs^oix^Bvog ogyia, TeynJYig, 
+
+Aiyv7TTiY)S (roping fJLSTCivoLg-io.g, rifjLog Ayqvwg 
+MsfJL(pi$Og SVVOLSTYig BKCXXOpLTtV'Koy UKBB ®Yi£y}V. 
+
+
+We learn the fame from the Scholiaft upon Lycophron, who 
+ftyles the king Ogugus. 60 K ou 6 Q.yvyog_ ©iq^w!/ AiyvivTitov ry 
+
+@a.<nXevg, o.Qsv 6 Ka.bfj.Qg UTragyyov, b\Quv bv 'EAActch r ag 'E Tv\a- 
+7rvXag saTicrs. Moreover Ogugus was king of 'Thebes in Egypt : 
+of which country was Cadmus , who came into Greece , and built 
+the city fyled Heptapulce. It was from the fame part of the 
+world, that the mylleries were imported, in which Cadmus 
+is reprefented as fo knowing : and here it was, that he was 
+taught hieroglyphics, and the other characters, which are at¬ 
+tributed to him. For he is faid to have been expert 61 '"Ksigog 
+
+07n<ro07rogoio •gagayfj.ara Ao£a. .•gagavcuv. Thefe arts he car¬ 
+ried firft to the coaft of Sidon, and Syria ; and from thence 
+he is fuppofed to have brought them to Greece : for before 
+
+
+QspeKvS'Yis- ev cT 1 btgo (pxaiv. Ayvv&p S'e o OWefJWos Aaju,raj t r,v B>?Ab' 
+
+toov cTs yivovTou <&oivi% kcli Icra/a, yiv Aiyv7TTos * y.cu MeA< cs, w icr%fi Accvccgs' 
+
+e7rSiToc evicr^fL A yyvoog A^yiovrrw t riv NeiAtf tb txjot a/xa* cTe yivBTai KacT/xos. 
+
+Apollon. Scholia. L. 3. v. 1185. 
+
+
+59 Dionufiac. L. 4. p. 126. 
+
+
+60 
+
+
+V. 1206. The Poet calls the Thebans of Bceotia, Clyvyu cnra^oi Aews. 
+
+
+61 Nonnus. L. 4. p. 126. 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+
+z 42 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+he came to Hellas, he is laid to have reigned in conjunction 
+with Phoenix, both at Sidon and Tyre. 6z Qomt; koli KacT^to?, 
+
+QC7T0 ©t^UOV TOOV A iyV7TTlQ0V S^ZXQqVTSS TW XvglOtV T VgH KOLl 
+
+XCoovog c£oL<nXzv<TOLV. Phcsnix and Cadmus came from 'Thebes 
+in Egypt, and reigned at Tyre and Sidon. 
+
+Thus I have taken pains to drew* that Cadmus was not, 
+as lias been generally thought, a Phenician. My next en¬ 
+deavour will be to prove that no fuch perfon exifted. If we 
+confider the whole hiftory of this celebrated hero, we fhall 
+find, that it was impoflible for one perfon to have effected 
+what he is fuppofed to have performed. His expeditions 
+were various and wonderful; and fuch as in thofe early times 
+would not have been attempted, nor could ever have been 
+compleated. The Helladians fay little more, than that he 
+built Thebes, and brought letters into Greece : that he flew 
+a dragon, from the teeth of which being fowed in the ground 
+there arofe an army of earthborn men. The writers of other 
+countries afford us a more extenfive account: among the 
+principal of which are to be efteemed Herodotus, Diodorus, 
+Strabo, and Paufanias. Some of them had their 63 doubts 
+about the reality of this adventurer : and from the hiftory, 
+which they have tranfmitted, we may fafely infer, that no 
+fuch perfon exifted, as has been defcribed under the character 
+of Cadmus. 
+
+He is faid to have failed firft to 64 Phenicia and Cyprus $ 
+and afterwards to 65 Rhodes. Here he inftruCted the people 
+
+6i Eufeb. Chron. p. 27. and Syncellus. p. 152. 
+
+63 See Paufan. L. 9. p. 734. 
+
+64 olvi £ xai K ccS'fj.os, cx 7 To ®y€ow t gov Kiyinnitov sfeAQov eis t tiv 'Xvpictv xtA. 
+
+Eufeb. Chron. p. 27. 
+
+&s Diodorus Sic. L. 5 . p, 329. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 143 
+
+fn the religion, which he profeffed; and founded a temple 
+at Lindus, where he appointed an order of 
+the fame 66 at Thera, and afterwards was at 67 Thafus : and 
+proceeding in his travels partook of the Cabiritic myfteries 
+in 68 Samothracia. He vilited 69 Ionia, and all the coaft up¬ 
+wards to the Hellefpont and Propontis. He was at Lelbos, 
+which he named 70 Ifla; where fome of his poflerity were 
+
+to be found long after. He was alfo at Anaphe, one of the 
+
+% 
+
+Sporades ; which illand was denominated Membliaros from 
+one of his 71 followers. Mention is made of his being upon 
+the 71 Hellefpont, and in Thrace. Here he redded, and found 
+out a mine of 73 gold, having before found one of copper 
+in 7+ Cyprus. Hence he is faid to have procured great wealth; 
+75 'Ods K aSfJLis 'UtT^xtos 'ursgi y\v, kcli to II oifycuov ogog. We 
+
+hear of him afterwards in 76 Euboea ; where there are to be 
+
+found innumerable traces of him, and his followers. He 
+
+» 
+
+66 K ccJfJios—'z^poG-ea^e t r,v ©upar. Herod. L. 4. c. 147. 
+
+67 Conon apud Photium. p. 443. and Scholia Dionyfii.. v> 517. EijfcS cfs i£/>cy 
+
+$ ©ttcrcf, L ; 7ro t m* auw LPguBev, 01 'mtevcrocvT& retiree tt,s 
+
+V.vcco7ni$ T‘i)v Guccv exTicccv. 
+
+68 Diodorus Sic. L. 5. p- 323. 
+
+69 Nonnus. L. 3. p. 86. Priene in Ionia called Cadmia. Strabo. L. 14. p. 943. 
+
+70 Lycophron. v. 219. 
+
+71 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+71 Nonnus. p. 86. 
+
+73 Auri metalla et conflaturam Cadmus Phcenix (invenit) ad Pangaeum montem. 
+Plin. L. 7. c. 56. K ccdfxos, xoti Tntecpccacrci ey ©£>ax>? xcct&kvg-cxv. Apollodorus. 
+L. 3. p. 130. 
+
+74 Plin. L. 34. c. 10. Hygin. F. 274, 
+
+75 Strabo. L. 14. p. 998. 
+
+76 Strabo. L. 10. p. 685. 
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+144 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was likewife at 77 Sparta; as we may infer from the Heroiifn 
+erecfted to him by Eurotas, and his brethren, the fons of 
+Hurasus. He mu ft have reftded a great while in 78 Attica; 
+for there were many edifices about Athens attributed to 
+him. He fettled at Tanagra in Bceotia; where he loft all 
+his companions, who were flain by a dragon. He after¬ 
+wards built Thebes. Here he was king; and is faid to have 
+reigned ftxty-two 79 years. But as if his wanderings were 
+never to be terminated, he leaves his newly founded city, 
+and goes to Illyria. Here we find him again in regal ftate. 
+80 BotcriXvsi K <x,$ucg rcav iXXvgioov. He reigns over the coun¬ 
+try, which receives its name from his fon. 81 iXXvgia. — a.7uo 
+
+T8 K a^fjiovog 'urcufog. Now whoever is truly acquainted with 
+antiquity, muft know, that in the times here fpoken of little 
+correfpondence was maintained between nation and nation. 
+Depredations were very frequent ; and every little maritime 
+power was in a ftate of piracy : fo that navigation was at¬ 
+tended with great peril. It is not therefore to be believed, 
+that a perfon fhould fo often rove upon the feas amid fuch 
+variety of nations, and refide among them at his pleafure : 
+much lefs that he fhould build temples, found cities, and 
+introduce his religion, wherever he lifted ; and this too in 
+fuch tranfient vifits. Befides, according to the Egyptian 
+accounts, the chief of his adventures were in Libya. He 
+
+• 77 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 245. 
+
+78 Herodotus. L. 5. c. 61. 
+
+79 Cedrenus. p. 23. 
+
+80 Apollodorus. L,. 3. p. 143. Paufan. L. 9. p. 719. 
+
+81 Stephanus Byzantin. 
+
+8 * Thucydid. L. 1. c. 5, 6. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+married 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*45 
+
+
+married Harmonia at the lake 83 Tritonis ; and is faid to have 
+founded in that part of the world no lefs than an hundred 
+cities : 
+
+
+84 
+
+
+A&vsridi Kol$[jlqs ccgaga 
+
+
+Aoo(jLri<r<xs "uroXioov ijcoLToi/Tottfct. 
+
+Some of thefe cities feem to have been lituated far weft in. 
+
+the remoter parts of Africa. 
+
+♦ 
+
+85 K ou A t^vsg ggctTouvTo 'ur&g 'ErKsgiov kXi^cl ycLi^g^ 
+
+Ayy^ivscpri vcuovrsg AKYifxovog ol$sol Ka<fy/,a. 
+
+Carthage itfelf was of old called 86 Cadmeia: fo that he may¬ 
+be ranked among the founders of that city. 
+
+lAYiTgowoKis AiSvng — skolKsitq Js K.OUVY] / uroKig, koci Koc^eioc. 
+
+He is mentioned by Moles Chorenenlis to have fettled in 
+87 Armenia, where there was a regio Cadmeia not far from 
+Colchis. He reigned here 5 and is faid to have been of the 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+giant race, and to have come from 88 Babylonia, 
+city Carthage in Libya was called Cadmeia, fo in this region 
+Cadmeia there was a city Carthage : 89 K ccgyy\4oov 'UToXig Ag- 
+[jimoiS' 
+
+
+s* 
+
+
+rictpct TglTOOVl'Pl XljJ-V'A 
+
+
+'Apfj-oviri 'zo-upeXtKTO po§a) 7 riS'i K ctfpi'js o.?\.yitk. Nonnus. L. 13. p. 372. 
+
+
+Diodorus fays that he married her in Samothracia. L. 5. p. 
+S4 Nonnus. L. 23. p. 372, 
+
+Ss Nonnus. L. 13. p. 370. 
+
+
+323 
+
+
+8 Stephanus Byzant. The Carthaginians are by Silius Italicus ftyled Cadmeans 
+
+Sacri cum perfida pa< 5 ti 
+
+Gens Cadmea fuper regno certamina movit. L. 1. v. 5. 
+
+187 L. 1. c. 9, 10. p. 26. L. 2, c. 4. p. 87. 
+
+
+88 Mofes Choren. L. 1. c. 9. p. 26. There was a city Cadmea in Cilicia. KaT- 
+fj.eicc ex.T/cr8)j kcu SicT'w ev KiAnt/a. Eufebii Chron. p. 30. 1 . 23. 
+
+* 9 Stephanus Byzant. Some think that this is a miftake for Chal- 
+
+cedon. But Chalcedon was not in Armenia, nor in its vicinity. 
+
+
+Vol. XX. 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+Such 
+
+
+
+146 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Such are the expeditions of Cadmus. But is it credible 
+that any perfon could have penetrated into the various re¬ 
+gions, whither he is fuppofed to have gone? to have founded 
+colonies in Phenicia, Cyprus, Rhodes, Thera, Thafus, Ana- 
+phe, Samothracia ? to have twice vilited the Hellefpont ? to 
+have worked the mines in the Pangean mountains, and in 
+other places ? to have made fettlements in Euboea, Attica, 
+Bceotia, and Illyria ? and, above all, to have had fuch terri¬ 
+tories in Afric ? He is reprefented as heir to the kingdom of 
+Egypt: this he quitted, and obtained a kingdom in Phenicia. 
+He leaves this too ; and after much wandering arrives in 
+Greece ; where he founds feveral cities and reigns lixty-two 
+years. After this, hard to conceive I he is made king in 
+Illyria. He muft alfo have reigned in Afric : and his domi¬ 
+nions feem to have been conftderable, as he founded an hun¬ 
+dred cities. He is reprefented as a king in Armenia ; and 
+had there too no fmall territory. Sure kingdoms in thofe 
+times muft have been very cheap, if they were fo ealily at¬ 
+tainable. But the whole is certainly a miftake ; at leaft in 
+refpeft to 90 Cadmus. No perfon could poflibly have effected 
+
+90 Cadmus was coeval with Dardanus. He was in Samothrace before the foun¬ 
+dation of Troy. Diodorus Sicul. L. 5. p. 323. Yet he is laid to be contemporary 
+with the Argonauts: Clemens Alexandrinus Strom. L. 1. p. 382. and'pofterior to 
+Tirefias, who was in the time of Epigonoi. Yet Tirefias is laid to have prophefied 
+of Cadmus, and his offspring. 
+
+oAAa S'e 
+
+Xf'dcrg;, xca {jityccXois C^eocc A c&SJ'ccxidca?. 
+
+Callimachi Lavacra Palladis. v. 125. 
+
+The fon of Cadmus is fuppofed to have lived at the time of the Trojan war: 
+Lycophron. v. 217. and Scholia. His daughter Semele is faid to have been fixteen 
+hundred years before Elerodotus, by that writer’s own account. L. 2. c. 145. She 
+was at this rate prior to the foundation of Argos : and many centuries before her 
+father; near a thoufand years before her brother. 
+
+6 
+
+
+what 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 147 
+
+* 
+
+what is attributed to him. They were not the atchievements 
+of one perfon, nor of one age. And place Cadmus at any 
+given asra, and arrange his hiflory, as may appear moft plau- 
+fible ; yet there will arife numberlefs inconfiflencies from the 
+connexions he muff have in refpedl to time, place, and peo¬ 
+ple ; fuch as no art nor difpofition can remedy. 
+
+It may be afked, if there were no fuch man as Cadmus, 
+what did the ancients allude to under this character ? and 
+what is the true purport of thefe hiftories ? The travels of 
+Cadmus, like the expeditions of Perfeus, Sefoftris, and Ofiris, 
+relate to colonies, which at different times went abroad, and 
+were diftinguifhed by this title. But what was the work of 
+many, and performed at various feafons, has been attributed 
+to one perfon. Cadmus was one of the names of Ofiris, the 
+chief Deity of Egypt. Both Europa, and Harmonia, are of 
+the like nature. They were titles of the Deity; but affumed 
+by colonies, who went out, and fettled under thefe denomi¬ 
+nations. The native Egyptians feldom left their country, 
+but by force. This neceflity however did occur : for Egypt 
+at times underwent great 91 revolutions. It was likewife in 
+fome parts inhabited by people of a different caft ; particu¬ 
+larly by the fons of Chus. Thefe were obliged to retire : in 
+confequence of which they fpread themfelves over various 
+parts of the earth. All, who embarked under the fame 
+name, or title, were in after times fuppofed to have been un¬ 
+der the fame leader : and to him was attributed the honour 
+of every thing performed. And as colonies of the fame de- 
+
+
+91 See Excerpta ex Diodori L. 40. apud Photium. p. 1x52. concerning the dif¬ 
+ferent nations in Egypt, and of their migrations from that country. 
+
+U 2 
+
+
+nomination 
+
+
+
+148 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+nomination went to parts of the world widely diffcant ; their 
+ideal chieftain, whether Cadmus, or Bacchus, or Hercules, 
+was fuppofed to have traverfed the fame ground : and the 
+atchievements of different ages were conferred upon a fancied 
+hero of a day. This has been the caufe of great inconfift- 
+ency throughout the mythology of the ancients. To this 
+they added largely, by being fo lavifh of titles, out of rever¬ 
+ence to their Gods. Wherever they came, they built temples 
+
+to them, and cities, under various denominations ; all which 
+
+% 
+
+were taken from fome fuppofed attribute. Thefe titles and 
+attributes, though they belonged originally to one God, the 
+Sun ; yet being 91 manifold, and mifapplied, gave rife to a 
+multitude of Deities, whofe asra never could be fettled, nor 
+their hiftory rendered confident. Cadmus was one of thefe. 
+He was the fame as Hermes of Egypt, called alfo Thoth, 
+Athoth, and Canathoth: and was fuppofed to have been the 
+inventer of letters. He was fometimes ftyled Cadmilus, 
+another name for Hermes , under which he was worfhiped in 
+Samothracia, and Hetruria. Lycophron fpeaking of the pro¬ 
+phet Prulis in Lefbos tells us, that he was the fon of Cadmus, 
+and of the race of Atlas. And he was the perfon, who was 
+fuppofed to give information to the Greeks, when they were 
+upon their expedition towards Troy. 
+
+91 Diana fays to her father Jupiter, 
+
+.Aos 01 'sruflenyv aci&mov, An'Trct , <puAa^ca, 
+
+Kca 'moXucawf^inv. Callim. H. in Dianam. v. 6. 
+
+Thxvrcti £7r ar 0 £&) 7 ra 5 eyrem 'moPwctivv/xos e~iv. Homer. H. in Apoll. v. 82. 
+
+I7oAA» fj.iv a.i$fc*) 7 ronTi jc’bjc av&vuu.os 
+
+Gecc Kv-rgis. Eurip. Hippolytus. v. 1. 
+
+The Egyptian Deities had many titles. 
+
+1 SIDI. MYRIONYMJE. Gruter. lxxxiii. n. 11. 
+
+
+Q.S 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+149 
+
+
+93 '£2? [jly) crs K ol${jlo 9 w<p£\’ sv 'ursgippvrw 
+Icrcrjo (pvTsvtrcu S'vu'fxsvm 'Grofayenp. 
+
+They are the words of Calfandra: upon which the Scholiaft 
+obferves; IJgvhis, vio$ T8 K cx.S'fJuXz, koli Kac$]u.a, rfroi 'E^b ; 
+Prulis of Lefhos was the fon of Cadmilus , or Cadmus , the fame as 
+Hermes . And afterwards he mentions, 9 * 0 K ct^fxog, Y)Toi 'Egfjuqs, 
+Cadmus , who is the fa7ne as Hermes. In another place he 
+takes notice, that the name of Hermes among; the Hetrurians 
+
+was 95 Cadmilus : and it has been fhewn, that Cadmilus, and 
+
+■ 
+
+Cadmus are the fame. To clofe the whole, we have this 
+further evidence from Phavorinus, that Cadmus was cer¬ 
+tainly an epithet or title of Hermes. 96 Kad]u.os, 8 nvpiov vlovov, 
+
+CtAAO, KOU 'E^|W.8 S7t iQstov. 
+
+Harmonia, the wife of Cadmus, who has been efteemed a 
+mere woman, feems to have been an emblem of nature, and 
+the foftering nurfe of all things. She is from hence ftyled 
+97 'nrctvTgcxpog 'A gfiovioi. And when Venus is reprefented in the 
+
+allegory as making her a vilit, fhe is faid to go 98 sis Sopov 
+
+*A gpovioiG '&roL(JLfJLYiTogQg i to the houfe of the all-produSHve parent . 
+In fome of the Orphic verfes fhe is reprefented not only as a 
+Deity, but as the light of the world,. 
+
+95 Lycophron. v. 219. 
+
+94 Scholia, ibid. 
+
+95 Lycophron. Schol. v. 162. 
+
+96 Vetus Au£tor apud Phavorinum.. 
+
+97 JNonnus. L. 41. p. 1070. Harmonia, by the Scholiaft upon -Apollonius is 
+
+ftyled Nvpnpv Nazi. L. 2. v. 992. The marriage of Cadmus and Harmonia is 
+
+* 
+
+faid to be only a parody of the marriage of Peleus and Thetis. Diodorus. L. 5. 
+P- 3 ^ 3 - 
+
+98 Nonnus. L. 41. p. 1068. 
+
+'A $[tOVlY) y 
+
+
+
+150 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+",'A gpoviri, zot[jloio (paetrpogs , kgli <ro<p£ Actipov. 
+
+Harmonia was fuppofed to have been a perfonage, from whom 
+all knowledge was derived. On this account the books of 
+fcience were ftyled 100 kv^iols 'A gfJLonoig, the books of Har¬ 
+monia, as well as the books of Hermes. Thefe were four in 
+number, of which Nonnus gives a curious account, and fays, 
+that they contained matter of wonderful antiquity. 
+
+1 ElV hi $'£<T<potTCt 'ETamt, T K7rsg '5T£7TgtipsVCL K0(T(JLCa 
+
+YLgoToyovoio &olviqtos zniygoLfys iJLouiri7Fohos 
+The firfl: of them is faid to have been coeval with the world. 
+
+ft 
+
+* n gUTW ftv^iv Q 7 CM 7 CSV OLT £ g ( JLOV 0 $ YihlKCt XQCT { JL &, 
+
+E iv hi 'utolvtol (psgsroiv, o<ra. (TK^irra’^pg Ocpioov 
+Hwe rev. 
+
+From hence we find, that Hermon, or Harmonia, was a 
+Deity, to whom the firft writing is aferibed. The fame is 
+faid of Hermes. 3 *E %fJLY\g XsysTou ©scoi/ sv Aiyv7rTw ygufir 
+
+[mccto. 'WgwTog svgsiv. The invention is alfo attributed to 
+
+♦ 
+
+Taut, or Thoth. 4 Il^&rros ss’i T uotirrog, 6 rm yg cm tw) 
+ivgzi nv £ 7 fiv o/jcr <xg ,—-ov A lyvTrrioi (jlsv exaK&rciv ©wy$, AA s^oev- 
+
+dgzig Js ®oo3, ‘Egfju)V Js 'EAA^ss [JLSTScppourcLV. Cadmus is faid 
+
+99 Oraculum Apollinis Sminthei apud Ladlantium. D. I. L. I. c. 8. p. 32. Slie 
+is ftyled the mother of the Amazons. Steph. Byzant. 'A py.zvia.^ 
+
+100 Nonnus. E. 12. p. 228. 
+
+* Ibid. 
+
+‘ Ibid. 
+
+3 Plutarch. Sympof. L. g. Qusft. 13. p.738. 
+
+4 Philo apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. p. 31. 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 151 
+
+not only to have brought letters into Greece, but to have 
+been the inventor of them.: from whence we may fairly con¬ 
+clude, that under the characters of Hermon, Hermes, Taut, 
+Thoth, and Cadmus, one perfon is alluded to. The Deity 
+called by the Greeks Harmonia was introduced among the 
+Canaanites very early by people from Egypt: and was wor¬ 
+shiped in Sidon, and the adjacent country by the name of 
+5 Baal Hermon. 
+
+Europa likewife was a Deity: according to Lucian the 
+fame as Aftarte, who was worshiped at Hierapolis in Syria. 
+He vifited the temple, and had this information from the 
+priefts : 6 dog Js 01 Tig roov Igeow omriyero, Evgw rqg eft (to 
+
+CLyoLhfJLa) TY)g K a.$fjus cnh'hQeYis. He is Speaking of the ftatue 
+in the temple, which the priefts told him belonged to a God- 
+defs, the fame as Europa, the lifter of Cadmus. She was 
+alfo efteemed the fame as Rhea; which Rhea we know was 
+the reputed mother of the gods, and particularly the mother 
+of Jupiter. 
+
+7 E/ clv Eslol renoi nrcciia. K .govw sv qiXotvti. 
+
+9 
+
+Pindar fpeaks of Europa, as the 8 daughter of Tityus : and 
+by Herodotus £he is made the mother of 9 Sarpedon and 
+Minos. 
+
+I have mentioned, that Cadmus was the fame as the Egyp- 
+
+s Judges, c. 3. v. 3. Hermon was particularly worfhiped about Libanus, and 
+Antilibanus, where was the country of the Cadmonites, and Syrian Hivites. 
+
+6 Lucian de Syria Dea. p. 6. 
+
+7 Apud Proclum in Timaeum. p. 121. See Orpheus. Fragm. p. 403. 
+
+8 Pyth. Ode 4. p. 237. 
+
+9 Herodotus. L. 1. c. 173. 
+
+
+tian 
+
+
+
+152 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+tian Thoth; and it is manifeft from, his being Hermes, and 
+
+^ t 
+
+from the invention of letters being attributed to him. Simi¬ 
+lar to the account given of Cadmus is the hiftory of a per- 
+fonage called by the Greeks Caanthus : this hiftory contains 
+an epitome of the voyage undertaken by Cadmus, though 
+with fome fmall variation. Caanthus is faid to have been 
+the fon of Oceanus ; which in the language of Egypt is the 
+fame as the fon of Ogus, and Oguges ; a different name for 
+the fame IO perfon. Ogus, and with the reduplication Ogu- 
+gus, was the fame as Ogyges, in whofe time the flood was 
+
+fuppofed to have happened. Ogyges is reprefented both as 
+
+* 
+
+a king of Thebes in Egypt, and of Thebes in Boeotia : and 
+in his time Cadmus is faid to have left the former country, 
+and to have come to the latter, 'being fent in queft of his 
+After Europa by his father. Caanthus was lent by his father 
+with a like commiflion. His After Melia had been ftolen 
+away : and he was ordered to fearch every country, till he 
+found her. He accordingly traverfed many feas, and at laft 
+landed in Greece, and pafled into Boeotia. Here he found, 
+that his After was detained by Apollo in the grove of Ifme- 
+
+nus. There was -a fountain 11 of the fame name near the 
+
+# 
+
+grove, which was guarded by a dragon. Caanthus is faid to 
+
+have caft Are into this facred recefs ; on which account he 
+
+was flain by Apollo. His Tot<pog, or tomb, was in after times, 
+fhewn by the Thebans. We may perceive, that the main 
+
+
+Og, Ogus, Ogenus, Ogugus, D.yvyv^ Ci.ymS'a.i, all relate to the Ocean. 
+
+" Ai 'coreoco cT e laptevis T/ju Y.pY\vnv iSois ot\\ wnvtx, A (peter lv ispccv Blvqli^ you Spot- 
+ycvt ct vtto Ta A pecog t7ri r TZ r Tot<pfiou (pvXctYct t>i zniyy' 'z&'pos TcaiTy tw xpyn'y Tct(po$ ecj-t 
+
+K ctctiSn' MfA ictg cTe ai^gAcpoi/* Ttcti Chcera/v zivcti K ctavQov AcpzAjjrca S'e 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+part 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 153 
+
+jpart of this relation agrees with that of Cadmus, Melie, the 
+lifter of Caanthus, is by fome fpoken of as the mother of 
+11 Europa: which ftiews, that there is a correfpondenee be¬ 
+tween the two hiftories. The perfon alfo, who fent thefe 
+two adventurers, the lifter, of whom they went in queft, and 
+the precife place, to which they both came, exhibit a feries 
+of circumftances fo limilar, that we need not doubt, but that 
+it is one and the fame hiftory. It is faid, that Caanthus 
+threw fire into the facred 13 grove: which legend, however 
+mifconftrued, relates to the firft eftablifhment of fire-worfhip 
+at Thebes in the grove of Apollo Ifmenius. The term If- 
+menius is compounded of Is-Men, ignis Menis. Meen, 
+Menes, Manes, was one of the moft ancient titles of the 
+
+ian God Oliris, the fame as Apollo, and Caanthus. 
+What has been mentioned about Cadmus and Caanthus, is 
+repeated under the character of a perfon named Curnus; 
+who is faid to have been fent by his father Inachus in fearch 
+of his lifter 14 Io. Inachus, Oceanus, Ogugus, and Agenor, 
+are all the fame perfonages under different names ; and the 
+hiftories are all the fame. 
+
+
+
+12 Dicitur Europa fuifle Agenoris Pheenicum Regis, et Meli^e Nymphae, fill a. 
+Natalis Comes. L. 8. p. 481. 
+
+13 So Phlegyas was faid to have fired the temple of Apollo at Delphi. Euleb. 
+Chron. p. 27. Apud Delphos templum Apollinis incendit Phlegyas. Eutatius. 
+Placidus upon Statius. Thebaid. L. 1. v. 703. But Phlegyas was the Deity of 
+fire, prior to Apollo and his temple. Apollo is faid to have married Coronis the 
+daughter of Phlegyas. Hyginus. F. 161. and by her he had a fon Delphus, from 
+whom Delphi had its name. ibid. See Paufan. L. 10. p. 811. The mytholo- 
+gifts have made Apollo flay Caanthus: but Caanthus, Cunthus, Cunsethus, were 
+all titles of the fame Deity called Chan-Thoth in Egypt. 
+
+14 Diodorus Siculus. L. 5, p. 331. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+X 
+
+
+That 
+
+
+
+154 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+That Cadmus was of old efteemed a Deity may be further 
+proved from his being worfhiped at Gortyna in Crete, as we 
+learn from 15 Solinus. lidem Gortynii et Cadmum colunt, 
+Europse fratrem. He had moreover an Heroum at Sparta, 
+which was erected by people ftyled the fons of 16 Huraeus. 
+We learn from Palasphatus, that according to fome of the 
+ancient mythologies, Cadmus was the perfon, who flew the 
+ferpent 17 at Lerna. And according to Nonnus he contended 
+with the giant Tiphceus, and reftored to Jupiter his loft 
+18 thunder. By this is meant, that he renewed the rites, and 
+worfhip of the Deity, which had been abolilhed. Thefe are 
+circumftances, which fufficiently fhew, that Cadmus was a 
+different perfonage, from what he is generally imagined. 
+There was a hill in Phrygia of his name, and probably fa- 
+cred to him ; in which were the fountains of the river 19 Ly- 
+cus. There was alfo a river Cadmus, which rofe in the fame 
+mountain, and was loft underground. It foon afterwards 
+burft forth again, and joined the principal ftream. Moun¬ 
+tains and rivers were not denominated from ordinary perfon- 
+ages. In ftiort, Cadmus was the fame as Hermes, Thoth, 
+and Ofiris : under which characters more than one perfon is 
+alluded to: for all theology of the ancients is of a mixed 
+nature. He may principally be efteemed Ham, who by his 
+pofterity was looked up to as the Sun, and worfhiped under 
+
+15 Solinus. L. 17. 
+
+16 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 245. 
+
+17 Paltephatus. p. 22. 
+
+lS Dionyfiaca. L. 1. p. 42. L. 1. p. 38. 
+
+19 Strabo. L. 12. p. 867. 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 155 
+
+his titles : a circumftance however, which was common to 
+all, who were ftyled Baalim. That he was the fame as 
+Ham will appear from the etymology of his name. I have 
+before fhewn that the Sun was ftyled 10 Achad, Achon, and 
+Achor : and the name, of which we are treating, is a com¬ 
+pound of 2,1 Achad-Ham, rendered by the Greeks Acadamus 
+and Academus, and contracted Cadmus. Many learned men 
+have thought, that the place at Athens called Academia was 
+
+a 
+
+founded by Cadmus, and denominated from him : and of 
+the latter circumftance I make no doubt. 11 Ab hoc Cadmo 
+eruditi Academiam, quaft Cadmiam deducunt : quo nomine 
+indigitari locum mufis ftudiifque facratum notiftimum eft. 
+The true name of Cadmus according to this fuppofttion muft 
+have been, as I have reprefented, Acadamus; or as the lo- 
+nians exprefted it Academus, to have Academia formed from 
+it. Herodotus informs us, that, when the Cadmians came to 
+Attica, they introduced a new fyftem of Architecture ; and 
+built temples in a ftyle quite different from that, to which 
+the natives had been ufed. And he defcribes thefe buildings 
+as ereCted at fome diftance from thofe of the country. This 
+
+
+* See Radicals, p. 76. 
+
+** Places facred to the Sun had the name of Achad, and Achor. Nifibis was 
+fo called. In Achor , qua eft Nifibis . Ephrsemus Syrus. Et in Achad , qua nunc 
+dicitur Nifibus. Hieron. See Geograph. Hebrseor. Extera. p. 227. of the learned 
+Michaelis, 
+
+The Deity, called Achor, and Achad, feerns to be alluded to by Ifaiah. c. 65. 
+v. 10. and c. 66. v. 17. Achad well known in Syria: Selden de Diis Syris. c. 6. 
+p. 105. 
+
+. xx Hoffman—Academia. Hornius, Hift. Philofoph. L. 7. 
+
+2,3 K ou a<pi igct 2v ABnpy.cri Id^v/xercc^ roov eleu fierce toicti Xonroiai A0 nvouoicri^ 
+aAAa Tg yce^cepicrfxevcc. r rcov ccAAcor ipoou* ** tccu In kccl A%cu)'m Hn/wiTpos loop rs xca 
+
+
+opyiu. Herod. L. 5. p. 6i. 
+
+
+X 2 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+j S 6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+was the fituation of the place called Academia, which flood 
+at the diftance of a few furlongs from 2+ Athens. It was a 
+place of exercife, ai}d fcience ; and by all accounts finely dif- 
+poled; being planted with variety of trees, but particularly 
+Olives, called here (M ogiou) Morias. There were likewife 
+fprings, and baths for the convenience of thofe, who here 
+took their exercife. The tradition among the Athenians 
+was, that one Ecademus, or Academus, founded it in ancient 
+times ; from whom it received its name. Laertius ftyles him 
+
+the hero Ecademus : 2S A 7T0 Tivog 1 ]gocog cavofJLOLcr&i) ~RzoL$Y)fJLx. 
+
+% 
+
+And Suidas to the fame purpofe : A?ro E/sad^H Tivog fjfiooog 
+ov o ( (jlcut d bv . But Eupolis, the comic writer, who was far prior, 
+fpeaks of him as a Deity : 26 Ev evvKioig 
+
+©£8. The trees, which grew within the precindts, were 
+
+looked upon as very facred, 27 ovToog Ib^oli ; and the place itfelf 
+in ancienf times was of fo great fan£tity, that it was a pro¬ 
+fanation to laugh there; 28 'GTgoTSgov sv A{Jly)$b yshci- 
+<rca s%is<ria.v eivca. 
+
+The Ceramicus at Athens had the fame name ; and was 
+
+24 Paufanias. L. i. p. 71. 
+
+25 Diog. Laertius. L. 3. § 6. Hornius fays. Academia a Cadmo nomen accepit, 
+non ab Ecademo. L. 7. c. 3. but Ecademus, and Cadmus, were undoubtedly the 
+fame perfon. Harpocration thinks that it took its name from the perfon, who firft 
+confecrated it. Atto th xccQiepccactvTos AxaJw/4y. 
+
+C H y.er A x,<zePn/xicc clttq vgeoos 'Tiros AxaJ'jj/ta tctigclvtos tov tqttqv . Ulpian upon 
+Demofth. contra Timocratem. 
+
+26 Eupolis Comicus : ev A<rpoTeuTot$ apud Laertium in Vita Platonis. L. §. 
+c. 7. 
+
+27 H v yccp yufjLvcLcriov cltto AxacTw/xa —wept ccvtov <?e naccr cci ovrcoos iepocs EA octoci tvs 
+0 e&, a* xcctevTca Mopicu. Schol. upon Ariftoph. NepeAca. v. 1001. 
+
+i8 iElian. Var. Hift. L. 3. c. 35. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+undoubtedly 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 157 
+
+undoubtedly given from the lame perfonage. A .zoL$ri[Jua, m net- 
+XsiTcti <Ts 8T605 0 K EgaLfJtiKog. Hefych. The common notion 
+was, that it was denominated from the hero * 9 Ceramus, the 
+fon of Dionufus. This arofe from the common miftake ; by 
+which the place was put for the perfon, to whom it was 
+facred, and whofe name it bore. Ham was the fuppofed 
+hero: and Ceramus was Cer-Ham, the tower or temple of 
+Ham, which gave name to the inclofure. This abufe of 
+terms is no where more apparent than in an infeription men¬ 
+tioned by Gruter ; where there is a mixed title of the Deity 
+formed from his place of worfhip. 
+
+30 Malacae Hifpania;. 
+
+MARTI CIRADINO 
+TEMPLUM COMMUNI VOTO 
+
+E R E C T U M. 
+
+Cir-Adon was the temple of Adon, or Adonis ; the Amonian 
+title of the chief God. In like manner near mount Laphyf- 
+tium in Boeotia the God 31 Charops was worfhiped, and ftyled 
+Hercules Charops. But Char-Ops, or Ghar-Opis, lignified 
+the temple of the ferpent Deity: and was undoubtedly built 
+of old by the people named Charopians, andCyclopians; who 
+were no other than the ancient Cadmians. Ceramicus was 
+an Egyptian name; and one of the gates or towers of the 
+gates at 31 Naucratis in that country was fo called. It was alio 
+
+
+a9 To cfs ooptov o YLegctfjuytos to yjev ovojjloc €%£i cc7to figcoos Kepuyjte' Aioruo-y ts etvoci 
+kou Agtcti'vTK. Paufan. L. i. p. 8. 
+
+30 Gruter. Infcrip. p* 57. n. 13. 
+
+31 Paufan. L. g. p* 779. 
+
+Athenseus. L. 11. p. 480. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+158 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the name of an harbour in Caria, probably denominated from 
+fome building at the 33 entrance. 
+
+I may poftibly be thought to proceed too far in abridging 
+hiftory of fo many heroic perfonages, upon whofe names an¬ 
+tiquity has impreffed a reverence ; 
+
+
+a reverence ; and whofe mighty adtion 
+have never been difputed. For though the drefs and colour 
+ing may have been thought the work of fancy, yet the fub 
+ftance of their hiftory has been loo! 
+
+
+true. 
+
+
+To which I anfwer 
+
+
+ed upon as undeniably 
+as undoubtedly founded 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+truth : and the only way to afcertain what is genuine 
+
+
+muft be by Gripping hiftory of this unnatural veil, with 
+which it has been obfcured ; and to reduce the whole to its 
+original appearance. This may be effedted upon the prin¬ 
+ciples, which I have laid down ; for if inftead of Perfeus, or 
+Hercules, we fubflitute bodies of men, who went under fuch 
+
+
+hiftory will be rendered very probabl 
+
+
+con- 
+
+
+and 
+
+fiftent. If inftead of one perfon Cadmus traverfingfo mud 
+ground, and introducing the rites of his country at Rhodes 
+
+
+Samos, Thera, Thafus, Samoth 
+
+
+and building fo many 
+
+
+Libya, we fuppofe thefe thing 
+
+
+have been done 
+
+
+by colonies, who were ftyled Cadmians j all will be very 
+
+
+ght, and the credibility of the hiftory not difputed 
+
+
+Many 
+
+
+difficulties may by thefe means be folved, which cannot 
+otherwife be explained : and great light will be thrown upon 
+the mythology of the ancients. 
+
+The ftory then of Cadmus, and Europa, relates to 
+from Egypt, and Syria, who went abroad at different times 
+
+
+peopl 
+
+
+and fettled in various parts 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+
+faid 
+
+
+have been 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+Pliny. L, 5. c. 29. 
+
+
+determined 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 159 
+
+determined in their place of refidence by an ox, or cow: by 
+which this only is meant, that they were directed by an 
+oracle : for without fuch previous inquiry no colonies went 
+abroad. An oracld by the Amonians was termed Alphi, and 
+Alpha, the voice of God. In Egypt the principal oracular 
+temples were thofe of the facred animals Apis and Mneuis. 
+Thefe animals were highly reverenced at Heliopolis and Mem¬ 
+phis, and in other cities of that country. They were of the 
+male kind ; but the honours were not confined to them ; for 
+the cow, and heifer were held in the like veneration, and 
+they were efteemed equally prophetic. Hence it was, that 
+they were in common with the Apis and Mneuis ftyled Al¬ 
+phi, and Alpha : which name was likewife current among 
+the Tyrians, and Sidonians. In confequence of this, Plu¬ 
+tarch fpeaking of the letter Alpha, fays, 3 * Qoiviitug stw ncc- 
+
+7\eiv rov fixv. The Phe?iicicms call an ox Alpha. And Hefy- 
+
+chius fpeaks to the fame purpofe. A Xqxt, fisg. Thus we 
+find that Alpha was both an oracle, and an oracular animal. 
+The Grecians took it in the latter acceptation; and inftead 
+of faying that the Cadmians a<£ted in obedience to an oracle, 
+they gave out, that Cadmus followed a cow. What is al¬ 
+luded to in the animal, which was fuppofed to have been his 
+guide, may be known by the defcription given of it by Pau- 
+fanias: 35 E7rt <Ts SKccrs^ag Trig (3 oog 'urAsvgccg crri^ziov sjrstvcu. 
+
+Xevzov, eiKOL<rpi£VQV KVftXcf rr\g %sXr)VY)g. There was a white mark on 
+
+3+ Plutarch Sympof. L. 9. c. 3. p. 738. Alpha likewife fignified a leader : but 
+I imagine, that this was a fecondary fenfe of the word. As Alpha was a leading 
+letter in the alphabet, it was conferred as a title upon any perfon, who took the 
+lead, and ftood foremoft upon any emergency. 
+
+35 Paufan. L. 9. p. 733. 
+
+
+each 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+160 
+
+
+each fide of the cow like the figure of the moon. The poet quoted 
+by the Scholiaft upon Ariftophanes fpeaks to the fame pur- 
+
+This 
+
+
+pofe. 
+
+
+A evxov ixctregOs 'UT£gi7r?\oxov ihvTs Mjjwjj. 
+
+
+is an exadt defcription of the 37 Apis, and other facred kine 
+in Egypt: and the hiftory relates to an oracle given to the 
+Cadmians in that country. This the Grecians have repre- 
+
+
+fented, as if Cadmus had been conducted by a cow : the 
+term Alphi, and Alpha, being liable to be taken in either of 
+thefe acceptations. Nonnus fpeaks of Cadmus as bringing 
+the rites of 38 Dionufus, and Oftris, from Egypt to Greece : 
+
+going 
+
+in queft of a bull, and as being determined in his place of 
+reftdence by a 39 
+
+
+and defcribes him according to the common notion as 
+
+
+cow. 
+
+
+Yet he afterwards feems to allude to 
+the true purport of the hiftory ; and fays, that the animal 
+fpoken of was of a nature very different from that, which 
+was imagined : that it was not one of the herd, but of divine 
+original. 
+
+
+40 
+
+
+Ka<5)(X£ fJLOLTW 'urspitpons, 'uroXv7r?\a.vov iyvo; 
+
+
+M clfsvsis t iva, T catgov 
+
+
+f*>OSY) T £X£ y<xzr\g 
+
+
+Under the character of Europa are to be underftood peo¬ 
+ple ftyled Europians from their particular mode of worfhip. 
+The firft variation from the purer Zabaifm conftfted in the 
+
+
+36 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+Scholia in Ariftoph. v. 1256 
+
+
+Herodot 
+
+
+L. 4. p. 126. 
+
+
+40 
+
+
+AiyV7TTlS £uovv<t& 
+
+Ei hol (poiryiryoos Ocrigtf'os Qoyict (pcuvuv. 
+
+Tlccrpi^os 'moAiaaov € 7 rojvvfJLov, 'zreaBcrcc 
+
+E vvrio-ei feccgywov sov r zzro£'cc S'ccifj.ovni ( 3 &$, Nonnus. L. 4. p. 130. 
+L. 4. p. 128. 
+
+
+Ophiolatreia, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+161 
+
+
+Ophiolatreia, or 
+fpread wonderfu 
+
+
+worfhip of the ferpent. This innovation 
+]y ; fo that the chief Deity of the Gentile 
+world was almoft univerfally worshiped under this fymbolical 
+
+
+prefentat 
+
+
+The ferpent among the Amonians was fly led 
+
+
+Oph, Eph, and Ope : by the Greeks expreffed O q>ig y O Trig 
+
+
+O V 7 TIQ : which terms were 
+
+
+,lly combined with the 
+
+
+different titles of the Deity. This worfhip prevailed 
+
+
+bylonia, Egypt* and Sy 
+
+
+from which countries it was 
+
+
+brought by the Gadmiaiis into G 
+
+
+Serp 
+
+
+acceperunt Grseci 
+
+
+Cadmo 
+
+
+made 
+
+
+all their 
+
+
+yfteries ; and was attended with fome wonderful 
+
+
+mftances : of which I 
+
+
+before made fome mention 
+
+
+in the treatife de Ophiolatria. Colonies, which went abroad > 
+not only went under the patronage, but under fome title of 
+their God : and this Deity was in aftertimes fbppofed ta 
+have been the real conductor. As the Cadmians, and Eu- 
+ropians, were Ophitse, both their temples, and cities, alfo the 
+hills, and rivers, where they fettled, were often denominated 
+from this circumftance. We read of Anopus, Afopus, Oro- 
+pus. Europus, Charopus, Ellopis, Ellopia ; all nearly of the 
+fame purport, and named from the fame object of worfhip. 
+Europa was a 43 Deity : and the name is a compound Eur¬ 
+ope, analogous to Canope, Canophis, and Cnuphis of 
+Egypt y and lignifies Orus Pytho. It is rendered by the 
+
+
+41 Voflius de Idol. Vol. 3. Comment, in Rabbi M. Maimonidem de Sacrificiis. 
+p. 76. 
+
+r. 1. Apolog. p. 60. 
+
+See Radicals, p. 47. 
+
+45 Europa was the fame as Rhea, and Aftarte. Lueiah. Dea Syria. 
+
+Vol. II. Y Greeks 
+
+
+41 Juftin Marty 
+
+
+
+162 .The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Greeks as a feminine, upon a fuppofition, that it was the 
+name of a woman; but it related properly to a-country; and 
+we find many places of the like etymology in Media* Syria; 
+and Babylonia : which were exprefied in the mafculine Euro- 
+
+pos 
+
+I have fliewn,. that Cadmus was Taut, or. Thoth ; the 
+Taautes of Sanchoniathon. It is faid of this perfon, that he 
+firfl: introduced the worfhip of the ferpent: and thi-s fo early, 
+that not only the Tyrians and Sidonians, but the Egyptians* 
+received it from* him. From hence we may infer, that it* 
+came from 44 Babylonia : 4S Try '[JLSV ovv ra A gauovTos QVfiPj 
+
+KCLl TOOV opsuv, CLVTOg S^edsM.U'SV 0 T CLOLVTOS, KCCl [JLST CLVTOV cuvOi? 
+<$?QIVI)IZ$ TS, K.OLI A lyVTCTlOl. 
+
+0 m 
+
+The learned writers, who have treated of the Gadmians, 
+
+have failed in nothing more, than in not confidering, that 
+
+♦ 
+
+they were a twofold colony, which came both from Egypt, 
+and Syria : from Egypt firfl;; and then from Syria, and Ca¬ 
+naan. In their progrefs weftward they fettled in Cyprus, 
+Crete, Rhodes, Samos, Lefbos, Thrace : alfo in Euboea, At¬ 
+tica, and Boeotia. In procefs of time they were enabled to 
+make fettlements in other parts, particularly in Epirus and 
+Illyria : and to occupy fome confiderable provinces in Italy 
+as high up as the Padus. Wherever they pafled, they left 
+behind them numberlefs memorials : but they are to be 
+
+Hence Nonnus alluding to the Tauric oracle,, which Cadmus followed, calls 
+it A (Tyrian : by this is meant Babylonian for Babylonia was in aftertimes efteemed 
+a portion of Affyria. 
+
+Aaavgwv cT’ ct.7rQs.17rz Tern fiyvTopz. L. 4. p. 128. 
+
+45 Eufebius. P. E. L. 1. c, 10. p. 40. 
+
+traced 
+
+
+, and Oropus. The fame alfo is obfervable in Greece. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythol-ogy. 
+
+
+163 
+
+traced by none more plainly than by their rites, and wor¬ 
+
+
+ship. 
+
+
+As they occupied the greatefl part of Syria, that 
+
+
+country was particularly addicted to this fpecies of idolatry. 
+Many temples were eredted to the Ophite God : 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+many 
+
+
+citfes were denominated from him 
+
+
+Both 
+
+
+46 
+
+
+Appian, and 
+
+
+Stephanus Byzantinus mention places in Syrophenicia called 
+Oropus. Upon the Euphrates alfo in Mefopotamia were the 
+
+
+cities 47 Amphipolis, and 48 Dura, both called of old Oropus. 
+The chief Syrian God had the title of Bel, Baal, and Belial; 
+which laft the Greeks rendered BsXiag. Hence Clemens in- 
+jftead of faying, what agreement can there be between Chrift 
+and Belial, fays 49 Tig <Js <rv{JL<puvYi<rig Xgi?8 'Ufgog BEAIAP. 
+This Belial, or Beliar, was the fame as Belorus, and Ollris, 
+who were worfhiped under the fymbol of a ferpent. 
+Helychius explains the term Beliar by a ferpent. Bshictg 
+
+culw». Beliar is the fame as a dragon or ferpent. The Cad- 
+mians are faid to have betaken themfelves to Sidon, and 
+Biblus : and the country between thefe cities is called Chous 
+at this day. To the north is the city, and province of Ha- 
+
+: and a town, and caftle, called by D’Anville Cadmus; 
+
+
+
+
+ma 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+by the natives exprefied Quadamus, or 50 Chadamus. 
+Cadmians probably founded the temple of Baal Hermon in 
+Mount Libanus, and formed, one of the Hivite nations in 
+thole parts. Bochart has very jullly obferved, that an Hivite 
+
+
+46 Appian de Bello Syrfac. p. 125. 
+
+Stephanus. Oropus. 
+
+47 Pliny. L. 5. c. 25. 
+
+4S Ifidorus Characenus, apud Geogr. Vet, v. 2, 
+
+49 Clemens Alexand. L. 5. p. 680. 
+
+50 See D’Anville’s Map of Syria. 
+
+Y 2 is 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+164 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+is the fame as an SI Ophite : and many of this denomination 
+refided under Mount Libanus, and Anti-Libanus ; part of 
+which was called Baal Hermon, as we learn from the facred 
+
+
+
+
+writings. s * 
+prove Ifrael. 
+
+
+
+are 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+which the Lord left 
+
+
+Lords of the Philijl. 
+
+
+a?id all ’ the 
+
+
+Canaa? 2 ites* and tfceMB%dv7iia?is 
+
+
+nd the Hivites that dwell in 
+
+
+Mount Leba?ion froqfgMount Baal Hermoji ujito the entering 
+of Hamath. Thercfwere other 
+
+
+Hivites. who 
+
+
+r - *v 
+
+
+by Mofes among thef children of 
+
+
+ire mentioned 
+But the Cad- 
+
+
+monites, and many, of the people about Mount Libanus were 
+of another family. The Hivites of Canaan Proper were 
+thofe, who by a ftratagem obtained a treaty with 54 Jofhua. 
+Their chief cities were Gibeon, Cephirah, Beeroth, and Kir- 
+
+
+jath J 
+
+
+Thefe lay within 
+
+
+tribe of S5 Tudah, and of 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+Benjamin, who poffefted the fouthern parts of Canaan, 
+the other Hivites, among whom were the Cadmonites, lay 
+far to the north under Libanus at the very extremities of the 
+
+
+ntry 
+
+
+The facred writer 
+
+
+diftinguifh.es them from the 
+
+
+Canaanites, as well as from the other Hivites, by faying, the 
+Hivites of Baal Hermon. And he feems to diftinguifh the 
+Sidonians from the genuine Canaanites, and juftly : for if we 
+
+may credit prophane hiftory, the Cadmians had obtained the 
+
+% 
+
+fovereignty in that city: and the people were of a mixed race. 
+
+
+5 6 
+
+
+Ka<J]u. 
+
+
+■Tvs 
+
+
+s£ou?i?\ev 
+
+
+The Cadmians 
+
+
+51 
+
+
+51 
+
+
+: y 
+
+
+54 
+
+
+Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 4. p. 305 
+Judges. 
+
+Genefis. 
+
+
+c. 3. v. i, 3. 
+
+C. iO. V. 17. 
+
+
+Jofhua. c. 9. v. 3. and 7. 
+
+5 “ Jofhua. c. 15. v. 9. and c. 18. v. 25, 26 
+56 Kufebii Chron. p. 27. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+tended 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+165 
+
+
+tended themfelves in thefe parts quite to the Euphrates, and 
+weftward to the coaft of Greece, and Aufonia ; and {fill far¬ 
+ther to the great Atlantic. They went under the name of 
+Ellopians, Oropians, 57 Cadmonites, Hermonians, Ophitas : 
+and wherever they fettled, there will be always found fome 
+reference to their ancient hiftory, and religion. As they 
+were particularly ftyled Ophitse, or Hivites, many places,whi¬ 
+ther they came, were faid to fwarm with 58 ferpents. Rhodes 
+was under this predicament, and had the name of Ophiufa: 
+which name was given on account of the Hivites who there 
+fettled, and of the ferpent-worfhip, which they introduced. 
+But the common notion was, that it was fo called from real 
+ferpents, with which it was infefted. The natives were faid 
+to have been of the giant face, and the S9 Heliadae or ofF- 
+fpring of the Sun; under which characters the ancients par¬ 
+ticularly referred to the fons of Chus, and Canaan. Their 
+coming to the ifland is alluded to under the arrival both of 
+Danaus and Cadmus, by whom the rites, and 60 religion of 
+
+In 
+
+
+the Rhodians are fuppofed to have been introduced 
+Greece were feveral cities named Oropus, by which i 
+nified Ori Serpentis civitas. 
+
+
+fl g 
+
+
+One of thefe was 
+
+
+T ana 
+
+
+57 Cadmus is called K aSfjLcov. Steph. Byzant. IAA vpicc. Berkelius has altered it to 
+
+though he confeffes, that it is contrary to the evidence of every edition 
+
+and MS. 
+
+58 Concerning Hivite Colonies fee Vol. t. p. 481. 
+
+59 Diodorus Sic. L. 5. p. 327. p. 329. 
+
+60 Diodorus. Ibid. 
+
+61 Paufanias. L. 1. p. S3. 
+
+There was Oropia as well as Elopia in Euboea Steph. Byzant. Oropus in Ma¬ 
+cedonia. Ibid. Alfo in Syria. Orobii Tranfpadani. Europus near Mount Hannus. 
+Ptolemy. Europa in Epirus*. Ibid. 
+
+
+
+vi66 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+gra upon the border of Attica, and Boeotia. This is the very 
+fpot, where the Cadmians firfi: redded: and ..the city was 
+undoubtedly built by them. It flood near the warm baths 
+of Amphiaraus, whofe temple belonged to the Oropians; 
+and who was particularly worihiped by them. We are in¬ 
+formed by Strabo, that the temple of Amphiaraus was built 
+cither in imitation, or in memory, of one called Cnopia at 
+fz Thebes- Cnopia is a contra&ion for Can-Opia ; and the 
+temple was certainly founded by people from Egypt. It 
+took its name from Can-ope, or Can-opus, the Ophite God 
+of that country ; and of the people likewife, by whom the 
+building was erected. The natives of Boeotia had many me¬ 
+morials of their having been originally Ophites. The hiftory 
+of-their country had continual references to ferpents and dra¬ 
+gons. They feem to have been the national infigne : at 
+leaft, they were efteemed fo by the people of Thebes. Hence 
+we find, that upon the tomb of Epaminondas there was 
+figured a fliield w'ith a ferpent for a device, to fignify that he 
+was an Ophite, or 63 Theban. The Spartans were of the lame 
+race : and there is faid to have been the fame device upon 
+the fhield of 6 * Menelaus, and of 65 Agamemnon. The ftory 
+
+
+Lt Strabo. L. 9. p. 619. 
+tl Suidas. Epaminondas. 
+tJr Paufanias. L. 10. p. 863. 
+
+6j Both Menelaus and Agamemnon were ancient titles of the chief Deity. The 
+latter is fuppofed to have been the fame as Zeus, ./Ether, and Ccelus. He feems 
+to have been worfhiped under the fymbol of a ferpent with three heads. Hence 
+Homer has given to his hero of this name a ferpent for a device both upon his 
+breaftplate, and upon his baldrick. 
+
+
+Tm f ’ OLO'yVQZoS TehsCfJLGOV /?!', CCVTCtp B7T CCUTU 
+K VCC1S05 SAe?[.IKTO Spccxcov* OU cTs 01 Y\<JQLV 
+
+
+
+
+Tgeis ccjn(pi<^ps$s€$2 bos ctv^evos 6x.7rB(pvuioci* 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+Iliad. A. v. 3&. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of A'ncient Mythology. 167 
+
+of Cadmus, and of the ferpent, with which he engaged upon 
+his arrival in Bceotia, relates to the Ophite worfhip, which 
+was there inftituted by the Cadmians. So Jafon in Colchis, 
+Apollo-in Phocis, Hercules at Lerna, engaged with ferpents* 
+all which are hiftories of the fame purport ; but miftaken by 
+the later Grecians. 
+
+It will-- not, I think, be amifs to take notice of fome of 
+thofe countries weft ward, to which Cadmus is faid to have 
+betaken himfelf. From Bceotia- he is fuppofed to have paffed 
+to Epirus and Illyria : and it is certain, that the Cadmians 
+fettled in many places upon that coaft. In Thefprotia was a 
+province of the Athamanes; who were denominated from 
+their Deity Ath-Man, or Ath-Manes. Here were the rivers 
+Acheron, and Cocytus, the lake Acherufia, and the peftife- 
+rous pool 65 Aornon. Here was the city Acanthus, fimilar 
+to one of the fame name about forty miles above 67 Mem¬ 
+phis : and a nation of people called 62 Oreitss : all which; have 
+a reference to Egypt. The oracle at Dodona was founded 
+by people from the fame country, as we are affured by 69 He¬ 
+rodotus and others. And not only colonies from that coun¬ 
+try, but people from Canaan muft have betaken themfelves 
+to thefe parts, as is evident from names of places. This 
+
+66 Paufanias. L. i. p. 40. Strabo. L. 7. p. 495. 
+
+Aornon, and an oracular temple in Thefprotia. Paufanias. L. 9. p. 768. 
+
+' 67 Kai ev AiyuTTTu AscavBo?,. Mey.tp.Sos car i-^BQ a. ^-ceSiBS Tgiaxoatvs eixocn'—Se 
+ti Abce.fJLct.vioi Steph. Byzant. 
+
+68 Enct y.iTd tbtov ncriv OPEITAI 7 \eyou.zvoi. Dictearchus. Geog. Vet, Vol. 2. 
+p. 3. v. 45. 
+
+T op 
+
+
+will 
+
+
+
+168 The Analysis of Ancilnt Mythology. 
+
+will appear from, the city 70 Phcenice : and from another near 
+Oricum, called Palaefle; and from the coaft: and region 
+fly led Palaeftina. This was the fpot where Caefar landed, 
+before he marched to Pharfalia. 71 Poflridie terram attigit 
+Cerauniorum laxa inter, et alia loca periculofa, quietam 
+na£tus flationem. At portus omnes timens, quod teneri ab 
+adverfariis arbitrabatur, ad eundem locum* qui adpellatur 
+
+9 
+
+Palaefte, omnibus navibus incolumibus, milites expofuit. 
+Lucan takes notice of the fame circumflance, and calls the 
+coaft Palzeftina. 
+
+71 Inde rapi coepere rates, atque aequora claftem 
+Curva fequi ; qu$ jam, vento ftudtuque fecundo 
+Lapfa, Palseftinas uncis confixit arenas. 
+
+Here was the haven Comar, or 73 Comarus, near the pool 
+Aornus^: and a city 74 Oropus, fimilar to the Oropus of Sy¬ 
+ria, and Boeotia. And higher up was a region Europa, ftyled 
+Europa Scythica by Feflus Rufus. It is obfervable that 
+there was a city in Epirus called 75 Tecmon, fimilar to one 
+in Canaan, as we may infer from the chief of David’s cap¬ 
+tains being ftyled the 76 Tecmonite. 
+
+
+70 Kara Butipurov Strabo. L. 7. p. 499. It was a place of great note. 
+
+Polybius, L. 1. p. 94^ 95 - 
+
+71 Ctefar de Bello Civili. L. 3. c. 6. 
+
+~ z Lucan. L. 5. v. 458. 
+
+73 KofAxpccc. Strabo. L. 7. p. 500. The fame is obfervable in India. Petra Aor- 
+non near Comar. Arrian. Exped. p. 191. and Indie, p. 319. 
+
+74 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+75 Tfx/xwr 'woXis ©s<r7rpa)T6t)v* Steph. Byzant. SeeT. Livius, L. 45 * c * 26. 
+
+76 2 Samuel, c. 23. v. 8. In our verfion rendered the Tachmonite, chief among 
+
+
+the captains 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+Some 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 169 
+
+Some of this family proceeded to the weftern part of the 
+
+Adriatic gulf, and fettled upon the Eridanus, or Po. Here 
+
+* 
+
+were the Orobians, the fame as the Oropians, whofe chief 
+city was Comus 1 near which the conful Marcellus overthrew 
+the 77 Galli Infubres. The ftory of Phaethon, who was 
+fuppofed to have fallen into the Eridanus, is manifeftiy of 
+Egyptian original ; as the fable of Cycnus is from Canaan. 
+Phaethon is by fome reprefented as the fir ft king, who 
+reigned in 78 Chaonia, and Epirus. He was in reality the 
+fame as Oliris, the Sun ; whofe worfhip was introduced there 
+very early, as well as upon the Padus. The names of the 
+Deities in every country are generally prefixed to the lift of 
+kings, and miftaken accordingly. Cycnus is fuppofed to 
+have refided not only in Liguria, but in JEtolia, and Phocis. 
+There was in thefe parts a lake 79 Conope, from Cycnus 
+called alfo 80 Cycnea ; which names undoubtedly came from 
+Egypt, and Canaan. The colonies upon the Padus left many 
+memorials of their original \ efpecially thofe, who were from 
+the Caphtorim of Paleftina. Some of them had carried on a 
+great work upon the part of the river, where they fettled; 
+which from them was called Sr Fofta Philiftina ; and Foffiones 
+
+Philiftinse. Of this ! have made mention before. 
+
+• • * 
+
+77 Victoria ad Comum parta. T. Livius. L. 33 - c - 36. 
+
+7S Gurtler. L. 2. p. 597. 
+
+79 Alfo a city Conope, by Stephanus placed in Acarnania. 
+
+80 Antoninus Liberalis. c. 12. p. 70. A city Conopium was alfo to be found upon 
+the Pal us Mseotis. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+81 Plin. L. 3. c. 16. The Cadmians of Liguria came laft from Attica and Bceo- 
+tia: hence we find a river Eridanus in thefe parts, as well as in the former country. 
+IloTayoi cTg AQyvcuois pe&aiv c E/A«7o-o$ xcci H pifavcp KsAtj/Cw vmtcc olvtcc ovoy.cc 
+
+^x^v. x. A. Paufan. L. 1. p. 45, 
+
+Sz Vol. 1. p. 376. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+z 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+tjo The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+It is faid of Cadmus, that at the clofe of his life he was, 
+together with his wife Harmonia, changed to a ferpent of 
+Hone. This wonderful metamorpholis is fuppofed to have 
+happened at Enchelice, a town in Illyria; which circum- 
+ftance is taken notice of by Lucan. 
+
+
+83 Tunc qui Dardaniam tenet Oricon., et vagus aids. 
+Difperfus fylvis Athamas, et nomine prifco 
+Enchelias, verli. teftantes funera Cadmi. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+here. 
+
+
+The true hiftory is this. Thefe two perlbnages 
+enfhrined in a temple, or Petra ; and worlhiped under the 
+
+
+Scyl 
+
+
+8+ 
+
+
+lx Caryandenlis fpeaking of this 
+
+K kou 'A ppoviag 01 K1Q01 simv ev - 
+
+this region are two Jlones facred to Cadmus , 
+and Harmonia .- and there is likewife a temple dedicated to the?n. 
+
+
+fymbol of a lerpen 
+part of Illyria fay 
+
+t olvQol, kcli Ispov. L 
+
+
+Lucan, who calls 
+of great antiquity 
+
+
+the place Encheli®, fpeaks of the name as 
+It undoubtedly was of long Handing, and 
+
+
+term from the Amonian 
+
+
+Encheliae, E yysKiou 
+
+
+the place of En-Chel, by which is fignified the fountain of 
+heaven ; limilar to Hanes, Anorus, Anopus in other parts. 
+The temple was an Ophite Petra: which terms induced peo- 
+
+
+trified 
+
+
+believe, that there were in thefe temples ferpents pe¬ 
+lt is pofhble, that in later times the Deity may have 
+been worlhiped under this form : whence it might truly be 
+faid of Cadmus, and Harmonia, that they would one day be 
+exhibited in Hone. 
+
+
+85 Lucan. L. 3. v. 187. The fame is mentioned by the Poet Dionyfius. 
+
+Keivov S' cl'j 'mept ’x.o'Kttov iSois 'GjeoiK.uSect tu/j£qv 9 
+Tvy.Cov, ov 'Apuovms, 
+
+K sAs yet p eis Otpi&v otoAtcv yevos v. 390.. 
+
+s+ Geog. Vet. Vol. i. p. 9. Here were Tlirpon n^aLcTcu. 
+
+
+YLcc.Sfs.oio T£ cpyp/Lts evi<T7r£i, 
+
+
+Adders 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 171 
+
+8s AothsY\v rj^sXKov s'fcsiv otpiuisa jULOgpriv. 
+
+But the notion in general arofe from a miflake; and was 
+owing to a mifinterpretation of the word Petra. On this 
+account many perfonages were faid to have undergone this 
+change. Pollux, who was of a character fuperior to what 
+is generally imagined, was faid to have been turned to a 
+ftone. 
+
+86 E ig XiQqv u.vToreXss'QV spogpoodri YloKv$svxi)g. 
+
+Ariadne underwent the like 87 change. Alfo Battus, Atlas, 
+88 Alcmena, and others. All thefe hiftories relate to perfon¬ 
+ages, enfhrined in temples ftyled Petra, who had a 5 ~vAog 
+or rude pillar erected to their honour. This was the ufage 
+in all parts, before the introduction of images. There are 
+allufions to thefe Ophite temples, and to thefe pillars, upon 
+the coins of Syria, and Tyre. Upon thefe the Deity is re- 
+prefented between two rough Hones, with two 89 ferpents on 
+each tide of him. A temple of this fort, which betrayed 
+great antiquity, Hood in the vicinity of Thebes, and was 
+called the ferpent’s head. Paufanias fpeaks of it as remain¬ 
+ing in his 90 time. The fame author affords another inftance 
+in his account of Achaia ; which is attended with fome re- 
+
+* 5 Nonni Dionyf. L. 44. p. 1x44. 
+
+86 Nonnus. L. 25. p. 646. 
+
+87 Activim’ rsrotws jcopvenToy.ii'nv A^ioiSvnv. Nonnus. L. 44. p. 1242. 
+
+88 Paufan. L. 9. p. 743. 
+
+89 See Goltzius, Vaillant, and Suidas, 
+
+9 ° - AiQois %'. ca g lov 'zrepie^ofA.evov A oyouriv Octsccs v.kXugiv ol GnScaoi JcsfctA/?;'. 
+
+Paufan. L. g. p. 747. 
+
+Z 2 
+
+
+markable 
+
+
+172 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+markable circumftances. He tells us, 91 that at Pharas, a 
+city of that region, was a fountain facred to Hermes ; and 
+the name of it was Hama. Near this fountain were thirty 
+large ftones, which had been ereCted in ancient times. Each 
+of thefe was looked upon as a reprefentative of fome Deity. 
+And Paufaipas remarks, that inftead of images the Greeks in 
+times of old univerfally paid their adoration to rude un¬ 
+wrought 91 Hones. 
+
+That the Cadmians were the people, whom I fuppofe 
+them, may I think be proved from many other circum¬ 
+ftances. There are fome particulars in the hiftory of thefe 
+emigrants, by which they may be as effectually diftinguifhed, 
+as by any national mark of feature, or complexion. I have 
+taken notice in a former treatife of the Cuthites, who came 
+from Babylonia, and fettled in Egypt ; and who were after¬ 
+wards expelled the country. They came under different 
+titles; and were ftyled Phenicians, Arabians, and Ethiopians: 
+but they were more particularly diftinguifhed by the name 
+of Oritse, and of fhepherds. Thefe appellations muft be 
+carefully kept in remembrance ; for they will be found to 
+occur in almoft every part of the world, wherever any of 
+this family fettled. In the hiftories above given of Oliris, 
+Dionufus, and others, we find, that the foils of Chus are re- 
+prefented as great travellers, and at the fame time general be¬ 
+nefactors : and it is to be obferved, that the fame characters 
+occur in every hiftory : the great outlines are the fame in 
+
+91 Paufan. L. 7. p. 579. 
+
+91 Tif/.as Steoov am a 9 ct^uccrcov ei%ov acyoi A $oi. Ibid, 
+
+
+all. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+173 
+
+
+all. They appear to have been zealous worfhipers of the 
+Sun ; and addicted to the rites of fire : which mode of wor- 
+
+
+fhip they propagated, wherever they came. They are de~ 
+fcribed as of fuperior ftature, and were reputed the fons of 
+Anac, and Urius, from Canaan, and Babylonia. In refpect 
+to fcience they feem to have been very eminent, if we con¬ 
+sider the times, when they lived. They were particularly 
+famed for their knowledge in aftronomy, architecture, and 
+
+
+mufic. 
+
+
+They had 
+
+
+great fagacity in 
+
+
+findi 
+
+
+ng 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+mines 
+
+
+and. 
+
+
+confequently were very rich. Lafdy there continually oc¬ 
+
+
+curs in their hiftory fome allufion to fhepherds. Every one 
+of thefe particulars may be met with in the accounts given 
+of the Cadmians : but it was the turn of the times to make 
+
+
+every thing center in their imaginary leader Cadmus. He is 
+fuppofed to have found out mines in Cyprus, and Thrace : 
+and to have been the inventor of letters, and the introducer 
+of fcience. To him are afcribed the temples at Rhodes; 
+and the buildings in Attica, and Bceotia. We find him ce¬ 
+lebrated as a great 94- theologift and aftronomer : and it is 
+reported of Cadmus, as it was alfo of Orpheus, that he 
+left behind him many valuable remains, which 95 Bion Pro- 
+connefius is faid to have tranflated. But all thefe gifts, 
+fo lavifhly beftowed upon one perfon, fhould be transfer¬ 
+red to a people, who went under the name of Cadmians : 
+
+I 
+
+and in whom all thefe requifites are to be found. If we 
+
+
+93 Ka<?/xos 4>oin£ s^sups, y.ca fxZTccXXcc. ^ovcb tcl irepi tq FI oSycusv sttS- 
+
+vovcrsv cpc?. Ciemens. Strom. L. 1. p. 363. See Natalis Comes of Cadmus. 
+
+94 Nonr.us, Dionyf. L. 4. p. 128. 
+
+95 Clemens Alex. L. 6. p. 753. 
+
+
+make 
+
+
+
+174 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+make this allowance, the hiftory will be found to be true. 
+This people in their migrations weftward were accompanied 
+by others from Canaan, and Syria. I have fhewn that they 
+fettled at Rhodes, where they were called Ophites, or Hi- 
+vites. Another of their titles was Heliadae, or children of the 
+96 Sun. They were looked upon as adepts in every branch 
+of fcience, and particularly famed for their Ikill in aftro- 
+nomy. They were the firft navigators of the feas ; and the 
+divilion of time with the notification of feafons is afcribed 
+to them. 97 O; os 'HAicc^ou S'lctpogoi ysyovorag toop olTkXuv ev 
+
+'UT&icsioL S'lrjvsyx.ctv, Kcu {jlcl?js 4 cl sv a,?go\oy 1 cl’ sicrrjyriorccvTo d s 
+
+KCLl 'UTSOI TriS VOiVTlXlCCS 'ZtroAAot, 'UTO?\\CL Jg K. 0 U 'UTSgl TOCS OJgCL$ 
+
+^iSTa^cu/. All thefe arts, if we may believe Herodotus, took 
+their rile in 98 Babylonia : from whence they were carried by 
+the Oritas into Egypt : and from Egypt weftward to Rhodes, 
+and to various parts befides. The Oritae, or Auritas, were 
+the fame as the Heliadae, denominated from the great object 
+of their worlhip, the Sun. He was among other titles ftyled 
+99 Orites ; as we learn from Lycophron : which is by his 
+Scholiaft interpreted the Sun. 100 OgiTYjV &SQV, TOV clvtqu 
+
+'ttkiov. ’The Deity , which is termed Orites , is no other than the 
+Sun. Thefe Heliadae were Ophitas ; and introduced at 
+Rhodes, and in other places, the worlhip of the ferpent. 
+Hence they occur in Greece under various titles, fuch as 
+
+96 Styled urcuS'a 'HA ib by Diodorus. L. 5. p. 327. 
+
+97 Diodorus. L. 5. p. 328. 
+
+93 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 109. 
+
+99 H tov © oocetov , Ylrcoovj Clpirm^ Srzov. Lycophron, v. 352." 
+
+,0 ° Scholiaft. Ibid. 
+
+
+Ellopians, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*75 
+
+
+Ellopians, Europians, Oropians, Afopians, and the like ; be¬ 
+ing fo denominated from places, which they confecrated to 
+Ops, and Opis, the ferpent. The Cadmians fettled in Eu¬ 
+boea, which was called Ellopia from Ellops, a fuppofed bro¬ 
+ther of 1 Cothus. Plutarch gives an account of Cothus him- 
+felf coming to Euboea in company with another named Ar- 
+clu s. * 
+
+oiXYjaroivrsg. By Cothus and Arclus are meant Cuthites and 
+Herculeans, people of the fame family, who fettled in this 
+illand. The Oritae of Egypt were alfo fly led Arabians ; and 
+the Arabian nome was denominated from them. The Cad¬ 
+mians, who fettled in Euboea, may be traced under the fame 
+
+
+K o@o$, xai AgjtXog, oi Hb$b 'urouS'eg Big EvSoi&v y\kqv 
+
+
+names 
+
+
+Strabo calls the people, who were fuppofed 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+tend Cadmus, Arabians, 3 AgctSsg, oi <rov One di- 
+
+ftridt in the ifland was denominated from them, iEthiopium : 
+A idiomov, ovofJLd yugiz sv E vEoicc. This is more particularly 
+
+defcribed by Stephanus, as the paflage is happily corrected 
+
+by SalmafLus. A ibio7tiQV, yygtov E v^oiocg 'UTol^ol AiqTub, 'Ut7\y\<tiqv 
+
+
+E VPl7TiS 
+
+
+'There 
+
+
+ts 
+
+
+part of Eubcea hard by Delium , and 
+
+urn. But the moil critical 
+
+
+near to the Euripus , called Ethiopium. But 
+mark, by which any of thefe iflands were diftinguilhed, was 
+that of s Oritae. This is the exprefs title of the fhepherds in 
+Egypt j which they afliimed both on account of the Deity, 
+whom they worfhiped, and in reference to the city Ur in 
+
+
+Chaldea, from whence they were in part derived 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+* Strabo. L. io. p. 68 j. 
+a Quasftiones Grascas. p. 296. 
+
+3 Strabo. L. 10. p. 6S5. 
+
+4 Harpocration. 
+
+5 Strab, L. 10. p. 683. Polybius. L. ir. p. 627, 
+
+
+fou n dr T 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+176 
+
+founded a city of the fame name in Euboea, which the 
+Greeks exprefled 6 Oria : whence came tire provincial title 
+of Oritae. Here Orion was fuppofed to have been 7 nurfed, 
+whofe hiflory we know was from Babylonia. The natives 
+
+
+had a tradition, that he was the fon of Urieus, and of the 
+gigantic race : the purport of which, I think, cannot be mif- 
+taken. They pafied, as I have fhewn, from Euboea to At¬ 
+tica, and Boeotia. Here alio was a city 9 Ur, like that in 
+Chaldea, and a tradition about Orion being born in thefe 
+parts. They likewife pretended to fhew his 10 tomb. This 
+city Ur, or Uria, was in the diflridt of Tanagra, and flood 
+direclly oppofite to the province of Ethiopia in Euboea, be¬ 
+ing feparated only by the narrow frith of the 11 Euripus. 
+They fettled alfo at Traezen, where Orus is faid to have re¬ 
+dded : by which we are to underfland his worfhipers, the 
+
+Oritse. 12 Oacn is Qgov yeve<r()cu trcpicriv ev yrj 'gt^tov’ spot 
+
+[lev ovv Aiyv7TTiov epcuvzTcu , kou ovicipmog 'EAAiQz/i/coF ovo^ool £lgog 
+etvca. BcmAgucrca <T ovv cpcuriv avrov , koli Slgouav vuk olvtsz kco- 
+7\ei<r0ou t r\v yr\v. The people of T?~cezze?t , fays Paufanias, give 
+
+
+6 Er t y Clpicp xa.Xvy.evy rys 'iq-'iccicoriS'os. Strabo. L. io. p. 683. 
+
+Oria is literally the land of Ur. 
+
+7 Strabo. L. 10. p. 683. He mentions a domeftic quarrel among fome of this 
+family, and adds, tvs CIpitccs — wo?sy.&yev r d$ vvro t cov EAA o 7 rieoov y that the Oritae were 
+attacked by the Ellopians . 
+
+8 Antoninus Liberalis. c. 25. p. 130. 
+
+9 H Ypiot Se tjj5 ToLvuyptKtis vvv st' 1 > 'zrgoTSgov tvs On£aLi<PoS 7 oirs b C< Tpios ye- 
+
+yvQevrat^ tccu r\ tb Qqiojvgs yevecris. Strabo. L. 9. p. 60. He is called by 
+
+Euphorion. See Homer. Iliad. X. Scholia, v. 486. 
+
+E <r l kou f Ipivvos yrvy.cc evTccvccypqc. Paufan. L. 9. p. 749. 
+
+11 E9-Z S' t) yev IT pi a, tup 09 Toy Euo<7tov. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+l z Paufanias. L. 2. p. 181. 
+
+7 OUty 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 177 
+
+gut, that one Orus was the firjl in their cowitry. But the name 
+Or us to me feems to have bee?i of Egyptian original. ‘They fur¬ 
+ther relate , that this Orus was a king , and that the province was 
+fr om him called Oraia. Uria above, and Oraia here, however 
+differently expreffed, fignify literally the land of Ur. In all 
+thefe places the Outhites went under various appellations, 
+but particularly of Cyclopians, Ellopians, and 13 Europians 
+from their worfhip. Agreeably to the account, Which has 
+been above given, we find, that the Heroum of Cadmus at 
+Sparta was built by Europus, and his brethren : and they 
+likewife are reprefented as the fons of ** Uraeus. As we are 
+acquainted with the eaftern manner of fpeaking ; and know 
+that by the daughter of Tyre, the daughter of Jerufalem, 
+the children of Moab, the children of Kedar, the children of 
+Seir, the children of the eaft, are meant the inhabitants of 
+thofe places : may we not be affured that by Europus and 
+the fons of Urius and Urseus, are pointed out a people ftyled 
+Europians of Babylonifh extraction, who were ab origine 
+from Ur in Chaldea ? And is it not plain, that the hiftory 
+of Cadmus is founded upon terms ill understood, and greatly 
+mifapplied ? Yet the truth is not totally defaced, as I hope, 
+that I have made appear. By Mofes Chorenenfis Cadmus is 
+reprefented as of the giant race ; and he is faid to have come 
+
+
+Europus is the fame as Oropus, and fignifies Orus Pytho. Ops, Opis, Opus, 
+Opas, all fignify a ferpent. Zeus was the fame as Orus and Ofiris ^ hence ftyled 
+Europus, and Europas; which Homer has converted to and accordingly 
+
+ftyles Jupiter 'EvgvoTra. Zsu?, 
+
+,+ Paufanias. L. 3. p. 245. uvou ccvTBs'YpctM 'zvctuf'cts.. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+A a 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+178 
+
+from 
+
+
+15 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+Babylonia. Nonnus mentions his planting in Greec®. 
+
+
+a colony of giants. 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+Kcct ocvtoKo%sdto£ ctPW^rjTo Vtyc&vrcav 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+Or 
+
+
+Hence the Cadmians were ftyled Avaxe?, and 17 Avclxtss ; and 
+the temples of their Gods,, AvaxTogict, Ana<ftoria. Thefe terms* 
+were imported from the Anakim of Egypt and Canaan: 
+but as the people, who brought them, were Oritee, and the: 
+fons of Urius, they mu ft ultimately have come from Baby¬ 
+lonia. Here aftronomy, and the other fciences firft com¬ 
+menced ; and the worfhip of the Sun was firft instituted : 
+where the priefts, and profeftors were ftyled Oritae, and 
+chani. Lucian indeed fays, that aftronomy was not de¬ 
+rived to the Greeks either from the Egyptians, or the Ethio¬ 
+pians ; but from 19 Orpheus. This however intimates, that 
+the Ethiopians, under which name the fons of Chus are men¬ 
+tioned by the 20 Greeks, were fuppofed to have introduced 
+fcience into this country ; otherwife this caveat had been un- 
+neceflary. But we Shall in the end Shew, that Orpheus 
+was from the fame quarter. And to put the matter out of 
+
+
+
+
+L. 2. c. 4. p. 87. 
+
+
+16 Nonnus. L. 4. p. 136. 
+
+17 c O yap S'n ysgovos exeivos yveyxsv av§poovr&s pseipoov pcsv epyoi c, kcu f &ro<Poov Tcc^ec 
+y.cot coo/accroov poo peas, cos eontev^ v7reg(puys> x.ai ccx.ccpeerss. Plutarch in Thefeo. p. 3,. 
+
+18 £5-7 cfg xcti (pv?iov t i roov XaAcPa/wr, ytai %oo%cc Ba€u?iooviccs V 7 r exeivoov oixs- 
+'zcXr.aicc^vcrct xca rots Apcc^t^ xcti ry xcctcl TlepaccS Xeyopevy S^zAarV E5-7 ePs 
+
+x<xi t cov XaAPaiwr ro:v Afi~ 0 fj.LX.cov yew 'mKeiof xcct y&g Tires 'urpocctyc- 
+
+gevovrai. Strabo. L. 16. p. 1074. 
+
+19 Lucian de Aftrolog. p. 987. 
+
+i0 ef b AiQto?rss. Eufeb. Chron. p. n. 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 179 
+
+all doubt, we find Herodotus maintaining very determinate- 
+ly, that the knowledge of the heavens, and every thing re¬ 
+lating to the diftribution of time, was imported from 21 Ba¬ 
+bylonia. As thefe Babylonians, thefe fons of Urius, mani- 
+feftly came to Greece by the way of Egypt; it appears pretty 
+evident, that they were the fons of Chus, of the fhepherd 
+race, who fo long held the fovereignty in that kingdom. 
+Hence it is, that throughout the whole mythology of the Gre¬ 
+cians there are continual allufions to fhepherds ; a title, which 
+we know was peculiar to the Auritse of Egypt. Nonnus in 
+his allegorical poem describes Cadmus in a paftoral habit, 
+playing upon an inftrument, and reclining himfelf under the 
+lhade of an oak. 
+
+22 K Xivvlq ysirovi vutov vko dgvi <pog%cc$o$ vT^g, 
+
+K ou cpogsoov ccygccvKov ccrfisog iifA.cc N o[A.r t og. 
+
+He gives £0 him the fame powers in harmony, which were 
+attributed to Orpheus. Hence Cadmus is made to fay that 
+he could charm the woods upon the mountains, and foothe 
+the wild beafts of the foreft : that he could even calm the 
+ocean, and flop the courfe of its turbulent waters. 
+
+23 fevfyscc 'STccvts, ncci ssgscc, xcti cpgzvcc V 
+• .Clttsavov (nrsv^ovrcc 7raAii/<3biyro!/ 
+
+Almoft all the principal perfons, whofe names occur in the 
+
+** rjoStVr ifJi€v yet,pi 3 tea yvnyovat, yuxi T« J'uu/Ss'K.ex. yspect tj?S ryesti; ’zzrctpsc B cc?d- 
+A <onwv eyaQov 'EAAnres. L. 2. c. log. 
+
+11 L. i. p. 32. 
+
+13 Nonnus. L. 1. p. 38. 
+
+
+A a 2 
+
+
+mythology 
+
+
+
+r 8o 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mytholog-y. 
+
+
+mythology of Greece and Italy, are reprefented a& fhep 
+herds. Not only the Gods Faunus, Apollo, Pan, Sylvanus, 
+Pales, Adonis, but Eumelus, Triptolemus, Eridthonius, Eu- 
+molpus, Arifheus, Battus, Daphnis, Teramfius of Egypt, 
+and Oliris, are reprefented of that profeffion. Hence it is, 
+that we find altars, and infcriptiohs to the fhepherd 24 Gods. 
+Apollo was ftyled Nopevg, and ILoipviog ; and was faid to have 
+been educated in 25 Arabia. When Rhea produced to the 
+
+
+world Pofeidon, fhe gave him to the care of a 2 fhepherd to 
+bring him up among the fiocks. Atlas, the great aftrono- 
+mer, is reprefented as a fhepherd. 27 AtAo£ [AttO-iQfjLctTucog r\v 
+
+
+Ai^vg 
+
+
+CLVY)£ 
+
+
+II oXvsiS'cig Se 0 S , i@vg<x.(jiJoQ7rwo.g top AtTkolvtol tstqv. 
+
+
+IIOIMENA AiSvv q>Y)<riv. Atlas , the great mathematicia?t, was 
+a perfon of Lyba. ’The JDithyrainbic poet Polueidos fays , that 
+Atlas was a Libyan fhepherd. There was a tradition that the 
+temple of Ammon in Libya was built by a fhepherd, from 
+whom it received its name ; CL7T0 th i$gv<rotftev& 'uroifxsvog. 
+It is reported of the Mufes, that they were of fhepherd ex.- 
+
+
+24 Roms Infcriptio Vetus. 
+
+TOI 5 NOMIOIS ©EOI 2 . Gruter.. xcii.. n. 4. 
+
+2,5 Omne benig-num 
+
+O 
+
+Virus odoriferis Arabum quod dodtus in arvis 
+Aut Amphryfiaco Paftor de gramine carpfi. 
+
+Statii Sylv. L. 1. Soteria. v. 104. 
+
+26 f p£a 3 7]VlX0i TloirBlScoVCC TCU fJLBV SS 'ZD-Qlfj.vyv XaTCt9erBcCl 3 SlXITYIV SVTOLvQcC e^OlfTGt 
+
+fjLvrct Tcov ctpvojv. Paufan. L. 8. p. 613. 
+
+“ 7 Scholia in Lycophron. v. 879. 
+
+2,3 Paufanias. L. 4. p. 337. So alfo fays Euflathius. r O; cfg (pecat tov eocei A/a 
+
+Aft/xwrct TtXrjdyvctf cltto tlvos cfj.oowfA& 7 roijd.ei f Q5 0 'Z&goxcLTctgZccvTos rys Isp'd t<PgVGrsc*)S. 
+
+Schol. in Dionyf. v. 211. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+tradlion. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. x8r 
+
+tradtion,, and tended flocks, which they entrufted to their fa¬ 
+vourite Ariflseus. 
+
+29 K ca [jup km &sg'xv rigavov, o<r<r evspovTo 
+
+A[A7re$iov G>Qictt/ A() cl[a<x.vt i ov y ctfj,<pi- r zgvpvYiv 
+OQgVV, KOU 'UTO'TCL^ hgov pool/ A7tl$OLVOlG~ 
+
+This is the perfon by Virgil ftyled Paftor Ariftasus. Zethus 
+
+% 
+
+and Amphion are defcribed as of the fame profefiion, though 
+
+kings of Thebes. 30 Z ftog koli Appim a$eX<poi rpM Tiro issues. 
+
+% 
+
+Even the monfter Polyphemus is taken notice of as a mu- 
+fician, and a 31 fhepherd. Macrobius mentions, that among 
+the Phrygians the Sun was worshiped under a paftoral 34 cha¬ 
+racter with a pipe and a wand. Tireflas the prophet is 
+by Hyginus ftyled Tireflas, Eueri filius, or as fome read 
+it, Tireflas, Eurii filius, 33 Paftor... This was alfo one of the 
+titles out of many conferred upon the Phenician Hercules, 
+to whom they attributed the invention of purple. He was 
+the chief Deity, , the fame as Cham, and Orus, the God of 
+light; to whom there is a remarkable invocation in the Dio- 
+nufiaca of Nonnus. 
+
+
+2,9 Apollonius Rhodius. L. 2. v. 515. 
+
+The lame Poet of the nymph Cyrene. 
+
+Eyfja' A piq~caw <&Ql€op T£X€l’s OV Kcttexcriv 
+
+A ypecc, xca N ofAiov 'uroXvAyiot'A.iy*ovinzi$. L. 2. v. 568, 
+
+30 Syncellus. p. 156. 
+
+3f Homer. OdylTI L. 1. Paftor Polyphemus of Virgil. 
+
+31 Macrobii Saturn. L. 1. c. 21. p. 210. 
+
+33 Hyginus. Fab. 68. Euri, and- Eueris Filius. He is by Theocritus ftyled 
+Mott 1$ Euyipei^w. Idyl. 24. v. 70.- 
+
+
+A FgO'fclTOOV 
+
+
+
+i&2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+' 3+ A s'go’fciTcav 'HgcucKsg, a.va.% ‘WVgog, QgyoifJLe Ko<rfjL% s 
+HsAis, (Zgoreoio (3 ib $oKij(p<rKis nOIMHN. 
+
+Some of the pyramids in Egypt were ftyled the-pyramids of 
+the fhepherd 35 -Philitis ; and were laid to have been built 
+by people, whom-the Egyptians held in abomination .: from 
+whence we may form a judgment of the perfons, by whom 
+thofe edifices were eredled. Many brills, and places of re¬ 
+puted fandlity were denominated from fhepherds. Caucafus, 
+in the vicinity of Colchis, had its name conferred by Jupiter 
+in memory of Caucafus a fhepherd. 36 To ogog eig Tiwqv Ta 
+
+noipt,svog Kavxcurov fj.srovopLCi<rc(.g. Mount Citfneron in Boeotia 
+was called Aflerius ; but received the former name from one 
+Cithaeron, a 37 fhepherd, fuppofed to have been there flain. 
+
+I have mentioned from Herodotus, that the Cadmians built 
+
+* 
+
+the temple of 38 Damater, or Ceres, in Attica, where they 
+introduced her worfhip. And there is a remarkable circum- 
+fiance mentioned in confequence of this by Hefychius ; who 
+tells us, that the priefls of this Goddefs were of a particular 
+family, called -Hoifjcsvtocu, or the Shepherd race. Ho{jU.gwJai, 
+ysvog, ov 6 Ar)fjLr,Tgog isgsvg. The Cadmians therefore, from 
+whom this priefthood came, mull have been in a peculiar 
+manner fhepherds. The mountain Apsfantus in Argolis is 
+faid to have been named from 39 Apasfantus, a fhepherd. 
+
+
+34 Nonni Dionyf. L. 40. p. 1038. 
+
+35 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 128. 
+
+36 Cleanthes rco-spi ©eopLoc^tccs, quoted by Plutarch de Flum. 
+
+37 Plutarch, de Flum. I cywos. 
+
+38 Herod. 5. c. 61. 
+
+39 Plut. de Fluv. Inachus. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+183 
+
+4 
+
+The Cuthites fettled in Thrace near Haemus in Sethonia ; of 
+whom Stephanus gives this fhort but remarkable hiftory : 
+sxolKxvto 'nrgoTsgov N ofJLouoi. The author does not fay, that 
+they were fhepherds ; but that they anciently were fo called : 
+fo that it was not fo much the profeflion, as the title of the 
+people. They fettled in Hetruria, and Latium ; in which 
+lafl province flood the city Praenefle, of which I have before 
+fpoken. It was faid to have been of high antiquity, and 
+was founded by CeeCulus, 
+
+40 Vulcano genitum pecora inter agreflia regem, 
+Inventumque focis, omnis quem credidit aetas. 
+
+
+We find here, that the founder of this city was a fhepherd, 
+and a king, and the reputed fon of Vulcan, the fame as 
+Urius. It is faid of him, that he was, inventum focis, be- 
+caufe he was ab origine from the land of fire ; by which is 
+meant Ur of Chaldea. So the perfonage, reprefented under 
+the character of Cacus upon Mount Aventine, is by Livy faid 
+to have been a fhepherd. 41 Pallor accola ejus loci, nomine 
+Cacus, ferox viribus.. He likewife is faid to have been the 
+fon of the God of Fire : 4it Huic monftro Vulcanus erat pater. 
+The firll city which the Cadmians built in Bceotia was 
+named 43 Poimandris ; or, as Eullathius renders it, Poiman- 
+dria, 44 TloifiOLvSgia ,; the fame which was afterwards called 
+
+Tanagra. 
+
+
+40 Virgil. JEneid. L. 7. v. 678. 
+
+41 T. Livius. L. 1. c. 7. 
+
+4a Virgil. iEn. L. 8. v. 198. 
+
+45 'H TloiLLcci'(Ppi$ eq-'iv ri otvrr) t y T ccvccypncy. Strabo. L. 9. p. 619. 
+
+44 tloi^ccv^pioi fi kcci Tccvccygcc jcaAy//.gi'i). Schol. Lycoph. v. 326. 
+
+ttoiptctvdoict 
+
+
+
+■j84 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Tanagra. It is laid to have been fo denominated from one 
+Poimander. This name is by interpretation a Ihepherd, or 
+rather a Ihepherd of men. It anfwers to the title of I Zoipw 
+
+7 \ 0 L 3 y fo frequently to be met with in Homer. That excel¬ 
+lent Poet was wonderfully fond of every thing, which fa¬ 
+voured of antiquity : and has continual .references to the an¬ 
+cient hiftory of Egypt, and to the rites of that country. He 
+fometimes feems to adhere fuperftitioudy to obfolete terms ; 
+thinking probably, that they enriched his verfe, and gave a 
+venerable air to the narration. Of thefe no one occurs more 
+frequently than the title of a fhepherd Prince, which he 
+bellows on many of his leaders. It is the tranflation of a 
+title, which the fons of Chus, as well as the Egyptians, gave 
+to their Deities, and to their kings. Hence the writings 
+of Hermes were infcribed the works of the Shepherd Prince, 
+as we may infer from the Greek tranfcript : for that was 
+written in imitation of the former, and called 45 Poiman- 
+■dras. 
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to flate the progrels of the Cu- 
+thites under their different appellations to Greece ; and to 
+defcribe the rout, which they took in their peregrinations. 
+I have fhewn, that under the title of Phenicians and Cad- 
+rnians, they firll fettled in Canaan, and in the region about 
+Tyre and Sidon : from whence they extended themfelves to¬ 
+wards the midland parts of Syria; where they built Antioch. 
+
+
+rici^uvSpicc is by fome interpreted mu Id rale: but that was not the original purport 
+of the word. 
+
+45 Hermes Trifmegiftus, five noijj.a.vSpris. 
+
+
+K curog, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 185 
+
+
+
+46 Kourog , acii Bi]Aas, I vayys fsrcuiss 9 'srgos rw Ogony 'srorcifjLO) 
+
+% 
+
+ty]V vvv Amoyeiav Trig Zvgiocg 'sro^iv butitolv. Cafus , Belus y 
+
+two fons of Inachus , built the city in Syria y which is now called 
+A?itioch upon the river Orontes. By Cafus is meant Chus ; 
+
+and Belus is a Babylonifh title of Ham, as well as of his 
+
+• — 
+
+immediate defcendants, who are here alluded to. From 
+Syria they penetrated to the Euphrates, and from thence to 
+Armenia: and th&t there were colonies here of Amonians. 
+
+
+and particularly of the Cuthites, may be known from the 
+hiftory of Cadmus : but more efpecially from the hmilitude 
+of language, perfon, and manners, which fublifted among 
+thefe 47 nations. Zonaras is very explicit upon this head. 
+He mentions the incroachments of the fons of Ham in thefe 
+parts y and fhews the extent of the trefpafs, of which they 
+were guilty. 48 'Q/<5s ys TSTouSeg ra Xa^w. r^v cutto Zvgioig %ou 
+
+A Sava koli A heav'd, roov ogwv yry Kocvecrypv , holi ocra 'urgog S-aAcfcr- 
+
+troLV olvtwv sT&Tgct,7CTo y |«-£%£*£ WKBOLVis, /caret Aijpa<n. In refpeSl 
+to the fons of Uam y they feixed upon all the inland country , 
+which reaches from Syria , and particularly from the mountains 
+Abanus y and Libanus : and all the region, which from thence ex¬ 
+tends towards the fea y even as far as the Ocean. Of thefe emi¬ 
+grants Tacitus has given a curious account, which has never 
+
+
+46 Syncellus. p. 126. Eufebius. Chron. p. 2 
+
+47 By which are meant the Syrians, Arabians and Armenians. To /jlbv yccg tcop 
+
+A pfAtVIGOV ebvoSy KCCI TO T CdV 'SjUgtaV, XCtl 'TOOV AfecSooV *570 A A Y}V 0 }JLQ(pvXlCLV efJL(pXlV£l XCtTOC 
+Tg TW cTiaAgjcror, xcu tb$ tccu tbs t cav c&fJLoiTcov j£o.p<xxTW£as fc/rA. — v 
+
+cTe S'et ttcti t as tcov sBvcav tbtwv xaTovo^acTas efJi(pepei$ aAAtfAcas man* Strabo. L. i. 
+
+
+p. 70 
+
+
+48 Zonaras. L. i. p. 21. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+
+been 
+
+
+
+186 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+been fufficiently heeded. He takes notice of thofe, who fet¬ 
+tled in Canaan, as well as thofe, who pafifed higher towards 
+the north. * 9 Sunt, qui tradant Affyrios convenas, indigum 
+agrorum populum, parte JEgypti potitos, ac mox 50 proprias 
+urbes, Hebrseafque terras, et propiora Syrias coluiffe. As the 
+Cadmians fettled about Biblus and Sidon, there feems in con- 
+
+ous correfpondence kept 
+
+
+faid according 
+
+
+fequence of it to have been a relig 
+up between this colony and Egypt 
+the enigmatical turn of times, that the head of Ofiris was an- 
+
+O ' 
+
+nually wafted by the floods to 51 Biblus. It was reported to 
+have been juft feven days in its paflage ^ and the whole was 
+performed Ssiy voiVTiXir), by a voyage truly miraculous. 
+There are many proofs that the religion of Sy 
+great meafure from Egypt, 
+lamentations upon his accou 
+
+
+
+
+came in 
+
+
+The rites of Adonis, and the 
+Hint at Sidon,. and Biblus, were 
+copies of the mourning for Ofiris, and reprefented in the 
+fame S1 manner. Lucian, having defcribed the pompous 
+
+
+temple at Hierapol 
+
+
+fay 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+there was another in th 
+
+
+ghbourhood, not of Aflyrian, but Egypt 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+rites of which were received by the natives from Heliopoli 
+in that 53 country. This he did not fee : but he. fpeaks of i 
+as very grand, and of high antiquity.. 
+
+
+49 Tacitus. Hid. L. 5. c. 2. 
+
+50 It fhould perhaps be proximas urbes. The fame hiftory is alluded to by 
+
+Eufebius. Exi A7 rifos tb <&ogcoy€oo$ y.oipcc tb AiyvirTiuv tb e^STreaey AiywrrB 5 h 
+
+2v nctXcLi<?ivy KctXBfjLZvy Hvoia, b 'Zuoppco Apc&iots toKTurcLv. Eufebi Chron. p. 26* 
+
+51 Lucian de Dea Syria. 
+
+5X They were in each country ftyled the mourning for Thamas, and Thamuz. 
+
+53 E%bcl cPe kcci aAAo tpcu y Bx, Acrovgiov , aAAa Atyv7TTtor 0 to C HA ib- 
+
+7tq?uq$ es t vy $>QivntYiv cc 7 nx£To. xA. Lucian de Dea Syria. 
+
+
+T hefe 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 187 
+
+Thefe particulars I have thought proper to difcufs tho¬ 
+roughly, in order to difclofe the true hiftory of the Cadmi- 
+ans : as I am hereby enabled to prove the great antiquity of 
+this people ; and to fhew who they were, and from whence 
+they came. It has been obferved by many of the learned, that 
+fome particular race of men fpread themfelves abroad, and 
+got accefs among numberlefs nations. Some have thought, 
+that they were Scythians ; others, that they were Egyptians: 
+others ftill, that they were from Phenicia, and Canaan. What 
+they have faid upon the fubjedt, however they may feem to 
+differ from one another, may in fome degree be allowed. But 
+
+I believe, that the true account is that, which I have here 
+
+« 
+
+given. I have endeavoured with great pains to lift the 
+hiftory to the bottom : and it is to me manifeft, that they 
+were for the moft part the Auritse, thofe fhepherds of Egypt. 
+This people had fpread themfelves over that country like a 
+deluge : but were in time forced to retreat, and to betake 
+themfelves to other parts. In confequence of this they were 
+diffipated over regions far remote. They were probably joined 
+by others of their family, as well as by the Canaanites, and 
+the Caphtorim of Paleftina. They are to be met with in Per¬ 
+ils, and Gedrolia, under the name of Grits. They are to be 
+found in Boetica upon the Atlantic under the fame 5+ name.- 
+
+54 In Boetica they were called Oritani. Strabo. L. 8. p. 204. 
+
+There were Oritse in Epirus. Dicsearchi Status Grsecise. Mercc tbtov zia-tv Qfsi- 
+rcth p. 4. v. 45. 
+
+Oritse in Perils. Arrian. L. 4. c. 26. alfb in Gedrolia. See Audtor Peripli Maris 
+Erythr^i. 
+
+Y~\po$ tv\v J'vcriv T3 Irefs 1jrGTaL.'j Oyrctu Schol. Dionyf. v. 1095. Cl^irca eBvos 
+I v&ivlov* Steph. Byzant, Tlv : = : v-we Oritre in Perils, hard by the Cutha of Jo- 
+fephus. Ant. L, 9, c, 4* and 
+
+
+
+i88 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+They fettled in Colchis, Thrace, Phrygia, Sicily, and He- 
+truria; and upon the extreme parts of the Mediterranean r 
+Diluvio ex illo tot vafta per aequora vedti. 
+
+Thefe are the migrations, of which the ancient hiftorian 
+55 Iftrus wrote in a curious treatife, long ftnce loft ; which 
+he infcribed 'uregi toov A iyv7rticav airoiKiag. We meet with a 
+fummary account of them in Diodorus Siculus, who men^ 
+tions, that after the death of Ifts and Oftris the Egyptians: 
+fent out many colonies, which were fcattered over the face of 
+the earth. 56 'Olds mv Kiytnrrioi peon xai fasra tglvtcl octtqixms: 
+
+'sr’hsis'ag Aiyv^TM kcctol > Gra<rav $1 acnr agqv qu. tqk oucsspLsvriv* 
+Of thefe migrations there were two remarkable above the 
+feft : the one of the fons of Chus, concerning whom I have 
+been treating; the other of the Ifraelites, which was fome- 
+what later than the former. The author above takes notice: 
+
+6f both thefe occurrences in a moft valuable extract, pre- 
+
+% 
+
+ferved by Photius ; wherein he does not fuffieiently diftin- 
+guifh the particular families of thefe emigrants, nor the dif¬ 
+ferent times of the migration : yet the account is very cu¬ 
+rious ; and the hiftory of each tranfadlion plainly delineated. 
+
+57 
+
+
+Evavg av 6 %svrjXaTss(JLEVMV toov aTAosOvoov 61 STTKpavzg-aToi, xca 
+
+
+^ag-iKooraroi 0 rvg-gapsvrsg s%spf>i<pr}d'av } dog Ttvsg <pounv> eig ty)v 'EA 
+
+
+Aada, xcti rivag srsgxg Ton.Mg, s^ovTsg a^ioXoyMg vyepoovag' oou 
+
+nysvTQ Aa.va.og> xai K a^puog, toov aAA oov S7ri(pav.sg‘aToi. Ods 'Wq - 
+
+T^vg Asoos e%S7T£<rev sig rrjv vvv m7\M[j.svY}V InSaiav. Upo?i this , as 
+fame writers tell us , the mojl etninent a7id enterprijing of thofe 
+
+
+5r Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i. p. 382. 
+
+
+56 Diodorus Siculus. JL. 1. p. 24. 
+
+57 Ex Diodori L. 40. apud Photium. 
+
+
+P* 11 
+
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+foreigners > 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 189 
+
+foreigners , who were in Egypt y and obliged to leave, the country , 
+betook themfelves to the coajl of .Greece , and alfo to other regions , 
+
+v 
+
+having put themf elves under the command of proper leaders for 
+that purpofe. Some of them were co7idu8led by Danaus , a?td 
+
+OadmuSy who wet'e the mojl illuflrious of the whole. 'There were 
+
+% 
+
+befde thefe a large , but lefs ?toble y body of people , who retired into 
+the province called now 58 fudea. 
+
+When therefore we fpeak of the hiftory of Greece as far 
+back as we can carry it, and of the rites and religion intro¬ 
+duced into that country, we may accede to the account given 
+of them by Zonaras. 59 Ek. XaAtJafwy ya.% Xeysrou <p 0 irry a 1 
+
+t ctVTct 'Srgog AlywKTQVy kcZxbiOsv wgoq 'EAXrp/af.. All thefe things 
+came from Chaldea to E gypt ; and from thence were derived to 
+the Greeks. The fame is attefted by 60 Jofephus. What pre¬ 
+ceded the arrival of the Gadmians, and other Cuthites, in 
+thefe parts, is utterly unknown. With them commences the 
+hiftory of the country. It is true there are accounts con¬ 
+cerning Eredtheus, Eridfhonius, Cecraps, and other ancient 
+
+kings : but they were fuperadded to the hiftory of Attica, 
+
+% 
+
+juft as the names of Inachus, Phoroneus, Apis, were to that 
+of Argos. It was therefore matter of great furprife to So¬ 
+lon, when he was informed by the Egyptian priefts of the 
+ancient occurrences of their country, and of the wars of 
+the Atlantians, to find the fame names ftand at the head 
+of their hiftories, as were obfervable in thofe of Greece 
+
+sS A fimilar account is given by the fame author. L. i. p. 24. 
+i9 Zonaras. v. 1. p. 22. Alfo Syncellus. p. 102. 
+
+60 He is very full upon this head. Contra Apion. L. 1. p. 443. and 444. 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+K £Xg07t0$ 
+
+
+
+Eg© 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-, 
+
+
+6l Ks%go7rog ts 3 mi E ^s^dscag^xcu E giyQovia, mi EgunyQovog, rutv 
+
+ts cO\7\u>v. For inftance , the names - of Cecro'ps , EreEiheus , Eric- 
+
+♦ 
+
+thonins , ErifEthon , a?id others. K cli ra tgof yvvcumv mi TcivTct. 
+Fhe na7nes atfo of their 'wome?i -were the fame. In reality they 
+were all titles of the 'Deity, as might be eaftly fhewn. Erec- 
+th'eus for inftance was the God of the fea, and as fuch wor- 
+
+
+fhiped by the very people, who inlifted him among 
+kings. This may he proved from Athenagoras. 6z 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+A drv 
+
+
+ctiog 
+
+
+Egsyfsi YlotreiS'ccvi §vsi. Fhe Athe?iian facrifces to EreEthens , 
+the fa?ne as Pofeidon. Strabo feems to think, that moft of the 
+ancient names were foreign ; 63 fuch as Cecrops, and Co- 
+drus, and Arclus, and Cothus : and he is certainly right in 
+his opinion. 
+
+What I have here faid, may in fome degree prove a hafts 
+for the hiftory of Greece. We may indeed talk of Xuthus, 
+Ion, and Hellen : alfo of the Leleges, and Pelalgi, and thus 
+amufe ourfelves in the dark: but no real emolument can pof- 
+libly arife, till the cloud, with which hiftory has been fo long 
+obfcured, be done away. This cannot well be effected, till 
+fome of the firft principles, upon which we are to proceed, 
+be made out, and thefe great truths determined. 
+
+
+This inquifttion I have been obliged 
+
+
+make 
+
+
+concerning 
+
+
+fome of the 
+
+
+princi 
+
+
+rfonages in the annals of Greece 
+
+
+For it is impoftible to lay a foundation for a future hiftory 
+unlefs what is true, and what is falfe, be previoufly deter- 
+
+
+61 
+
+
+Cz. 
+
+
+Plato. Critias. V T ol. 3. p. no. 
+
+
+Legatio. p. 279. 
+
+65 K CCL CC7T0 'TOtV OVCfJ.CtTU V cT£ tVltoV TO /2 OLCt £ 01' € fS-ty (X. IV £TOU . K BX XCLl K 
+
+xca Aix.?'.ci (read AgxAcs) xcu KoG 09 x. A. L. 7. p. 495. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+mined. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+191 
+
+
+mined. All thofe, of whom I have been treating, ftand 
+foremoft in the lifts of antiquity, and have been admitted" 
+with too little conftderation. Many of the firft Fathers in 
+the Chriftian church, feeing the high pretenfions of the Gre¬ 
+cians, tried to invalidate their claim by fhewing, that all 
+their ancient heroes were fubfequent to Mofes. This was the 
+repeated labour of Clemens of Alexandria, Theophilus, Eu- 
+lebius, Tatianus, and others. It was a point urged by them 
+continually in their recommendation of the Scriptures : as if 
+priority of time were neceftarily a mark of truth. The beft 
+Chronologers likewife admit thefe perfonages in their com¬ 
+putations : and great pains have been ufed to reconcile the 
+contradictions in their hiftories, and to afcertain the sera,... 
+when they flourifhed. Thefe learned men aCted upon a very 
+laudable principle : but failed in the very beginning of their 
+procefs. For, as I have before taken notice, the queftion 
+fhould not have been about the time, when thefe. perfons 
+lived ; but whether they ever exifted. The fathers proceeded 
+upon very precarious grounds ; and brought their evidence to 
+
+
+a wrong 
+
+
+teft. 
+
+
+They indeed ftate things very fairly ; and 
+have authorities for all that they advance. But the tradi¬ 
+tions of the Greeks were not uniform. And if any. Gentile 
+writer, inftead of carrying the eera of Inachus, and Phoro- 
+neus, or of Dionufus, and Perfeus, towards the time of Mo¬ 
+fes, had extended it to the times of the firft kings in Egypt, 
+I do not fee what they could have done : for this perfon in 
+his turn could have produced authorities.. They might in¬ 
+deed have difputed the point,,and have oppofed evidence to 
+evidence ; but nothing certain could have enfued. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( *93 J 
+
+
+
+O F T H E 
+
+* . 
+1 
+
+DELUGE, 
+
+
+AND THE 
+
+Memorials thereof in the Gentile World. 
+
+T HE hiftory of the Deluge, as it is transmitted to us 
+
+by Mofes, may appear Short and concife; yet abounds 
+with matter : and affords us a thorough infight into the moffc 
+material circumftances, with which that calamity was at¬ 
+tended. There feems to have been a great convulfion in 
+nature, infomuch that all flefh died, eight perfons only being 
+Saved : and the means of their deliverance were fo wonder¬ 
+ful, that very lading impreflions muff have been left upon 
+their minds, after they had furvived the fearful event. The 
+facred writer has moreover given us the reafons, why it 
+pleafed God to bring this flood upon the world, to the de- 
+flrucflion of the work of his hands. 1 The earth was corrupt 
+
+1 Genef. c. 6 . v. ii. &c. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+C c 
+
+
+before 
+
+
+
+194 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+before God’, and the earth was filled with ‘violence. And God 
+looked upo?i the earth, atid behold, it was corrupt : for all flefh 
+had corrupted his way upon the earth. And God faid unto 
+
+
+JVoah, 'The end of all jlefi: 
+
+
+befc 
+
+
+
+the earth 
+
+
+filled with ‘violence through them : a7id behold, I will deflroy them 
+with the earth. Make thee a?i ark of Gopher wood.—And this 
+is the fafioion, which thou Jloalt make it of: The le?igth of the ark 
+fhall be three hundred cubits, the breadth of it fifty cubits, and 
+
+
+the height of 
+
+
+A window fhalt thou make to the 
+
+
+ark, and in a cubit Jhalt thou finifh it above : and the door of the 
+ark fhalt thou fet in the fide thereof.—!Thus did Noah : according 
+to all, that God co?nman:ded him, fio did he.—''' And Noah went 
+in, and his fions, and his wife, and his fons wives with him, into 
+the ark, becaufe of the waters of the flood. — 3 In the fix hwidredth 
+
+
+year of No a Ids lifi 
+
+
+the fecond month, the feventeetith day of 
+
+
+the month, the fame day were all the fountains of the great deep 
+broken up, and the windows of heaven were opened. And the ram 
+was upon the earth forty days and forty nights. In the felf fame 
+day entered Noah, &c .—And they went in unto Noah in 
+ark two and two of all fie fio, where'm is the breath of life. 
+
+
+they that went in, w 
+had cojmnanded him 
+
+
+d female of all fleflo 
+
+
+and the Lord fl: 
+
+
+him 
+
+
+m. 
+
+
+into the 
+
+. A?id 
+
+as God~ 
+A?id the 
+
+
+flood was forty days upon the earth : and the waters increafed\ 
+and bare up the ark, a?id it was lift up above the earth. 
+
+
+* And 
+
+
+all flefh died, that moved upoji the earth — All, in whofe ?ioflrils 
+was the breath of life—And every living fubflance 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+de 
+
+
+1 Genef. c. y. v. y. 
+
+3 Genef. c. y. v. n. &c. 
+
+4 Genef. c. y. v. 21, &c. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*95 
+
+firoyed. yd?id the waters prevailed upon the earth an hundred 
+and fifty days. 
+
+We find from the above, that the Patriarch and his fa¬ 
+mily were inclofed in an ark, or covered float; wherein there 
+was only one window of a cubit in dimenfions. This was 
+■of fmall proportion in refpe<tt to the bulk of the machine, 
+which was above five hundred feet in length. It was more¬ 
+over clofed up, and fattened : fo that the perfons within were 
+configned to darknefs : having no light, but what mutt have 
+been adminiftered to them from lamps and torches. They 
+therefore could not have been eye-witnefles to the general 
+calamity of mankind. They did not fee the mighty eruption 
+of waters, nor the turbulence of the feas : when the foun- 
+tains of the great deep were broken up. Yet the crafh of 
+mountains and the noife of the cataracts could not but have 
+founded in their ears : and poflibly the cries of people may 
+have reached them ; when families and nations were over¬ 
+whelming in the floods. The motion too of the ark mutt 
+have been very violent at this tempeftuous feafon : all which 
+added to the gloom, and uncertainty, in which they were in¬ 
+volved, could not but give them many fearful fenfations j 
+however they may have relied on Providence, and been up¬ 
+held by the hand of Heaven. We find that the machine, in 
+which they were fecured, is termed Thebah, an ark, or cheft. 
+It was of fuch a model and conftruttion as plainly indicated, 
+that it was never defigned to be managed, or diredied by the 
+hands of men. And it feems to have been the purpofe of 
+Providence throughout to fignify to thofe, who were faved, 
+
+C c 2 as 
+
+
+
+196 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+as well as to their lateft pofterity, that their prefervation was> 
+
+not in any degree effected by human means. 
+
+% 
+
+After this the facred hiftorian proceeds to inform us, that 
+
+5 God remembered Noah , and every living ' things—that was 
+with him in the ark : that the fou?itains of the deep , and the 
+windows of heaven were flopped^ and the ram from heaven was 
+reframed. — G A?td the ark refed in the feventh months ojz the 
+feventeenth day of the months upon the mountains of Ararat. 
+And the waters decreafed continually u?ttil the tenth month : in 
+the tenth■ months on the firf day of the months were the tops of 
+the mountains feen. And it came to pafs at the end of forty 
+days , that Noah opeiied the window of the ark , which he had 
+made : And he fent forth a raven ; which went forth to and frOy 
+until the waters were dried up from off the earth. Alfo he fent 
+forth a dove from him , to fee if the waters were abated from off 
+the face of the ground : But the dove found ?to ref for the foie 
+of her foot 3 a?id foe returned unto him into the ark.—Ajtd he 
+fayed yet other feven days ; and again he fent forth the dove out 
+of the ark ; And the dove came in to him in the evening ; and 
+lo 9 in her mouth was an olive-leaf pluckt off : fo Noah knew that 
+the waters were abated from off the earth. And he fayed yet 
+other feven days ; and fent forth the dove which returned not 
+again unto him any more. —And in the fecond month , on the feven 
+arid twentieth day of the month , was the earth dried. Ajid God 
+fpake ujito Noah , faying , Go forth of the ark. A?id Noah went 
+forth , a?id his fons, a?id his wife , a?td hisfons wives with him. And 
+
+5 Gcnef. c. 8. v. i, &c.. 
+
+6 Genef. c. 8. v. 4 > &c 3 
+
+Noah 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+197 
+
+
+Noah builded an altar unto the Lord \ and took of every clean 
+beajl and of every clean fowl , and ojfered burnt-offerings o?i 
+the altar . 
+
+Thefe are the principal circumftances in this wonderful 
+occurrence ; which I have produced in the words of the di¬ 
+vine hiftorian, that I might not do injury to his narration r 
+and they are of fuch a- nature, as, one might well imagine, 
+would be long had in remembrance. We may reafonably 
+fuppofe, that the particulars of this extraordinary event would 
+be gratefully commemorated by the Patriarch himfelf; and 
+tranfmitted to every branch of his family : that they were 
+made the fubjedt of domeftic converfe; where the hiftory 
+was often renewed, and ever attended with a reverential 
+awe and horror: efpecially in thofe who had been wit- 
+neffes to the calamity, and had experienced the hand of Pro¬ 
+vidence in their favour. In procefs of time, when there 
+was a falling off from the truth, we might further expedt 
+that a perfon of fo high a character as Noah, fo particu¬ 
+larly diftinguifhed by the Deity, could not fail of being re¬ 
+verenced by his pofterity : and, w~hen idolatry prevailed, that 
+he would be one of the firft among the foils of men, to 
+whom divine honours would be paid. Laftly, we might 
+conclude that thefe memorials would be interwoven in- the 
+mythology of the Gentile world : and that there would be 
+continually allufions to thefe ancient occurrences in the rites 
+and myfteries ; as they were pradtifed by the nations of the 
+earth. In conformity to thefe fuppofitions I fliail endeavour 
+to fhew, that thefe things did happen : That the hiftory of 
+the deluge was religiouny preferved in the firft ages : That 
+
+every 
+
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+198 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+every circumftance of it is to be met with among the hifto- 
+rians and mythologifts of different countries : and traces of 
+it are to be particularly found in the facred rites of Egypt, 
+and of Greece. 
+
+It will appear from many circumftances in the more an¬ 
+cient writers, that the great Patriarch was highly reverenced 
+by his pofterity. They looked up to him as a perfon pecu¬ 
+liarly favoured by heaven; and honoured him with many 
+titles ; each of which had a reference to fome particular 
+part of his hiftory. They ftyled him Prometheus, Deuca¬ 
+lion, Atlas, Theuth, Zuth, Xuthus, Inachus, Ofiris. When 
+there began to be a tendency towards idolatry; and the ado¬ 
+ration of the Sun was introduced by the pofterity of Ham ; 
+the title of Helius among .others was conferred upon him. 
+They called him alio and Mm, which is the Moon; the 
+fecret meaning of which name I ftiall hereafter fhew. When 
+colonies went abroad, many took to themfelves the title of 
+Minyadas and Minyas from him'; juft as others were denomi¬ 
+nated AchcEmenidse, Auritas, Heliadze, from the Sun. 
+pie of the former name are to be found in Arabia, and in 
+other parts of the world. The natives at Orchomenos were 
+ftyled Minyas ; as were alfo fome of the inhabitants of Thef- 
+faly. It was the ancient name of the Arcadians, interpreted 
+7 XsXYjViTcu, Lunares : but grew obfolete. Noah was the ori¬ 
+ginal Z svg >9 Zeus, and Dios. He was the planter of the vine, 
+
+
+
+7 K on Api<r&v 0 Xros ev t ocis Sreaecri y.cu /Siovucrtos 0 XasAjofcTgi'S ev 'zzTQoyrcp KTf crews 
+
+
+'ZeAvviTcts 
+
+
+L,, 4. v. 264, 
+
+
+SchoL in Apollon. Rhod. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 199 
+
+and the inventer of 8 fermented liquors : whence he was de¬ 
+nominated Zeuth, which fignifies ferment rendered Z 
+Zeus, by the Greeks, He was alfo 9 Dionufos, interpreted 
+by the Latines Bacchus, but very improperly. Bacchus was 
+Chus, the grandfon of Noah ; as Ammon may be in general, 
+efteemed Ham, fo much reverenced by the Egyptians. 
+
+As many of thefe terms were titles, they were not always 
+uniformly adapted: nor were the ancients confident in their 
+mythology. But nothing has produced greater confufion in 
+thefe ancient hiftories, than that fatal turn in the Greeks of 
+reducing every unknown term to fome word, with which 
+they were better acquainted. In fhort, they could not reft, 
+till they had formed every thing hy their own idiom ; and 
+made every nation fpeak the language of Greece. Among 
+the people of the eaft the true name of the Patriarch was 
+preferved : they called him Noas, Naus, and fometimes con¬ 
+tracted, Nous : and many places of fanCtity,. and many rivers 
+were denominated from him. Anaxagoras of Clazomenas 
+had been in Egypt; and had there obtained fome knowledge 
+of this perfonage. He fpoke of him by the name of Noas 
+or Nous ; and both he and his difciples were fenfible that it 
+was a foreign appellation : yet he has well nigh ruined the 
+whole of a very curious hiftory, which he had. been taught, 
+
+* T ov Cat civ &icv'jcrov. Diod. Sic. L. i. p. n. 
+
+AAA cc xcu 'T'dS ccTryi*)■ f:tofJLiVY)v » TvgoS QutBiclv a//.x£AB-a7rtfAAoTpf<tt- 
+
+fj.xbeiv to x.ccTccaxevcc'QouaiLcv toou xoiQsov TFQfJ.cL > . f2pct%v Aenropttvov t>?s To-spL 
+
+top olvov evuS'ict;. Diod. Sic. JL. 3. p. 207. 
+
+NWj 09 xzxAvtcci L 7 ro evioov Z\evxctAioov . TheophiL ad Autolyc. L. 2. p. 370. 
+
+# 
+
+9 H (peaces t is AiywrTios ei f tois ^corcis tb N coe y 
+
+'O* Ncog kcu Z\iovvao9^ xcci Ocripis xa./\eiTcti, Tzetzes Chil. 10. Hilt. 335. 
+
+9 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+
+200 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+by taking the terms in a wrong acceptation, and then mak 
+
+
+inferences in conlequence of-this abufe 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+Oi h Avct& 
+
+
+yogouoi £g(JLriV£vz<ri Nay {jlbv t op A ict, rqv h AS^y&y rs’gynv 
+
+
+ngofJUiQsa <5s Nay eteyov' 13 go{M$£icL yog 
+
+
+
+
+0 Piss” 
+
+
+KOU [JLvQbVOVTOLI T3S OLV $ g 00 778 q fJ.£T 077£77?\0<& O l , $t)XOVOTl 0.170 
+
+ifowTSiog Big yviatriv. 'The difciples of Anaxagoras fay , that Nous 
+is by interpretation the Deity Dis , or Dios : and they call Athena , 
+Art or Science—They likewife ejleem Nous the fame as 11 Pro¬ 
+
+
+metheus 
+
+
+
+proceeds to inform 
+
+
+why they looked 
+
+
+upon Nous to have been Prometheus : becaufe he was the re- 
+?iewer of mankind ; and was faid , fj.£T077£77?\obhoi ; to have 
+fafioned them again y after that they had been in a manner 
+tinCt. All this is to be inferred from the words above. 
+
+
+the author, while he 
+
+
+giving 
+
+
+But 
+
+curious account, ftarts 
+
+
+affde-; and forgetting that he is confefledly treating of a fo 
+
+
+eign 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+own 
+
+
+uage 
+
+
+and from thence 
+
+
+frames a folution of the ftory. He tells us that Nous, which 
+he had been fpeaking of as a proper name, was after all a 
+Grecian term, v&g, the mind : that the mind was Prometheia ; 
+and Prometheus was faid to renew mankind ., from new forming 
+their minds ; and leading them by cultivation from ignorance to 
+knowledge. Thus have the Greeks by their affectation con¬ 
+tinually 
+
+
+10 Eufeb. Hi ft. Synagoge. p. 374. What is rendered Nbc, ftiould be expreffed 
+N dog or New. 
+
+Enfebius in another place mentions npofxn^ev^ os 'wXccrreiv oov^pooms sfAV^cutTO. 
+Chron. Can. p. 103. 
+
+Nav. Macrob. Saturnal. L. 1. c. iS. 
+
+Nw 5 'ztgtuuzc, kou ri forces. Hefych. 
+
+Fulgentius fays the fame from Apollophanes, c. 2. p. 628. Apollophanes in 
+
+facro 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 201 
+
+tinually ruined hiftory: and the reader may judge, how dif¬ 
+ficult it is to fee the truth through the mift, with which it is 
+environed. One would imagine, that Homer had an eye to 
+this fatality in his countrymen, when he made the following 
+pathetic exclamation : 
+
+13 A hfaot, n mxov to<5s 'UTol^btb ; vvxti (jlsv v^jux>v 
+
+ElXV&TOU KSCpOLhCLl T£, 'GrgO<rU7CQ. T£. -HsAiO? <Jg 
+
+OvgoLVs a%a.7CoXu\£, mr-i) <T S7rdefy ope v ccyrKvg. 
+
+Near the temple of Eleufinian Damater in Arcadia, were 
+two vaft ftones, called Petroma : one of which was ered: ; 
+and the other was laid over, and inferted into the former. 
+There was a hollow place in the upper ftone, with a lid to 
+it. In this among other things was kept a kind of mafk, 
+which was thought to reprefent the countenance of Dania- 
+ter, to whom thefe ftones were facred. I mention this cir- 
+cumftance, becaufe there was a notion among the Pheneatce, 
+who were the inhabitants of this diftrid:, that the Goddefs 
+came into thefe parts in an age very remote, even before the 
+days of Naos, or Noah. ^evsccroev h e$i Aoyog, mi 'UTgiv 13 
+
+Naoy clqikb&cu yoig, mi bvtoivQol A^jur/r^a. 'UtXclv 00 pevr\v . 
+
+Suidas has preferved from fome ancient author a curious 
+•memorial of this wonderful perfonage ; whom he a£Fed:s to 
+diftinguifti from Deucalion, and ftyles N u.vvolkqs> Nannacus. 
+
+25 Not VVCLKQQ, 'UTCLhVAOQ (X,VY)g 'UTgO A BVKOCkltoVOg. TiSJOV <p<X<Tl ~B<X<Tl- 
+
+idcro carmine fcribit Saturnum quafi facrum Nai's enim Gr2ece fenfus dicitur: 
+aut fatorem Nyr. 
+
+13 Horn. Odyff. T. V. 351. 
+
+14 Paufan. "L. 8. p. 630. Naos is certainly a tranfpofition for Noa?, Noah. 
+
+15 There is fome miftake in this name. Namxxos may have been a variation for 
+Nceuaxos, Noacus : or it may be for Nau-Na>co?, Noah Rex. 
+
+Vol II. D d Asa, 
+
+
+
+202 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* * 
+
+■7\bol ysvsvQou ,— 0 $ 'urgosiboog rov p.sAAoi'Ta KotroucKvrpLov, cry#- 
+tt.ya.ywv TtravTag sis to tsgov [jlstcl Scucgvwv Ikstsvts, K ou 'nrctg- 
+
+OlfJLltt S7TI NaVVttZZ, S7TI TWV CT$0$gCC TtTCihttlWV JCttl ttg’YttlWV. 
+
+Nannacus was a petfoti of great antiquity , prior to the time 
+of Deucalion . He is faid to have been a king , who forefeeing 
+the approaching deluge, colleSled every body together , and led 
+theni to a temple ; where he offered up his prayers for them , 
+accompanied with many tears. There is likewife a proverbial 
+expreffion about Nannacus ; which is applied to people of great- 
+antiquity. Suidas has done great injury to this curious tra¬ 
+dition by a mifapplication of the proverb at the clofe. What 
+he alludes to was tcc N tt.vva.K8 kXouoo, vel oSvgopLOU ; a proverb,, 
+which had no relation to time, nor to ancient perfons ; but 
+was made ufe of in a general calamity whenever it could 
+
+with propriety be faid, I fuffer, as Noah fuffered ; or, the ca - 
+
+% 
+
+lamities of Noah are .renewed in me. Stephanus gives great 
+light to this hiftory, and fupplies many deficiencies. He 
+calls the perfon Annaeus ; and like Suidas, makes him of 
+great antiquity, even prior to the reputed sera, of Deu¬ 
+calion. He fuppofes him to have lived above three hun¬ 
+dred years : at which period, according to an oracle, all 
+mankind were to be deftroyed. This event happened by 
+a deluge ; which this author calls the deluge of Deucalion, 
+inftead of Annaeus. In confequence of this unfortunate 
+diftinCtion between two characters, which were one and the 
+Tame, he makes the aged perfon to be deftroyed in the gene¬ 
+ral calamity, and Deucalion to be faved. He takes notice 
+of the proverb, and mentions the renewal of the world. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 203 
+
+,6 < 3 >a<n on w Tig Avvoutog, og efyrsv V 7 rsg to. Tgiajcocriot. sTp 
+
+Tag Ss '&sgi% fjLctvTevcrci&cii ioog r mg fii<ti<rz<rQoLi. ESofa Ss 
+
+‘fcgncrfJLOg, OTl T878 TS\£VTYl<TCLVTOg 'UTOLVTSg SlOkpQOL^TOVTOU . Ol 
+
+Ss Qgvysg OLKatroLVTzg sGgrivxv c rpoS^cag" ct<p a TSTd^oipua., to stti 
+
+AVVCLKS KXoLVCSIV, S 7 TI TOOV AfCt!/ OlKTl£o[JLSVUV. VsVOfJLSVH SiS T8 
+
+mTcucKvcrpm S7ri AsvmKicavog, 'uruvTeg S'istpQctgr)<rctv . Ayo&jgay- 
+#£*tnK <3g Ti]? yJi?, 0 Zgy? sks’Ksvts tw II gopurjOsi mi ty) Afavcc 
+
+siSiehot S 1 oL7r\oL<rou s/c T8 'Grgo<rmKs<rct{JLSvog Tag olvs- 
+
+(JLag sfjLQvcrncrca 'utoltiv s/.sKsvts, mi £uvtol ct7roTsh.s<ra.i. The 
+tradition is, that there was formerly a king named Annaeus, 
+the extent of whofe life was above 17 three hundred years. 'The 
+_ -people, who were of his neighbourhood and acquaintance, had 
+enquired of an oracle , how long he was to live. Attd there was 
+an anfwer given, that when Annaeus died, all mankind would 
+be deflroyed. The Phrygians upon this account made great 
+lamentations : from whence arofe the proverb, to s?ri Avvouca 
+kKolvtsiv, the lamentation for Annaeus j trade ufe of for people 
+or circujnfances highly calamitous. fphen the food of Deuca¬ 
+lion came, all mankind was defrayed, according as the oracle 
+had foretold. Afterwards, when the furface of the earth began 
+to be again dry , Zeus ordered Prometheus and Minerva to 
+make images of clay in the form of men : and when they were 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+Stephan. Byzant. Tkcviw. 
+
+
+17 Noah lived above three hundred years after the flood; which this writer has 
+fuppofed to have been his term of life when the 'flood came. The ancients efti- 
+mated the former life of Noah, or Ofiris, to his entrance into the ark : this interval 
+in the ark was efteemed a ftate of death: and what enfued was looked upon as a 
+fecond life, and the renewal of nature. This will appear all through the Gentile 
+
+
+hiftory of the deluge. 
+
+
+
+ijhed, 
+
+
+D d 2 
+
+
+
+204 .The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+W 
+
+jinijhed, he called the winds, and 7nade them breathe into each , 
+a?zd render them ■vital. However the ftory may have been 
+varied, the principal outlines plainly point out the perfon, 
+who is alluded to in thefe hiftories. Many perfonages hav¬ 
+ing been formed out of one has been the caufe of great eon- 
+fufion both in thefe inftances, and in numberlefs' others. 
+Indeed the whole mythology of the ancients has by thefe 
+means been fadly clouded. It is, I think, manifeft, that 
+Annaeus and Nannacus, and even Inachus, relate to Noa- 
+chus, or Noah. And not only thefe, but the hiftories of 
+DeuCalion, and Prometheus have a like reference to the Pa¬ 
+triarch ; in the ,s fix hundredth year (and not the three hun¬ 
+dredth) of whofe life the waters prevailed upon the earth. 
+He was the father of mankind, who were renewed in him. 
+Hence he is reprefented by another author, under the cha¬ 
+racter of Prometheus, as a great artift, by whom men were 
+formed anew, and were inftruCted in all that was good. He 
+makes 19 Minerva cooperate with him in making images of 
+clay, according to the hiftory before given : but he addition¬ 
+ally gives to her the province of infpiring them with a living 
+foul, inftead of calling the winds together for that purpofe. 
+
+Hence the foul of man according to Lucian is an emanation 
+of Divine Wifdom. 
+
+Noah was the original Cronus, and Zeus; though the latter 
+is a title conferred fometimes upon his fon, Ham. 
+
+18 Genef. c. 7. v. 11. 
+
+* 9 K cll 'to yjev c/Vor, ccp^itBtctcpv ctVTO* (o nv* vvveioya.^B'ro Se t 01 Kat 
+
+7 ] AI: MIIN EOT 2 A top's;«A or, xax rorderct sivcu roc, rs-^cto-pLccroc.. 
+
+Lucian. Prometh. in Verbis. Vo). 1. p. 16. 
+
+
+IlgOOTiS'QS 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient MV tho irocnr. 
+
+
+205 
+
+
+20 II guTts-ag. fjisv. cLvourtrsv ew oviwv Kgovog a.vfyoov' 
+
+Jix Jg Kgovx yevsf avrog clvol^ fJLsyag svgvaxa Xsvg. 
+
+There is a very particular expreftion recorded by Clemens 
+of Alexandria, and attributed to Pythagoras % > who is faid to 
+have called the fea 21 KLfom oclx^vov, the tear of Cronus : and 
+
+there was a further tradition concerning this perfon, 22 xoctcl- 
+
+7uveiv tcl texvcl, that he drank, or /wallowed up, all his chil¬ 
+dren The tears of Ills are reprefented as very myfterious. 
+They are faid to have flowed, whenever the Nile began to 
+rife, and to flood the country. The overflowing of that river 
+was the great fource of affluence to the people : and they 
+looked upon it as their chief blefling : yet it was ever attended 
+with myflical tears, and lamentations. This was particu¬ 
+larly obfervable at Coptos, where the principal Deity was 
+Ifls, 23 Coptos eft civitas Mareotica iEgypti, in qua 16 verfa 
+in Ifidem colitur : cujus facris ftftro celebratis Nilus exaeftuat. 
+—Proventum fructuum iEgyptii quaerunt ufque ad veros 
+plandtus : namque irrigatio Nili fupradidtorum fletibus im- 
+ploratur. This writer imagines, that the tears and lamenta¬ 
+tions of the people were to implore an inundation : and the 
+tears of Ifls according to Paufanias were fuppofed to make 
+the river fwell. But all this was certainly faid, and done, in 
+
+2,0 Lactant. de Fall*. Relig. V. i. c. 13. p. 6 1. 
+
+Z1 Tviccutcc kui 01 n vO<x.yoge*oi Hep(r€(ponis fc si> vjjvqls ths ‘E^Aanrra?, 
+
+K pove cTg J^cacpvov tw ^rctXcco-croLV^ aPitwyopwre* v~ca y.vgicL evri pcupiois evpoitxev ccv jito 
+T£ (pl?\.OGO(^COl\ U7TO Tg 'ZuOlYiTOOV OCLVlyfJ.CCTcodecs £lP 71 l U£l’CC. Clemens of-the wilful obfcu- 
+rity of the ancient Greek writers. Strom. L. 5. p. 676. 
+
+22 Etymolog. Magnum. 
+
+23 Lutatius tlacidus in Stat. Theb. L. 1. v. 265. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+memorial. 
+
+
+
+2o6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+* 
+
+memorial of a former flood, of which they made the over¬ 
+flowing of the Nile a type. 
+
+As the Patriarch was by fome reprelented as a king called 
+Naachus and Nauachus ; fo by others he was ftyled Inachus, 
+and fuppofed to have reigned at Argos. For colonies, where- 
+ever they came, in procefs of time fuperadded the tradi¬ 
+tions, which they brought, to the hiftories of the countries, 
+where they fettled. Hence Inachus was made a king of 
+Greece; and Phoroneus, and Apis brought in fucceflion after 
+him. But I have more than once taken notice, that Ina¬ 
+chus was not a name of Grecian original. It is mentioned 
+by Eufebius in his account of the firft ages, that there 
+reigned in Egypt c I’elegonus i a prince of foreign extraction ; who 
+was the fon of Orus the fhepherd , and the feventh in defcent 
+from Inachus. And in the fame author we read, that a co¬ 
+lony went forth from that country into Syria, where they 
+founded the ancient city Antioch : and that they were con¬ 
+ducted by 16 Cafus a?id Belus , who were fons of Inachus. Thefe 
+events were far more early than any hiftory of Greece ; let 
+it be removed as far back, as tradition can be carried. But 
+otherwife, what relation can a prince of Egypt, or Cafus 
+and Belus, who came originally from Babylonia, have with 
+a fuppofed king of Argos ? By Inachus is certainly meant 
+Noah : and the hiftory relates to fome of the more early de- 
+
+
+Paufan. L. 10. p. 881. 
+In gyp to regnavit T 
+
+feb. Chron. Verf. Lat. p. 14. 
+
+
+Eu 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+Karros x.?.i 'srarJV?, 'zzoos toj O^ot €1 'ZcroTapccsJ x. tA. Eufeb. Chron, 
+
+
+p. 24. See alfo Zonaras. L. 1. p. 21, 
+
+
+fcendants 
+
+
+
+The Analysis' of Ancient Mythology. zoy 
+
+leendants af the Patriarch. His name has been rendered 
+very unlike itfelf, by having been lengthened with termina¬ 
+tions ; and otherwife fafhioned according to the idiom of 
+different nations. But the circumfiances ol the hiftory are fo 
+precife and particular, that we cannot mifs of the truth. 
+
+He feems in the Eaft to have been called Noas, Noahs* 
+Nufus, and Nus; and by the Greeks his name was com- 
+pounded Dionufus. The Amonians, wherever they came, 
+founded cities to his honour : hence places called Nufa will 
+often occur. Hefychius fays, that there were both cities 
+and mountains ftyled Nufean in many parts- of the 27 world : 
+and he inftances in Arabia, Ethiopia, Egypt, Babylonia, 
+Eruthrea, Thracia, Theffaly, Cilicia, India, Libya, Lydia, 
+Macedonia,. the ifland Naxos ; alfo a Nufa near mount Pan- 
+gseus ; and a place of this name in Syria, the fame,, which 
+was called afterwards Scythopolis. There was alfo a place 
+called Nufa upon mount Caucafus ; and upon Helicon : alfo 
+in the 2S ifland Euboea ; where was a notion, that grapes 
+would bloffom, and come to perfection in one day. Of the 
+Nufa in. India Philoftratus takes notice and fays, that from; 
+thence Dionufus had the title of Nulios. 29 Nvmog yctg 0 A 10 - 
+
+vvziog CC7T0 T,r)g sv L v&oig Natn^ ovopct^ercii. But. this, if the. 
+author fays the truth, muft have been owing to a great mif- 
+
+
+k<x.i TSivcniiov ooc « x.ctk \:a 'tcttov* *)ccc A^b'TTTtf, 
+
+^ i — 
+
+BaSuAwro-, E^vGoaf, K iAixiut) h’Sr*tr} 0 A<£iw; 9 AuJMaxfJ'c- 
+
+
+VlCCty N *57 €p 
+xS 
+
+
+<ju c ul 'TO 
+
+
+riafy 
+
+
+OUOVy 
+
+
+
+
+vp tea 
+
+b 
+
+
+1 Iefych. 
+
+
+Er 6 cc S'lCC JJLICL9 fifJLS'.CLS 7 7JU CLJK.7 Tz 7'^0V (pOdjll CU TiOit 70V- fioTCVl 
+
+Sceph. Byzant. 
+
+Yit. Apollon..Tyan. t. 2. p. 56. 
+
+
+STTOCtVsG 
+
+
+fjcci. 
+
+
+take 
+
+
+
+208 
+
+
+The Analysis ot Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+take: for there were, as I have fhewn, many 30 cities fo 
+called ; which did not give the name ; but were all univer- 
+fally denominated from him. Thefe, though widely diftant, 
+being lituated in countries far removed, yet retained the fame 
+original hiftories ; and were generally famous for the plan¬ 
+tation of the vine. Milled by this limilarity of traditions 
+people in aftertimes imagined, that Dionufus muft neceffarily 
+have been, where his hiftory occurred : and as it was the 
+turn of the Greeks to place every thing to the account of 
+conqueft; they made him a great conqueror, who went over 
+the face of the whole earth, and taught mankind the plan¬ 
+tation of the vine : ' 3I A lovvcrov Z7rzX@ovTct j ustcc rga totts&s 'urcc- 
+
+
+<rctv r y\v oizzfievw, ch$od;cu re ty\v (pvreioiv rr\v aq.5rev\8, kcu t w 
+
+sv tois Kr\vois a,7ro@Ai-^/iv twv (ZoTgvuu* It is faid, that Dionu- 
+
+the whole earth ; and 
+
+
+
+fus went with an army over the face 
+taught mankind , as he pajfed alo?tg , the method of plantmo- 
+the vine ; and how to prefs out the juice y a?id receive it in pro¬ 
+
+
+per veffels. 
+
+Though the Patriarch is reprefented under various titles ; 
+and even thefe not always uniformly appropriated : yet there 
+will continually occur fuch peculiar circumftances of his 
+hiftory, as will plainly point out the perfon referred to. The 
+
+
+30 There was a city Noa, built by the ancient Dorians in Sicily; called by Ste- 
+phanus Noctr to sbriKoi' Ncctios. 
+
+The Scriptures ipeak of cities called Amon-No^ and No-Anion in Egypt. Ezek. 
+c. 30. v. 14, &c. Jerem. c. 46. v. 25. 
+
+The city Naucratis in the lame country was probably Nau-Carat, fimilar to the 
+Xiriath of the Hebrews ; and fignified the city of Nau, or Noah. 
+
+
+A city Noa was near Syene. 
+31 Diodor. Sic. L. 3. p. 197. 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+perfon 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 209 
+
+perfon preferved is always mentioned as preferved in an ark. 
+He is defcribed as being in a ftate of darknefs ; which is re- 
+prefented allegorically as a ftate of death. He then obtains 
+
+a new life, which is called a fecond birth ; and is faid to 
+
+* 
+
+have his youth renewed. He is on this account looked upon 
+as the firftborn of mankind : and both his antediluvian and 
+poftdiluvian ftates are commemorated, and fometimes the 
+intermediate alfo is fpoken of. 
+
+32 K ltikY)<TKU) AlOVVtfOV, Sgl&gOfJLOV,' svct^gct, 
+
+nPftTOfONON, AIOTH, TPirONON. 
+
+33 UgooTog <T sg cpoiog y]XOs, Aiuvvvog <T S 7 T£)cXriCn. 
+
+Diodorus calls him Deucalion; but defcribes the Deluge, 
+as in a manner univerfal ; 34 holtol rov em AsvxctXiooi/og yevo- 
+
+{JLSVOV KOCtOLKhVOTpLOV StpQlXgri TCL 'UTX£l?‘Oi TOdV : In the Deluge , 
+
+which happened i?z the time of Deucalion , almojl all flefh died . 
+
+Apollodorus having mentioned Deucalion ev Xocgvouti, con- 
+Jigned to an ark , takes notice, upon his quitting it, of his 
+
+offering up an immediate facrifice, 35 Ah to the God, 
+
+who delivered him. As he was the father of all mankind, 
+the ancients have made him a perfon of very extenfive rule ; 
+and fuppofed him to have been a king. Sometimes he is de¬ 
+fcribed as monarch of the whole earth : at other times he is 
+
+32 Orphic Hymn. 29. p. 222. 
+
+33 Orphic. Fragm. apud Macrob. Saturnal. L. 1. c. 18. 
+
+Sometimes Tlpcoroyoroi is changed to a female, and then made the daughter of 
+Deucalion, npcoroyeveix kxi riuppxs. Schol. in Find. Olymp. Od. 
+
+9. v. 63. 
+
+34 Diodor. Sicul. L. 1. p. 10. 
+
+35 Apollodor. L. 1, p. 20. 
+
+VOL. 11. 
+
+
+E e 
+
+
+reduced 
+
+
+
+210 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+reduced to a petty king of ThefTaly. He is mentioned by 
+36 Hellanicus in the latter capacity ; who fpeaks of the de¬ 
+luge in his time, and of his building altars to the Gods. 
+Apollonius Rhodius fuppofes him to have been a native of 
+
+Greece, according to the common notion : but notwithftand- 
+
+# 
+
+ing his prejudices he gives fo particular a charadter of him, 
+that the true hiftory cannot be miftaken. He makes him 
+indeed the fon of 37 Prometheus, the fon of Japetus : but in 
+thefe ancient mythological accounts all genealogy muft be 
+entirely difregarded. 
+
+
+38 IoL 7 F 8 TlQVlStiS CLyoSdV TSKS AsVUCiXlOOVCX., 
+
+Os 'urguTog 'uro^cre 'Groheig, acti zS'bi^aqlto vqag 
+
+t » 
+
+AQclvojqis , 'urgwTos xou av@goo7rc*)v / 3 cmtiXsvvbv. 
+'Aifioviw rriv Js 'taregiKTiovee xaXzxcriv. 
+
+
+Though this charadter be not precifely true; yet we may 
+learn that the perfon reprelented was the firft of men, through 
+whom religious rites were renewed, cities built, and civil po¬ 
+lity eftablifhed in the world : none of which circumftances 
+are applicable to any king of Greece. We are allured by 
+39 Philo, that Deucalion vva's Noah. '’EKXyvss [jlbv AsvKoi?\tcav(x, } 
+
+’XoASouoi Je NIZE £7rovo[Aa£aa'iv, e<p sJ t ov fAzyuv TCocrtucXvtr fxov 
+<TVU£oY] yzvz<rQcu. The Grecians call the perfoit Deucalion , but 
+
+
+36 Ot i cTg ucu /levitaXtoov eCcccn?\.€uo-e EAA ctvntos ev 'zf^gotu) tw; 
+
+xaA iccucts Qvcriv' xcn on roov £&S ex.cc Sreo)v (zcafs-Ui £A£'jx.clKiwv iScu&ccto EAA ccvvkos ev- 
+
+tw civ'tcc. Schol. in Apollon. Rhocl. L. 3. v. 1085. 
+
+?? 
+
+
+He was the fame as Prometheus, the perfon here called Jnpetionides. 
+38 Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 10S5. 
+
+S9 Philo Jud. de prsemio et pcenu. Vol. 2. p. 412.. 
+
+
+th% 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+211 
+
+
+the Chaldeans fiyle him Noe \ in ■whofe tune there happened the 
+great eruptio?i of waters. The Chaldeans likewife mentioned 
+him by the name of Xifouthros. 
+
+40 r O Nw£ BiirsQgog 'ZtfoLgoL XaA<$'caoig„ 
+
+
+That Deucalion was unduly adjudged by the people of 
+Theffaly to their country folely, may be proved from his 
+name occurring in different parts of the world j and always 
+accompanied with fome hiftory of the deluge. The natives 
+of Syria laid the fame claim to him. He was fuppofed to 
+have founded the temple at Hierapolis ; where was a chafm, 
+through which the waters after the deluge were faid to have 
+41 retreated. He was likewife reported to have built the 
+temple of Jupiter at Athens ; where was a cavity of the fame 
+nature ; and a like tradition, that the 42 waters of the flood 
+
+
+paffed off through this aperture. However groundlefs the 
+notions may be of the waters having retreated through thefe 
+paffages ; yet they ffiew what impreflions of this event were 
+retained by the Antonians, who introduced fome hiftory of 
+it, wherever they came. As different nations fucceeded 
+one another in thefe parts, and time produced a mixture of 
+generations ; they varied the hiftory, and modelled it accord¬ 
+
+
+ing to 
+
+
+their 43 notions and traditions: yet the groundwork 
+
+
+40 Cedren. p. n. 
+
+41 Lucian, de Dea Syria, p. 883. 
+
+41 Ocrov es '&r,%yv to e^cttpos ePiemxe* kcli Keynai^ fierce tvv eitojj£ota\t tw etti 
+/ levKctAicovos avfxSctaccv^ VTrogvnvcu tccvtv) to u^cop. Paufan. L. 1. p. 43. 
+
+43 How various thefe accounts were, even in the fame place, we may learn from 
+Lucian. IloAAo/ A oyoi e^syovTo’ tgov 01 pte v ci £j*(pccveec} 61 Se Tcccprct //.uOtw- 
+c kccl aAA 01 fiocpSctpoi) ct fj.zv roiari LAA^en QfJLoAoyeQVTSt* De Dea Syria, p. S82. 
+
+E e 2 was 
+
+
+
+2 12 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+was always true ; and the event for a long time univerfally 
+commemorated. Jofephus, who feems to have been a perfon 
+of extenfive knowledge, and verfed in the hiftories of nations, 
+fays, that this great occurrence was to be met with in the 
+writings of all perfons, who treated of the firft ages. He 
+mentions Berofus of Chaldea, Hieronymus of Egypt, who 
+wrote concerning the antiquities of Phenicia ; alfo Mnafeas, 
+Abydenus, Melon, and Nicolaus Damafcenus, as writers, by 
+whom it was recorded : and adds, that it was taken notice of 
+by many others. 
+
+As we proceed towards the eaft, we fhall find the traces of 
+this event more vivid and determinate than thofe of Greece; 
+and more conformable to the accounts of Mofes. Eufe- 
+bius has preferved a moft valuable extract to this purpole 
+from ' 4 Abydenus ; which was taken from the archives of the 
+Medes and Babylonians. This writer fpeaks of Noah as a 
+king, whom he names Seifithrus ; and fays, that the flood be- 
+- gan upon the fifteenth day of the month Defus :■ that during 
+the prevalence of the waters Seifthrus fent out birds , that he 
+might judge if the food had fubfded : but that the birds , not 
+finding any refing place , returned to him again. ‘This was re— 
+
+
+44 —toes K goro$ 'ZxTpoavfj.ct'.yei yosv eo-eo-Qcti *zzrAtffjos oySpoov f\scn& m-eynr'i y 
+
+£7 n Ssxaf xcA .evst Se 727 a r, 071 ypa/xyccrcov m e^oyoerov sv 'HA/a TzroKei 7 'y sv linmcc- 
+
+goicriv D07TOXpv\cLl’ ^SlCTtBpOS S 5 TCOVTCC S7rt7Sf^S<X, 730lYiG‘CC c ^ SISCOS S7T A .OfJLtlK&S CCVzC7T?iSB 9 
+TLOU 73CCPCCVTLXC6 fj.lV XCCT<X.Kci u£. GiV£ TCO EX S'S3, TglTV Ss YifJJSpCL S7TSITCC 00 V SKOTTCtCBj. 
+fXSTmi T GOT opViBcOV 73BlpY.V 730l€VfJJEV0 ?3 SI X.& yW tSOlSV T 3 V<ScC70S SxSUCTGCV. \A l Ss^ EX- 
+Ss%oyEv’S cdtccz 73S/\a.yes ctyctr£c$ 0 oottopwoh oxw xcoTopyricrovTcct^ 73ccpcc t ov 'XeicriQgo.v 
+
+
+OTTHjCfJ X 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+0 it cot 
+
+
+xaci E 7 T* ccvTrcriv e 
+
+
+
+■/ o 
+
+
+fl* Ss T>7 cri TptTYiO'LV £VS7V t fpfBV^ CX.7TLXPCTQ 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+cc<poovt£< 
+
+
+To Ss 73A01GV 
+
+*0. Abyden. 
+
+
+apud Eufcb. Prasp. iivang. L. 9. c. 12. Sec alfo Cyril, contra Julian. L. 1. p. 8. 
+
+peated 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 213 
+
+peated three times ; when the birds were found to return with 
+their feet famed with foil : by which he knew that the flood was 
+abated . Upon this he quitted the ark \ and was newer more 
+feen of me?i^ being taken away by the Gods from the earth . 
+Abydenus concludes with a particular, in which all the 
+eaftern writers are unanimous; that the place of defcent 
+from the ark was in Armenia : and fpeaks of its remains be¬ 
+ing preferved for a long time. Plutarch mentions the Noa- 
+chic 45 dove, and its being fent out of the ark. A curious 
+account to the prefent purpofe is by 46 Eufebius given from 
+Melon, who wrote a treatife againft the Jews. He takes 
+notice among other things of the perfon, who furvived the 
+deluge, retreating with his fons after the calamity from Ar¬ 
+menia : but he has mixed much extraneous matter in his nar¬ 
+ration ; and fuppofes, that they came to the mountainous 
+parts of Syria, inftead of the plains of Shinar. 
+
+But the moft particular hiftory of the Deluge, and the 
+neareft of any to the account given by Mofes, is to be found 
+in Lucian. He was a native of Samofata, a city of Comma- 
+gene upon the Euphrates : a part of the world, where me¬ 
+morials of the Deluge were particularly preferved ; and where 
+a reference to that hiftory is continually to be obferved in the 
+rites and worihip of the country. His knowledge therefore 
+
+
+45 Oi fJLtv yv fJLuQoAoyoi rep AeuxccAicovi (pcccrt *zzregi~epccv ex Actpvccxos adpieu.evm cf jj- 
+
+Acojj.ee yeveafycUj ^eijxcovos jjjev eaco rcccAiv S'vof/.en/v, ev^ias J^e ccro7rrccaxv. Plutarch. 
+
+•■ 
+
+de folert. Animal. V. 2. p. 968. 
+
+46 O Se rnv (rvaxeuw rxv xccrcc I y^oacov ypct-J^ocs xccrcc rov xccrccxAvcrjj.cv 
+
+(pvcnv cciro r >?s A of/.evicc$ ccireAQeiv rov •urepiAei$Qevrcc ccv^pco 7 rov fierce roov oioov^ ex roov 
+ificov e^eAccvvcjj.evov uiro rcov ey^pcopioov, S'tccvucrccvrcc Se rnv /jerco^v sA&e,v eis rm* 
+
+cceivnv rys'X'jctccC} ycrccv epvpcov, Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. 9. c. ig. p. 420. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+214 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was obtained from the Aliatic nations, among whom he was 
+born ; and not from his kinfmen the Helladians, who were 
+far inferior in the knowledge of ancient times. He de- 
+fcribes Noah under the name of Deucalion : and 47 fays, that 
+the prefent race of mankind are different from thofe , who firfl 
+exifled ; for thofe of the antediluvian world were all defrayed. 
+The prefent world is peopled from the fons of Deucalion ; hav¬ 
+ing encreafed to fo great a number from o?ie peifon. In re- 
+fpeSl to the former broody they were men of violence , and law- 
+lefs in their dealings. They regarded 7iot oaths , nor obferved 
+the rites of hofpitality , nor fewed inercy to thofe , who fued 
+for it. Ot7 this accou72t they were doomed to deflruEiion : and 
+for this pu7"pofe there was a 77iighty eruptio7i of waters from 
+the earthy attended with heavy Jhowers fro7n above ; fo that 
+the rivers fwelled , and the fea overflowed , till the whole earth 
+
+was covered with a floods a7id all flefh drowned. Deucalion 
+
+# 
+
+alone was preferved , to repeople the world. This 77iercy was 
+floewn to hi77i on accou7it of his juflice and piety. His prefer- 
+vatio7t was ejfecied hi this manner : He put all his family , 
+both his fo7JS and their wives , into a vafl ark> w>hich he had pro¬ 
+vided : and he went into it his fclf. -At the fame thne atii- 
+inals of eveiy fpecies , boars , horfes , lions , ferpents , whatever 
+lived upon the face of the earthy followed him by pairs : all 
+which he received hito the ark ; and experie7iced 710 evil from 
+them : for there prevailed a wonderful ha7~7nony throughout , by 
+the immediate influence of the Deity. Thus were they wafted 
+with him , as long as the flood endured. After this he pro¬ 
+ceeds to mention that, upon the difappearing of the waters, 
+
+47 Lucian, de Dea Syria. V. 2. p. 882. 
+
+7 
+
+
+Deucalion 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+215 
+
+
+Deucalion went forth from the ark, and raifed an 48 altar to 
+
+* • 
+
+God : but he tranfpofes the fcene to Hierapolis in Syria ; 
+where the natives pretended to have very particular memo¬ 
+rials of the Deluge. 
+
+Moft of the authors, who have tranfmitted to us thefe 
+
+
+accounts, at the fame time inform us, that the remains of the 
+ark were in their days to be feen upon one of the mountains 
+of Armenia. Abydenus particularly fays in confirmation of 
+this opinion, that the people of the country ufed to get fome 
+fmall pieces of the wood, which they carried about by way 
+of amulet. And Berofus mentions, that they fcraped off the 
+afphaltus, with which it had been covered, and ufed it in 
+
+
+like manner for a charm. 
+
+
+And this is fo far confonant to 
+
+
+truth, as there was originally about the ark fome ingredient 
+of this nature. For when it was compleated by Noah, he 
+was ordered finally to fecure it both within and without with 
+pitch or 49 bitumen. Some of the fathers, how truly in¬ 
+formed I cannot fay, feem to infill upon the certainty of the 
+fadt, that the ark in their time was flill in being. Theo- 
+philus s ° fays exprefly that the remains were to be feen upon 
+the mountains of Aram, or Armenia. And Chryfoflom ap- 
+neals to it 
+
+
+, as to a tiling well known : SI Do not , fays he, 
+
+
+48 Lucian fpeaks of altars in the plural : Aeuxct/^tcav S'* eiret rxS'e eyerero^ fccafs.&s 
+rrs eBerv* What is here alluded to > is plain. See Genefis. c. 6. v. 20. 
+
+49 Genef. c. 8. v. 1 4. The Seventy make ufe of the fame term as Bercfus : Kcct 
+
+ctaQx/iTcacreis crjTW ecrc *Ssr xxi encoder t>i ao-faArw. 
+
+50 Tbs ra Ke^arct pe^pi tb Sevpo Jenurjrxi etvcct ev t:i* ApxQix,qi$ (lege 
+
+
+o:Zcrii\ Ad Autol. L. 3• p* 39 
+
+?I XCd TCL 0O‘i) fJLCCpTVPZi T/?5 Acugtia?, Zv'ioL Yi KlZcoTOS iS'pV^V \ 
+
+a^T/p lea* yjv €:cei aw^gTai, ureas r./xtigcxi/ UTropWiiGiv. De peri 
+V. 6. p. 740. Edit. SaviL 
+
+
+xxi tx A?:- 
+ceta Char it. 
+
+
+
+
+216 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+thofe mountains of Armenia bear witnefs to the truth f thofe 
+mountainswhere the A?~k firji refedf and are not the re¬ 
+mains of it preferred there even imto this day f 
+
+Such was the Gentile hiftory of the Deluge : varied in¬ 
+deed, and in fome meafure adapted to the prejudices of thofe, 
+who wrote; yet containing all the grand circumftances, with 
+which that cataftrophe was attended. The ftory had been 
+fo inculcated, and the impreilions left upon the minds of 
+men were fo ftrong, that they feem to have referred to it 
+continually ; and to have made it the principal fubjedt of 
+their religious inftitutions. I have taken notice of a cuftom 
+among the priefts of Amon, who at particular feafons ufed to 
+carry in proceflion a boat, in which was an oracular fhrine, 
+held in great veneration. They were faid to have been 
+eighty in number ; and to have carried the facred veflel 
+about, juft as they were directed by the impulfe of the Deity. 
+'Ttto vsoog 'ursgi<psgsTca yyvcrr\g i>7T0 iggeoov oytioriKovrct (6 ©so?). 
+
+'O VTOl S's S7TI T(*)V OOfJLOOV QBgOVTBQ TOV ©SOI/ 'nTgOCnySG'lV OCVTOpCCtTOig, 
+
+0 /fa otyoi to T8 ©sa VBvp.cn Tt\V 'urogsiocv. I mentioned at the 
+fame time, that this cuftom of carrying the Deity in an ark or 
+
+boat was in ufe among the Egyptians, as well as the people 
+
+of Ammonia. Bifliop Pocock has preferved three fpecimens 
+
+of ancient fculpture, wherein this ceremony is difplayed. 
+
+They are of wonderful antiquity ; and were found by him 
+
+in upper Egypt. Two of them he copied at Luxorein in 
+
+fome apartments of the temple, which Diodorus Siculus fo 
+
+much celebrates. 
+
+
+?* Diodor. Sicul. L. 17. p, 528. See Yol. 1. p. 252. and Plate. 
+
+
+Part 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 217 
+
+Part of the ceremony in moft of the ancient myfteries 
+confided in carrying about a kind of fhip or boat; which 
+cuftom upon due examination will be found to relate to no¬ 
+thing elfe but Noah, and the Deluge. 53 The {hip of His 
+is well known; and the celebrity among the Egyptians, 
+whenever it was carried in public. The name of this, and 
+of all the navicular fhrines was Baris : which is very remark¬ 
+able ; for it was the very name of the mountain, according 
+to Nicolaus Damafcenus, on which the ark of Noah reded ; 
+the fame as Ararat in Armenia. 54 Es nv V7T£g Tqv M ivvclScl 
+
+[xsyct ogog xctTa, Tr\v Agpsviav, Roigig Ksyopoevov, Big 6 asroTsAsg 
+<n>fjL<pvyovTctg bti t« HCLTL>ucKv(rpL3 Koyog Byyi vTBgicrwOrivou, aca 
+
+TlVVL BTI Kotgv&xog OYiifJOBVOV S7Ti TW OLKgWgSlCLV OKBlXCLl, KCLl TOC 
+
+IvBifjCLVCL tom fcvfcoov B7ri vrohv TOd^vou. ’There is a large moun¬ 
+tain in Armenia, which flands above the country of the Minyce^, 
+called Baris ; to this it was faid, that majiy people betook them- 
+felves in the time of the Deluge, and were faved : and there is 
+a tradition of one p erf on in particular floating in an ark, atid 
+arriving at the fummit of the \mountain . We may be allured 
+then that the fhip of His was a facred emblem: in honour 
+
+53 See Lexicon Pitifci. Iamblichus. Se< 5 t. 6. c. 5. p. 147. and notes, p. 285. 
+
+54 Apud Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. 9. c. 11. p. 414. 
+
+See alfo Nic. Damafc. apud Jofeph. Jud. Antiq. L. 1. c. 3. §. 6. 
+
+To fJiSV <£ ICCKQ fJLl^OV TOC O’00 fULCtT CL 'GtAqiov TjOCpiV xocPisicrBocu Liodor. Sic. L. I. p. S 7 . 
+
+of the facred boat, in which the dead were tranfported to the Charonian plains. 
+
+Strabo, L. 11..p. 803. mentions a Goddeis Baris in Armenia, who had a temple 
+at mount Abus. 
+
+Herodotus fpeaks of Baris, as the Egyptian name of a fhip. L. 2. c. 96. See 
+Euripides, Iphig. in Aulis. v. 297. and iEfchyli Perfa^. p. 151. A lyvvrrtxy £ a 
+B ctpiv bx v 7 regQopy. 'AvT&gyoTtvx.Tov B ocpiv. Lycophron. v. 747* 
+
+Vol. II. F f 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+218 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of which there was among the Egyptians an annual fefti- 
+vah It was in aftertimes admitted among the Romans, 
+and fet down in their 55 Calendar for the month of March. 
+The former in their defcriptions of the primary deities have 
+continually fome reference to a fhip or float. Hence we 
+frequently read of 56 ©so* voLVTiKKovTBg. They oftentimes 
+fays 57 Porphyry, defcribe the fun in the character of a man 
+failing on a float. And Plutarch obferves to the fame pur- 
+pofe, that they did not reprefent the fun and the moon in 
+chariots; sS aXkcx. 'UTXoioig o’gppicta'i •ggca^tsvag 'srsgnrKeiv, but 
+wafted about upon floating machines . In doing which they 
+
+did not refer to the luminaries ; but to a perfonage repre- 
+fented under thofe titles. The Sun, or Orus, is likewife de- 
+fcribed by Iamblichus as fitting upon the lotus, and 59 failing 
+in a veflel. 
+
+It is faid of Sefoftris, that he conftrudted a 60 fhip, which 
+was two hundred and eighty cubits in length. It was of 
+cedar; plated without with gold, and inlaid with filver : 
+and it was, when finifhed, dedicated to Ofiris at Thebes. It 
+is not credible, that there fhould have been a fhip of this 
+
+ss Calendarium Rufticum menfe Martio habet IJidis navigium 0 quod eft -£Egyp- 
+tiorum feftum, a Romanis admiflum. Marfh. Can. Chron. Sedt. 14. p. 356- 
+
+See Gruter’s Infcript. p. 138. 
+
+57 Jamblich. de Myfter. Seft. 7. c. 2. 
+
+57 'HA/ov <Pe cY^cavsai 'more pnev JV ccv^pcc7rs 'zs-A m&. Porphyry apud 
+
+Eufeb. P. E. L. 3. p. 115. 
+
+58 Ifis ec Ofiris, p. 364. See alfo Eufeb. Prasp. Evang. L. 3. c. 11. p. 115. 
+Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 5. p. 670. C HA iov eiri 2crA 01&. 
+
+59 E 7 ri re Awto tcccl eyri 'arA 01& vccvTi^AofASyos (0£a5.) Iamblichus de 
+
+Myft. Sedt. 7. p. 151. 
+
+60 Diodor, Sicul, L, 1. p. 52J 
+
+7 fize s 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+219 
+
+
+Eze, efpecially in an inland diftriA, the mofi: remote of any 
+in Egypt. It was certainly a temple, and a fhrine. The 
+former was framed upon this large fcale: and it was the 
+latter, on which the gold and Elver were fo lavifhly ex¬ 
+pended. There is a remarkable circumftance relating to 
+the Argonautic expedition ; that the dragon Eain by Jafon 
+was of the dimenEons of a 61 Trireme : by which muft be 
+meant, that it was of the fhape of a fhip in general; for there 
+were no Triremes at the time alluded to. And I have more¬ 
+over fhewn, that all thefe dragons, as they have been repre- 
+fented by the poets, were in reality temples, Dracontia; 
+where, among other rites, the worfhip of the ferpent was in- 
+ftituted. There is therefore reafon to think, that this tem¬ 
+ple, as well as that of Sefoftris, was fafhioned in refpedt to 
+its fuperficial contents after the model of a fhip : and as to 
+the latter, it was probably intended in its outlines to be the 
+exa<St reprefentation of the ark, in commemoration of which 
+it was certainly built; It was a temple facred to OEris at 
+Theba; or, to fay the truth, it was itfelf called Theba : and 
+both the city, faid to be one of the moft ancient in Egypt, as 
+well as the Province, was undoubtedly 62 denominated from 
+
+
+6 x 
+
+
+K -eiTo yag Agccxovrets 
+
+Et^ero XctSgoTctTctv yevucov y 
+
+
+Os mrctytt fjicotei t £ 'zvtv- 
+
+
+Pind. Pyth. Od. 4 . p. 261 . 
+
+
+Tyxovrogov vccuv xgctTei. 
+
+*Os xoll nrco rsrct^eL xcct tm fjwxei T8 ctoo/jccctos 'zvzvTyxovTogov vccuv xccTSi%ev. cos 
+tviot ? Z7rXy(>& vccuv 'z&evnrv'KOVTogov. Schol. ibid. 
+
+-6i To ccp^aiov *1 Atyv7TTo$ ®y)€cu xaAB fxevy ). Ariftot. Meteorol. V. 1 .1. 1 . p- 77 r - 
+Theba and Diofpolis the fame: Tas <2>»€ct$ xca AioG7ro?iiv mv cmtw V7rctp%eiv* 
+Diodorus Sicul. L. 1 . p. 88 . 
+
+
+Theba now called Minio, according to Sanfon. 
+©>j£ct* < 3 *toA;5 Boiooriccs, kcu K iGqotiov. Hefych. 
+
+F f 2 
+
+
+it. 
+
+
+
+220 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+it. Now Theba was the very name of the ark. When 
+Noah was ordered to conftrudl a veflel, in which he and his 
+family were to be preferved ; he was directed in exprefs terms 
+to build, run, Theba, an ark. It is the very 63 word made: 
+life of by the facred writer : fo that we may, I think, be af- 
+fured of the prototype, after which this temple was fafhioned. 
+It is faid, indeed, to have been only two hundred and eighty 
+cubits in length : whereas the 6+ ark of Noah was three hun¬ 
+dred. But this is a variation of only one fifteenth in the 
+whole : and, as the ancient cubit was not in all countries the 
+fame ; we may fuppofe that this difparity arofe rather from 
+the manner of meafuring, than from any real difference in 
+the extent of the building. It was an idolatrous temple ; 
+faid to have been built by Sefoftris in honour of Ofiris, I 
+have been repeatedly obliged to take notice of the ignorance 
+of the Greeks in refped: to ancient titles ; and have ffiewn 
+their mifapplication of terms in many inffances : efpecially in 
+their fuppofing temples to have been erected by peribns, to 
+whom they were in reality lacred. Sefoftris was Ofiris ; the 
+fame as Dionufus, Menes, and Noah. He is called Seifithrus 
+by Abydenus, Xixouthros by Berofus and Apollodorus j and 
+is reprefented by them as a prince, in whofe time the Deluge 
+happened. He was called Zuth, Xuth, and Zeus : and had 
+certainly divine honours paid to him. 
+
+The fame memorial is to be obferved in other countries. 
+
+
+63 According to the Grecian mode of allegorizing, Theba was faid to have been 
+
+the daughter of Prometheus, who gave name to the place : A iro ©w&js tyis n^o- 
+fxnfktoS. Steph. Byzant. Tujjuei 'ZwQos /jlbv OnCr l v 9 u(p & n Apol- 
+
+lodor. L. 3. p. 145. 
+
+64 Genef. c. 6. v. 15. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+where 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+221 
+
+
+where an ark, or fhip was introduced in their myfleries, and 
+often carried about upon their feftivals. Paufanias gives a 
+remarkable account of a temple of Hercules at Eruthra in 
+Ionia ; which he mentions as of the higheft antiquity, and 
+very like thofe in Egypt. The Deity was reprefented upon 
+a float; and was fuppofed to have come thither in this man¬ 
+ner from Phenicia. 65 <5*a ya£ tjvAcM, mi S7T ccvrrig ®eog. 
+
+66 Ariftides mentions, that at Smyrna, upon the feaft called 
+Dionufla a fhip ufed to be carried in proceflion. The fame 
+cuftom prevailed among the Athenians at the Panathenaea ; 
+when what was termed the facred fhip was borne with great 
+reverence through the city to the temple of Damater of Elu- 
+fis. At Phalerus near Athens there were honours paid to an; 
+unknown hero, who was reprefented in the ftern of a fhip : 
+
+67 T ifJUZTou Je rig <DaAi^a* kccvcl nr^VfJLVOLV vguog. At Olympia,, 
+the moft facred place in Greece, was a reprefentation of the 
+like nature^ It was a building like the fore part of a fhip,. 
+which flood facing the end of the Hippodromus: and to¬ 
+wards the middle of it was an altar, upon which at the re¬ 
+newal of each Olympiad particular rites, were performed 
+
+65 L. 7. p. 534. 
+
+66 Orat. Smyrn. V. i. p. 402. He fpeaks of the euffiom as of late date : but the 
+feftival of Dionufus warrants the antiquity * See Dio. L. 39, p. 62. Eu-re yccg 
+.AaCcci tcrj C H pees vz&c,. jctA. a fimilar rite. 
+
+67 Clemen. Alexand. Cohort. V. 1. p. 35. 
+
+See Ariftophan. 'lirirzis . v. 563. of the fiiip at the Panathen^a. Ta S's Agsiv 
+*z* 7 ccy& ^xr?\.vciov JfiiscKUTW NAT§ ‘urofflQeicrcL eis t w t gov TlavccQ^yccioov 'z&opL 7 ry)v. Paufan* 
+L. 1. p. 70. 
+
+Of the fliip fent to Delos fee Callimacl}. Hymn. in Delum. Not. v. 314. 
+p. 204. 
+
+E7TL 
+
+
+
+222 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+6S 
+
+
+Em i/.cc^g Oh.v pm ct$o g 'uroisirou mra rqv 'urgugav pctKifcc vr& 
+
+
+fJLSVYiV, 
+
+
+faid of Lamech, that he received great confolation 
+
+
+the birth of his fon : and that he prophetically 69 called his 
+name Noah ; faying-, This fame Jhall comfort us concernmg our 
+work , and toil of our hands ; becaufe of the ground , which the 
+Lord hath curfed. Agreeably to this the name of Noah was 
+by the Grecians interpreted ref .and comfort: 7 °Nwg ctvot7TQiV(rig . 
+This feems to have been alluded to at the Eleufinian myfte- 
+
+
+nes. 
+
+
+Part of the ceremony was a night fcene 
+
+
+attended 
+
+with tears and lamentations, on account of fome perfon, who 
+was fuppofed to have been loft: but at the clofe a prieft ufed 
+to prefent himfelf to the people, who were mourning, and 
+bid them be of good courage : for the Deity, whom they la¬ 
+mented as loft, was preferved ; and that they would now have 
+
+The 
+
+
+fome comfort, fome refp 
+
+
+after all their labour 
+
+
+words in the original are very particular 
+
+
+91 ©appgiTs pvzou tb ©sb <rz<TM<rp£vz' 
+
+E srou yag fipiv ex. vtovoov (rooTrigtcx.. 
+
+To which was added, what is equally remarkable } 
+
+
+71 
+
+
+Etpvyov MJiov, svgov cupsivov* 
+
+
+68 Paufan. L. 6 . p. 503. 
+
+69 Genef. c. 5. v. 29. 
+
+70 Hefych. 
+
+N&>g ’E€pai<ri os SisgiJ.m'Z'us.Ta.'i ta 'EA Ka.S'i y/\ucrari ANAFIATSI2. Theoph. 
+
+ad Autolyc. L. 3. p. 391. 
+
+71 Jul. Firmicus. p. 45. Edit. Ouzel. 
+
+V' Demofthen. 'mepi 2 t£i p. p. 568. 
+
+
+I have 
+
+
+
+The. Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+223 
+
+
+I have efcaped a calamity ; and have met with a better portion. 
+This was the fame rite as that in Egypt, called oupOLVicrpLog 
+
+and ivgsa'ig O<ngi$os ; both which were celebrated in the 
+month Athyr. It was called in Canaan the death and revival 
+of Adonis or Thamuz, who was the Chris and Thamas of 
+
+Egypt. 
+
+Some rites, limilar to thofe, which I have been defcribing 
+in the exhibition of the facred fhip Baris, are mentioned in 
+the flory of the Argonauts. Their fhip is faid to have been 
+ftranded among the Syrtes of Africa ; by which means their 
+progrefs was interrupted : and at the fame time there was no 
+opening for a retreat. The heroes on board were at laffc told, 
+that there was no way to obtain the afliftance of the gods, 
+but by performing, what appears to have been a myftical rite. 
+They were to take the fhip on their fhoulders, and carry it 
+over land for a feafon. This was effected by twelve of them, 
+who bore it for feveral days and nights ; till they came to the 
+river Triton, where they found an outlet to the fea. Apol¬ 
+lonius fpeaks of the whole as a myftery. 
+
+73 M«c ream oJs yuubog’ syojv <T v7rctEzog a eiSca 
+
+Uisglfruv, ECU TYjV^B 'STOiVClTgSESg BE?\V 0 V 0 [E<pY)V. 
+
+'Tfjcsug, 00 'ursgi JV) fjcsyoc (pB^Tccroi vtsg uvccetoov, 
+
+'Hi 1 3^, f) agSTri AiSvrig acvoc &ivug sgYifJLzg, 
+
+N^a (JLSTOLj(jgoviYi», otret <T svS'ofli vrjog ccystrfls, 
+
+AvQefJLSVZg OQfJLQlO'l cpsgsiv SvOECuS'SECX. 'UTCCVTOC 
+H (JLOcO’ opez WETCtg T£’ y£ fJCBV, Yl Ear Ol£vP 
+
+V 
+
+71 Apollon, Argonaut. L. 4. v. 1381. See Pind. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 36. 
+
+Tig 
+
+
+
+224 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+Tig jl svsnoi , ry\v jismi vcvzrKYjtruv fjLoyzoneg $ 
+
+'EfUcefrov A^OLVi/Jtm strccv oli[j,olto£. 
+
+It is to be remarked in thole copies of the fculptures, 
+which bifhop Pocock obferved among the ruins at ancient 
+Thebes, that the extremities in each of the boats are*fa- 
+ihioned nearly alike ; and that there is no diftindtion of head 
+and Item. This kind of veffel was copied by the Greeks, 
+and ftyled 74 A pupnrgvpcvoug^ Amphiprumnais. It is recorded, 
+when Danaus came from Egypt to Argos, that he eroded 
+the feas in a fhip of this form: in which circumftance there 
+mult have been fome myflerious allufion ; other wile it was 
+of little confequence to mention the particular fhape of the 
+fhip, which he was fuppofed to have navigated. There was 
+certainly fomething facred in thefe kinds of veffels ; fome- 
+thing, which was efteemed lalutary: and in proof of it, 
+among other accounts given of them, we have this remark¬ 
+able one. 75 A (JL<pi7TgU[JLPCL, TOC B7TI CTWJ^a 'OTS-fJCTOfJLSPCt <GTXOIOC. 
+
+The Almphiprumna are a kmd of Jhips ., fent upon any falutary 
+
+& 
+
+occafoii. In fhort, they were always looked upon as holy 
+and of good omen, 
+
+I think it is pretty plain, that all thele emblematical re- 
+prefentations, of which I have given fo many iraftances, re¬ 
+lated to the hiftory of the Deluge, and the confervation of 
+one family in the ark. I have before taken notice, that this 
+
+74 SeeVol. 1. p. 252. 
+
+.Hyginus calls it navim biproram. Fab. 168. and 277. Tunc primum dicitur 
+Minerva navim fecifle biproram. 
+
+75 Hefych. 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 225 
+
+hiftory was pretty recent, when thefe works were executed in 
+Egypt; and when thefe rites were firft eftablifhed : and there 
+is reafon to think, that in early times mod fhrines among 
+the Mizraim were formed under the refemblance of a fhip, 
+in memory of this great event. Nay, further, both (hips and 
+temples received their names from hence ; being ftyled by 
+the Greeks, who borrowed largely from Egypt, N &vq and 
+
+Nao?, and Mariners N clutch, Nautag, in reference to the Pa¬ 
+triarch, who was varioufly ftyled Noas, Naus, and Noah. 
+
+However the Greeks may in their myfteries have fome- 
+times introduced a fhip as a fymbol ; yet in their references 
+to the Deluge 
+
+ways fpeak. of an ark, which they call, 76 Aagpct.%, Larnax, 
+
+K*GmT og, and the like. And though they were apt to men¬ 
+tion the fame perfon under various titles ; and by thefe means 
+different people feem to be made principals in the fame 
+
+hiftory : yet they were fo far uniform in their accounts of 
+
+♦ 
+
+this particular event 
+ferved in an ark. Thus it is faid of Deucalion, Perfeus 
+and Dionufus, that they were expofed upon the waters in a 
+machine of this fabrick. Adonis was hid in an 77 ark by 
+Venus ; and was fuppofed to have been in a ftate of death 
+
+for a year. 
+
+% 
+
+76 Plato of Deucalion and his wife •, Tyres sv AAPNAKI S'lctaeacdG-Qoct. See alfo 
+Nonnus. L. 6. p. 200. A apvoc.% ccvToiropos* Theophil. ad Autolyc. L. 3. p. 391. ft- 
+
+A crei S'* us teok s£e>tTo tov A*7roAoy evpscc ?ictpmi~ 
+
+*Zuov source. Theocrit. Idyll. 7. v. 78, 
+
+77 Apollodorus. L. 3 «.p* 194- 
+
+G g 'Oiov 
+
+
+, that they made each of them to be pre- 
+
+
+itfelf, and to the perfons preferved, they al- 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+226 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+78 'O tov rot tqv A8miv olk clsvclz Aysgovrog 
+M r)vi fvcdfezctTw fJLa.Xcutou7ro$sg ccyocyou 
+
+Theocritus introduces a paftoral perfonage Comates, who 
+was expofed in an ark for the fame term ; and wonderfully 
+
+79 <2 fjLODcctgtzs Ko{jlxtol, tv S-riv TotS's t sgrtvct f srs7Tov&ocg y 
+
+K OU TV XCLTS%Xct&YlS £V XCLOVCMl, ZOU TV IJL£Kl(rrOLV 
+
+K rigici (psgtoOfjLsuog srog usgiov s%£Tsh£<rcrctg. 
+
+Of Oflris being expoled in an ark we have a very remark¬ 
+able account in 80 Plutarch y who mentions, that it was on 
+account of Typhon ; and that it happened on the feven- 
+teenth of the month Athyr, when the Sun was in Scorpio. 
+This in my judgment was the precile time, when Noah en¬ 
+tered the ark, and when the flood came ; which in the 
+Egyptian mythology was termed Typhon. 
+
+From what has preceded the reader will perceive, that the 
+hiftory of the Deluge was no fecret to the Gentile world. 
+They held the memory of it very facred : and many colo¬ 
+nies, which went abroad, ftyled. themselves Thebeans in re¬ 
+ference to the ark. Hence there occur many cities of v the 
+the name of Theba; not in Egypt only and Bceotia, but in 
+Cilicia, Ionia, Attica, Pthiotis, Cataonia, Syria, and Italy. 
+
+I 
+
+70 Theocrit. Idyll. 15. v. 102. 
+
+79 Theocrit. Idyll. 7. v. 85. Com-Ait: two titles of Helius. & 
+
+80 Ills and Giir. v. 1. p. 366, 367. 
+
+See Lightfootof the ancient year beginning in Autumn. Vol. 1. p. 707. 
+
+See the Account of the Flood, when Prometheus reigned in Egypt, as it is men¬ 
+tioned by Diodor. Sicul. L. 1. p. 16. 
+
+It 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 227 
+
+It was fometimes expreffed Thiba : a town of which name 
+was in Pontus : 81 T07T0£ Tw IlovTia. It is called 
+
+Thibis by 81 Pliny. He mentions a notion, which prevailed, 
+
+that the people of this place could not Jink in wate ?~; eofdem 
+non pofle mergi. We may fee in this a remote allufton to 
+the name of the place, and people ; and to the hiftory, which 
+they had preferved. 
+
+There was another term, befides Theba, under which the 
+Grecians reprefented the ark. It was called KCibo- 
+tus ; which however I do not imagine to have been a word 
+of Grecian original : as both an 83 haven in Egypt, and a 
+84 city of great antiquity in Phrygia, were denominated in 
+the fame manner. The fathers of the Greek church, when 
+they treat of the ark, interpret it in this manner, K lEcorog. 
+It is alfo the term made ufe of by the 8s Seventy ; and even 
+by the 86 Apoftles themfelves. The city Cibotus, which I 
+mentioned to have been in Phrygia, flood far inland upon 
+the fountains of the river Marfyas : and we may judge from 
+its name, that it had reference to the fame hiftory. Indeed, 
+
+81 Stcph. Byzantin. 
+
+It was faid to have been built by the Amazons. From the Amazons being The- 
+beans, we may judge of their race, and true hiftory. 
+
+81 Plin. L. 7. c. 2. 
+
+KaiTo; tbs ye r srepiTlov r rov qixbvtcls 'zzraAcc* ®y)Qets TzrgoGCLyopevofAevBS iq^opei 
+x* t. A. Plut. Sympof. L. 5. c. 7. 
+
+83 One of the havens at Alexandria. Strab. L. 17. p. 114 5 * 
+
+Tlpos A. 7 rafjLeicL K iGcotcaj. Strabo. L. 12. p. 854. 
+
+K lGgotos' A ctgvct^ |;t>A ivn. Helych. 
+
+85 Ylowcrov bv aectvTO) KtCcoTQp ex ^uXoov TeTpccyoovGov" voa’tnM •moinaeis xcctcc t >w 
+
+l/LiQcoTov. Genef. c. 6. v. 14. Edit. Aid. 
+
+Hebr. c. 11. v. 7. 1 Pet. c. 3. v. 20. 
+
+Gg2 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+
+228 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+all over this part of the world memorials of the deluge feem 
+to have been particularly preferred. This city was alfo 
+called Apamea; 87 A7ra|U.SJa, yj KsyopsvYiz which 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+name of Apamea is laid to have been conferred upon 
+latter times. It was undoubtedly named Cibotus in memory 
+of the ark, and of the hiftory, with which it is connected. 
+And in proof of this, we Aiall find that the people had pre- 
+lerved more particular and authentic traditions concerning 
+the flood, and the prefervation of mankind through Noah, 
+
+than are to be met with elfewhere. The learned 88 Fal- 
+
+# 
+
+conerius has a curious diflertation upon a coin of Philip the 
+elder ; which was ftruck at this place, and contained on its 
+reverfe an epitome of this hiftory. 
+
+
+The reverfe of moft 
+Afiatic coins relate to the religion and mythology of the 
+
+
+87 Strab. L. 12. p. 864. It was undoubtedly the fame as Cetence, of which. I 
+have treated before ; and which I have. Ihewn to have been named from its fitua- 
+tion. Cetenre I fhould imagine was the name of the city; and Cibotus was pro¬ 
+perly the temple : which diftin< 5 tion was not attended to. in former times. Mi- 
+gratum inde haud procul veteribus Cetenis novseque urbi Apamsea nomen in- 
+ditum ab Apamea forore Seleuci Regis. Eiv. L. 38. c.. 13. Tertius.Apameam 
+vadit, ante appellatam Catenas, deinde Ciboton. Plin. L. 5. c. 29. 
+
+88 Oftav. Falconerii Dififertatio de nummo Apameenfi, Deucafionei diluvii ty— 
+pum- exftibente; ad Petr. Seguinum. S. Germani Antifliodor. Paris. Decanum. 
+Ex Libro,. cui titulus, Sele£ta Numifmata Antiqua ex M'ufeo Petr. Seguini. Paris. 
+1684. He mentions another coin fnnilar to the above, and ftruck by the fame 
+people, who are ftyled Magnetes Apameenfes. On one fide is the head of Severus 
+crowned with laurel: on the other, the ark with the fame perfons in it, and the 
+like circumftances defcribed : above, Efll AmNOGETHN APTE MAFNH- 
+TfiN AHAMEfiN. 
+
+The two laft fyllables of MArNHTON are upon the blank fpace of the ark. 
+
+There is a coin of the emperor Adrian ; the reverfe a river-god, between two 
+rocks, like the Petras Ambrofte: infcribed AEIAMEDN MAPSTAX KIBflTOX. 
+Alfo a coin with a fhip : infcribed AP rSl MATNHTflN. Patini Numifm. p. 413. 
+
+places* 
+
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+Plate UT 
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+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 229 
+
+places, where they were ftruck. The inscription upon the 
+forepart is ATT. K. IOTA. OIAHIIIOS. ATT. Upon the 
+
+reverfe is delineated a kind of fquare machine, floating upon 
+the water. Through an opening in it are feen two perfons, 
+a man, and a woman, as low as to the breaft : and upon the 
+head of the woman is a veil. Over this ark is a kind of 
+triangular pediment, on which there flts a dove: and below 
+it another, which feems to flutter its wings, and holds in its 
+mouth a fmall branch of a tree. Before the machine is a 
+man following a woman; who by their attitude feem to have 
+juft quitted it, and to have gotten upon dry land. Upon the 
+ark itfelf, underneath the perfons there inclofed, is to be read 
+in diftinCt characters, N12E. The learned Editor of this ac¬ 
+count fays, that it had fallen to his lot to meet with three of 
+thefe coins. They were of brafs, and of the medaglion iize: 
+one of them he mentions to have feen in the collection of the 
+duke of Tufcany ; the Second in that of the cardinal Otto- 
+boni : and the third was the property of Auguftino Chigi, 
+nephew to pope Alexander the Seventh. Nor had this peo¬ 
+ple only traditions of the Deluge in general. There Seems 
+to have been a notion that the ark itfelf refted upon the hills 
+of CelasnEe, where the city Cibotus was founded : for the Si¬ 
+bylline oracles, wherever they may be fuppofed to have been 
+compofed, include thefe hills under the name of Ararat ; 
+and mention this circumftance. 
+
+89 c$s n <§>gvyir,g uttsp r,7rsi^oi^ fj.sXcavr^, 
+
+HKi^cztqVj T<zvv[jLY\x.es o£os, Agagctr os zaAsrrca, 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+89 Orac.. Sibyllin. p. 180. 
+
+
+e Orr 
+
+
+
+230 The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 
+
+e Orr’ acx 6‘a)fotcr&&(ti sir «W« 'SrctvTsg SfVsXXw. 
+
+EvQ'cl (pXs&sg [AsyccXg 'tzrbTcifj.s M tzgcuoio T nreq>VK.vLV , 
+
+T B$S K l^UTOg B^LSIVBV SV V^Y}X 010 KCLglQOta 
+AyfecCVTQM V^CtTOOV. 
+
+We may perceive a wonderful correfpondence between the 
+hiftories here given, and of the place from whence they 
+came. The heft memorials of the ark were here preferved, 
+and the people were fly led Magnetes , and their city Cibotus: 
+and upon their coins was the figure of the ark under the name 
+of Agyoo Mciyvritcfjv : all which will be Further explained here¬ 
+after. Not far from Cibotus was a city called 90 Baris : which 
+was a name of the fame purport as the former; and was cer¬ 
+tainly founded in memory of the fame event. Cibotus fag- 
+fled an ark, and was often ufed for a repofitory: but differed 
+from / us"Y), cifta, by being made ufe of either for things fa- 
+cred, or for things of great value, like the Camilla of the 
+
+Latines: 91 jj [jlzv sis V7ro$oyY)V s^e(TfJLOLTwv, 13 0 i-puTiM mi 
+
+ygvvz zifiuTog. The rites of Damater related to the ark and 
+deluge, like thofe of Ills : and the facred emblems, what¬ 
+ever they may have been, were carried in an holy machine, 
+called 91 KiEootos. 
+
+The ark according to the traditions of the Gentile world 
+was prophetic; and was looked upon as a kind of temple, a 
+
+
+90 Near Beudos in Pifidia, and not a great way from Cibotus. Ptolem. L. 5. p. 
+142. Hieroclis Synecdemus. Pifidia. p. 673. Beudos, Baris, Bceotus, were all 
+of the fame purport. 
+
+91 Schol. in Ariftophan. ' l7nreis . v. 1208. 
+
+91 Paufan. L. 10. p. 866. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+place 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+231 
+
+
+place of refidence of the Deity. In the compafs of eight 
+perlbns it comprehended all mankind : which eight perfons 
+were thought to be fo highly favoured by Heaven, that they 
+were looked up to by their pofterity with great reverence ; 
+and came at laft to be reputed Deities. Hence in the an¬ 
+cient mythology of Egypt, there were precifely eight 93 Gods : 
+of thefe the Sun was the chief, and was faid firft to have 
+reigned. Some made Hephaiftus the firft king of that coun¬ 
+try : while others fuppofed it to have been Pan. 9+ II ol£ A/- 
+
+yv7rrioi<ri <5s Ito /usv agyyuoTOLTog, non tuv OKTI2 TI2N 
+
+IIPflTIIN XsyofjLGVOov &soov. There is in reality no incon- 
+fiftency in thefe accounts : for they were all three titles of 
+the fame Deity, the Sun : and when divine honours began to 
+be paid to men, the Amonians conferred thefe titles upon 
+the great Patriarch, as well as upon his fon 95 Amon. And, 
+as in the hiftories of their kings, the Egyptians were able to 
+trace the line of their defcent upwards to thefe ancient 96 per- 
+fonages j the names of the latter were by thefe means pre¬ 
+fixed to thofe lifts : and they were in aftertimes thought to 
+have reigned in that country. This was the celebrated Og- 
+doas of Egypt, which their pofterity held in fuch veneration, 
+that they exalted them to the heavens, and made their hif- 
+
+95 Djodor. Sic.uL L. i. p. 12. 
+
+94 Plerodot. L,. 2. c. 145. 
+
+9? There is reafon to think, that the Patriarch Noah had the name of Amon 
+as v/ell as his fon. The cities ftyled No-Amon, and Amon-No, were certainly 
+named from Noah. According to Plutarch Amon fign’.ned occultus . Ifis et Ofiris. 
+
+P- 354 . 
+
+90 MzQtojAWZvcfj.evwv o’ nvxs y. ar oyavjy/ds v7rcc:^r t 015 x. t. A. 
+
+Diodor. Sicul. L. 1. p. 12. 
+
+
+
+232 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+tory the chief fubjedt of the fphere. This will appear very 
+manifeft in their fymbolical reprefentation of the folar fyftem; 
+of which Martianus Capella has tranfmitted to us a very cu¬ 
+rious fpecimen 97 . Ibi (in fyftemate folari) quandam navem 
+
+totius naturae curfibus diversa cupiditate moderantem, cundta- 
+que fl.amm.arum congeftione plenifiimam, et beatis circum- 
+a£tam mercibus confpicimus ; cui nautas feptetn , germani ta~ 
+men fuique Jimiles , praefidebant. In eadem verb rate fons 
+quidam lucis astherese, arcanifque fiuoribus manans, in totius 
+mundi lumina fundebatur. Thus we find that they efteemed 
+the ark an emblem of the fyftem of the heavens. And when 
+they began to diftinguifh. the ftars in the firmament, and to 
+reduce them to particular conflellations ; there is reafon to 
+think, that moft of the afterifms were formed with the like 
+reference. For although the delineations of the fphere have 
+by the Greeks, through whofe hands we receive them, been 
+greatly abufed ; yet there ftill remains fufficient evidence to 
+fhew that fuch reference fubfifted. The watery fign Aqua¬ 
+rius, and the great effufion of that element, as it is depicted 
+• in the fphere, undoubtedly related to this hiftory. Some 
+faid, that the perfon meant in the character of Aquarius was 
+Ganymede. Hegefianax maintained that it was Deucalion, 
+and related to the deluge. 98 Hegefianax autem Deucalionem 
+dicit efie, quod, eo regnante, tanta vis aquas fe de ccelo pro- 
+
+97 Martian. Capella. Satyric. L. 2. p. 43. 
+
+98 Hygin. Poet. Aftronom. c. 29. p. 482. 
+
+Audi Scholiaften Germanici Aquario—Nigidius Hydrochoon five Aquarium 
+exiftimat efle Deucalionem Theffalum, qui in maximo cataclyfmo fit relidtus cum 
+uxore Pyrrha in monte iEtna, qui eft altiflimus in Sicilia. Not. in Hygin. Fab. 
+153. p. 265. ex Germanici Scholiafte. 
+
+fuderit. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 233 
+
+fuderit, ut cataclyfmus fadtus efle diceretur. Eubulus autem 
+Cecropem demonftrat effe ; antiquitatem generis commemo- 
+rans, et oftendens, antequam vinum traditum fit hominibus, 
+aqua in facrificiis Deorum ufos efle ; et ante Cecropem reg- 
+nafTe, quam vinum fit inventum. The reader may here 
+judge, whether Cecrops, the celebrated king of Attica, who 
+lived before the plantation of the vine, and was figured un¬ 
+der the character of Aquarius, like Deucalion, to any other 
+than Deucalion himfelf, the Noah of the eaft. 
+
+Noah was reprefented, as we may infer from 99 Berofus, 
+under the femblance of a fifh by the Babylonians : and 
+thofe reprefentations of fiflies in the fphere probably related 
+,to him, and his fons. The reafons given for their being 
+placed there were, that Venus, when fhe fled from 100 Ty- 
+phon, took the form of a fifh ; and that the fifh, ftyled No- 
+tius, faved Ifis in fome great extremity : pro quo beneficio 
+fimulacrum Pifcis et ejus Jiliorum , de quibus ante diximus, 
+inter aftra conflituit: for which reafon Vonus placed the fijh 
+Notius and his fo?ts among the ftars. By this we may per¬ 
+ceive, that Hyginus fpeaks of thefe afterifms as reprefenta¬ 
+tions of perfbns : and he mentions from Eratoflhenes, that 
+the fifh Notius was the father of mankind : ex eo pifee 
+natos homines. 
+
+It is faid of Noah, that after the deluge he built the fLrft 
+
+99 Eufebii Chron. p. 6. 
+
+,0 ° Hygin. Poec. Aftron. c. 41. p. 494. 
+
+* Eratoflhenes ex eo pifee natos homines dicit. Hygin. Poet. Aflron. L. 2. 
+c. 30. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+H h 
+
+
+altar 
+
+
+
+234 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+1 altar to God : which is a circumftance always taken notice 
+of in the hiftory given of him by Gentile writers. He is' 
+likewife mentioned as the firft planter of the vine ; and the 
+inventer of wine itfelf, and of Zuth or ferment, by which 
+fimilar liquors were manufactured. We may therefore fup- 
+pofe that both the altar, and the crater, or cup, related to. 
+thefe circumftances. This hiftory of the raven is well 
+known, which he fent out of the ark by way of experiment r 
+but it difappointed him, and never returned. The bird is 
+figured in the fphere : and a tradition is mentioned, that the 
+3 raven was once fent on a mefiage by Apollo ; but deceived 
+him, and did not return, when he was expecfted. It may 
+feem extraordinary, if thefe figures relate to the hiftory,. 
+which I fuppofe, that there fhould be no allufton to the dove, 
+and to the particulars of its return. I make no doubt but it 
+was to be found in the Chaldaic and Egyptian fpheres : but 
+in that of Greece, there is in the fouthem hemifphere a vaft 
+interval of unformed ftars ; which were omitted by the aftro- 
+nomers of that country, as being either feldom feen, or elfe 
+totally * obfcured from their view. The Argo however, that 
+facred fhip, which was faid to have been framed by divine 
+
+* 0 = Se (pyicri^ T&TO &UTVplQl' Bll'CCt, SV cp TO TV pWTOV CL ^TBCl CTVVOOfJLOCncZV STTGlv 
+
+naotvTo. Theon. ad Arftum. p. 46. Nonaulli cum Eratofthene dicunt, cum Cra- 
+tera efle, quo Icarius fit ufus, cum hominibus oftenderet vinum.. Hygin. Fab. 140.. 
+p. 494. 
+
+3 Miflus ad fontem aq.uam puram petitum. Htygin. c. 40. p. 492. 
+
+4 The Pleiades are Peleiades or Doves; and were placed in the heavens to denote- 
+by their riling an aufpicious feafon for mariners to fail. They were the daughters, 
+of Pleione. See Natal. Comes. L. 4. c. 7. 
+
+wifd'om* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+235 
+
+
+wifdom, is to be found there ; and was certainly no other 
+than the s ark. The Grecians fuppofed it to have been built 
+at Pagafas in ThefTaly, and thence navigated to Colchis. I 
+fhall hereafter fhew the improbability of this ftory : and it is 
+to be obferved, that this very harbour, where it was fuppofed 
+to have been conftrudted, was called the port 5 6 of Deucalion. 
+
+This alone would be a ftrong prefumption, that in the hif- 
+
+% 
+
+tory of the place there was a reference to the Deluge. The 
+
+* % 
+
+Grecians placed every ancient record to their own account : 
+
+0 
+
+their country was the fcene of every 7 adtion. The people 
+of ThefTaly maintained that Deucalion was expofed to a flood 
+in 8 their diftridt, and faved upon mount Athos: the people 
+of Phocis make him to be driven to 9 Parnaflus : the Dorians 
+
+
+in Sicily fay he landed upon mount 10 .Etna. Laftly, the 
+natives of Epirus fuppofe him to have been of their country* 
+and to have founded the ancient temple of 11 Dodona. In 
+confequence of this they like wife have laid claim to his hif- 
+tory. In refpedt to the Argo, it was the fame as the fhip of 
+
+
+5 Hygin. c. 14. p. 55. 
+
+Ntfa: f^Bv sv oi 'z&poo-Qev kA ei&criv ctoiS'oi 
+
+A pyov A&w'ccnis xcLjxzeit' vtto SryfJLocrvitycri. Apollon. Rhod. L. i. v. 18. 
+
+6 Hence many Deucalions. See Schol. in Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v\ 1085. 
+
+Deucalion is efteemed an Argonaut. Hygin. c. 14. p. 50. 
+
+7 Here alfo were the iflands of Deucalion and Pyrrha in the bay. Strabo. L. 9. 
+p. 665. 
+
+8 Servius in Virg. Eclog. 6. v. 41. 
+
+9 Paufan. L. 10. p. 811. 
+
+10 Qyi (Deucalion et Pyrrha) in montem JEtnam, qui altiflimus in Sicilia efle 
+dicitur, fugerunt. Hygin. c. 153. p. 265. 
+
+1X Plutarch, in Pyrrho. The people in Megara fuppofed the perfon faved in the 
+deluge to have been Megarus, the fon of Jupiter, who fwam to the fummit of mount 
+Gerania. Paufan. L. x. p. 9 6. 
+
+Hh 2 Noah, 
+
+
+
+23 6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Noah, of which the Baris in Egypt was a reprefentation. 
+It was called by Plutarch the fhip of Ofiris : that Oliris, 
+who, as I have mentioned, was expofed in an ark to avoid 
+the fury of Typhon : Ia K cu to 'BJ'Aqiqv, q KcOwmv 'EAA ))vsg 
+
+Agyu> Trig Oc TigiSog vswg btti ti(jlyi fcciTtjfs^tTftLSvov. The vejfel in 
+the celefial fphere y which the Grecians call the Argo y is a re¬ 
+prefentation of the Jhip of Ofris y which out of reveretice has 
+been placed m the heavens. The original therefore of it muft 
+
+name of the Argo 
+fhews, what it alluded to ; for Argus, as it fhould be truly 
+expreffed, lignifed precifely an ark, and was fynonymous to- 
+Theba. It is made ufe of in that fenfe by the priefts and 
+diviners of the Philiftim ; who, when the ark of God was to. 
+be reftored to the Ifraelites, put the prefents of atonements, 
+which were to accompany it, into an 14 Argus, mtk, or facred 
+receptacle. And as they were the Caphtorim, who made 
+ufe of this term, to fignify an holy vefiel ; we may prefume 
+that it was not unknown in Egypt, the region from whence 
+they came. For this people were the children of 15 Mi- 
+
+zraim, 
+
+Plut2rch. Ifis et Ofiris. V. 2. p> 359-.. 
+
+3 A Deluge of this nature was fuppoied to have happened' in Egypt. Ne/Acr 
+
+(pctat pay err cc y ar xx ?,u a ca rm AtyvTrrW yxAi<r* ^tiro ye pot evreAtleiv, b 
+
+n poyn§ev$ eipfe rnv eiriyeAeiav^ ^laCfBacerrojjt a^pe^ov airccvroju rcav xccrcc rctvrvv rw 
+
+2'0fctv. Diodor. Sicul. L. r. p. 16. To attribute this Deluge to the Nile is 
+
+idle: A Deluge of the Nile happened every year. This related to Prometheus* 
+or Noah. 
+
+14 1 Samuel, c. 6. v. 8, si, 15. The word occurs only in the hiffcory of this. 
+Philiftine tranfadtionand in the Alexand. MSS. is rendered Apyo <^. 
+
+Genefis. c. 10. v. 13. And Mizraim begat Ludim—and Pathrujitn, and Cajluhim: 
+(out of whom came Philiflim), a?id Caphtorim. Deuteron. c. 2. v. 23. The Caphtorim^ 
+■ which came forth out of Caphtor. Jerecn. c. 47. v. 4. The Philiftine, the remnant 
+
+of 
+
+
+be looked for m 13 Egypt. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 37 
+
+
+zraim, as well as the native Egyptians ; and their language 
+mud neceffarily have been a dialed: of that country. I have 
+mentioned that many colonies went abroad under the title 
+of Thebeans, or Arkites ; and in confequence of this built 
+cities called Theba. In like manner there were many cities 
+
+
+built of the name of 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+Argos ; particularly in Theflaly, 
+Boeotia, Epirus, and * 7 Sicily : whence it is that in all thefe 
+places there is fome tradition of Deucalion, and the ark; 
+however it may have been mifapplied. The whole Pelopon- 
+nefus was once called both Apia, and Argos. As there were 
+many temples called both Theba and Argus in memory of 
+the ark, they had priefts, which were denominated accord¬ 
+ingly. Thofe, who officiated at the ffirines termed Argus, 
+were called Argeiphontai, from the Egyptian 18 phont, which 
+fignified a priejl. But the Greeks, interpreting this term 
+by words in their own language, fuppofed what was a priefts 
+to have been a flayer , or murderer. They accordingly turned 
+the Argo into a man, whom, from a confufed notion of the 
+ftarry fyftem, they fuppofed to abound with eyes, and made 
+Hermes cut off his head. People ftyled Argeiphontes, Cref- 
+phontes, Hierophantes, Leucophontes, Oitharaphontes, Dei- 
+phontes, were all originally priefts. The Scholiaft upon So¬ 
+phocles called Argus, 19 Tqv K wol, tov Agyov, t qv 'urotVQKrw . 
+
+
+of the country, of Caphter. Amos, c. 9. v. 7. Have not I brought the Pbiliftines from-■ 
+Caphtor ? 
+
+16 A pyot m YleXcnrovw&os. Apyeioi a 1 Hefych.. 
+
+17 Cluverii Sicilia, p. 394, 
+
+,s See Jablonfky Pantheon iEgypt. Pars prima. p. 139. 
+
+** Schol. in Sophocl, Eledt. y. 5. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+Argus, 
+
+
+
+23 S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Argus, K.vv, or Canis, is precifely of the fame purport, as 
+Argeipliontes : a prieji of the a7~k* 
+
+The conftellation of Argo, as it is delineated, reprefents 
+the hinder part only of a fhip ; the forepart being hid in 
+clouds. It was fuppofed to have been oracular, and con¬ 
+ducted at the will of the Deity. Upon the temo or rudder 
+is a very bright ftar, the chief in the afterifm, which was 
+called Canopus. It lies too low in the fouthern hemilphere 
+to be eafly feen in Greece. It was placed on the rudder of 
+the ark, to fhew by whofe influence it was directed. Yet in 
+doing this they loft fight of the great Diredor, by whofe 
+guidance it had been really conducted ; and gave the honour 
+to a man.- For under the character of Canopus, as well as 
+Canobus, is veiled the hiftory of the patriarch Noah. There 
+w T as a city, or rather a temple, towards the moft weftern out¬ 
+let of the Nile, which was denominated in the fame manner, 
+and gave name to the ftream. It was expreffed Canopus, 
+Canobus, Canoubis; and is mentioned by Dionyfius, who 
+fpeaks of it as a place of great fame : 
+
+*° E vQa, (3>ogsioTctTog 'ureherou (uvyyg A lyvttToio, 
+
+K oli TSfJLEVog 'urggi7TV5'ov ApcvtcKcuoio K avcaSis, 
+
+As the Patriarch was efteemed the author of the firft fhip, 
+
+Dionyf. Perieg. v. 12. 
+
+Of the idle pretenfions of the Greeks, and their giving the honour of this place 
+to a pilot of Menelaus, I have fpoken before : and of the ftory being confuted by 
+a prieft of Egypt. See Ariftid. Orat. ^Egyptiaca. The ftory of Menelaus and 
+Proteus was borrowed from that of Hercules and Nereus ; as may be feen in Schol. 
+in Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. v. 1397. The account is taken from the third book of 
+the Libyca of Argcetas. 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 39 
+
+
+which was navigated, he was 
+
+
+fequence of it made the 
+
+
+god of feamen ; and his temple was termed 41 tsgov n o<rsi$avo$ 
+Kaii/wSW. He was efteeraed the fame as Serapis : and infcrip- 
+
+
+tions have been found dedicated 
+
+
+him under the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+&sog XOOTIT)p 
+
+
+this temple, or rather college, was a femi 
+
+
+nary for aftronomy, and other marine fciences. Ptolemy, 
+the great Geographer, to whom the world is fo much in¬ 
+debted, was a member of this fociety, and ftudied here 
+
+
+xx 
+
+
+forty years. The name of the temple was properly Ca 
+Noubi : the latter part, Noubi, is the oracle of Noah. 
+
+Niobe was the fame name, and perfon; though by the 
+
+reprefented as one. 
+
+
+Greeks mentioned as a woman 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+who was given up to grief, having been witnefs to the death 
+of all her children. Her tears flowed day and night; till fhe 
+at laft ftiflened with woe ; and was turned into a ftone, which 
+was to be feen on mount Sipylus in Magnefia. 
+
+* 3 IW, 'TfTOLVTAa.fJLOW 
+
+NioSa, c re <T syuirys vzpoo 9soy, 
+
+'A r BV TOLtpW 'UrsTgCUCd 
+
+A i, oci, ticucgveig. 
+
+Paufanias had the curioflty to afcend mount Sipylus, in order 
+to take a view of this venerable ** figure. He fays, that he 
+
+
+z Stephanus Byzantm. 
+
+Olympiodorus. See Jablonflcy. L. 5. c. 4. p. 136. 
+
+** Sophocles. Eledtra. v. 150. 
+
+24 Tccoryv t w Is ho£nv xca ccvTog^eiScv a,ve?j5cav e$ tov Ac? to opo$ 0 , x. t. A.. Pan¬ 
+fan. L. 1. p. 49. 
+
+'Qctclvtoos cTe KQti NicSV A eyuatv sv 2 < 7 ru Kcp opei Srepus gjocl >cA cueiv. Paufan. L. 8 , 
+p. 601. 
+
+beheld 
+
+
+
+240 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+beheld an abrupt rocky clift; which at a near view had no 
+appearance of a perfon grieving, or of a human likenefs ; but 
+at a diftance had fome refemblance of a woman fhedding 
+tears. Niobe is often mentioned as a perfon concerned in 
+the deluge: at lead is introduced with perfons, who had an 
+
+immediate relation to it. HXcltuv sv rw S'totXoyca 
+
+T3 Qogtevsoog B7ilfXBfJ.VYfTCU 'ggOVUV, OOg 'UJ’OLVV VS TtiketlOOV, KOU. N 10- 
+
+£y)g, non kolt £lyvyov agycLioTsga KctrctKAvcrfJLit. Plato in his 
+‘Timceus fpeaking of the mofl ancient times mentions the age of 
+Phoro?ieus , and IViobe , as fuch ; and the cera of the firjl de¬ 
+luge under Ogyges. In the paffage alluded to fhe is joined 
+with Phoroneus and Deucalion, two perfons principally con¬ 
+cerned in that event. It occurs, where Plato is fpeaking 
+
+~ 6 'UTB^l <&OgCi)V5O0g T3 'UTgOOTiS BVT0g , KOU NioSflff, KOU [ASTOt 
+
+tov koltCLKK vtr (jlov CLV AsvKOiAiwvog, of the firjl Phoroneus , and 
+IViobe, a?id of the things fubfequent to the deluge of Deucalion.. 
+Sophocles in the paflage above fpeaks of her as a Deity : and 
+fhe is faid to have been worfhiped in S7 Cilicia. By fome 
+fhe was reprefented as the mother of 18 Argus. 
+
+As the ancients defcribed the ark, the votvg ct[/.(pi7rgvp.V(X.\g, 
+like a lunette; it was in confequence of it called and 
+
+SsAjjyfl, which fignify a Moon : and a crefcent became a com¬ 
+mon fymbol on this occafion. The chief perfon likewife, 
+the Patriarch, had the name of Meen, and Menes: and 
+was worfhiped all over the eaft as Deus Lunus; “efpecially at 
+
+25 Eufebii Chron. p. 24. 1 . 55. 
+
+26 Plato in Timaeo. Vol. 3. p. 22. 
+
+2,7 Athenagoras. p. 290. K/Ajjcss (aeSscn). 
+
+23 Apyov Paufan. L. 2. p. 191. 145. Homer. Schol. L. 1. v. 123. 
+
+Carrhas, 
+
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+{ /$<u/irt’rJe 
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+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+241 
+
+
+Carrhae, Edeffa, and other cities of Syria and Mefopotamia. 
+His votaries were flyled Minyae ; which name was given to 
+them from the object of their worfhip. Wherever the hif- 
+
+
+tory of the Deluge occurs 
+
+
+thefe names will be found. 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+have fpoken of the cities of Phrygia, and the memorials there 
+preferved. At Caroura near mount Sipylus Zeus was wor- 
+fhiped under the title of Meen, Menes, and Manes : and his 
+temple is taken notice of by Strabo ; 29 iegov M qvog YLvl^q 
+
+(not K agiz) k.oCKx(jlsvov. Clofe under the fame mountain flood 
+the city Magnelia; which fignifi.es the city of Manes, but 
+expreffed with a guttural Magnes. The people of the coun¬ 
+try were called Minyae. Some perfons from this place, 
+flyled Magnetes apud Maeandrum, built at no great diftance, 
+Antiochea 3 °. Here too were fome particular rites obferved in 
+honour of the fame Deity, whom they diftinguifhed by a fig— 
+nificant epithet, and called M y\v Agzouog*'. '\£gM<rvvY\ Tig Mrivog 
+
+
+Her 
+
+
+e Teas 
+
+
+Agmiz, 'urXvQog s’gBTct k%Q$xX<jov, x.cu ‘fcwgiojv isgoov. 
+
+a college dedicated to the rites of Meen Arhceus ; where a great 
+
+
+number of priefis 
+
+
+
+a?td where they had large eftates 
+
+
+endowed for that fervice. This Mr ; y Agxctiog is no other than 
+the Deus Lunus, the fame as Noah, the Arkite. Strabo men¬ 
+tions feveral temples of this Lunar God in different places : 
+and one in particular, fimilar to that abovementioned, at the 
+city Antioch in Pifidia. He calls it, as the prefent reading 
+
+
+2-9 
+
+
+L. 12. p. 869. Kccgyg* Car-Our, Templum Ori. Orus was the fame as 
+
+
+Menes. 
+
+
+30 Strabo. jL. 12. p. 86 4. 
+
+31 Ibid. Wherever there was a city Magnefia, or people Magnetes^ there will be 
+found fome hiftory of the ark. 
+
+Vol. II. I i 
+
+
+flands,. 
+
+
+
+242 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 1 . 
+
+Hands, is gov M^yos A tTKcua, which we may from the title of" 
+
+9 
+
+the former temple venture to alter to M qvog AgKai&. He is- 
+fpeaking of Cabira ; and fays : 32 E 'get Ss Kat iegov M»^os* — 
+
+KOU T8T0 TY\Q £g/\)*t7)£ TO UgOV^ KaQontSg TO SV A \£cLVQtS\ 
+KOU TO SV ®gvyict., TO T£ T ii M Y\V0£ SV 0 [JLOOVVfJLU T07tt i), KOU T£ 
+
+AgKous to ntrgog rp Amo^e/a. rr) 'urgog Ehc Tifoav, kou to sv tv) 
+
+’XJAgc/. TCfjv Avt toygeioov. In this city is a temple of Mean Arkceus, 
+by which is meant a temple of the Lunar Deity. Such alfo is 
+the temple amo?ig the Alb an i : and that in Phrygia : and the- 
+temple of Meen, which gives na7ne to the place , where it fiajtds.. 
+‘The temple alfo of 1/heen Arkceus in Pifdia and that in the regions 
+7iear Antiochea have the fame reference . All thefe were dedi¬ 
+cated to the fame Arkite Deity called Lunus, Luna, and Se¬ 
+lene : ftyled alfo by different nations Meen, Man, Menes, 
+and Manes. 
+
+Sometimes inftead of Arkaeus the term Arkite is exhibited 
+Archasus \ which may be referred to a different idea. Thef- 
+faly was faid to have been originally named Purrha from the 
+wife of Deucalion ; whom the' ancient poet Rhianus men¬ 
+tions by the title of Ag’goua aXo'gog. 
+
+33 JJvppav &o 'utots rrjv ye 'uxoiKou.oTsgoi. rnXeecr kov 
+JJ vppag A evKoChiuvog ant agyyuag aAo ’goto. 
+
+Archeea may fignify ancient : but in this place, as well as irt 
+many inftances, which I fhall hereafter produce, I imagine, 
+that it has a more particular reference. In fhort, Archaea 
+
+3X L. ia. p. 835. 
+
+33 Strabo. L. 9. p. 677. See Scholia Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. y. 1089. 
+
+feems 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 243 
+
+feems here to be the fame as Archia, and Architis, from the 
+ark : from which both people and places were indifferently 
+ftyled Agxcttoi, and Agya. 101 ; Arkites, and Archites. Hy- 
+ginus puts the matter in 
+this term as a proper name. He ftyles this perfonage Ar¬ 
+chia, and makes her the wife of Inachus, the fon of the Ocean, 
+and the fame as Deucalion. He adds, that they had a fon 
+Phoroneus, the firft man who reigned upon earth, whofe 
+hiftory is attended with circumftances of great moment. 
+34 Inachus, Oceani filius, ex Archia forore fua procreavit Pho- 
+roneum, qui primus mortalium dicitur 35 regnaffe. Plomi- 
+nes ante fecula multa fine oppidis legibufque vitam egerunt, 
+una lingua utentes fub Jovis imperio. Idem nationes diftri- 
+buit. Turn difcordia inter mortales effe coepit. 
+
+The Grecians, though 
+the word UtK, Arguz or Argus, have yet religioufly re¬ 
+tained it: and have introduced it in thefe different fhapes. 
+And as the ark has fometimes been made a feminine, and 
+the mother of Niobe ; fo at other times it is mentioned as 
+her fon, and fhe is fuppofed to have been the miftrefs of Ju¬ 
+piter. So inconfifbent is the ancient theology. 3G Hanc 
+(Nioben) Jupiter compreflit ; et ex ea natus eft Argus, qui 
+fuo nomine Argos oppidum cognominavit. In fhort, where- 
+ever there is any hiftory of the Deluge, there will be fome 
+mention introduced of Argus: and, converfely, where any 
+
+
+they did not know the purport of 
+
+
+great meafure out of doubt by ufing 
+
+
+34 - 
+
+
+C. 143. p. 250. In another place he calls this perfonage Argia; and makes 
+
+
+16 her daughter. 
+
+
+Ex Inacho et Argia 16 . c. 145. p. 253. Io, five Niobe. ibid. 
+
+
+35 
+
+
+Primus Junoni facrificafle dicitur. Lutatius Placidus in Stat. Theb. L. 4. 
+
+
+v. 589. 
+
+35 Hyginus. c. 145. p. 252 
+
+
+I i 2 
+
+
+account 
+
+
+
+244 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+account occurs concerning Argus, or Argeans ; there will be 
+Tome hiftory of a fhip, and allufion to the Deluge. Thus at 
+Argos there was a temple of Pofeidon Ug cxrfchv flog y the God of 
+inundations : and it is erected upon account of a deluge,, 
+which the natives fuppofed to have been, confined to the 
+limits of their own country. In thefe parts, fays 3 * Paufa- 
+nias, is a temple denominated froin Pofeidon the God of inunda¬ 
+tions : for the people have a tradition that this Deity had 
+brought a Deluge over the greater part of the country ; be- 
+caufe Inachus and fome other umpires had adjudged the land 
+to Juno, rather than to him. Juno however at lajl obtained of 
+him, that the waters floould retreat : and the Argeans in memo¬ 
+rial of this event raifed a temple to Pofeidon the God of deluges,, 
+at the place, whence the water began to retire. As you pro¬ 
+ceed a fmall degree farther, there is the mound (Tocipog) of Ar¬ 
+gus, who is fuppofed to have been the fon of Niobe, the daughter- 
+of Phoroneus. I have fbewn in a prior treatife, that thefe 
+mounds ftyled rctpoi, were not places of burial ; but facred 
+
+hills, on which in ancient times they facrificed. T ctcpog, 
+Agys is the ??iou?it of the ark , or Argo. All the hiftory above 
+given, however limited to a particular fpot, relates to the 
+ark, and to the flood, which univerfally prevailed. 
+
+In the fame city was a remarkable altar, dedicated to 
+
+
+37 Err ccuQol TJcaBiSoovos e~iv ieoov gTr/JcAw/v Ylgoax.Tiuq^id' tvs yap yjupas tov TJoaei- 
+Soova emy-KucrcLi tvv ' ZcroAA )?*'} oti eivai^ kui btc ccvtb^ tvv yw Ivctjfps x,at oi avv- 
+
+S'lXccaoLVTts eyvooaav . 'Hpa piev Sv •utol^cc TloaeiScovos evpe to ct 7 rsAQejv omao) tvv S-ct- 
+A aaaccv* Agyeioi Se , o9ev to xupia. ave^apvaev^ tepov TloasiScovi e7roiV(rav npQ<rx/\vzjiqj m 
+n^oef&ovTi oe a TuoXv t ccpo? epjiv Agyv*, dAios eivca Sox&vtoS} kc&i tvs ^oocvvsqos NioSvs. 
+Paufan. L. 2. p. 161. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 245 
+
+Zeus the God of rain, 38 B oopiog 'TsTiB A log. Zeuth was dif- 
+
+tinguifhed by the title of Sama El ; which the Greeks ren¬ 
+dered Zeus XyipcoCXsog. He was worfhiped upon Mount Par- 
+nes in Attica : and the circum(lances attending his hiftorw 
+are remarkable, as they Hand in Paufanias. 39 Ogr) <jS A. 
+
+vouoig £<gi IT svrsKizov — kou UoigVYjg—Ev UccgvriQi Uocgir^iog Zeus' 
+XaAtfHS (hoopiog XnpudXsz Aiog. Eg-t $s sv r >1 UoigvvQi 
+
+jcou oiXXog fixpcog' Svbg'i c 5 e £ 7 r aura, Tore pLtv OpEgiov, 7 ore tie- 
+
+ATVifJiLOV KOiX’dVTSg Ala. In sit tic a is the mount Pentelicus — 
+alfo another , called the mountain of Parnes—Upon the latter 
+Jlands a Jlatue of Zeuth P arnethius in brafs ; and an altar to- 
+the fame God , Jlyled Sama El , or Se?naleos. 'There is alfo 
+another altar : and when they facrifice upon it , they invoke Y 
+fometimes the God of rains ; fometimes the Deity , who efcapedy 
+or rather who averted the evil; Jlyling him A 7TY)puog. This 
+
+writer mentions alfo upon the mountain Hymettus 40 O plogis 
+A tog (hc£fJLQi> Kou AffoXXocvog Hgoo^is : altars to Zeuth Pluvius , 
+and to Apollo frnamed the looker out , or looking forwards. 
+
+If we confider the hiftories of Danae, Danaus, and the 
+Danaides, we fhall find them to be fragments of hiftory, 
+which relate to the fame event. Danae is faid to have been 
+the mother of Perfeus, who was conceived in fiiowers, ex- 
+pofed in an ark ; and at laid a king of Argos. She is like- 
+wife reprefented as the mother of Argus,, who founded in 
+
+38 Paufan. L. 2. p. 154.. 
+
+39 Paufan. L. 1. p. 78. 
+
+*° Paufan. L. 1. p. 78- 
+
+Italy- 
+
+
+
+246 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Italy 41 Ardea, and Argiletum: the true hiftory of which 
+places amounts to this, that they were founded by people, 
+ftyle< 
+
+
+Arkites 
+
+
+Danaus. who came 
+
+
+Greece 
+
+
+faid 
+
+
+come over in the firft: long fhip, which was conftrutfted; 
+be more ancient account is, that he was the firft builder 
+
+
+ot 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+fhip 
+
+
+hich 
+
+
+ecftion of Minerva 
+
+
+defigned and finifhed under the di¬ 
+divine wifdom : 41 ' T T7ro6sfJL£vr)s A 
+
+This is the fame ftory 
+
+
+avTtt, volvv 'urgwTog xctT£<rKsviz<r 2 . 
+
+which is told of Argus, the fuppofed fon of Inachus and 
+NTiobe. It is likewife faid of Danaus, when he came to 
+
+
+
+that he 
+
+
+over nave 
+
+
+bip 
+
+
+called by Greeks 
+
+
+CLfJUptTpv/JiVobig ; and that he built the Acropolis at Argos 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+biprora was 
+
+
+pafs the feas : it 
+
+have fhewn the hiftory, to which it alluded 
+fore think, that 
+
+
+veflel commonly made ufe of t< 
+copy of the facred fhip of Ifis : and 
+
+fhould there 
+
+
+this ftory does not relate to the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+any par 
+
+
+perfon from 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+y P t 
+
+
+but to the firft 
+
+
+•dudtion 
+
+
+41 Ardea-quam dicitur urbetn 
+
+Acrifioneis Danae fundiffe colonis. Virg. A 5 n. L. 7. v. .409. 
+
+She was luppoied to have giv T en name to Daunia *, and to have fettled there with 
+Jier two fons, Argeos and Argos. Servius in Virg. JEn. L. 8. v. 345. 
+
+Tibur Argeo pofitum colono. Horat. L. 2. Od. 6. v. 5. 
+
+41 Apollodor. L. 2. p. 63. 
+
+4J It is faid that Danaus came from the Thebais of Egypt, where ftood Chem- 
+mis near the city I\oa. Perfeus was worfhiped here. Pleiodot. E. 2. c. 91. Ele 
+calls the city N?jj. The perfon alluded to under the character of Danaus was far 
+prior to the sera allotted to him in the Grecian hiftory. He is faid to be the fon of 
+Eelus, the fon of Neptune : alfo the brother of Sefofis, the fame as Seth and Zuth- 
+The name of the fhip was Danais. A clvolov ^iooxoy.evov vvro Aiyu 7 rra 'arpeoTov JcxTa- 
+
+.€rx6u&crcti (raviO' xcu A area's Schol. in Apollon. Rhod. L. i. v. 4. 
+
+6 The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis o-f Ancient Mythology. 24.7 
+
+du&ion of rites from that country ; and efpecially the me¬ 
+morial of the Argo, from whence the place took its name* 
+
+• * 
+
+And that there was fuch an introduction of rites, appears 
+from Hypermneftra the fuppofed daughter of Danaus, being 
+efteemed the 44 prieftefs of Juno at that place. If, as I have 
+imagined, the words vqvg and vc/.vg are derived from Nau, and 
+Noah ; the name of Danaus relates not to a man, but is in 
+reality 45 da. Naus, and fignifies literally the Jhip . The ara 
+therefore of Danaus is the aera of the ihip : being the precife 
+time, when fome model of this facred veffel was introduced ; 
+and the rites alfo and myfteries, with which it was attended. 
+The fifty daughters of Danaus were fifty priefteffes of the 
+Argo ; who bore the facred veflel on feftivals. I have men¬ 
+tioned that there was a temple in Egypt, called Ca Nobus, 
+ereCted to the God of feas ; to whom the element of water 
+in general was facred. Throughout the whole hiftory of 
+Danaus and. his daughters, there will be found allufions to 
+the rites of this God. The Danafdes are faid to have been 
+fent in queft of water : to have brought water to 46 Argos : 
+to have invented vfyicu, or 47 veffels for water : and laftly, 
+
+The daughters of D'anaus are fuppofed to Have introduced the S-sctu.oCoilcc from 
+Egypt: t nv t sPkstvv 'tclv'tyw AiyuTrTX e^ccyot.yea'ctL. Herod. L. 2. c. 171. 
+
+44 Ev Ap yei lepccreuaev °C 7 repfj.uyi^pcc Eufeb.. Chron. p. 29. 1 . 40. 
+
+45 K1, Da, Chaldaice, hasc, ifta, hoc, illud. See Daniel, c. 4. v. 27, and c. 7, 
+v. 3. Of this laft I fliall treat hereafter at large. 
+
+40 Danaus is faid'to have founded Argos. 
+
+&0LVCC05 - 
+
+EaQcov es Apyos ojuicrev Ivcl%& 'tcroAiv. Euripid. in Archelao apud Strabon. 
+L- 5• P- 339 - 
+
+47 A gyos ocvvopov bov- tSctrccaci SrstrcLV- Apyo; evuSsov. Strab. L. 8. p. 570. All 
+
+Greeks in . the time of Homer feem to have been called Danai. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+248 The Analysis of Ahcient Mythology., 
+
+% 
+
+were fuppofed to have been doomed in the fhades below to 
+draw water in buckets, which were full of holes. Every 
+circumflance of this hiftory is from Egypt. The natives of 
+that country were' very alliduous in conveying water from 
+one place to another. They likewife had particular jars, 
+which were facred to the God, whom the Greeks called 
+Canobus ; and were formed with a reprefentation of him. 
+Thefe Canobic vefiels were fometimes made of 48 porous 
+ftone : at other times of earth manufactured in fuch a man¬ 
+ner, as to have fmall holes in the bottom ; through which 
+they ufed to filter the water of the Nile, when it was either 
+turbid or faline. 49 'T $giou sv Toig [JL£g£(ri Trig Aiyv7TT8 sioadctri 
+
+yivs&cu oegoLxivou, TgY\<reig s^Qircu Xswrccg trvveyetg, oo^s c hct tuv 
+
+Tgr)<jSCt)V SXSIVCfJV TO TsdoK(jO[JL£VOV V&OOg S'ivhl^OfJLSVOV CL7ro$l$0&Ct.l 
+
+Hadagoorarrov . This practice of filling vefiels, which could 
+not hold the water put into them, feemed fuch a paradox to 
+the Grecians, that, when they came to confign fome of their 
+priefts and deities to the infernal manfions, they made this 
+the particular puniihment of the Danaides, on account of 
+their cruelty. 
+
+Among the various perfonages, under which the Patriarch 
+was reprefented, the principal feems to have been that of 
+Dionufus. He was by the mythologifts fuppofed to have had 
+
+4S They were called S/raK/nxa— ccy^ix S'-ivXiC > ovrcc Ng/Asdop vS'oog. Hefych, 
+
+^TCtKTlKZl'. 
+
+49 Suidas. Kca'c,j7ro9. 
+
+Ipfum Canobi fnnulacrum, pedlbus perexiguis, attradto collo, et quafi fugillato, 
+ventre tumido, in modum hydrin, cum dorfo requaliter tereti formatur. Ruffin. 
+Hift. Ecclef. L. n. c. 26. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+a fecond 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 249 
+
+a fecond birth, and a renewal of life in the Theba or Ark. 
+Hence he was termed ®Y$ouyevrig ; which the Greeks inter¬ 
+preted a Theban born, and made him a native of Boeotia: 
+but he was originally only worfhiped there; and his rites, and 
+myfteries came from Egypt. This injuftice of the Greeks in 
+taking to themfelves every Deity, and hero* was complained 
+of by the Egyptians. 50 Kct$£>/\a §s <pa<ri Tsg 'EAAfli 'ccg stjtJ'icc- 
+
+'HgOO&g TS K0.1 ®SkS$. 
+
+The principal terms, by which the ancients diftinguifhed 
+the Ark, were Theba, Baris, Arguz, Argus, Aren, Arene, 
+Arne, Laris, Boutus, Bceotus, Cibotus. Out of thefe they 
+formed different perfonages : and as there was apparently a 
+correfpondence in thefe terms, they in confequence of it in¬ 
+vented different degrees of S1 relation. Hence a large family 
+
+
+£eo"Qcli rsg £7ri<pcLves‘ct rag Aiyv^noov 
+
+
+50 Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 21. 
+
+51 Of this turn in the Greeks innumerable inflances will occur, as we proceed: 
+fome few I will here fubjoin. 
+
+cLTTo TJ75 FI po/x^Qecos. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+ripo^ojGgfios vi0$ Aevxct^ooy. Apollon. Rhod. L. 3, v. 1085. Scholl 
+A pvn Boiootov ex TJoaei^ocuos eyewnae. Diod- Sic. L. 4. p. 269. 
+
+A pvn YlorretS'ccvos rpotpos. Lycoph. v. 644. Schol. 
+
+Arena CEbali, vel Bibali filia. Hygini Fab. 14. p. 46. 
+
+Boicotqv — Itcoi/h rco'cciS'cC} xcci vufjL(pn 9 Ms Aaw7T7T>7S. Paufan. L. 9. p. 711. 
+
+Niobe faid to have been the daughter of Tantalus and Dione. Hyginus, Fab. 9. 
+
+
+P- 32 
+
+
+$ogwvevs Amv xa.i "NioStiv eyevintre. Apollodor. L. 2. p. 39-. 
+
+•metis Agyos. Ibid. 
+
+
+Niobe the filler of Pelops, and wife of Amphion. Strabo. L. 8. p. 552. 
+
+% 
+
+A vxos cTs eu tu megi GuSoou i^opei^ pteTa, to. xjito, AsuvtaAzcyra Zeus puyeis lo^ctptei 
+rry TSoov&i tb ApuptTpvcovo?^ yevvcz ©w€W, w £i<Smglv Clyvycp^ ct(p y fl yuym ^ ©«£>?. 
+AAAos S'e l^optxos Xeyeiy 005 Zeus puyeis AiymrTov yevvcp xrA. Lycoph. 
+
+
+SchoL ad v. 1207. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+K k 
+
+
+has 
+
+
+
+250 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+# 
+
+lias arifen from a few antiquated words, which related to the 
+lame hiftory, and of which many were nearly fynonymous,. 
+In the account given above, we may perceive that the Ark,, 
+and the chief perfon of the Ark, are often confounded: but; 
+by the light, which is here afforded, the truth, I think, may; 
+be eafily difcovered. 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+( 25* ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+Some particular Titles and Personages , 
+
+Janus, Saturnus, Phoroneus, Pofeidon, ISTereus, 
+
+Proteus, Prometheus. 
+
+
+/ | 'HE hiftory of the Patriarch was recorded by the an- 
+
+cients through their whole theology : but it has been 
+obfcured by their defcribing him under fo many different 
+
+
+titles, and fuch a variety of characters 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+prefented 
+
+
+him as Thoth, Hermes, Menes, Oftris. Zeuth, Atlas, Phoro 
+
+neus, Prometheus: to 
+
+* ✓ 
+
+* 
+
+extent might be added 
+
+
+which lift a further number of great 
+All the principal Deities of the fea. 
+
+
+however diverfffied, have a manifeft relation to him 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+among all the 
+
+
+perfonages, under which he may have 
+
+
+prefented, there are none, wherein his hiftory is de 
+
+
+been r< 
+
+lineated more plainly, than in thofe of 
+The latter of thefe is by fome fuppofed to have been the fame 
+
+
+and Jan 
+
+
+Javan, who is by Mofes called 
+
+
+Between thi 
+
+
+that of Janus there is thought to be a great ftmilitude 
+there is nothing to be obtained from the hiftory of J: 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+this notion : whereas all the chief circumftances 
+
+
+K k 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+252 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+in the life of Noah correfpond with the hiftory of Janus- 
+Hence, however fpecious the argument may be, which is 
+drawn from this limilitude of terms, many perfons of great 
+learning have not fcrupled to determine that Noah and Janus 
+were the fame. 
+
+By Plutarch he is called 1 lavvog, Jannus, and reprefented as- 
+an ancient prince, who reigned in the infancy of the world ^ 
+and who brought men from a rude and favage way of life to 
+a mild and rational fyflem : who was alfo the firft former of 
+civil communities, and introducer of national polity. He 
+was reprefented with two faces ; with which he looked both 
+forwards and backwards : and from hence he had the name 
+of Janus Bifrons. One of thefe faces was that of an aged 
+man : but in the other was often to be feen the countenance 
+of a young and beautiful perfonage. About him were many 
+emblems, to denote his different departments. There wasv 
+particularly a ftaff in one hand, with which he pointed to a. 
+rock * from whence iffued a profuflon of water. In the 
+other hand he held a key. The defcription given of him by 
+Albricus feems to have been taken from fome painting* 
+which that perfon had feen. s Janus—erat Rex. Homo 
+fedens in throno fulgenti radiis circumquaque, qui duas fa— 
+
+
+O yap lavvos €v t ois Tua^aiois bits Aai/xcov^ sire /Scco-iAevs^ yevojaevos 'wo/\t-*- 
+
+ti'kos xai XGivcovncoSj Bit Td Sr/ipiw^aS itctt ccypid KtycTai \jjbt aCa./\etv tw S'taTWv. Iit 
+
+Numa. Vol. I. p. 72. 
+
+I awes cs Bis iTccAiai^ yat cruy outlier as t 01 $ oturoQt {BapSapoiSj xett 
+
+9'A coTTav y.at cPiui ray. tbs tjbci tdv lTa?iiav cz'jtoS ay plots itat ctvofJLOis %'goofJL£vdS\ 
+bQzctiv bis srepov /3 ib a^yj/xa^ Tzsirras itat ye&pyeiv Ttott 'zrroAtTBVSaQai^ fJtejeSaAe Kat. 
+y.ersxQcry.vGrs. Plutarch. Qua^ft. Rom. Vol. 2, p. 269. 
+
+21 C. 14. p. 921. 
+
+cies. 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+
+The Analysis 6f Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 52 
+
+
+w 
+
+eies habebat : quartim una ante fe, alteta poft fe refpiciebat. 
+Juxta ilium quoque erat templum: et in manu ejus dextra 
+habebat clavem, qua templum ipfum aperire fe monftrabat. 
+In finiftra veto habuit baculum, quo faxum percutere, et ex 
+illo aquam perducere videbatut. He had generally near 
+him fome refemblance of a fhip ; particularly upon money, 
+which in aftertimes was coined to his honour. The Ro¬ 
+mans imagined that this was in memorial of the fhip, in 
+which Saturn was fuppofed to have come to Italy. 
+
+3 At bona pofteritas puppim fervavit in sere 
+
+Hofpitis adventum teflificata Dei. 
+
+
+But what colony, or what perfon ever came from the eafl to 
+Italy, who did not arrive in a fhip ? It was a circumftance 
+common to all ; and too general to be particularly recorded. 
+Befides, why fhould the money of Janus refer to the hiftory 
+of another perfon ? Plutarch therefore does not accede to the 
+common notion : but ftill makes it a queftion, 3 4 5 why the 
+coins of this perfonage bore on one fide laws h7rgo<rw7rov 
+Siicova, the refemblance of fajius bifrojis \ and had on the other 
+
+'OrXois ‘W'gVfJLVYjV, r\ 'urgagav syKsy^a^ayfaspriv, the. reprefeiitation 
+either of the hind part , or the fore part of a fiip. Ovid feems 
+to have been much puzzled to find out the hiftory, and pur¬ 
+port of this deity. 
+
+5 Quern tamen efle Deum dicam te, Jane biformis ? 
+
+Nam tibi par nullum Grascia numen habet.. 
+
+
+3 Ovid. Faft. L. i. v. 239... 
+
+4 Quasft. Rom. p. 274. 
+
+5 Faft. L. 1. v. 89.. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+254 
+
+The Romans indeed had in a manner appropriated him to 
+
+themfelves. There were however many divinities fimilar to 
+
+* 
+
+him both in Greece and Egypt: and the original perfon, to 
+whom this character related, may be eafily known. To him 
+they attributed the invention of a 6 fhip : and he is faid to 
+have firft: compofed a chaplet. Upon the Sicilian coins of 
+Eryx his figure often occurs with a twofold countenance ; 
+and on the reverfe is a dove encircled with a 7 crown, 
+which feems to be olive. He was reprefented as a juft man, 
+and a prophet : and had the remarkable charadteriftic of 
+being in a -manner the author of time, and the god of the 
+year. Under this defcription he is addrefted by Ovid : 
+
+15 Jane bifrons, anni tacite labentis origo. 
+
+From him they denominated the firft month of the year; 
+
+9 Ixvv&oigios oi 7 ro T 8 lawn. He was ftyled Matutinus ; as if to 
+him were owing the renewal of light and day. 
+
+There was a tradition that he raifed the firft 10 temple to 
+Heaven ; though they looked upon him as a deity, and one 
+of the eight original divinities. In the hymns of the Salii 
+he was ftyled the 11 god of gods. In this and many other 
+refpedts he was fimilar to the Cronus of the Greeks, whom 
+Orpheus ftyles 
+
+6 r IpOOTOV Se q-'SZoLroV Ivosi'i’i KCtl Ol(X.$ 9 >ICCL *utA OlCt. Athenseus. L. 15. p. 692. 
+
+7 Parur. Sicilia. 
+
+s Fall'. L. 1. v. 65. 
+
+9 Plutarch, in Nurmi, p. 72*. 
+
+Hence he was ftyled Tcmplorum pofitor. 
+
+Saliorum quoque anciqwiSimis carminibus Dccrum Deus canitur. Macrob. Sat, 
+L« p« 1 
+
+A iQothws , 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis- of Ancient Mythology. 25*5 
+f*'A i$ct\iY}g, M OLKCLgw ts Qboop 'uroiTeg , r t h mi CLvSgtav, 
+
+AK2NQ2 KPONE, nArrENETOP— 
+
+VoLiriQ ts ^Aas-j^jua, mi Ovgatu ctfegoevros' 
+
+■ ^ 
+
+• • J * 
+
+TsvpdLj $vyi$ * 3 ^ouwcri, f Psa$ mri, (TB^vb IIPOMH 0 ET. 
+
+We fee here under the character of Cronus a perfon de- 
+fcribed, who was the founder of mankind in general ; and of 
+thofe in particular, who affumed the title of Mcucctgsg KOclvol- 
+
+TOi, Acti^ovsg ; and who were efteemed a fuperior order of 
+beings. This perfon is alfo faid to have been the renewer of 
+time, which commenced from him: and is reprefented as; 
+one, who fprang from the I+ earth ; and at the fame time was 
+the offspring of Heaven- He is. further defcribed as cpvi]g 
+ftctiooMs, one, by whom, all things were introduced into life: 
+
+and he is finally, ftyled (TSfJLVog TlgOf/.r}Qsvg, the venerable Pro- 
+theus ; the fame, in whom mankind, was faid to . have, been 
+
+15 renewed.. 
+
+I have taken notice that there was fearce any circumftance,- 
+however minute, mentioned by Mofes concerning the Ark 
+and Noah, but was recorded in the family of Ham.. It is 
+faid of the Patriarch, that he was a man of the earth, and 
+fkilled in planting and fowing, and every fpecies of agricul¬ 
+ture. When he conftrudted the Ark, he made a window 
+in it; through which after a feafon he looked forth, and faw 
+the ruins of the former world. He made alfo a door, in the . 
+
+JZ Hymn. 13. 
+
+13 Naturae obftetrix : fo'corre£ted by the Author. 
+
+14r Analogous to avOpooTros yvs. Gen. c. 9. v. 20. 
+
+* 5 Os rux^ccTTeiv ccvBgcoTrvs e/wBeutTo. Eufeb. Chron. p. 103. TlfopL$&jc, rss. 
+Syncellus. p. 1490 
+
+Ark *. 
+
+
+
+256 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Ark ; which was a circ.umftance continually commemorated 
+by the gentile writers. The entrance through it they efteemed 
+a paffage to death and darknefs : but the egrefs from it was 
+reprefented as a return to life : hence the opening and /hut¬ 
+ting of it were religioufly recorded. And as the flay in the 
+Ark was an intermediate flate between a loft world, and a 
+world renewed 5 this was alfo alluded to in their hierogly- 
+phical reprefentations. We accordingly find Janus defcribed 
+with two faces ; having a retrofpect to what was pafl, as well 
+as a view forward to what was to come : and he was efteemed 
+a perfon, 16 cui omnis rei initium et finem tribuebant: to 
+nsohom they attributed the end and the begimiing of all things. 
+They ftyled him Patulcius and Clufius, in allufion to the 
+hiflory above given : and he had the title of Junonius, from 
+the Arkite Dove Jonah, which the Latines expreffed 17 Juno. 
+There is a fragment from an ancient hymn, preferved by 
+Terentianus Maurus ; in which we have an epitome of the 
+Patriarch’s hiflory under the charadler of Janus. 
+
+Jane Pater, Jane tuens. Dive biceps, biformis, 
+
+O cate rerum Sator , O principium Deorum ! 
+
+Stridula cui limina, cui cardinei tumultus, 
+
+Cui referata mugiunt aurea clauftra mundi. 
+
+He is ftyled by another poet 
+
+Templorum politor, templorum fandte refedtor. 
+
+By this is meant, that he was a renewer of religious rites, 
+
+16 Albricus Philol. c. 14. p. 921. 
+
+17 In the Roman Calendar publiftied by Gaffendus the firft day of January is fa- 
+icred JANO JUNONI. See GalTend* Calendar. Jul. Csefaris. p. 22. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+257 
+
+
+and the worfhip of the Deity. Some would confine this to 
+Italy. Xenon accordingly fays of Janus, lS in Italia primum 
+Diis templa fecifte, et xitus inftituifte facrorum. He was 
+reputed the fame as Apollo ; and had the title of Ovgcaoe, 
+or the Deity of the door , or paffage : and his altars were 
+placed immediately before the door of the houfe, or temple, 
+where his rites were celebrated. 19 Ejus aras ante fores fuas 
+
+
+celebrant, ipfum introitus et exitus demonftrantes potentem. 
+In memorial of his hiftory *every door among the Latines 
+had the name of Janua: and the firft month of the year 
+was named Januarius from Janus, as being an opening to a 
+
+
+A to lay- 
+
+
+new asra, and in fome degree a renewal of time. 20 
+aav enrovTss tqv 9-y^ay, kou Iolvucl^iqv ^vol tqv SvgcLiav njrgcxr 
+
+S17T0V. 
+
+
+Ovid has continual allufions to this hiftory. Janus, is by 
+him fuppofed to be the chaotic deity ; and at the- fame time 
+to prefide over every thing, that could be fhut, or opened ; 
+and to be the guardian of the doors of Heaven. 
+
+
+21 Me Chaos antiqui, nam res fum prifca, vocabant: 
+
+Alpice, quam longi temporis adta canam. 
+Quicquid ubique vides,' coelum, mare, nubila, terras. 
+Omnia funt noftra claufa, patentque raanu. 
+
+Me penes eft unum vafti cuftodia mundi ; 
+
+Et jus vertendi cardinis omne meum eft. 
+
+Prsefideo foribus cceli. 
+
+
+* 
+
+18 Macrob. Sat. L. i. p. 157. 
+
+19 Ibidem, p. 158. from Nigidius. 
+
+2,0 Porphyr. de Nympharum Antro. p. 264. 
+7,1 Faft. L. 1. v. 103. 
+
+Vol. II. L 1 
+
+
+What 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+What the poet means by Chaos, will be hereafter plainly 
+difclofed. Macrobius having in his Saturnalia afforded a 
+
+general account of the mythology of Janus, introduces a cu- 
+
+% 
+
+rious lift of thole titles, under which the Romans ufed to 
+invoke him. “ In facris quoque invocamus Janum gemi- 
+nu m, Janum patrem, Janum Junonium, Janum Conlivum > 
+
+A 
+
+Janum Quirinum, Janum Patulcium, et Clulivium.—Janum 
+Patrem, quail Deorum Deum : Conlivum a conferendo, id 
+eft, a propagine generis humani, quae Jano audtore conferi- 
+tur. The reafons, which the author afterwards produces for 
+thefe titles being originally conferred, are not always fatif- 
+faciory. The terms however contain matter of great confe- 
+quence; and we may plainly perceive the true hiftory, to: 
+
+9 
+
+which they allude. According to Cornificius the name of 
+Janus was properly 13 Eanus ; and, as he would inlimulate, 
+from eo, to go. But Eanus was undoubtedly the fame as 
+Otvocg of the Greeks, and the lonas of the eaftern nations : by 
+which was lignified a Dove. Hence it was that Janus had 
+the name of Junonius ; for Iona and Juno were the fame. 
+And hence it was, that the coins of Janus in Sicily had upon 
+the reverfe a Dove furrounded with a chaplet j which feems 
+to be a chaplet of Olive. 
+
+The Romans made a diftindtion between Janus and Sa¬ 
+turn ; and fuppofed them to have, been names of different 
+men : but they were two titles of the fame perfon. Saturn 
+is reprefented as a man of great piety and juftice j under 
+
+
+aa L. 1. p. 159. 
+
+Cornificius Etymorum libro tertio, Cicero, inquit, non Janum, fed Eanum 
+nominac. Macrob. Sat. L. i. c. 9. p. 158. 
+
+
+whom 
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+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 259 
+
+whom there was an age of felicity ; when as yet there were 
+no laws, no fervitude, no feparate property. 24 Rex Satur- 
+mis tantae juftiti® fuifie traditur, ut neque fervierit fub illo 
+quifquam, neque quicquam private rei haberet : fed omnia 
+communia. He is by Lucian made to fay of himfelf, 25 aSsig 
+
+V7T SfJtts JaAos Y\v. The Latines in great meafure coniine his 
+hiftory to their own country ; where, like Janus, he is re¬ 
+prefen ted as refining and modelling mankind, and giving 
+them laws. At other times he is introduced as prior to 
+law ; which are feeming contrarieties, very eafy to be recon¬ 
+ciled. 
+
+Saturn is by Plato fuppofed to have been the fon of 
+Oceanus : by others he was looked upon as the offspring of 
+Ccelus. The poets fpeak of him as an ancient king, in 
+whofe time there was no labour, nor feparate property ; the 
+earth producing every thing fpontaneoufly for the good of 
+man. He was however at other times defcribed with that 
+emblem of hufbandry, the 26 fickle, in his hand : and repre- 
+fented as going over the whole earth, teaching to plant, and 
+to fow ; 
+
+27 Vitifator, curvam lervans fub imagine falcem. 
+
+The Aufonians in particular thought themfelves upon thefe 
+accounts to be greatly indebted to him. Diodorus Siculus 
+
+24 Juftin. L. 43. c. 1. 
+
+Dialog, tv t 01$'&rpos Kgovoi'. See Bochart. Phaleg. L. i. c. i. andVofT. Idol. 
+L. 1. c. 18. p. 140. 
+
+7,6 Cum falce, meflis infigni. Macrob. Sat. p. 157. 
+
+Saturnus velato capite, falcem gerens. Fulgent. Mycholog. L. 1. c. 2. 
+
+27 Virgil. iEneid. L. 7. v. 179. 
+
+
+L 1 2 
+
+
+gives 
+
+
+
+260 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+gives the fame hiftory of Saturn, as is by Plutarch above 
+given of Janus. 28 E 0 cLygus Siouttiq Big fipegov fiiov (ABTCLsyrou 
+CLvQgWTTBg. He brought mankind from their foul and favttge 
+
+9 
+
+way of feeding to a more mild and rational diet. He was alio 
+like Janus defcribed with keys in his hand : and the coins 
+{truck in honour of him had on their reverfe the figure of a 
+
+fhip. For this Ovid gives an idle reafon ; to which I have 
+
+♦ 
+
+before fpoken in the account of Janus. 
+
+29 Caufa ratis fuperefl:: Thufcum rate venit ad amnem 
+
+Ante pererrato falcifer orbe Deus. 
+
+He was looked upon as the 30 author of time ; and often held 
+in his hand a ferpent, whofe tail was in its mouth, and 
+formed a circle : and by this emblem they denoted the reno¬ 
+vation of the year. They reprelented him as of an uncom¬ 
+mon age, with hair white as fnow : yet they had a notion, 
+that he could return to fecond childhood. He was particu¬ 
+larly ftyled 31 Sator : and we have a remarkable defcription 
+of him in Martianus Capella, who fpeaks of him under that 
+title. 32 Saturnus Sator, grefiibus tardus, ac remorator,. in- 
+cedit, glaucoque amidtu tedius caput. Protendebat dextera 
+fiammivomum quendam draconem caudae fuse ultima devo- 
+rantem—Ipfius autem canities pruinofis nivibus candicabat: 
+licet etiam ille puer pojfe fieri crederetuf. Martial’s addrefs to 
+
+
+4-8 Diodor. L. 5. p. 334. 
+
+* 9 Faft. L. 1. v. 233. 
+
+30 Ipfe, qui audtor temporum. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. p. 214. 
+
+31 He was fuppofed by fome to have from hence received his name. A fetu. 
+diftus Saturnus. Varro de Ling, Lat. L. 1. p. 18. 
+
+3 * L. 1. c. 2. 
+
+him, 
+
+
+G* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 261 
+
+% 
+
+him, though fhort, has in it fomething remarkable: for he 
+{peaks of him as a native of the former world. 
+
+33 Antiqui Rex magne poli, mundique prioris. 
+
+Sub quo prima quies, nec labor ullus erat. 
+
+I have ’mentioned that he was fuppofed, kcltclkivsiv, to have 
+fwallowed up his children : he was alfo faid to have ruined all 
+things ; which however were reflored with a vafl increafe. 
+
+34 'C>£ tionroLVcLg pev ct7rctvTct 3 kcli ccu^eig £.{JL7rotXtv ctvrog. 
+
+To other Gods the Romans facrificed, capite operto, with 
+their heads 3S veiled : but in the rites of Saturn the veil was 
+taken 36 away. He had the narne of Septimianus : and the 
+Saturnalia, which were days fet apart for his rites in Decem¬ 
+ber, were in number 37 feven. During thefe, great indul¬ 
+gences were allowed to flavesq. and they fat down with their 
+mailers at the fame table, and partook without any diftindtion 
+of the fame food ; in memorial of that equality, which pre¬ 
+vailed in the days of Saturn. They were permitted to laugh, 
+and to jell: and it was criminal to fhew any referve. Thefe 
+rites are faid to have been of great antiquity ; far prior to the 
+foundation of Rome. The Poet Accius looked upon them as 
+the fame as thofe, which the Grecians ffyled Kgovici .; and de- 
+fcribes them in the following manner : 
+
+33 L. 12. Epig. 63. 
+
+34 Orphic. Hymn. 12. v. 3. 
+
+35 Plutarch. Quteftion. Rom. p. 2 66 u 
+
+36 Grascorum more, aperto capite res divina fit. Macrob; Sat. L-1- p. 156. 
+
+37 Ibid. p. 160. 
+
+
+Maxima 
+
+
+
+262 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+33 Maxima pars Graium Saturno, et maxime Athens, 
+Conficiunt facra, quae Cronia efte iterantur ab illis. 
+Eumque diem celebrant per agros ; urbefque fere omnes 
+Exercent epulis lsti ; famulofque procurant 
+Quifque fuos : noftrique itidem : et mos traditus illinc 
+Ifte, ut cum dominis famuli epulentur ibidem. 
+
+
+It is obfervable, that among the Romans Saturn feems to 
+have been held in a ftate of confinement for the greater part 
+of the year. Towards the expiration of that term in De¬ 
+cember, when the Saturnalia began, there was a myfterious 
+ceremony of taking off thefe bonds, and fuffering the Deity 
+to be in a manner at large. , We, I think, may fee what this 
+cuftom alluded to, though it was a fecret to the ancients. 
+39 Cur autem Saturnus ipfe in compedibus vifatur, Verrius 
+Flaccus fe ignorare dicit. Saturnum Apollodorus alligari ait 
+per annum laneo vinculo; et folvi ad diem fibi feftum, id eft, 
+menfe Decembri. 
+
+Many thought that Janus was the fame as both Apollo 
+and Diana ; the fame alfo as 40 Helius, and with good reafon. 
+He was alfo the fame as Dionufus, and Saturn. Of the laft 
+
+
+I have obferved, that the Romans ftyled him Sator ; making 
+ufe of a term in their own language, which was not inappli¬ 
+
+
+cable to his hiftory. 
+
+
+Yet I cannot help thinking that this 
+
+
+■ 3S Macrob. Sat. L. 1. p. 155. Athenasus. L. 14. 
+
+59 Macrob. Sat. L. 1. p. 156. Statius alludes to the fame cuftom: 
+
+Saturnus mihi compede exoluta, 
+
+Et multo madidus mero Decembers 
+Et ridens jocus, et fales protervi 
+Adfint. Sylv. L. i. cap. 6. v. 4. 
+
+40 Macrob. L. 1. c. 9. p. 157, 158. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+263 
+
+
+was not a title of Roman original, but imported from Egypt 
+and Syria by the Pelafgi; and adopted by the people of Italy. 
+
+
+feems to be a compound of 
+
+
+Our, which among the 
+
+; or Oliva cce- 
+
+
+eaflern nations fignified Oliva Ori, five Dei ; or 
+leftis. All the upper part of Egypt was named Sait, and the 
+
+
+The Athenians came from thence j and they 
+and it is faid of them, that they'"were deno¬ 
+
+
+people Sai’tse. 
+were 41 Saitse : 
+
+minated from the Olive. Minerva was ftyled Saftis j and was 
+worfhiped under that title at Pontinus near 43 Epidaurus. 
+She was undoubtedly fo named from the Olive, Sait, which 
+was peculiarly facred to her. The moft ancient prieflis of 
+Dionufus were called Saturi and Tituri, from Sat-Ur, and 
+Tit-Ur : the former were fo named from the objedt, and the 
+latter from the 43 place of their worfhip. Saturn was not un¬ 
+known to the ancient Germans ; among whom he was wor- 
+fhiped by the name of Seatur. He is defcribed by Verflegan 
+as Handing upon a fifh with a wheel in one hand, and in the 
+other a veflel of water filled with fruits and 44 flowers. Sche- 
+dius mentions him by the name of Crodo; and fays that he 
+was the fame as the Saturn of the Romans. 4S In Arce Hartef- 
+burgh ad Sylvam. Hercyniam juxta montem Melibochi, civi- 
+tatemque Goflarenfem, Saxones coluere Idolum Crodo : Sa- 
+
+
+41 At roiK&s SctiTw. Diod. SicuJ. L. i. c. 24. Attj gAoia; EAAj;re> Cliron. 
+
+
+Pafchak*. p. 49. 
+
+41 Paui’an. L. 2. p. 198. 
+
+43 Tit-Ur, fJicc^os *jAthe name of thofe 
+
+
+high altars, where the rites of Orus 
+were celebrated. The Tituri were properly Tkurians*, the Sawuri* Sxt vcct, Sa- 
+turians. 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+P. 78. 
+
+
+45 De Diis Germanic S/ntag^ 4. c. 2. p. 49 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+turnum 
+
+
+
+264 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+turnum dixere Latini. Erat Senex flans in pifce, nudis pe- 
+
+dibus, et lineo vinculo cindtus :-tenebat rotam, et urnam 
+
+plenam frugibus, rolls, et pomis. : —Una cum Hide cultus 
+fuit. The name of the mountain Melibochi, where this 
+worlhip was carried on, feems to be a variation of the an¬ 
+cient terms Melech Bochus, the Lord Bochus. Bacchus was 
+often miftaken for Dionufus, and in many countries called 
+Bochus, and 46 Bocchus. 
+
+The Patriarch, under whatever title he may come, is ge¬ 
+nerally reprefented as the father of Gods, and men. 
+
+47 Z wo, §swv 'uru.Tsg Y)h mi tx.vS'goov. 
+
+But in the character of Phoroneus (for in this he is plainly 
+alluded to) he feems to be defcribed merely as the firft of 
+mortals- Hence by an ancient Poet, quoted by 48 Clemens 
+of Alexandria, he is ftyled <$>ogwvevg, 'UTclty]^ Smjt m ou/$gU 7 Toov. 
+The mythologifts vary greatly about the genealogy of this 
+perfonage : but generally fuppofe him to have been the fon 
+of 49 Inachus and Niobe. The outlines of his hiftory are 
+marked very ftrongly; fo that we cannot miftake the perfon, 
+to whom the mythology relates. He is faid to have lived in 
+the time of the 50 flood ; and, as I have before fhewn, was 
+
+46 In Mauritania and Numidia Bacchus was expreffed Bocchus. 
+
+47 Hefiod. Theog. v. 47. 
+
+48 Strom. L. 1. p. 380. 
+
+49 yctfJie tv tb Ivcl^b^ fjuirpi Eufeb. Chron. p. 24. 
+
+■$>ogcov£v$ 'metis Ivcl%& xou N" ioQy)i.—<pc(.ai <Pe Tivts N loQnv ^opcorecus £tvou SruyctTepcc. 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+50 Clem. Alexand. L. 1. p. 380. Syncellus. p. 125. He fpeaks of the firft de¬ 
+luge, tb ctp^ccto^ioc'i's xccT<xK?iva{JL 3 9 £$J\ey£Tcci jcctTa Qogoovect xcti A.7 tl$ol yevea^GU. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 265 
+
+
+the reputed father of all mankind. He was alfo the firft, 
+who built an 51 altar ; which is faid to have been ere£ted to 
+Juno. He firft: collected men together, and formed them 
+into petty 5 * communities. He likewife firft gave 53 laws, 
+and diftributed juftice : whereas before, the way of life 
+among men was favage ; and every thing determined by vio¬ 
+lence. They afcribe to him the diftribution of mankind by 
+their families and nations over the face of the earth : 54 Idem 
+nationes diftribuit : which is a circumftance very remarkable. 
+Nonnus ftyles him 55 Agy^syovog : which may fignify either 
+
+UgooToyovog, the firft -born of the tvorld , or @i]£<xiyevris, a native 
+of the ark. Anticlides efteemed him the moft ancient king 
+in 56 Greece : but 57 Acufilaus looked upon him more truly 
+as the firft man. This agrees with the teftimony, before 
+given from the ancient Poet in 58 Clemens, who fpoke of him 
+
+
+51 Hyginus. Fab. 274. 
+
+5X <$>3guvevs cfe 0 Ivcc^s tbs ctv§gw 7 r'd$ auvnyccye 'z&pcotos es xowor. Paufan. L. 2. 
+
+
+P- 145- 
+
+53 $>optovevs* utos Ivccyp xcci N t zzrcc*s 'z&gGoros vopt&s kcu xpiryipicc topure* Syncellus. 
+
+T* 6 7> I2 5- 
+
+54 flyginus. Fab. 143 . 
+
+55 He is here made the father of Niobe, whom the Poet calls K ypm Aggeyovoto 
+
+L. 32. p. 804. 
+
+56 Anticlides Phoroneum antiquiffimum Grseciie regem nuncupat. Plin. L. 7. 
+c. fid. 
+
+k/ 
+
+57 Avc&cjAao? <&opajvecc 'VD-gcoTov ccvB poo 7 rov yevscBcct. Clem. Alex. Strom. L. 1. 
+p. 380. 
+
+
+Many fuppofe him to have been the firft king upon earth. Phoroneus, primus 
+mortalium regnavit. Lutatius Placidus in Statii Thebaid. L. 4. v. 5S9. Compare 
+thefe accounts with the hiftory of Deucalion, 
+
+O* 'Tat poor os 'uronure xcti z^ttfAccTo vccss^ 
+
+ABclvcctois' Tzrpco'ros <Pe Hcci ct*Bpco7rcov ( 6 ctci^evev . Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. ioSd. 
+sS Clemen. Alex, fupra. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+M m 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+
+266 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+as the father of mankind. In fhort, he was the ultimate, 
+to which Grecian hiftory referred. 59 YLxvot 'BTcug 'E/NA^cn 
+
+$CiVfJLCi£o[JL£Vn 'TjTgCli'ig 0L7T0 TOOV I voc^ov yj>ovw KOLl G?0gUV£Ug Big TX 
+
+[XSTB 7 TBITX (pBgSTOii. a 4 ll the great occurrences of Greece are fub- 
+fequent to the times of Inachus and Phoroneus ; and are de¬ 
+duced hi a feries from that cera. To fay the truth, Phoro¬ 
+neus, Apis, Inachus, Zeuth, Deucalion, Prometheus, were 
+all one perfon : and with that perfon commenced the Gen¬ 
+tile hiftory, not of Greece only, but of the world. 60 Ovdsv 
+<nrgo Ivctycz kou ^o^vzxg —'E Khr\<riv ifogsircu. Some have fup- 
+pofed Niobe to have been the mother of Phoroneus : others 
+make him the fon of 61 Archia: others again of 6z Melifta. 
+But this genealogy is idle : and it will be found that Archia, 
+Niobe, and Melifta, like Rhea, Cybele, and Damater, are 
+mere titles, by which a female perfonage was denoted, who 
+was fuppofed to have been the genius of the ark, and the 
+mother of mankind* 
+
+The Patriarch was alfo commemorated by the name of 
+Pofeidon. Hence in the Orphic hymns he is addrefied un¬ 
+der this character, as the father of Gods and men. 
+
+63 K Xvbi Uoixsi^xov, Xr^vog 'srou 'nrgs<r£vysvB()As, 
+
+
+59 Syncellus. p. 126. See Plat. Tim^eus. 
+
+60 Syncell. p. 6S. 
+
+01 Inachus—ex Archia forore fua procreavit Phoroneum, qui primus mortalfunr 
+dicitur regnaffe. Hyginus. Fab. 143. p. 250. 
+
+Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 5S. She is alfo called Melitta. 
+
+63 Plymn. 16. Zeus is generally made the brother of Pofeidon*, but is here 
+fpoken of as his father: which fhews how little we can depend upon the theogony 
+of the Greeks, when they treat of genealogies. 
+
+
+O VgCtl/lQOVy 
+
+
+
+T-he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 267 
+
+O VgCLVUdVy M OLKOLgOOV TS ©SCdV •GTCLTSg , 1 jSs ZCU CivSgUV. 
+
+HigrjvyjV vyie\QLV caym y jo<T oTJoov oLfJLSfJLtpr). 
+
+We find him here to be alfo called the author of peace, and 
+reft : which is confonant to his true character. His very 
+name betokened 6+ peace. He is likewife faid to have been 
+the caufe of affluence 5 becaufe through him the fruits of the 
+earth were renewed. Hence we find him in many different 
+characters reprefented with fruits, and flowers, and other 
+
+emblems of plenty. 
+
+As Noah was the Pofeidon of the Greeks, we need not 
+wonder at the epithets befiowed upon that Deity ; fuch as 
+HdTrjPj A<rtpcO\iog , Tesecriog, TsvsQaios, <&vTaA[JUOs y or Sativus. 
+The laft was a title given liim by the 
+and under the character of Neptune Genefius, he held a 
+temple in Argolis near Nauplia. Hard by was a fpot of 
+ground, called the place of defcent: 66 78TB cT ayyrca yygiav 
+
+aAAo A 7 To£olQ[jlos j fimilar to the place called Atco^cct^iov upon 
+mount Ararat, mentioned by 67 Jofephus ; and undoubtedly 
+named from the fame ancient hiftory. The tradition among 
+the people of Argolis was, that the place was named A 7ro- 
+
+EctOfJLog, or place of defcent; becaufe in this fjpot Danaus 
+made his firfl; defcent from the 68 fhip, in which he came 
+
+64 Noe, requies. Ifidor. Origin. L. 7. c. 6. 
+
+NW* ccvclttccjviz. Theoph. ad Autolyc. L. 3. p. 391. 
+
+65 Paufan. L. 2. p. 18S. 
+
+66 Paufan. L. 2. p. 201. 
+
+67 Antiq. L. 1. c. 3. p. 16. 
+c8 Paufan. L. 2. p. 201. 
+
+
+people of 5 Hermione : 
+
+
+Mm2 
+
+
+over. 
+
+
+
+268 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+over. In Arcadia was a temple of 69 IIoc rerfccv sttottoos, of 
+Neptune looking out. None of thefe titles have the leaf! re¬ 
+ference to the Pagan Pofeidon, as God of the fea : but to the 
+hidory of the Patriarch they have a wonderful relation, and 
+are particularly applicable. 
+
+Noah was alfo figured under the hidory of Nereus, an¬ 
+other deity of the fea ; and his character of an unerring pro¬ 
+phet, as well as of a juft, righteous, and benevolent man is 
+very plainly defcribed : 
+
+70 N rigsct <T af>sv^r\ kou cxhrfiscx ysivcx.ro Tlovrog, 
+
+JlgS<r£vTCXTOV 'BTfluJW* CXVTCXg Z0LXS3(Tl TsfOVTCC, 
+
+'OVVSKCC VYipLSgTY)Q TS , KOU Y)7TL0g' iih dsfJLlS'SOOV 
+
+AyiQstou , aXhOL frlZOClOC KOU YfXSCL $WSCL oilsv. 
+
+Pie is termed by iEfchylus 'UTOtAouysvYig ; and is mentioned 
+by Orpheus as a fon of the Ocean, but of all others the mod 
+
+ancient. 
+
+71 Ni 'igeot [jlsv nr^ri^cx kocXoj, 'urger^vzov drcxvrocv. 
+
+Proteus was another title of the fame perfonage. He is re- 
+prefented by Homer as an ancient prophet, a perfon of great 
+
+truth, 7S ys^ojv oihiog, vvfjLSgrrig, AQcxvcxrog Ilgoorsvg ; from whom 
+
+all nature was to be deduced, as from a fird caufe. In his 
+
+departments he was the fame as Pofeidon : 
+
+
+69 ricG-si&cicot UTrcTTT'd veto ?. Paufan. L. 8. p. 662. Similar to this were the al¬ 
+tars in Attica upon Mount Hymettus, B O'y^pid AttcAAcopo? Tlpoo-\id. 
+
+Paufan. L. i. p. 78. 
+
+70 Plefioch Theog. v. 233. 
+
+7T Orphic. Argonaut, v. 334. 
+
+71 Odyffl A. v. 383. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 269 
+! 3 I1^£0T'sot xixXyictxoo , uyovT'd yJkrjibag syyvTcc, 
+
+TlguToysvY), 'oyct<TY)g (pvcreag agyycg og vtprivzv. 
+
+YlctVTlfJLOS, 'ET0Al(d8A0£, eTTlfOLfJLSVOg TOL T SOVTdy 
+
+'Ocrcro, ts 'urgou'dzv sr\Vy o<tcl t strtreTcu vzegov avdig. 
+
+Tlavrct yctg sv Tig car si 'STguTY} cpwrig syxoiTB^xsv. 
+
+As time with the ancients commenced at the Deluge ; and 
+all their traditions, and all their genealogies terminated here; 
+even the birth of mankind went with them no higher than 
+this epocha : they made the ocean in confequence of this the 
+Father of all things. Under this character, which was no 
+other than that of Nereus, Proteus, and Pofeidon, they repre- 
+fented the Patriarch, the real Father of the poftdiluvian world. 
+He was the 0s og Ttvs(nog, Fsi/s$Aios, <pvTcth[JUog ; and was wor- 
+fhiped alfo as Oceanus. The poets often allude to him un¬ 
+der this title : 
+
+74 Q-xsctvov xaXsw, 'urccrsg cupthrov, ousv eovret , 
+
+A.Q av our uov ts ©sw v ysvstnv, §vr,Tuov r av@goo7rci'jv. 
+
+75 Tlxsavog •&’, o<T7reg ysvs<rig txclvt s<r <r 1 tbtvktcu. 
+
+Juno tells Jupiter, that fhe is going to pay a vilit to Tethys 
+and Oceanus, from whom the gods were derived. 
+
+76 E i t Lu ycig G'yofjLSvq 'uro\v<pogQ% 'ursigot.Tci Fca^g, 
+
+Tlxzdvov ts ©s&j' ysvBtriVy xai (M)T£got TrjOitv, 
+
+'Ol [JL BV (TCpQKTl J '0{J.Ql<riV SVTgSCpQVj tjcT ttTIT aAAO V. 
+
+75 Orphic. Hymn. 24. 
+
+Orphic. Hymn. S2. 
+
+75 Homer. Iliad. H* v. 246. 
+
+76 Homer. Iliad. £. v* 200. 
+
+
+Hence, 
+
+
+
+,270 The Analysis of Ancient Myt-holog.y.. 
+
+* # 
+
+Hence, when it was faid in the .early hiftories, which Thales 
+and other Grecians copied, that all things were derived from 
+
+V 1 
+
+77 water ; I do not believe, that the ancient Mythologifts re¬ 
+ferred to that element, as the uAy), or material principle; but 
+to the deluge, as an epocha, when time, and nature, and man- 
+kind were renewed. Plutarch mentions it, as an Egyptian ‘ 
+notion, that all things proceeded from water : but at the fame 
+time tells us, 7S Oc ngiv Q/isoivov, that OJiris was Oceanus. Hence 
+the doctrine amounts to no more than this ; that all we-re de¬ 
+rived from Ofiris, the fame as Pofeidon, the fame alfo as Dio- 
+nufus, the E'ather of mankind. 
+
+
+NOAH, N O A S, NTS, N O T S, N U S U S. 
+
+
+T appears, I think, clearly, that the hiftory of Noah 
+
+
+be found 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+ythology of J 
+
+
+Saturn, Pofeidon 
+
+
+Zeuth, and Prometheus 
+other ancient perfonages 
+
+
+bundantly 
+
+
+clear, if 
+
+
+ls well as in the accounts given of 
+And this hiftory would have been 
+the Greeks had not abufed the 
+
+
+terms, traditionally delivered ; and tranfpofed them to word 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+
+
+own lang 
+
+
+Of this abufe I have before given a 
+
+o 
+
+
+remarkable inftance from the 
+at the fame time endeavoured 
+
+
+fchool of 79 Anaxagoras 
+
+O 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+to fhew, that the term No^ 
+which the difciples of this philofopher interpreted mens 
+
+
+/ / 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+79 
+
+
+Thales ex aqua dixit conftare omnia. Cic. in Lucullo. 
+Aquam initium rerum. Cic. deNat. Deorum. L. i. c. 10 
+
+t cav 'Zjcci'Tcoi' vJcop. Diogen. Laert. Thales. 
+
+If. ct Ofir. p. 364. 
+
+
+
+
+ee p. 202. 
+
+
+ratio. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+271 
+
+
+ratio, intelledlus, was in reality the name of a perfon, and re¬ 
+lated to the Patriarch. In the mean time I am well aware 
+
+that Anaxagoras fuperadded vag, by which is meant thought 
+
+
+and deftgn, to matter. Diogenes Laertius has 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+juft account of this philofopher’s opin 
+
+
+So 
+
+
+JJavTct •ygrifJLCt 
+
+
+YjV Q’J.% * SlTOL vug eXGiOV CLVTOL 'GTOLg 0 xou Nas (AvaPcc- 
+
+yogag) S 7 rsxXY}@i). Cicero fpeaks to the fame purpofe. 81 Anaxa- 
+
+qui accepit ab Anaximene difciplinam, primus om- 
+
+
+goras, 
+
+nium rerum defcriptionem 
+ratione deftgnari et confici 
+
+
+Liodum mentis infinitse vi ae 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+efore 
+
+
+not mean 
+
+
+hiftory void, which is fo 
+deferved great honour for embracin 
+
+
+determinately affirmed 
+
+
+
+
+n 
+
+cl 
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+among 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+IS 
+
+
+ntrymen this truth 
+
+
+pi 
+
+
+o- 
+
+
+efoever h 
+
+
+when he. or his followers, milled 
+
+
+to make 
+Anaxago 
+mulging 
+
+may have obtained 
+by found, would a 
+
+that Zeuth, or Prometheus, was by interpretation 
+mens ; they are guilty of a great miftake. For what they 
+
+ilolonhical fenfe, was the eternal 
+
+
+this term 
+
+
+fon 
+
+
+fuppofe 
+
+
+
+
+vaog 
+
+
+•> 
+
+
+call voog and vug in a pi 
+
+
+Mind : 's 
+different 
+
+
+appropriate to a perfon, was a term of 
+
+
+purp 
+
+
+ort 
+
+
+feb 
+
+
+It 
+
+tell 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+Hr ort 
+
+
+s us, E pu 
+
+
+proper 
+
+
+When 
+
+
+Aid" n 
+
+
+[driuecx. Js Nay A\syov' cio xcu [j,v@svovtzi Tag avopdirag yera 
+
+
+crQcti 
+
+
+if we take the hiftory with 
+
+
+will be found for the moft 
+
+
+rut his comment, it 
+Pile orig-inal account 
+
+
+So 
+
+
+Vol. I. p. S2. 
+
+
+81 De Nat. 
+
+
+eor. L. 1. c. 11. Plutarch, in Pericle. p. 154- 
+
+
+O l Se ArctcExycpxici spy.r, vsv&gi mv t gv Alice' F lp 3 ,uvk£<z Je rc-?z* 2A53 ov — i 'lo kcci 
+
+fjLifjzvovTcci arkpMTt'd; gTAaafcai, jctA. Euicfb. xdift. Synagoge. p. 374. 
+
+Y]pGfjui$€vi rwf. Syncellus. p. 349. 
+
+T1 {'OyAVJt'js yccp gpar a; bpcoTrji? 6 Eufe-b. Chron. p. 26 . 
+
+
+
+272 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was, that not only Zeus, or Zeuth, but alfo Prometheus, qui 
+genus hominum refinxit, who renewed the race of man , was 
+Noos, or Noah. Prometheus raifed the firft altar to the 
+Gods ; conftru&ed the 83 firft fhip ; and tranfmitted to pofte- 
+rity many ufeful inventions : 
+
+* 
+
+84 'urccvrct <rvX\Y)£$Y}v puGs, 
+
+Hlaa'ca rsyycu figoroiariv sk II go(jur)0eas- 
+
+Prometheus was fuppofed to have lived in the time of the 
+deluge ; and to have been guardian of Egypt at that 85 fea- 
+fon. His influence was limited to that region ; becaufe the 
+later Egyptians, like the people of Phocis, Argos, Thefialy, 
+and Dodona, confined the deluge to the boundaries of their 
+own country. From thefe accounts we may plainly fee the 
+perlbn, who is alluded to under the character of Prometheus. 
+He was the fame as Gfiris ; the fame alfo as Dionufus, the 
+great hufbandman, the planter of the vine, and inventer of 
+the plough. But inftead of having the character of Dionufus 
+juftly appropriated, we find him reprefented in the fame falfe 
+light, as Prometheus. Accordingly Macrobius tells us, 86 Phy- 
+fici Aiovvcrov, Aio$ vsv, dixerunt. Dios was the ancient term 
+from whence came the word Deus : and the name of Dio¬ 
+nufus relates not to voog, mens, but to Nufos, Noah ; being 
+a compound of Dios-Nufos, for fo his name was properly 
+
+Gcc^.<xcrao7r? ayxrrcc J* btis ccvt 
+
+AiroTrTzp cvze vccutiAcov c^nyccTcc. .ZEfch. Prometh. p. 31* 
+
+8+ Ibid. 
+
+s * Diodorus Sic. L. 1. p. 16. 
+
+86 Saturn. D. 1. c. 18. p. 201. The reafon, that he gives, is, becaufe Dionufus 
+was the Sun ; and the Sun was five mundi mens. 
+
+exprefied. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 273 
+
+exprelTed. Hence Philoftratus fays, 87 Nutnos 0 A lOWTog oL7ro 
+
+Trig sv I vtioig Nu<n)$ ovofJUX<^£Tou. This, as 88 I have obferved, is 
+fo far true, that Dionufus was ftyled Nufius, and Nufus ; and 
+explains the compofition of the former term. But it was 
+not from the city Nufa in India, nor from any of the cities 
+
+called Nufa, for there were many, that he had this name : 
+
+% 
+
+on the contrary, they were all denominated from him. And 
+
+& 
+
+this name was exprelTed Noa, Noos, Nous, Nus, Nufus ; and 
+otherwife varied. This the Grecians might have known : 
+but they feem induftrioufly to have adopted it in a wrong 
+fenfe : and in confequence of it numberlefs abfurdities have 
+arifen to the ruin of much good hiflory. By the help of the 
+miftaken term voog or vug, and of its derivative poegog, and 
+
+vorjTog, they pretend to find out much myfterious and recon¬ 
+dite knowledge ; all which was utterly unknown to thofe, 
+from whom they received their intelligence. There are 
+numberlefs instances of this in Porphyry, and Jamblichus ; 
+and in Proclus upon the Platonic philofophy. It is to be ob¬ 
+ferved, that, when Chriftianity had introduced a more ra¬ 
+tional fyftem, as well as a more refined worfhip, among man¬ 
+kind ; the Pagans were ftruck with the fublimity of its 
+dodtrines., and tried in their turns to refine. But their mif- 
+fortune was, that they were obliged to abide by the theo¬ 
+logy, which had been tranfmitted to them ; and to make the 
+hiftory of the Gentile Gods the bafis of their procedure. 
+This brought them into immenfe difficulties, and equal ab¬ 
+furdities : while they laboured to folve, what was inexpli- 
+
+87 Vita Apollon. L. 2. c. i. p. 56. 
+
+See p. 209, 210. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+N n 
+
+
+cable ; 
+
+
+
+t 
+
+
+274 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+cable ; and to remedy what was paft cure. Hence we meet 
+with many dull and elaborate fophifms even in the great 
+Plutarch : but many more in after times, among the writers. 
+
+
+of whom I am fpeaking 
+
+
+ally ringing the 
+
+
+changes upon the terms voos, vosgos, and vorfcog : and explains, 
+what is really a proper name, as if it fignifiedy^z/*?, and intel- 
+leSi. In confequence of this he tries to fubtilize, and refine 
+all the bafe iarsron about Saturn, and Zeus : 
+
+
+fuade 
+
+
+Zeus : and would per- 
+that the moft idle and obfcene legends related to 
+the divine mind, to the eternal wifdom, and fupremacy of 
+the Deity. Thus he borrows many exalted notions from 
+Chriftianity; and blends them with the bafeft allay, with 
+the dregs of Pagan mythology. Whether I am in the right, 
+let the reader judge from a part of the Fifth Book of Pro- 
+clus, exprefsly upon this fubje£t. After having premifed, 
+that Cronus was 'GrgooTigros fiotmXsvs toqv vospuv &eoov 9 and that 
+
+
+b y 
+
+
+binding his father 
+
+
+be underftood a reafonable 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+pprehenfion, or comprehenfion 5 he comes at laft to fpeak 
+
+
+more fully 
+
+
+90 
+
+
+To < 3 g oCht$BS 60 Jg £%£*. N«£ USV 
+
+
+K go 
+
+
+'Wclvt ehu)s’ Nas < 5 g 6 [Asyifos "Zeds’ sjcotTsgos ecu, Jj 3^8 
+
+itca vorfros ctvros. Hots yap v&s bis olvtov 
+
+
+e7rB$£tt.7traLi 9 'ur^os 
+
+
+<Te 
+
+
+CCVTOP BTl^BCpsi, njfpoq 
+
+
+KCLl 'UTPOS 70t 
+
+
+60 
+
+
+svsgysi. II gog Je bolvtov svBgywv 
+&[u,ct K,ca voegov’ 'H pev vosi voegov 
+
+
+9 K^orioi Sear fxoi [au^ixcos t vv ccivacrovTcci tb voyitb tbtb : to which 
+
+the author adds this curious obfervation, itcti y&g o S'scrfjLos 'zuEpiPitv^is tcov guv- 
+JeofAemv. Proclus in Platonis Theogon. L. 5. c. 5. p. 256. 
+
+90 Ibid. 
+
+♦ 
+
+He fays of Law, N of^os stti Kgovx, Ns y&p £^iv 6 ropios S'lccvopai* A. L. 5. 
+c. 9. p. 263. 
+
+Yl$S 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+275 
+
+
+'urctga, T8 [JLS 
+
+
+ri$e voetrcu, you VQYfTov* '£2 you 6 Aiog mg exvTtp vug szi, you 
+
+ictvTcp votjTon. *£2crai>Tws <Te you o Kgoviog mg soLvrcf vqy}Tov sgrt, 
+you savvy mg' aXX’ 6 (jlsv fXoihAov mg' 6 Ss [lolWov voYfvog. Na 
+r oivvv ovrog rs "Kgova, voYfca, Nag you 6 Zsvg Ssvregov, you 
+vorftov' oChXa, you vorftov clvtw vosgov eft. 
+
+N 0£i TOV S0LVT3 'UTOLTSgOL YLgOVOV 0 ZsVg' VQY}T0V [JLSV e?lV 0 
+
+Kgovog, vug ih 6 Zsvg, yrX. 
+
+ActfjJoctvav you c hibvou hsysTcu (o K govog) tw (3oc<ri?uyr)V ol^iolv, 
+eyrsfAvoov ts ts 'urocrgog yovipov, eyTS[j,vo[JL£vog <Js 
+yoiKs A log. 
+
+After all this play upon the words voog, vosgog, and vorfoog, 
+the whole is a miftake of a proper^iame, Noas, or Noah, the 
+fame as Cronus. Many cities, temples and 91 rivers were 
+denominated Noas, and Noa. The term thus applied could 
+not relate to the mind ; but was a proper name, bellowed 
+in memorial of a perfon. When therefore it is faid, eg^r\- 
+
+vsvxtn Nav Tov A*a, the true hiftory will be found to be, that 
+Noah by the ancients was reprefented under the charadter of 
+Dis, or Dios, the fame as Zeus. And when writers men¬ 
+tion Saturnus quail 9X Sator Na?, and Dionufus, 93 A tog Nag 1 ; 
+
+and finally, when they defcribe Prometheus, YlgopriOsvg Nag, 
+
+and FLgofJLi)$svg TOig ou/@goo7roig 6 Nag, the purport in thefe in- 
+ftances is the fame. The original hiftory was undoubtedly 
+
+
+91 Nb 4 ^^ 'z&otcluos. Hefych. 
+
+91 Apollonius in Epico carmine fcribit Saturnum qnafi facrum vw .— aut Sa- 
+torem vbv. Fulgent. Mytholog. c. 2, p. 628. 
+
+93 Why Dionufus was Nous, or Noas, may be plainly feen in the hiftory given 
+of him by the Indi in Arrian. Indica. p. 321. 
+
+N n 2 
+
+
+meant 
+
+
+
+276 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+meant to fignify, that Saturnus, Cronus, Dionufus, and Pro¬ 
+metheus, were different titles of the Patriarch, who was, 
+
+* 
+
+called Noos, Nous, and Nufus. 
+
+w 
+
+I cannot quit Proclus without taking notice of fome other 
+infbinces of his refinement upon ancient tradition. Cronus 
+was certainly Noah : and Proclus gives us this covert hiftory 
+of him; 94 ’BatriAsvg K gov'og v7ros‘ctfrr i Q sg'i—rqg cty.Ei7\iKT& TgicJbg. 
+What fome ufed by miftake to render i7\iyo$, and f.xsiKi’yiog, 
+he has expreffed oafASiXucTog. This is a Grecian word formed 
+from the ancient terms Melech, and Melechat, to which id 
+had no relation. The purport of the mythology,, which he 
+copied, may be eafily made out. It fignified that Cronus, 
+or Noah, was the founder of the Royal Triad. Who were 
+alluded to under this Triad, may, I think, be made out with¬ 
+out much difficulty. They could be no other than the three 
+fons of Noah, who were the Baalim of the Scriptures,-and the 
+A oupoysg, and AQou/oltoi, of Greece. Conformably to this Pro¬ 
+clus fays, that Cronus had the title of 95 Kogov.ovag ; which we 
+may be affured was originally ULoigcivog 'Nag. By this is fig- 
+nified the great Ruler , the head of all ; in other words the 
+Patriarch IV 0 ah. As Cronus was no other than Zeus, we 
+may find this account of the Triad further explained in the 
+hiftory of the latter, and by the fame author. 96 Zzvg 0 'UTgo 
+
+(or perhaps 6 'UTccrrjg) Toov Tgiwv, K goviS&v, arog. zgiv 6. TW oKcay 
+ct)fuaeyog. Time, and all things, were by the ancients de— 
+
+94 In Plat. Timsum. L. 5. c. 10. p. 265. See Radicals. Vol. 1. p. 70. Melech,. 
+
+95 Ibid. 
+
+g(> Ibid. L . 2. p. 95, 
+
+
+duc.ed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+
+
+duced from Noah : hence they 
+
+
+laft through their 
+
+
+blind reverence to think him the real creator , h)fJU&gyog ; and 
+that he contrived every thing in his chaotic cavern. 
+
+97 T OLVTOL 'UrOLTt\e 'UT01Y\<TS H. OCT CL or7T£og Y\SgQ£l$£q. 
+
+% 
+
+4 
+
+As all mankind proceeded from the three families, of which 
+the Patriarch was the head ; we find this circumftance con¬ 
+tinually alluded to by the antient mythologifts. And the 
+three perfons, who firft conftituted thofe families, were looked 
+upon both as Deities, and kings : fo that we may be pretty 
+certain, that the A^siXiKTag "Tgiotg, however fophifticated, 
+meant originally the Royal '"Triad. Proclus mentioning thofe, 
+who were fuppofed to have the fuperintendency in the 
+world, fays, 98 Tgsig yctg ©sa? eivou t ovTag, zou urcLgcc t o.ig ID- 
+
+OcLyogsioig v^VB^zvag 61 ra fxsv hog N-a, ktX. He alfo in the 
+
+fame place inquires, Ha <£s 01 TsTol^cl HA ocrcavi BaoyAsi?, ovg wreg 
+
+79 Hotpot TITkoctojvi rgsig Bacn- 
+
+A si- ycL(> zk TgiccJog tstpo'U- 
+
+
+rov K.0 CT[jL0U OLVTOg CL^lOl TCCTTSIV 
+
+
+
+Asa?, kou 'urct.g Ogcpsi rgeig .— IO! 
+
+VCLl TOV OL£l(){JLQV T OV S 'BIOV. 
+
+1 'Ev $£ h[JLCLg (2>0L<rtXsiOV 3 £1 
+I am fenfible, that fome very 
+
+
+Tads 'UTCLVTOL TSTVZTCLl 
+
+
+perfons have thought 
+
+
+that they difcovered an allufion to a my ft 
+
+
+truth of 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+another 
+
+
+the Triad of Plato, and of his follow 
+
+
+97 Ibid. L. 2. p. 95 
+9 * Ibid. 
+
+
+99 
+
+
+*po 
+
+
+p. 94. 
+
+P. 07. Naj mei* yccci 
+
+v/ b ^ b 
+
+
+L. 2 S' 
+
+
+Ibid, 
+
+1 Ibid. 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+
+278 The Analysis o # Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+But if we collate, what thefe writers have added by way of 
+explanation, we fhall, I believe, find that they had no idea 
+of any fuch myflery ; and that the whole of what they have 
+faid is a refinement upon an ancient piece of hiftory. In 
+fhort, the whole religion of the ancients confifted in Aou(jlq~ 
+
+voX&Tgeict, the worship of Daemons : and to thofe perfonages 
+their theology continually refers. They were, like the * Ma¬ 
+nes and Lares of the Romans, fuppofed to be the fouls of 
+men deceafed : and their department is thus defcribed by 
+Plato, as he is quoted by Plutarch ; 3 Plato mentio7is the Dai- 
+■moits as a race of Beings , by whom many things are difcovered , 
+and many good offices done , to men : and he defcribes them as an 
+order between men a?id Gods. They are the perfons , who by 
+their mediation carry the vows and prayers of mortals to heaven : 
+and in return bring down the droine 
+fpecifies more particularly, who they were, and when they 
+lived. 4 'Of fj,sv V7T0 K gov# ryctv : They lived in the time of 
+Cronus ; in whofe reign was the golden age, when the life of 
+anan was at its greateft extent. 
+
+s A VTCtg S7TSI KBV T870 ySVOg KOLTCL yOUOL KCCXwtysV, 
+
+'Of p.sv AcupLovss eun — 
+
+E<r$A 0 f, STTl'gfioVlOtj q>V\ 0 LK£$ §Vr\TUV Otv0gW7TOOV. 
+
+TV hen tbefe died , they became Daemons , a fet of benevolent 
+
+
+behejls to earth. Hefiod 
+
+
+d Arnob. L. 3. 
+
+p. 124. 
+
+1 Hpf/J}vsvTix,QV rro tciitov (0 HAaTwr) yevos^ x.cci diccxovixov^ gr /j.ecr& Gbcov 
+
+&ca cti'9pcd7r&p‘ evicts /j.£v txet xou ctvfopooTrcov a.vcLTrtfxTrofA.zv'jov^ exejQev Se puctv - 
+
+*tucl ftvpo. Ifis et Ofir. p. 361. from Plato’s Sympof. 
+
+4 Opera et Dies*, v. m, 
+
+5 Ibid. v. 121. 
+
+6 SeingSy 
+
+
+* Quofdam Genios, et functorum animas mortuorum. Varro apu 
+
+
+
+279 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+beings , who rejided within the verge of the earthy and were 
+guardians of mankind. Thefe were the BcvnXsig, or Royal 
+perfonages, of Orpheus and Plato ; out of which was confti- 
+tuted the ol[jlsiKutqs Tgictg of Proclus, called alfo 6 ^ voYft^ xou 
+
+vosgoc T giag—rcav voYftm xou vosguv ®ec*)v. 
+
+Something fimilar to the foregoing is to be found in a very 
+learned Father, to whom in other refpedrs we are infinitely in¬ 
+debted. Clemens of Alexandria, fpeaking of the Ark of 
+Moles, cannot help mixing fome Egyptian notions in his dif- 
+quilition about the purport of its name. Thele notions were 
+borrowed from the traditions of the Mizraim concerning the 
+Ark of Noah, which he has confounded with the other Ark. 
+The Seventy have not diftinguifhed, as they fhould have 
+done, between the two Arks ; but have tranllated each of 
+them by the term KiSWo?, Cibotus. This has led the learned 
+Father into fome unneceffary and ill-grounded refinements, 
+in fpeaking of the Ark of God, which was made by Mofes : 
+and he has adopted fome notions of his countrymen, which 
+relate to another machine, to the Cibotus, in which man¬ 
+kind were preferved. As his obfervations are in fome de¬ 
+gree analogous to the extract, which I have given from Pro¬ 
+clus, I will lay them before the reader. 6 7 A^lsivov ch Y)y 3 [JL 0 U 
+
+TYiV K&oorov ex T8 *E Sgcbixs ovofxoirog ©jjSwta xotAsgoevriv cO\7\o 
+
+Tl (TY)fJLOUVSlV. 'EgfAYl'jeVSTOU [A.EV SV OLv(f SVOg '5TCLVTUV T 07 TWV* E IT 
+
+av Oy$oxg, xou o NOHTOS K oo'fj.og, sirs xcu o 'ursgi nranoov 
+'srsgisxTog, cur w gYi[zctrig‘og rs, xou oLogoorog ^Kovrou ®sog y nx vw 
+
+6 Proclus in Plat. Timieum. p. 94. Tag rot ]tccs T piccfct;. 
+
+7 Strom. L. 5. p. 667. 
+
+V7TSPZ£l<rQc0 
+
+
+
+280 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+vxs^kzkt&m Kzysiv. What he here alludes to relates not to the 
+Ark of the Ifraelites, of which he has been previoufly treat¬ 
+ing ; but to the Ark of Noah. The eight perfons in this 
+Ark formed the facred Ogdoas of the Egyptians ; which I 
+have mentioned before. Clemens fpeaks of this Ogdoas, as 
+the voy\7Q<; fco<rfj,og : which is certainly a fport of terms. The 
+hiftory related to the whole of mankind inclofed together ; 
+to the Noetic world, which confifted of 8 eight perfons fhut 
+up in &y}£c*)@ci, the Arh. What is meant by iv tzvfi zvog 'GTolv- 
+
+toov T07rwv, I do not pretend to decipher. The author feems 
+to be fenlible, that he has been guilty of much unneceflary 
+
+refinement; and he accordingly foon after makes a proper 
+
+apology : 9 AAA’, oog eoucsv , sXccQov V7ro (piXori^uag cx.7rQ$£iKTi%yis 
+
+'urzgouTsgw ra cizovrog 'smgsx.Soig, 
+
+8 Ojctco Je (fvcri to,; 'Ztrccaccs ccvBpco7rccv eu tyi K i£ootco SiccfreacioaQcLi .--— Oktco e*» 
+
+'z&ctacct ■^v'xcti a.vbpoj7T£ov S'ieo'ooQriaccv^ ?ctA. Theophilus and Autolyc. L. 3, p. 391* 
+
+9 Strom. L. 5. p. 679. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+JONAH, 
+
+
+
+JONAH, mr, CHALDIORUM: 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+A Continuation of the Gentile History 
+
+of the Deluge. 
+
+
+Non res ipfas gefias finxerunt Poetce ; fed rebus gejlis 
+addiderunt quejidam colorem. 
+
+Ladtant. de Falfa Relig. L. i. c. 2 . 
+
+% 
+
+9 
+
+A S the Deluge was fo extenfive, and at the fame time fo 
+
+fatal in its confequences , I took notice that it mu ft 
+have left lading impreftions upon the minds of thofe, who 
+had been witnefles to the great event : that the prefervation 
+of the few perfons, who furvived, muft have been followed 
+with continual reftedtions upon the means, by which their 
+deliverance was eftedted; and thefe attended with a reve¬ 
+rential awe, and many fearful fenfations. The like impref- 
+ftons, I fhould imagine, muft have been tranfmitted to their 
+pofterity : and upon their defedtion from the worfhip of the 
+true God, one might -naturally fuppofe, that one fpecies of 
+idolatry would confift in an undue reverence paid to the Pa¬ 
+triarch, the father of mankind ; and in rites and myfteries 
+Vol. II. O o eftablifhed 
+
+
+282 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+eftablilhed in allufton to bis wonderful prefervation. If 
+there had been no accounts of any fuch regard and affedfcing 
+remembrance transmitted to us from the writers of the Gen¬ 
+tile world ; yet we might be allured that this muft have 
+been the cafe, from the nature and extent of the calamity. 
+But I have proceeded farther ; and have endeavoured to fhew, 
+not only that many memorials were for a long time reli- 
+gioufty preferved 5 but that they ftill are to be found : that, 
+by arranging and comparing the mythology of ancient times,, 
+we may ftill perceive traces of this hiftory; the principal cir- 
+cumftances of which are continually obfervable in the rites 
+and ceremonies of the firft ages. I have taken notice of 
+many temples and cities, which were built in memory of the 
+Ark and Deluge ; and called Aren, Theba, Argus,, Cibotus, 
+lolcus, Baris : and of others manifeftly denominated from 
+Noah. It has alfo been obferved, that an ark or fhip was 
+made ufe of as a facred emblem in the rites of Ilis and Oftris. 
+The like cuftom prevailed in the Dionufia, and at the fefti- 
+vals of other Deities. It may therefore be fuppofed, that 
+the hiftory of the Dove, and of the Iris, could not fail of 
+being recorded, where the memory of the other circum- 
+fbinces was fo carefully preferved. The latter was an em¬ 
+blem of great confequence; having been appointed as a token 
+oi a covenant between God and man : and it will be found 
+to have been held in uncommon regard for ages. The Dove, 
+which returned to Noah with a leaf of olive, and brought 
+the firft tidings that the waters of the deep were aftwaged, 
+was held in many nations as particularly facred. It was 
+looked upon as a peculiar meftenger of the Deity ; and an 
+
+9 emblem 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+283 
+
+
+emblem of peace, and good fortune. But the raven, which, 
+difappointed the hopes repofed in him, and which never re¬ 
+turned, was held in a different light ; and was for the moft 
+part efteemed a 1 * bird of ill omen. 
+
+The name of the Dove among; the ancient Amonians was 
+
+CD 
+
+Ion, and lonah; fometimes expreffed lonas, from whence 
+came the Oivotg, a Oinaa, of the Greeks. It was efteemed 
+an interpreter of the will of the Gods to man ; and on that 
+account in the firft ages was looked upon as a bird of pre- 
+fage. Among mariners it was thought to be particularly 
+aufpicious : who in their voyages ufed to let a dove or pigeon 
+fly from their fhips, in order to judge from its movements 
+of the fuccefs of their voyage. The moft favourable feafon 
+for fetting fail was at the Heliacal riling of the feven ftars 
+near The head of Taurus : and they are in confequence of it 
+called 3 Peleiades, or the Doves. It was at the time of their 
+appearance that the Argonauts were fuppofed to have fet 
+out upon their expedition. 4 A pog <T cuvreXhovTi UEAeictfeg. 
+Tots <T g|U,M]<r^crai/ 01 A^y ov dlvtou isrA £V<rsoog. It was thought 
+a fortunate time for navigation in general: as we may learn 
+
+1 The raven however did not intirely lofe its credit. It was efteemed an augural 
+bird i and is faid to have preceded, and directed the colony, which Battus led to 
+Cyrene. 
+
+Kct; A.i£vy)v zctiovti xopa,^ tiyvc-czTo A ccco^ 
+
+oiKicryg. Callim. Hymn, in Apoll. v. 66. 
+
+* O ivccs' eiS'os 'ztjc.piq-'egccs ctypiczs. Hefych. 
+
+3 The Peleiades, fometimes expreffed Pleiades, are faid to have been the daugh¬ 
+ters of Atlas by the Nymph Pleione. 
+
+According to Pherecydes Syrus, they were daughters of Lycurgus, and nurfes 
+of Dionufus. 
+
+4 Theocriti Idyll. 13. v. 25. and Scholia ibid. 
+
+O O 2 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+284 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+from 5 Ovid. The Argonauts are moreover faid in a time of 
+difficulty and danger to have made the fame experiment with 
+a 6 dove, as was fuppofed to have been made by Deucalion ; 
+and to have formed from it the like fortunate prefage. The 
+colony, which fettled at Cumae in Italy, went by the direc¬ 
+tion of a 7 Dove. 
+
+
+From the propl 
+
+
+bird lonah and Ionas, the Greeks 
+
+
+formed many terms, which related to augury; fuch as 8 Oivctg 
+
+
+yzvog xogazog' 01 ds ctygictv •sregts'sgctx. O si$og zctpctKog, 
+
+O lOQVOl, df OOV OlWfJLzdot TOt (JtehhovTct. Qioovog, O<pig. 
+
+As the Dove was efteemed the interpreter of the will 
+of the Deity; the priefts and foothfayers were from that 
+circumftance ftyled lonah, or Doves. And as Theba iri 
+
+
+yp t 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+ginally the temple of the ark 
+
+
+to look for priefts of this denomination in a fancftuary of 
+
+truly infer that 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+ay upon inquiry very 
+
+
+there were perfons in this place ftyled lonah ; which by the 
+Greeks was rendered UsKsicu kou Tgr)goovsg, Doves and Pi¬ 
+
+
+geons . 
+
+o 
+
+
+faid 
+
+
+fome of this order carried the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Theba, or the ark, to Libya: and that others brought them 
+
+
+to Dodona in Ep 
+
+
+where Deucalion was fuppofed to 
+
+
+have fettled ; and where was the moji a 7 icient orac\ 
+of Greece , 9 CLgyctiorotTov roov sv 'EAAjjct; r YPY\s‘Y)piwv 
+
+
+temp.lt 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+5 Fafti. I,. 5. v. 65. 
+
+6 Apollonius Rhod. L. 2. v. 328. 
+
+Oibjyu £n 'zzrgcabe Yle\ei<x£i uyeigYio’ctebe. and v. 564. 
+
+Plutarch. Lib. Utrum terreftria, &c. 'mepi^epccv ex tvs AAPNAKOS ctcpte/x.ernv 
+
+yevecrQxi, %zif/Mvos fxev sicrcti Air evS'uoj/.ern r, evS'iae S'e oiir ottto.< 7ccv . p. 968. 
+
+1 Velleius Paterc. L. 1. c. 4. 
+
+* Hefychius. 
+
+9 Herodot. L. 2. c. 52. 
+
+
+founded 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+285 
+
+founded by Cuthites, who were ilyled 10 Ellopians, Pierians, 
+Cadmians. They brought with them the memorials of the 
+Dove, and Ark ; and the whole hiftory of the Deluge, from 
+the Thebais of Egypt. The women, who officiated in theffi 
+temples, were, from the nature of their department, called 
+TLeXstcu, and UsXsia.S'es ; which the Latines rendered Co- 
+lumbae : and they are under that title alluded to by the poet 
+Silius Italicus; who mentions particularly, that they came 
+originally from Theba. 
+
+” Nam cui dona Jovis non divulgata per orbem. 
+
+In gremio ‘Thebes geminas (edifle Columbas ? 
+
+Quarum Chaonias pennis quae contigit oras, 
+
+Implet fatidico Dodonida murmure quercum. 
+
+At quae Carpathium &c. 
+
+Marmaricis ales populis refponfa canebat. 
+
+Paufanias mentions, that the Peleiades were the moil an¬ 
+cient propheteffes at Dodona in Chaonia ; even antecedent to 
+the celebrated Phaemonoe. He fays, that they were women: 
+and the firft oracle, which they exhibited, feems to relate to 
+the re-eftablifhment of Zeuth, and the reftoration of the 
+earth to its prifline ftate. 
+
+Zbvq w, Zsvg e?i 7 Zevg scrarsTcu' 00 fjLsycthB Zsv' 
+
+Tot K0Lg7T%g CCVlEly blQ ZXYj^BTS [JLYfT£gOL yOUOLV . 
+
+
+10 See the MeyccAcci Ho.'a/., quoted by the Scholiaft on Sophocl. Trachin. v. riS^. 
+
+Uq~L TEAA OTTiVl 'ZF.oXu&moSy ZvAeifJ.&Vy 
+
+A<pvew fJLY)?^otcri — 
+
+I ii’bcc t€ Z^ajJ'ooyy). tc. t. A. 
+
+” Silius Italic. L, 3. v. 67S. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+286 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient ’Mytholo&y. 
+
+
+The former part of this oracle feems to be in fome degree 
+analogous to the words made ufe of by the pried; in the 
+myderies at Eleufis.: 
+
+r ~ SaffBire [J.VSOU. t a Sha crscrwcrptara. 
+
+
+There is in both an allufion 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+y from a 
+
+
+da 
+
+
+dances are 
+Dionufus, 
+
+
+Oil 
+
+
+r obfervable 
+three titles 
+
+
+le a<pavi(r[JLO.s of the Deity, 
+of death : which circum- 
+in the hidory of Zeuth, 
+out of many, relating to 
+
+
+fame perfon. For in all the mythology of the ancients 
+mud look upon the great Patriarch as the ultimate, ii 
+
+terminates. He, and fome of his princi 
+
+
+the hidory 
+
+
+pal 13 defcend 
+and named B 
+
+
+were deified by 
+
+
+-jud 
+
+
+poderity 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+By the Greeks he was called 
+
+
+Cronus; and thefe his defendants Cronidas, :K povifou 
+
+
+: who 
+
+A oufJLoveg, Gods and 
+Demons. He was the father of mankind ; and in him the 
+
+
+were alfo peculiarly dyled, Ada.va.Toi 
+
+
+world was renewed : but his fons, 
+
+
+allow him 
+
+
+this honour, have reprefented him as the God of nature, the 
+
+
+creator of 
+
+
+thing 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+urgo Tgiw K povifrav. O VTog 
+
+
+'£V oXwv ^(Lis^yog. Hence the poet dyles him 
+
+Zi^a ts pj Tiosvra ©saw 'ura.Tsg mi av^cav. 
+
+rvius takes notice of the doves at IS Theba : but 
+
+
+as it 
+
+
+** Jul. Firmicus. p. 45. 
+
+** * ^ ave mentioned, that by the Baalim were fignified Noah and his three fons : 
+
+but there is ieaion to think, that fome of the pofterity of Ham were taken into 
+.the number. 
+
+14 Procl. in Platon. Timseum. p. 95. 
+
+15 In'Virg. JEneid. L. 3. v. 4G6. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 287 
+
+
+was ufual with the ancients to form perfonages out of every 
+obfolete term, he makes Theba, a woman ; and fuppofes her 
+to have been the daughter of the Deity, who gave her two 
+prophetic doves for a prefent. One of thefe, it is faid, flew 
+away to Dodona. Jupiter quondam Thebae filise tribuit: 
+duas Columbas, humanam vocem edentes: quarum altera 
+pervolavit in Dodonam, glandiferam fylvam Epiri. Sopho^- 
+eles mentions thefe facred doves, and the vocal grove, where, 
+they refided.: 
+
+j6 '£ls tw 'uroiXcuctv (pvyov ou>JVjc rou 'utot s 
+AwJ'ww J'itrcrwi' ex UeXeictdwv sq>%. 
+
+
+But the belt account of this oracle at Dodona is to be found 
+in Herodotus. He not only fhews that it came from Thebes 
+in Egypt ; but mentions the particular rout, by which the 
+rites were brought : and intimates, that they came from 
+Egypt to Phenicia, and from; thence to Greece; at leaft 
+through the- hands of Phenicians. He firft prefents his 
+reader with the Grecian hiflory of the oracle, as he had it 
+from the people of the place. 17 The principal of the priefteffes 
+at Dodona give out , that two black 'pigeons took their flight from 
+‘Thebes in Egypt : and that one of them be?it its courfe to Libya ; 
+but that the other betook itfelf to Dodojta. That upon its arrival 
+it fettled upon a beech tree , and fpoke with an human voice , Jig- 
+
+
+1 6 
+
+
+Sophocles. Trachin. v. 174. See Scholia. 
+
+
+17 Taj's /HcoSoo roctccv (pcccn ai 'zzr go jjlcl vT ies , Suo YleXeictSccs yU.sAa./1'as tgqv Ax- 
+
+
+yvTTTHa'v ava.TTTOfj.eva^ T?jy fxtv ccutbuv es AtCvnv^ tm St 'urxc.cc crzeczs cc,?rr,iecrQxT 
+ULVAV Ss fJAV £7TI (fwyov auSct^ctcrQoci (p&n 1 aiGpwTTW/^ cos tin y.ccr'TiUzv clvtc c Jl 
+
+/Liz* ycvsa Oa/. Herod. L. 2. c. 55. 
+
+
+
+
+
+288 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+nifymg, how necejfary it was that there Jhould be an oracular 
+temple founded in that place to Zeuth. The other account is 
+from the people of Egypt, who explain very fatisfadtorily the 
+iiory of thefe black doves. 18 'The priefs of Zeuth at Thebes 
+gave this hifiojy of the oracle at JDodona . Two of the facred 
+women , who officiated at the temple of Zeuth at Thebes , were 
+carried away from Egypt by fome 19 Phenicians. And it was 
+reported^ that one of them was fold in Libya ; but the other was 
+carjded into Greece. Thefe were the women , who firf founded 
+the oracles in the countries here fpecified. 
+
+We learn from the foregoing, that the perfons, who ad¬ 
+ministered to the Deity, were ftyled Peleise, ITsAaai, and 
+
+II sKaoiS'sg ; which was a tranilation of the Ionah and Ibnim, 
+introduced from Egypt and Chaldea. They were fometimes 
+fpoken of as the daughters of the Deity: at other times, from 
+the fervices, which they performed, they were reprefented as 
+the nurfes. Hence arofe the notion, that Zeuth was fed by 
+doves ; and, according to Mcero Byzantina, in Crete. 
+
+5,0 T o'J (JL5V agz Tgrjgcfjvsg vtto £&vzw rgzpov cLVTgp, 
+
+A[jLbgoctriv (poge's<Tou cltc uksclvoiq poctcoy. 
+
+# 
+
+This is more truly reprefented in Homer; who alludes to 
+
+
+\l(pct.acy,v 01 Jffr* t-J 0 arso‘ Jvo 'cukcls ipr,icce ex ©7iSsccv s^ci^bwcct uto 
+
+<l'CtViV.OCv' X-TZl TaV /Z V ^ 1 )T£o Y <Zn vO • G 0 CU AlC VitV 'ZTTfr.Qz IC7CCV* TYiV e> TV* 
+
+
+r Tv 
+
+
+'Tctv'ra* S e Tctt vvcuxcct ercu Tec* idjjo ct}J.€vcG t cl /j.'z.vTiuzc. 'ztr ocor cce ev t 01^1 etgwy.ei'Oicri 
+eOn(71. ricrntlot. I... 2. c. 54. 
+
+19 (pentx-f llojr.ee mot Eulebius and Syncellus : thofe oricinal Phenicians, who 
+
+' O ' 
+
+came from lvsypt to Syria, and from thence to Greece. They were the fame as the 
+Cuthite Shepherds. 
+
+20 Athenarus. Lib. 11. p. 491. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+289 
+
+
+the priefts under the character of Hsheiou T gqgcavsg, or doves : 
+and he fays that they adminiftered to Zeuth in that capacity, 
+of whom he fpeaks as their father: for priefts and votaries 
+were often ftyled the fons and the daughters of the Deity, 
+whom they ferved. 
+
+
+21 
+
+
+'ursKaou 
+
+
+T^upsg, tout ol^£% o<riY\v An 'urccrgi cpsgxTiv 
+
+
+From hence we may folve the queftion put by Alexander to 
+Ariftotle upon this fubjedt : though in fome degree it ex¬ 
+plains itfelf from the manner, in which it is ftated. 
+
+T 1 0 Tlowns 'GTsXeictfitx.g sttohjcts Trig Tgcxpqg tup ®suv houiov&g ; 
+
+why does the Poet make doves the minifters of food to the Gods 
+The Peleiades were priefts under the charadteriftic of doves : 
+and they were faid to be S'icucovoi Trig Tgopvg tup ®eup, becaufe 
+they really did adminifter to the Gods g and offered up cakes 
+and fruits at their fhrines, attended with libations of wine, 
+oil, and honey. 
+
+The Egyptian priefts feem td have been alfo denominated 
+from their complexion crows, or ravens. Strabo has a par¬ 
+ticular paflage about Alexander; that upon his expedition 
+to the temple of Ammon, he was condudted by two crows. 
+Curtius fays, that, upon his approach, a good number went 
+out to meet him. s+ Jam haud procul oraculi fede aberant, 
+cum complures Corvi agmini occurrunt, modico volatu, &c. 
+
+
+Homer. OdyfT. M. v. 62. 
+
+“ Ptolemseus Hephseftion apud Photium. L. 1. p. 474. 
+
+Strabo. L. 17. p. 1168. 
+x * Curtius. L. 4. c. 7, 
+
+VOL. 11. 
+
+
+Pp 
+
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+
+290 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Thefe crows, like the black doves, were certainly the priefts 
+of the place. So Callifthenes in Plutarch : as Kopouesg £%$&- 
+
+vsvrsg vk dKcLp£ctv av TY)V qy s p.ov iclv rr\g 'urogeia.g* 
+
+From thefe circumftances ill underftood people feigned 
+that in thefe places, where the name of the Peleiades and 
+Trerones occurred, there had been perfons turned into doves 
+and pigeons. Hence arofe the fable of Ctefilla in Ovid : 
+
+
+Tranfit et antiquae Cartheia mcenia Cese, 
+
+Qua pater Alcidamas placidam de corpore natae 
+Miraturus erat nafci potuiffe Columbam. 
+
+
+The like hiffcory is told of the Oenotropae, who were the 
+daughters of Anius, Prieft to Apollo at Delos: 
+
+
+17 pennas fumpfere ; tuaeque 
+Conjugis in volucres, niveas abiere Columbas. 
+
+The Meneiadae, who were priefts and prieftefles of Menes, 
+were faid to have been changed into * 8 birds ; beeaufe, like 
+the abovementioned perfons, they were Ionim. Thofe ftyled 
+Peleiai and Peleiades. were certainly female attendants ; pro- 
+phetefies, by whom the oracles of the Deity were promulged. 
+This is manifefk from Hefychius, who interprets the title in 
+this manner; though he feems to confine it to Dodona. 
+HzXeiou. 'Wsgig'zga.f aca oil ev Acctimy SsG’Tri^strou potvT&g. The 
+Peleiai were a fpecies of doves ; and the priejlejj'es at Do dona ^ 
+
+
+25 
+
+
+s.6 
+
+
+2-7 
+
+
+*8 
+
+
+In Alexand. v. 1. p. 680. 
+
+Ovid. Metamorph. L. 7. v. 368. 
+
+Ovid. Metamorph. L. 13. v. 673. 
+
+Antoninus Liberalis. c. 10. p. 48. from Nicander and Comma, 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 291 
+
+who gave out oracles, were Jo denominated Servius likewife 
+fpeaks to the fame purpofe, when he mentions the Chaonian 
+doves of that temple. 19 Chaonias autem Epiroticas : nam in 
+Epiro dicitur nemus fuiffe, in quo refponfa dabant Colum- 
+bas : quod ideo fingitur, quia lingua Theftala Peleiades et 
+Columbaj et vaticinatrices vocantur. Herodotus hanc Co- 
+lumbam de iEgypto venifte ait. They are mentioned by He¬ 
+rodotus in the plural; who fpecifies, that they were women, 
+fJLsKoavag, of a dark complexion , who came originally from. 
+Egypt. He fuppofes, that their being foreigners was the rea- 
+fon of their being ftyled doves. 30 Yleheiodisg 8s fJLOt 8ox,s&<ri 
+
+KXrjOrivcu 'urgog AwdWeuuv S7n rs8s di yvvouKsg, 81071 B 
+
+r\<TOLv. Why he ffiould deduce their names from this circum- 
+ftance, I know not: they were certainly fo denominated from 
+the nature of their office and worffiip. They gave out the 
+oracles, and adminiftered at the altar: whence they were 
+faid to feed Zeuth. And as in many temples the Deity was 
+reprefented under the fymbol of a dove, he was fuppofed to 
+have taken the fhape of that bird. Hence it was faid of 
+31 Zeuth himfelf, that he was changed into a pigeon : which 
+notion prevailed in Achaia; * and particularly among the peo¬ 
+ple of ffigium. 
+
+The ancient and true name of the dove was, as I have 
+
+9 
+
+fhewn, Ionah, and Ionas. It was a very facred emblem, and 
+feems to have been at one time almoft univerfally received. 
+For not only the Mizraim, and the reft of the line of Ham, 
+
+
+* 9 In Virgil. Eclog. 9. v. 13. 
+
+30 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 57. 
+
+31 Athenaeus. L. 9. p. 395. 
+
+
+p p 2 
+
+
+efteemed 
+
+
+
+292 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+efteemed it in this light ; but it was admitted as an hiero¬ 
+glyphic among the Hebrews : and the myftic dove was re¬ 
+garded as a fymbol from the days of Noah by all thofe, who 
+were of the Church of God. The Prophet, who was fent 
+upon an embaiTy to the Ninivites, is flyled Ionas : a title 
+probably bellowed upon him, as a melfenger of the Deity. 
+The great Patriarch, who preached righteoufnefs to the An¬ 
+tediluvians, is by Berofus and Abydenus llyled 32 Qan, and 
+Cannes, which is the fame name as Jonah. The author of 
+the Apocalypfe is denominated in the like manner : whom 
+the Greeks ftyle I eaavviis, Joannes. And when the great fore¬ 
+runner of our Saviour was to be named ; his Father induftri- 
+oufly called him 33 1 oouvvx)S y for the fame reafon. The circum- 
+ftances, with which the impolltion of this name was attended, 
+are remarkable ; and the whole procefs, as defcribed by the 
+Evangelift, well worth our notice. 34 And it ca7ne to pafs y 
+that on the eighth day they came to circu?ncife the child: and 
+they called him Zacharias after the name of his father.. And 
+his mother anfwered and faid , Not fo ; but he fhall be called 
+Joh 72. And they faid unto her , There is 72one of thy kindred 
+that is called by this 7ia7ne. A?id they 7nade. fg? 2 s to his father , 
+how he would have hhn called. And he ajked for a writing 
+table ; and wrote , faying , his na7iie. is John. Atid they 7nar— 
+veiled all. 
+
+31 He is mentioned as having appeared both before and after the flood. Er cTs 
+too 'uTpaoTa) evtccvTu (pccvTjrcci ex. Trje E pvQpas SrccXcco’O’ws —— a(ppsvov. (lege- e/x<ppovGv) m 
+
+orcfxccn Clcow.nw Alexand. Poly hi ft. apud Eufeb.. Chron. p.. 6.. 
+
+5; ’ The name was impofed antecedent to his birth.. 
+
+3+ Luke. c. i. v. 59, &c. This was by the appointment of God 5 * and enjoined 
+by the Angel, v. iq. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 293 
+
+The reafon of this name being fo particularly impofed 
+may be inferred from the character given of the perfon : 
+3S And thou , child, Jhalt be called the Prophet of the High eft ; 
+for thou fhalt go before the face of the Lord to prepare his 
+ways. And in another place we are told, that John 36 was 
+a Prophet, and much more than a Prophet.—For I fay u?ito 
+you, (they are the words of our blefled Saviour) A?nong thofe 
+that are horn of women y there is not a greater Prophet than 
+John the Baptift. This name, which we render John, I have 
+fhewn to be no other than Iona. It lignifies a dove : but 
+means likewife an oracular perfon \ by whom the voice of 
+the mod High is made known, and his will explained. 
+And from hence, I think, we may corred a pallage in 
+Hefychius, which at prefent is not a little confufed. loovctg 
+
+igfAY)vevsTui 'T 'urovxvTog, 'Gregig'ega, 'srgo<pr)Ti)g r nrocg 'E Egou- 
+oig. The word ~'UTgo(pY}Trig feems to have been mifplaced, 
+and fhould be reduced to order : and for the word urovznog, 
+I think we fhould read qoovzvTog ; and the text will Hand 
+thus : I oovocg, *T cpuvisvTog 'UTgo<pY)TY\g, Y] 'uregig'Ega, 'UTolq 
+*Eb^a lOLg, Among the Hebrews the word Ionas fgnifies a re- 
+
+
+35 Luke. c. 1. v. 76. 
+
+36 Luke. c. 7. v. 26 and 28. 
+
+
+When Chrift: puts the queftion to Ills difciplcs*’ 
+
+
+Whom fay ye that I am? St. Peter makes anfwer, Thou art the Chrift , the Son of the 
+living God . Upon which our Saviour gives him afTurances, that he is right; and 
+fays, Bleffed art thou , Simon Bar-Ton a ; Mat. c. 16. v. 17. which I fhould interpret 
+the fon of the dove, that is, a meflenger of glad tidings. 
+
+The fymbol of the dove was not borrowed from Egypt, or any of the Gentile 
+nations. It was always an emblem of peace; and of the Holy Spirit in the Church 
+of God : and was from thence taken, and proftituted by other people ; as were alfo 
+other emblems. 
+
+
+veal or 
+
+
+
+294 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+vealer of the will, or the voice , of the mofl High : alfj a pigeon 
+or dove . 
+
+The Patriarch Noah feems to have been the firft, who was 
+in the Gentile world typified under this emblem. He was a 
+great prophet: and it was foretold at his birth, that he fhould 
+bring peace and comfort to mankind. The purport of his 
+name was reft from labour. 37 Nwg 'E os sgsvsrcu 
+
+Ttj ‘EAAac^ yXuxTcrYi OLVOuraverts. Hence the dove became an 
+emblem of 38 peace, as well as of the perfon, through whom 
+it was derived to the earth. He was in confequence of it 
+called Oan and Oanes, by Abydenus and Alexander Poly- 
+hiftor, analagous to the I molvvy\s of the Greeks : both of which 
+names were derived from the Ionah and Ionas of the Chal¬ 
+dees : and the terms undoubtedly were fo exprefled in the 
+
+language, 
+the Greeks. 
+
+We find then, that the dove was a truly facred fymbol ; 
+and fo acknowledged in the times of the moft pure worfhip. 
+But the fons of Ham perverted that, which was intended to 
+be only typical ; and carried their regard for it to a degree 
+of idolatrous veneration. They inhabited the regions of 
+
+
+
+from whence the hiftory is borrowed by 
+
+
+37 Theophilus ad Autolyc. L. 3. p. 391. 
+
+38 The Pfalmift does not wifh for the wings of the Falcon or Eagle, but for 
+thofe of a dove ; to waft him to a place of peace : 0 h 7 that I had wings like a dove: 
+for then would I fly away , and he at reft . Pfalm. 55. v. 6 . Doves were typically of¬ 
+fered according to the Levitical Law: two turtles , or two young pigeons. Levi¬ 
+ticus, c. 12. v. 8. iEfculapius, the great Phyfician, was expofed, when a child, 
+and preferved by his nurfe, who was named T puycov, the dove . Paufan. L. 8. 
+p. 651. 
+
+
+Chaldea, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+295 
+
+
+Chaldea, and Babylonia, where they conftituted the firft 
+kingdom upon earth: and as they preferved the moft early 
+accounts of what had happened in the world, we muft to 
+them have recourfe for the Gentile hiftory of the Deluge, 
+and for the origin of thofe rites, and myfteries, which in 
+confequence of it prevailed. I think, we may fee plainly, 
+from the accounts given by Abydenus, and Berofus, that, 
+before letters were introduced among the eaftern nations, 
+there had been delineated in fome temple, an hieroglyphical 
+defcription of the creation, as well as of the deftrucftion of 
+mankind by a deluge : and it is probable, that the like re- 
+prefentations were to be found in other places. Thefe were 
+either painted upon walls, or engraved on 39 obelilks, and 
+facred pillars. There is an account given by the prophet 
+Ezekiel, in which we may obferve fome allufions to thefo 
+hieroglyphics, and to the idolatry, which refulted from 
+them. He is fpeaking of Judah under the character of Aho- 
+libah y who, not taking warning from the ruin of her lifter 
+Iifrael, was purfuing the fome courfe of wickednefs and idola¬ 
+try. The particulars of her defection are mentioned; which 
+feem to have conlifted in an idolatrous veneration for the 
+hieroglyphical paintings of Chaldea. 40 ^4nd when her JJler 
+
+Jlhalibah Jaw this , Jhe was more corrupt in her inordinate love , 
+than Jhe ; and in her whoredo?7is y than her JtJler i?i her whore - 
+
+39 An obelifk in Babylon was faidto have been erefted by Semi rami s. It was 
+125 feet long, and 25 feet at the bafis. Diodorus Sic. L. 2. p. 100. As - this was 
+efteemed a work of the higheft antiquity^ it probably related to die hiftory, of 
+which I have been fpeaking. 
+
+40 Ezekiel, c. 23. v. xi. alfo c. 8. v. 10. 
+
+doms* — 
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+296 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+dotns 
+
+
+p For when foe faw 7nen pourtrayed upon the wall , the 
+ages of the Chaldeans pourtrayed with vermilion, girded with 
+dies upon their loins, exceedmg in dyed attire upon their heads , 
+of them prmces to look to, after the mamier of the Babylo?tians 
+
+
+of Chaldea 
+
+
+
+as oon 
+
+
+foe faw them with her eyes, foe doted 
+
+
+upo?i them, and font meffenge? 
+the Babylonians came to her in 
+
+
+them into Chaldea 
+
+
+alieyiated , £§f c 
+
+
+-And 
+
+and her mmd 
+was a fpiritual whoredom, of which 
+
+
+the bed of 
+
+
+Judah was accufed ; an alienation from the true God, and an 
+attachment to idolatry. Therefore thefe images delineated 
+upon the walls in Chaldea mull have been religious hierogly- 
+
+
+phical paintings 
+
+
+prefentations of the Baalim, with which 
+
+
+Judah was fo bafely inamoured. 
+
+From defcriptions of this fort, which were imperfectly 
+underftood, the hiftories of Sanchoniathon, Berofus, Aby- 
+
+
+denus, and Apollodorus are borrowed 
+
+
+thefe writings we 
+
+
+meet with 
+
+
+affemblage of inconfiftent imagery 
+
+
+becaule 
+
+
+the emblematical defcript 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+length of time be 
+
+
+come obfolete ; and their purport difficult to be underftood 
+
+_ t • 
+
+We may however perceive, that the Patriarch was the prin- 
+
+
+pal perfon in thefe hiftories 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+prefented with two 
+
+
+42 
+
+
+heads 
+
+
+with which he doubtlefs looked both forward and 
+
+
+backward, in reference to the antediluvian, and poftdiluvian 
+
+He is alfo defcribed as an animal of the fea, but en- 
+
+
+world 
+
+
+dowed with reafon ; who appeared twice, and preached to 
+
+
+41 EiS'ev ctrSpots t&ypocqwy.sr&s stti ts toi%u, eixovccs XaAc Pccioov e^uyga.qmy.ev8s ev 
+2 ptx.qdS'i. LXX. Interp. ibid. See Nonnus. L. 41. p. 1074. v. 9. 
+
+4i Eufebii Chron. p. 6. 
+
+Dag-On is Ofiris in the fliape of a fifli. Deus Cetus. Dagon frumenti repertor, 
+et aratri. Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. c. 10. p. 36. 
+
+7 depicted 
+
+
+
+e 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 297 
+
+the fons of men about righteoufnefs and truth. He was alfo 
+depicted as a fifh : and fometinies as half a fifh, and half a 
+man, of an amphibious nature. That thefe defcriptions 
+were taken from ancient emblems, may be proved from Be- 
+rofus : for having reprefented Oan with the head of a fifh, 
+and of a man, and, to psv aA^o (rupee I’gftvog, as to the reft of 
+
+his figure a fifh ; he fays at the clofe, tijvJs move*, olvtz st* tcca 
+vvv $ioL<pvXct,<r<Tz&ou (zv B ct&v'hwvi) : the reprefentation of this per- 
+fon with the parts both of a man and of a fifth was to be feen 
+in his time : and, as he intimates, in the city of Babylon. 
+The name of this amphibious Being is faid to have been 
+SI aouicaVy Odacon : which is a blunder of fome tranferiber for 
+6 A outuv or Aceyuv, the God Dagon. They aferibed to this 
+Deity the invention of many arts ; particularly, the con- 
+ftru&ion of the plough, and the introduction of bread corn. 
+Thefe were benefits, attributed alfo to Zeuth, ftyled 'Zzvg 
+
+ctygiog, Zzvg Nopiog, Zzvg ctgorgiog, and likewife to Ofiris. 
++3 Primus aratra manu folerti fecit Ofiris. They were all the 
+fame Deity, who was worfhiped in Egypt under many titles, 
+but particularly that of On. Dagon is a compound, which 
+is made up of Dag-On ; and denotes the God On in the 
+femblance of j-v Dag, a fifh: and we find that the chief 
+Deity of Gath and Afcalon in Paleftine, and of many cities 
+in Syria, was worfhiped under this form ; having tliC upper 
+parts of a man, but below the figure of a fifh. He was 
+likewife called Said-On, and Sidon ; which is a name pre- 
+
+45 Tibull. L. 1. Eleg. S. v . 29. 
+
+44 31 , Dag, et DJI, Dagah, pifeis interpretatur. Selden de Diis Syris. Syntag. 
+2. p. 188. 
+
+Vol. II. ' Q^q cifely 
+
+
+
+e> 
+
+
+1298 
+
+
+The Awaivsjs ov Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+cifely of the fame purport. Philo Biblius acknowledges that 
+Dagon and Sid on were the fame : but fup poling the latter 
+to relate to corn, he terms it 2*7as if it were of Grecian 
+etymology. Herein we may fee the futility of thofe trans¬ 
+lators, who would reduce every thing to their own language.. 
+What he renders Siton, and derives from <r*7G£, corn, was in 
+the original Sidon, or Saidon: and Sanchoniathon, from 
+whom he copied, intended to Shew that Said-On*, and 45 Dag- 
+On were equivalent terms; and that both referred to one 
+perfon worfhiped under the character of a fitfh : both Dag and 
+Said fignifying, in the language of Syria and Paleffine, a fifh* 
+
+4 
+
+The true name of the ancient city Sidon was Saidon j and it 
+
+
+is ftill called Said : which name, as we are informed by 
+
+
+46 
+
+
+Juf- 
+
+
+tin and other writers, related to fifh : though they did not 
+know precifely in what the reference confiffced. The fame 
+Deity was ftyled Atargatis, fometimes contracted Dercetis. 
+and Dercetus : and worfhiped under the fame mixed figure^ 
+Atargatis, ftyled Dercetus, is a compound of Atar or Athar, 
+the fame as On and Oftris j and of Gatus or Catus, rendered 
+’KrjT-og by the lonians, a fiilu Dagon, Sidon,. Dercetus, were 
+
+
+45 Sidon, vel Saidon* a pifcatione. Bochart. Geog. Sacr. L. 4, p. 302- 
+Dagon was worfhiped in many places : his tempte Beth-Dagon. flood in a part of 
+
+Canaan, which afterwards belonged to the tribe of Judah, and gave name to a city, 
+Jolhua c. 15. v. 41. There was another in the tribe of Afer,. Jofhua c, 1.9, v. 27-* 
+See Reland. 
+
+The fame worfhip was undoubtedly inftituted at Bethfaid'a if* Galilee* which fig- 
+nifies the temple of Cetus or Dagom Mattv c. xi. v. 21. 
+
+The author of the EtymoL Magn. confounds Dagon with his temple; and fup- 
+pofes him to have been the God Cronus : B nTaycov? c* Kgovo$ vnro QoivtKoov. Bat ccy^v 
+is for Bet-Dagon, the temple of the deity,. 
+
+46 Juftia. L. 18, c. 3. 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 29^ 
+
+all names of the fame 4-7 hieroglyphic; and related to the 
+perfbn, called Oanes by Berofus and others ; and alfo to the 
+machine, wherein he was preferred. He lived both before 
+and after the flood : and was reprefented at Babylon with two 
+heads, oCKhty itzcpoChty vttqiloltciq tb lyjQvog xs<pa?u}$. a. r. ?u 
+In other places he was in fome degree differently exhibited; 
+efpecially in Paleftine : as we learn from Helladius Befanti- 
+nous. 4-8 Aj i&gawQV Js ovtcl ra, 'SrctvTct lyQvv £q%gu, Swrsg VfjLqx- 
+
+£?oo xjjt&xTij The meaning of which is this : that 
+
+though Oanes was in reality a man, yet he was typically 
+efteemed an animal of the fea 1 and on that account they re¬ 
+prefented him with the fkin and fcales of a Cetus or fifh. 
+
+All thefe characters were taken originally from hierogly¬ 
+phics in Babylonia. They relate to the fame hiftory; and 
+to one particular perfon, who had efcaped the waters, when 
+the earth was overflowed ; and through whom arts and fci- 
+ences were fuppofed to have been renewed in the world. As 
+he was a tneffenger of the Deity, and an interpreter of his 
+will, being highly gifted with prophetic knowledge ; he was- 
+in confequenee of thefe properties particularly reprefented 
+by the Dove, lonah, as I have before fhewn. This became 
+a favourite hieroglyphic among the Babylonians and Chal¬ 
+dees. From them it was derived to other nations : and 
+traces of it are always to be found, wherever the other em¬ 
+blems prevailed. In refpedt to the Babylonians, it feems to 
+have been taken by them for their national Infigne ; and to 
+
+47 Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. P. E. L. i. c. 10. They fame writer fays, cktto 
+
+cTe Tcf 'V)-OVT'd yiVcIGLl ’XlSCt)l\ Ibid, p* 38. ’XlS'QOV HJQV .TB &uyGCTVp. 
+
+4i! A..uu Phoduai. c. 279. p. 1594. 
+
+Q_n 2 have 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+
+300 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+have been depicted on their military ftandard, when they, 
+went to war. They leem likewife to have been fly led Idnim, 
+or the children of the Dove; and their city lonah. 
+
+
+
+the prophet 49 Jeremiah, fpeaking of the land of Ifrael being 
+laid wafte by the Babylonians, mentions the latter by the 
+name of rm\ lonah : which paffage is rendered in the Vul¬ 
+gate, faSla eft terra eorutn in defolationem a facie irce Columbce ► 
+In another place he foretells, that the Jews Ihould take ad¬ 
+vantage of the invafion of Babylonia, and retire to their own 
+land : and he puts thefe words into the mouths of the people 
+
+4 
+
+at that feafon : 50 ylrife and let us go again to our own people 
+and to the land of our nativity , from the opprejfmg fword. 
+the word is here lonah : and fignifies from the oppreftion of the 
+Dove ; the tyranny of the lonim. It is accordingly render¬ 
+ed in the Vulgate, a facie gladii Columbce . The like occurs 
+
+in the 50th chapter of the fame 51 prophet: For fear of the 
+opprejftng lonah (mi 1 ) they (the nations in captivity) ftoall 
+turn every one to his people , and they Jhall flee every one to his 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+own 
+
+
+land. 
+
+
+In procefs of time, when a colony of Cuthites were fettled 
+in Samaria, they brought with them the infignia of their 
+country; and {hewed a great veneration for the Dove. Hence 
+it was given out by the Jews, that the Samaritans wor- 
+
+fhiped 
+
+
+49 Jeremiah, c. 25. v. 38. 
+
+50 C. 46. v. 16. 
+
+* 
+
+51 C. 50. v. 16. The Seventy tranflate this paffage in a very particular manner^. 
+airo Txjoogooitb fj.ccytccL^oc.s EAA wvikm: as alfo C. 46. v. 16, 
+
+51 Tempore Rabbi Meir in jugo Montis Gerizim Colum^se fimulacrum fuiffe in- 
+ventum, &c. See Bochart. Vol. 3. c. 1. p. 6. 
+
+
+Samaritanus 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+301 
+
+
+'Ea.XfjLOLVcL^cLgYis 6 to cv A<r<rvgi(av BatnXsvg eh. t r\g 
+
+
+fhiped a Dove; and that they had a reprefentation of it in 
+Mount Gerizim. It was moreover faid that the figure of a 
+Dove in ftone had been dug up in thofe parts : and that the 
+Samaritans in numberlefs inftances fhewed their attachment 
+to the Ionah. That they were in great meafure Cuthites is' 
+plain from the hiftory, which they give of themfelves in Jo- 
+fephus. 51 
+
+XOT0IA2 Yifjooog fjosTYiyocys, hou M^ctf. 
+
+In conformity to what has been faid before, there was a 
+tradition that the ftandard of Semiramis was a Dove. 54 Sig- 
+num vexilli Semiramidos fuit figura Columbse ; quod vexilli 
+fignum imitati funt omnes AfTyrii Reges. But I have fhewn, 
+that there was no fuch perfon as Semiramis ; nor any fuch 
+empire formed, as is attributed to her, and Ninus. The 
+ftandard of Semiramis was properly the enfign of the Sema- 
+rim; a title given to the Babiyonians, here ftyled Aflyrians. 
+It w T as a common miftake of the antients to transfer to one 
+perfon, what belonged to a people. The Dove with the 
+olive branch was efteemed an emblem of peace ; a moft for¬ 
+tunate omen. It was a token of the Deity to man ; where¬ 
+by the latter was allured of an evil being paft, and of plenty 
+and happinefs to come. It is well known that 55 Shama, 
+
+and 
+
+
+Samaritanus circumcidit in- nomine imaginis Columbam referentis. Drulius 
+apud Selden. de Diis Syris. Synt. 2. p. 200. 
+
+Samaritani Jolhuae Duci Columbam adminiflram attribuunt. Ibid.. 
+
+53 Antiq. L. n.. c. 4. p. 556. and L. 9. c. 14. p. 507. 
+
+54 David Ganz Chronolog. L. 2. ad annum 195S. After the conqueft of Baby¬ 
+lon by the Aflyrians,. all the tra< 5 l of country between the Tigris.and Euphrates was 
+called Afiyria. 
+
+55 Sama, a mark Handing out, raifed. up,. expofed to open view* Taylor’s 
+
+6 Hebrew 
+
+
+
+302 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and Sama, fignified a fign, or token ; like Serna and Sama, 
+cr.rifjLOL and crotpLO, of the Greeks. Ramis, and Ramas denoted 
+fomething high and greatand was a common title of the 
+Deity. He was called Ram, Rama, Ramas, amongft moft 
+nations in the eaft. *It occurs in the Vedam at this day ; and 
+in moil of the 56 mythological writings^ which have been 
+tranfmitted from India. It was a title not unknown among 
+the Greeks ; and is accordingly by Hefychius interpreted the 
+
+high ^ . 'Pockets, 0 'Tiptfo? Mention is made by 
+
+Euftathius of the city .Laodicea, being called of old Ramae- 
+than ; of which he gives this interpretation : 57 'Papaya?, cup 
+
+v-fyzg 6 ®sos" 'FoLfjioiv yccg eygMgiov to m \/os m A Qolv Js 0 ®sog. 
+
+Ramcethas fignified God from on high : for in the language of 
+the natives Rama?i iso as high , and dltha?i was the itame of the 
+
+
+mo 
+
+
+
+Deity. 
+
+
+Ke is perfe&ly in the right. Raman did denote 
+
+
+what he mentions : and Athan was the Deity, the great foun¬ 
+tain of light; ftyled both Anath, and Athan, the fame as 
+Athana, and Athena of Greece, and Anaith of Perils. 
+
+
+iignifies high, and noble in many languages. 
+
+
+Ram 
+It makes a 
+
+
+part in Rameifes, and RameiTomenes ; and in the name of the 
+Egyptian Deity Remphan, mentioned by the apoftle, which 
+iignifies the great Phanes.. Rhamnufia, the Deity of Juftice, 
+
+
+(Hebrew Concordance. Analogous to this is Seman, fDD, fignare: whence came 
+the and aTiycava^ of the Greeks. Seelfaiah. c. 28. v. 25. 
+
+56 See Thevenot. p. 64. Kircher’s China, p. 152. and the accounts from Daniili 
+Miffionaries. 
+
+57 In Dionyf. Perieg. v. 915. He fays that the name was given on account of a 
+Shepherd, who was ftruck with lightning, and cried out Ramaithan. Stephanus 
+renders the name Ramanthan j and gives the fame interpretation. P ocjxccv yccp to 
+v'J'OS y Raman relates to height . 
+
+
+IS 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+303 
+
+
+is a compound of Rham-Nous j and is a feminine title of 
+that juft man Noah, ftyled Nus, Nous, and Noufios. 
+
+It mu ft be confeffed that the generality of hiftorians have 
+reprefented Semiramis as a woman ; and have deferibed her 
+as a great princefs, who reigned in Babylon. But there are 
+writers, who from their fituation had opportunities of bet¬ 
+ter intelligence : and by thefe fhe is mentioned as a Deity. 
+58 Tj)!' ?&£fJUga.fJLii> crs6Wt Xvgoi. The Syrians , fays Athenago- 
+ras, 'worfhip Semiramis : and adds, that fhe was efeemed the 
+daughter of 59 Dercetus , and the fame as the Suria Dea. But 
+the Suria Dea was the fame both as Rhea, and Dercetus, 
+called alfo 60 Atargatus j of whole hiftory I have fpoken. 
+Hence many make Rhea, Ifis, Aftarte, Atargatus and 6t Se- 
+miTamis, one Deity : and Lucian tells us, that they were fo 
+efteemed by the Syrians of Hierapolis j and the fame may 
+be collected from other writers. They were all different 
+fymhols relating to the fame obje<£l. Semiramis was faid to 
+have been born at Afcalon ; becaufe Atargatus was there 
+
+
+worfhiped under the name of Dagon : and the fame memo- 
+
+
+
+other Arkite places. Thefe memorials related to a hiftory, 
+cdf which the Dove was a principal type, and was therefore 
+
+
+58 Athenag. Legatio. p. 307, 
+
+Semiramis'Dercetis fifia. Hygini Fab. 275. 
+
+59 C H Snj y ccrvpTvs Xvpict Frees. Ibid. See alfo Diodorus. 
+
+L. 2. p. 92. who makes her the daughter of Dercetus by Surus : but Surus was 
+the Sun •, and the Dea Suria was Dea Solaris, 
+
+60 Strabo fpeaking of Eqleffa fays, Tiptoec-i rw 'Xvgtav twv ATcteyccTW* L. 16. 
+p.. 1085. 
+
+61 2 s/* looifxiv^ TcoLi rw'Peav xcitejjLevyv •mcLpct, Aaavfiois. Chron. Pafch. p. 36. 
+
+61 Lucian, de Suria Dea. Y. 2. p. 8U5. 
+
+1 0 found. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+30 4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+found, wherever the other emblems occurred. It was upon 
+the fame account, that ftie was faid to have been*changed to 
+a Dove; becaufe they found her always depicted and wor- 
+Jhiped under that form. A notion likewile prevailed, that 
+Ihe had an unnatural love for a horfe : which arofe from the 
+
+
+So 
+
+
+ancients not underftanding their own hieroglyphics. 
+Europa and 63 Pafiphae were in love with bulls ; Saturn with 
+
+
+a mare ; 
+
+
+His with a fifh : the bull, Hippa, and Cetus, being 
+emblems of the lame purport, and relating to the fame hif- 
+tory. Of thefe the Dove was particularly held in venera- 
+
+
+ilO KOU 
+
+
+tion, efpecially by the Aftyrians and Babylonians. 4 
+
+rxg Acrtrvgixg rqv 'nrsgigsgctv Tifjictv cog S-say. It was, we find, 
+worfhiped as a Deity. 
+
+From the above, I think, it is plain that Semiramis was 
+an emblem ; and that the name was a compound of Sama- 
+
+
+Ramas, or Ramis. And it 
+
+
+
+the 1 divine token , the 
+
+
+type of Providence : and as a military enfign, (for as fuch it 
+was ufed) it may with fome latitude be interpreted the ftand- 
+ard of the mojl High . It confifted of the figure of a Dove ; 
+which was probably incircled with the Iris, as thofe two 
+emblems were often reprefented together. All, who went 
+under that ftandard, or who payed any deference to that em¬ 
+blem, were ftyled Semarim, and Samorim. It was a title 
+conferred upon all, who had this device for their national in- 
+
+
+fig ne. 
+
+
+One of the gates of Babylon was ftyled the gate of 
+
+
+£s Semiramis ; undoubtedly from having the facred emblem of 
+
+
+Si 
+
+
+Pafiphae was worfhiped in Crete, and in Mefienia. Plutarch, in Agid. p. 799 
+
+
+64 Diodor. L. 2. p. 107. 
+
+65 Herodotus. L. 3. c. 155. 
+
+
+'Xey.igafJLiQs 'z&v\tx$ t 
+
+
+Sama 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+305 
+
+
+Sama Ramis, or the Dove, engraved by way of diftindbion 
+
+Probably the lofty obelifk of Semiramis, mentioned 
+
+
+over it. 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+Diodorus, was named from the fame hieroglyphic. 
+
+
+We find then, that the title Samarim, or Semiramis, did 
+not relate to one perfon, but to many : and it feems parti¬ 
+cularly to have been ufurped by princes. The Cuthites fet¬ 
+tled about Cochin, and Madura, in India ; and the great 
+kings of Calicut were ftyled the Samarim even in later 
+times; when thofe countries were vifited by the 
+
+
+67 
+
+
+Portuguefe 
+
+and 68 Englifh. The worfhip of the Dove prevailed in Syria 
+about Emefa and Hierapolis, as I have fhewn ; and there 
+were Samarim in thefe 69 parts. 
+
+As Semiramis was nothing elfe but a divine emblem un¬ 
+der. the figure of a dove, or pigeon ; we need not wonder at 
+the etymology of her name, and the circumftances of her 
+hiftory, as they are tranfmitted by the Grecian writers. 70 Ss- 
+
+H JLigctfJLig , 'GJ'sgis'sgQL ogetog 'EAAjjw??. Semiramis according to Gre¬ 
+cian interpretation is a ’wild pigeon. 70 To tbKqq 
+
+’The fate of Semiramis terminated in her 
+
+Another writer mentions to the 
+
+
+2g 'Grsgi$regr\v owmsto 
+
+being turned into a pigeon. 
+
+
+fame purpofe; 1% E vioi Ss pivQoMy&vTss cpwriv avTriv yavscrvcu 
+
+'GTegifSgOLV. I have taken notice of that curious hiftory of the 
+
+
+66 
+
+
+67 
+
+68 
+
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 2. p, 100. 
+
+See Alvarez Cabral ^ and the voyage of Vafquez de Gama. 
+Purchas. Vol. I. paffim. 
+
+
+69 Bochart. Geog. Sacra, p. 317. 
+
+70 Hefychius. Diodorus fays of the perfon, who was fuppofed to have named 
+
+her, ovo/jLct ■-airo t&jp •zzrepi^e^cav. L. 2. p. 93. 
+
+71 Lucian, de Syria Dea. Vol. 2. p. 885, 
+
+
+72 Diodorus. L. 2, 107. 
+
+Vol. II. 
+
+
+R r 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+deluge. 
+
+
+
+3°6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+deluge, which is given by Lucian from the memorials pre- 
+ferved in the city Hierapolis of Syria. The temple, whence 
+he drew his information, was facred to the Sun, and Juno 
+and was fo ancient, that the original could not be ascer¬ 
+
+
+tained. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+was a 
+
+
+73 flatue of the Goddefs of equal an¬ 
+tiquity. Some faid, that it was the work of Bacchus; others 
+of Deucalion ; others again of- Semiramis. It was carried 
+twice in a year to the fea : at which time people came from 
+various parts of the world to ailift .at the ceremony. It 
+confided chiefly in bringing water from a fait lake; and 
+pouring it down a chafm in the temple, through which there, 
+was a tradition that the waters at the deluge had retired^ 
+The image of the Goddefs was richly habited ; and upon her 
+head was a golden dove. What is very remarkable, the 
+image was by the people called Xrj^'iov, Seme’ion: KaAggTCM 
+
+h X^Yiiov iiou V7r uvtoqv A<r<rvgiwi/. Lucian takes pains to i 
+inform us, that this was not a Grecian, but a Syriac word : a: 
+term made ufe of by the natives. He writes in the Ionic 
+dialedt: and what he flyles Xrjfjurj'iov, was by the people ex-* 
+prefled Sema-Ion, or Sama-Ion, the token of the Dove ; The 
+emblem of sir kite I 6 it ah . The account is very remarkable 
+and the whole is ftridtly analogous to what has been faid 
+above. 
+
+
+that, according to Hefychius and 
+
+
+It is obfervable, 
+writers, by Semiramis was particularly fignified 
+
+to think, that this 
+
+
+geon 
+
+
+And there 
+
+
+reafon 
+
+
+derived from fome ancient tradition 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+wild 
+tellige 
+hiftory 
+
+
+pi 
+
+
+as. 
+
+
+75 Lucian, de Syria Dea. Yol. 2. p. 903. I'fis is ofcen reprefented with two 
+
+
+Doves upon her head. 
+
+
+curious 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 307 
+
+curious, as it is probable: and we may infer from it, that 
+the dove fent out of the Ark by Noah was of a wild Ipecies. 
+A tame pigeon would naturally have returned upon the leaft 
+difficulty, and perhaps of choice ; and not have afforded the 
+information, which was wanted. A wild pigeon would not 
+come back, but through neceflity. Such a return plainly 
+indicated that the earth was not yet habitable ; and afforded 
+the intelligence required. 
+
+It is faid of this ideal perfonage, that fhe was expofed 
+among rocks ; but was at laft difcovered, and preferved by 
+a ffiepherd, whofe name was 74 Simma, : and that fhe 
+
+was afterwards married to one Menon. She is likewife laid 
+
+S 
+
+to have conftrucfted the 75 fir ft fhip. In this detail we may 
+perceive the rudiments of much true hiftory, but fadly mif- 
+applied. Simma the Ihepherd is a perfonage made out of 
+Sema, and Sama, the Divine token. Menon is the Deus Lunus; 
+under which type the Ark was reverenced in many regions : 
+and as it was the firft fhip conftrucfted, with which the hif¬ 
+tory of the dove was clofely connected, they have given to 
+Semiramis the merit of building it. Meen, Menes, Manes, 
+Menon, were all terms, by which the Lunar God was in dif¬ 
+ferent countries diftinguifhed. This Deity was reprefented 
+by a lunette ; which did not relate to the planet in the hea¬ 
+vens, but to the Patriarch, and to the ark : for the lunette 
+refembled greatly the facred fhip, vavg cLfJLcpiTrgVfJLVCug, under 
+which femblance the ark was defcribed. It was accordingly 
+
+74 Ovop.a. %ifj-ixct. Diodorus. L. 2. p. 93. Ctefias mentions her being expofed, 
+and preferved by pigeons. Diodorus, ibid. p. 92. 
+
+75 Plin. L. 7. c. 56. p. 417. 
+
+
+R r 2 
+
+
+reverenced 
+
+
+
+308 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+reverenced under this type in many places ; efpecially in Me- 
+fopotamia, Syria, Armenia, and Cappadocia. One of the 
+moft fuperb temples, that ever exifted, was at Cabeira in 
+Armenia ; of which 76 Strabo gives a particular delcription. 
+He ftyles it the temple of Meen : and adds, e<?i Js kou Taro 
+
+7 ?)$ 'EsAyiVyis TO legov. "This too as well as many others is a temple 
+of the Lunar God. He mentions temples of the like nature 
+in Phrygia, Albania, and at Antioch in Pilidia ; alfo in An¬ 
+tioch of Syria. He ftyles them the temples 77 ra M r\vog Ag- 
+KOLia, Dei Luni Arkaei ; by which is certainly meant the Lu¬ 
+nar Deity of the Ark. In like manner, when Eufebius, in 
+defcribing the people to the eaft of Babylonia, fpecifies 
+
+TvpLVoro- 
+
+; I am perfuaded, that by the A §*)(caot y however ex- 
+prelfed, we are to understand an Arkite nation, who were 
+worfhipers of the Lunar God. 
+
+As Semiramis was Sema-Ramis, the token of the mof High ; 
+fo Semele, the fuppofed mother of Niobe, was Sema-El, and 
+of the like purport. Her lifter Ino was no other than Iona ; 
+the fame as Venus, and reputed a goddefs of the 79 fea, and 
+the nurfe of Dionufus. The poets reprefented Ino as the 
+daughter of Hermione and Cadmus.. 
+
+76 G. 12. p. 835. 
+
+77 L. 12. p. 864. See the plate, wherein is a reprefentation of the God Lunus,. 
+and the Mundane Egg : taken from a coin of the Antiocheans, preferved by Vail- 
+lant. Numifm.. Colon. Pars. 2. p. 36. p. 42. 
+
+See alio page 241 of this volume. 
+
+75 Chron. p. 11. 
+
+79 Irco cTe S-gcor eiycci tkv ^rx.Kct-Gaicoy. Paufan. L. 9. p. 719. 
+
+
+78 
+
+
+E Twfjuaoi, Ago&eSy APXAIOI, Kefyanoi, SkvOou, 
+
+
+Hermione 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 309 
+
+* 
+
+Hermione et Cadmo generata parentibus Ino, 
+
+Cui conjux Athamas, Dea dicitur efle marina. 
+
+but Hermione is a compound of 80 Herm-Ione, and 81 Signi¬ 
+fies a dove : and Ino and Hermione are different names for 
+the fame emblem. Semele related to the fame, though made 
+a third perfonage. Her hiftory, as well as that of Dionufus, 
+was brought from Ur in Chaldea; whence it was fabled that 
+Dionufus was born in fire; and that Semele was confumed in 
+
+the fame element. It is moreover faid of her, that fhe was 
+
+% 
+
+confined in the Shades below ; but recalled to light by Dio¬ 
+nufus. This circumftance is alluded to in the Orphic hymn 
+to Semele, where fhe is mentioned, 
+
+82 T i[JL0ig r BV^0L[JL2\nr\ 'utclq ctya.vrig Tiegcecpovsins 
+Ey - 9 t vrjTonn figoTouriv ktX. 
+
+All thefe fables have a manifeft reference to Noah, and the 
+Deluge : and to the State of death in the ark. 
+
+O J 
+
+I have mentioned that the ark, in which mankind were 
+preferved, was figured under the Semblance of a large fifh. 
+It was ftyled K. YjTog, Cetus, and Gatus ; and compounded 
+Atargatis, and Atargatus : whence came Dercetus, and Der- 
+cetis of the Greeks. Macrobius makes Atargatis the mo¬ 
+ther of the 83 Gods ; giving her the fame department, as 
+is attributed to Gaia, Rhea, and Cybele. That this em- 
+
+80 Similar to Hcrmon, Hermonax, Hermonafla, Hermodorus, Hermotubius, 
+Hermeracles, Hermochemia. It was fometimes expreffed with the guttural., Cher- 
+mion, Chermione, and Charmione. 
+
+81 Bochart. Hierozoicon. L. i. c. i» 
+
+81 Hymn. 43. 
+
+83 S-iturnal. L. 1. c. 23.. 
+
+
+blem 
+
+
+
+3io 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+blem related to the ark, is manifeft from its being repre- 
+fented as a facred receptacle, wherein the Gods were in- 
+
+
+clofed. This curious hiftory is tranfmitted by 
+
+
+pH 
+
+
+upon Ariftotle; who has well nigh ruined it by his refine- 
+
+8+ T W hvPlOLV ArOLpyOLTYiV TQ7TQV Secev %0Ch3<n, XCtl T/)V 
+
+
+ment 
+
+
+\<nv ot Aiyvmic 
+
+The people of the 
+
+
+’W'OTiAwV &SCt)V l^lOTYftO, 
+
+entry call the Syrian Altar 
+
+
+or 
+
+8S 
+
+
+iptacle , of the Gods: arid the Egypt 
+
+
+< WSglZ r p(QV<rQ/.V. 
+
+is the place , 
+eem their 
+
+
+
+Ifis in the f 
+
+
+light 
+
+
+as containing the identity of each 
+
+
+Deity 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+ginal hiftory was plain and literal. 
+
+
+machine, which was figured by the Atargat 
+contain the perfons alluded to ; all 
+
+
+did 
+
+
+thofe. who wer 
+
+
+©soi, xcu Aoupiovsg ; thofe reputed Gods, the 
+firft ages 
+
+
+The 
+
+really 
+ftyled 
+of the 
+
+
+The Grecians, not knowing that their mythology arofe 
+
+
+from hieroglyphics, formed 
+
+
+of every circumftance per 
+
+
+fonages. They fuppofed that Semiramis was the daughter of 
+Dercetus; and that the latter was changed to a 
+former was to a pigeon. 
+
+
+fifh 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+87 
+
+
+dubia eft, de te, Babyl 
+
+
+Derceti, quam versa, fquamis velantibus 
+
+
+
+
+Aufcult 
+
+
+A 
+
+85 T#v I (tlv x>7rotioxy v -> receptaculum. Plut. If. et Ofir. p. 374* 
+
+86 This laft I think may be proved from Plutarch, and from Plato. BeA nev r sv 
+
+01 rcc 'zvepi t ov Tutpava, kcu Ovipw, tccci l&iv iq-ogufj teras, pwre ©eo)V ^cAriy-ccrcx.^ pane 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+Ifis et Ofir. 
+
+
+p. 360. 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+suyas fj-tv jc oh a.v§f.M7rMV ccva.7r£fA.7rovTcii, ■£x.£iQevi5'£ [AaiTtict Sivpo. Ibid. p. 361 . 
+
+
+from Plato’s Sympof. 
+
+
+Metamorph. L. 4. v. 44. 
+
+
+Stagna 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 311 
+
+Stagna Palasflini credunt coluifie figura: 
+
+An magisj ut, fumptis illius filia pennis, 
+
+Extremos altis in turribus egerit annos^ 
+
+Thefe notions arofe from the feminine emblems of the ark, 
+which were exhibited at 88 Afcalon, Azotus, 89 Joppa ; and 
+in the cities of Syria. The reprefentation of Dercetus at 
+Afcalon is thus given by Diodorus : 90 ©sa, qv ovo{JLa.£z<nv 61 
+Xvgoi A egxeTzv, —to f uzv / urgo<rM?rov zyzt yvmixog, to Js uTiho 
+
+CT(t)[JLCC TxTolv lyfiuog. The Goddefs , which by the Syrians is called 
+Dercetus, has the face of a woman , but the rejl of the image is 
+the figure of a fifis. He moreover fays, that ihe was efteemed 
+by her votaries the fame as Venus, or C'upris. Lucian gives 
+a fimilar defcription of her under the name of Atargatis : 
+but reprefents her upwards as of a woman’s form intirely. 
+91 'HfjursY) fjLsv yvvYj, to $e oxqtqv ex. [jurigoov zg oi/gag 'UTo^a.g iy- 
+
+Qvog ovgYj cL7T0T£iVZTcti . The upper half was a per fed figure of a 
+woman : the lower part from the thighs downward terminated 
+in the tail of a fifh She was worfhiped by the Phigalians in 
+Arcadia by the name of 92 Eurunome. Her ftatue was of 
+great antiquity ; and reprefented a woman as far as the mid¬ 
+dle, but from thence had the figure of a fifh. She had a 
+chain of gold, and was denominated by the natives Euru¬ 
+nome Diana : which Eurunome is reprefented as the mofi: 
+ancient of the female Divinities, and the wife of Ophiom. 
+
+88 Diodorus. L. 2. p. 92. 
+
+89 Colitur illic fabulofa Ceto.. Plin. L. 5. c. 13. Numcn Joppenfium* Ceti. 
+formam praeferens-, qualis Dagon Azotiorum. Hoftman.. 
+
+90 Diodorus above. 
+
+91 Lucian.de Suria Dea. p. 884; 
+
+9i Paufen. L. 8. p.. 684. 'EuguvofM Qxectwf. Apollon. Rhodi L.. i. v. 503. 
+
+10 Front 
+
+
+
+3*2 
+
+
+* 
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+From the above we may perceive that Dercetus, Eurimome, 
+and Semiramis were emblems relating to the fame hiftory. 
+As thefe were probably the moffc early, and the moft facred 
+hieroglyphics ; they were the caiife of the animals, whence 
+
+
+they were copied, being held in great veneration. Clemens 
+Alexandrinus takes notice of this regard being carried to a 
+
+
+degree oi the bafeft idolatry. 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+OvSs ys toov t Y)V &6ivuir\v 
+
+
+guv K'XTCQIK&VTM (s K7\Y\(r0(JLOLl) , (hv 01 fJLSV TCCg 'UTSglfBgCtg, 01 ds 
+
+lyQvg, XT® 'uregiTToog, dig H ?\.sioi r op A 10c. . I cannot but 
+
+
+take notice of the people fly led Syro-Phenicians : flome of. ‘whom 
+reverejice Doves , and others of them Fifh-> with the fame %eal as 
+
+
+the people of Elis Jhew towards Jupiter. 
+
+
+Xenophon had long 
+
+
+before taken notice of divine honours being paid in thofe 
+
+
+parts to filh, and dove 
+
+
+
+
+94 
+
+
+sg oi Xvgoi &esg svopugov, zou clSl 
+
+
+kbiv hz Bioov, ads rotg 'srsgig'ega.g 
+
+
+And the veneration paid to 
+
+
+the latter is by Diodorus dated from the fuppofed change of 
+Semiramis ; and faid to have been univerfal in Syria : 95 dg 
+
+
+{'uregi^egoLg) owf BZBivm toov ygovw oi koltol Xvgiav 'AEEANTES 
+
+SibtsKbvolv cog Seoig TipLOOVTsg. To this Tibullus alludes. 
+
+
+97 
+
+
+96 Quid referam, ut volitet crebras intadta per urbes 
+
+Alba Palaeftino culta columba Syro ? 
+
+Syri pifces et columbas ex Deorum numero habent : non 
+edunt. 98 OgviQuv rs avTsoivi 'UTzgifegri ftozssi IgooTCLTOP, 
+
+
+9 ? 
+
+
+94 - 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+96 
+
+97 
+
+98 
+
+
+Cohort, p. 35. 
+
+A vctQcccris. L. I. p. 254 . 
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 2. p. 93. 
+Tibullus. L. 1. Eleg. 8. v. 17 
+Hygin. Fab. 197. 
+
+Lucian, de Dea Syria, p. 912. 
+
+
+Kdt 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3*5 
+
+
+xou ovS's d/avsiv ocvtsmv Sutcusum. The places, where this re¬ 
+gard was {hewn more particularly, Teem to have been Afca- 
+lon and Hierapolis. Philo Judasus informs us, that, as he 
+once had occaflon to flop in the former, he obferved vaffc 
+flocks of pigeons in all the ftreets, and about all the build¬ 
+ings of the city : and wondering at the reafon he was told, 
+
+99 i 5 &SfJUT0V SIVOU (TV?ChCLf/JoOLV£lV m OLTFSl^^OU SK 'UrOiAcCiB TOig OIZY)- 
+
+The like is mentioned by Lucian of the 
+
+
+'Z&'SglS'SgY)V Jg fJLi$Vr\V 8 < TITSOVTOU , CtAAot 
+
+
+t o§<ri ^Yi<nv. 
+
+people at Hierapolis 
+<r<piari f)oe igY}. I“he pigeon is the only bird , which they never tajle r 
+for it is held by them as particularly facred. 
+
+The term Ionah is fometimes found compounded ; and 
+exprefled 1 Ad, or Ada Ionah, Regina, vel Regia Columba : 
+from which title another Deity Adiona was conftituted ; and 
+particular rites were fuperadded. This mode of idolatry 
+muft have been very ancient; as it is mentioned in Leviti¬ 
+cus and Deuteronomy : and is one fpecies of falfe worfhip, 
+which the prophet Mofes forbad by name. According to 
+
+our method of rendering the Hebrew term, it is called a Idi- 
+
+one. 
+
+
+99 Philo apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 8. c. 14. p. 398. 
+
+*°° Lucian, above. 
+
+1 AD. unus, primus, Rex. Ada, prima, Regina. 
+
+* The words in ourVerfion are tranflated. And the foul that turneth after fuch 
+.as have familiar fpirits, and after wizards , to go a whoring after them , I will even fet 
+my face againfi that foul , and will cut him off from among his people . Levi tic. c. 20. 
+v. 6. In another place it is ordered, that there fhould not be found, among the 
+children of Ilrael a charmer , or a confulter with familiar fpirits , or a wizard , or a ne¬ 
+cromancer. Deuteronom. c. 18. v. 11. What is tranflated a confulter with familiar 
+fpirits , and a wizard. , is in the original 3W, and Ob and Id'ione : by which 
+
+are irn ant the prieits of the Serpent, and of the Dove, who affected to give out 
+
+V:.-L< IL S f orades - 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3*4 
+
+one. This Idione, or Adione, was probably the Dione,, 
+A tuvriy of the Greeks ; the Deity, who was fometimes -looked 
+upon as the mother of Venus ; at other times as the Goddefs. 
+herfelf, ftyled Dione, and Venus Dionsea. She was faid to 
+have been the mother of 3 Niobe ; and, under the name of 
+Pleione, was efteemed the mother of the 4 Peleiades, who 
+form the conftellation in the heavens, fo aufpicious to ma¬ 
+riners. She had joint rites with Zeuth or Jupiter at Do- 
+dona ; where the Dove was faid to have given out oracles : 
+5 c rvvvccos Tip Ail 'urgQ<ra,7T£$£i')(PY) Koci Y] Aiwvr). As Venus was 
+no other than the ancient Ionah, we fhall find in her hiftory 
+numberlefs circumftances relating to the Noachic Dove, and 
+to the Deluge. We are told, when the waters covered the 
+earth, that the Dove came back to Noah, having roamed 
+over a vaft uninterrupted ocean ; and found no ref for the foie 
+of her foot . But upon her being fent forth a fecond time by 
+the Patriarch, in order to form a judgment of the fiate of 
+the earth, fhe returned to the Ark 6 in the evejiing j a?zd lo ! 
+m her mouth was an olive-leaf pluckt off. From hence Noah 
+
+oracles. The latter were the Peleiai, Peleiades, Ionim, Columbae of other coun¬ 
+tries ; all the priefls of Theba, or the ark. This Idione is the fame Deity 5 as oc¬ 
+curs in St. Auguftine under the name of Adeona. 
+
+3 Hyginus. F. 9, p. 32. 
+
+4 Dione, Hermione, Pleione are all compounded of lone, and relate to doves. 
+
+Duxerat Oceanus quondam Titanida Tethyn, 
+
+Qui terram liquidis, qua patet, ambit aquis. 
+
+Hinc fata Pleione cum c^lifero Atlante 
+Jungitur, ut fama eftj Ple*iadafque parit. 
+
+Ovid. Fail. L. 5. v. 81. 
+
+5 Strabo. L. 7. p. 506. 
+
+* Genefis. c. 8. v. 11. 
+
+conceived 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 315 
+
+conceived his fir ft hopes of the waters being aflwaged, and 
+the elements being reduced to order. He likewife began to 
+forefee the change about to happen in the earth : that feed¬ 
+time and harveft would be renewed, and the ground reftored 
+to its priftine fecundity : all which God was pleafed to in- 
+fure to him by a promife ; and to make the Iris a token in 
+confirmation of this affurance. In the hieroglyphical fculp- 
+tures and paintings where this hiftory was reprefented, the 
+Dove could not well be depicted otherwife than hovering 
+over the face of the deep. Hence it is that Dione or Venus 
+-is faid to have rifen from the fea. Hence it is alfo, that fhe 
+is faid to prefide over waters ; to appeafe the troubled ocean; 
+and to caufe by her prefence an univerfal calm : that to her 
+were owing the fruits of the earth ; and the flowers of the 
+field were renewed by her influence. She was the OEnas, 
+7 O ivotg, of the Greeks ; whence came the Venus of the La- 
+tines. The addrefs of Lucretius to this Goddefs is founded 
+on traditions, which manifeftly allude to the hiftory above- 
+tnentioned ; and afford wonderful evidence in its favour. 
+
+s iEneadum Genetrix, hominum Divumque voluptas— 
+Quae mare navigerum, quas terras frugiferentes 
+Concelebras ; per te quoniam genus omne animantum 
+Concipitur, vifitque exortum lumina Solis : 
+
+Te, Dea,*e fugiunt vend; te nubila caeli, 
+
+Adventumque tuum: tibi fuaves dasdala tellus 
+
+7 Ona^-zrepiq-epci. Hefychius. At Dodona in Chaonia, where di n^eiat eyai- 
+-raxT-ai-To, fhe was exprefTed Phaennis : and her chief prieftefs was called by the 
+lame name. Paufanias. L. io. p. 82-8. 
+
+* Lucretius. L. 1. v. 1. 
+
+
+s f 2 
+
+
+Submittit 
+
+
+
+316 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.- 
+
+Submittit flores : tibi 9 rident cequora ponti ; 
+
+Pacatumque nitet diffufo lumine coetu?n. 
+
+Of Thou, from whom the iEneadas arofe. 
+
+Source of delight, the joy of Gods,,, and men. 
+
+Bright Venus ; thy imperial fway extends 
+O’er the wide feas, and all the expanded fields 
+Of teeming nature. By thy power of old 
+The various tribes, that rove the realms below,„ 
+
+IfTued to life, and filled the vacant world. 
+
+O, lovely Queen of Heaven, at thy command 
+The whirlwinds die away, the ftorm is ftill,. 
+
+And the big clouds difiolve in limpid air. 
+
+To thee we owe the beauties of the field,. 
+
+And Earth’s rich produce. At thy mild approach: 
+
+The dimpling waves put on a thoufand fmiles ; 
+
+The Iky no longer lowers : but calm, and clear. 
+
+Spreads its pure azure to the world’s extreme. 
+
+In Sicily upon mount Eryx was a. celebrated temple, of 
+
+
+9 Diva non miti generata ponto. Senec. Hippol. A£t. i. v. 273. 
+
+Venus, orta mari, mare prseftat eunti. Ovid. Epiffc. 15. v. 213. 
+
+Sic te diva potens Cypri, 
+
+Sic fratres Helens, lucida fidera, • 
+
+Ventorumque regat Pater, &c. Horat. L. i*Od. 3. Hence ftyled riuvrtoi^ ' 
+'EirnrovTioi^ A FleAa^a, AraSvofj(.svn : alfo Ovpatvict ? Genetrix, Mater Divum, 
+Genetillis. 
+
+A yvcticcretS) oTi K V7rpis cc7rocr7ropo$ eq~i S'aAacra'^j 
+
+Ka; xpctreei 'izrovroio j Mufeus. V. 249. 
+
+Gvpccvict , 'uD-oAvvpivs, A (pp^im, 
+
+YlQVToyzri)s 0 yevtTEifcc. Orph. Hymn. 54. 
+
+this 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3i7 
+
+
+this Goddefs, which is taken notice of by 10 Cicero and other 
+writers. Doves were here held as facred, as they were either 
+in Paleftine or Syria. It is remarkable, that there were two 
+days of the year fet apart in this place for feftivals, called 
+Avctyooytcty and KccTOiycoyicc: at which times Venus was 
+fuppofed to depart over fea, and after a feafon to return. 
+There were, alfo facred Pigeons, which then took their flight, 
+from the ifland : but one of them was obferved upon the 
+ninth day to come back from the fea, and to fly to the fhrine 
+of the Goddefs : juiccg < 5rgo7T£T0L(r6si cnos- bh Ta 'ureXayxg f GT££i- 
+
+fsgoig, mi Big r ov vsoov 'Grpo<T7t:Tc>L<rir\g. This was upon the feftival 
+
+of the Kar cuyooyioi, Upon this day it is faid that there were 
+great rejoicings. On what account can we imagine this ve¬ 
+neration for the bird to have been kept up, and this cele¬ 
+brity to have been inftituted, but for a memorial of the Dove 
+fent out of the ark, and of its return from the deep to Noah ? 
+The hiftory is recorded upon the ancient coins of Eryx.; 
+
+
+which have on one flde the-head of Janus Bifrons, on the 
+other the facred 11 Dove. 
+
+% 
+
+It is well known that the Ark refted upon Mount Baris in 
+Armenia, which is the Ararat of Mofes. In this country 
+are the fountains of the Euphrates. As the Ark was an in- 
+clofure, from whence all mankind were to be derived ; it 
+
+
+fee ms to have been reprefented under the fymbol of an egg 
+
+
+
+over which was depidfed a dove. Hyginus has a fable to 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+II 
+
+
+Cicero Verr. 2. Se£t. S. 
+
+Tr,s Se 'XnteA:ccs ev E pvjU yta.if.os ns Bq^tv 9 ov xct?\&aw Avctycoyot^ ->c. t. A. Ache- 
+
+
+us. L,. 9. p. 395. 
+T1 Faruts Sicilia. 
+
+
+Alio Ahlian. Var.'Hift. L,. 1. c. 15. 
+
+
+
+318 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+this purpofe; wherein we may fee many references to the 
+Deluge, and to the circumftjnces, with which it was at¬ 
+tended. * 3 In Euphraten flumen de caelo Ovum mira mag- 
+nitudine cecidifle dicitur, quod pifces ad ripam evolverunt: 
+fuper quod Columbae confederunt, et excalefadtam excluliffe 
+Venerem, quae poftea Dea Syria eft adpellata : et juftitia et 
+probitate cum caeteros exfuperaifet, ab Jove optione data, 
+pifces in aftrorum numerum relati funt. Et ob id Syri 
+14 pifces et columbas ex Deorum numero habent: non edunt. 
+In thefe tranfcripts we may fee many fcattered fragments of 
+ancient theology : the whole of which have been borrowed 
+from fome hieroglyphical defcription : but taken in later 
+times, when the fymbols were not underftood ; and the clue, 
+which fhould have led to an explanation, no longer known. 
+By the help of the Mofaic hiftory, together with what has 
+preceded, we may, I think, perceive plainly, to what thefe 
+fables allude. The egg with a Dove over it was doubtlefs 
+an emblem of the Ark j whence proceeded that benign per- 
+fon, the preacher of righteoufnefs : who brought mankind to 
+a more mild kind of life : who reconciled his children to 
+humanity, which had been little pradtifed in the antediluvian 
+world, where only ferocity and violence had prevailed. A 
+like hiftory, which may ferve ftill further to explain the fore¬ 
+going, is given by 15 Lucius Ampelius in his treatife to Ma- 
+
+113 Hyginus. Fat). 197. p. 327. The Egyptians reprefented their chief Deity 
+Cneph wich an egg proceeding from his mnuth. Porphyr. apud Eufeb. Pnep. 
+Evang. L. 3. p. 115. 
+
+M Of facred fiflies fee Athenseus. L. 8. p. 346. 
+
+15 Lucius AmpeL in LLbro ad Macrinum. See BayePs Additamenta to Selden 
+de Diis Syris. p. 303. 
+
+.6 
+
+
+cnnus. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 319 
+
+crinus. Dicitur et Euphratis fluvio Ovum pifcis Columbam 
+afledifie dies plurimos, et exclufiffe Deam benignam et mi- 
+fericordem hominibus ad vitam bonam. 
+
+w 
+
+The fable of the Mundane Egg, and of Typhon, is, I ima¬ 
+gine, of the lame original and purport : for Typhon lignified 
+a Deluge. The overflowing of the Nile was called by the 
+Egyptians Typhon. When Venus was faid to have taken the 
+form of a fifli \ it was in order to fly from Typhon, whom 
+fhe is fuppofed to have efcaped, by plunging into the waters 
+of Babylonia. 
+
+16 Scilicet in pifcem fefe Cytherea novavit, 
+
+Quum Babyloniacas fubmerfa profugit in undas, 
+Anguipedem alatis humeris Typhona furentem. 
+
+Ovid takes notice of the fame. 
+
+# 
+
+17 Terribilem quondam fugiens Typhona Dione, 
+
+Tunc cum pro Coelo Jupiter arma tulit, 
+
+Venit ad Euphraten, comitata Cupidine parvo ; 
+
+Inque Palaeftinae margine fedit aquas. 
+
+
+Nec mora, proliluit : pifces fubiere gemelli: 
+
+Pro quo nunc dignum lidera munus habent. 
+
+Inde nefas ducunt genus hoc imponere menlis, 
+
+Ne violent timidi pifcibus ora, Syri. 
+
+We find from thefe repeated evidences, that the hiftory of 
+this great event came to Greece in great meafure from Syria 
+
+s6 Manilii Aftronom. L. 4. v. 572. 
+
+17 Ovidii Fall. L. 2. v* 461. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+320 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and the Euphrates. It was derived From that part of the 
+world, which was neared: to the place of defcent, and to 
+the fcene of thofe occurrences, which were fubfequent to the 
+
+4 
+
+Deluge. It is on this account, that the mundane egg and 
+the hiftory of Typhon are referred to the Euphrates, and the 
+regions of Arana. Typhon is one of thofe, whofe character 
+has been greatly confounded. This has arifen from two dif¬ 
+ferent perfonages being included under one name ; who un¬ 
+doubtedly were . diftinguifhed in the language of Egypt. 
+Typhon was a compound of Tuph, or Tupha-On ; and dig¬ 
+nified a high altar of the Deity. There were feveral fuch 
+in Egypt; upon vvhich they offered human facrifices : and 
+thofe cities, which had thefe altars, were ftyled Typhonian. 
+But there was another Typhon, who was very different from 
+the former, however by miftake blended with that charadler. 
+By this was dignified a mighty whirlwind, and inundation : 
+and it oftentimes denoted the ocean ; and particularly the 
+ocean in a ferment. For as Plutarch obferves, by Typhon 
+-was underftood any thing 18 violent, and unruly. It was a 
+derivative from Tuph like the former name: which Tuph 
+feems here to have been the fame as the 19 Suph of the He¬ 
+brews. By this they denoted a whirlwind : but among the 
+Egyptians it was taken in a greater latitude, and dignified 
+any thing boifferous, and particularly the fea. Plutarch 
+
+>s Tuzw — ftev to xctTctfuraq-'eucvi xcci y. clt< zQ iolQq ov * Ifis et Oliris. 
+p. 371. Qxci 'artpi 1 vtytevor, co 9 tuclvtcc 'urpccyptccTcc Tccpcc^ccs tvsirfwvZ ycLKMV tyiv yy\v 
+
+0/4y tb izrczc-ct'^ ycu S'cc^ccao'cti'. Ibid. p. 361. 
+
+19 Tiie letters S and T are often convertible. Among the fame people we meet 
+with and £r<xA<zacrct ; and TS<r<rctgc$ $ (pccTTcc^ and (pcccro-ct ^ [xe- 
+
+sUTTct^ 
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 321 
+
+/peaks of it as denoting the fea ; and fays likewife, that the 
+fait of the fea was called the foam of Typhon. 20 Tixpoova $e 
+
+7f]V &clXclct crout. — 7ov ciXct , Tvtpwvog capgov. It lignified alfo a 
+whirlwind; as we learn from Euripides, who expreffes it 
+Tuphos. 
+
+51 A.7olXclv7y\s yovog 
+Tvcpcag 'UTvXolitiv wg rig sfLissTuv. 
+
+The like is to be found in Hefychius. Tv<ptav y avsfjog fj.sya.gz 
+By Typhon is meant a violent wind. The hiftory of Typhon 
+was taken from hieroglyphical defcriptions. In thefe the 
+dove, Oinas, was reprefented as hovering over the mundane 
+egg, which was expofed to the fury of Typhon. For an egg, 
+containing in it the elements of life, was thought no im¬ 
+proper emblem of the Ark, in which were preferved the rudi¬ 
+ments of the future world. Hence in the Dionufiaca, and 
+in other myfteries, one part of the nodturnal ceremony con- 
+lifted in the “ confecration of an egg. By this, as we are 
+informed by Porphyry, was ftgnified the world. 13 'E^io- 
+vsveiv <3s To uov Tov HQTfJLOV. This world was Noah, and his 
+family 
+
+Ark. The Orphic egg, mentioned by 14 Proclus, was un¬ 
+doubtedly of the fame purport. It feems to have been a fa- 
+
+20 Ifis et Oliris. p.363. 
+
+2,1 Phieniffe. v. 11 70. 
+
+* z Plutarch. Sympof. L. 2. Quasft. 3. p. €36. The fame prevailed among the 
+Romans at the Rites of Ceres. 
+
+Apud Eufeb. P.E. E. 3. v. 115. 
+
+To Ogcpntov coop, Ttcti to YlhciTOQyQS coovm See Voi£ de Idol, V. i, p. 34. and 
+Macrob. Sat. L. 7. c. 16. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+; even all mankind, inclofed and preferved in the 
+
+
+T t 
+
+
+vourite 
+
+
+
+322 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+vourite fymbol, and very 
+
+
+and we find 
+
+
+adopted 
+
+
+among many 
+mafdes. that 
+
+
+ions. It was faid by the Perfians of Oro- 
+formed mankind, and inclofed them in an 
+
+
+-5 
+
+
+
+Gods 
+
+
+And the Syrians ufed to fpeak of their anceftors, the 
+s proceeding from fuch an inclofure. a6 
+
+
+Bocores Maur 
+
+
+et ovorum progenies, Dii Sy 
+
+
+Titanes, et 
+Helladius 
+
+
+Befantinous takes notice of one Oan, who was reprefented by 
+many writers as a juft man ; 
+
+
+and who lived 
+
+
+the renewal 
+
+
+of time : and he fays, that this primitive perfon was fup 
+pofed to have proceeded from this original egg ; z ' 
+
+
+nraTOrONOT 'Grscppsvcu T^syanv £20T 
+
+
+O ir is 
+This 
+
+
+CLVTO V 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+perfon was by others ftyled mr^ooroyovog, or the firft-born of 
+the world ; and fometimes in the feminine 'STgooToyevsiot. 
+And as he had enjoyed two different ftates, he was repre¬ 
+
+
+fented as twofold in his form and character 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+accord 
+
+
+gly addreffed as fuch in the Orphic mythology 
+
+
+aS 
+
+
+HgooToyovov zaXsoo ii<pvY], psyocu, cuQsgo7r?\cty}CTov y 
+£loysn\ y ygvvscacnv cry ctXKo {asv qv 'urrsgvystpriv. 
+
+
+This author afterwards explains whom he means under this 
+title, by calling him, * 9 ysvscnv Mcucccgwv, S-j/jyrow t ui vQgoo7roov. 
+We find that this firftborn of the world, whom they repre¬ 
+fented under two fhapes and characters, and who fprung 
+
+
+25 See VofTius de Idol. Yol. i. p. 33. Alfo Plutarch. Ifxs et Ofxris. p. 370. who 
+fpeaks of Arimanius and the mundane egg. 
+
+16 Arnobius. L. 1. p. 20. 
+
+27 Apud Photium. p. 1594. 
+lS Orphic Hymn. 5. 
+
+29 Ibid. v. 3. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 323 
+
+from the mundane egg, was the perfon, from whom the 
+mortals and immortals were derived. He was the fame as 
+Dionufus, whom they ftyled 30 'UJovtz, 'urccTzg ctiY}g : alfo 
+
+3t IlgcaToyovov hcpvv, Tgiyovov, A volktoc, 
+
+Aygiov, appflTov, jcgv<piov y $ucegwTOL y fopogcpov. 
+
+All thefe terms relate to emblems very eafy to be explained ; 
+and to a perfon, as plainly to be 3Z diftinguifhed. 
+
+In refpedt to Typhon, it muft be confefled that the his¬ 
+tory given of him is attended with fome obfcurity. The 
+Grecians have comprehended feveral characters under one 
+term, which the Egyptians undoubtedly diftinguifhed. The 
+term was ufed for a title, as well as a name : and feveral of 
+thofe perfonages, who had a relation to the Deluge, were 
+ftyled Typhonian, or Diluvian. All thefe the Grecians have 
+included under one and the fame name, Typhon. The real 
+Deity, by whom the Deluge was brought upon the earth, 
+had the appellation of Typhonian; by which was meant 
+33 Diluvii Deus. It is well known that the Ark was con- 
+ftru&ed by a divine commiflion : in which, when it was 
+compleated, God inclofed the Patriarch and his family. 
+Hence it is faid, that Typhon made an Ark of curious work- 
+manfhip, that he might difpofe of the body of Ofiris. Into 
+
+Orphic Fragment. 7. v. 27. 
+
+11 Orphic. Hymn. 29. upon Dionufus the firflborn. 
+
+See Orphic. Hymn. 49. A ucn& five Liberi Prasliganei. 
+
+55 Plutarch owns that the Egyptians in fome inftances efteemed Typhon to be 
+no other than Helius the chief Deity : and they were in the right, though he will 
+not allow it. T u* S'* Tv<peorx 'uroiuvrocv t ov ‘HA/oy &$s clksuv cc^iov. Ifis et Ofiris. 
+
+P- 37 2 - 
+
+
+T t 2 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+
+.324 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+this Oiiris entered, and was fhut up by Typhon. 34 TaJe 
+OvifiiPog BKfJLr\T^Y\(roL^svov ActQga. to c roofjLot {tov T vqxdva) nou kolt'ol~ 
+
+cr kbvolt O.VT cl Tsrgog to [jLsyeOog AAPNAKA kolK^v, kou kskot^lys^ 
+
+usvqv —E uJoccvtoc tov Oorigiv k<x.tolkK^y]vou. All this relates to 
+the Typhonian Deity, who inclofed Noah together with his 
+family within the limits of an Ark. The Patriarch alio, 
+who was thus interefted in the event, had the title of Ty¬ 
+phonian. I have fhewn, that the Ark by the mythologifts 
+was fpoken of as the mother of mankind. The flay in the 
+ark was efteemed a ftate of 35 death, and of regeneration. 
+
+t 
+
+The pailage to life was through the door of the Ark, which 
+was formed in its fide. Through this the Patriarch made 
+his defcent: and at this point was the commencement of 
+time. This hiftory is obfcurely alluded to in the account 
+of Typhon : of whom it is faid 
+
+time or place, he forced a paffage ; and burft into light ob¬ 
+liquely through the 36 fide of his mother. This return to 
+light was defcribed as a revival from the grave: and Plutarch 
+accordingly mentions, Tov O arigiv s% aJa 'Grocgotysvopsvov, the 
+
+return of Ofiris from Hades, after he had been inclofed for a 
+long feafon zv ActgvoiKi, in a?t Hrk, and in a ftate of death. 
+This renewal of life was by the Egyptians efteemed a fecond 
+ftate of childhood. They accordingly in their hieroglyphics. 
+
+34 Plutarch. Ills et Oiiris. p. 356. It is faid of Hercules, that he was flain by 
+Typhon, and came afterwards to life.. Eudoxus ap.ud Athenaeum. L. p. 392. ■ 
+
+3y Ids et Ofiris. p. 358. 
+
+36 Mj? XCClpM? fJLTJcPs XOLTCL J/OOPCtV^ CtX?C CtVOLpfa^OCVTCC '2crAj?^>l t^lCC TY? 'Z&XeupctS g^A- 
+
+?kBctG ai. Ifs et Ofiris. p. 355. Typhon by many was efteemed the fame as Pria- 
+pus ; who was Protogonus, and Phanes. Diodorus. L. 4. p. 214. the fame alfo 
+as Dionufus. 
+
+
+, that, without any regard to 
+
+
+defcribed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+32S 
+
+
+defcribed him as a boy ; whom they placed upon the lotos, 
+or water-lilly, and called Orus. He was the fuppofed fon 
+of Ilis : but it has been fhewn that Ills, Rhea, Atargatis, 
+were all emblems of the Ark, 37 that receptacle , which was 
+ftyled the mother of mankind. Orus is reprefented as un¬ 
+dergoing from the Titans all that Ofiris fuffered from Ty- 
+phon : and the hiftory at bottom is the fame. Hence it is 
+faid of Ilis, that fhe had the power of making people im¬ 
+mortal : and that, when fhe found her fon Orus in the midft 
+of the 38 waters dead through the malice of the Titans, fhe 
+not only gave him a renewal of life, but alfo conferred upon 
+him immortality. 
+
+The fame mythology, and the fame hieroglyphics were 
+carried as far as China and Japan ; where they are to be 
+found at this day. The Indians have a perfon whom they 
+greatly reverence, and efteem a Deity; and whom they call 
+Buto, and Budo. This is the fame name as Boutus of Egypt, 
+Battus of Cyrene, and Bceotus of Greece. The account 
+given of him is fimilar to that of Typhon: for it is faid, 
+that he did not come to life the ufual way ; but made him- 
+felf a paflage through the fide of his mother : which mother 
+
+
+is reprefented as a virgin 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+Bragmani fedtse fuse audorem 
+
+
+Buddam per latus virginis narrant exortum. This hiftory. 
+
+
+?7 Taiv \)7roS'o*xyv* Ifis et Ofiris. p. 374. 
+
+35 'Eupeiv cf’ CLVTYIV xot: TO TVS O&OLrcLtTLGlS ( pCtpfJLCCXOV 5 JV a TOV XnOV £lpOV U7 TO TOOV T/- 
+
+TCLVMV i7riSeXevd£VTCC^ xca NEKPOIM sugeQevTcc KA©’ c TT^AAT02j> y-w yovov clvcc- 
+cowered S'sarctv mu ctAAcs xcu ms cSclvcctlcls^ 'Zxromarcc.i /xeraAaff v. Diodor* 
+
+Sic. L. x. p. 22. 
+
+?9 Ratramnus de Nativitate Chrifti. c. 3* 
+
+though 
+
+
+
+326 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+though now current among the Indians, is of great anti¬ 
+quity ; as we may learn from the account given of this per- 
+fonage by Clemens Alexandrinus. 40 Eteri de toov Ivdoop, 01 
+
+roig Buttol 'nrst@ofjt.svoi 'sroL^otfysXfjLota'iv, ov ol vkspSoXyiv crspL- 
+
+voTi)Tog oog ®zov T ST 1 pLYjKCMTi . 'There is a caft of Indians., who 
+are difciples of Boutas. This perfoji upon account of his extra¬ 
+ordinary fanElity they look up to as a God . The name Bou¬ 
+tas, Battus, and Bceotus, though apparently conferred upon 
+the Patriarch, yet originally related to the machine, in which 
+he was preferved. Of this fome traces may be found among 
+the Greeks. One of the Amonian names for the Ark were 
+
+
+Aren, and Arene : and Bceotus is faid by 41 Diodorus Si¬ 
+culus to have been the fon of Neptune and Arne, which is 
+a contraction of Arene, the ark. The chief city Boutus in 
+Egypt, where was the floating temple, fignified properly 
+the city of the float, or Ark. The Boeotians, who in the 
+Dionufiaca fo particularly commemorated the Ark, were 
+fuppofed to be defeended from an imaginary perfonage Boe- 
+otus : and from him likewife their country was thought to 
+have received its name. But Boeotus was merely a varia¬ 
+tion of Boutus, and Butus, the Ark j which in ancient times 
+was indifferently ftyled Theba, Argus, Aren, Butus, and 
+Boeotus. The term Cibotus is a compound of the fame pur- 
+
+
+
+40 Strom. L. i. p. 359. See alfo Hieronym. contra Jovian. L. 1. c. 26. He is 
+at this day by fome nations called Butzan, and efteemed contemporary with Vifh- 
+nou. Kircher. China illuftrata. But-Zan is Zeus Bceotius : Deus Arkitis. 
+
+41 Diod. L. 4. p. 269. 
+
+
+place 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 327 
+
+place for flapping. Strabo fpeaks of a city Cibotus in Egypt; 
+which he reprefents as a 42 dock, where were all conveniences 
+for fhips to be built and repaired. There was a city Boutus 
+upon the Sebennytic mouth of the 43 Nile : but die tem 
+of Boutus was high in upper Egypt, near the floating ifland: 
+44 Chemmis. This ifland was probably a large Ark, or 
+float: and the temple of BoutuS was in it, from whence the 
+oppoflte city had its name. It feems to have been a beau¬ 
+tiful place, and of an uncommon conftrudrion. There were 
+in it feveral altars erected to 45 Ofiris ; together with a ftately 
+temple, and groves of 46 palm-trees : and this upon a deep, 
+and fpacious lake. From hence we may form a judgment 
+of the purport of this facred machine, which was undoubt¬ 
+edly a memorial of the flrft fhip : and defigned alfo for a 
+repofitory, where the Arkite rites and hiftory were preferved. 
+It is remarkable, that Danaus was fuppofed from this ifland 
+to have come to 47 Greece ; and to have brought with him 
+the Amphiprumnon, or facred model of the Ark, which 
+he lodged in the acropolis of Argos, called Larifla. The 
+hiftory, which the Egyptians gave of the ifland Boutus, was, 
+that when Typhon raged,, and would have killed Ofiris, the 
+
+
+
+42 E VV0q~3 fJLSTCL TO 'V.7TTC£C?OL(}lOV' XOU VTTZp TdT'd OfVXTC^y OV KOU Ki- 
+
+Gcotov xsender11'} xcu ccvros veoopict. L. I 7. p. I 145. 
+
+43 Herod. L. 2. c. 155. 
+
+44 Ibid. L. 2. c. 156. 
+
+45 In quodam lacu Chemmis Infula, lucos, fylvafque et Apollinis grande fuflinens 
+templum, natat, et, quocunque vend agunt, impellitur. Pompon. Mela. L. 1. 
+
+c. 9. p. 55 - 
+
+46 Herod. L. 2. c. 56. He fpeaks of it as not floating when he faw it. 
+
+47 Herod. L. 2. c. 91. 
+
+
+
+
+328 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+latter was by Ifis her 
+
+
+concealed; and thus efcaped the 
+
+
+fury of his enemy 
+
+
+Plutarch 49 mentions, that 
+
+
+who was here fecreted, and nurfed by 
+
+
+t was Orus, 
+But Latona 
+
+
+Ifis : and by Orus we are 
+
+
+underftand 50 Ofiris in his 
+
+
+fecond Hate : fo that the hiftory is the fame. Some vary 
+
+
+this hiftory ftill further, and 
+
+
+the Deity 
+
+
+Boutus and 
+
+
+Chemmis 51 Perfeus, whom the Grecians made the fon of 
+Danae. But Perfeus was no other than Ofiris, ftyled alfo 
+
+Heliu 
+
+the 51 
+
+
+efteemed by the people of Chemmis as 
+
+
+51 chief Deity of the pi 
+the Deluge was efteemed an 
+
+
+As the confinement during 
+val of death, the Ark from 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+prefented as a bier, or coffin 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+had 
+
+
+
+the fame fignification. 
+the Egyptians had the name of 
+
+
+plac 
+
+
+of fepulture among 
+But this was only 
+
+
+fecondary fenfe, being derived from fome refinements 
+
+
+hiftory. The 
+
+
+related originally to the Ark, and fig 
+
+
+fled a floating machine. From thence the perfon preferved 
+
+
+had the name of Boutus, Butus, and 
+
+
+All 
+
+
+48 Herod. L. 2. c. 156. 
+
+49 flgov zv Bbto) Tpe<pojx€vov* Ifis et Ofiris. p. 357. ov zv to/s lAecr/, to/s 
+
+'Zzrepi B &TOV V 7 T 0 A rpacpm’ai Xzy&aiv. Ibid. p. 366. ' 
+
+50 Orus was Apollo, or the Sun. • They efteemed Ofiris the fame. Ofirin ^Egyp- 
+tii Solem efie afierunt. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 2x. "HA/o^ Oaipiv. Diodor. L. 1. 
+p. 20. The fame is faid of Perfeus. Tlzpcrzus yap 0 c HA/os. Schol. in Lycoph. 
+V. 17. p. 4. Tlegcreus 0 HA 10$ z^iv. Ibid. 
+
+51 Herod. L. 2. c. gi. 
+
+5X Ibid. 
+
+53 Bht 01 TQ 7 TQI meto A.iyv7TT 10zi$ as ci tzXzvtcovtzs t$zvtccu Hefych. The repo- 
+fitory of Ofiris ftyled copos. Plut. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 362. 
+
+54 Euftathius upon Dionyfius fuppofes Arne to have been the mother of Bceotus. 
+Bicotb fJWTnp Apw. v. 426. 
+
+7 Epiphanius 
+
+
+
+'The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 329 
+
+All the myfteries of the Gentile world feem to have been 
+memorials of the Deluge : and of the events which immedi¬ 
+ately fucceeded. They conlifted for the moft part of a me¬ 
+lancholy procefs : and were celebrated by night with 55 torches 
+in commemoration of the flate of darknefs, in which the 
+Patriarch and his family had been involved. The firft thing 
+at thefe awful meetings was to offer an oath of fecrecy to 
+all, who were to be initiated : after which they proceeded to 
+the ceremonies. Thefe began with a defcription of Chaos : 
+by which was fignified fome memorial of the Deluge. Chaos 
+was certainly the fame as Bvdog, the great abyfs. W'hoj fays 
+56 Epiphanius, is fo ignorant , as not to know , that Chaos, and 
+Buthos, the abyfs , are of the fame purport f Of the rites 
+abovementioned we have an account in the Orphic Argo- 
+nautica. 
+
+57 Msr« ogKia. Mvyoug, 
+
+Agyaua pev 'urgmoL yymg oLpusyct^ro]/ ocvcLy/yv, 
+
+K ca Kgovov, og s^o'gsvu'sv a,7rsige<noi(riv vq> oXtcoig 
+Akoli b'icpvY] 'Gregioj7T£oi Kvfyov E^wra. 
+
+sifter the oath had been tendered to the IVLufcz^ we commettio- 
+rated the fad necejfty , by which the earth was reduced to its 
+chaotic fate. TVe then celebrated Cronus , through who 771 the 
+
+
+Epiphanius mentions Jadal-Baoth, in which a fucred perfon, named Nun, was 
+born in the form of a ferpent. See Lilius Gyraluus. Syntag. i. p. 72. alfo Origen 
+contra Celfum. L. 6. p. 294. 
+
+55 < Ojjlo/\c') ei——rv£; t?A six tois A eyoy.evcis OcipiJos S'lottjTrcLcry.oi^ kcci t r<x:$ <zvol€i&-> 
+c s a ^ stcci r ^ju ctAifyevecrictts. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p, 364. 
+
+56 Xao? S'e y.cu RvQqs tipi m. clv <?cc(pS5 ew to iy.&ivfJt or jee%T r,Tcti. VoL i» p. 164. 
+
+
+* 7 Orphic. Argonaut, v. xi. 
+
+VOL, II. 
+
+
+’WO? 
+
+
+■Id 
+
+
+U u 
+
+
+
+330 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. , 
+
+hd or Id after a term of dcirhiefs enjoyed again caQsga, a jure fe- 
+r'ene Jky : through whom alfo was produced Eros , that twofold , 
+confpicuous , and beautiful -Being. The poet adds afterwards, 
+that Eros had the name of Phanes, becaiife he was the 58 firPc 
+remarkable object, that appeared to the eye of man, in con- 
+fequerice of this great event. 
+
+Noah is fpoken of as a man of juftice : and this part of 
+his 'character is continually alluded to by the mythologifts, 
+whenever they treat of his hiftory. The author of the-poem 
+above, among many facTed rites, to which he had been wit- 
+nefs, mentions the orgies of juftice, or the juft perfon; and 
+
+thofe of Arkite Athene, which were celebrated by night: 
+
+% 
+
+59 O gyia. TlgaPfifcris kou A gstvyjs WKTog A^ijwjff. 
+
+
+6o 
+
+
+unm 
+
+
+
+Some would alter the term agsivris, as being 
+but there is no reafon for any amendment. By A gem) A&owj 
+was meant Arkite Providence ; in other words Divine wif- 
+dom, by which the world was preferved. 
+
+In thefe myfteries, after the people had for a long time 
+bewailed the lofs of a particular perfon, he was at laft fup- 
+pofed to be reftored to life. Upon this the prieft ufed to 
+addrefs the aftembly in thofe memorable terms, which I have 
+before mentioned. 61 Comfort yourfelves ^ allye^ who have beeti 
+
+
+yctp eepcaSn. Ibid. v. i6- 
+
+59 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 31. 
+
+60 Quid fit Ageivi) non capio. Efchenback. A peivn, Areine is from Aren the 
+Ark : and I imagine, that the terms qAxgs cc7reigeaio $ 7 mentioned by the poet in the 
+plural, related to the fame machine. 
+
+61 Jul. Firmicus. p. 45.. 
+
+
+partakers 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 331 
+
+j partakers of the myfleries of the Deity thus preferred: for we 
+foall now enjoy fome refpite frotn our labours. To thefe were 
+added the following remarkable words : 62 I have efcaped a 
+fad calamity ; and my lot is greatly mended. At fuch times 
+there feems to have been an invocation made by the people 
+to the Dove, Jonah, which was probably introduced to their 
+view : 63 loo M outougct, ActfJL7rcL$i)<pogog : Hail to the Dove, the re~ 
+forer of light ! The principal rites in Egypt were confefledly 
+for a perfon loft, and conftgned for a time to darknefs 5, who 
+was at laft found. This perfon I have mentioned to have been 
+defcribed under the character of Oftris : 64 O <Tipig —a nart erog 
+
+yivovrou tsAstgu, cos a.7ro?ih.VfJLev%, you evguntouevu. Hence thofe 
+
+exclamations at the feaft of Ifts 5 65 'E vgqjcafJLSV Xvy'yougop.sv. 
+
+I have taken notice, that the Ark was reprefented under 
+the figure of a flip, ftyled OLpopLTrgvuvulig, whofe extremities 
+were alike. It was a kind of crefcent, fuch as is exhibited by 
+the new moon ; which in confequence of it was made a type 
+of the Ark. Hence, in the mythology of the Ark, and the 
+Ionah, there is continually fome reference to the moon ; the 
+former from its figure being ftyled Mi^y, Meen. Hence like- 
+wife it is, that the moon by the Egyptians was efteemed the 
+mother of all beings : pt,tfregOL Xs 7 er\vr t v xa Kocry a yoCh'avt. For 
+the Moon and the Ark were fynonymous terms. Analo- 
+
+Demofthen. •zs-eci q^scp. p. 568. 
+
+j 
+
+63 There was an infcription of this purport at Argos : which infcription was en¬ 
+graved in the temple of lo, the fame as Ionah. Chron. Pafch. p. 41. Ioj 'jccg 7) 
+Anm. Euftath. in Dionyf. v. 95. 
+
+64 Theophilus ad Autol. L. 1. p. 343. 
+
+Cs Athenagor. Legatio. p. 299. 
+
+
+U 11 2 
+
+
+eons * 
+
+
+
+332 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+gous to the above we are informed by Plutarch, that the 
+chief concern of the Egyptians was fhewn at the difappearing 
+of Ofiris abovementioned, tcccf cupctvur(JLOV Otrigidoc, which they 
+ftyled the interment of the Deity. At this feafon they con- 
+ftrndted by way of memorial a remarkable machine, called 
+A agvcotoc ptwosttiri, cm Ark m the foape of a crefcent or new 
+moo?i . In this the image of Ofiris was for a time concealed : 
+
+66 to < 5 s %v?\ov ev reus Xeyopievcus OFigifrog t cupoug TepcvopTsg %&- 
+Tcurzsvot^siTi AAPNAKA MHNOEIAH. 
+
+After Ofiris had been reputed for fome time loft, it was 
+a cuftom among the Egyptians to go foon after in queft of 
+him : and the procefs as deferibed in 67 Plutarch was very re¬ 
+markable. Upoji the nineteenth of the mo?ith (that is, two 
+days after the KctOsights Origins) the Egyptians go down at 
+night to the fea : at which time the priefls , and fupporiers (the 
+Paterae) carry the facred vehicle. In this is a golden veffel in 
+the form of a flip-, or boat ; into which they take and pour fome 
+of the river water. Upon this being performed , a fhout of joy 
+is raifed ; and Opr is is fuppofed to be found. This, I ima¬ 
+gine, was the feafon, when thofe particular words were ufed, 
+svgriicu.pLSVy crvy’gcugopc.sv ; which the Grecians in their myfte- 
+ries copied. The author proceeds to inform us, that upon 
+this recovery of Opris , 68 the priefs brought a fample of the 
+mof fruitful kind of earthy and put it into the water which was 
+in the facred Scyphus. To this they added the richefl gums and 
+
+
+66 Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. Vol. 1. p. 368. 
+
+67 Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. 
+
+AraTAaTTaci es ctyctTvpcniov. Ibid. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+fpices ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+333 
+
+
+fpices ; and the whole was moulded up into the form of a vejfel , 
+ftnilar to a Lunette . What is alluded to in this ceremony, 
+I think, wants little explanation. 
+
+It has been obferved that the myfteries of the Egyptians 
+were for the mo ft part a melancholy procefs. The like cuf- 
+toms prevailed in Syria, and Canaan. Jerome calls the fym- 
+bolical Deity Dagon, 69 pifcem moeroris. And Hefychius 
+mentions, that the name of Bacchus was among the Pheni- 
+cians a fynonymous term for 70 mourning. Venus Architis, 
+whofe temple I have mentioned to have flood upon Mount 
+Libanus, was reprefented in an attitude the mo ft fad and 
+gloomy. Macrobius is very particular in his defcription of 
+her ftatue. 71 Simulacrum hujus Dese (Veneris Architis) in 
+
+o, fpecie trifti, faciem 
+manu lasva intra amidtum fuftinens. Lacrym® viftone con- 
+fpicientium manare creduntur. This is not unlike the ftory 
+of Niobe, who was reported after the lofs of her children to 
+have retired to Mount Sipylus ; where her image in the rock 
+was fuppofed to run down with tears. At Tegea in Arca¬ 
+dia there was a ftatue of the 72 Goddefs Ilithyia, the fame as 
+
+^ * 
+
+Ills the fame alfo as Juno Lucina of the Latines ; which 
+feems to have had a reference to the hiftory above. She was 
+
+
+monte Libano figitur, capite obnupt 
+
+
+69 Selden de Diis Syris. Synt. 2. p. 203. 
+
+70 Baxjfcor, ocZlccvQjxgv &om7c&. 
+
+71 Macrob. Sat. L. i. c. 21. 
+
+7Z Paufan. L. 8. p. 698. Selden would alter Venus Architis to Atargatis •, but 
+without authority, or reafon. The ark was by many people ftyled Areas, and 
+Area: and cities were denominated from it. There was a city Area in Mount 
+Libanus ; undoubtedly the fame, from which Venus Architis had her name. See 
+Jofephus de Bello Jud. L. 7. c. 24. and Ant. Jud. L. 5. c. 1. 
+
+
+ftyled 
+
+
+
+334 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+fly led E iXziQvia. btti yovounv, Lucina Ingenicula, being repre- 
+fented in a fupplicating poflure upon her knees. She was 
+
+the Goddefs of the birth ; and feemed an emblem of nature, 
+
+♦ 
+
+pleading for her offspring, who were to be deflroyed. The 
+hiflory, which the Tegeatas gave, was unfatisfadtory. T&e 
+principal circumflances were, that Halius had promifed his 
+daughter to Nauplius ; but had given private orders to the 
+perfons, who conduced her, that fhe fhould be drowned in. 
+the fea v . They had other traditions, but very imperfedt. 
+Hard by was an altar of earth. 
+
+I cannot conclude without introducing again that memor 
+rable paffage in Plutarch concerning Ofiris going into his 
+Ark. He fays, that it was to avoid the fury of Typhon : 
+and that it happened on the feventeenth day of the month 
+73 Athyr, when the fun was in Scorpio. Now it is to be ob~ 
+ferved, that there were two feflivals, at oppofite parts of the 
+year, eftablifhed by the Egyptians on account of Ofiris being 
+thus inclofed : one in the month Phamenoth, which they 
+termed sfjdocarig Omgidog Big t y\v XsKwqv, the entrance of Ofiris 
+into the moon : the other, of which I am here fpeaking, was 
+on the fame account, but in autumn. This was the cere¬ 
+mony, rj A £yofj*£VY} xa&sigPig Big c Togov Oc n-gitiog, the indofing 
+
+and fafiejiing of Ofiris in his tomb or ark , in memory of his 
+having been in his life time thus concealed : which ark they 
+
+termed £sAyjw], and other nations 7+ Minoa, the moon. Plu- 
+
+♦ 
+
+tarch aefcribes the feafon very precifely, when Ofiris was 
+
+75 Tc&'JT'CX Sr •ZvpcC%'$nVCLl fitydCTlV IS C OUT) 67 Tl SZKOLfAYiVOS SV J TOV 'Xx.OOTTlOl' 
+
+,i yiAizs Sie^eio-iv. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 356. 
+
+74 .See before the account of wu 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+fuppofed 
+
+
+
+IlateTL. 
+
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+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+33 5 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+confined 
+
+
+the month 
+
+
+fuppofed to have 
+Athyr, upon the feventeenth day of that month * when the 
+Etefian winds were palled ; when the overflowing of the Nile 
+had ceafed, and the country became dry 
+
+
+pariK.vvQU.evr, 
+
+
+
+
+£ 
+
+
+“9 
+
+
+'ST tO CTKQTOg, 
+
+
+the time of year when 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+
+
+
+'ow long , and the days are upon the decline , darknefs 
+
+
+eafin 
+
+
+Was in fhort upon the feventeenth day of the fecond 
+
+
+76 month aft&r the autumnal ■equmox , ev w T< 
+
+§is^Bi<Tiv : 'when the fun paffes through Scorpio 
+take not, was the precife month, and day 
+which Noah entered the Ark, and the flood 
+
+
+6 'HAi 
+
+
+'itogmov 
+
+This, ir I mif- 
+
+
+of the month 
+
+
+came. 
+
+
+77 
+
+
+on 
+
+In 
+
+
+the fix hundredth year of NoaKs life 
+
+THE SEVENTEENTH DAY OF THE 
+
+
+THE SECOND MONTH, 
+
+rti, the fame day were 
+
+
+all the fountains of the great deep broken up—In the felf f 
+
+
+entered Noah 
+
+
+the Nrk. Hence, I think, thei 
+
+
+be no doubt, but in this hiftory of Ofiris we have a memorial 
+of the Patriarch and Deluge. As this event happened, ac¬ 
+cording to the Egyptian traditions, when the Sun was in 
+Scorpio ; that fign is continually commemorated in the Dilu- 
+vian hieroglyphics. 
+
+
+75 C H Se 'nre (pooToc. y.xpcaverca y xou xpccreiTcci Svvccuir. Plut* Ifis-et Ofiris. p. 36 6 . 
+
+76 Zsto pwvos A Bvo cc(pcLVicr$nvcti tqv Ocnpiv A eyuai. Pkit. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. 
+
+S7ri Sex.cc t nv OatpiSoc yevecrQcti tsNsutw AtyvirUoi fxu^oAoynaiv. Ibid. p. 357. 
+The Egyptians varied in their rites as we learn from feveral paffages in Herodotus. 
+They-differed alfo in particular places about the commencement of the year. Hence 
+we find the fame hiftory of Ofiris commemorated both in autumn, and in fpring. 
+
+77 Genefis. c. 7. v. 11. 
+
+
+D A, 
+
+
+
+336 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+DA, Particula Chaldaica. 
+
+« 
+
+TN treating of Danaus, and. Danae I furmifed, that they 
+were not the names of perfons; but ancient terms, which 
+related to the facred fhip ; and to the rites, which were in¬ 
+troduced by the lonim, and Dorians from Egypt. I men¬ 
+tioned, that they were each of them compounded of Da- 
+Naue, and Da-Nauos, by which is meant the Jhip kclt s^o^pv. 
+For the term Da is a Chaldafc particle, equivalent to De, 
+Die, and The, of the Saxon, Teutonic, and other languages. 
+It occurs in the prophet 78 Daniel, and,^s taken notice of by 
+Buxtorf. Da, Chaldaice, haec, ifta, hoc, illud. The 
+
+Priefts in Egypt were ftyled Decani, as we learn from 79 Jam- 
+blichus. But Decani, Asjictvoi, feems to be merely a com- 
+pound of De Cani, by which is meant the Cahen or Priefts . 
+Da in Damater, which the Ionians rendered Demeter, Aj^U]TJ}£, 
+was certainly of the fame purport. The name related to the 
+ark, and was a compound of Da Mater \ the fame as Mather, 
+Methuer, Mithyr of Egypt, and other countries. The name 
+Da Mater, or the Mother , was given to it, becaufe it was 
+efteemed the common parent, the Mother , of all mankind. 
+As the Ark had manifeftly a connexion with floods and wa¬ 
+ters, hence it was, that 80 Damater and Pofeidon, the Deity 
+of the fea, were often found in the fame temple. As a per- 
+
+78 Daniel, c. 4. v. 27. and c. 7. v. 3. v. 8. 
+
+79 Se6t. 9. p. 165. and 302. Abkccvqi kcci Aeirvgyoi. 
+
+?° Plutarch. Sympof. p. 668. 
+
+fonage 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 337 
+
+fonage fh.e was the fame as ©say, the mother of the Gods ; 
+
+to whom Orpheus gives the fovereignty of the main : and 
+from whom he deduces the origin of all mankind. 
+
+81 E x <reo cT ccQccvoltcm re yevog, * 9 -v^rusv r e’hoyevQ^ 
+
+'Em 'GrorufJLOi xgctTeovrou as xou ‘Wear cl 3 -aAarcra. 
+
+All the fountains of the deep obeyed her. 
+
+A colony of the Amonians fettled in Thrace ; and in thefe 
+parts are to be found many plain traces of their original hif- 
+tory. The river Danube was properly the river of Noah, ex- 
+prefled Da-Nau, Da-Nauos, Da-Nauvas, Da-Naubus. Hero- 
+
+I 
+
+dotus calls it plainly the river of Noah without the prefix ; 
+but appropriates the name only to one branch ; giving the 
+name of Ifter to the chief flream, 8 * Adgvg, xou No^f, xcu Ag- 
+
+Tavrjg, exSiian eg Tov lg-gov. It is mentioned by Valerius Flaccus. 
+83 Quas Tanai's, flavufque Lycus, Hypanifque, Noafque. 
+
+This fome would alter to Novafque : but the true reading is 
+afeertained from other paffages, where it occurs ; and parti¬ 
+cularly by this author, who mentions it in another place. 
+
+H Hyberni qui terga Nose, gelidumque fecuri 
+Haurit, et in tota non audit Amazona ripa. 
+
+Moffc writers compound it with the particle Da, and exprefs 
+it Da-Nau, Da-Nauvis, Da-Naubis. By thofe who live upon 
+
+9 
+4 
+
+Sx Orphic. Hymn. 26. v. 7. 
+
+8x Herodot. L. 4. c. 49. 
+
+83 Yaler. Flaccus. L. 4. v. 719. 
+
+14 Ibid. L. 6. v. ioo, 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+X X 
+
+
+its 
+
+
+
+338 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+its banks, it is now called Danau. Stephanus Byzantinus 
+fpeaks of it both by the name of 8s Danoubis and Danoufis. 
+Not far from the Danube is the Boryfthenes, called alfo the 
+
+Nieper: which latter name it had in the time of Herodotus. 
+
+* 
+
+s6 Ag&gog r s lieu N ci7ragog. This river, like that abovemen- 
+tioned, was expreffed with the particle Da prefixed. This 
+being a fecret to later writers, they have joined them infe- 
+parably together, and call the river Nieper, or Naper, the Da- 
+naper. Hence one of the authors of the Periplus mentions 
+87 tov BogvrOeyrjV TSTOTapoov voLvewrogoVy xca Toy AccvcL7rgiv T^Byopoavov. 
+
+He in another place makes mention B ogvcrOsyxg 'nroTccpm, kcu 
+A oLV0L7Tgsocg, of the river Boryfthenes and L)a?iaper. In the fame 
+part of the world is another river, named the Niefter. This 
+too they have expreffed Danefter, and 88 Danafter. Cedrenus, 
+enumerating the rivers upon the weftern fide of the Euxine, 
+mentions both thefe dreams, the Niefter, and the Nieper, 
+but with the particle prefixed, as if it were part of the name. 
+Ss M zyp Aoui&Ssws, kou tz K acpv 'uroTtx.fjox, ts Actvoi?gsodg tb, x.ca 
+
+Aolv cutgswg. K t A. This prefix was introduced among the 
+nations in thefe parts by people from Egypt and Syria. It 
+was originally a Chaldaic article : but may have been iii ufe 
+among people of another family. 
+
+I have mentioned, that the name Dione was properly Ad, 
+
+* 5 A n Aaz'Bcr/c, 0 'WQrccfj.os. The etymology given by this author is 
+
+v/orth remarking for its Angularity. 'O A ccvbctis c apfj.nveueTccL^ oocnrzg tb afjLctprw. 
+
+T r)V CClTtCCV* 
+
+* ^ 
+
+Herod. L,. 4. c. 48. 
+
+i-T Auctor Peripli Maris Euxini. p. 8. et 16. apud Geog. Vet. Vol. 1. 
+f,s Jornanaes de rebus Gcticis. p. 85. 
+
+Cedrenus. V. 7. p. 464. 
+
+or 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+339 
+
+
+or Ada, lone. Hence came the term Ideone ; which Ideone 
+was an object of idolatry, as early as the days of Mofes. But 
+there was a fimilar perfonage named Dei'one, whom the poets 
+fuppofed to have been beloved by Apollo. This was a com¬ 
+pound of De lone, the Dove : and Venus Dionaea may fbme- 
+times have been formed in the fame manner. This article 
+
+feems in fome inftances to have been pronounced like the in 
+
+• ^ 
+
+our language. Semele, the mother of Dionufus, was called 
+
+' 
+
+Thy one ; by which was certainly meant The Tone , or Dove. 
+The poets from hence ftyled Dionufus Thyoneus. This is 
+analogous to the former, and fignifies the lojieus , The God of 
+the lonah , or Dove. He was alfo called Tag 1 , Hyas, as Zeus 
+was ftyled O fogiog, Ombrius ; both which terms fignify the 
+Deity of 90 rain. The prieftefs of the God had hence the 
+name of Hyas, and alfo Thyas. Thy as fignifies The Hyas : 
+Thyades, The Hyades. Why Dionufus had this title, and 
+why at his myfteries and orgies they echoed the terms 91 Hyas 
+Atis ; or as the Grecians expreffed it 'T r\g Arn t\g, the Lord of 
+foowersy need not I think be explained. The conftellation 
+of the Hyades in the heavens was a watery fign, and fup¬ 
+pofed to have been a memorial of fome perfonages, who are 
+reprefented as the nurfes of Dionufus. They were the 
+daughters of Oceanus and 91 Melitta, and redded once at 
+Nufa. It is faid of them, that they had a renewal of life : 
+
+
+90 Plutarch tries to refine upon this hiftory, but idly. T ov /lioruTov T^', ok 
+TcvpiGp tvs uyp's q,vcr€u)$ m Ilis et Ofiris. p. 364* 
+
+91 Demofthenes. Tveoi p. 516. Strabo. L. 10. p. 723. 
+
+9i Hyginus. Fab. 182. 
+
+
+X X 2 
+
+
+Ill 
+
+
+
+340 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+In juvenes mutatas funt. Their hiftory is defcribed by 95 Hy~ 
+ginus : and it is alfo mentioned by Ovid. 
+
+94 Ora micant Tauri feptem radiantia flammis, 
+
+Navita quas Hyadas Graius ab imbre vocat. 
+
+Pars Bacchum nutrifie putant : pars credidit efie 
+Tethyos has neptes,.. Oceanique fenis. 
+
+ted the fame Deity both as; 
+malculine and feminine. They had both Cacus and Gaea,,. 
+Lunus and Luna; alfo lanus and lana.. Diana is a com¬ 
+pound of De lana, and fignifies the Goddefs lana.. That her 
+name was a feminine from lanus, we may learn from Macro- 
+bins, who quotes Nigidius for his authority.. Pronuncia- 
+vit Nigidius Apollinem Ianum efie, Dianamque Ianam.. 
+From this lana with the prefix was formed Diana, which, I[ 
+imagine, was the fame as Dione. 
+
+93 Ibidem. 
+
+O cTe nrr,v TTitv y.<ti *rcts Aiovu&& Tgotpss Etymo~ 
+
+Jog. Mag. 
+
+94 Faftor. L. 5. v. 165. 
+
+95 Sat. L. 1. c. 10. p. 158* 
+
+
+The ancients often reprefen 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( 34* ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+I T has been mentioned that Juno was the fame as lona s 
+and {he was particularly ftyled 
+cians called her Hera.; which was not originally a proper' 
+name, but a title, the fame as Ada of the Babylonians, and 
+fignified the 1 Lady^ or £$ueen.. She was alfo efteemed the 
+fame as Luna, and Selene; from her connexion with the 
+Ark ; and at Samos {he was defcribed as handing in a Lu¬ 
+nette, with the lunar emblem upon her 2 head. Iii confe- 
+
+quence of which we find her in fome ancient infcriptions 
+
+* 
+
+diftinguifiied by the title, of Luna Regina. 
+
+% 
+
+3 Veronas in Domo Trivellorum.- 
+
+JUN. L U N. 
+
+REG. SACR. 
+
+She was called + Inachis and Inachia by the poets ; and re^-- 
+
+* 
+
+1 Heer, Herus, Heren, Haren,.in many languages betokened fomething. noble* . 
+Hence 'H pet, ct?^x.r>. /2ctcnAet*. Hefych. 
+
+* See the plate with a coin from Spanheim. 
+
+3 Gruter. Infcript. Vol. i.p. 25. 
+
+a 
+
+4 Ovid. Metamorph/ii.. 9.. v. 
+
+
+
+Juno Argiva. The Gre- 
+
+
+34- 2 The Analysis of : Ancient Mythology. 
+
+prefented as the Queen of heaven, the fame as Aftaroth, and 
+Aftarte of Sidon and Syria. It is faid of Juno, that fhe was 
+fometimes worfhiped under the 5 fymbol of an egg : fo that 
+her hiftory had the fame reference, as that of Oinas, or Ve¬ 
+nus. She preftded equally over the feas ; which fhe was 
+fuppofed to raife and trouble, as fhe lifted. 
+
+6 His ego nigrantem commixta grandine nimbum 
+
+V 
+
+Defuper infundam, et tonitru ccelum omne ciebo. 
+
+She alfo produced calms, and falutary breezes , as we are 
+informed by another Poet: 
+
+t m 
+
+7 'H \gOL 'Ztfa/zSacnAsftt, A io$ qrvXXeKTgct {JLa.tccaga., 
+
+'^V'fcgOTgOtpxS OLV^dLG &VY1T0LS 
+
+Ofz&goov [lsv disgwv, oLvsfJLoov Tgo<ps y 'nmnoysvsOAe. 
+
+A 
+
+. 
+
+• 0 s 
+
+Ifts and Io had the fame department. 8 Io ab iEgyptiis Ift- 
+dis nomine culta, et tempeftatibus et navigantibus praefecfta 
+
+eft. Ifts, Io and Ino were the fame as Juno : and Venus alfo 
+
+• # • 
+
+was the fame Deity under a different title. Hence in Laco¬ 
+nia there was an ancient ftatue of the Goddefs, ftyled Venus 
+Junonia : 9 %oocvov <$s ctg%ouov KoCAzcriv A<pgochrrig ‘H gctg. Juno 
+was alfo called Cupris, and Cupra; and under that title was 
+worfhiped by the IO Hetrurians. 
+
+As Juno was the fame as Ionah, we need not wonder at 
+
+5 Csel. Rhodigin. L. 18. c. 38. 
+
+6 Virg. iEneid. L. 4. v. 120. 
+
+7 Orphic. Hymn, in Junon. 15. 
+s Natalis Comes. L. 8. p. 468. 
+
+9 Paufanias. L. 3. p. 240. 
+
+T yiv C H gccv exeim Kv 7 rpccv xaAycn. Strabo. L. 5. p. 369. 
+
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+343 
+
+
+* 
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* f 
+
+the Iris being her concomitant. This was no other than the 
+Rainbow, which God made a fign in the heavens ; a token 
+of his covenant with man. This circumftance is apparently 
+alluded to by Homer, in a reference to that phenomenon ; 
+where he fpeaks of it as an appointed fign. The paffage is 
+very remarkable. The poet is fpeaking of fome emblazonry 
+upon the cuirafs of Agamemnon, which he compares to the 
+colours in the celeftial bow. 
+
+
+II 
+
+
+lgKTCTlV SQMOTSS, dgT£ KgOVlteV 
+
+
+
+vz(psi meigs, TEPA2 MEPOIION 
+
+
+
+007TO0V. 
+
+
+Like to the bow, which Jove amid the clouds 
+Pl^:ed as a token 
+
+In another place he {peaks of this phenomenon in the fame 
+manner. 
+
+
+
+12 Huts 'srogQvgew Igut vviqrom Tct.vv<r<rr\ 
+
+Z svg cvgavodev T£ga.g 
+
+Juft as when Jove mid the high heavens difplays 
+His bow myfterious for a lafting lign. 
+
+In a hymn to Selene, afcribed to Homer, there is again 
+mention made of the Iris being placed in the heavens as a 
+token : 
+
+13 Ts/CjU-w^ Js figoToig zcci tztvktou. 
+
+It was exhibited to mortals for a?i intimatiojiy a?id fign. As 
+
+
+,l Iliad. A. v. 27. 
+
+12 Iliad. P. v. 547. 
+
+V. 13. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+13 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+344 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology - . 
+
+the peacock in the full expanficin. of his plumes difplays all 
+the beautiful colours of the Iris ; it was probably for that 
+reafon made the bird of Juno inftead of the Dove, which 
+was appropriated to Venus. The fame hiftqry was varioufly 
+depicted in different places ; and confequently as varioufly 
+interpreted. 
+
+This beautiful phenomenon in the heavens was by the 
+Egyptians ftyled Thamuz, and feems to have fignified the 
+•wonder. The Grecians expreffed it Thau mas : and from 
+hence were derived the terms B'oc.vfJLOL^co, &a.V[ACt<riog y &ciVfJLa.g'og. 
+This Thaumas they did not immediately appropriate to the 
+bow; but fuppofed them to be two perfonages, and Thau¬ 
+mas the parent. The Rainbow and Dove were certainly 
+depicted together in hieroglyphics. Hence, when Juno is 
+entering the 
+
+mitant, whom he ftyles ** Thaumantias, or the 15 daughter 
+of wonder. 
+
+
+heavenly abodes, Ovid makes Iris her conco- 
+
+
+Lasta redit Juno ; quam ccelum intrare parentem 
+Roratis luftravit aquis Hhaumantias Iris . 
+
+
+What the Grecians called Iris feems to have been exprefled 
+Eiras by the Egyptians ; and was a favourite name with that 
+
+
+people. 
+
+
+The two female attendants upon Cleopatra, who 
+
+
+14 Ovid. Metamorph. L. 4. v. 478. 
+
+15 In like manner Plefiod defcribes her* 
+
+©ctu^t'T os ^rvyct Trip) &:< ecc I pis. Theogon. v. 780. 
+
+Imbrifera. potitur Thaumantide Juno. Statius. Sylv. L. 3. c. 3. v. 81. 
+
+Both Thaumas and Thamas were the fame as Themis, who by Lycophron is re- 
+prefented as the daughter of the Sun. v. 129. Schol. 
+
+
+
+fupported 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 345 
+
+* 
+
+fupported her in her laft moments, were named 16 Eiras, and 
+
+% 
+
+Charmion; which I fhould interpret the Rainbow, and 
+Dove. The Greeks out of Eiras formed Eros, a God of 
+Love; whom they annexed to Venus, aprd made her foil. 
+And finding that the bow was his fymbol, inflead of the 
+Iris, they gave him a material bow, with the addition of a 
+quiver and arrows. Being furnifhed with thefe implements 
+of mifchief he was fuppofed to be the bane of the w r orld. 
+
+17 Egceg, fj,syot 'UTyiiacl, peyct zvyog clvQpw, roi<n. 
+
+This was different from his original charadter. He is ftyled 
+by Plato Msyag Ssog, a mighty God : and it is faid 18 Egwrct 
+
+fjieyig'm ouyoiQm rifjuv cunov bivou : ’That Eros was the caufe of 
+the greatefl blejfnigs to mankind. The bows of Apollo, and 
+of Diana, were, I believe, formed from the fame 19 original. 
+
+Mofes informs us, that the bow in the cloud was infti- 
+tuted as a token of a covenant, which God was pleafed to 
+make with man. 20 u4nd God faid, this is the token of the 
+covenant, which I make between 77ie and you , and every crea¬ 
+ture that is with you, for perpetual ge?ieratio?is. I do fet my 
+bow m the cloud—and I will re?nember my covenant, which is 
+between me, a?id you, and every livmg creature of allflefo : and 
+
+16 TLipcts ’/] KAsoxcrrpas x. r epevTpicc^ x.ctt 5 C ocpputov. Plutarch, in Antonio, p, 954. 
+Columba, Oivct f, a Syria difta eft Charmion, vel Charmiona. Bochart. Hierozoic. 
+Pars ada. L. 1, c. 1. 
+
+* 
+
+17 Apollon. L. 4. v. 446. 
+lS Plato. Vol. 3. Sympof. p. 178. 
+
+19 The original word was Cofet, which the Grecians tranflated t qZgu The Se¬ 
+venty uniformly ufe to^os for the bow in the heavens. 
+
+20 Genefis. c. 9. v. 12. 15. 
+
+Vol. II. Y y 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the waters fie all no more become a flood to deflroy all flejh . To 
+this covenant Hehod alludes, and calls it the great oath. 
+He fays, that this oath was Iris, or the bow in the heavens * 
+to which the Deity appealed, when any of the inferior divi¬ 
+nities were guilty of an untruth. On fuch an occalion Iris, 
+the great oath of the Gods, was appointed to fetch water 
+from the extremities of the ocean ; with which thofe were 
+tried, who had fallihed their word. 
+
+31 FLoLVgx. <5g, ©ATMANTOS S-vyccTqg, oojcea I ’gig 
+
+Ayyshirig 'gtooXsitou sir zvgect mron •S-aAacr<rfl£, 
+
+e O 7T7T0T £gis KCLL VSIKOg £V A&CLV &.T 01<T IV Q£Y\TCU., 
+
+K ai f og-ig '^svtirfrcu. oXvfJL7ria b'oop.&T s^ovtuv, 
+
+Xsvg be T£ IglV £TTSfJL^/S &SOOV fJLSyC/J ogxov SVBiKObk 
+
+Tl^AO^S^ £V y£gV(TeY\ 'Brgo'xpw 'UTOAVOOVVfJLOV vJ(Ug. 
+
+E£ *g£8 'UTQTOLfJLQlQ f>SBl <J/« VVKTCt, [JLSKOttVYIV 
+
+SlaeoLVoio Kegctg. 
+
+I am induced to think that Iris and Eros were originally 
+the fame term ; and related to the Divine Love exhibited in 
+the difplay of the bow, which it pleafed God to make a teffc 
+of his covenant with man. But a difference arofe in time : 
+and the former was appropriated to the phenomenon in the 
+heavens j and of the latter was formed a boyiffi Deity : by 
+which means it was made to vary from its original purport.. 
+The attendant upon Cleopatra was named Iras : and the fer- 
+vant, who was employed by Marcus Antonius to do him the 
+laft office, when he wanted to be difpa.tched, was Eros.. 
+
+Hefiod. Theog. v. 780. 
+
+Plutarch, in Antonio,. 
+
+
+
+Hence 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Anciektt Mythology. 34.7 
+
+Hence I am led to imagine that they were the fame name ; 
+only reprefented, after the mode of the country, mafculine 
+or feminine, according as they were applied. There was a 
+particular kind of chaplet, familiar among the Greeks ; and 
+compofed, sz 'TtYOLvrwv u.v§em, of every kind of flower. It 
+was called Eros : undoubtedly from having all the variety of 
+colours, which are confpicuous in the Iris. When there are 
+two terms or titles, which have a reference to the fame ob- 
+jed ; the Greeks generally form fome degree of relation be¬ 
+tween them. Thus, in the prefent inftance, Plutarch takes 
+notice that the Poets are very wild in their notions of the 
+God of Love : but there is one circumftance, in which he 
+thinks they are right, however they may have been led to 
+the difcovery : and this was in making Eros the fon of Iris 
+by Zephyr us the weftern wind. And he accordingly quotes 
+from fome ancient anonymous author a line or two to that 
+
+purpofe. * 3 O Xiyot $e eigriTou [astcl TTa^g ocvToig ('nroiqTctig) 
+
+sirs ZCLTOL VZV ZOU KoytCTpOV, SITS <TVV ©SO) TT\g Oih^BlOCg OL^a- 
+
+fizvoig’ m sv sg"i zca to T*regi Trig ysvetrswgjrs E gwTog)’ _ A sivo- 
+
+TOiTOV &SOJV ySIVCLTO SVTTStilXog I gig, ^VTOZOfJLO, 'Zspvgu fJU^SKTCC. 
+
+From thefe data I think we may infer that Eros and Iris 
+were the fame. After the defcent from the Ark, the firfl: 
+wonderful occurrence was the bow in the clouds, and the 
+covenant, of which it was made an emblem. To this pur¬ 
+pofe there feems to be a verfe of Parmenides, quoted from the 
+author above : 
+
+13 Plutarch. Amatorius. Vol. 2. p. 765. 
+
+Y y 2 
+
+
+n gMTl£QV 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+4 ^ 
+
+Tl^rig'ov [xsv E^wtcc ©scav puryiipro 'uroavrm : 
+
+At this feafon another sera 25 began : the earth was fuppofed 
+to be renewed; and time to return to a fecond infancy.. 
+They therefore formed an emblem of a child with the rain¬ 
+bow, to denote this renovation in the world ; and called him 
+Eros, or Divine Love. But however like a child he might, 
+be expreffed, the more early mythologies efteemed him the 
+molt ancient of the Gods. And 26 Lucian with great hu¬ 
+mour makes Jupiter very much puzzled to account for the: 
+appearance of this infant Deity. Why , thou urchin , fays the 
+
+father of the Gods, how came you with that little childijh face y 
+when I know you to be as old as Tapetus P Hence. He is called , 
+in the Orphic Argonautics 
+
+27 n^strSbraroy rs, kui uvroreXYi, 'gtoXv^tiv E^wtoew. 
+
+The Greek and Roman Poets reduced the character of this 
+Deity to that of a wanton, mifchievous pigmy : but He was 
+otherwife efteemed of old. He is in the quotation above' 
+ftyled b'sivoTotTog Ssoov : and by Phasdrus in Plato, 28 [JLsyocg 
+
+Ssog 6 Hgwg, kou 0ATMA2TO2 -—ev 'ur^scr^vrocroig toov ©sooi /2 
+Plato here. in. the term SctvpMg'og has an eye to the ancient 
+
+Plutarch. Amatouus. Vol. 2. p. 756. 
+
+A7rAcn-'gf$ xAcoGbct] 'utcTwtcottcl vji/jlcctcc ‘Moipcti. Nonnus; L. 41. p. 1070. v. 23/. 
+
+Eros by Hefiod is the firft, who is made to appear after the chaotic ftate of nature-.. 
+Theog\ v. 120. 
+
+ZD 
+
+* 
+
+z6 Lucian. Vol. 3. p. 121. 
+
+Orph. Argonaut, v. 422. 
+
+Platon. Sympof. Vol. 3. p. 178. 
+
+
+
+Amonian 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+349 
+
+
+Amonian name Thaumaz, and Thamuz. Plutarch in his 
+account of Eros has the fame allulion : 29 M cucagiov, cog aAtf- 
+
+fapg, sasivo-, kcu SuvfJLunov kolKov. At the beautiful appearance- 
+of the bow in the heavens, it pleafed God to make his pro- 
+mifes to man ; and to take off the curfe from the earth : 
+and to ordain, that there fhould be fome refpite from labour. 
+The very name of Noah was 30 reft. This Heliod feems to 
+allude to, when he defcribes Eros firft appearing : 
+
+ts 
+
+3-1 H<T E^os 1 , og mKhi<gog sv uQuvuroiri §eoi<?i y 
+
+A vrifJLshrig . 
+
+Love alfo was produced , the moft beautiful of the Gods : Love,, 
+the foother , and foftener , who unbends the wearied limbs . By* 
+fome he is made the fon of Cronus, who produced him* and' 
+at the fame time all the winds which blow. 
+
+32 A vTctg LgooToc Kfovog, aui 'urvsvfJLa.ru nruvr sreMoors.. 
+
+The anonymous Poet in Plutarch made him the fon of Ze- 
+phyrUs : others, the fon of Venus, or the Dove. Which va¬ 
+riety of notions arofe from the different manner of expreffing^ 
+and alfo of interpreting, the ancient hieroglyphics. Heliod 
+makes him pofterior to the earth : on- the other hand* Ari- 
+
+* 9 Amatorius. p. 76*5. 
+
+50 I-Iefychius. 
+
+11 Hefiod. Theogon.-v. 120. He calls the Deity Epo?, not E'pcos. c O /Xiovvaos 
+
+AXSEDX Bcp'iV CtlTlOSj SlQ Xctl AT'2.ET'2 C ©rSS* KCtl OzOB’Ji (p'nG'lVy 
+
+ZivaBiS ex tB 'zz'opcov ‘fpaLXBirctyvi xzu ccTreipovo ? oicfge. 
+
+Olympiodor. Comment. inPh^donerrv 
+'S.yrepy^ 'uLro\vfx,vnTov< i Auo-;e Orph.-Hymn. 49. v: 2. 
+
+51 Orph..Fragment. 22. According to Ph^edrus in Plato ? .Eros, Love, had nei¬ 
+ther father nor mother.. Sympof. p. 17$. 
+
+flophanes 
+
+
+
+35 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ • 
+
+m «r 
+
+ftophanes carries his birth as far back as Chaos. But it muft 
+be coniidered that the confufion, which prevailed at the De¬ 
+luge, is often reprefented as the chaotic ftate of nature. 
+For the earth was hid, and the heavens obfcured; and all 
+the elements in diforder. sit this, feafon , according to 33 Ari- 
+ffophanes, fable-wmged. Night produced, an egg \ from whence 
+fprouted, up like a l>loffom Eros> the lovely a?id defereable , with 
+his glojjy golden- wings. The egg is called war? thr*) usutQV', which 
+is interpreted Ovum abfque concubitu : but it likewife fig- 
+nifies 34 vztio$> rainy. This was certainly the eggof Typhon; 
+an emblem of the Ark, when the rain defcended : and it may, 
+I think, be proved from a like piece of mythology in Orpheus 
+concerning Protogonus, the ftrft man upon earth ; who was 
+certainly deffgned to reprefent the great Patriarch ; and is 
+fet off with the like hieroglyphical ornaments, as are to be 
+found above. 
+
+35 TJgunoyovov /caA boo, Jupvri, pezy&v cu@£g 07 rha.yicTriv, 
+
+SloyevY), ygv<rzou<nv CLyaJKhopLsvQV 'ar]£gv,ye<r(riv. 
+
+I invoke Protogonus, the firjl of ?nen : him y who was of a two - 
+
+■' 3 Xews Y.CCI VU&, E pz€c$ TS fJ-tActV WpteTOV, KCtl 'TcCgTCLPOS ZVpVS* 
+
+F/j bS 9 ctYigi Bpccvos W} E peStss S' e 7 r ccyrHpoicri X.0A7 roi?. 
+
+TIsCTSt '-UTCtoTLCpOV V7n)Veu~lOV Nl'S; H yjhcCVOTTTSgOS coov 5 
+
+£§ & wepiT£A?ioy.£vczis copoLts ct~ccvev E p&$ 0 'woQeivcSj 
+
+^TiAfwr i'ootov 'ET'repvyoiv ^pucrectiv. Ariftophan. in Avibus. v. 692. 
+rr TTrwByiov cutiyov, verov. Hefychius. The egg is alfo ftyled Clov 'Zstpuptov. 
+And God made a wind to pafs over the earthy and the waters ajjwaged . Genef. c. 8. v. 1. 
+Damafcius ftyles the egg to yajbjj,svov^ y~cu to kvov goov. MS. quoted by Bentley in 
+his celebrated Epiftle to Mills, p. 3. 
+
+35 Orphic. Hymn. 5. In all thefe fymbols the term Aitpuns continually occurs : 
+YlgtoToyovos J \(pv>i $ 9 A iovvg-qs cP/pwjs, KeupoScpvw, Epoos (FicpuyCloovvvs cTvpiws in Be- 
+rofus. All thefe relate to one perfon, and the fame hiftory. 
+
+7 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 351 
+
+fold fate , or nature : who wandered at large under the wide 
+heavens ; inclofed in an ovicular machine , (whence he was 
+termed ELoysvqs, Ovo genitus) who was alfo , hieroglyphically, 
+depiEled with golden wings. 
+
+Tevzcriv Mccmguv, &pyitoov t 0Lv6gw7tu>v. 
+
+"The fame was the father of the Nlacares (ftyled Heroes, A Ga- 
+vouvoi , 'HTuaJa;, the Demigods, and Daemons), the paretit alfo 
+of all mankind ; 
+
+V 
+
+4 
+
+Ocr<ruv 6s <ncoTO£<r<ra.v cL7tY){JLCLVgu<r£v opu'gfw' 
+
+who difpelled the mif and darknefs , with which every thmg had 
+been obfcured . The golden wings, which are given to thefe 
+perfonages, were undoubtedly taken from the tints of the Iris: 
+and thefe defcriptions are borrowed from ancient heiroglyphi- 
+cal pictures ; where the fame emblem was differently appro¬ 
+priated ; yet ftill related to the fame hiftorical event. Proto- 
+gonus is ftyled $t<pw)s ; and Eros has the fame epithet: 
+
+36 Egct.cr[juQV, EgwToCj 
+
+EVTTOiXctfjLOPj £l<pvr). 
+
+All fymbolieal reprefentations were, I fhould think, in their 
+very nature ambiguous ; and could never be uniformly and 
+precifely defined. Eros, who was the fir ft wonderful phe¬ 
+nomenon, feems fometimes to be fpoken of as Phanes, who 
+was alfo called Dionufus. 
+
+? 6 Orphic, Hymn. 57.. 
+
+E I'M 8 ftps 
+
+
+
+35 * 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient (Mythology. 
+
+
+- 37 E %a.V£q>$V£ 9 'soig usgxv xctXkifov t£e&xi, 
+
+■Ov .J >3 wv jcaXsiuri 4>a^ra rs %ou A mvrov, 
+•Ey^aAjga-T’-aj/aara, /sa; ANTATEHN a giSyiKov. 
+
+Ylgoorog r sg <pctog »)A0s, .Atoopvcrog cT sttsxA^. 
+
+Tie alfo has golden wings, according to Hermias from Plato: 
+
+
+.38 
+
+
+XflVtTSlCLtS 'Urrsgvyscnri pOgSVfJLSVOS 
+
+
+And he is in the Orphic Argonautics exprefly faid to be the 
+
+: but contrary to the notion of Ariftophanes, 
+
+
+fame 
+
+
+Eros 
+
+
+he .is here made the parent of night: 
+
+
+39 <5f (pVYj y 'UT£glU7r£CL 3 ZV$gOV E^WTCt, 
+
+Nuxtos a,si,yvY}Tir\s 'ura.Tsgx kXvtov, ov pa Oanrra 
+'OtAot^o; /iaAsycn figoTOi. 
+
+He is likewife called Phaethon, and YlgooToyovog ; 
+
+
+40 Upuroyovog Oas^wi/ 'urspi^^sog H sgog hog* 
+
+And however thefe little hiftories may have been confounded, 
+and differently applied ; yet it will appear plainly upon 
+comparing, that they have all the fame tendency : and that 
+they relate to the bow in the cloud, and to the circumftances 
+
+
+Macrob 
+
+
+MS 
+
+
+10 Orphic. Argonaut, v. 15. Plato fpeaks of Phanes as the fame as Eros from 
+
+Orpheus : you jj.ol S'ox.ei y~gli 0 FIAasT&jy euoojy 'zzrocp 9 Og(psi tou ccvtgv t&tois 
+
+ycca Eowto., you £.ccifs„ovct fjLtyctv olttoyccP^^.svgv. k. r. A. Proclus in Platon. Alcibiad. 
+
+
+e Bentley’s Letter to Mills, p. 3. 
+
+40 Orpheus apud Laclant. de Falf. Relig. L. 1. c. 5. 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 353 
+
+of the Deluge. This cloud the mythologies reprefented 
+as a cloak, or covering, out of which Phanes difplayed him- 
+
+felf: 41 y^iToovu,, *j T y\v NE<X>EAHN, oti sz rarcav szQgocv'KSl 6 
+
+Oa 2 /fl$. To him the fons of men looked up, as to an un¬ 
+expected and much longed for token : 
+
+41 ©ATMAZON xuQogwvTeg sv cuQegi <psyyog as?, 7 r 7 or, 
+
+Toiov anogri^si ffloc; ctQou>ctr010 Qfzvrfcog. 
+
+If we conlider thefe articles, as they are here circum- 
+ffcanced ; we ffiall find that they cannot relate to the Chaos, 
+though they are fometimes blended with it. They were 
+taken from emblems, under which the Deluge was repre- 
+fented, as well as the phenomena fubfequent to that event. 
+But they are difficult to be precifely appropriated; as not 
+only the phenomenon itfelf, but the Deity, by whom it was 
+inftituted, and the perfon, to whofe view it was principally 
+exhibited, are often referred to under the fame fymbol. Thus 
+the author of the Orphic poetry fpeaks of Phanes as Eros, 
+.alfo as IlgcdToyovog, Atyvrig, and 43 A lovvcrog rug. He meffif 
+tions likewife in the fame defcription 
+
+Eu£8?0J& T AvctZTd 3 mi ANTATrHN ** *§1 foXov' 
+
+
+4* 
+
+
+41 Damafcius He pi vjpooroov a^sor, MS. p. 156. See Bentley's Epiftle to Mill. 
+And it Jhall come to pafs , when I bring a cloud over the earthy that the bow Jhall be feen 
+in the cloud . Gen. c. 9. v. 14. 
+
+Hermias in Platonis Pha^drum, MS. quoted by Gefner in Orph. p. 406. and 
+by Bentley in his epiftle to Mill. 
+
+4} Dionufus under the name of Tgieryigr*o$ ftyled Eros. 
+
+Kb££ &lfJLGCTCAg' y 
+
+OugeaupoiTct Ep<y?. Orph. Hymn. 51. His fecond mother was the Ark, ftyled 
+j&ccjuiccTWg and MnTYip ©gcor. 
+
+44 Macrobii Saturnal. L. 1. c. 18. 
+
+VoL. II. 
+
+
+Z z 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+
+
+354 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+which fignifies the merciful Lord or King y and the refplendent 
+oppofed light ; that is, the refledted colours of the Iris, which 
+arife from their oppofition to the Sun. Great obfcurity has 
+been brought upon this part of ancient mythology, from the 
+names of thefe fymbols not being precifely adapted, nor uni¬ 
+formly preferred : for they varied in different parts ; and buf¬ 
+fered great alterations from time. The name alfo of each 
+
+hieroglyphic was given to the chief perfonage y as the author 
+
+* 
+
+of this poetry acknowledges : 
+
+4S AAA crgtizig cT ovof zv'/s 'GTgoa'oovvpLioLg 'Grgog izctg'ov 
+HarrotlWas /cara koli^ov oLpLzi&opLevoio ovoio . 
+
+Hence among other titles he was ftyled Maneros, which fig— 
+nified Lunus Cupido. Under this character the Egyptians 
+reverenced a perfon, who feems to have been the fame as 
+Tliamas or Thamuz : and his rites were attended with the 
+like lamentations and dirges. They 46 efteemed him a dif- 
+$iple of the Mufes, a great hufbandman, and the inventer of 
+the plough. 
+
+45 Macrobii Saturnal. L. x. c. 18. ex Orpheo de Phanete. 
+
+46 See Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris : and Julius Pollux. M ccvegcos yecogyixs Ivpens, xou 
+
+Mtfcwi' L. 4. c. 7. 
+
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+BARIS 
+
+
+
+( 355 ) 
+
+
+
+
+
+BARIS or BARIT, 
+
+The B A R I T H, m2, of the S S : 
+
+# 
+
+BE ROE of Nonnus, L. xli. 
+
+
+A CCORDING to the Grecian manner of expreflion, 
+
+the facred fliip of Egypt was ftyled Baris, which was 
+another name for the Ark or Thebah. I have taken notice, 
+that from the inflexions, which the word is made to undergo 
+in the Greek language, we may be afliired that it was origi¬ 
+nally rendered Barit. For the nominatives have in number- 
+lefs inftances buffered a change in termination : and we muft 
+neceflarily apply to the oblique cafes, in order to inveftigate 
+the radix. The terms fiagidos, fiotgidt, |3a£ ifret ,- &c. can only 
+
+be deduced from Bwhich the people of the eafl: pro¬ 
+nounced Barit, Barith, and Berith. It was the name of the 
+Ark, but flgnified properly a co , ve?ta?it. It was alfo a name, 
+by which Mount Ararat was fometimes diflzinguifhed ; as 
+well as the temple of the Ark, upon'that 1 eminence : and it 
+related to the co r oe? 2 a? 2 p made by God to man. 
+
+
+1 Tw E at pi fes veco ?. Strabo, L. 11. p. 803. 
+
+Z z 2 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+356 
+
+Wc read in very early times of a Deity, Baal 1 Berith in 
+Canaan ; who was worfhiped by the men of Shechem, and 
+of no fmall repute. This, I fhould think, was no other than 
+the Arkite God ; with whofe idolatry the Ifraelites in gene¬ 
+ral were infedled, foon after they were fettled in the land- 
+The place is ftyled Beth Baal Berith, the 3 temple of the God 
+Be?'ith : where there appear to have been large offerings 
+made, from the riches depofited within.. Near Srdon was an. 
+ancient city, Berith or Barith, of the like purport; and fT* 
+cred to the fame Deity. It was by the Greeks called Bery- 
+tus ; and fometimes by the poets Beroe ; being, as was fup- 
+pofed, fo denominated from a nymph of the ocean, who was 
+the nurfe of Semele. Others make her a miftrefs of Dionu- 
+
+fus. I have taken notice of Venus Architis in Mouijt Liba- 
+
+# 
+
+nus ; and the many memorials of the Deluge in thefe parts ^ 
+and of the worfhip in conlequence of them at Afcalon, Gaza,. 
+Sidon, Hierapolis, See. The fame rites undoubtedly pre¬ 
+vailed in this place; which was ftyled Barith, from being the 
+city of the Ark. Nonnus fuppofes the ancient and. true 
+name of this city to have been Beroe; and that, it was 
+
+And it co 7 ne to pafs as foon .. as Gideon was dead * that the Boildren of Iff a el turned - 
+a fairly and went a whoring after Baalim, and. made Baal Berith their-God. Judges 
+c. S. v. 33. 
+
+3 And (the men of Shechem) ^w (Abimelech) threefcore and ten pieces of fdver 
+cut of Beth Baal Berith. Judges, c. 9. v. 4. 
+
+And when all the men of the tower of Shechem heard that,, (how the. lower city was., 
+taken) they entered into an hold of the honfe (Beth) of the God Berith — and all the people 
+like wife cut down e-veiy man his bough, and followed Abimelech, and put them to the hold, 
+end fet the hold on fire upon them : fo that all the men of the tower of Schechem died alfo, 
+about a theufand men and women. Judges, c. 9. v. 46.— 49. 
+
+The tower cf Berith. It was the fame as Beeroth near Hai, mentioned Jofhua*. 
+c. 9. v. 17. a city of the Gibeonites. 
+
+changed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 357 
+
+changed to Berytus by the Romans. But this is a great 
+miftake : for the ancient name was Barit or Berit: and it was 
+called Berytus by the Greeks, before the Romans were ac¬ 
+quainted with that part of the world. Under the character 
+however of Beroe, which is by him fuppoled to be the lame 
+as Barit, he manifeftly alludes to the Ark and Deluge, and 
+to the covenant afterwards made with man. He fpeaks of 
+Beroe as coeval with the world : for all hiftory, and time 
+itfelf according to the + Grecians commenced from the tera 
+of the Ark. 
+
+5 H^ooTo<poLvrig Bs^otj 'uysXs ovywovog nKua Ko(T|U.w-, 
+
+Nyppios o\]/j yovoio (pegoovvfJLog, qv fjLSTcx.vcig-ou 
+
+'T ises Avcroviojv wraTtfioi-Qelyeot, *Pu[Jut}s- 
+Jtyvrav xoChs&tn. 
+
+He fpeaks of her as a nymph, who had the whole ocean for 
+her pofleffion ; the feat of juftice, from whence all laws were 
+derived : 
+
+6 n qvtov zyeig sfiov iSvov arsgfjnom, psi^ovot yxtrig. 
+
+—VKposnag OXv[/, 7 n$ 
+
+*H^ (TKWTgOV KgOLTQS SCT^S SttActCTcnK. 
+
+7 B sgor) Je %agi£ercu rivtx &e<r[jLwv. 
+
+* They ftyled it the sera o£ Inachus. Tlaacc •nrccp C EAA van SrotvfAai^ofJLevvi vcrpct^is 
+ctiro tcov IvctysB yspovcdv* E.uieb, Chron. p. 24. 1 . 55. 
+
+Oanes appeared tv nrcp tju^tco sviclvtco . Alexand. Polyhift. apud Eufeb. Chron, 
+
+p. 6. for time commenced from his appearance. 
+
+TwsEAAttt'ixws tx-PX^ Ano 1 NAXOT APFEIOT r the meaning of which. 
+
+is from Noah the Arkite. Ocell. Lucanus. L. i. c. 3. 
+
+5 Nonni Dionyf. L. 41. p. 1074. v. 3. 
+
+* Nonni Dionyf. L. 42. p. 1106. 
+
+7 Nonni Dionyf L. 41. p. 1074. v. 30. 
+
+He 
+
+
+
+358 Ti-ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+C* 
+
+
+perfonage in terms, which are 
+only applicable to the Ark, and cannot pofiibly be referred 
+to any other fubjed:. 
+
+
+He afterwards fpeaks of this 
+
+JL *-• 
+
+
+s 'Pi£ct (3 18 , B&gQYj, moAirn Tgo<pog, Bvyyg ctvcucTCtiV, 
+ngUTQQXPQSf OClOOJ/Og QfJL0(T7r0g£, GVvOgOVE fCQTfJLlS, 
+
+'E §ga.vov 'Eg^siad, S'ucrjg 'ursfrov, ccg-v S-Sjuif&v — 
+OgXPfisifos %oigiTo)v, AiKoiVYiiSog ccg’gcv otg&grig, 
+
+icro£TY)gog, o[j,Q$go[jLog Q.keqlvoiq, 
+
+'Og B ££QY]V £<pVT£V<T£V £tt Tjy oAVlt 1$CUU 
+
+r Tt)@vog lk^lolAboktlv opiAricrag vpsvouoig, 
+
+*Hj weg AfjLVfjLWw £7r£q>Y)fjLicroLV, bvt£ s (jlyitm 
+'Y$ gY}Ay)g <piAoTr)Tog V7ro£gv%ip tbzbv evvYj. 
+
+
+
+I have before obferved, that one fymbol, under which the 
+ancient mythologifts reprefented the Ark, was an egg, called 
+Ovum Typhonis. Over this fometimes & Dove was fup- 
+pofed to have brooded, and to have produced a new creation. 
+It was alfo reprefented by a figure of the new 9 moon, and 
+
+9 
+
+hence called Meen, Menes, Manes, A fflouog and A^- 
+
+Kcaog. In the temple of the Diofcouri in Laconia there 
+was fufpended a large hieroglyphical 10 Egg. This egg was 
+fometimes attributed to Leda, and fometimes to Nemefis 
+the Deity of juftice. 11 'P ctfJLVgg, fapog ATTifcqg, bvQ-x tyj Ns- 
+
+ftstrsi 
+
+
+8 Nonni Dionyf. L. 41. p. 1060. v. 13. 
+
+9 See the plate with the reprefentation of Deus Lunus Ovatus Carrhenorum. 
+
+J ° Paufanias. L. 3. p. 247. 
+
+** Schol. in Callimach. Hymn, ad Dianam. v. 232. Ram Nous is 6 y.eytx.s Noos 
+or Noas, from whom the diftridt was named. The reft of the fable is eafily de- 
+
+cyphered. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+359 
+
+
+fjLScrsi o Z svg <rvvsx.a.Qev$'Y)<rev, ii rig stsksv £lov* This egg the 
+
+poets fuppofed to have been hatched by Leda; whence the 
+A lOtrK&goiy Diofcouri, were produced. At other times a fer- 
+pent was defcribed round it ; either as an emblem of that 
+Providence, by which mankind was preferved ; or elfe to fig- 
+nify a renewal of life from a flate of death ; which circum- 
+flance was denoted by a ferpent: for that animal, by annually 
+calling its 12 ikin > was fuppofed to renew its life, and to be¬ 
+come pofitis novus exuviis, vegete and frefh after a flate of 
+inactivity. By the burfting of this egg was denoted the 
+opening of the Ark ; and the difcloling to light whatever 
+was within contained. Nonnus has fomething limilar to this. 
+The ark, fraught with the whole of animal life, and tolled 
+about by an unruly flood, is defcribed under the character of 
+Beroe in labour : to whofe delivery Hermes the chief Deity 
+
+adminillered. 
+
+13 E is B sgorig wJW [Aoyos'OKog qXvQsv r 'E gfJLYif. 
+
+At the fame time the whole earth is faid to have been wafhed 
+
+♦ _ 
+
+9 • * 
+
+* # 
+
+cyphered. T oTurSapeiov ( coov ) 04 •utomtcu Aey&crw BpocvoTreres avctcpuvau, Plut. Svm- 
+pof. L. 2. 3. p. 637. 
+
+npooToyorop xcc/\eco cTi<piw$ f/jeyuv y cti$epo7r/\ccyTyu>- 
+
+Cloyt rs)— 
+
+—yeveo-iv MctJtapr, Srvyn'tov t ap0p&>7rcor- Orphic. Hymn. 5* * 
+
+The Baris was reprefented by an egg: and the oyou£ w £ n fJLis pyy f+cc t<z v . thofe egg-like 
+buildings in the Grecian Hippodromes, were called Barides by Vitruvius. 
+
+xa K oajxov jSyA ouevoi (ci AiyvTrnoi) ypcc^cci^ Oapw ^ypoccpdct — ex.ccq-'op <Pe tvi- 
+a.v'iov to yv\{>cL 5 cc(pei$ ctTroS'uSTca . Horapollo. L. c. 2. p. 4. The chief Ark-ite per- 
+fonage was, from the Ark, denominated Apca/a?, Areas, Argas, Argus : and he 
+was for the reafons given defcribed as a ferpent. Hence we read of Apycc^ Otpt^ 
+in Hefychius, which is remarkable. 
+
+** Nonnus. L. 41. p. 1060. v. 31. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+
+3 6 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+with the falutary waters of the ocean : which was an intro- 
+du<ftion to equity and juftice. 
+
+Tp $s XoysvofJLSvri 'UTgMTx.yys7-.og gktbti ^stixmv 
+Q xeavog 'uroga ysvfjix Ksyunov i%vi K o<T{xn } 
+
+Asvxm TahcLfJLom yswv (jliT£8[jlsvqv 
+
+He next mentions the approach of an ancient and refpedtable 
+perfon, called /Eon. He was a prophet; and had now, like 
+the ferpent, renewed his youth, and been wafhed in the 
+waters of juftice. On this account he took off the veil of 
+equity, the bandage, and covering, under which Beroe had 
+been before her delivery confined. 
+
+* 4 Xe^<77 Je yyigxXiynv as ctgTirox .3 p££oa xsgqg 
+
+Xw xgy xv x , 'ursnXx fotCYig, avstcs^iTs <TWTgo<pog A iwv y 
+M cLVTtg B7r£<r<rofJLevwv f on yvgxog xyQog a^sifeW, 
+
+*£lg o<pig xfyxvsoov <pohi$oov (T7ireigrifxx nvx^xg, 
+
+EMIIAAIN 'HBH2EIE, A ah^avog oifytoun Sstr^oov. 
+
+Her labour now being paft, 
+
+./Eon came near, the fage of ancient days : 
+
+./Eon, a prophet fam’d 5 who gently reach’d 
+His aged hand to Beroe, and withdrew 
+The veil of juftice, which obfcur’d her brow; 
+
+
+Nonnus. L. 41. p. 1062. v. 15. 
+
+Deucalion, the firft of men, was ftyled Protogonus ; and he had alfo from the 
+fymbol of the ferpent the name of Opus, Serpens. The city Opus in Locris was 
+certainly named in memory of him: and it was en that account further denominated 
+in the feminine, Tlpcaroyoveicti ccq^v. Pindar. Olymp. Od. 9. p. 87. and 89. The 
+people alfo were faid to have been defcendants of Deucalion. See Scholia ibid. 
+
+Then 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 361 
+
+Then loofen’d all her bands. iEon had feen 
+Age after age in long fucceflion roll : 
+
+But like a ferpent, which has call: his (kin, 
+
+Rofe to new life in youthful vigour ftrong. 
+
+Such the reward, which Themis gave the man, 
+Wafh’d in her healing waters. 
+
+
+This is a very remarkable allufion, in which the Patriarch 
+is plainly figured under the type of time growing young 
+again : and where every circumftance is fignificant. To 
+this renovation of the world the Orphic verles allude, when 
+it is faid of Rhea, 
+
+15 'Hde nroChiv Touctv rs, mi Ovgcmv svgvv snarev. 
+
+
+
+Upon Beroe, whom Nonnus ftyles both Paphie, and Ky- 
+
+sioc , being delivered, there was an immediate joy through 
+the creation. Every animal teftified its gladnefs. The lion 
+ramped: the pard fported : the neighing of the horfe was 
+heard : none of them betrayed any ferity ; but gamboled, and 
+played with the greateft innocence, and affection. 
+
+
+76 K cu Uol<pw cafovct rsKetrcriyovoio fJLudovrsg 
+©rigsg stoutysvovro' Asojv is rig digov ccQvgwv 
+XeiAsi' r%i w pocy^iYiv v<r7rctgsro Txvgz, 
+
+Axgorsgoig g-ofJLarsm $ 1 X 01 pivKYiOpov iolKKw. 
+
+K cu rgoyaAoug fictgvin7rQV s7Tippn<r<rMv 'ursiov owhoug. 
+
+
+15 Orphic. Fragment, p. 403. 
+
+16 Nonnus. L. 41. p. 1062. 
+
+Vo L. 11. 
+
+
+A a a 
+
+
+'iwrog 
+
+
+
+362 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 
+
+
+'Ittsto^ oLveHgoToikiiS) yei/s&Fiov nyov &%0L<r<rw. 
+
+Kca 'nro&og v-^/i7rogoio &ogoov £7 r&YjTogt / utolK^uc 
+
+Uoi^oChiq auoXov&Tog eTscrxigTYiG's Aay&ow* 
+
+Slpvyrig S’ oKoT^vy^ux %£oov <pi\07rotiyf/.ov 1 Xaipu), 
+
+A^wt oig yevv£cr<ri 7\mog 'urgo<T7CTv%cLTo 'uroifjLvriV-. 
+
+Kai Tig svi ^vXoyyi<n hiTroov X£{jLccSo.<r(rQov ctygw- 
+
+AA Kov eyjjov yXvxvv oifgov dptfAriTYigi. yogsir). 
+
+O m we, sgiSouve XVOOU (2>y)TCtg{A.0Vl xcctt^m. 
+
+Kou 'uroS'ag og@oo(r.ct<ra, / urs^i7r?\£^si<rc(, Sk 
+
+A gxrog a<h)Aiyr6d frctfjiot Kqv yjy. xclv xr cur 0 Ss ay/, w. 
+
+Uvxvct, Ss Kv.gTooGra.<ra. cpiKe^iov oLvrvya, xog<Tt)g: 
+
+II ogng 0 LV£<rKigTri<r£ SsfjLug ?\iyjuLw<TOL 7\souvoLg y 
+
+'HprgAg? (jLVKYjfjLa, vmv 'UT£[Lmz<rcL yevsioov. 
+
+Kaf cpiKeav gAspam ^clkoov e^ccvsv oSoncai/. 
+
+Ka 1 S°vsg spdsy^ccvTo: yccKrimiw S's. 'Grgo<roo7rcf: 
+
+H$aJk 'UTs^ve ysAoorct, (piTKO^^eiS^g AtpgoS'iTY), 
+
+T S£7rOfJLSVY) 6gCLW<TCL AS^OOi# 'GTCliyVIOL ■ §Y)gWV. 
+
+• • 
+
+The Ark was certainly looked upon as the womb of nature;; 
+and the defcent from it as the birth of the world.. Noah, 
+and all of the animal creation with him, had been for a long 
+time inclofed in a {late of obfcurity. On this account the 
+Genius of the Ark, under the character of Rhea and Cybele, 
+is by Lucretius ftyled 17 Magna Deum mater, materque Fe- 
+rarum. The opening the door of their prilon houfe, and 
+their enlargement was efteemed a fecond iffuing to life. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3^3 
+
+Hence, when the ancients formed a genius or dsemon from 
+every circumftance in mythology, they fuppofed the genius 
+of the Ark to prefide over the birth, under the name of Lu- 
+cina, Diana, Juno, and of a Goddefs particularly fly led 
+IIPO 0 TPAIA, or the Goddefs of the door. 
+
+lS K XvQl jLtOl, 00 'UToXV(TS(JLVB Sect., 'GroXVUVV[JL£ a OUfJLOV, 
+
+Q.ttvXoysicL 'sra.ga<Tcc vscug Svqruov IlgoQvgoutt., 
+
+SVOLVTYjTSy (piXQTgOpe 'UTCLG'l 'VT £0<Ti]VY\g, 
+
+E iXeiQvia. Xv^croc 'urovsg tisivcaig sv avocyzcag. 
+
+Mawiv yag crs KCLXzri, Xey(oi, tyvyyg clvol%olv{jlx' 
+
+Ey yag <rot tqkstw Xvu’iWifJLOvee stern/ avicti, 
+
+AfrsfJLig EiXsiOvicc, koli >5 <tb^vy\ YlgoQvgouct. 
+
+The delivery of Beroe was manifeftly the opening of the Ark : 
+and nothing can reprefent more happily, than the defcription 
+does above, the rout of animals firft burfting from their 
+place of confinement, and fhewing every fign of gladnefs 
+upon their enlargement. Their gamboling and joy is un¬ 
+doubtedly a juft reprefentation ; and their forbearance and 
+gentlenefs founded in truth. For there muft have been an 
+interval, ere they returned to their natural ferity : fome 
+fpace for the divine influence ftill to reftrain them ; by which 
+they had been hitherto withheld : otherwife, if they had 
+been rendered immediately favage, whole fpecies of animals 
+would have been deftroyed. Though Nonnus is a rambling 
+writer, and unacquainted with method, or fcheme ; yet he 
+is fometimes happy in his reprefentations : and this defcrip- 
+
+18 Orphic. Hymn. i. 
+
+A a a 2 
+
+
+tion 
+
+
+
+364 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+tion is undoubtedly good. He mentions that there was a> 
+twofold Beroe ; one, 'argoTaxpaunns Bsgat) — trvy^ovog, 
+
+coeval with the -world: this gave name to the other, a nymph 
+in aftertimes, o^tiyovoio psgtoWfJLog. tie fpeaks of 
+
+them iometimes as two places : the one the work of Cro- 
+nus, YjV YL^ovog a.VTog s$sip,z ; formed before the clouds were ga¬ 
+thered in the heavens \ before the thunder rumbled ; or the foundl 
+of ram was heard: before the firfl cities upon earth were .- 
+founded. 
+
+19 OyJs ( 7UVB^yppu&vm vbqboov pLVZYiTogi pojjdoia 
+
+B govTctir) fioigv$i£7rog e€o[jdossv oydagiog ' 1 
+
+AAA cc uroXig Bsgoti 'ErgoTsgq 'srsAev, r t v dpooi yvut\ 
+
+XlgUOTOQOLVYig BVOrpBV bpLY]hULCL C"VfJL(pVTOg CtlOOV. 
+
+OrriOTE TAP202 EHN TEPtIMBPOTOS, 
+
+OTITOTE ©HBH, 
+
+t 
+
+O vkots Tig 'utohig yev A^xiiag, aJk xou clvty). 
+
+Agmoiri TST^oTsXY\vog. 
+
+In this 20 defcription we may, I think, plainly fee the hif- 
+tory of the prototype ; which was not a city, but the ori¬ 
+ginal 21 Beroe or Berith, from whence the other Beroe, ftyled 
+alfo Berytus, was named. The whole of the forty-firft book 
+in Nonnus is taken up with this fubjedl; wherein., under 
+
+* 9 Nonni Dionyf. L. 41. p. 1056. 
+
+*° The hiftory of the Ark, and of the city denominated from it, are by this poet 
+continually confounded : yet the original hiftory is plain. 
+
+2,1 Berith, from whence have been formed Beroe and Berytus, fignifies a cove¬ 
+nant } and relates to the great covenant, which the Deity was pleafed to. make with, 
+man j of which the bow in the cloud was a memorial. 
+
+7 the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 365 
+
+the reprefentation of Bacchus coming into the country about 
+Libanus, and planting the vine, and introducing agricul¬ 
+ture, he gives a true hiftory of the Tons of Chus, who really 
+came into thefe parts, and performed thefe things. They 
+brought with them the traditions, of which I have been 
+fpeaking. They founded the temple of Venus Architis 5 
+and built the city, which Nonnus ftyles Beroe, and Berytus, 
+in memory of “ Berith, the Ark, and the covenant. But 
+the poet fometimes mifapplies the hiftory, and gives to the 
+city what belonged more truly to the original, whence it 
+was named. The ark we know was the ultimate, from 
+whence all things were to be deduced. All religion, law, 
+and juftice, were from thence derived : particularly the feven 
+Noachic precepts, which were fuppofed for fome ages to 
+have obtained univerfally. To. this memorable hiftory Non- 
+nus more than once alludes : but attributes the whole to the 
+city Berytus ; from whence he makes juftice to be difpenfed 
+over the face of the earth. 
+
+
+
+B qgvTog- fiioToio yaXr i vciioio-' r Tw*iyq 
+
+Voliolv kou 'UTqvtqv, oucoc{j.7rei TBiyzi Sscry.ocu* 
+
+A £BU, 'GTVgy'CjXTOLG'CL fJUOL 'UTTQXig a S’£01 KOCTfJLX. 
+
+This could not be true of Berytus, as a city : for it never 
+had that extenljve influence. It was not of more power, or 
+eminence, than Byblus ; and far inferior to Sidon, and to 
+other cities in its neighbourhood. I cannot help thinking 
+
+xx K ou E epoys f^erecuvev oc^v ^ccpcc^ocu Nonnus. L. 41. p. 106S. 
+
+2,3 Nonnus. L. 41. p. 1076. 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+366 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+that Nonnus has confounded two cities, and two emblems, 
+in thefe defcriptions. He through the whole fpeaks of Be¬ 
+roe and Berytus, as the fame : and thinks, that the names 
+are of the fame purport. But I do not believe, that Berytus 
+and Beroe were the fame. I take the latter to have been 
+the city in Syria called Bercea, at no great diflance from the 
+former. Both places were denominated from circumftances 
+relating to the Ark ; and indeed from the fame obje<5t under 
+different types. Berytus was named from Berith, the cove¬ 
+nant ; from whence Baal Berith had this title. But Beroe 
+was fo called from the Ark being efteemed a bier, or tomb, 
+13ctgi$ Kca <rogo$-0<rigi$og. Moll of the fhrines in Egypt were 
+looked upon in the fame light. In another place Nonnus 
+feems to attribute thefe things more truly to the original 
+Berith, which he reprefents as a nymph : and fays, that at 
+her delivery the four winds wafted law and juftice through 
+all the habitable parts of the earth. 
+
+
+5.4. 
+
+
+syvr?\oQ<ra.yTo Kagw 
+
+
+Ts<r<rci§ss ctfsoi 'utuvtol $u7nrevonsg ourftcti^ 
+
+E;: B sgoqg .ha. yctioiv 6Xt,v 'UTXr i <T^<n SspuftoV 
+
+
+He had above flyled Berytus, (2iqtoio Tt0i)vy), the nurfe or pa- 
+
+re?tt of life : and of life, ycLXr,VY)Oio, attended with a cah?i ; 
+when peace and comfort took place. And he mentioned 
+that from the fame quarter proceeded univerfal law, and 
+equity. Thefe things could not relate to the city Berytus ; 
+but to the prototype the Ark, ffyled Berith, they are per- 
+
+
+24 Li. 41 . p. IC 62 . 
+
+fedtly 
+
+
+
+The Analysis ot Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+367 
+
+
+fedtly applicable: for from thence thefe happy circumftances 
+did proceed. He feems before, when he defcribed the la¬ 
+bour of Beroe, to have alluded to the earth beino; in a date 
+
+' ZD 
+
+of impurity, whofe foulnefs nothing lefs than the ocean could 
+purge away. 
+
+
+^5 
+
+
+Ti] <5s Koyevo[jLSVYi 
+SlasoLVog 'Grogs yzKzytmov IHTI KOSMOT. 
+
+There is in the fame poet another remarkable allufion to the 
+Mofaic accounts of the Deluge. At the time of this calamity 
+
+
+the earth was 
+the e 
+
+
+manner reduced 
+
+
+chaotic Bate 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+elements being in confufion. The Ark providentially 
+weathered the ftorm ; and got rid of the gloom^vi^th which 
+it had been a long time opprefied. At laft the Dove was 
+fent out, which returned to the window of the Ark, and was 
+through that opening taken in. Ail this we find mentioned 
+in the hiftory of Beroe. 
+
+
+
+
+6 n^Tn zvctveris OC7TS<TSiO'OCTO X.0CV0V 
+
+KAI'XAEOS ZOO>OE2SAN AIIE£TT<i>E AIaE 
+KAATHTPHN. 
+
+7 'UgCfjTy) JLvt^iv zdzwxo cpi?\o%zivcp nrvXsom- 
+E$ ciXog. 
+
+Loft in the gloom of night fad Beroe lay : 
+
+
+But foon flicok off her dark Chaotic veil. 
+
+She firfft unbarr’d 
+
+
+And rofe again to lig 
+
+
+25 
+
+
+z .5 
+
+
+- / 
+
+
+L. 41. p. 1062. 
+
+D. 41. p. 1056. 
+
+15 y K vTT-y.s is meant Venus, Qr/cc the fame as the Dove 
+
+9 
+
+
+Her 
+
+
+
+368 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Her friendly window to the aufpicious Dove 
+Returning from the fea. 
+
+Nonnus was a native of Panopolis in Egypt; and the Dio- 
+nufiiaca of this poet are a rhapfody compiled from hierogly- 
+phical defcriptions : alfo from tranflations of ancient hymns 
+of that country. The fubftance of thefe he has taken and 
+dreffed up in the Grecian tafte; but without any fyftem, 
+or method. Some of the original Egyptian expreflions are 
+to be obferved in the courfe of his reprefentations. The 
+purport of thefe he did not precifely know; yet he has faith¬ 
+fully retained them ; and they fometimes contain matter of 
+aS moment. 
+
+There are fome other verfes of this poet, of which I muft 
+
+% 
+
+here make mention, as they contain an addrefs to Venus 
+Cuthereia, who rofe from the fea : and have many allulions 
+to the Noachic Dove, to the new birth of the world, and the 
+renovation of time and feafons. 
+
+? 9 'P igaL KvOsgeicx., pvTo(T7rogs, (jlcucl yevsQxng, 
+
+EAIIIS OAOT KOSMOIO, tsjqs V7to vsv{jlgcti fishrig 
+AtA QLvesg KAa®QT2I nOATTPOnA NHMATA 
+
+MOIPAI * 
+
+HigofjLSVY) §£<j‘7Ti££, mi ocg fiioroio TiQr±vr\, 
+
+'£lg Tgo<pog AQclvoltw, oog c rvyygovog YihiKi ttoarfJLw, 
+
+E 17T£, TlVl 'UTTO?\£M ktX. 
+
+Such are jcAurpv %a,eo$, 'zsreTrAa (3iq 7V rpo 7 ri$*, wtot S'erptW} >cocrfcH ? 
+
+K a / 3 iB 5 A£Ab//.£;'os oi$/j.a<Ti Srsc/Jocy. 
+
+* 9 JL. 41. p. 1070. 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+369 
+
+We find, that the thread of life had been interrupted ; but 
+from the appearance of Venus, the Dove, it was renewed by 
+the Fates, and carried on as before. They are the words of 
+Harmonia to Venus, wherein among other things fhe is in¬ 
+quiring, in what place equity refided ; and whether Beroe 
+
+was not the feat of juftice. 
+
+« • 
+
+Root of all life, great vegetative Pow’r, 
+
+The world’s late confolation, by thy hand 
+
+All things were brought to light ; and at thy word 
+
+The Fates renew’d their long negledled toil. 1 
+
+Oh ! tell me, for thou know’ft: thy foftering care 
+
+Saved the great founders of the human race 
+
+Amid the wreck of nature : Power fupreme. 
+
+Say, in what favourite Ipot, what happy clime. 
+
+Has Juftice fix’d her feat ? To thee I fue, 
+
+To thee, coeval with the mundane frame. 
+
+The ancients were in general materialifts, and thought the 
+world eternal. But the mundane fyftem, or at leaft the hiftory 
+of the world, they fuppofed to commence from the Deluge. 
+This, as I have before obferved, was their ultimate : and the 
+firft idolatry next to Zabaifm feems to have been founded 
+upon traditions of this event. It confifted in the worfbip of 
+the Arkite Deity under the fymbol of a Dove, called Cupris, 
+lonah, Oinas, Venus. Of this Epicharmus very truly takes 
+
+notice in fpeaking of the worfhip in the firft ages. 
+
+% 
+
+3 ° Oyd's rig ty ksivoktiv Agqg Ssog, ovS's %v$oifji.og } 
+
+
+30 Athenssus. L. 12. p. 510. 
+
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+B b b 
+
+
+
+370 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Qvh Xtvg ficc<riKevg, ovh YL^ovog, ov$e IlotrstJW, 
+
+AAAct K vrigig fiotriAeia. ktK. 
+
+People knew not yet 
+The God of armies, nor the din of war. 
+
+Jove, and his fire, and he who rules the main* 
+
+Did not exift : no Deity was own’d. 
+
+Save Cupris, Queen of Heaven. 
+
+The perfons however, who were ftyled Baalim* had a great 
+regard paid to their memory, which at laft degenerated inta 
+a moll idolatrous veneration. 
+
+
+VARIOUS 
+
+
+
+( 
+
+
+37 1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Y P E S. 
+
+
+
+PHOS, HIPPOS, and the facred Conteft. 
+
+
+A S all this great occurrences of old were reprefented by 
+
+hieroglyphics ; and as thefe were at times varioufly 
+exhibited ; we may in confequence of it perceive many dif¬ 
+ferent emblems, which manifeftly relate to the fame hiftory. 
+The Ark in particular was defcribed under various fymbols : 
+and there is a fragment of the Orphic poetry, quoted by Na¬ 
+talis Comes, where it is fpoken of as an hive, and called 
+Seira, or the hive of F'enus* 
+
+1 'Tj u,v£OfjLev Xzignv 'uroXvwvvfjiov Atpgoyeveiqg, 
+
+~Koli 'urriyw /iLsyalKw j3atn?vj^oj/, r\g ciko 'srocnsg 
+A Qa.voLT.ot, 'arTsgosvTeg, 0LVB&h0L$ry olv E gwrsg. 
+
+Let us celebrate the hive of Venus , who rofe from the fea : that 
+hive of many names; the mighty fount am ^ frojji whence all 
+
+9 
+
+, * E. 6. p. 313. 
+
+B b b 2 
+
+
+lings 
+
+
+
+37 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+kings are defcended ; from whence all the winged and immortal 
+Loves were agam produced . Some interpret Seira,. a 
+
+chain ; becaufe it fo occurs in the common acceptation : and 
+many of the ancients allude to this hiftory under a myfte- 
+rious notion of a chain. It certainly has this lignification : 
+but the context in thefe verfes {hews that it cannot be under- 
+flood fo here. We learn from Hefy chius, that Seira among 
+other interpretations fignified Melitta, a bee ; alfo an hive y or 
+houfe of Melitta: 'Estgct, M eXiTTX, r} peKiTTfig oucog. Such is 
+the fenfe of it in this pafTage : and the Ark was thus repre¬ 
+fen ted in the ancient mythology, as being the receptacle, 
+from whence iffued .that fwarm, by which the world was 
+peopled. It was therefore truly fly led 'Srtjyij, the fountain , 
+
+from whence the Loves 
+
+which is meant the Idnim, were again produced ’ ; all the fup» 
+pofed fons of Eros and Ionah, who had been in a flate of 
+death. The Seira is the fame in purport as Baris, Theba, 
+
+Cibotus, Aren, Larnax, Boeotus ; and hence ftyled Xerga, 
+
+• • 
+
+'ET oXvoovvfJLO q , or Seira with many names. 
+
+It may feem ftrange that the Greeks fhould be fo ignorant 
+
+in refpedt to their own mythology :• yet it is manifeft, that 
+they were greatly miftaken. Of this we have a notable in- 
+ftance in the term, about which we are treating. Both, 
+a Theopompus and Hellanicus thought that by Seira was 
+meant a chain : and as the ancient name, A npLcav, Acmon. 
+occurred often in their hiftory, they interpreted this an anvil.. 
+In confequence of which they defcribed Ionah, or Juno,, as. 
+
+<■ 
+
+1 Fulgentii Mytholog. L. i. c, z. p. 630. 
+
+
+
+Y\g oL7to 'GrocvTsg ai/sSXas 7 )<ray HgcdTeg ; 
+
+
+bound 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 373 
+
+* 
+
+bound with fetters, and fufpended between heaven and earth, 
+with an anvil at her feet. This notion is as old as 3 4 5 Homer. 
+Yet, however authorized by antiquity, it is founded on a 
+miftake : and we may be allured, that by Seira was meant a 
+hive : and Acmon was a title given to the Cyclopian Deity, 
+the fame as Nilus, Ouranus, and Oiiris ; of whom I have 
+Ipoken * before. 
+
+From what has preceded we may perceive that Seira was 
+no other than Damater, the fuppofed mother of mankind ; 
+who was alfo ftyled Melitta, and Meliffa \ and was looked 
+upon as the Venus of the eaff It was properly a facred recep¬ 
+tacle : whence it is by Hefychius above ftyled MeAif?*]? oizos y 
+the temple or houfe of Melitta. This Deity was the fame as 
+Mylitta of the Babylonians and Arabians, who is mentioned 
+by s Herodotus as enjoying among thofe nations joint ho¬ 
+nours with Dionufus. The priefts of the Seira were called 
+Melittae, and Meliffae, from this Deity, whom they worshiped: 
+and the votaries in general had that appellation. Many co¬ 
+lonies went abroad under this appellation ; and may be 
+plainly traced in different parts of the world : but the Gre¬ 
+cians have fadly confounded the hiftories, where they are 
+mentioned, by interpreting Meliffae, bees. 6 Philoftratus men¬ 
+tions, that, when the Athenians fent their firft colony to Io¬ 
+nia, the mufes led the way in the form of bees. And Hero- 
+
+3 Iliad. O. v. 20. Iliad. ©. v . 25. 
+
+4 Vol. 1. p. 514. Acmon, like Alnion, related properly to the God Lunus. Ac- 
+Mon fignified illujiris Letts Lunus: and from hence came the connexion between 
+Acmon and Seira. 
+
+5 L. 1. c. 131. c. 199. 
+
+0 Macro* tiyai'To ra vclxjtixb ev sij'ei pLzAtaau>v. Icon. L. 2. p. 793. 
+
+
+dotus 
+
+
+
+374 - 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+dotus fays, that all the northern fide of the Danube was oc¬ 
+cupied by 7 bees. When the fhepherd -Comatas was inclofed 
+in an Ark, 8 bees were fuppofed to have fed him. Jove alfo 
+upon mount Ida was faid to have been nourifhed by 9 bees. 
+When the temple at Delphi was a fecond time ere£ted, it 
+was built by bees ■ who compofed it of wax, and feathers. 
+
+
+brought by Apollo from the 30 Hyperboreans. Such ar-e the 
+Grecian accounts : but the Meliffse, thus interpreted, were 
+certainly priefts and prieiledes of the Ark, ftyled Seira, 
+Theba, Selene, and Damater. When Pindar mentions 11 Ms- 
+
+Ascrcras AsA cpiSog v.sXcdlov, the voice of the Delphic Meliffa ; the 
+Scholiaft tells us, that the Meliffae were the priefteffes of Da- 
+
+; and that, according to fome writers, all the female 
+
+
+mater 
+
+
+attendants of that Goddefs were fo called. And he further 
+
+♦ 
+
+adds, that thefe were the perfrts, who firf cultivated the fruits 
+of the earth ; a?id taught mankind agriculture ; by which they 
+weaned them from their foul and imnatural repafis . Con¬ 
+formably to this we learn alfo from 13 Porphyry, that The 
+ancients called the attendants upon Damater Meliffe ; and 
+
+
+7 Qpvx.es Xey^Gi^ M e?u<jcrcci xccre^yai to. 'z&egccv tb IcppB. L. 5* c * IO * 
+s Theocrit. Idyll. 7. v. 81. 
+
+Callimach. Hymn, in Jov. v. 50. 
+
+10 Paufan. L. 10. p. 810. /levrepov v 7 ro tov volov. 
+
+11 Pyth. Ode 4. p. 239. MeXiaaccs xvpiccs rccs tvs &7i[JLVTpos 'lepetcts xtA. The 
+Scholiaft upon Theocritus in like manner fays, t as iraipas (or, as fome read, itgeias) 
+avrrs (YlepaecpovYs) xai A;j//_>rr pos MeA iaaas hsyevQcci. Idyll* 15. v. 94. 
+
+,z AAA/jA&Cay/ar. Ibid. 
+
+Hr proves , r,vnict (pares air aAAwA&w /2iov XapxoS'axv, xpeiGvcov <Pe rc,v >it- 
+
+tcvcc (parcc Ex Sexto Empirico Orphica. Vide Fragmenta Orphei apud 
+
+
+Gefntr. p. 37S. 
+
+n De Antro Nymphar. p. 261. c. 1. K ai Tas A ypuirpos lepzicc: 
+?icaoi exctXzv. vvrjv ts — MeAfcnrar exec Aer. 
+
+
+yieKirr g cts 01 
+
+
+
+further 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+375 
+
+
+further Xshrjvqv Te—MsTucrcraj' szaXovv : ^likewije called Se¬ 
+lene Melijffa. From hence, I think, we may be certain, that 
+
+by MelifTa was meant the Deity of the Ark ; which was re- 
+prefented under the fymbol of Seira, the hive ; by Hefychius 
+rendered MeXm^g oixog. And we may be further allured, 
+that all thefe fables about bees related to colonies of the Me- 
+liffeans ; who fettled in different parts, and performed all, 
+that is mentioned. At the fame time I make no doubt, but 
+that the bee was an hieroglyphic, by which Melitta was de- 
+fcribed : and it is to be found as a facred, and provincial, 
+emblem upon coins, which were ftruck at places, where fhe 
+was worfhiped. But the Greeks did not properly diftin- 
+guilh between the original and the fubftitute : and from 
+thence thefe miftakes arofe. The Melilfae were certainly fe¬ 
+male attendants in the Arkite temples, who ufed to ling the^ 
+facred hymns. Hence Damater, and Perfephone had the™ 
+title of MeTuTTwtfys from thefe fongs made to their honour. 
+Homer, fpeaking of a myfterious grotto, facred to the nymphs 
+in Ithaca, by which was meant an ancient Arkite Petra, 
+among other circumftances mentions. 
+
+
+14 
+
+
+bvQol <T £7rsiTct TS$ai£Wcr8<n MsAicrcrcu. 
+
+
+Thefe words the commentators apply literally to bees. 
+But the whole is a. myftery, which probably Homer did not 
+underftand. Thebotha, ©/]So<;0a, from whence the ftrange 
+
+word is formed, lignifies the Ark \ as we may 
+
+
+14 
+
+
+OdyfT. N. v.. 106. It flood in the harbour facred to the God Phorcun. 
+
+7 
+
+
+learn 
+
+
+
+37 6 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+learn from 1S Clemens Alexandrinus : and the terms Te@cu- 
+
+M.sXkt<tou relate to a temple, where the Meliffse of 
+Damater fang hymns in memory of the Ark Theba, called 
+alfo Thebotha. 
+
+The Ark was likewife ftyled Cupfelis, KinJ/sA;?, a word of 
+the fame purport as Seira. At Corinth was a family named 
+Cupfelidas, who were originally priefts of the Ark ; and who 
+firft introduced the lymbolical rites of it into that city. 
+Cupfelus, the father of Periander, was of this order : upon 
+which account Paufanias fuppofes, that thefe rites com¬ 
+menced with 16 him. He accordingly attributes to him 
+many interefting circumstances of ancient hiftory, to which 
+he had no title. But Paufanias lived many centuries after 
+the father of Periander ; and might eafily mifapply this hif- 
+tory, which was fo much prior in time. The perfon alluded 
+to was fuppofed to have been expofed in an ark upon the 
+waters, and miraculoufly 17 preferved. This Ark was called 
+Cupfelis, KinJ/sAi£, and Ky\J/sA^; which Hefychius terms a 
+
+bee-hive, 'wKeatov asyysiov MgAicnrwi' : K-ir^/s Ai ds?, MsAfcnro- 
+
+<pccTvai. In memory of the perfon preferved it was ufual to 
+carry machines of this fort, and dedicate them in different 
+temples. Paufanias mentions one, which had been made 
+a prefent to the Deity at Olympia by the people of 18 Co¬ 
+rinth. It had an infeription in ancient characters, which 
+
+
+* s Tyv K;£&nror —©nCooQcc xccAa^ertfr. Clemens. Strom. L. 5 - P* 667* It feems 
+
+
+to have been an ancient Chalda’ic term. 
+
+l6 'TV . f .. __ * ...--- 
+
+
+Ku-XeAe TO CL7T CCUTB ytVOS 01 OVOf^CiQoy.eVOl K'J^: 
+
+
+^cu twv A ctpvctftct es 0 \vfj. 7 ri<x.v ctvsBscrccv. Paufan. L. 5. p. 419. 
+17 See Chryfoitom. Orat. 11. p. 163. 
+rS Paufan. C. 5. p. 420. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+377 
+
+
+’were written both from the right, and from the left, after the 
+ananner called (3a^o <prj$ov. This was not fafhioned like a 
+hive, though ftyled Cupfelis •, but was in the fhape of an 
+Ark, or box. 19 Tctg <Je XcLgvoutoLg 61 tots skclKuv KogivOioi 
+
+KtnJ/sA&£: "The Corinthians in thofe times called a?i ydrk, or 
+chejl , Cupfelis ; which alfo ftgnified an hive. This machine 
+
+was^made of cedar ; and dedicated on account of the great 
+deliverance, which Cupfelus had experienced from the wa¬ 
+ters. The Corinthians feem to have preferved many memo- 
+
+* 
+
+rials of this event. Palasmon and the Dolphin, and the ftory 
+of Arion, have both the fame reference. Palcemon was the 
+fame as Dionufus, the fame alfo as 5,0 Hercules : of which 
+Hercules the Poets mention a tradition that he was upon 
+a time preferved in the body of a 21 Cetus. All thefe em¬ 
+blematical reprefentations related to the fame great event. 
+As the Melitta: and Meliftie were priefteffes of Melitta; the- 
+Cupfelides of the Cupfelis ; fo I imagine that the Seirenes 
+were priefteffes of the Seira, called Seiren: and that all thefe 
+terms related to the ark. The Seirenes, Xsigweg, were cele¬ 
+brated for their fongs ; becaufe they were of the fame order 
+as the Meliffae, who were greatly famed for their harmony. 
+We have feen above, that when the Meliffae conducted a 
+colony to Ionia, they were efteemed the fame as the zz Mufes. 
+
+19 Paufan. L. 5. p. 420. 
+
+*° YlccXccifxcovj Hefych. 
+
+11 Lycophron. v. 33. and Scholia. 
+
+2,1 The Seirens had certainly fome relation to the Ark and Dove. Hence at Co- 
+ronea they were reprefented upon the fame ftatue with Juno. Pauianias fays, that 
+the Goddefs held them in her hand. L. 9. p. 778. He ftyles it a>aA^a 
+—(pepti <P’ e?u tv 'Xfigi 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+C c c 
+
+
+I have 
+
+
+
+378 Ths Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+9 
+
+
+I have mentioned;, that the Ark was looked upon as the 
+mother of mankind, and ftyled Da Mater : and it was upon 
+this account figured under the femjblanqe of a pomegranate. 
+This fruit was named Rhoia, 'Po*#: and. as it abounds with 
+feed, it was thought no improper emblem of the Ark, which 
+contained the rudiments of the future world. From hence 
+
+
+the Deity of the Ark was named Rhoia, which dignified, a 
+pomegranate, and was the Rhea of the Greeks. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+cient Perfians ufed to have a pomegranate carved upon the 
+
+top of their 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+on 
+
+
+account of its being a facred. emblem. What, is alluded to 
+under the character of the G.oddefs Rhoia, or Rhea, is very 
+
+
+
+*4* 
+
+
+'P sir), toi NOEPI2N MAKAP£2N 'nryjyrj.TS, poio ts* 
+
+haw yoLP 'urgwrq £vpci[jlsi KoXwourut. ajpgag-oiq 
+
+
+TV 
+
+
+Z 
+
+
+iS'c;a.^vrj yspsaj/ sm 'gxolv 'urgoy^zzi Tgo%a.&FC(.v 
+
+
+25 IIoTJ/a Psa,, S-vyccTY)g '5roAv{AOg<p& UgooToysv.OLQ 3 
+
+Mjyr^ fjiriv ts QtzouP, n$s. avQgw.KW, 
+
+E 7\Qz 3 fJLOLKOLlga SsXy <TCt)TY)glO£. 
+
+
+The Pomegranate was not only called Rhoia, and Rhea, 
+but alfo Rimrnon. z6 Rimmon lingua fandta malu.m puni- 
+
+9 
+
+cum fignificat, et Venerem denotari putat N. Serrarius. It 
+was reverenced under this name in Syria: and was held fa¬ 
+cred in Egypt. Achilles Tatius mentions an ancient temple 
+
+
+13 Herodotus. L. i. c. 195. 
+
+Orphic. Frag. 34. p. 395. 
+
+** Orphic. Hymn. 13. p.204. 
+
+46 Seldcn de Diis Syris. Synt. 2. p. 254. 
+
+
+
+
+Tft£ Analysis op AfcrctfcNT MyThologV. 
+
+
+379 
+
+
+at Pelufium, in which Was a flatue of the Deity, flyled Zeus 
+
+
+Cafius, 
+
+
+
+this 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+tnyflerious fruit iii his hand 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+may from hence infers that he was upon. Mount Cafitls wor- 
+fhiped in the fame attitude : and the God Rimmon* men¬ 
+tioned by the 18 (acred writers, was probably ireprefented in 
+the like manner. Peter Texeira in his travels through Me¬ 
+sopotamia mentions his coming to two round mounts not far 
+from Ana upon the Euphrates. They were called by the 
+natives Ruman hen; which, he fays, (ignified the two* 9 pome¬ 
+granates* It was probably their ancient name, the fame as 
+Rimmon ; and had been given of old upon account of the 
+worfhip there obferved. He faw two others of the fame 
+figure at no great diftancq. 
+
+Another name for the Pomegranate was 30 Side: of which 
+name there was a city in Pamphylia. This place was un¬ 
+doubtedly fo denominated from the rites of the Ark, and 
+the worfhip of the Dove, Dione ; whofe myfteries were ac*- 
+companied with the rites of fire. The citjr was fltuated 
+upon a branch of that vaft ridge called Taurus : and its hif- 
+tory is taken notice of by the Poet Feftus Avierrus. 
+
+
+* 7 n§c€e€AvTat cfe tjiv xai «%£< "P oiccv £7 r «ut>7. Tws cfe "Poicts 6 hoyos 
+
+kos. Achilles Tati us. L. 3- p. 167. 
+
+aS 2 Kings, c. 5. v. 18. There were many places in Syria and Canaan, which 
+feem to have been denominated from this hieroglyphic. Mention is made in J.o- 
+fhua of the city Rimmon in the tribe of Simeon. "VVe alio read of En-Rimmon, 
+Gath-Rimmon, and the mourning of Hadad-Rimmon in the valley of Megiddo. 
+See Jofh. c. 19. v. 7. Nehemiah. c. ir. v. 29. Jofh. c. 19. v. 45. Zachariah. 
+
+c. 12. v. 11. 
+
+79 Texeira’s Travels, c. g. 
+
+30 oLi^ facet* Hefych. 
+
+
+G c c 2 
+
+
+Surgunt 
+
+
+
+380 /The Analysis of Ancient Mythology^ 
+
+* 
+
+31 Surgunt ibi culmina Tauri 
+Pamphylias in fines 9 hoc idem Cragus habetur 
+Nomine Tub gentis : prope celfiam furgit in arcem~ 
+
+Prifca Side : fomes calidis adoletur in aris 
+Saepe Dionasas Veneri. 
+
+* 
+
+The Boeotians retained this ancient name, and called a pome¬ 
+granate Side, as we learn from Agatharchides. 3 * 2i£ag S's — 
+
+Totg *P oiag tcaX&n B oiootoi. They had alio an 33 aquatic, which 
+from its refemblance they called by the fame name. There 
+was likewife a city in Boeotia named Side 9 probably founded,, 
+and denominated by the ancient Cadmians, from their wor¬ 
+ship. It was laid to have been built by Side, the daughter 
+of Danaus 9 which hiftory may be in great meafure true : for 
+by a daughter of Danaus is meant a prieftefs of Da Naus, 
+the Ark, the fame as Da Mater. There is a hiftory men¬ 
+tioned by Arnobius of a king’s daughter in Phrygia, named 
+Nana 9 who lived near the mountain, where Deucalion was 
+fuppofed after the Deluge to have landed. She is faid to 
+have found a pomegranate, which fhe put into her bofom, 
+and by its influence became with child. Her father fhut her 
+up with an intent to deftroy her : but during her confine¬ 
+ment fhe produced Atis, or Attis 9 the perfon, who firft in- 
+ftituted the facred rites of Rhea, and Cubele, and who was 
+
+Paufanias has a ftory 
+fomewhat fimilar, but with many additional circumflances : 
+
+
+looked upon as the fame as Apollo 
+
+
+31 V. IOI2. 
+
+31 Athena^us. L. 14 p. 650. 
+
+33 'XiJ'v qurov ofxoiov C P oi<x. Athene us ibid. 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 381 
+
+from all which we may perceive that it was an ancient 
+3+ tradition, and related to an hiftory of confequence ; but 
+taken from fome allegorical defcription, when the terms were 
+imperfectly 35 underftood. In many countries, where the 
+people were unacquainted with the Rhoia, they made ufe of 
+the 36 Poppy for the fame emblem : and it is accordingly 
+found with ears of wheat, and other fymbols, upon coins and 
+marbles, where Juno, Venus, Mithras, and other Deities are 
+commemorated. To whom it originally related may be 
+known from its name. The Poppy was by the ancient Do¬ 
+rians ftyled M.dKoov y Macon. Now Ma, and Mas, among the 
+Amonians fignified water, and with fome latitude the fea. 
+Ma-Con denoted the Deity worfhiped under the name of 
+Pofeidon ; and fignified Marinus Deus, five Rex aquarum; 
+The fruit was denominated from the God, to whom it was 
+facred. It is obfervable that Feftus Avienus, in the pafTage 
+above ftyles the city in Pamphylia prifca Side. This is a 
+tranflation of the Greek word o^^aioc : which term in this 
+place, as well as in many others, did- not, I imagine, relate 
+to the antiquity of the city : for it was probably not fo an¬ 
+cient as Tarfus, or Sidon, or as many cities in the. eaft. But 
+by Archaia Side was meant the Arkite city. Area, Areas, 
+
+
+
+
+Arnobius. L. 5. p. 158. Pan fan. L. 7. p. 566.. 
+
+** Nana feems to be a miftake for Nana: though the Patriarch does appear to 
+be fcrnctimes alluded to under die name of Nun, which is not much unlike Nana. 
+Epiphanius mentions feme heretics, who worfhipped Idal-Baoth. This was either 
+a place or a machine, where the holy man Nun was luppofed to have been born 
+under the kmblance of a ferpent. See Liiius Gyrald. Syntag. 1. p. 72, See alio 
+Origcn contra Cellum. L. 6. p. 294, 296. 
+
+i6 Sec Giuter. Infcript. p. 33. n. 10. Deo Invicto Mithr 
+
+
+
+
+Are;us, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+382 
+
+* 
+
+Argus, all fignified the Ark : and Archaia betokened any¬ 
+thing, that had a relation to it. But as the Ark and Deluge 
+were of the higheft antiquity in the mythology of Greece ; 
+and every thing was deduced from that period; Archaia 
+from hence came to fignify any thing very ancient; and 
+Archa, Athe beginning. As Damater was the fame as 
+Rhoia, we find, that the pomegranate was the only fruit, 
+
+which did not 
+
+
+appear at her altar in 37 Arcadia. This, I 
+
+being the exprefs emblem of the 
+
+as an 38 offering. 
+
+
+imagine, was owing to its 
+Deity ; and too myfterious to be prefented 
+
+
+Cubela was another name of this Deity, who is mentioned 
+the mother of the Gods. She had on her head a tower or 
+
+
+city 
+
+
+to fliew that all nations were derived from her 
+
+
+Cu 
+
+
+beba was the fame Deity 
+
+
+rather, they were both 
+
+
+
+where thofe Deities were worfhiped : for places were con 
+
+
+lly fubftituted for Deities 
+
+
+I have fhewn. K.vEeKol 
+
+
+is Cu-Bela, the temple of Bela, the feminine of Belus, a title 
+of the chief Chaldaic God : and Cu-Baba is the temple of 
+Baba, the mother of the infant world, the fame as Rhoia 
+and Damater. As the perfons in the Ark were fuppofed to 
+return by a renewal of life to a fecond ftate of childhood : 
+this machine was on that account ftyled Cubaba, or the 
+houfe of infants; for that was the purport of Baba: 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+nfeq 
+
+
+of it. 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+to [AT) SirigGgMfASva, Ksysi 
+
+
+37 ct7ravTd}v to-Aw Pcxas. Paufan. 8. p. 676. 
+
+38 See Philoftratus. Vita Apollon. L. 4. c. 9. 'H r P 01a, J's jxovn tpiirov 'Hga, 
+(puiTctu The Roia is a plant particularly reared in honour of Juno. The myfterious 
+purport of this emblem Paufanias knew; but thought it too facred to be difclofed. 
+Tex. pev ay £5 ttjv Patccy (a7roppcoTepo5 yocg £<~iv 0 A oyoi) ctpewQco y. 01 . L. 2. p. 148. 
+
+39 Helychius. 
+
+babazein 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+383 
+
+
+babazein among the Greeks fgnified to Jpeak inarticulately like 
+children. In Syria, where the Arkite worfhip was particu¬ 
+larly maintained, this reputed mother of mankind was wor- 
+fhiped under the name of Baba or Babia. 40 Ba(fia < 5 s a 1 'Evpoi, 
+
+
+kou {jlolKis'ol ot 
+
+UBifiOUClOL, onto 
+
+
+BV 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+vsoyvcc 'Grcufooi, r)£r) 
+
+
+QL{JUX.(TKCfI ) TOL 
+
+'urotg ccvToig vopugoftsvYig, 41 BoL&ag $sb 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+people of Syria , and efpecially thofe of Damafcus , call children it: 
+their infancy Babia j and they alfo call them by the fame name. 
+•when they are fill older. They are fo denominated from Babia 
+
+
+
+it 
+
+
+'who in that part of the world is efeemed a Goddefs. 
+was, that they reverenced the Rhoia and Rimmon ; which 
+were emblems of the fame perfonage, the Rhea, Cybele, and 
+
+
+4 * 
+
+
+Cybebe of the 
+
+
+All the coins of the Afiatic citH 
+
+
+where thele traditions prevailed, haye 
+
+
+their reverie 
+
+
+emblematical reprefentations, which allude 
+
+
+
+ancient 
+
+
+rites and relig 
+
+
+Hence, in the coins of Syria, we find 
+
+
+this Goddefs with a tower upon her head, fitting upon 
+
+
+rock in a Hate of fecurity 
+
+
+her right hand fhe holds fome 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+denote the promife of plenty and 
+
+
+the feafons ; and there is often near her the myfi; 
+At fome diftance Hands an 
+
+
+turn of 
+c hive. 
+
+altar; and over her head a bird, 
+water, and waves, and a perfon, who 
+feems to be in danger, and ready to fink. There is a coin 
+to this purpofe of the emprefs Julia Severa, which was ftruck 
+at Antioch upon the Orontes. Vaillant and other learned 
+
+
+Below 
+
+
+her feet 
+
+
+40 Dasiafcivts, Vita Ifidori, apud Phorium. c. 242^ p, 1043, 
+
+B a€cu 'Xvpicg-is ‘E Spcc.'icp'i crvy^vcris. Hefych- in voce Afjuxm - 
+4X $ 'Pea. Horn. OdyfT. B- Schol. 
+
+KvCwn (Ku£/?£?? 5 Albertus) pwTnp tuv ©top. Hefjrchius.. 
+
+
+antiquaries 
+
+
+
+3 '8'4- The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+antiquaries fuppofe the water to relate to the ftream, which 
+ran by the city : and that the perfon in the water was the 
+Deity of the river. But river Gods were generally repre- 
+fented as aged perfons, with their heads crowned with fedge 
+and reeds ; and in a very different attitude. Befides, if this 
+figure related to the Qrontes, how comes it to pafs that we 
+find it upon coins of other cities at a diftance, which had no 
+connexion with that river f We find the ftory with very little 
+variation-upon coins of Julia Masfa at Edeffa ; of Severus at 
+Gharras ; of Gordian at Singara ; of Barbia Orbiana at Side:; 
+of Philip at Nifibis ; of Alexander Severus at Rhefain. The 
+hiftory muff have been general, where the reprefentations 
+were fo uniform and common. It was undoubtedly taken 
+..from the religion of the Syrians and Meiopotamians; and 
+from the emblems in their feveral temples ; all which related 
+to one great event. In fome of thefe reprefentations there is 
+clofe by this towered Goddefs the fymholical hive; which 
+could have no relation to the Orontes. 
+
+The Patriarch and his family, when .they came from their 
+Bate of confinement, muff have had a moft dreary profpedt 
+from the mountain,, upon which the ark had refted : and 
+wherever they turned their eyes could difcover nothing but 
+a ruined world. If therefore pleafed God to immediately 
+afford them fome comfortable promifes. Among other 
+
+• 9 
+
+things he affured them, upon an altar being raifed, and a fa- 
+crifice offered, that the earth fhould be no more accurfed : 
+that 43 feed time and harveft, cold and heat, and fummer 
+-and winter, and- day and night fhould not ceafe : and as a 
+
+45 ' Genefis. c. 8. v. 22. 
+
+teftimony 
+
+
+
+
+
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+PL 
+
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+Y#< 
+
+
+7 /U 
+
+
+.X 
+
+
+Y//r7 /// Yrz ?;/ r Jrf//^7.rf/. 
+
+
+c ^ 
+
+
+//'///a. 
+
+
+
+
+* rrr/ f /jr/st? 
+
+
+rr/rr/Y/nJ 
+
+
+* 
+
+jy//?y /<->. 
+
+
+J . 
+
+
+Yry y/fr/ ■ T '(>/. /- ,/j. " y. 
+
+
+* 
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+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 385 
+
+a teftimony of it, he placed his bow in. the cloud. This di¬ 
+vine hope, fo gracioufly afforded them, was afterwards many 
+ways recorded : and as in the firfl: ages they had not the ufe 
+of letters, they commemorated thefe bleflings in their rites : 
+and defcribed them by various fymbols, which were too re¬ 
+verentially regarded. Hence Da Mater was reprefented 
+with an handful of ripe corn : and there is a flatue of her 
+ftill preferved, under the character of Divine 44 Hope, fet off 
+with many of the emblems, of which I have been fpeaking. 
+She is figured as a beautiful female perfonage; and has a 
+chaplet, in which are feen ears of corn like rays. Her 
+right hand reclines on a pillar of Rone ; to fhew on what 
+good balls her faith is founded. In her left are fpikes of 
+corn ; and on each fide a pomegranate. Clofe by her Hands 
+the Seira or Cupfelis, that myfterious emblem, in the ex- 
+prefs form of a hive : out of the top of which there arife 
+corn and flowers, to denote the renewal of feafons, and pro- 
+mife of plenty. In the centre of thefe fruits, the favourite 
+emblem, the Rhoia appears again, and crowns the whole. In 
+one corner towards the upper part is a bale of goods, bound 
+up in fuch a manner as is praRifed, when people are going 
+upon a courfe of travel; or are to make a voyage to fome 
+diftant part of the world. 
+
+But the moft pleafing emblem among the Egyptians was 
+exhibited under the character of Pfuche, This was 
+
+originally no other than the 45 Aurelia, or butterfly : but in 
+
+44 See Gruter. Spes Divina. Vol. i. p. 102. 
+
+45 r GTl’£VfACti XCtl ^OOVCpiGV 'GT'TWQV, Hefych. 
+
+Vol. II. D d d 
+
+
+after- 
+
+
+
+386 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+aftertimes was reprefented as a lovely female child with the 
+
+beautiful wings of that infedt. The Aurelia,, after its firft 
+ftage as an Eruca, or worm, lies for a feafon in a manner 
+
+dead ; and is inclofed in a fort of a coffin. In this ftate of 
+darknefs it remains all the winter : but at the return of fpring 
+it burfts its bonds, and comes out with new life, and in the 
+moft beautiful attire. The Egyptians thought this a very 
+proper picture of the foul of man, and of the immortality, to 
+which it afpired. But they made it more particularly an em¬ 
+blem of Ofiris ; who having been confined in an ark or coffin,, 
+and in a ftate of death, at laft quitted his prifon, and en¬ 
+joyed a 46 renewal of life. This circumftance of the fecond 
+birth is continually defcribed under the character of Pfuche.. 
+And as the whole was owing to divine love, of which Eros, 
+was an emblem, we find this perfon. often introduced as a 
+concomitant of Pfuche, They are . generally defcribed as 
+accidentally meeting, and enjoying a pleating interview 
+which is attended with embraces and falutes, and every mark 
+of reconciliation, and favour. 
+
+From this union of divine love, and the foul, the ancients 
+dated the inftitution of marriage. And as the renewal of 
+mankind commenced from their ifl'uing to light from the 
+Ark, and from the gracious promife of increafe made by the 
+Deity upon that occafion ; they thought proper to aflign to 
+lonah, or Juno, that emblem of Divine Providence, the of¬ 
+fice of prefiding at this 47 ceremony. She was accordingly 
+
+OcriptS' sr cLvcc&iootji?^ x-ca 'waXiTyevecia. Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 364. 
+
+47 Junoni ante cmnes, cui vincla jugalia cures. iEneid. L. 4. v. 59. Junonem- 
+que, toris quae prasfidet alma mantis. Ovid. Epift. Phyllis ad Demoph. 
+
+ftyled 
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+
+387 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Hyled Fa^A/a, Sofpita, Domiduca, Pronuba, Lucina, II^o- 
+
+Populonia, Mena, Mater Deum, II goQvgcaa. And 
+among the Romans the month denominated from her was 
+efteemed the moil aufpicious for efpoufals. 
+
+I 
+
+4? Tunc mihi pod: facras monftratur Junius idus, 
+
+tJtilis et nuptis, utilis atque viris. 
+
+'•3 
+
+Their marriages were alfo determined by the moon : and 
+in the judgment of Pindar, the bed: feafon was at the 49 full. 
+But according to the more ancient opinion the fourth day 
+was the moft favourable, when the moon appeared a cref- 
+cent: which day of the moon was reputed facred both to 
+Hermes and Venus. Hence Heiiod fays, 
+
+50 Ei/ is T£T cngTr} {jly\vos ccyetrdcu eg oikqv ct/.oinv. 
+
+Remetnber , upon the fourth of the mo7ith you are to lead home 
+the woman, whom you have efpoufed . The full according to 
+this Poet was of all the mod: 51 unfortunate. Through the 
+whole ceremony at the celebration of nuptials there were 
+plain allulions to the fame ancient hiftory, which they re- 
+ligioudy recorded. The fbate of darknefs, the uncovering 
+of the Ark, the return of feafons, the promife of plenty, 
+were all 52 commemorated. To Ionah upon thefe occalions 
+was added a Genius, called Hymen j the purport of whofe 
+
+43 Ovid. Faft. L. 6. v. 223. 
+
+49 Ifthm. Ode 8. p. 485, ev cPe lc*7rggai$. 
+
+50 Opera et Dies. v. 800. 
+
+51 Ibid. v. 782. 
+
+5a Hence the ceremonies ftyled aTroxaAuTnnjp/a, QirTnpu & 9 A^^/jlcctcc^ the balket 
+of fruit, the chefl: of flowers, and the like. 
+
+D d d 2 
+
+
+name. 
+
+
+
+388 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+name is a veil or 53 covering. In the hiftory of Hymen they 
+probably referred to the fame object, which was ftyled yirw 
+
+(pavriTog, the covering of Phanes; from whence that Deity 
+after a ftate of concealment was at laffc difengaged. Saturn 
+was often depicted with his head under cover, which had an 
+allegorical meaning. Hymen as a perfonage was the God of 
+the veil ; and faid to have been an ss Argive, and the fon of 
+56 Liber, the fame as Dionufus : though many fuppofe him to 
+have been the fon of Magnes. This was the fame as Manes, 
+the lunar God, of whom we have fo often treated. At the 
+celebration of nuptials the name of Hymen was continually 
+echoed : at the fame time there were offerings made of fruit, 
+and of meal ; alfo of Sefamum, and S7 poppies ; which cere¬ 
+mony was called 58 (TYi^siov , the fign. Among the Romans it 
+was ufual to fcatter nuts, and to invoke a Deity, called Tha- 
+laffms. Of this Catullus takes notice in his addrefs to Man¬ 
+lius, where he tells him, 
+
+59 Satis diu- 
+
+Lufifti nucibus ; lubet 
+
+Jam fervire Thalaflio. 
+
+
+53 'T/jlxv cc7ro vfxsvos- Velum, membrana, Lexicographi. 'T ' ftevoodes, A£7tto; 
+
+
+Hefych. 
+54 
+
+
+ss 
+
+
+ApyvTct v Tnv ve(peXnv^ oti ex, t &t&v exQpooaxei 6 ms, Damafcius. 
+
+Bentleii Epift. ad Millium. p. 3. 
+
+'TfjLevcci09 y Aoyeios. Scholia in Iliad. X. v. 493. 
+
+56 See Lilius Gyraldus, Synt. 3. p. 132. 
+
+57 Ariftoph. Eipmyi* Schol. v. 869. The bride was crowned with a chaplet, in 
+which were poppies. 
+
+58 Tlccs vufJLtpccs i&crots eiri t ov yctfJLov (pgvyerpov (pepeiv , avfj.eioy. Lex Solonis. 
+
+59 Epithalamium Julias, v. 132. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 389 
+
+
+The Romans did not know the purport of this obfolete 
+name ; as may be feen by their various and contradictory 
+60 interpretations. Thalaffius was the God of the fea, the 
+fame as Pofeidon : the fame alfo as Belus, and Zeus. This 
+is evident from his being worfhiped under this name by the 
+Sidonians. @ olXckt c 10 g Z svg ev Zdwvi 'tijlcltoli. Thalath ac¬ 
+cording to 61 Berofus was among the ancient Chaldeans the 
+name of the fea. From hence came Thalatta, and Thalafla. 
+of the Greeks ; and the God Thalaffius of the Romans. It 
+is remarkable that at the celebration of nuptials among the 
+Greeks, after they had facrificed to the Gods, and appealed 
+the Daemons, a youth was introduced with a cheft of flow¬ 
+ers ; who repeated the very fame words, which were ufed at 
+the myfteries, H<pvyov Kamov, si'gov oljlzlvov : I have efcaped an 
+evil ; and I have met with a more fortmiate lot . Thefe words 
+could not be applicable to the bride. The quitting the ftate 
+of virginity could not well be called efcaping an evil. The 
+expreffion would befldes be premature. The words fhould 
+at this rate have been repeated by the bride herfelf, and at 
+her quitting her chamber : not previously to her going into 
+it: for as yet the marriage was incompleat, and her con¬ 
+dition unaltered. And we may be aflured from the words 
+
+
+60 Plutarch, in Romulo. Livius. L. i. c. 9. 
+
+Varro deduces it from Talaron, fignum lanificii. See Pompeius Feftus. That 
+the Romans were ignorant of the purport is plain from the queftion of Plutarch, in 
+another place, Z^iu ti 0 'stoAuQ^uAAtjtos uS'stui TetAacr/os ev tois yu.jj.ois 3 QucEfl:. 
+Romance, p. 271. It was more commonly rendered Thalaffius, and Thalaffio. 
+
+61 Eufeb. Chron, p. 6• To XaAcTai^x ©ccAcctG— r £AA»w^ f/.e§e(>/x 7 }veu&r§Ki 3 ’ct- 
+Aa aacc. 
+
+
+
+39 ® The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+being ufed at the myfteries, that they alluded to an ancient 
+piece of mythology ; and not to any thing new. 
+
+The two birds, which were introduced fymbolically upon 
+thefe occafions, were the Raven and the Dove. The hiftory 
+of the latter is well known. In refpedt to the former,* many 
+have thought it a bird of ill omen ; and it has been faid, 
+that the very croaking of the Raven would put a ftop to the 
+procefs of matrimony. Yet we may be allured, that there 
+were times, when it was otherwife effceemed. And we are 
+told by iElian, 6z sv rotg yctpioig (jlstol tqv 'Y 'uevouov K ogwvriv kol~ 
+
+7\slv : that at nuptials after the Hy?neneal hymn they ufed to 
+invoke the Raven. The bird was alfo many times intro¬ 
+duced, and fed by the bride ; and there was a cuftomary 
+fong upon the occalion, which began 63 E joco§si 3 fcogct, x.Qgavir\V : 
+(dome, young woman , feed the Raven. The treat confifted of 
+
+figs, as we learn from fome verfes of the Poet Phoenix Colo- 
+phonius in Athenseus, where it is faid of the bride, 6 * Kc« Tfi 
+
+K ogwvY) 'UTCfgOevog cpsgei (rvzot. if he young Lady is now carrying 
+figs to the Raven. This ceremony was doubtlefs in confe- 
+quence of a tradition, that the Raven upon a time was fent 
+by Apollo upon a meflage ; but difappointed him, and did 
+not return. Inftead of fulfilling his orders he perched upon 
+a ,6s fig-tree, and waited till the fruit was ripe. 
+
+
+Cz 
+
+
+*1 
+
+
+De Animal. L. 3. c. 
+Horapollo. L. c. 8. 
+
+
+9 - 
+
+See 
+
+
+the learned notes of Johannes CaufTmus upon this 
+
+
+■pafTage. 
+
+
+64 L. 8. p. 359. The mythologies out of every circumftance and title formed 
+a perfonage. Hence Paufanias fpeaks of the Raven as an ancient hero, and men¬ 
+tions his family. K opcovu Ss yivovr&i Kocce^ kmi A cc l ue<f'cjj'. L. 2. p. 123. 
+
+Ovid. Fall. L. 2. v. 255. 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 391 
+
+In fhort, marriage was fuppofed to commence at the re- 
+ftoration of the world, when the thread of man’s life was 
+renewed. To this event moft of the Gentile ceremonies 
+66 related : and as they reprefented the reconciliation of Di¬ 
+vine Love, and the Soul, under the femblance of an inter¬ 
+view, and union ; they made it the prototype of their nup¬ 
+tial rites. It was in confequence of this often defcribed as a 
+real 67 marriage : and we accordingly find in ancient fculp- 
+ture Eros and Pfuche introduced together under a veil, with 
+the myftic dove in their hands ; and thus proceeding to the 
+nuptial bed. To this they are conducted by Hymen with 
+his torch; and with all the other emblems, which were 
+ufual upon thefe occafions. There have probably been 
+many reprefentations of this hiftory; but there is one parti¬ 
+cularly curious both for workmanfhip, and defign. It is an 
+engraving upon a fine onyx by Tryphon of Athens ; who has 
+defcribed under the procefs of a marriage this union, of Eros 
+and Pfuche. 
+
+It has been mentioned, that Ofiris was the fame as Orus. 
+He was upon this account called the elder Orus, 62 6, nzrgsr- 
+
+^vregog £lgog : and Orus might with equal propriety have 
+been ftyled the younger Ofiris: for each of the terms ref¬ 
+lated to the fame perfon in .a different ftate. Plutarch tells 
+
+% 
+
+66 Hence in the marriage of Peleus and Thetis there is a particular addrefs, that 
+the fpindle, upon which this thread of life was enrolled, might, run again, and that 
+the Fates would renew their labour. 
+
+Currite, ducentes fubtemina, currite, full. Catullus.- 
+
+67 See Apuleius. L. 6. p. 194. 
+
+68 T ov A p&ngiV} ov A7toAAcow, gv kcu ^pBaQvTepov Clpov evioi xcr.A3<ri. Pint. Ifis 
+
+et Ofiris. p. 355 - 
+
+IO 
+
+
+
+392 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+us, that the Egyptians looked upon Ohris, as the head, or 
+beginning ; upon IBs, as the receptacle ; and efteemed Orus, 
+
+ion of the whole. Ills was 
+
+
+
+as the completion, and. 69 , 
+called the treafury of nature, the.nurfe of all things, the houfe 
+
+
+of Orus,; in.;which Orus was 
+
+
+
+Both Orus, and 
+
+
+Ofiris* were ftyled Heliadseand often represented as the 
+
+
+Sun itfelf. Hence many, have been milled,;, and have re- 
+
+" - - • *. , 
+
+fcrred, what has been faid of thefe. perfonages, - to the lumi- 
+
+\ ♦ 
+
+nary. But the Egyptians in this title did not allude to the 
+Sun, but to a perfon, who . had been wonderfully preferved ; 
+
+• f 
+
+as appears from ; their hieroglyphics. When they Would de- 
+fcribe Helius, fays 71 Porphyry, they reprefent a man in a- 
+Boat, or Blip, which is fupported by a crocodile. _ Orus is 
+often defcribed as {landing upon a crocodile, and: at the 
+fame time furrounded with other fymbolical reprefentations. 
+For as the Egyptians in their rites referred to a perfon pre¬ 
+ferved in the midft of waters ; they accordingly, to defcribe 
+that hiftory, made ufe of types, which had fbme analogy, 
+and refemblance to fuch'prefervation. Some of thefe could 
+fcarcely be called fymbolical, the purport was fo manifeft. 
+Such was their carrying about the image of a man in an 
+ark {sv tcifc W&o), who appeared to be 7 * dead ; and who after¬ 
+wards was fuppofed to return from a Hate of darknefs to 
+
+
+C9 Tor f*zv Ocripiv , oo$ tyiv S'e Icrtv 3 cos J tov cfg Clpor 9 cos <X7roTgAeo-y.a. 
+
+Ibid. p. 374. 
+
+70 I< Tiv — S'eKTtKov nsrocam yevzaeotis, xa 0 o tiGh/'H* y.ou Ibid. p. 372. 
+
+lciv^ oikov ClpB •x.oafJUQv. p. 374. ‘X.copccvyevecrecos, tccci cTe 0 a/x.erwr. Ibid. 
+
+71 ‘HA 10V (Pe GYlfJLCLlV&fTl *ST0T6 fA€V CLV§pC07T& e7Tl€ijCWKQTOS wPl01H g TTl KpOKoSziKti 
+
+ocetfJLBpa. Eufeb. Prasp. Evang. L. 3. p. 115. 
+
+? % EiJWicr <xv0gw7TB T60rwoTO5 tv K iGooTicp •z&epityepo/j.evov. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 357. 
+
+life. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythctlogy. 
+
+
+393 
+
+
+73 life. But fuch defcriptions related rather to their cere¬ 
+monies. The fimilitude, of which I am now fpeaking, is to 
+be chiefly obferved in their hieroglyphics and fculptures. 
+Thefe will generally be found to have a plain analogy with 
+the hiftory, which they reprefent. Hence the crocodile, 
+and Hippopotamus, were emblems of the Ark; becaufe dur¬ 
+ing the inundation of the Nile they rofe with the waters, and 
+
+% • 
+
+were fuperior to the flood. The Lotus, that peculiar plant 
+of the Nile, was reverenced upon the fame 74 account : and 
+we accordingly find a frog upon the Lotus introduced as a 
+facred emblem in the 75 Bembine table. We are moreover 
+told by Iamblichus, that the figure of a man upon this plant 
+in the midft of mud, was an emblem of 76 Helius. This 
+Philofopher, as well as Plutarch, and Porphyry, imagined 
+that thefe hiftories related to the real Helius, the Sun : and 
+that the fymbols of Selene had the like reference to the 
+Moon. In confequence of which they have a deal of refine¬ 
+ment about a moift nature, and a dry : and of the Sun and 
+Moon prefiding over moift fubftances, and watry 77 exhala¬ 
+tions. But what they idly fubtilize, and refine, was real. 
+Both Helius, and Selene, were names given to objefts, which 
+
+
+73 Tlgv Qcrtgiv 'ZtruPixyevoy.evov* Ibid. p. 358. 
+
+Tov Oatgiv 'zzrcx.gccyeveoQctt /S qvQqv cl rfa. Diodorus. L. 1. p. 79. 
+
+74 The Egyptian Priefls ufed to crown themfelves with the Lotus. Heliodorus.’ 
+L. 10. p. 457. 
+
+75 Figure GG. Edit. Amfterdam. 
+
+76 Seft. 7. p. 151. Geov B 7 Ti Aona). 
+
+77 Thefe notions feem to have been firft propagated by Archemachus Euboxcus* 
+They have been clofely copied by Athanafius Kircher in his MyftagogiaiEgyptiaca* 
+and other writings. 
+
+
+VOL. 11. 
+
+
+E e e 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+394 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+were immediately connected with water ; even with the ocean 
+itfelf. 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+They had been expofed to water, and preferved in 
+and to this their real hiftory related. The Lotus was 
+made an emblem of their prefervation; becaufe in the 
+greatefi: inundations of the Nile its broad leaf rifes with the 
+
+
+flood, and is never overwhelmed. Hence it was, that the 
+Egyptians placed Helius upon the Lotus : and he was faid to- 
+have arifen from the waters upon this plant in the form of a 
+78 new-born child. This could have no relation to the Sun: 
+
+
+but was a proper picture of Ofiris, who had been looked 
+upon as loft, but returned to life in the character of the boy 
+Orus. Plutarch ruins a plain hiftory by refinement; and is 
+at the expence of much falfe philofophy. Do not , fays he, 
+imagine , that the Egyptians fuppofed the S-un to arife from the 
+Lotus i?i the form of a child . No : they only by this hierogly¬ 
+phic dejeribed his being rekindled by moijl effences ; and jhewedj. 
+how his fire was renewed from 79 water . This mode of inter�� 
+pretation runs through the whole of Plutarch’s treatise ; and 
+through the writings of all thole, who have given a rationale 
+of the Egyptian rites, and mythology. The image of the 
+moon, which in the hieroglyphics of Egypt was only ufed as 
+a type, they confidered as a reality : and referred the hiftory, 
+with which it was attended, to the luminary in the heavens. 
+They did the fame by the term Helius; miftaking a title for 
+the objedt, from whence it was borrowed. Hence in their 
+explanations they have difplayed the moft profound and my- 
+
+
+78 Tov HAirr fx. Acotb (2axia^eiv vsaytXov. Ifis et Ofir. p. 355. 
+
+' 9 Tvv vypeov yEvoy.e'.mv a.vcc'^iv an’iTTof/svoi. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 355. et paffim. 
+ww yonpiov to cpcog 0 xcu vygoiroiov e%Btrotv. p. 367. 
+
+
+fterious 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+395 
+
+
+flerious ahfurdity, that ever human imagination conceived 
+Some of the fathers have been milled by thefe authorities 
+Clemens takes notice, that the Egyptians defcribed Helius ir 
+a £hip, and upon a crocodile : which, he thinks, was to 
+
+
+re- 
+
+
+prefent the paflage of the Sun through 80 fweet, and moift 
+
+Eufebius fays, that the paflage of the Sun was through 
+
+
+air. 
+
+
+good potable 
+
+
+Si 
+
+
+water, which was denoted by the 
+
+
+am perfuaded, that 
+
+
+Egyptians were too good 
+
+
+aftronomers, and naturalifts, to have entertained any fuch 
+notions. By Helius they meant a perfon fo denominated : 
+and the Moon, to which they alluded, was UsKyiVyi m 
+
+
+Kocm 
+
+
+puted mother of the world 
+
+
+Plutarch 
+
+
+feffes ; which character cannot be made in any deg 
+refpond with the planet. Selene 
+
+
+was the fame 
+
+
+Ills, TQ7T0Q 
+
+
+S-soov 
+
+
+the fame alfo as Rhea, Vella, Cubele, and Da-Matei 
+
+
+The crocodile was greatly reverenced by the Sz Egypt 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+and, according to Diodorus 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+pon account of their 
+
+
+83 king Menas ; the fame, who at other times is called Menes 
+and Manes. This prince had been in great danger of drown 
+ing ; but was wafted through the waters to land by a croco 
+
+In memorial of this he founded a city, which was de- 
+
+
+dile 
+
+
+nominated from the 
+
+
+the city of the crocodile 
+
+
+T h i s 
+
+writer fuppofes Menas to have really reigned over the Egyp- 
+
+
+80 c Or/ o HA tog S i 5 ccSepis yAviczev v,cli vygy T/jv 'vtqozlxv *zz roi^usros yzi'i'ct t qv jspivw* 
+L. 5. p. 670. 
+
+Zl 'X'Wfjxuvei TtpoTLofeihos f zvoTifJLov vS^ojp^ zv J c pepeTcu 0 f HAz5$. Prsep. Kvan. L. 3. 
+
+p. 115. A>?A 01 cT s t 0 fJLtv 'ZctAo/op tvv bv ugyaj xtvwatv. Ibid. 
+
+s * Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 381. Strabo. L. 17. p. 1165. 
+
+83 L. 1. p. 80. 
+
+
+
+
+E e e 2 
+
+
+tians, 
+
+
+
+396 The Analysis of Ancient. Mythology. 
+
+tians, becaufe he flood at the head of their genealogical lift : 
+and he further imagines, that the flory was local; and that 
+the event happened in the lake Masris. But Menas the fu- 
+pofed king of Egypt, was the Deus Lunus, and called alfo 
+Meen, Mijv, and Man. He was a Deity equally known to 
+the Perfians, Lydians, and Cappodocians; and worfhiped un¬ 
+der the fame title. This legend about a crocodile was taken 
+from fome fymbolical reprefentation in the city of the fame 
+name ; and hence it was fuppofed to have happened in Egypt. 
+It was a facred hiflory, like that of Orus, and of Helius, 
+upon a crocodile : for thefe were all titles, which at different 
+times were conferred upon the fame perfonage, and related 
+to the fame event. The crocodile had many names, fuch as 
+^Caimin, Ss Souchus, 85 Campfa. This laft fignified an ark, or 
+receptacle, like Aren, Argus, Aagmf, Cibotus.. Kapv^a, 
+
+Camp fa is an ark , or coffer* fays Hefychius. From hence I 
+think the purport of the hieroglyphic may be proved. The 
+Tortoife was likewife admitted in their fymbolical defcrip- 
+tions ; and was reprefented as the fupport of the world. It 
+is a notion at this day among the Brahmins of India that the 
+earth refls upon the horns, of an ox, or cow. And when 
+they are afked, what it is that fupports the cow, they fay, 
+that it Hands upon the back of a tortoife. The Egyptians, 
+ufed to place this emblem upon the fhrines of Venus : and 
+the fame Goddefs was defcribed by the people of Elis with 
+
+Ifis et Ofiris. p. 374, 
+
+Damafcius in Vit;a Ifidori. apu.d Phot-ium. p. i : 04;8a. 
+
+£o Herodotus. L. 2. c. 69. 
+
+Jher 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+397 
+
+
+her foot upon the 87 back of this animal, to denote her rela¬ 
+tion to the fea. 
+
+Moft of the Aquatics of the Nile were efteemed facred : 
+and among thefe the Faba iEgyptiaca. It was a fpecies of 
+bean ftyled Colocafla ; and was reverenced on account of its 
+fhape. Nothing can more referable a boat, than the pod of 
+the common bean : and it is particularly like the Navis bi- 
+prora, or facred {hip of Ills. The Faba iEgyptiaca had the 
+like appearance; and this perhaps was the reafon why Py¬ 
+thagoras abftained from beans ; for his whole fyftem feems 
+to have been borrowed from Egypt. It was undoubtedly on 
+account of this refemblance, that it was alfo called 88 Cua- 
+mon, and ^Cibotium, from Cibotus, KjSwtq?, a boat. Some 
+fuppofe it to have been a fpecies of Ciborium ; of whofe 
+fruit they made cups to drink. A perfon in Athenaeu>, 
+fpeaking of fome particular cups, fays, that they were called 
+c rx.v(piCL , or fkiffs. And he adds, that they had probably this 
+name from a vegetable in Egypt, called 89 Ciborium, whofe 
+fruit was like a boat. Above all others the Nymphaeum 
+feems to have been regarded; which is reprefented as the 
+flower of the Lotus. It was efteemed a facred ornament by 
+
+♦ 
+
+87 Plutarch. Ifis etOfiris.. p. 381. Paufan. L. 6. p. 515. To? Sc Iregcp ett: 
+tavys 
+
+- 88 In iEgypto nobiliffima eft Colocafia, quam Cyamon aliqui ‘ vocant. Plin. 
+L. 21. c. 20. p. 248. The term Cyamon orCuamon, from whence the Greeks bor¬ 
+rowed their kvcc^os^ is a compound of Cu-Amon, the (brine of Amon : fo Cu-bela 
+was the houfe or flirine of Bela ; Cu-baba,, the houfe of Baba. 
+
+89 K at tcl'xjx av ein toc Aeyojjevcc awcpioc S^icc to :ccctcoBbv sit c^evov ctwyi^cu^ ros 
+
+too A.iyoiTTLcc K iS&pioc. Athenaeus. L. xi. p. 477. See Diofcorides. L. 2. p. 97. 
+Strabo. L. 17. p. 1178. 
+
+K i£copiov r AiyvTTTiav ovojj.ee Z7ri 'UTQTWOiB. Hefych,. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+598 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+the priefts : and we find it continually ufed far a kind of 
+coronet upon the figures of Orus, when he is defcribed on 
+the Lotus. It is aifo to be feen upon the heads of 90 Ifis and 
+Ofiris : and the ferpents 94 Cnuphis and Thermuthis are ge¬ 
+nerally crowned with this flower. Orus is fometimes de¬ 
+fcribed eredt, but fwathed in bandages, like a perfon em¬ 
+balmed. In his hands he holds fome implements of art : 
+over his ihoulder there feems to be the figure of a plough- 
+fhare ; and upon his head the Nymphaeum. 
+
+If any means can be found out to obtain the latent pur¬ 
+port of the Egyptian hieroglyphics, they muft arife from 
+
+and obferving their par¬ 
+ticular fcope, and deftination. When we have afcertained 
+the meaning of fome individuals, we may pofllbly dileover 
+their drift, when confidered collectively. Thefe, X think, 
+
+a # 
+
+are the principles, upon which we muft proceed: but after 
+all it will be a dark refearch, in which many have been be¬ 
+wildered. There are authors, who mention an ancient piece 
+of hieroglyphical fculpture, which was to be feen in the city 
+Sais of lower Egypt. It confifted of a 9 * ehild, and an old 
+man : and near them flood an Hawk. After thefe a Cetus, 
+or fea-fifh : and laft of all an Hippopotamus. 93 Clemens of 
+Alexandria mentions the fame hiftory : but. fays, that it was 
+at Diofpolis. Inftead of the river ktorfe he introduces a era- 
+
+ft 
+
+9 ° See Spanheim de Ufu et Prsefta-nt. Num. Antiq. Vol. i. p. 302, 303. 
+
+91 Ibid. 
+
+9t Plutarch. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 363. 
+
+See Pierius Valerianus. L. 31. c, 6. He interprets it nafcimur, fenefeimus: vi- 
+vimus, morimur : naturae diflidio. 
+
+9? lu. 5. p. 670. 
+
+
+confidering thefe emblems fingly. 
+
+
+codile, 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
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+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+39 ^ 
+
+
+codile, which he fays was an emblem of impudence. It is. 
+
+to be obferved, that the Hippopotamus, and Crocodile were 
+
+* 
+
+lymbols of the fame purport ; both related to the 9 * deluge : 
+and however the Greeks might fometimes reprefent them, 
+they were 95 both in different places reverenced by the an¬ 
+cient Egyptians. The interpretation given by Clemens is 
+this, ylllye^ who are juji come into the world , and all ye y 
+who are going out , remember , that God hates i?npudence. As 
+there are fo many crimes of high moment, which demand 
+animadverffon, it is ftrange, that fo folemn a caution ffiould 
+be given merely againft impudence. The infcription feerciS’, 
+to have been put up in two places : one of which was the: 
+temple of Iffs at Sais ; the other the temple at Diofpolis,, 
+called 5,6 Theba. Tbefe are two remarkable places ; in con- 
+iequenoe of which one would imagine, that the infcription. 
+Should contain fome memorial of more confequence ; fome- 
+thing, which had a reference to the temples, wherein it was 
+found. Were I to attempt the deciphering of thefe hiero¬ 
+glyphics, which however diverfified feem to amount to the 
+fame purport, I fhould begin from right to left, in a feries 
+different from thofe, who have gone before me. I find ac¬ 
+cording to this order, that the Hippopotamus, and Croco- 
+
+
+94 The Egyptians oftentimes under the character of Typhon referred to the de¬ 
+luge: and the Hippopotamus was an emblem of Typhon. Plutarch. Ills et Ofiris. 
+p. 3 ^ 3 , 37 1 * The fame was faid of the Crocodile. It was equally a fymbol of 
+Xyphon, and the deluge. Plut. ibid. See Jablonfki. Pars 3. p. 67. 
+
+95 Herodotus. L. 2. c. 69. 71. 148* Strabo. L. 17. p. 1165. Plutarch. Ifis et 
+Ofrris. p. 362. 371^ 
+
+96 Tas kcu d^ioairoXiv tvv ctv'rvv virctcyssn'. Diodor. Sic. L. 1. p.. 88. ©>/- 
+
+Z^/o<77roA/r rsTore x.A yQwcti. Euftath* in Dionyf. v. 24S. 
+
+9 diie ? 
+
+
+
+400 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+dile, ftand firft: and then the Cetus.. Next comes the figure 
+of the facred Hawk, under which femblance Divine Provi¬ 
+dence was always 97 depicted : and after this an old man, 
+and a child. It may feem prefumptuous to pretend to in¬ 
+terpret what was a fecret two thoufand years ago : I fhall 
+therefore only mention, what I have to fay, as matter of 
+opinion. The reader will remember, that the infcription 
+was in the temple of Ifis at Sais ; and in the temple ftyled 
+Theba, the hiftory of which I have given. In confequence 
+of this my conjectures are, that it fhould be read in the fol¬ 
+lowing manner. sis the Hippopotamus^ or Crocodile , furvives 
+the inundations of the Nile , juft fo that facred receptacle , the 
+Cetus , or Slrk , through the interpoftio?i of Providence , wea¬ 
+thered the Deluge : by which means the aged Patriarch efcaped , 
+and obtained a renewal of life. How true this interpretation 
+may be, I will not prefume to fay : it certainly correfponds 
+with the hiftory of each emblem, as they have been fepa- 
+rately confidered : and is confonant to the general fcope of 
+the rites, and mythology of Egypt. What is ftill more to 
+the purpofe, it perfectly agrees with the deftination of the 
+two temples, where it is faid to have been found : For by 
+Ifis was meant a facred 98 receptacle, as I have fhewn : and 
+Theba is literally the Ark. The temples were both of them 
+built in memory of that event, which the hieroglyphic Teems 
+to defcribe. 
+
+97 ©lov (SeXofj.eroi cnifAyvcti - iepccx.cc (^coypcccpzcri. Horapollo. L. i. c. 6. 
+
+&B 17 UVVTCU -TW 'isgCLXl < PvtOCfAlV , XCCt up^TlV. IIlS et Oflris. p. 371. O ©BOB gqr-7 
+
+xecpaXyv b^cov UfocLKoSj btojs Bq-iv o 'z&gtoTos a,(pBctpTos. Zoroafter. apud Eufeb. Pr«£p. 
+Evan. L. i. cap. io. p. 42. L. 3. c. 4. p. 94. 
+
+98 I ais —tokos ©sow — 67roSo%y—oixo$ £lp&. Plutarch, fupra. 
+
+7 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+Of the S C Y P H U S. 
+
+Oi XiQivoi fcgotT¥}ge$) aai oi appupogsig—Aiovvtrs wpSoXa. Porph. 
+
+de Nymph. Antro. p. 114. 
+
+T HAVE taken notice of the facred fhip of Egypt, called 
+Baris : and of the {hip of Ifis at Rome, which was carried 
+in proceilion upon a yearly feftival. There feem likewife to 
+
+have been facred cups in the form of boats, called Cymbia, 
+and Scyphi, K vp£ia 9 kou Sxvtpoi ; of which they made a re¬ 
+ligious ufe in the profecution of their myfteries. They were 
+alfo introduced at fefbivals, and upon other folemn occa¬ 
+sions. It is faid of Perfeus, that he introduced in Perfis the 
+deteftable rites of the Scyphus : 99 < 3 s xai rsg Tlegtrag 
+
+ny rsKsTYiV th pvcragx kou adepiTX The author fays, 
+
+that they were firft eftablifhed by Zeus, who was called Pecus. 
+100 Urjzog, 6 X.OU Xsvg, eh$a%ev avrov 'urgafsiv uai ts7\ziv r^v pa¬ 
+ys lclv th pvtrag}} Xkvqb, b'lJ'a^ag avrov 'uravra ra Tjrsgi avrz pv - 
+
+ZUta zai JvtTO's^yj 'UrhaVYipara. Pecus , the fame as Zeus , taught 
+(Perfeus) to go through all the idolatrous rites of the detefable 
+Scyphus or boat: having initiated him in all the myfery and 
+wickednefs necejfary to that pu?~pofe. It is faid of 1 Hercules, 
+that he traverfed a vafl: fea in a cup or fkiff, which Nereus, 
+or Oceanus, lent him for his prefervation. This Scyphus, 
+
+• 99 Chron. Pafchale. p. 40. 
+
+100 Chron. Pafch. p. 38. 
+
+1 Panyafis and Pherecydes. Macrob. Saturn. L. 5. c. 21. p. 367. 
+
+Vol. II. F f f 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+4-02 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+it feems, was made of 2 wood ; and well fecured with pitchy 
+to preferve it from decay. There were many cups formed 
+in imitation of this ancient vefTel; which were efteemed 
+iacred, and ufed only upon particular occafions. That they 
+were made after the prototype, in the fhape of a boat or 
+fhip, may be known from a fragment of Menander, which 
+has been preferred by Athenceus from the play called Nau- 
+clerus. One neighbour tells another, that Theophilus, a 
+common friend, is returned fafe to his fon ; and with much 
+
+good-nature offers to treat him upon this joyful occafion with 
+
+% 
+
+a cup of wine. 
+
+3 A. IT gooTGs <T syw <roi tovS's ^v<rav- Kctv8a.gov. 
+
+2T. n oiov A. To IIAOION. nJg ft cuordas, olQxis 
+
+A. And fir ft of all I make you an offer to partake of this fine 
+cup . ST. hat cup f A. M^hy this boat ; don t you imderftand 
+me, you fimpleton $ —In another place this perfon fpeaks of 
+the fame 4 fhip. True, fays he, I have faved it : ajid a noble, 
+fhip it is : the very fame, which one Callicles a filverfmith built ,. 
+and of which Euphranor of Thurium (a boon companion) has 
+oftentbnes the fleer age. 
+
+Ti w v.avv trecrootfOou pcoi Keysig. B. JLyuoye [jlyiv, 
+
+T*)j/ vavv zxsivty, r\v- £7roir)<rs Ka hAwTute, 
+
+-E vtpgoivwg <5s KV^SgVCt ®.3glO.Q. 
+
+* Servius in Virg. ./Eneid. L. 8. v.. 27S. Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 100. See Athe- 
+nceus. L. 11. p. 469. By fome it was faid to have been the cup of Nereus : by 
+others of Oceanus. Ibid. 
+
+5 Athenseus. L. 12. p. 474. Menandri Frag. Amftelod. 1709. p. 130, 
+
+4 Ibid. 
+
+
+JO 
+
+
+What 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 403 
+
+What was alluded to by cups of this particular form may, I 
+think, be inferred from their invoking upon thefe occafions 
+Zeus the faviour and deliverer. In a fragment of Anti- 
+phanes there is a defcription of a merry-making, when the 
+Deity is fpoken of under that title. 
+
+5 c AgfJ.o$ios zkclXsito, Tlouoiv yi$zto, 
+
+MzyoChw AIOS SQTHPOS AKATON ngs rig. 
+
+The name of Harmodius was retjiembered; they fruck up a 
+Pczan : and one jolly fellow took up the large bowl y called the 
+fldp of Zeus the Preferver. The like is mentioned with much 
+humour from a fragment of the comedian Alexis : 
+
+6 ctXh zyyyw. 
+
+Aigoo A log ys~ rrjvS's Swr qgog' ®soov 
+©vryoig. ancurm ^nri[xoorctrog nro\v 
+*0 Zsvg, 6. XwTYjg. Eai> syca happctyw,. 
+
+O V&EV [JLB?\Sl [JLOt' 'GTlOpLCU •S’O.ppWJ'. 
+
+Fill up , fll up. I Jhall empty this noble •vejjel to Jupiter So- 
+ter. This Jupiter the preferver is in my opinion the mof bene- 
+fce?it of all the Gods. If 1 burfi y I do?i t care. I drink with 
+a good will, a?id a fafe confcience. The lame author in an¬ 
+other place tells us, that the perfon, whom the Grecians in¬ 
+voked after fupper by the title of 'Zsvg Swnjf, Zeus the fa¬ 
+viour , was no other than Dionufus. And he adds, what 
+points out the perfon more particularly, that he was ftyled 
+
+s Athenteus. L. 15. p. 692. 
+
+6 ' Athenseus. L. 15. p. 692. The paffage is faulty: but I have tried to amend it. 
+
+F f f 2 not 
+
+
+
+4°4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+not only the faviour, but 7 rov kcli Tmv ofogwv ag’gyyov, the 
+great difpe?tfer of rams. The cups, of which I took notice 
+above, were often referred to Hercules ; and made ufe of as 
+Grace-cups, where particular honour was intended. It is 
+faid of 8 Alexander, that at the feaft of Theffalus the phy- 
+fician, before he had finifhed the Scyphus Herculeus, he 
+found himfelf on a fudden ftruck, as it were with a dart, 
+and was carried off half dead. The Boeotians had a great 
+regard for them ; which was fuppofed to arife from their re¬ 
+verence to the 9 hero of Thebes : but it was from an event 
+far more ancient, to which their name related. The IO Scy- 
+phi, and Cyrnbia, at the celebration of the myfteries, were of 
+the lame fafhion, as thofe above. 
+
+The rites of the Scyphus undoubtedly conf fled in a com¬ 
+memoration of the Ark, accompanied with all the circum- 
+flances of the Deluge. It was the cup, we find, in which 
+" Hercules palfed the feas : and the fame hillory is given to 
+
+Helius, 
+
+7 Athenasus. L. 1 5. p. 675. 
+
+8 Ibi, nondum Herculis Scypho epoto, repente velut telo confixus ingemuit. 
+Quine. Curtius. L. 10. c. 4. 
+
+Macrobius of Hercules palling the ocean in a great Cup. Ego tamen arbitror 
+non Poculo Herculem maria tranfvedtum, fed navigio, cui Scyphus fuit nomen. 
+Saturnal. E. 5. c. 21. p. 367. 
+
+9 Athenseus. L. 11. p. 500. Some cups made of wood were called Tabnstm. 
+Ibid. p, 506. undoubtedly from Tabet, Area. 
+
+,0 It is remarkable, that the names K vjj£iqv^ ^xvcfo^ Ajearo;, TccSocitcl^ 
+
+Kvttcc , r^aAo?, TccvhoSy though made ufe of for drinking veflels, were borrowed 
+from veffels of the lea. 
+
+11 Accounts of the Scyphus Herculeus from Athen^us. Ileio-ccvSgoz ev Sevrepqj 
+
+'Hpctx/^sicts t0 Se 7 rccs zv cp SiBirXzvazv o HpocxAvz tov flxecLvov ztvcu fxzv (pyuriy ' HA / a * 
+
+Aa£W Se clvtgv Tsoep Clxzccvs ' HpaxAsa . OzoxAvtos S' tv Szvrepcp '£lgcov £7n A eSnros 
+(f YtQiv ccvtov SiccirXzvvcct. ^epzxvSns Se zv Ty rpiry t<ov *I<rogioov i wpozi 7 roov 'urzpi Qxe- 
+
+ctr& 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 405 
+
+Heliusj who is faid to have traverfed the ocean in the fame 
+vehicle. There are fome remarkable verfes of Stefichorus 
+upon this fubjedt, which have been preferved in Athenaeus. 
+
+Ia 'A 7 \iog <T 'T nsgiovidag 
+
+■ Ae7T0tS Sg KCLTsEoUVS w X£V(T£0V, 
+
+Ocpgoi ooKsccvoio 'ixrsgcx.crcig 
+Aptxqd’ isgag < 1 iron fisvQea vvtCTog sgsfJLVocg, 
+
+IIoti {JLctTsgct, xasgihoutr aXoyQv, 
+
+TLouScug r s cpi7\%g 0 'OcT sg oCKvag g6ot 
+
+A oupvcacri KctTourtuov 
+
+n o<r<ri Uoug A log. 
+
+\ 
+
+’Twas in a golden Cup 
+That Helius pafs’d, 
+
+Helius, Hyperion’s fon, 
+
+O er floods and oceans wafted far away ; 
+
+To Erebus he went, and the fad realms of night. 
+
+His aged parent there he found. 
+
+And the kind confort of his better days. 
+
+And all his blooming offspring. 
+
+Then to the facred grove he fped. 
+
+The facred grove of laurel. 
+
+\ 
+
+ctvB me pi (peps 1—OSe c Hpccx./\w$ lA tlstcu € 7 r ocvtov t ov tq^ov^ cos / 2 cc\c*yv . 'OS's HA/os 
+•zzravcruaGat x.e?^euei. c O <h Sr.iacts r&rocvet* *HA 10$ <Te avn tbtb S'tSwtriv avroj to J^Tra?* 
+oc. t. A. Ka< ore vv ev toj > meXayei :) £hceavos 'vreipoofAtvog ccutb xvpcavei to S'tiras (pav- 
+t ci^o/j.ei’ 05 . *CSe To^eueiv ccurov ju.eAAgT xczt auTov S but as QkBccvqs ‘zzravaacrQat 
+A cues. Athenseus, L. n. p 469. 
+i* Athenaeus. L. 11. p. 469. 
+
+
+e mnos, 
+
+
+
+406 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology- 
+
+
+T II II O or the House of Poseidon. 
+
+
+T^ROM what has preceded, we may perceive, that the 
+
+Scyphus, called at times the Cup of Hercules, of Ne- 
+reus, of Oceanus, of the Sun, was no other than the Ark, 
+reprefented under this charadteriftic. It was defcribed like- 
+wile, as has been often mentioned, under the emblem of a 
+large fifh, which Pliny terms fabulofa Ceto : and from this 
+reprefentation, fhips, which were unweildy, and of great 
+burden, were often called Cetenze. 13 'ufhoiav ^sya tag 
+
+Kioto?. I cannot help furmifing, that the Horfe of Neptune, 
+
+which in the conteft with Minerva 'UTsgi %oogoc$ he was faid 
+to have produced, was a miftaken emblem ; and that the 
+ancients in the original hiftory did not refer to that animal. 
+What the 'Imro?, Hippus, alluded to in the early mythology 
+-was certainly a float or fhip, the fame as the Ceto : for in 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+Hefychius. 
+
+
+14 The terms c Ittttos and 
+
+
+mentioned 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+fome degree fynonymous. Pamphos introduces, them in this manner together in 
+fpeaking of Pofeidon, 
+
+C l7T7rCt)V. 7S cT&)T>?0«, VSCOV T ’ iBvKgflS'cjXV&V . 
+
+It fhould be read 
+
+
+c l7T7rei6ov JwTwpctj veeoy t iBvytpmSefJivoov: 
+
+By which, I make no doubt, were originally meant two forts of vefiels : the Hip- 
+peia, large, unweildy, floats, the fame as K yrwcci', the other, more regularly decked 
+fhips. See Paufan. L. 7. p. 577. See alfo Homer's Hymn ei$ riocretScopsc^ who 
+expreflfes the line above 
+
+c l7nrcf)v T 0 Sfj.vrvpx. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+« 
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the firft place the 
+
+
+was denominated Hipp 
+
+
+1 s 
+
+
+407 
+
+Izrsm. 
+
+
+fJLeyciv §bLhot<r<riov lyfvi ): by Flippds is meant that huge fijh 
+
+Secondly, it is re- 
+inly called Scaphius, 
+
+
+1. e. 
+
+
+the Ceto or Whale 
+
+
+of the ocean ; 
+
+markable that the Hipp 
+and Scuphius, Xy.ctcpibg tt’cti X&ixpidg 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+liafl upon Lycoph 
+duced at the Colonus, when Nep.t 
+others tell the 
+their r 
+
+
+find by the Scho 
+was fuppofed to have beeri pro 
+
+
+was afleep 
+
+
+or, as 
+
+
+
+when, the two Deities difputed about 
+
+
+ght to Attica 
+
+
+'GTSgl 
+
+
+Tkwvh 
+
+
+£xvtpiog e%r\XQ 
+
+
+
+
+Tctq 'GTsTgotgns sv Abrjvctig Ko- 
+The fame is mentioned by 
+
+
+the Scholiaft upon Pindar. I therefore 
+ing that this fuppofed Horfe of Neptum 
+fell a relation to the Ceto, 
+
+
+: help think 
+has fo mani 
+
+
+Ceto, and the Scyphus, muffc have been 
+an emblem of the like piltport : arid that it had originally a 
+reference to the fame hiflory, to which the Scyphus and 
+Ceto related. The fable of the Horfe certainly arofe from a 
+mifprifion of terms ; though the miflake be as old as Homer. 
+
+Hippa, reprefented as a feminine, is the 
+
+
+The Goddefs 
+
+
+She 
+
+
+fame as Hippos, and relates to the fame hiflory. 
+made the nurfe or fofler-mother. of Dionufus ; and ftyled the 
+
+
+X5 Hefych. This c l 7 T 7 ros was the fame as the feminine. Hippa,. ftyled the nurie_- 
+of Bacchus, 
+
+Orphic. Hymn. 48. r l7r7rar t popov'.- 
+
+16 Lycophron. Scholia, v. 766. 
+
+Tuque O. cui prima furentem* 
+
+Rudit Equum magno tellus percufla tridenti.. VIrg. Georg. L. 1. v. 12.. 
+Hence Argos r \7r7r10v . Tlca-et^cov 'iTririos. . One of the three Chaldaic. feminaries 
+of learning was Hipparene, which is a compound oRHippa-Arene, and relates, as 
+I fhould imagine,, to the Ark, Hippa-Aren,. Borfippa in the neighbourhood. 
+
+was probably Baris-Hippa, of the. like purport. They both relate to the fame em¬ 
+blem, the Area jcwt ueiSns* 
+
+
+foull 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+foul of the world. She is moreover faid to have received 
+Dionufus, who from her had a fecond birth : and fhe aflifted 
+Jupiter in labour : 17 'H ycng '\tc%cl ns nrcuvrog atra ‘fyvyy), 
+
+mi xTca xs^YjfJLsvY) 'uroigoL rep ©soXoyep—vnoSzyaroLi Aiovvrov . 
+
+'O §S CL7T0 TiS (JLYlgii TS A lOg 'UTgOCTSlClV £lQ 0LVTY)V , mi (TVXXctfA- 
+
+£otve&cti mi 'YwKVL-Xzyzrvu rncrovn rep An. The purport of 
+this allegory is not very obfeure; and will be illuftrated 
+hereafter. Dionufus was fuppoled to have been twice born ; 
+and thence was ftyled Siepvqg. Sometimes the intermediate 
+ftate is taken into account; and he is reprefented as having 
+experienced three different lives : 
+
+18 Ogyiov, app^roi/, rgicpvsg, zgvepiov A log sgvog. 
+
+19 KtKX^rzca Atovvrov, sg&gopiov, evoig-rigoc, 
+
+■ Yigooroyovov, Jiepvv, rgiyovov. 
+
+His laft birth was from Hippa, at which time nature itfelf 
+was renewed. 
+
+
+30 'Hcfe 'urcthiv Tcliolv T£, mi Ovgccvov zvgvv sriKrsv. 
+
+Hippa, Big y\v 'Wgoerennv Aiovverog, was certainly the Ark, into 
+which the Patriarch retired ; and from which he was after¬ 
+wards releafed, to enjoy a new life, and another world. 
+Hence arofe the many fymbols of an Horfe. Damater near 
+the Olive Mount in Arcadia was worfhiped by the Phiga- 
+lians in a dark cavern. She was deferibed as a 21 woman. 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+*9 
+
+
+2,0 
+
+
+
+
+Proclus inTimaso. 2.p. 124, 125. See p. 26. of this volume 
+Orphic. Hymn. 51. 
+
+Orphic. Hymn. 29. 
+
+Verfus Orphic, ex Proclo in Timseum. 3. p. 137. 
+
+Paufanias. JL. 8. p. 686. 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+
+
+/ S*>di**f7Y 9 '• 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 409 
+
+• 1 
+
+¥ 
+
+but with the head of an horfe, and hieroglyphical reprefenta- 
+tions of ferpents and other animals. She fat upon a rock, 
+clothed to her feet \ with a dolphin in one hand, and a dove 
+in the other. Marus Balus, an ancient Deity .of Italy was 
+reprefented under an hieroglyphic, as a perfon with the face 
+of a man before, and of a horfe behind, and Was faid to have 
+lived three times. The hiftory of Pegafus, the winged 
+horfe, is probably of the fame purport. * 3 Palaephatus, a ju¬ 
+dicious writer, interprets it fo ; and fuppofes Pegafus to have 
+been nothing elfe but a fhip : Ovo^lcl <T y\v rca 'UyXoicc UrjyoL(rog. 
+Arion, who was fuppofed to have been faved by a Cetus, or 
+Dolphin, feems to have been the fifti itfelf, and was thence 
+named 24 Hippos. This Hippos was in confequence of it 
+faid to have been the offspring of Pofeidon and Da-mater. 
+Some gave out, that Gaia, the Earth, was its parent. In the 
+accounts given by the Corinthians of Arion, and Palaemon, 
+we have the fame Arkite hiftory varied, and referred to dif¬ 
+ferent seras. Corinth feems to have abounded with Arkite 
+35 emblems more than moft places in Greece. 
+
+
+*3 
+
+
+jElian. Var. Hift. L. 9, c. 16. Tpis clito§u,vw^ eCtco rgis, 
+Palsephat. de Bellerophonte. p. 66. 
+
+
+^ c l7T7ro5 Apetcov . Paufan. L. 8. p. 650. 'Itttt&s zytvvwz Ylocrui'odv A pi cava* (pccaiy 
+xca Tlyyctcrov. Hefychius. 
+
+45 See Paufanias. L. 2. p. 113. FaA?;r)?5 ctyuXptct xca S'ccAoktcu?, xcci Ittitos 
+
+eiXCCCrp^BVOS YLdt€4 9 5cA. 
+
+
+
+
+
+VoL. II, 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+410 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+Of the SACRED CONTEST. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+account of the Hippos may ferve to deciph 
+
+
+fome other mytholo 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+traditions, the purport of 
+
+
+yet been made known 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+former 
+
+
+part fhewn, that the hiftory of Deucalion, and of the appulfe 
+of the Ark, was adopted by different nations, and referred to 
+
+
+their own country. And 
+
+
+nly the true hiftory, but the 
+
+
+was in like manner retained, and 
+
+
+ap 
+
+
+metaphorical account, 
+propriated to different places. As the Ark was reprefented 
+under the fymbol of Hippos, and was preferved from the 
+violence of the fea by the wifdom, and influence, of Provid- 
+
+; the ancients defcribed this hiftory under a notion of a 
+conteft, wherein Minerva and Neptune were engaged. Each 
+
+
+ence 
+
+
+thefe Deities 
+
+
+it feems, laid claim to a region : and upon 
+compromifing the difpute, Minerva is faid to have given birth 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+and Nept 
+
+
+produced a horfe. Some 
+
+
+times, inftead of Minerva, Juno is introduced as a principal 
+in the conteft. Thefe notions arofe from emblematical de¬ 
+scriptions of the Deluge, which the Grecians had received by 
+tradition : but what was general, they limited, and appro¬ 
+priated to particular places. 
+
+nts retained by the people of Argos, 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+Delup-e 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+in the days of Inachus ; but they did 
+gine it to have extended beyond the limits of their 
+
+
+own 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+41 i 
+
+
+own country. It arofe from a 26 difpute between Neptune 
+and Juno ; who contended for the pofteftion of the province, 
+which was adjudged by Inachus to Juno. There was a 
+tradition of a like 27 conteft, and between the fame perfons, 
+for the region of Mycene ; which was here too decided in 
+favour of the fame Goddefs. The people of Trcezen had a 
+limilar 28 hiftory concerning their territory : but the difpute 
+here was between Neptune and Minerva; A Oqvxv kou Ilocrs*- 
+
+3 oqvol CLfA<pir£Y)TY}<rcu 'UT&gi TY\g yugag. The natives attributed 
+to each a fhare: but particularly venerated the Goddefs, 
+whom they ftyled Minerva UoXictg, Polias. At Corinth they 
+had the like hiftory ; where Neptune again appears the ag* 
+
+greflor : but his opponent is the Sun. Laftly, we read of a 
+contention for the land of Attica between this God of the 
+
+
+Sea, and the tutelary Deity Minerva: which 29 Paufanias ob- 
+ferves to have been an hiftory nearly parallel to that at Co¬ 
+rinth. Tods a Ko givQioig [jlovov r&egi T^g y^gccg sziv si^^lsvov^ 
+
+aXhCL, B[JL0l 3QKSL , A Qy)V 0LIQI 'UTgOOTOl 'UTEgl TY)g Amxrig SCrSfJLVOT^oyiO- 
+
+<?olv. Aeyacri 3s aai 01 YLogivQioi Uo<rs.i3oov<x. eXQsiv 'H njrs^i 
+
+rr\g yt\g sg &.fx<pi<rbr)TY}(nv' Bgiugsoov 3s 3iotXhazTriv ysvet&ou crtpitriv. 
+
+In this laft difpute about Attica, Minerva is faid to have had 
+the advantage ; and in confequence of it an olive-tree fprang 
+up in the Acropolis of Athens, and at the fame time Nep- 
+
+
+26 Paufanias. L. 2. p. i6r. 
+
+
+
+
+H tcop SrBocv 7 tgieric? TlofreiSoovos xxi AS r,vcL^ 5 ?ri Ive x.p0 ttz $ y.y- 
+
+
+
+
+ivbtcu C EAA jhti ^epi t X'Oopxs. Euieb. Chron. p. 28. L. 52 
+Paufanias. L. 2. p. 145. 
+
+
+2 .X 
+
+
+2.0 
+
+
+Paufanias. L. 2. p. 181. 
+
+Paufanias. Corinth. -L. 2. p. 112. 
+
+
+G g g 
+
+
+tune 
+
+
+
+v 
+
+
+
+41 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+tune produced the Horfe Scuphius. I think it is manifeft, 
+that thefe accounts, however limited, relate to one general 
+event: but the hiftory has been adopted, and varied, accord¬ 
+ing to the mythology of different places. This olive-tree at 
+Athens was greatly reverenced, and reputed of high 30 anti¬ 
+
+
+quity 
+
+
+but the Athenians had no other traditions concern¬ 
+
+
+ing it, than that it was an evidence of the advantage, which 
+Minerva gained over Neptune in this difpute for the coun¬ 
+try. 31 Tlegi d s EXotiag eyxtnv aAAo sittsiu v rri ©ew fJLCLg- 
+
+This hif- 
+
+
+Tvgiov ysvs&ca tsto eg tov etymon. tov S7ri Ty ‘Yoogoo. 
+
+tory was reprefented among the ctvctQtifJLOLTCt in the Acropolis 
+
+by more Artifts than one. 3 * Om^ev (t« TlccgOsvmog) y\ Tlotrsi- 
+
+S'oovog 'urgog KQv\vclv sg-iv sgig vweg Trig Trig. Behind the temple 
+called P arthe?ion> or temple of the virgin , is the Jlatue of JVep- 
+
+tune contending with Minerva for the land. 33 In another 
+place was Minerva, and the olive-tree, and Neptune making 
+a fhow of railing the waves of the deep, ctvctqctivm. 
+
+There was likewile a ftatue of the Earth in a fupplicating 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+requefting, as Paufanias imagines, that Jupiter 
+
+: 34 ds kou Fr)g ctycthpct IxstsvhT rig 
+
+
+poftur 
+would fend her rain 
+
+
+VTCU 
+
+
+,0 Paufanias. L. 8. p. 643. Lycophron. Schol. v. 7 66. 
+
+31 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 64. Many fuppofe the place, where the horfe was pro¬ 
+duced to have been in Scythia : others in Arcadia: others again in ThefTaly. See 
+Servius in Virg. Georg. L. i. v. i2> 
+
+31 Paufanias. L. i. p. 57. 
+
+33 Ibid. 
+
+34 Paufanias. L. 1. p. 57. He thinks that there was probably fome drought in 
+Attica, or perhaps in Greece. But then we fhould have had Minerva, or fome 
+other tutelary Deity of the country, intreating ‘ZjWvcl O^giov. The intreaties of the 
+Earth fhould, I think, moft naturally be general, and for no lefs than the whole. 
+
+v In 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 413 
+
+v<rcu 61 Toy Aia. The tradition, I make no doubt, was fo far 
+true, that the hiftory related to rain: but from the circum- 
+fiances of the other flatues, with which this was furrounded, 
+I fhould imagine that the purport of this entreaty was rather 
+to avert it as an evil, than to implore it for a blefling. As 
+the object of the fupplication was confefTedly unknown, we 
+may be allowed to form conjectures as well as the author. 
+I fhould therefore from the collateral hiftories imagine, that 
+this ftatue had the fame reference, as that of Ilythyia S7rt 
+
+yovacriv at 
+
+and to the definition of mankind in the waters. In fhort, 
+I take all thefe to have been general hiftories ; but through 
+length of time miftaken, and abridged, and limited to par¬ 
+ticular places. 
+
+In the Academia, Ka< q>vrov g<j ~iv EAcaa?, S'evregav tbt o Xeyo^vov (potvm'at. Pau- 
+fanias. L. 1. p. 76. 
+
+Sophoclis GEdipus Colon, v. 726. E<n v oiov eyco jcA. 
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL 
+
+
+
+{ 4*4 ) 
+
+
+% ♦ 
+
+
+
+ADDITIONAL TYPES. 
+
+TAURUS, APIS, MNEUIS, LABAN, LA- 
+BAR, LARIS, LARISSA. Alfo of AI- 
+THYIA, ILITHYIA, ORATHYIA; and 
+of the MANES, and LARES. 
+
+_ 9 
+
+9 
+
+9 
+
+% 
+
+I T may not be eafy at this diftance of time to afford uni¬ 
+formly a reafon, why the Egyptians, and other nations, 
+made ufe of thofe particular fymbols, by which their hiflo- 
+ries have been tranfmitted. At leaf!, if we may in fome in¬ 
+fiances aflign a caufe, yet in others there may appear no 
+relation between the primitive idea, and the' fubftitute, by 
+which it is reprefented. However, when any light can be 
+obtained, it will be worth our while to invefligate the truth ; 
+and to find out the latent meaning. For if by any means 
+we can arrive at the purport of thefe emblems, a great in¬ 
+fight will be obtained into the myfteries and mythology of 
+Egypt, and into the hiftory of the firfi ages. It has been 
+upon this inducement, that I have advanced fo far; and 
+fhall venture to proceed a few degrees farther in my inquiries 
+upon this fubjecfi. 
+
+It 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 415 
+
+It is faid of the Patriarch after the Deluge, that he be¬ 
+came 1 naiNn iy’N, a man of the earth, or hufbandman. This 
+is rendered by the Seventy, ctv^cawog yr ;g ; or, as it hands in 
+
+moft of the copies, a CLvQgc*)7irog yecagyog yrjg. The middle 
+term is redundant, and was originally a marginal interpreta¬ 
+tion of the two extremes by which is meant, that Noah 
+was a perfon addidted to agriculture. This circumftance 
+was religioufly recorded in all the ancient hiftories of Egypt. 
+And it was upon this account, I imagine, that the ox, fo 
+ufeful in husbandry, was made an emblem of the Patriarch. 
+Hence we find many pieces of ancient fculpture, upon which 
+is to be feen the Ox’s head with the Egyptian modius be¬ 
+tween his horns, relative to the circumftances of this hiftory. 
+But, exclufive of thefe engraven fymbols, the living ani¬ 
+mal was in many places held facred, and reverenced as a 
+Deity. One inftance of this was at Memphis,, where they 
+worfhiped the facred Bull Apis : and another was to. be found 
+at Heliopolis, where they held the Bull Mnevis, on 3 Mneuis, 
+in equal veneration. The like cuftom was obferved at • Mo- 
+memphis,. 5 Aphroditopolis, and 6 Chufa, with this differ¬ 
+ence, that the objedt of adoration in. thefe places was an 
+Heifer or Cow. 
+
+1 Genefis, c. 9. v-. 20. 
+
+z K on 3Nws ccvQpcoTros yetoo^.os ym' xui ecpurzvcrev ajjLTreAccvcz. Ibid. 
+
+5 Diodor. Sic, L. 1. p. 19. Tgeqtdcri Se rov Amv sv M ey.cpn, xcci rovMveuiv ev HA/y- 
+7 ro?.ei. Eufeb. P. E. L. 2. c. 1. p. 51. 
+
+4 Strabo. L. 17. p. 1155. SniAeict ( 2 vs ieccc. 
+
+5 Ibid. L. 17. p. 1163. Aevxv ( 6 bs legcc. 
+
+6 Koopoi Aiyv7TTicc Xy/raz to ovo/luz .— E v tclvtyi aeQsa.v - Ay poSnyv ? Ovpccvixv ccutdv 
+scaAarTSs. t ijxocai S'e xcti S*>;A eiccv /S&v.—kcli ccurnv S'e tyiv lav Aiyv 7 TTi r Jt> [3 &x,spclV 
+xai 'ZcrAo.TTycr/, xca ypcc(p'dG 1 • iElian. de Animal. L.. 10. c. 27, 
+
+6 
+
+* 
+
+
+That 
+
+
+
+4 i 6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+That the Apis, and Mneuis were both reprefentations of 
+
+% 
+
+an ancient perfonage is 7 certain; and who that perfonage 
+was, may be known from the account of him given by Dio¬ 
+dorus. He fpeaks of him by the name of Miieues : but con¬ 
+fines his hiftory to Egypt, as the hiftory of Saturn was li¬ 
+mited to Italy; that of Inachus and Phoroneus to Argos ; 
+of Deucalion to ThefTaly. Mneues, or, as the ancient Do¬ 
+rians expreffed it, Mneuas, is a compound of Men-Neuas, 
+and relates to the fame perfon, who in Crete was ftyled Mi¬ 
+nos, Min-oas, and whofe city was Min-Noa: the fame 
+alfo who was reprefented under the emblem of the Men- 
+Taur, or Mino-taurus. Diodorus fpeaks of Mneues, as the 
+firft lawgiver : and fays, that he lived after the sera of the 
+Gods and Heros, when a change was made in the manner 
+of life, among 8 men. He defcribes him as a man of a molt 
+exalted foul, and a great promoter of civil fociety, which he 
+benefited by his laws. Thefe laws were unwritten ; and he 
+received them from the chief God Hermes, who conferred 
+them as a gift of great importance upon the world; which 
+through them would be highly benefited. He was the fame 
+as Menes, whom the Egyptians reprefented as their firft king ; 
+and a great benefactor. This was the perfon, who 9 firft fa- 
+crificed to the Gods, and brought about the great change in 
+
+
+7 Tccvpos, A/owo 5. See Lycophron. v. 209. and Scholia. 
+
+s M ercc twv 'utclXcciuv ts y-olt AiyvTTTov (3i& yccrocc^ucnvy t yiv fJLuQo^oyv/j.Fvyv ye- 
+
+ycvevctl S7TI TB T 60V &BGOV KCtl H pCOWV, 'uTBl'TOLl CpCtCTl 'ZVpCOTOV 0&ypct7TT0l$ V0JJ.015 % j gYio'ctcrQcu 
+
+rrcc 'zsrA nBy (Zibv (lege Bay) t ov M vBUTiv^ ccvSpcc Koct ju.Byccv^ you to) /3/w •kolvo - 
+
+TCCTOV TGOV pLVYIJXOVevOJXBVC^V . Tl^0(77r0lYi^nV0U C^B OUTW T QV 'EppWV S'zS'GOXeyctl T&TBSy GuS 
+
+fjjcyctXwv ccycSodv ccniBs Diod. L, 1, p. 84. 
+
+9 Ibid. p. 42. 
+
+
+diet; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+417 
+
+
+diet; a circumftance, which occurs continually in the hiftory 
+of the 10 firft ages. We find it made a chara&eriftic of al- 
+moft every ancient perfonage, mg ctvO^umg ctygtz Koit S'jo- 
+
+^lotiTYjg [Jt.sTcts'YjG'cUj that he 'withdrew mankind from their 
+favage and bloody repafs. Of this foul and unnatural man¬ 
+ner of feeding, which prevailed in the antediluvian world, I 
+have fpoken before. The poets, and mythologifts, continu¬ 
+ally allude to it; and memorials of it were kept up in all 
+their rites and myfteries : where one part of the ceremony 
+confifted in eating raw flefh, which was often torn from the 
+animal, when alive. Menes, who put a flop to this cruel 
+practice, and introduced a more mild diet, is flyled Meen by 
+Herodotus, and was the fame as Men-Neuas, of whom I 
+have been fpeaking: the fame alfo as the Men-Taur, anc? 
+Taur-Men, of other countries. Diodorus calls this famous 
+lawgiver 11 B«y M yevw 9 Taurus Men-Neues ; from whence we 
+may judge, that he was the fame perfon, whom the Egyp¬ 
+tians reverenced under the fymbol of the facred Bull; spe¬ 
+cially as it was called by the fame name Mneuas, and 
+Mneues. 
+
+The name of Apis I imagine to have been an Egyptian 
+term for a father : whence came the term Appa, Appas, and 
+Apia among the Greeks : which laft is equivalent to Patria 
+
+among the Romans. Homer induftrioufly adheres to an- 
+
+■ 
+
+cient words : and he tells us, when Neftor was fent from 
+
+
+
+10 
+
+
+11 
+
+
+Ttff' r mcLXoLi<x.v ( 3 & KctTctq-'oc.aiv. See above. 
+
+
+In the prefent copies it is @ihv M veum\ which is not fenfe. It undoubtedly 
+fliould be altered to Bay, for that was his title: and he was reverenced under that 
+fymbol. 
+
+
+VOL. 11 
+
+
+Pylos 
+
+
+H h h 
+
+
+
+418 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+Pylos to fight againft the Centaurs of ThefTaly, that he went 
+
+13 rrihoQev £0 CL7riYis yoUYjS. This may fignify either that he 
+v/ent far away e patria terra, from his own country : or elfe 
+to a great diftance from the region of Apis, which un¬ 
+doubtedly was fo called from Apis of Egypt. In this inter- 
+pretation I differ from 13 Strabo, Euftathius, and all r the Scho- 
+liafts ; who think, that by Apia was meant fomething at a 
+diflance. Hence T/jAodsv £0 amris yctirig muff fignify longe a 
+longinqua terra ; which is fcarcely fenfe. Paufanias who was 
+as good an antiquary, as Strabo was a geographer, affaires us, 
+that of old the whole region of the Peloponnefus was ffcyled 
+
+14 Apia : and that it was fo denominated from Apis. We 
+may therefore be allured, that the term was fometimes ufed 
+for a proper name. But it likewife fignified patria, from 
+Apis a father : whence came the Greek term * s Atttt ctg, 6 rgo- 
+
+a parent. 
+
+Appas, juft as Atis was rendered Attis ; Amon, Ammon : 
+Adon, Addon. Diana is made to fay to Jove, 
+
+16 A og (jloi 'nrctgOeviYiv ouoomv y Annot, <pvXoL<r<reiv. 
+
+Grant me y my dear Appa y to maintain a perpetual virginity. 
+Ulyfles, fpeaking to Alcinous of his own country Ithaca, 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+Apas was expreffed 
+
+
+** Iliad. A. v. 270. r. v. 49. OdyfT. H. v. 25. 
+
+r? They render cltticl by moppeo ccire^Bacc. E tc yvs fuLccx.pctv''ct7re%ucry$. Schol. in 
+Horn. Iliad. L. A. v. 2. At nocv Se moppet) /xaAAor. Strabo. L. 8. p. 570. 
+
+14 T??r €vtcs yrngaev Amccv oltt exeivs (Att/J'o^) xccteto-Qcu. Paufan. L. 2. 
+
+p. 123. Apis is fuppofed to have come from beyond Naupadtus ; A 7 ns ex me pets 
+Kavmuxrtcct. JEfch. Supplices. But by the coming of Apis is to be ynderftood 
+the introduction of particular rites; which 
+
+15 Hefychius. 
+
+16 Callimach. H. Dian. v. 6. 
+
+
+were originally from Egypt. 
+
+
+ftyles 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+419 
+
+
+ftyles it 17 &.7TIY) youct , by which is undoubtedly meant patria 
+terra. The name of the earth itfelf among the Scythe was 
+
+18 Apia, the feminine of Apis. This could not lignify re¬ 
+mote. No people would give the word diftajtt for a general 
+term to the Earth, which they worfhiped, as a Goddefs ; no 
+
+I 
+
+more than they would to the country, where they redded. 
+They efteemed the Earth their common parent ; and hence 
+they gave her the name of Apia, as they gave the title of 
+
+19 Pappaius to Zeus, whom they looked upon as their father. 
+
+% 
+
+One term explains the other precifely. And that we may 
+not be at a lofs to know, who was meant by this reputed 
+father Apis; Epiphanius tells us that he was the fame as 
+ao Inachus, in whofe days the Deluge happened. 
+
+I have mentioned, that the Mneuis, or, as the Dorians ex- 
+prefs it, 21 Mneuas, is a contraction of Men-Neuas, the Lu¬ 
+nar God Neuas, the fame as Noas, or Noah. It has alfo 
+been fhewn, that Ofiris, the planter of the vine, the inventer 
+of the plough, the great hufbandman, was no other than 
+Noah ; and to him thefe animals were facred. Plutarch ac¬ 
+cordingly informs us, 12 Tag T ctvgag rag ieg&g> top tb ovopcc- 
+
+£q[jlsvov Akiv, kou top M vsviv, Ongifo mQisgooQwou ; that the 
+
+t7 Homer. Odyff. H. v. 25. 
+li Herodotus. L. 4. c. 59. 
+
+19 Pappa, and Pappus, fignified in many languages a father. Hence 'ejcctt- 
+7ra£yo-n', cct eccc 'wpocrctyo^vaiv* Hefych. When Nauficaa in Homer addrefies 
+her father, fhe calls him Pappa. See Herodot. above. 
+
+YloLinra, olv cT>? /jloi B(po 7 rAvereias olityivyiv. Odyff. Z; v. 57. 
+
+Hseref. L. 1. p. 11. A ttiS'os 'z&ptoTGpov 
+
+ax Mneuis, M vevi ? 9 of Diodorus. L. x. p. 19. 
+
+Ifis et Ofiris. p. 366. 
+
+h ulls , 
+
+
+H h h 2 
+
+
+
+420 
+
+
+The Analysis, of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+hulls , both that which was called <Abis> and the other named 
+
+Mneuis , were alike facred to Ofir is. They were looked upon 
+
+► 
+
+23 living oracles, and real Deities : and to be in a manner 
+
+£3 * - * ' * - * * .l < . ���* r • • f . 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+re 
+
+
+^ A _ _ ▼ 
+
+animated by the very foul of the perlonage, whom they 2 * 
+
+♦ 
+
+prefented. Diodorus fpeaks of the honour, in which they 
+were held, as being equal to that paid to the 25 Gods. In 
+another place he allures us, that they were reverenced as 
+Deities ; and this 26 univerfally, by all the people of Egypt. 
+The Mneuis was worfhiped at Heliopolis, as the Apis was at 
+Memphis : hence fome have thought, that the former was 
+
+
+particularly facred to the Sun. 
+
+
+
+were both equally 
+
+
+dedicated to Oliris ; who among other titles had that of He- 
+
+: but they related more to him under the character of 
+
+
+lius 
+
+
+the Dpus Lunus ; and from hence the Mnei?is was Henomi- 
+
+0 
+
+nated. Under this charadter the Egyptians did not refer to 
+the planet in the heavens, but tp a perfon ; and to the; ma¬ 
+
+
+chine, in which he had been 
+
+✓ . «r , • ... « v ^ •• - ■ • 
+
+was ftyle.d Rhea and Damater. 
+
+
+
+the fame, which 
+
+
+The Egyptians imagined, that.the Ark had a refemblance 
+
+
+to the new moan ; which I have fliewn to have been 
+
+
+fa 
+
+
+Bar yctg Ocri 
+
+25 Evptopcpor eiKovct voul^iv t ns OaipiS'oa ^v^yis top A7 rip* Ibid. p. 362. Top 
+A tip. eixovcc per OcngiS'c^ e/x^v^o.p eivcot. Ihid. 368.- 
+
+24 O Bbs A7r/s, d eq-iv clutgs O <rigis. Ibid. 
+
+TsAeuTwrcn'TOS Qoripi.S'os eis tbtov rt 4^2^ ccvtb ptLSTS^n^ kou S'ict tclvtcl 
+
+t€/\€l f+zysoi noa vuv. *A. Diodor. L. 1. p. 76* 
+
+25 Tb$ S'e T CLVO&S I 6 g 9 $y TOP T£ AtTIY^ XCU TOP M rev IP TtfJLCtaQcU TtTagtXTr^YiaiOJS T OS 
+
+Qeoi$. L. 1. p. 79, At/?5 Sreos Atyu 7 TTtct)U'. Suidas. 
+
+20 Tbs cf e Tav'Ss tbs /spy 5 — aeSeaQcci xctQa.7rep ttotvy KC6Tct$~i%QvvcLi 'z&ok&iv A 
+
+yvTTTtoiS . L. 1. p. 19. Apis, populorum omnium numen. Mela. L. 1. c. 9. 
+Sees erepys^ccTQi 0 At ns. ALlian. de Animal. L. ix. c. 10. 
+
+
+picPos eiycovcc rojuLi^bo-u Ibid. 
+
+
+vourite 
+
+
+
+
+
+f 
+
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+
+*Jc 
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+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 421 
+
+vourite emblem. And there is reafon to think,, that they 
+made ufe of fome art to imprefs the figure of a crefcent upon 
+the fides of thefe. facred animals : as it is certain, that white 
+marks of this form were generally feen upon them. The 
+Mneuis was uniformly chofen of a 27 black colour, that thefe 
+impreffions might more plainly appear. The like is faid of 
+the Apis., who is by Pliny described as a Deity. 23 Bos in 
+JEgypto etiam numinis vice colitur :' Apim vocant. Infigne 
+ei in dextro latere candicans macula, cornibus lunae crefcere 
+incipientis. The fame account is given by Marcellinus. 
+2? Ed autem Apis bos diverfis genitalium notarum figuris ex— 
+preffus, maximeque omnium eorniculantis lunae fpecie lateri 
+dextro infigrps. Thefe animals are 30 faid to have had this 
+regard paid to them, as being emblems of hujbandry r which 
+Qfir is found out 1 and they were defgned as memorials of the 
+fruits of the earth being propagated 1 and of the perfons , to 
+whom the world was indebted for thofe blejfmgs ; that the re¬ 
+membrance of fo- great- benefaElions might lajl to the latefl ge- 
+rations . 
+
+But they were not- only Teprefentatives of the perfon, or 
+perfons, by whom the world had been lo much benefited; 
+but, as I have before mentioned; of the machine likewife, in 
+which they had been prelerved. This was defcribed as a 
+
+
+* 7 Mi-gui— (3owv pjt.eyiq-oS) a(po^px ^gAas. A.mv—fxetixvx xcw avrov inreo tmv 
+
+Awt-. Porphyrius apud Eufeb. Praep.. Evang. L. 3. c. 13. p. 117- 
+18 L. 8. c. 46. p. 472. 
+
+** L. 22. p. 257. 
+
+3° —\A pact paev S'tct ytcopysus xpxxt cTe xcti diet to tzov evpovrocv tbs X'cc^ttb^- 
+
+TDv Teas suegyecnetts wctgx^Q&ifxov ysyoyevxi tq/s paSTxyei'^epois e/s x 7 rxv~ict tqv 
+
+caooyx, Diodor* ** . L. l. p. 79. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+crefcent; 
+
+
+
+422 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+r 
+
+crefcent;. and called Theba, Baris, Argus. In confequence 
+
+♦ 
+
+of which we find, that thefe terms, and the name of an 
+Ox or Bull, were among the eaftern nations fynonimous. 
+The Syrians, like the people at Mo-Memphis, held a Cow in 
+great reverence : and to what they alluded may be known 
+by the etymologifts, who have commented upon their wor- 
+fhip. 31 Xvgifi XsysTou 4 fdg. The facred heifer of the 
+
+Syria?zs is no other than Theba , the Ark. 0 ri^ot yctg r\ (hsg 
+
+holt a Xvgag. The Ark among the Syrians is Jlyled Bous y a 
+cow j undoubtedly, becaufe it was fo typified. Hefychius, 
+conformably to the above, mentioning the various fignifica- 
+tions of the term B xg. Bos, takes notice, 33 B&£,—B ocgig, Agyog : 
+By an Ox or Bull is fgnified Baris y and Argus .* two names of 
+the facred fhip, the fame as Theba above. The facred cakes, 
+which were offered at the Arkite temples, were ftyled Boun y 
+and were prefented upon every feventh day. They had 
+little horns, and were facred to Selene 5 as we learn from 
+Hefychius, who renders the term Bous. 34 Bȣ i^ofjLog ure[JL- 
+
+fjLo. sg-i, you Trig XshY]VYjg Isgov. The fame emblem was held 
+facred in Perils, and Chufiftan ; where Mithras the parent 
+of mankind was reprefented under the figure of a fleer, or 
+heifer. Statius has fome allufions to this image, when he 
+mentions 
+
+
+31 Etymolog. Magnum- * 
+
+** Scholiaft upon Lycopbron. v. 1206. 
+
+33 So it fhould be read. It {lands now Bccoos Agyoe. 
+
+34 Of the facred Bonn fee Vol. 1. p. 298. The Meliffie, thofe prieftefies of Se¬ 
+lene, were ftyled fivyeveis. He Aww MeAiacrap excc?i&p‘ — (2Byeveis S'e cci MbAicto-c&l. 
+Porph. de Antro Nympharuni. p. 262. 
+
+• 6 
+
+
+Perfei 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+423 
+
+
+35 Perfe’i Tub rupibus antri 
+
+Indignata fequi torquentem cornua Mithran, 
+
+* * 
+
+♦ « 
+
+Upon this the Scholiaft obferves, 36 Perfas in Spelafis coli So- 
+
+lem primi invenifte dicuntur. . Eft etiam in fpelaso quidam 
+Perfico habitu cum tiara utrifque manibus bovis cornua com- 
+primens, quae interpretatio ad lunam dicitur. He fays, that 
+the purport of the fculpture related to the moon. . It did 
+fo : however not to the planet ; but to the Arkite. crefcent, 
+of which Mithras Tauriformis was the fuppofed Divinity. Of 
+the grottos here alluded to by the Scholiaft,. which were fitu- 
+ated near the Campus Magorum, I have before taken notice. 
+Among thofe ancient entablatures, which are there carved 
+in the rock, there is one above the reft curious. In this is 
+defcribed Mithras Bovinus, with the head and horns of a 
+bull ; fimilar to the figures of Ifis in Egypt. There is alfo 
+the celeftial bow; and over all is the child Eros, or Maneros, 
+winged, and fitting upon the. bow: alfo a perfon alcending 
+fome fteps to adore the facred phenomenon 
+able piece of fculpture : 
+
+
+It is a remark- 
+and every part of it illuftrates the 
+
+
+fubjedt, of which 1 have been hitherto 37 tre 
+Thefe fymbolical animals of Egypt, are 
+fpoken of as Vituli, or 3 * calves : and Herodotus, treating of 
+
+
+by many writers 
+
+
+35 Thebaid. L. r. v. 720. 
+
+36 Schol. ibid. Tctupos jxev SeA/jr*?, xcti u-^coy.ct 2eA mw 0 T ccupo?. Porphyrius 
+fup ra. 
+
+37 A copy of it has-been given before, Vol. 1. and is here again rep refen ted upon 
+a larger fcale. 
+
+38 A/a. n eqvyzv aira ex o Attis\ c 6 zkXzktos ca bk. sueivev. Jeremiah. 
+
+
+
+424 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+# 
+
+Apis, mentions him as 0 fJLQU"}(pg 0 39 A mg JcaXsofjievog: the fleet* 
+called Apis. When the Israelites fell into the idolatry of 
+Egypt, they worfhiped a calf in Horeb. And when this 
+folly was renewed under Jeroboam, ftill the object of wor¬ 
+ship was the fame. This king made two 40 calves ; one of 
+which he fet up in Bethel, and the other in Dan. They are 
+
+9 
+
+fometimes reprefented as females j and in the book of Tobit 
+complaint is made againft the apoftate Tribes in Ifrael, who 
+all facrificed to the Goddefs Baal x reprefented by an heifer . 
+
+41 Ilacra; at <puKcu, at cvvaitogtaorai eQvov rp BaccA, rp dapLaihei. 
+
+9 m « 
+
+This was certainly an emblem of that fuppofed Deity, called 
+Gaia, Rhea, and Damater. 
+
+41 Tata. Gea, M ouatgtM, ■S^T&w r av()gwTt wv. 
+
+•% 
+
+I 
+
+Hence Apuleius, when he is defcribing the Pompa Ifiaca, 
+fays of the facred Cow, 43 Erat ea Bos omniparentis Dear fce- 
+cundum limulachrum. From this we may be led to infer 
+that the female was the appointed emblem of the Ark; and 
+
+M « • « # 
+
+the male of the perfon. The fhrines, where this itrange 
+adoration was paid, were efteemed oracular: whence the ani¬ 
+mal had the name of Alphi, Dei vox ; which was rendered 
+Alpha by the Greeks. Hefychius accordingly tells us,, 
+A Ktpa. fiag ; or Alhipa fioog ;cg<pa?\.*j, < 5 >oivitcsg. The P henicians 
+call an Ox , or Cow 3 or the head of thofe animals , Alpha . And 
+
+♦ 
+
+39 L. 3. c. 28. 
+
+40 1 Kings, c. 12. v. 28, 29. 
+
+41 C. 1. v. 5. 
+
+41 Orphic. Hymn. 25. 
+
+43 Metamorph. L. 9. p. 373. Edit. Delph. 
+
+Plutarch, 
+
+
+
+£ AT. 
+
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+ra*s 
+
+
+L^c 
+
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+
+et 7 ( / '? A Pd € °^ertu<v/*t . 
+
+
+i/6- / * c < ^zn ✓. c Jf&eitda. :yi. '4-5 . 
+
+
+l&tuurc g/ t -\ 
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+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+425 
+
+
+Plutarch, fpeaking of Cadm 
+
+
+fay 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+that he placed Hlpha 
+
+
+the firfi letter , hecaufe among the Phenicians it was the name 
+of the facred Steer or Heifer . I have hefore taken notice, 
+that the Grecian writers have fuppofed Cadmus to have b 
+conducted by a Cow : but the true hiflory may be known 
+from the defcription of the Cow, by which Cadmus, or ra¬ 
+ther the Cadmians are faid to have been directed. 
+
+
++5 A bvxov tr/yf zkolte^e 'Grepiirtojtov y)VTz uyivy>$. 
+
+% 
+
+It had upon each fde a mark , refembling the fgure of the moon. 
+Paufanias mentions the fame circumftance : and fays, 46 that 
+it was a white mark , and like the moon , when at full. Among 
+all the famples, which are now extant either upon -coins or 
+marbles, the mark is uniformly a crefcent: and fuch we may 
+imagine the true hidory to have been, from whence Pau¬ 
+fanias copied. The peculiar hieroglyphic, with which the 
+animal was fuppofed to have been diftinguifhed, fhews, that 
+the hiftory related to one of the facred kine of Egypt 5 and 
+
+from them the oracle was derived. 
+
+* • • • 
+
+The Egyptians undoubtedly wprfhiped one of thefe facred 
+animals at their city Pharbethus : for Phar in the Amonian 
+language, like "ID, of the Chaldeans, and Hebrews, lignified 
+an Ox, or Bull; and by Beth was denoted a temple. Hence 
+by Phar-Beth is to be underflood Bovis i£des, the temple of 
+
+44 to $oivixccs urea Kctheiv rov Byp. Sympof. Quaeft. ix. 3. p. 738. 
+
+45 Schol. in Ariftoph. Barpa^. v. 1256. 
+
+46 ‘ExaTg^a.5 (2 00 $ TxrXevgczs crvfABiov eireivcti Aei>xov.> ei-x.ucr}JLZvov xuxAw tjjs 
+
+Atjjw, o7roT5 eiy toA ypvis. L,. 9, p. 733. See backward the treatife upon Cadmus, 
+p. 159. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+I i i 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+426 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the facred Bull. I have before fhewn, that Petah, and Pa— 
+tah, lignified an Officer, and Prieft. Hence the perfons 
+ftyled in the 47 fcriptures Petah-Phar, and rendered in our 
+verfion Potiphar, and Potiphera, were priefts of this order.. 
+Potiphar prieft: of On was an attendant upon the Mneuis in 
+the city Zoan, or Heliopolis ; which was alfo called On- 
+Analogous to this Ifis Pharia was in acceptation Dea Bovina, 
+from the hieroglyphic 48 Phar, under which fhe was repre- 
+fented. In 49 a former treatife I imagined, that by Phar- 
+Beth was meant the ho.ufe of Pharaoh ; but Beth is generally 
+to be underftood in a religious fenfe ; and' as Phar fignified 
+an Ox or Bull, I ffiould be inclined to the latter interpreta¬ 
+tion. Pataneit was a title of the fame purport as Petaphar.. 
+Proclus fpeaks of a Sonchin, or prieft, at Heliopolis, who 
+was fo called. He expreftes it 50 TI oltsvsit’, which is a varia¬ 
+tion of little confequence. Nek had the fame fignification, 
+as Phar; and is by Macrobius rendered SI Netos, or Neton r 
+who fays, that the faered Bull at Heliopolis was fo calledv 
+Hence Pata-Neit was Sacerdos Bovis; Apis, vel Mneuis, 
+Minifter. Ifis Pharia was alfo ftyled- Neit, which the Gre— 
+
+47 Genefis. c. 39. v.. i. and c. 4j*. v. 45.. 
+
+48 Nunciat oftavam Pharia fua turba Juvence. Martial. L. 10. Epig. 48. 
+
+Ifi, Phoron^eis quondam flabulata fub antris, 
+
+N.unc Regina Phari. Statius. Sylv. L. 3. Ad Metium Celerem.. 
+
+He fpeaks, as if her ti.de related to the Pharos.. Regina Pharia fignifies Ifis; 
+Bovina. 
+
+49 VoL 1. Radicals,. 
+
+5 Proclus in Timasum. L. 1. p. 31. ovo/xcc^o/jcevto TIccTeveiT.. 
+
+51 L. 1. c. 21. p. 212. Taurum Soli facrum, quem Neton. cognominant. Nets 
+On. Taurus Solis., 
+
+
+cians 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+427 
+
+
+tians expreffed Si : and her pried: at Sais was called 
+Petaneit; Sacerdos Ifidis Bovin®. 
+
+
+In refpedd to the Apis and Mneuis, ther 
+been a determined period for their worfhip 
+
+
+feems to have 
+at the expira- 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+of which they were carried to the Nile and drowned in 
+53 river. This was attended with univerfal lamentations; 
+
+w 
+
+during which the priefts went in queft of another of the fame 
+kind with the neceffary marks. When fuch a one was 
+found, he was led in triumph to the temple, and the fame 
+rites were renewed. But though writers fpeak of thefe n 
+
+
+effary charadferiflics 
+
+
+orignally inherent in the 
+
+
+yet the lunar emblem upon the fide was certainly a work of 
+
+
+art. 
+
+fedded 
+
+
+The people 
+
+
+Egypt told Plutarch, that 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+ef- 
+
+
+5+ 
+
+
+£ 7 TCX ,( pr ) 
+
+
+Trig SsAjomk, by a touch of the 7noon ; which he 
+underftands of the 55 planet. The perfons, who afforded the 
+
+intelligence, undoubtedly meant, that it was done by the ap¬ 
+plication of an inftrument in the form of a crefcent. With 
+this they applied fome cauftic, by which they took off the 
+black hairs : and in the room of thefe, white ones fucceeded 
+in the fhape of a lunette. We are told, that when the Apis 
+died, it was put into a c rogog , or coffin, and folemnly interred 
+in the temple of 56 Sarapis. I cannot in this place omit tak¬ 
+ing notice of the name Sarapis, about which there has often 
+
+
+51 Plato Tim^us. Vol. 3. p. 21 Aiyv 7 rrt<^i tbvojj.cc NwQ. 
+
+ABni'a, 'zznzo Aiyv7TTio:?. Hefych. 
+
+
+54 - 
+
+
+Apis— poft vivendi fpatium prseftitutum, facrofonte immerflis. Marcellinus, 
+
+
+L. 22. p. 257. 
+
+54 SympoC L. S. p. 71S. 
+
+55 Suidas fuppofes, that the Apis was conceived sk 2 ;sA <xo$ rm 
+
+56 Clemens Alexand. Strom, L. 1. p. 383. 
+
+I i i 2 
+
+
+eA*;n js. 
+
+
+been 
+
+
+
+428 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+been controverfy even among fome of the ancients. This 
+arofe from their blending two different ideas under one 
+term ; which the Egyptians certainly diftinguifhed. But as 
+the words were nearly the fame in found, the Grecians have 
+confounded them; and ufed them indifcriminately. Sar fig- 
+nifted any thing noble. Thofe great lords, the Tyrians, are 
+by the facred writers ftyled 57 Sarim. Ofiris, the great huf- 
+bandman, who had been expofed in an ark, was ftyled Sar- 
+Apis ; which fignifies illuftris Genitor, the great father of 
+mankind. But there was likewife the term Sor, from whence 
+came the <rogo$ of the Greeks ; which fignified a bier or cof- 
+; alfo a place of interment. Hence the temple, where 
+the dead Apis was deposited, had the name of Sor-Apis, ren¬ 
+dered inaccurately Sarapis. Plutarch did not know the dif- 
+tincdion; and hence fancied, that fome people in Egypt 
+would not allow Sarapis to have been a God. 58 Dvk sivoa 
+
+Ssov t ov XagctTUV, rov Afridog a rug ovofjuxtrfrou. In - 
+
+Jlead of admitting Sarapis as a Deity^ they infJhed that it was 
+only the tomb of Apis. The difpute was about the found of 
+a word. No Egyptian could deny the divinity of the God 
+
+
+hn 
+
+
+
+: but Sor-Apis had another meaning 1 and this was. 
+the term in debate. The Egyptians infilled, and with good 
+
+
+57 Ifaiah. c. 23. v. 3 . See Radicals, p. 73. 
+
+5S His et Ofiris. p. 362. Sor alfo among the Amonians fignified a Bull; which 
+was fometimes expreifed Tor, and Tur. Sar-Apis may therefor-e fometimes fignify 
+the Bull-Apis. 
+
+50 Th'Tccv 01 A ice tqctcrcty eivcziy c.i S e rov N ei\ov y Six to pi oSlov e%fiiv sv 
+
+kcci rev rzrrtyyv* Suidas. 
+
+60 Ogov - 01 sfA£V OcriplV^ CL St ^ipCLirlVy Cl Ss AtyVTTTiq-l. 
+
+Plut. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 375. 
+
+reafon, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 429 
+
+reafon, that Sor-Apis was a name given to the place of fepul- 
+ture of the facred bull ; and did not relate to the Deity. 
+That I am right in my notion may be proved from the tefti- 
+mony of Nymphodorus of Amphipolis. He fays exprefly, 
+that when the Apis died, and had been embalmed, the 
+priefts laid it in a <ro£0£, or tomb ; and this was in the tem¬ 
+ple of the Deity, or Daemon, whom they moil honoured : 
+and the place of fepulture was called 60 Soro-Apis. Nym¬ 
+phodorus fee ms afterwards in fome degree to confound 
+the terms: but it is manifefl, that the Damon, (Aca^twv) 
+
+or deified man, was Sar-Apis, and that Sor-Apis was the 
+
+■ 
+
+tomb. 
+
+It has been mentioned, that the Minotaur, the Taurus 
+Lunaris, of Crete, was reprefented as a Man with the head 
+of a Bull. This was an hieroglyphic introduced into that 
+country from Egypt. That it was an Egyptian emblem 
+may be known from a fpeci-men ftill remaining, which is to 
+be feen upon thole curious monuments of Egyptian anti¬ 
+quity, in the Britifh Mufeum. The Deity is here deferibsd 
+fitting in an eredt pofture, in the exprefs form of the Mino¬ 
+taur : only with this difference, that like many emblema¬ 
+tical figures in Syria, Babylonia, and other parts of the eaft, 
+he is reprefented with two heads. Hi-s horns are indufbrioully 
+. fo placed as to form two lunettes. In his hand he holds an 
+infir ument like a fcythe, as a token of husbandry : and before 
+him is a pried; upon his knees, who fee ms to be dedicating 
+two fmall pyramids. 
+
+From thefe hieroglyphics mifinterpreted came the {lories 
+
+
+60 Kavreytysv Xopcct'Tiv cu, CLemens Alex*- Strom, JL. i. p. 3S3. 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+
+43 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+% 
+
+of Europa, and Padphae; alfo the fable about Argus, and 
+Id. They all related to the fame event; and to the ma¬ 
+chine ftyled Bsg, and Taurus, wherein Odris was inclofed. 
+For it is faid of Ids, that during the rage of Typhon, fhe pre- 
+ferved Odris in an ark of this denomination : 61 Big (d>%v %v~ 
+
+suJqClKsiv ; She inclofed him in a bull of wood: by which 
+in meant the ark, Theba. The Syrians underftood it fo. 
+62 yag Y] j 2 >ag Karra. Xvgxg. yd Cow amo?ig the Syria?is fg- 
+
+nified an Ark or Theba : — a.7to K.abju.8 fioog cpatn rr\v 
+
+B7rTa.7TV\ov K\Y\Qt)Vai. ’The city Theba in Greece, fo renowned 
+
+♦ 
+
+for its fenen gates , was denoi?imated from the facred Cow, by 
+which Cadmus was direSled. The name of the animal muft 
+therefore have been Theba : and we may be allured, that 
+the Syrians and Egyptians under this hieroglyphic contin¬ 
+ually referred to the 63 Ark. The city Tyre, from whence 
+Europa is fuppofed to have come, was named Sor, and Tur, 
+iimilar to the tup, and “in, of the Chaldeans. Both thefe 
+terms dgnify a Bull: and it was undoubtedly the indgne, by 
+which the Deity was there reprefented. 
+
+There were many Arkite ceremonies in different parts of 
+the world ; which were generally ftyled Taurica Sacra. In 
+dome of thefe there was a memorial of the naiKifysvscria .: 
+and thofe, who were initiated, imagined, that they obtained 
+by their admiflion to thefe rites an addition to their 64 term 
+of years. Thefe myfteries were of old attended with a£ts of 
+great cruelty. Of thefe I have given inftances, taken from 
+
+61 Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 76. 
+
+6i Lycophron, Scholia, v. 1206. 
+
+61 ©??oa, yciSooTtoy. Hefych. 
+
+6+ See Hoffman Taurobolium. 
+
+
+different 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 431 
+
+different parts of the world ; from Egypt, Syria, Cyprus, 
+Crete, and Sicily. The Bull of Perillus was probably con-* 
+ftrudted upon a religious account; and defigned for a reno¬ 
+vation of fome cruel rites ; which were prevented by the 
+prince of the country. Practices of this nature prevailed in 
+the 65 Tauric Cherfonefus. The Scuthas of thefe parts wor- 
+fhiped Diana-under the title of 65 Tauropolus, and 67 Taur- 
+ione. . There is reafon to think, that the Deity was here re- 
+prefented under the Egyptian hieroglyphic of either a fleer 
+or heifer. It is exprefly faid by Euftathius, that the region 
+was denominated from the animal Taurus : and that it was 
+fo named in memorial of an ancient hiftory, which was cer¬ 
+tainly imported from Egypt. 68 '0 1 Totvpot to sQvog cmo t<j 
+
+T cLvgZj (pond, xoiXsvtou, cha to bjcbi tqv Otrigiv £bv%ccvtcc fi&v 
+
+OLPOTOU yY]V. - X.OLI ij AgTBfJLig $S ToLVgOTTOXOg 0L7TQ TZTCjOV d'ozsi TOJV 
+
+Tctvgoov KsyscrQ-cu, dig eyyup&v, dog ^bvoktovutlv btc ccvTr). We 
+
+find, that according to the cuftom of mofb nations, the peo- 
+pie of the Cherfonefus fuppofed the Deity to have been of 
+their country : in other refpedts the hiftory is conformable to 
+the truth. We learn from the above, that the Tauric natioji 
+was fo named from the ani?nal ’Taurus , or Bully which was- 
+looked upon as a memorial of the great hufbajidman Ofrisy who ■ 
+frfi taught agriculture , and to whom was afcribed. the inven¬ 
+tion of the plough* The Tauric nation was a colony of 6? .Cu.- 
+
+65 dementis Cohort., p. 36.. 
+
+66 Diodorus Sic. L, 4. p. 248. B-uetu. ApTBfJUt^i 'Tuv^o.ttoXco., 
+
+67 Tccugian’n—'ev Tccvpois tm (Sra). Suidas. 
+
+6S Euftath. in Dionyf. v. 306. 
+
+69 They were ftyled Baci^uot Royal Scuthne ; Herodotus. L, 4. c. 57. 
+
+So.-in Egypt they had been called Royal Shepherds * Bctaiteis riot^eiei. 
+
+thite s, 
+
+
+
+43 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+thites, as will be hereafter fhewn. They worftiiped Ofiris, 
+whom they ftyled 70 Ait-Ofiris : alfo Heftia, the fame as Da- 
+mater, whom they called 71 Tabita, from the Chaldaic Tabit, 
+Area: and they gave to Artemis, or Diana, the name of 
+Tauro, Tauropolus, and 7X Taurione. From laying thefe hif- 
+tories together it is apparent, that Artemis Diana, and Venus 
+Dione, were in reality the fame Deity ; and had the fame 
+departments. This Sylvan Goddefs was diftinguiftied by a 
+crefcent, as well as Juno Sarnia; and was an emblem of the 
+Arkite hiftory : and in confequence of it was fuppofed to 
+prefide over 73 waters. Hence we find an inlcription in 
+74 Gruter, wherein Diana is at the fame time called Regina 
+undarum, and Nympha, decus nemorum. The name Taur- 
+one fhews the hiftory, to which fhe related ; for Taurus was 
+an emblem of the Ark : and by Taur-Ione was fignified the 
+Arkite Dove. There is reafon to think, that among this 
+people the chief memorial of the Patriarch, and the Deluge, 
+was preferved under an hieroglyphic of this nature. For as 
+
+70 Herod, ibid. 
+
+71 Ibid. 
+
+■ 1 Suidas, T 'avpaov/i. 
+
+T ccvpco n zv Tempo is A pTZpus. Hefych. 
+
+Called by Euripides Aprzpuv Sscov oovctcrcrcc.v. HippoL v. 1521. She was confe- 
+quently the fame as Hera or Juno. Hence probably her name is a compound of 
+Hara-Temis, the fame as Themis, the Goddefs of Juftice. I have fcmetimes thought 
+that it was from Artemis, the city of Themis. 
+
+75 Ectcth y, cli Atpizvecrcrtv Birio"x.o7ro5. Callimachus. H. to Diana, v. 39. Hence 
+Artemis A .ipivcuct, and Ai/xvccris. Paufanias. L. 2. p. 128. L. 3. 271. L. 4. 
+p. 287. 
+
+7+ P. xxxix. n. 8. 
+
+Hanc tibi marmoreo csefam de monte, Diana, 
+
+Regina undarum, Nympha, decus nemorum. 
+
+7 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+433 
+
+
+'tlie Dove was an emblem of that Providence, by which man¬ 
+kind were faved : and as the machine, in which they were 
+preferved, was fly led Taurus; wc may fuppofe that thefe fy na¬ 
+bob were introduced together from fpecimens in Egypt. 
+And though in the hiflory of that country the name of Taur- 
+lone does not at prefent occur, yet, what is extraordinary, 
+and more to the purpofe, the hieroglyphic is frill to be feen; 
+and agrees precifely with my hypothefis. In the account 
+given by Kircher of the Pamphilian obelifk there is intro¬ 
+duced from the Bembine table a reprefentation of the Egyp¬ 
+tian Apis. Pie is defcribed with his horns luniformes ; and 
+upon his back is the myfterious Dove, Ionah, with its wings 
+low expanded, affording, as it were, fecurity and fhelter to 
+the animal beneath. It is an hieroglyphic, as curious, as it 
+is ancient : and wonderfully iiluffcrates the hiflory, of which 
+I have been treating. 
+
+As the Egyptians imagined, that the horns of a young Ox 
+or Bull had fome refemblance to a lunette, which was an 
+emblem of the Ark ; we find moft of the Arkite divinities 
+diflinguifhed either with a crefcent, or with horns. The 
+Bull of Europa is defcribed as having its horns full budded, 
+and bearing- a refemblance to the new moon. 
+
+
+75 Icro, <T eff ctKXqKoivi KzgcL aysrgAAs mgwz 
+
+Aj /rvyos, r)fjuTQ[AOV KSgciYis ccrs kvk7^cl Xs7\r t vr,g . 
+
+
+In the hiflory of Dionufus we have 
+
+
+al references to 
+
+
+this hieroglyph 
+
+
+He was called $iK£Pttg } and fizzsgoog 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+7S Mofchi Europa. v. 87. 
+
+
+K k k 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+434 
+
+in the Orphic hymns he is defcribed as having the counte¬ 
+nance of a bull. 
+
+76 E X@s, Mowag A tovvrs, 'urvgi<r7rogs, Tau^o^sTwxs. 
+
+There is an invocation of him equally remarkable in ano¬ 
+ther hymn. 
+
+77 K.ik\y)<tx,w Aiovvtrov, sgi^gopov, svocs'qga., 
+
+UgooTQipvoV} fo<pw\ 3 rgiyouov, 
+
+AyglOV, CtppYjTOV, Kgvcpiov, Smegtorct) hp.og<pov> 
+
+K<<rcro6 > £Uoy, TavgooKov* 
+
+He was alfo reprefented in the fhape of a bull by fome of his 
+votaries. 78 Toivgo[jLog(pov Aiovva'ov 'Worn<n — 'GTqKKqi tmv 'BA- 
+
+Ky\vuov. He was fly led B ovyeVY)$> Bougenes, or the offspring of 
+a Bull, by the people of 79 Argos ; who ufed to invoke him as 
+a refident of the fea, and intreat him to come out of the wa¬ 
+ters. The author of the Orphic hymns calls him T ocvgoyevqg* 
+analogous to finysvYis before. 
+
+So T uvgoyeVYig Aiovvtrog evcpgorvvriv 'uroge SvriTQis, 
+
+
+76 Orphic. Hymn. 44. 
+
+♦ 
+
+Tigres pampinea cufpide territans, 
+
+Et mitra cohibens cornigerum caput. Seneca Hippol. v. 752. 
+
+77 Orph. Hymn. 29. So T avgoxepoos M nw Hymn. 8. See Lycophron. v. 209. 
+and Scholia. 
+
+78 Ifis et Ofiris. p. 364. 
+
+79 Plutarch, ibid. 
+
+80 Orphic. Fragment. 28. p. 390. Dionufus was called T ctvpoxepus utj$ according 
+to Euphorion. 
+
+c Tv TavgoxepcoTt A/wjwm xoTiactact. Theon. in Aratum. 
+
+
+T avgoysvYis 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 435 
+
+Tai^oyswjs is precifely of the fame purport, as S^oiiysvrjg : 
+and the words in this paftage certainly mean, ‘That the slrk- 
+horn Deity Dionufus rejlored 81 peace , and happmefs , to mor¬ 
+tals . There is not an epithet among the quotations above, 
+but is rendered intelligible by the method of analyfts, upon 
+which I have proceeded. By the fame means we may un- 
+derftand every title given to Dionufus by Ovid, when he 
+defcribes his rites, as they were celebrated by the people 
+of Thracia. 
+
+Sz Thuraque dant, Bacchumque vocant, Bromiumque, 
+
+Lyseumque, 
+
+Ignigenamque, fatumque iterum, folumque bimatrem. 
+
+Additur his Nyfeus, indetonfufque Thyoneus; 
+
+Et cum Lenaso genialis confttor uvae : 
+
+Nydteliufque, Eleleufque Parens, et lacchus, et Evan. 
+
+Et quas prasterea per Graias plurima Gentes 
+
+Nomina, Liber, habes: tibi enim inconfumpta Ju- 
+
+ventas : 
+
+Tu puer aeternus : Tu formoiiflimus alto 
+
+Confpiceris coelo : tibi, cum line cornibus adftas, 
+
+Virgineum caput eft. 
+
+The Patriarch was efteemed the God of mariners, and was 
+worftiiped under this character in his temple at Canobus. 
+The Greeks called him Pofeidon, and beftowed upon him the 
+genuine charadteriftics of Hippius, and Taureus. lolaus fays 
+to Hercules, 
+
+* 
+
+Sl The purport of his name In Scripture was peace and confolation : and it is ac¬ 
+cordingly fo interpreted, as I have before fhewn. ai/scirctucris. Hefych. 
+
+81 Ovid Metamorph. L. 4. v. u. 
+
+K k k 2 
+
+
+II cvrrtg 
+
+
+
+436 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-, 
+
+
+83 Ilari a.vdgoov r2, ®sm r s, 
+
+# 
+
+<njv ks<p<x.Xy}V 3 kou Tassos Ewa<nyo»os, 
+
+O^ 0/fts JCgYl$e[JLVOV £%s*. 
+
+By ©j^g- KgYi$S[JLVOV is properly meant In a myfiic fenfe the- 
+hymen, or veil, of the Ark : but in the legendary ffcory of 
+Hercules it is made to fignify the walls of a city. As the 
+Patriarch was effceemed the great Deity of the lea, and at 
+the fame time was reprelented under the femblance of a bull, 
+or with the head of that animal; we find this circumftance 
+continually alluded to by the poets, and mythologies of 
+Greece. Euripides in particular fpeaks of the Ocean under 
+this character. 
+
+84 YLqvtqv, Qzsavog ov 
+Tctvgucgcuvog otyzctXcug 
+*EAf<rorwi/ zvzhei y^ovci. 
+
+And as all rivers were looked upon as the 8s children of the 
+Ocean, they like wife were reprefented in the fame 86 man¬ 
+ner. Hence we read of Tauriformis Aufidus : and the Tiber 
+is called 
+
+Corniger Hefperidum fluvius regnator aquarum. 
+
+83 Hefiod. Aa 7 ric. v. 104. Tccvpo? y 'Ta.vpeio^ 0 TlocreiJ'ojp, Hefych. Tctupicc y zoPTi) 
+
+ti$ cc.yofj.svn noceiiFavo;. Ibid, SeeVol. 1. cf this work. 
+
+Oreftes. v. 1384. Oceanus was the fame as Helius, and Ofiris* Tsv yao 
+Q.jttwov Oaipiv eivcu. Plat. Ifis et Ofiris. p. 364. 
+
+Eg dTreg ^utccvtss 'UTcrafxoi 5'. A. Homer. Iliad. <J>. v. 197. 
+
+S6 — — — Pater ipfe bicornis 
+
+ft 
+
+Inachus. Statius. Theb. L. 2. 217. 
+
+Claudian of the Tiber. Taurina levantur 
+
+Cornua temporibus. Conf. Prob. et Olyb. v. 220. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+437 
+
+
+It was for this reafon that the river Achelous, fo particularly 
+facred, was fuppofed to have turned himfelf into a bull. In 
+fhort, every perfonage, who had any connexion with the 
+hiftory of the Ark, was defcribed with fome reference to 
+this hieroglyphic. Hence we read of Tauro, and Taur-Ione 
+Artemis, of whom I have fpoken. Ovid, fpeaking of Egyp¬ 
+tian His, fays, that fhe had horns like the moon. 
+
+87 Imitataque Lunam 
+
+Cornua fulferunt. 
+
+m 
+
+He had before given a fine defcription of this Goddefs, with 
+an aflemblage of other emblematical perfonages, all relative 
+to this hi^ory. The account is to be found in the fable 
+concerning Iphis, where Ifis appears to Telethufa. 
+
+88 Cum medio nodtis fpatio fub imagine fomni 
+Inachis ante torum, pompa comitata fuorum, 
+
+Aut ftetit, aut vifa eft. Inerant lunaria fronti 
+Cornua cum fpicis nitido flaventibus auro : 
+
+Et regale decus ; cum qua latrator Anubis, 
+
+Sandtaque Bubaftis, variifque coloribus Apis ; 
+
+Quique premit vocem, digitoque filentia fuadet :■ 
+Siftraque erant j nunquamque fatis quarfitus Ofiris , 
+Ptenaque fomniferi ferpens peregrina veneni. 
+
+The Bull’s head was edeemed a princely hieroglyphic : 
+wherefore it is faid by Sanchoniathon of Aftaxte, 89 E 7re&Y}X£ 
+ry iciia. ksqolXy} ficanXeioig 'uroipct'rvfo.ov zs^cO-^v T ctvga . Ihe 
+
+87 Mctamorph. L. 9. v. 782. 
+
+88 Ibid. v. 6S5. 
+
+Ss Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. c. 10. p. 38., 
+
+9 
+
+
+Goddefs 
+
+
+
+438 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Goddefs placed the head of a Bull upon her own head , as a 
+royal emblejn. And it is faid of Ifis, whom I juft now men¬ 
+tioned, that fhe was not only defcribed with a lunette ; but 
+like Id of the Greeks with the real head of a 90 Bull, or 
+Cow. Such was the figure of the Minotaurus, which Pau- 
+fanias ftyles 91 Tccvgov tqv Mivoo, the Bull called Mino. By 
+this is meant the facred emblem of the Deus 92 Lunaris No: 
+which emblem was reverenced in Crete at Minoa, the fame 
+as Meen-Noa, the city of Arkite Noah. Of this name were 
+many places ; of which examples may be found in Paros, 
+Crete, Sicily, 93 Arabia, and likewife in other parts. And 
+analogous to this we find many mountains, places, and peo¬ 
+ple, named Taurus, Taurica, Taurini, Taurifci, Tauropolis, 
+Tauropolium, from the fame emblematical worfhip. 
+
+The Ark feems to have been fometimes called Centaurus ; 
+from whence many of the Arkites had the name of Centauri, 
+and were reputed of the Nephelim race. Chiron was faid 
+to have been the fon of the Centaur Cronus : but the reft 
+were the offspring of Ixion, and Nephele. 94 JUsvTQLVgog, 
+Yfpovv 6 K govog.—'O ’Keigoov za Kgovs' oi Js \017r01 'UTa.vTzg K zv- 
+r OLVPOi 'srcufsg zuriv I %iovog } y.ou NspsA^f. They are defcribed 
+
+by Nonnus as horned 
+
+95 Dionufus. He fuppofes them to have been the fons of 
+
+
+, and as infeparable companions of 
+
+
+To IciJo; ctya.Xfj.cc eov yvvctntetcv ( 2 ’dxepwv e$~i, xctTctTrep C E XXnues tuv J go ypot- 
+<p^oi. Herod. L. 2. c. 41. E^8a >;v ev ctyccX/xari tw Iy?, vroi XzXnvy SchoL 
+in Dionyf. v. 94. 
+
+91 L. 1. p. 56. 
+
+
+91 Taur-Ivlecn-No : Taurus Lunaris “No- 
+
+
+
+
+$4 
+
+
+9S 
+
+
+See Steph. Byzant. The cities named Minua were of the fame purport. 
+Schol. in Lycophron. v. 1200. 
+
+L. 5. p. 176. L. 14. p. 396 and 400. L. 32. p. 804. 
+
+
+Zeuth ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient AIythology. 439 
+
+Zeuth ; and places them for the moft part in Cyprus. There 
+feem to have been fhips of old denominated from the Ark 
+Centauri, and Bssxei'Tavgoi. The Amonians occupied all the 
+upper part of the Adriatic Gulf: and the Veneti at this day 
+call their principal galley the Bucentaur; which Juftiniani 
+fi-yles 96 Navigium maximum et ornatiffimum. This fort o-f 
+fhips, and fhips in general, are fuppofed to have been firft 
+formed in Cyprus : and here Nonnus fuppofes the Centaurs 
+to have firft exifled. This notion arofe from the original 
+fhip, the Ark, being built of 97 Gupher wood. This has 
+been interpreted the wood of the ifland Cupher, which was 
+the ancient name of Cyprus. 
+
+Memorials of this nature feem to have been univerfally 
+
+to have prevailed in 
+regions widely diftant. The city Tours in Gaul, which is 
+called 'Toi.vgosis by Stephanus, was the capital of the ancient 
+Turones. It is faid to have been named from 9S Taurus, a 
+bull, which was an emblem of a fhip : though they fuppofe 
+it to have been the 'UToi^cct'^ov of that fhip, by which the firft 
+colony was brought. There was a curious piece of ancient 
+fculpture in the fame country, of which the 99 Abbe Banier 
+has given us a fhort account from the Hiftoire de la Limagne 
+d’Auvergne of Gabriel Simeoni. It was 
+gate of the Hotel Dieu of Clermont, in the above province ; 
+and reprefented a Celtic divinity. It was the figure of a wo¬ 
+man’s head with wings difplayed above ; and two large fcaies 
+
+95 L. 14. 
+
+97 Genefis. c. 6 . v. 14. Make thee an Ark of Gupher wood. 
+
+93 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+99 Abbe Banier. Mythok Vol. 3. Book 6. c. 11. 
+
+6 
+
+
+placed upon the 
+
+
+preferved ; and the fame hieroglyphics 
+
+
+arifinfr 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+440 
+
+ariSing out of the fide of the head near the ears. This head 
+was encompaSIed with two ferpents, whofe tails were hidden 
+beneath the two wings. Some took the head, which was fet 
+off with a beautiful countenance, to have been that of Me- 
+dufa: others thought, that it had a relation to Dagon, or 
+Derceto ; in which they are certainly near the truth. The 
+name of the perfonage reprefented by this hieroglyphic is Laid 
+to have been Onuava. Many instances of the like purport 
+might be produced from India, and China; and other the 
+moSt remote parts of the earth. In the ifland of Japan they 
+have many Symbolical representations, which plainly allude 
+to the hiStory, of which I have been treating. Among other 
+inStances is that of a particular Deity called TO ° Giwon : who 
+is alfo flyled Gofo Tennoo, or the Ox-headed prince of hea¬ 
+ven. Examples to the fame purpofe may be found in the 
+great Pacific Ocean, among thofe nations, with whom we 
+have fo lately opened a communication. We are accordingly 
+told by one of thofe, who were fent to make difeoveries in 
+the Southern parts of the globe ; 1 that in an ifland, called 
+Eafter Ifland by the Dutch, latitude 27°S, longitude from 
+London 106°. 30 . W. were found Indians of a religious cart, 
+who worfhiped the Sun. They proftrated themfelves before 
+two immenfe Stones, one of which was Slat, and very broad : 
+the other was eredt, about ten feet high, and feven fathoms 
+round. It was carved at the top with a man’s head, and a 
+garland ; which w T as of Mofaic, or inlaid work, and not ill 
+
+performed. The name of one Stone was Dago ; of the other 
+Taurico. 
+
+ro ° Kaempfer’s Japan, p.418. 
+
+-• Account of Difeoveries made in the Pacific Ocean. Printed London, 1767. 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 441 
+
+% 
+
+Of MAN, MAON, LIBAN, LABAN, 
+LABAR, LUBAR: Alfo of LAR, LA¬ 
+RIS, LARISSA, AITHYIA. 
+
+* 
+
+TT is, I think, manifeft, that the hiftory of the Ark was 
+*“*■ preferved in all countries, as far as we can obtain evi¬ 
+dence, with the greateft care, and veneration. As letters 
+were not in the firft ages known, it was defcribed under 
+many fymbols, fuch as a Cetus, a Pegafus ; a Bull, or a Ram. 
+But the moft common emblem was a lunette, called Meen, 
+Man, and Maon. It was alfo named Laban, Liban, and 
+Libanah; all which are variations of the fame term ; fuch 
+however as muft be expected among people of different na¬ 
+tions. I make no doubt, but that Mount Libanus received 
+its name from this type of the Ark : for the city Area flood 
+here towards the bottom 3 and upon the fummit was the 
+temple of Venus Architis, where the moft ancient rites were 
+preferved of Libanah, or Selene. They were introduced by 
+people ftyled Archites 5 who were colonies from Egypt, the 
+Belidse, Danaidae, and Cadmians of the Greeks; and the 
+Hivites and Arkites of Mofes. Jofephus takes notice of the 
+city in Mount Libanus, which he expreffes Arka, and fays 
+that it was built by the Arkite. 1 A gsxouog tt,v AgjcriV rrjV ev 
+
+TW A iSctVU) (UKUTs). 
+
+As thefe rites prevailed greatly in Syria, and in the regions 
+neareft Ararat, and Armenia 3 the coins of thefe countries 
+
+'■'* Ant. Jud. L. 1. c. 6. p. 23. 
+
+Vol. II. L 1 1 are 
+
+
+
+442 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+are filled with emblems which relate to this hiflory. For 
+the reverfe of moft Afiatic coins contain allufions to the 
+ancient mythology of thofe places, to which they belonged. 
+Hence the Ram of Colchis, and of Ammonia in upper 
+Egypt, will be found upon the money of Singara, Nifibis,. 
+and Edeffa, and of other cities in the eaff. For the Ram 
+feems like the facred Bull to have been an emblem of 
+the Patriarch, the great hufbandman, and fhepherd, ftyled 
+
+and cLvQgunrQs But above all other fymbols the 
+
+lunette will mod: frequently occur upon coins of this coun¬ 
+try , elpecially upon thofe of Carrhae, which was the Cha- 
+ran, or Haran of Mofes. Under this femblance they did not 
+worfhip the cplanet ; but the Selenite Deity, [/.qTSgce. 
+
+oAa ^ocTjUy, Selene , the mother of the whole world. The em¬ 
+peror Julian facrificed to the moon at Carrhas : 3 Lunae, quae 
+religiole per eos tra< 5 lus colitur, facra fecit. This Deity was 
+the fame as Cybele, * Jonah, and Damater ; the reputed 
+parent of all, that breathed. This was a character, which, 
+could not in any refpedt belong to the moon. The planet 
+was only made ufe of as a refemblance, and type of the Ark 
+and thence was called Mon, and Moon,, as we may infer from: 
+the Hebrew : for fta, and rmo, Mon and Moonah, fignify in. 
+that language an image, or type. The name was at times, 
+differently expreffed but related to the genius of the Ark,, 
+
+3 iVIarcellinus. L. 23. c. 3. p. 274. 
+
+4 (2'es 7)v tv ccycc?fxctTi t ns YtTQi SsAw'jtf. Ixo yao XeA mn jcccta:' ty,v- t cov 
+
+Acyeicov cT-/aAexrcr. Euftath. in Dionyf. v t 94. 
+
+'Ot Apy&u MTSTIKHS to ovofAcc t>?? 2 eA ovns to cc 7 rox.pv(pov Ixo Pieysa-iu ecos ccprt . 
+
+Chron. Pafch. p. 41. Johan. Antiochen. p. 31. 
+
+who 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+443 
+
+
+who was worshiped by the Canaanites under the title of 
+5 Baal Maon, and whofe temple was the Beth-Meon of 6 
+remiah. This Deity was the fame as Ifis, and Rhea : hence 
+we find infcriptions in honour of the latter, wherein file is 
+
+
+
+mentioned as the mother of all Being 
+C P ElY). 
+
+
+Mrfrspi rr\ 'sranwv 
+
+
+As the worfhip of Labana, or Selene, prevailed fo much 
+
+or Haran ; we may form a judgment from the 
+
+
+at Carrhae 
+
+
+name of the perfon, by Mofes called Laban, of the nature of 
+his idolatry. We may prefume, that he was fo named from 
+this worfhip ; and that it confifted in an undue reverence to 
+the Arkite emblem Labana. It is moreover highly pro¬ 
+bable, that thofe images, which are 
+
+
+fuppofed to have been 
+nvented by Terah, and from him named Teraphim, the 
+
+or types 
+
+the form of a crefcent. Both Terah, and 
+8 Serugh, are faid to have been devoted to falfe worfhip : and 
+though people had been previoufly addicted to Zabaifm, and 
+
+the introduction of images is 
+
+
+fame which Laban worfhiped, were lunar amulets 
+of the Ark in 
+
+
+other fp 
+
+
+of idolatry, yet 
+
+
+attributed to them. And as the worfhip of the Arkite em¬ 
+blem prevailed fo much at Carrhae, the very city of 9 Haran, 
+
+and 
+
+
+* Ezekiel, c. 25. v. 9. 
+
+6 C. 48. v. 23. 
+
+7 Gruter. Infcript. p. 28. n. 1. 
+
+Tuque, Luna, humanorum corporum Mater. Julius Firmicus in Praefac. L. 5. 
+Mathefeos. 
+
+8 OS 'WpOtiTOS Vg^CLTO 'EAAjJJ'iCTjU.yj TCCtl T8 S'oyfJ.CCTQS JLiJ"GO/\ohcLT(>?lOt5* Etlleb. 
+
+Chron. p. 13. See Chron. Pafchale. p. 48. Syncellus. p. 94, 95. andjofhua. 
+c. 24. v. 2. 
+
+9 The place was called both Haran and Charan : by the Greeks Carrhae, and the 
+
+L 1 1 2 people 
+
+
+
+444 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+and Laban, the defcendents of Terah ; we may infer, that-it 
+was the primitive idolatry of the place, and conlifted in the 
+worfhip of the 50 Labana, or Arkite Moon. I imagine, that 
+thofe places, which were called Albani, had this name from 
+Al Laban, the Moon, the object of worfhip in thofe parts. 
+This Al Laban was contracted to Alban, and rendered with 
+a termination Albanus. I make no doubt, but that the 
+Arkite idolatry prevailed in moffc of thefe places. Strabo 
+mentions, 11 legov M rjvog AgKoux bv Toig AA Sotvoig, the temple of 
+the God Lunus Arkceus among the Albani of Pontus. And 
+upon mount Albanus in Latium a facred fhip was reverenced ; 
+which Dion Caflius calls the fhip of 12 Juno, or Ionah. 
+From hence we may infer, that it was a copy of the fhip 
+of Ids, called Baris ; that memorial of the Ark in Egypt. 
+Both Ills and Juno were defcribed with the Labana, or Cref- 
+cent : and Venus was Ityled n Lubentia, and Lubentina; 
+
+
+people Carrheni. It frill preferves the name of Haran and Heren: See Pocock’s 
+Trav. Vol. 2. p. i6i. It is the Xct^ar of Chrufococcas : the Haren of Ulug Beig. 
+
+ASg&ccju. - xuTtoTOicrev €v X apf ai'. A( 5 t. Apoft. C. 8. V. 4. 
+
+IO See Plate reprefenting the Deus Lunus Carrhenorum. 
+
+51 L. 12. p. 835. 
+
+From Labana, and Lavana, came Luna. It is remarkable that the Portus 
+Argons in Hetruria was hard by Portus Lunus. Strabo. L. 5. p. 333. 339- 
+342. and the people of thefe parts' are by Silius Italicus called Mseoni'ans. L. 8. 
+
+
+v. 484. 
+
+
+i z 
+
+
+L. 39. p. 62. psgos 'Hpczs. 
+
+
+13 Auo-uftin. de Civitate Dei. L. 4. 
+
+
+Yarro de Ling. Lat 
+
+
+L. 5. p. 53 
+
+
+Lubentia by the Romans was derived from Lubens, but erroneoufly. Venus was 
+the fame as Rhea and Cybele^ and like them ftyled the mother of the Gods. 
+
+£W/ ysv to 'ura.pcLirctv tw Acpoo^rm^ ros pwTegcc G>tocv. Ptolemy Tetrabib. L. 2. 
+She was confequently the fame as Luban, Selene. 
+
+
+which. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+44 : 5 
+
+which, however Etymologifts may differ, related to the fame 
+emblem ; and fignified Venus Lunaris, et Architis. 
+
+As Cybele, Dindymena, and Rhea, were no other than fe¬ 
+minine titles of the Lunar Deity, called Mon, and Maoa; 
+we fhall find a correfpondence in the hiftories of thofe per- 
+fonages. Diodorus, according to the cuftom of the Greeks, 
+
+
+fuppofes Dindyma to have been the mother of Dindymene, 
+or Cybele, and the wife of 14 Maon : which, though an idle 
+diftribution of perfons, yet fhews, that fome relation fubfifted 
+between the terms. Hence we find, that a great part of 
+Phrygia, and Lydia, where Cybele had particular reverence 
+paid to her, was called IS Maonia. Here was alfo the city 
+Acmonia, built, as was faid, by 16 Acmon the fon of Manes : 
+alfo the facred Acmonian grove upon the Thermodon, where 
+Selene was particularly reverenced under the title of Har¬ 
+mon, or Harmonia. Har and 17 Hara were common titles, 
+and particularly bellowed upon Juno, as queen of heaven. 
+
+And analogous to this Har-Mon, and Har-monia, fignify 
+
+% 
+
+Domina vel Regina Luna. I have fhewn, that both Boeotia, 
+and Theffaly were famous for the fame rites ; and there was 
+in each of thefe a city named Almon; by which was 
+meant a city of the Deus Lunus. It was 
+
+
+alfo called Minua 
+
+
+j8 
+
+
+Mivvct ‘sroXig Q-sTTctXicig, f) 'GrpQTsgov AKocvict 
+
+
+Minua, Mania 
+
+
+14 L. 3. p. 191, 
+
+15 Maiowa, fi AvS'ict. Steph. Byzant. The Ionians call it Maovia, and the people 
+M/jores. Kcct 01 AvS'ci^ xcti oi Ma/oj'gf, O/xvpo? kcc?.€i M vr/ci;. Strabo. L. 12. p. 857. 
+M voves Dorice Maoves from Maon Lunus. 
+
+x6 Ac-Mon, Nobilis Lunus. Ac and Ach ^ac-A/xo?. 
+
+17 Hara, Domina vel Regina.. It was rendered 'Hssc by the Ionians. 
+
+18 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+6 and 
+
+
+
+446 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+and Monia, are all of the fame purport; and relate equally 
+to Selene the Moon. There was a river Almon near Rome, 
+which was held very facred ; and to what the name alluded, 
+may be known from the cuftoms, which prevailed. In the 
+waters of this ftream they uied annually with great reve¬ 
+rence to lave the image of Cybele, the mother of the Gods. 
+This practice is often taken notice of by the Poets ; and 
+among others by Ovid. 
+
+7 9 Eft locus in Tiberim, quo lubricus influit j4hnon y 
+
+Et nomen magno perdit in amne minor. 
+
+Illic purpurea canus cum vefte Sacerdos 
+Almonis Dominam facraque lavit aqua. 
+
+c? 
+
+The ceremony feems to have been accompanied with lamen¬ 
+tations, like the rites of Ifts in Egypt: and to fuch Valerius 
+Flaccus alludes, when he fpeaks of this cuftom. 
+
+f° Sic ubi Mygdonios plamftus facer abluit Almo, 
+Lsetaque jam Cybele, feftasque per oppida tasdae, 
+
+Quis modo tarn fievos adytis fluxifle cruores 
+
+p 
+
+The like circumftances are mentioned by Statius. 
+
+111 Italo gemitus Almone Cybele 
+Ponit, et Idaeos jam non reminifcitur amnes. 
+
+It was ufual for people of confequence to be called by 
+
+s 
+
+’ 9 Faft. L. 4. v. 337. The ceremony ufed to be performed upon the fixth of the 
+Calends of April. 
+ao L. 8. v. 239. 
+aI L. 5. Sylv. 1. v. 222. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+
+fome 
+
+
+
+The Analysis qt Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+447 
+
+
+fome title of the Deity; and Virgil, to give an air of authen¬ 
+ticity to his poem, often confers fome of the ancient provin¬ 
+cial names upon his heroes ; which he adapts to each perfon, 
+according to the country, from whence he came. Among 
+others he introduces the name Almon, which he gives to the 
+fan of Tyrrheus, an Hetrurian. 
+
+“ Hie Juvenis primam ante aciem ftridente fagitta,, 
+Natorum Tyrrhei fuerat qui maximus, Almon 
+Sternitur. 
+
+
+It was properly a {acred title and the purport of it has been 
+fhewn*. 
+
+The terms Laban, and L.uban, by which the Arkite moon: 
+was denominated, feem by fome to have been changed to La- 
+bar, and Lubar. Hence it is faid of the Ark by Epiphanius, 
+that it refted upon Mount Lubar. ^Ev rco A xEctg ogei kolXh— 
+(j,svca. This is the fame, which is called Mount Baris by 
+^Nicolaus Damafcenus ; and the Ararat of Mofes. Cedre— 
+nus fpeaks of it both under the name Lubar, and Luban-.. 
+* s Ev ogsi which in another place he renders, sv ogei- 
+
+A nJoav Tt\Q AgfJLSinag. By thefe, I make no doubt, was meant 
+the mountain of Lunus Architis. The term was fometimes 
+exprejfled Labar ; and from hence the Roman, enligns were 
+fly led Labara,. quafi. Infignia Lunaria. This is evident from- 
+the Lunette, which is continually to be found upon them. 
+They feem to have generally c.onfiifed of a crefcent,. of a difk 
+
+
+iEneid. L. 7. v. 531. 
+
+23 L. 1. p. 5. and p. 6. 
+
+24 Eufeb. P. E. L. 11. p. 414. 
+
+* 5 P. 119 12. * 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+
+448 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of metal, 
+barum however was 
+
+
+and a chaplet of 
+
+
+laurel 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+not properly Roman ; but was adopted 
+by the later emperors, efpecially by thofe of Conftantinople. 
+They borrowed it from fome of the conquered nations, who 
+had the fame kind of military ftandard. This will appear 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+various coins ; where it is feen among the trophie 
+from the Pannonians, Dacians, and other captive peopl 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+eaft 
+
+
+i. It 
+
+A A A 
+
+be found likewife upon many coins of 3,6 Cities in the 
+Sometimes two, fometimes three, lunettes are to be 
+
+
+upon the fame ftandard : whence 
+
+9 
+
+the principal part of the Inligne ; 
+
+
+it is plain, that they 
+and we may prefume. 
+
+
+that from them it had the name of Labarum 
+
+
+imagine 
+
+
+that the title of Liber, given to Dionufus, was the fame as 
+Labar ; and conferred upon him, as 
+
+
+the Deus 
+
+
+For 
+
+
+the horns of Dionufus, like the horns of His, were originally 
+
+
+crefcent. He was the fame 
+
+
+whofe name, how 
+
+
+varied by the Grecians, was originally the mafculine of 
+
+
+Selen 
+
+
+e. 
+
+
+The Roman poets defcribe Silenus 
+
+
+ely 
+
+
+as a 
+
+
+befhial drunken vagrant, fupported by a favage crew of 
+
+
+the ancient mythologies held him in a dif 
+
+
+faid of him. that he 
+
+
+the father 
+
+
+and Satyrs. But 
+ferent eftimation. 
+
+of 37 three fons, who are by Catullus ftyled 38 Nufig 
+is reprefented as a man of the 39 earth, who came 
+avro?\o"ysvr0g , by his own means, without the afliftance of his 
+
+
+
+life 
+
+
+116 See Numifm. Apameas. Vaillant. Pars Sec. p. 38, and p. 155. alfo coins of 
+Sidon. p. 129. 
+
+*' Natalis Comes. L. 5. p. 250. SjAj^b toicc Nonnus. Dionuf. L. 29 . 
+
+p. 756. 
+
+xS Peleus and Thetis. Nyfigenae Sileni. v. 253. 
+
+
+L. 
+
+
+parent 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4.49 
+
+10 parent. He was efteemed, like Proteus and Nereus, a 
+
+great prophet ; one, who tranfmitted an hiftory of the 
+
+6 
+
+world, and its origin. He is alfo faid to have difcourfed 
+with Midas of Phrygia about another 31 world. Theopom- 
+pus defcribed him as a 32 Daemon : one who was inferior to 
+the Deity; but fuperior to man, and exempted from the 
+common condition of mortality. 
+
+
+L A R E N, LARIS, L A R O S, 
+
+AITHYIA. 
+
+
+
+O T H Laren, and Laris, feem to have been ancient 
+
+• • 
+
+terms, by which the Ark was reprefented. To fay the 
+truth, they are one and the fame term, though varied in 
+fome degree by different people, who have at times changed 
+the n final into an s 5 and from Laren formed Lares, and 
+33 Laris. From Laren came the word Larnax, Aagwa^, an 
+Ark ; alfo Larnafius, Larina, Laranda, Larunda: the laft of 
+which was the name of a Goddefs well known to the Ro¬ 
+
+
+mans. 
+
+
+Parnafiiis was of old called Larnafius ; undoubtedly 
+
+
+30 A<r7ropo5, awroXo^svTos avsSpx.y£ yvrpos Ibid. 
+
+31 iElian. Var. Hift. L,. 3. c. 18. 
+
+Tertullian fpeaks of Silenus, apud Midam Regem adfeveranti de alio orbe. Ad- 
+verfus Hermog. p. 242. 
+
+31 ©ee yev tzcpccvecf-epos tvv aj’0£<w7rB <fg itpeiTTcav jcai S-arctTB. iElian. ibid. 
+
+L. 3. c. 18. 
+
+35 Apuleius fuppofes Lar to be the radix: and to fignify familiaris. De Deo 
+Socratis. p. 689. alfo Florida, c. 14. p. 786. 
+
+Vol. II. ,M m m 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+45° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the reafon of this name being 
+
+in memorial of 
+
+
+from Laren, the Ark. For 
+given to the mountain is faid to have been 
+
+
+the Ark of Deucalion 
+
+
+34 n agvct,<r<rag\ emKstro $s 'WgoTegov 
+A.agva<r<rog §ta to t qv AsvxaXtcovog Kctgvouca c&vToQt t;? gov evsyf) ri¬ 
+
+
+val. 
+
+
+We read of a 
+
+
+city 
+
+
+in Daunia 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+judge whence it was named from the circumftances of its 
+hiftory. Daunia was peopled by a colony of Argives, who 
+came into thefe parts under the fuppofed conduct of Perfeus 
+
+
+and Danae 
+
+
+was therefore one of thofe 
+
+
+quas dicitur olim 
+
+
+Acrifioneis Danae fundaiie Colonis. 
+
+Thefe Argives were no other than Arkites, as I have (hewn: 
+and Larina was a derivative from Laren. The facred Bulls 
+of Egypt were the fairefl to the fight that could be pro¬ 
+cured ; and, as I have {hewn, were emblems of the Patri¬ 
+arch, and Ark. Hence probably it was that the Grecians 
+ufed to ftyle fine looking oxen, fioeg Kocgivot : which in a fe- 
+condary acceptation 
+
+
+fignified oxen 
+
+
+, that were in fiefh and 
+
+well fed. 35 A agtvoi’ fiosg svTgapstg. 
+
+From this term, exprefied Laris, the Greeks denominated 
+many cities, which they exprelfed Larifia : and in the hif¬ 
+tory of all thefe places there will be found a reference to the 
+fame object, whence they are fuppofed to have received their 
+name. I have taken notice how much the Arkite rites pre- 
+
+
+34 Steph. Byzant. Larnaflus feems to be a compound of Laren-Nafos. Nees, 
+
+vxaoS) fignified of old not only an ifland, but any hill or promontory. The 
+Acropolis at Thebes in Bceotia was called rw:s. 
+
+35 Hefych, 
+
+
+vailed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 451 
+
+* 
+
+vailed in Phrygia, where was a city Theba, fimilar to that in 
+Egypt. Hard by was the city 36 Lariffa, which undoubtedly 
+is a term of the fame purport, as Theba, and related to the 
+fame worfhip. There was another 37 Lariffa near Theba in 
+Theffaly, which like Larina, in Daunia, was built by Ar- 
+gives, thofe 38 Coloni Acriffonei, as they are termed by the 
+poet ; and undoubtedly in memorial of the fame event. The 
+Acropolis at Argos was fuppofed to have been founded by- 
+Danaus the Arkite ; and this too had the name of 39 Lariffa: 
+for Lariffa, Theba, and Argos, were fynonymous terms. 
+The Acropolis was certainly an Arkite temple, where the 
+Laris, or 40 Navis biprora, was reverenced ; and where the wo¬ 
+men ffyled Dana'idas officiated, who were priefteffes of the 
+Argus. Acriffus the father of Danae was faid to have been 
+here +I buried. But Acriffus is undoubtedly a metatheffs of 
+Arciffus, and Arcalius ; by which is meant the great Arkite, 
+the perfon here worfhiped. He was called Argus, Areas, 
+Arcalius ; and compounded Arcas-Ionas. The latter terms 
+were changed to Acriffus, and Acriffonaeus ; whence the 
+people in the Argive colonies were ffyled Acriffonei Coloni. 
+
+
+36 Called by Homer* Accpiao-ctv 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+Actgio'c'ct 'wgog toj TlnveiCf*} w A'x.piu'ios e/trure. Steph. Byzant* 
+
+38 A ctpiaaccv t wv Qecr a ccXiytriv — r\v zkt icrev A zcpiGios. Scholia in Apollon. Rhod. 
+
+L. 1. v. 40. There were two cities fo named in Theffaly ; and many in other parts 
+
+
+Media, Mauritania 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+AcLgiao-ct, nca fi catgoTroXis tb Apy&$. Steph. Byzant. Paufan. L. 2. p. 165. 
+
+
+©ZTTctAntov Apyos, ri vvv A xpurertt. Scholia in Dionyfium. v. 419. p. 76. 
+
+40 Minerva dicitur naverr 
+F. x68. p. 283. 
+
+41 Arnojoius. L. 6 . p. 193. 
+
+
+Hv 
+
+
+M m m 2 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+452 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+It is remarkable, that Lariffa in Theflaly was alio called 
+4i Argilfa : from all which we may fairly infer, that Argos, 
+Argis, and Laris, were of the fame purport. 
+
+It is, I think, manifeft, that the terms Lar and Laren, 
+whence came Laris, and Lariifa,. had a. reference to the fea. 
+We are told by Hefychius, AoigiVEfyrw. cihtsvcILarineutes Jig- 
+
+nifies a man of the fea* A ctgivcuou- Kt)gTW ai AA ibiq : "They , who 
+ffh in the fea , call the machine ,, which they ufe , Larineeum . 
+
+There was a fea bird called Lar,. and Larus ; which, as it 
+
+■ 
+
+was often feen in tempeftuous weather, and outlived the 
+worfb of ftor.ms, was,. I imagine, upon that account made an 
+emblem of the Ark- When Hermes takes his flight down¬ 
+wards from mount Pieria, and Ikims over the furface of the 
+ocean towards the idand of Calypfo, he is by Homer com¬ 
+pared to this bird- 
+
+43 Down he bent his way 
+In femblance like the leamew, that frequents: 
+
+The dreary gulfs, which bound the troubled main- 
+There with unwearied wing die roams the deep. 
+Seeking her fifh.y prey ; and ftooping low 
+Dips her light pinions in the briny wave.. 
+
+There was another bird, which was named Aithyia, and for 
+
+
+42 AsLGipzrct—ev rw ne/\cccryix.u) ms Qsc'.cccAixSj nv OApyiea-xv 
+
+in Apollon. L. i* v. 40. 
+
+'Oi t 5 Aoyicraxv Iliad. B- V. 738. 
+
+43 SsuaT eireiT tin xvjjlx^ Actocc opv&l eoixc^s. x. A. 
+
+T^ 0 u$ xypwaucov •uivxtvx 'z&tsox Ssvercti OdyfF. E. v. 5T. 
+
+^ccAacaioy. Scholia. 
+
+
+SchoL 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 453 
+
+the fame reafon made a fimilar hieroglyphic. The Larus I 
+
+have mentioned as the Seamew; and the Aithyia feems to. 
+
+* 
+
+have been a fpecies of Seacoot. Birds of this nature occur 
+in thofe fpecimens of Egyptian fculpture, which have been 
+copied ; efpecially among the engravings from the Parnphy- 
+lian obelifk. In fome parts of this monument are to be feen 
+reprefentations of water : and a little above are. fome marine 
+
+birds, probably the Larus, and 44 Aithyia. The latter was 
+
+► 
+
+held very facred, as we may infer from perfonages, who were 
+fo called, or had in it the compofttion of their names. Mi¬ 
+nerva, heavenly wifdom, had the title of 4S Aithyia : and 
+both Orithyia, Idithyia, and Ilithyia* were named from this 
+hieroglyphic. This lflft was the Goddefs of the birth ; con- 
+fequently the fame as Juno Lucina,. and Diana : the fame 
+alfo as Venus Lubentia,. and Genetillis, who rofe from the 
+fea. When the Poet defcribes. Ulyfles as nearly loft in the 
+ocean, and ftruggling with the waves, he makes Leucothoe, 
+the fame as Ino, compaftionate his diftrefs ; and introduces 
+her in the fhape of this bird. 
+
+46 A iQvicl cT aima 'nrorp avz^vcrccro A/pnos. 
+
+* 
+
+Under this appearance (he accofts the hero, who is perifh- 
+ing. in, the waters ; and gives him a facred veil, by which 
+means he is preferved. 
+
+'£lg ago. <pooi/Y)crct<ra, Saa zg^e^tvov b^ocksv^ 
+
+44 They feem in fome inftances like Cormorants.* 
+
+45 Paufan. JL. i. p 99. 
+
+** Odyff.. L* E. v. 327. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+454 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+t 
+
+The Lares, and Manes, thofe domeftic Deities of the an¬ 
+cient Hetrurians, and Latines, were the fame perfonages tin¬ 
+der different names. From Man, Mantis, Mania, came the 
+Manes; as from- Laren and Laris were derived the Lares.. 
+By thefe terms are fignified Dii Arkitas, who were no other 
+than their 47 Arkite anceffors, • the perfons preferved in the 
+Laren or Ark; the genius of which was Ills, the reputed 
+parent of the world. She accordingly by Apuleius is intro¬ 
+
+
+duced faying, that fhe was the queen of the Manes. 
+
+
+*8 
+
+
+En, 
+
+
+affum tuis commota precibus, rerum Natura parens, ele- 
+mentorum omnium domina, Seculorum progenies initialis, 
+fumma Numinum, Regina Maniuni. The feafts inftituted 
+to the honour of thefe Deities were ftyled Larenfalia; which 
+the Romans ufed to celebrate once every year: but Au- 
+guftus ordered, that they fhould be obferved twice in that 
+
+
+49 
+
+
+period. 
+
+
+The Lares were the fame as the Dii PrasRites, 
+
+
+who according to 50 Macrobius were imported from Egypt. 1 
+They are defcribed as Daemons, and Genii, who once lived 
+upon earth, and were gifted with immortality. Arnobius 
+
+
+ftyl 
+
+
+es 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+5 1 
+
+
+Lares quofdam Genios, et fundtorum animas. 
+
+
+And he fays, that according to Varro, they were the children 
+of Mania. Maniam matrem effe 
+
+
+cognominatam sz Larum. 
+
+
+The like is faid by Huetius, who adds, that Mania had alfo 
+
+
+47 Apuleius de Deo Socratis. 
+
+4B Metamorph. JL. 9. p. 362. 
+
+49 Suetonius in Augufto. 
+
+JO Saturn. L. 1. p. 276. 
+f ‘ L. 3. p. 124. 
+
+S1 See Varro de Ling. Lat. L. S. p, 113. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+455 
+
+
+the name of Larunda. 53 Lares Varro Manes efte vult, Ma¬ 
+nias filios, quae dicitur vulgo Larunda. And agreeably to 
+what has been mentioned above, fhe is ftyled the mother of 
+the Daemons, 54 A ctgvvdct A oupovwv (JLVJYjg. By fome fhe is 
+called Lara, and faid to have been the daughter of 55 Almon. 
+She was fuppofed to prefide over families : and they ufed 
+to offer children at her altar in order to procure her favour : 
+for it was a uniform prevailing opinion, that no atonement 
+could be obtained but by blood ; and that fome muft die to 
+procure the happinefs of others. 56 Praeceptum eft, ut pro 
+capitibus capitibus fupplicaretur j idque aliquamdiu obler- 
+vatum, ut pro familiarium fofpitate pueri madtarentur Manias 
+Deae, matri Lamm. In lieu of thefe they in aftertimes of¬ 
+fered the heads of poppies, and pods of garlick. The Lares 
+were the fame as the Penates, as we may infer from Servius. 
+57 Penates funt omnes Dii, qui domi coluntur. They were 
+properly marine Deities, and the fame,, which were wor- 
+Ihiped in Samothracia. 58 Penates Deos Samothracas volunt 
+
+Varro, et Caftlus Hemina.. Arnobius fpeaks of 59 Neptune 
+
+. _ ^ 
+
+Demonft. Prop. 4. p. 139. 
+
+54 Glofile Philoxeni apud Huetium. ibid. 
+
+55 Natalis Comes. L. 4. C.. 4 . p. 155* Hartc Laram, five, ut alii dixerunt, La- 
+mndam, nonnulli Maniam appellarunt. 
+
+See Ovid. Faft. L. 2. v> 599, of Lara Na'is, whom he makes the daughter of 
+Almon. 
+
+56 Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 7. p. 154. 
+
+Cor pro corde, precor, pro fibris accipe fibras : 
+
+Hanc animam vobis pro meliore damus. Ovid. Faft. L. 6 % v. 161. 
+
+57 In Virg. _i£neid. L. 2. v. 514. 
+
+5S Huetii Demonftratio, p. 138. See Macrob. Sat. L. 3. p. 276. 
+
+59 L. 3. p. 125. 
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+as 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+i 
+
+
+as one of them : and the reft of them are confeftedly Deities 
+of the 60 fea. They are accordingly fpoken of in this light 
+by Livy ; who mentions a temple being built by Regillus the 
+Cenfor to the 61 Lares Permarini in the Campus Martius. 
+The particular time for making offerings to them was, when 
+the Sun had entered 6z Aquarius. Neptune was the fame as 
+Paltemon of Corinth ; efteemed alfo the fame as Hercules. 
+63 TloChou pLWV He was deferibed, as a child expofed 
+
+upon the feas, and fupported by a Cetus. Sometimes he 
+was represented upon the Corinthian Cupfelis or Ark : and 
+behind him there is commonly a pine tree. There were the 
+fame offerings made to Palsemon in Greece, as were ex¬ 
+hibited by the Latines to Mania, and the Tares. Hence he 
+is ftyled by Lycophron, figecpoKTOvog, Infanticida, on ac¬ 
+count of the children, which were offered at his fhrine. 
+From the above we may fee clearly, that there was a corre- 
+refpondence in the rites and mythology of thefe different 
+nations : and that they :had univerfally a reference to the 
+fame hiftory. 
+
+It is faid by Mela, that the ° s Augelenfes, who lived near 
+
+
+6 " This is evident from the Greek epigram. 
+
+FA ecux'-fy N nprty xou I*ciy xou 
+
+(2v 9/w Kpov.J'cc v.cLi ^cc/xober^L ©£o/$ x. A. 
+
+61 I^ares-permarini, quibus redes dedicavit in Campo Martio iEmilius Regillus 
+Cenfor. L..40. c. 52. Macrob. L. 1. c. 10. p. 161. 
+
+Macrob. Sonin. Scip. Cum Sol Aquarium tenet, Manibus parentatur. L. 1. 
+
+P- 43* 
+
+6i Hefych. 
+
+64 Kcci on rj«A xifjLM (PecxeTou @cc<£cx,Tcvtt. Lycoph. v. 229, TlcchcafJiooy Ivas 
+viq$. Schoh 
+
+JL• 1. c, 8. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+TLATEXVJir. 
+
+
+jPalasmon et Cet 
+
+
+* 
+
+IPalaemaon, Cetos *ju-fi&fr^btwm/ si<‘ rat u, : 
+
+
+
+
+
+m 
+
+
+
+-r 
+
+« 
+
+
+_c 
+
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+L 
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+C^rttttlY * ; ‘ 
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+1 
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+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+457 
+
+
+the Syrtes in Africa, held the Manes, as the fupreme and 
+only Deities : that to them they directed their prayers, and 
+made their offerings : and when they gave any ftrong attefta- 
+tion to their word, they ufed to fwear by the Manes. The 
+Greeks, as well as the Romans, did the fame thing : and it 
+is wonderful, that they fhould be fo blinded, as not to per¬ 
+ceive it. Moft of their Deities were formed out of titles : 
+and the whole of their worlhip was confined to a few deified 
+men, thefe Lares, Manes, Dsemones, of whom we have been 
+treating. They were no other than their Arkite anceftors, 
+the Baalim of the Scriptures : to thefe they offered; and to 
+thefe they made their vows. 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+N n n 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+other Arkite Priests. 
+
+
+I Hope that I have given a fatisfa&iory account of the De¬ 
+luge, and of the fuppofed Genius of the Ark, as de- 
+
+fcribed by the Gentile mythologies. She was reprefented as 
+
+* 
+
+a Goddefs, and worfhiped under the titles of Melitta, Rhea, 
+Cybele, and Damater ; alfo of Ids, and 1 Athena. As the 
+department of the Deity has been fufficiently made out, the 
+hiftory of the prieflis may be eafily afcertained ; and at the 
+fame time the purport of their titles, under whatever deno¬ 
+mination they may come. Of thefe priefts the principal 
+were the Cabiri ; whofe office and rites were eixeemed par¬ 
+ticularly facred, and of great antiquity. They were the 
+fame as the Curetes, Corybantes, Telchines, and the Idsei 
+Dadtyli of Crete. But in treating of them great confufion 
+
+1 'Ot Ktyvimot I aiv , ro-oAA«jc(S tm tvs Afisjvas ovoju.ix.rt jtaAacri. Plutarch. Ifis et 
+Ofiris. p. 376. 
+
+
+N n n 2 
+
+
+has 
+
+
+
+460 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+has enfued from not confidering, that both the Deity, and 
+prieft, were comprehended under the fame title. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+ginal Cabiritic Divinity was Zeuth ; the fame as Dionufus, 
+though by fome writers idly diflinguifhed : a THaJosigoov 'urgscr- 
+Evrepov fJLSV A fa. His priefts had the fame title. By Pau- 
+
+
+fanias he is faid 
+
+
+have been 3 Prometheus, the father of 
+
+
+mankind ; which more plainly points out the perfon alluded 
+
+It was no other than the Patriarch, who was of fo great 
+
+
+to. 
+
+
+repute for his piety, and juftice. Hence the other Cabiri,. 
+his immediate offspring, are faid to have been the fons of 
+Sadie ; by which is fignified the juft man. 4 Xa.S'aKca yeeg 
+
+sysvono 'srctrfsg, sg AioCKOgag igfjiwsvfscri, xou K aJSsigsg. To 
+
+Sadyc, the man of juftice , were born fons, who were Jlyled the 
+
+
+Diofcori and Cabiri. This is the very t 
+triarch by Mofes in the book of Genefis 
+
+
+given to the Pa- 
+t is there faid of 
+
+
+Noah, that he was pn*, Sadie, a juft man , and perfeH in his 
+
+
+generation 
+
+
+All fcience, and every ufeful art was attributed 
+
+
+him \ and through his fons they were tranfmitted 
+
+
+pof 
+
+
+Hence the author of the Orphic Argonautica men- 
+0t.yXa.0L budget K u^sigoov ; the noble gifts bequeathed to 
+
+
+terity. 
+tions 6 
+
+manki?id by the Cabiri. They 
+
+
+were reprefented as daemons 
+and in number three : and they are fometimes mentioned a 
+
+
+2 Scholia in Apollon. L. i. v. 918. The author of thefe Scholia makes a di- 
+ftinflion between Zeuth and Dionufus \ K ctSetpcuv th peaSvTepov f*ev A/a, vsoo-regav cfg 
+Aigvvct ov: but they were the fame perfon. 
+
+3 Paufan. L. 9- p. 759. 
+
+4 Damafcius apud Photium. p. 1073. He fuppofes them to be eight in number. 
+
+5 Genefis. c. 6. v. 9. 
+
+6 V. 17. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 461 
+
+the fons of the great artift 7 8 Hephaiftus, the chief Deity of 
+Egypt, and the reputed father of the Gods. He was the 
+fame as Helius; and upon the pillar of Rameftes, which 
+flood in Heliopolis, he was according to Hermapion ilyled 
+
+* ‘Upcagog 6 tocu ®eoov 'ura.T The perfon, from whom this 
+
+% 
+
+obeliik was, named, is generally called Ramafes, or Ram- 
+Afis. Rameftes is of the fame purport j being a compound 
+of Ram-Eftes. Magnus Vulcanus, Eftes, Aftes,. 9 * 11 * Aftus, are 
+all variations of the fame term, and equally relate to fire. 
+Hence came Apha-Aftus, or Hephaftus, the Hephaiftus of 
+the Greeks: hence alfo the Hiftia, Heftia, and Vefta of other 
+countries. The Cabiri are many times reprefented as He- 
+liadse, or the offspring of the Sun, ftyled Cam-11 : alfo the 
+defcendents of Proteus, the great prophet, and. Deity of the 
+I0 fea. According to Varro they were particularly ftyled 
+11 Divi Potes: and Caftius Hermina defcribed them as 
+11 ©£8£ fJLsyaXovg, ®s%g ®sag SvvctTisg, the greats bejtefi- 
+
+centy and powerful Gods. One of the moft ancient temples 
+of thefe Deities was at 13 Memphis ; which was held fo fa- 
+cred, that no perfon, excepting the priefts, was differed to 
+
+7 AeyovTou S'e tivcu He peu^e 'zzrcuS'es. Hefych. 
+
+Kcci T€x.eoov.'H(pcLic^o$ ecov ccAeyi^e KccSeiocov.. Nonnus. L. 24- p- S26. 
+
+8 Marcellinus. L. 17. c. 4. p. 126. 
+
+9 See Volume the firft. p. 59. and 62. 
+
+xa AxeciAaos cPg 5 Apyeios ex K <x€$iom xca r H (peaces Kosa/Aoi' A eyzi, tbSs rpei; Ka- 
+
+CeigBSi xA, <Pe—ex Kcc^eirvs tvs FlgooTeoos kcci 'H <pou^& K ccSeip&s Tp*hf, xxi 
+
+vvy.(pcL$ Tpeis KctSeigtcfcts. Strabo. L. 10. p. 724. 
+
+11 Hi, quos Augurum libri feriptos habent fic, Divi Potes, funt pro illis 3 qui in 
+Samothrace Qeot Suvaroi. Varro de Ling. Lat. L. 4. p. 17. 
+
+1Z Macrob. Sat. L,. 3. c. 4. p. 376. 
+
+? 3 Herodotus. L. 3. c. 37. 
+
+
+enter 
+
+
+
+
+462 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+ft 
+
+enter its walls. In the fame place flood a temple of their 
+father 14 Vulcanus, the head of the Cabiri. Cambyfes en¬ 
+tered into thefe 15 famftuaries ; and took a view of the ftatues 
+in each. They were nearly 16 alike, and of a fantaftic form, 
+after the mode of Egypt : on which account he ordered 
+them to be thrown down, and the temples to be 17 deftroyed. 
+From Egypt their worfhip was carried to Canaan, and Sy¬ 
+ria ; and from thence to Greece. To what thefe rites al¬ 
+luded may be known from the department of the Deities, in 
+whofe honour they were fuppofed to have been inftituted, 
+and with whom the Cabiri are introduced. Thefe are 
+chiefly Damater, Cybele, Selene, Meen, Barith, Dione. 
+According to Sanchoniathon the Cabiri were the fame as the 
+Diofcuri and Corybantes : and like Damafcius above he re- 
+prefents them, as the offspring of the juft man 18 Sadyc. 
+They lived in the time of Elion, furnamed the Mojl High ; 
+and of a perfonage named 19 Barith : and from them the 
+myfteries in Samothracia were derived. Some of their pof- 
+
+terity came to Byblus, which they furrounded with a 20 wall: 
+
+% 
+
+and they built a temple upon Mount Cafius in the fame re¬ 
+gion. They are faid to have been the firft conftrucftors of a 
+
+14 Strabo. L. 10. p. 725. 
+
+15 Ibid. 
+
+16 cTe itcu tolutcc quloicc T'd C H (poults. Herod. L. 3. c. 37. 
+
+17 Ibid. 
+
+18 Eufebius exp relies it Sydyc. t bt zvXvtqv xca AIKAION. Eufcb. 
+
+Pnep. Evang. p. 36. Ex. Se tb A too'WQoi^ 21 K ccSsLpqs, n Kofu^ccyras. Ibid, 
+
+p. 37. 'XuJvku tw teyofAtvtp AIKAIQz. Ibid. 
+
+19 Ibid. 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+float, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+21 float, or fliip : and are reprefented as hufbandmen, and at 
+the fame time az men of the fea. To them the city Byblus 
+is faid to have been appropriated by Cronus for the worfhip 
+of Baaltis, the fame as 33 Dione, the Dove. They alfo built 
+Berytus,'the city of Beryth : and, what is extraordinary, they 
+are faid in this city to have confecrated 21 YIovts Asn^ava ; by 
+which certainly is meant, all that the Deluge had fpared ; 
+
+the fad remains of the former world. Thefe rites conflfted 
+
+% 
+
+in memorials of the Ark Berith, and of the per foils therein 
+preferved; who were the original Cabiri, or Baalim. By 
+^anjchoniatbon they are deferibed as eight in number ; the 
+chief of which was 25 Afclepius, the God of health, and re¬ 
+storer of life. He is likewife mentioned by Damafcius ; who 
+fpeaks o^bina as a perfon, of whom the mother of the Gods 
+
+
+
+2,1 Tlp^roi soppv. Ibid. 
+
+ccyporocis tc<xi a^iepaiv. Ibid. p. 33. 
+
+BaasATJ^X, tw yiui Z^ioovn. Ibid. 
+
+^ • f 
+
+14 Oi xat nONTOT AEI'EANA eis ty,v ’Evpvroi' afyitpatrca’. Ibid, p, 39. 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+BV . T&71GUT4J- At7XA>77T*G* &&■ 'EAAjjr, B'/s A lyUTTTtOZ^ aAAo. T/S eTTl^s't'plOS 
+
+^.cc.S'OKcp yap eysvovro 'ujctiS^is x. A. O y$;o? <fs ByeviTo evri tUto'-B o V.aov 
+
+AaxXvTnov eppawsuscrii'. c Outos — Buof^tvoB yeyove — IS'hncGS ©Sar. Apud Phctium. 
+
+P- X073. 
+
+2,7 CFKOTCp S'iCtiXoyiCp <urQ?lU.(pW$ CLVCC^CLS. Ibid. ’ 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+
+
+464 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+He was reprefented with 28 four eyes; two of which were in 
+their natural polition forward : the two other were placed 
+in a contrary direction, upon the hinder part of the head. 
+The fymbolical hiftories of the eaftern countries were fir ft 
+compofed by a perfon ftyled the fon of 29 Thabion. I have 
+mentioned, that nothing was more common than for the 
+priefts to be called the fons of the Deity, whom they ferved. 
+Thaba was the Ark, the Theba of the Ionians : and the fon 
+of Thabion was no other than the prieft of Theba-Ion, the 
+Arkite 30 Dove, particularly worfhiped in this country. He 
+is faid to have been the moft ancient Hierophant, that ever 
+officiated in Phenicia. 
+
+There were many cities, and thofe in parts very remote, 
+where the Cabiritic rites were for a long time maintained. 
+Some of thefe cities were named Cibura, Gabura, and Ca~ 
+beira; and in all of them may be feen a reference to the 
+fame ancient hiftory. In Pontus was a city Cabira, the 
+royal feat of Mithridates ; where was one of the moft mag¬ 
+nificent temples in the world. The nature of the worfhip 
+may be known from the Deity, to whom it was facred : for 
+the temple was dedicated, 31 A^a<w, to the Deus Lunus 
+
+Arkitis. In Phrygia, near Caroura was the city Cibura: 
+and it is well known, that all this region was devoted to 
+
+18 Eufeb. P. E. p. 39. 
+
+2,9 TclUTCL 22 TCtVTCL 6 (5)ct€lOOVO$ nsrccis 'GJpGOTOS TCOV CZTT CtlMVQS yeyOVOTOOV $OIVMOOV 'Iepo- 
+
+.( p < zvctAXyiycgwacts — ' zxrctgsfoonz . Ibid. 
+
+30 p% loo, Columba. 
+
+31 cT e Uqqv Myvos Aoxcub'— e^t fence* tbto to legov* Strabo. 
+
+JL. J2. p. 835. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4^5 
+
+
+the worfhip of Cybele, and. the rites of Theba. Here too 
+was a temple of the 3Z God Lunus, the lame as Agzouog. 
+Near Side in Cilicia was another city of this name : and we 
+may infer from many circumflances, that the fame worfhip 
+prevailed. The Cabiritic rites were likewife kept up in 
+33 Imbros, and Lemnos; and particularly in Samothracia. 
+They prevailed alfo in Greece; and efpecially in the city 
+Theba in Boeotia. Damater, the fame as Theba and Ifis, 
+had the title of 3+ Cabiria : and it was an opinion, that thefe 
+
+
+myfleries were firft eflablifhed by 35 her : by which was meant, 
+that they were derived from the Ark, the reputed mother 
+of all beings. Hence the Cabiri h^jd often joint worfhip 
+with Damater. An inflance of this was obfervable at An- 
+thedon in Boeotia, where flood 36 K oJoSificav 1 spov, kou oChvog 
+
+
+VfJLYiTgog i the temple of the Cabiri , and the grove of Da 
+mater. They were the fame as the Cabarni of the Parians 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+who were equally priefls of Damater 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+KctSapvoiy 01 rr\g 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+Yiunrgog isgets 
+
+
+n«f 
+
+
+It is obfervable, that the chief 
+
+
+province of the Cabiri related to the fea, and fhipping. Their 
+influence was particularly implored by mariners for fuccefs 
+in their voyages : 
+
+
+3* 
+
+
+'legov Ka£8£ KzyofJLevov* Ibid. p. 869. 
+
+MaAi^ra, v£v s?v ev AwLtrw xcti IuGpoo (K <z£eipoi) 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 10. p. 724. *B S's 
+
+
+ly£pos ©paxijcw jjlzv vTuroSy tegcc. KctSetgoov. Euftath. in Dionyf. v. 524. 
+
+
+34 
+
+
+aA(jos. Paufan. L. 9. p. 758. 
+
+
+pos Kctbg;£;as 
+
+35 iHvfJWTgos yuv t oi9 K ctCeipcciois (Pcppov eq-’tv £ TeAgr> 7 . 
+
+36 Ibid. p. .753. The region was called Cabeiraia. 
+
+
+Ibid. p. 759. 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+Hefych 
+
+
+VOL* II 
+
+
+O O G 
+
+
+
+
+
+466 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+38 O <pga. 
+
+Xworsgoi xgvosrtrc&v t *mt§ uXa. vqlvtiKKoivtq. 
+
+The Corybantes were priefts of the fame order, and were 
+ftyled 39 AvotJCTOTsKss'oti, as being of a royal, or fupereminent 
+priefthood. Clemens mentions that they were the fame as 
+the 40 Cabiri; and that their myfteries were ftyled Cabiritic. 
+In thefe the Rhoia, or pomegranate, was introduced : and 
+they were often celebrated in woods, and upon mountains r 
+and the whole was attended with ftiouts, and fcreams, and 
+
+every frantic manoeuvre. Nonnus has fome allufion to thefe 
+
+% 
+
+rites, when at the marriage of Harmonia he makes the beafts 
+
+of the foreft imitate the howling of the Cabiri. 
+
+■ 
+
+41 BgVKr)@[XU $S XzOVTBS CfJLO^Y}XwU V7TQ Xcuflm 
+
+Mcum7roX(t)V cthoLKccy [aov e{JU(j,ri<ra.VTQ KctSsigoov. 
+
+The perfons concerned were crowned with ferpents 5 and 
+
+by their fury and madnefs exhibited a fcene Blocking to ima- 
+
+* 
+
+gination : yet nobody was thought completely happy, who 
+did not partake in thefe myfteries. 
+
+[JLOUCOLg, og rig SV$0U[JL0W 
+
+TsXsrctg ®euv sifroog 
+
+B iotolv dyirsvsi' 
+
+T a rs M argog peyccXccg 
+
+Apollon. Rhod. v. 918. 
+
+39 Clemens Alexand. Chohort. p. 16. 
+
+40 Kcc€etgs$ Kopu£czvT(z$» Ibid. 
+
+41 L. 3. p. 88. 
+
+41 Euripides. Bax^a/. v. 73. quoted by Strabo. L. 10. p. 720. 
+
+
+Qgytot 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 467 
+
+♦ 
+
+Ogyia KaJosKcls ^[jLi^svcaVy 
+
+Avot B’vgtrov rs nvotrrcaVy 
+Kicrtrw rs s ' spa . mQsis , 
+
+AlOVV(TOV $egK7T£VSl* 
+
+* 
+
+Its B <x.KyoLi 
+
+BgOfJUOV 'UTCLlSoL SSOV S^SS 
+
+Aiovvcov xctTctyzrcti 
+
+<&gvyim £% ogewv 
+
+*EA XolSos bis svgwfcCiOgiis ayvic&s. 
+
+& 
+
+ft 
+
+The noife and difionance at thefe celebrities are finely de- 
+fcribed in the Edoni of 43 iEfchylus : 
+
+
+Ta XfjLog aAaAa^h’ 
+
+T CtVgOtpQofy.Ot S’ V7r0[JL0tKUVTCLl 'UrotVTohv 
+
+E§ oLpccvzg cpoSegioi [Zipoi' 
+
+Tv[j,7ra.vu <T 1 jyw, 
+
+Tto-#’ V7C0y£l3 figOVTYlS, <p£g£T0U fiagVTdfi^YiS 
+
+
+The like is to be found in Pindar. 
+
+
+
+44 So ;'[jlsv accmgycu, MaTg£, 'arotgoc, 
+
+M syaCKoi pofjdooi fcvfjJoaAcav, 
+
+Ei/ rs 'uraAXotmv KgoraAot, 
+
+AiOoftsvcc ts Sous v7to %ctvQr)<n 'ursvmis. 
+
+This wild joy, attended with fhouts and dancing, and the 
+
+43 Ibid. p. 721. The fecond line in the original has uttojjwkwvtcu 'zaroQer* which 
+I have altered to v 7 rof+x 7 L&vTcu ttccitToBev* 
+
+44 Findarus apud Strabonem, L,. 10. p. 719. 
+
+O O O 2 
+
+
+
+
+noife 
+
+
+
+468 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+noife of pipes and cymbals, feems to have been exhibited in 
+memorial of the exit from the Ark ; when the whole of the 
+animal fyftem iffued to light upon the fummit of mount Baris. 
+
+Corybas, the father and head of the band, was the fame as 
+Helius ; and in the Orphic hymns is further defcribed with 
+the attributes of Dionufus : 
+
+45 AlQXOfJLOgpOV CtVCLXTCt, ®£0V - 
+
+®Y)P0TV7Tii S~£[JL£VQV p.0gq>Y]V SvoQSgOlO AgCUCOVTQ?. 
+
+I 
+
+His offspring, the Corybantes, were twofold. Strabo fpeaks 
+of them both ats priefts, and divinities; and undoubtedly 
+both were comprehended under this title. 46 "The Corybantes 
+were a kind of Dcemons , 0 the offspring of Helius , and Athena. 
+Under the denomination of Cabiri , and the like , were included 
+7iot only a fet of perfons , who adminiflered to. the Gods, but the 
+Divinities, whom they worfhiped. The Tityri, Satyri, Mae- 
+nades, Thyades, Lycaones, Sileni, Lenae, were of the fame 
+order : as were the Curetes, Telchines, and Ignetes. The 
+Curetes were Heliadae, the priefts of Helius, ftyled Cur- 
+Ait : and the term Quirites among the Romans had the fame 
+origin. The Telchines and Ignetes were the firft, who fet¬ 
+tled at 47 Rhodes ; and they in like manner were efteemed 
+Heliadae. The latter were denominated from their God 
+Hanes, who was at different times called Agnis and Ignis. 
+But notwithftanding their relation to Hanes and Helius, 
+
+Hymn 38. 
+
+46 KopvSotvTe^ Aaiuoves T/rsc, AShpccs xct; r HAf» 'zsra.ftJfs '—8 'zsrpoaTr 0X0,1 Qew pLovar , 
+ctAAa 7 tcci gcvtoi ©eo; r z*rpoo-v)yopzvfyf}Gccv. L. IO. p. 723. 
+
+47 lyvv Tff, U ptera. tos TeA. %?vcc$ €7roDOiGctvTes tw'PqS'qv. Hefych?. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology- 469 
+
+they were at the fame time fuppofed to be defcended from 
+the fea^ Hence it was faid of them by Simmias Rhodius, 
+
+48 A [JLfJLCl 
+
+lyvvTCiov kcu TsX’X'ivcdv e<pv Yj ctlhvxT, Zccvf/. 
+
+► 
+
+Zaps, is nearly of the fame purport of the Saph or 
+Suph of the Chaldeans and Hebrews. It fignifi.es the 49 fea,. 
+©r the fea in a ferment: and the purport of the verfe is, 
+that the Ignetes and Telchines carried their origin upwards 
+to the deluge. Though they had the character of Tnysmg,. 
+
+and O vgaviooveg, yet they univerfally took to themfelv.es the 
+title of foils of the fea. 
+
+50 'O'yr 01 rffw vioi psv &othct<r<rr\g 5 dog 6 [jivOog 'tirv.gztiooKS. 
+
+"They were looked upon ,. fays Diodorus, as the offspring of the 
+fea , according to the traditions of the ancients . The Telchi- 
+nes were fuppofed to have made their firfl appearance at the 
+time of a Deluge, which. 51 Diodorus would confine to 
+Rhodes : and Nonnus, from fome emblematical reprefenta- 
+tion, has defcribed them, as wafted over the ocean upon- 
+feahorfes. 
+
+s * QKVTsgoi T eTvgivzg <xAiTgs<pscav V7rsg hntuv. 
+
+43 Clemens-AlexancL Strom. 5^ p. 674. Ajj.ua. fignifies a mother. 
+
+49 It is fometimes ufed fora whirlwind: but among the ancient Greeks it figni- 
+fied properly the furge of the fea. 
+
+FJopts fjocivofxevoto txjsol<^B tve ; tx^vycn . Dionvfius Iambus apud Clementem 
+
+fugra. 
+
+50 L. 5. p. 326. ICap-re; yyyeveis. Strabo. L. 10. P . 723.. 
+
+5 ‘ Ibid. p. 327. 
+
+51 L. 24. p. 626. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+
+47 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+They arc faid, under the character of Heliadse, to have been 
+very famous for 53 navigation : and through them many ufe- 
+ful arts were tranfmitted to s+ mankind. They were like- 
+wile the firft introducers of 55 idolatry ; and deeply Ikilled in 
+Magia : and we may infer from Diodorus, that they were of 
+the Anakim, or gigantic race ; for fuch are faid to have been 
+the firft inhabitants of s6 Rhodes. 
+
+I have mentioned, that great confufion has arifen from 
+not confidering, that the Deity and prieft were named alike ; 
+and that the people often were comprehended under the 
+fame title. The God Helms was ftyled S7 Cur-Ait c and 
+his priefts had the fame name. But additionally to thefe, 
+the ancient inhabitants of .ZEtolia, Euboea, and Acarnania 
+were ftyled 58 Curetes, and their country Curetica. Helius 
+was likewife called by the Egyptians and other people Tal- 
+chan : for Tal, which the Grecians rendered Talus, fignified 
+the Sun. TaAoj, 0 HAiOj: Talus y fays Hefychius, fignijies 
+
+the Sun. T cthcuog, 6 Zst>? sy K^T» 3 : Zeuth in Crete <was Jlyled 
+Talceus. The term Tal-chan, which the Grecians rendered 
+Telchin, fignified Sol Rex : and under this title he was 
+worfhiped at 59 Lindus in Rhodes. His priefts alfo and 
+votaries were denominated in the fame manner. The Cu- 
+
+53 Diodorus. L. 5. p. 32$. 
+
+54 Ibid. p. 326. T ey^vcov eu^eTCts, xcu tc*>v e/s t ov ( 2 >iov Ibid. 
+
+55 Ibid. 
+
+56 Ibid. 
+
+* 
+
+57 Kupss 0 r HA<cs. Plutarch. Artaxerxes. 
+
+5 - s Strabo. L. io. p. 692, 714. 
+
+59 fj.ev AivS'io.s ATroAAwra TeA %iviov. Diodor. L. 5. p. 326. Talus by 
+
+Apollodorus is faid to have been the fame as Taurus. L. 1. p. 54. 
+
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancieln.t Mythology. 47^1 
+
+retes by fome were edeemed the offspring of the 60 nymph 
+Danais, and Apollo : by others they were faid to have been 
+the Tons of 61 Jafon, the fame as Jafiom, with whom Damar- 
+ter was fuppofed to have been enamoured: all which, I 
+think, is not difficult to be underdood. 
+
+I have fhewn that the Telchinian and Cabiritic rites con¬ 
+fided in Arkite memorials. They paded from Egypt and- 
+Syria to Phrygia and Pontus : and from thence were intro¬ 
+duced in Thrace, and in the cities of Greece. They were like- 
+
+wife carried into Hetruria, and into the regions of the Celtse 
+
+# 
+
+and traces of them are to be obferved as high up as the 
+Suevi. Tacitus takes notice that this people worfhiped Ids : 
+and he mentions that the chief object at their rites, was an 
+Ark, or fhip; 6z lignum in modum Liburnse figuratum; 
+which was held in great reverence. The like myderies ac¬ 
+cording to Artemidorus prevailed in one of the Britidi 
+idands : in which, he fays, the worfhip of Damater was 
+carried on with the fame rites as in 63 Samothracia, I make 
+no doubt, but that this hidory was true : and that the Ark- 
+ite rites prevailed in many parts of Britain ; efpecially in the 
+file of Mona, where in aftertimes was the chief feat of the 
+64 - Saronides, or Druids. Monai fignifi.es infula Selenitis, vel 
+Arkitis. It was fometimes expreiTed Menai ; as is evident 
+from the frith between the idand and the main land beins; 
+
+D 
+
+dyled Aber Menai at this day. Aber Men-Ai fignifi.es fre- 
+
+60 'Oi.fxsi' Kaonrss Aarcti'J'oa — k<xi A7roAAcyros 'z&ouf'e*.. Schul. in Lycoph. 
+v- 77 - 
+
+61 Servius in iEneid. L. 3. v. in. 
+
+61 De moribus Germanorum. p. 603, 
+
+65 Strabo. L. 4. p. 304. 
+
+64 Diodorus. L. 5. p. 308.. 
+
+
+tU Ill 
+
+
+
+47 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+turn infulae Dei Luni; which ifland undoubtedly had thk 
+name from its rites. The fame worfhip was probably fur- 
+ther introduced into fome of the Scotifh ifles, the Hebrides 
+of the ancients ; and particularly into that called Columbkil, 
+or Columba. This ifland is faid to have been in old time a 
+feminary ; and was reputed of the highefl fan&ity; fo that 
+there is a tradition of above fifty Irik and Scotifh kings 
+being there 65 buried. Columb-kil is plainly a contraction 
+of Columba-kil: which was not originally the name of the 
+ifland, but of the temple there conftrudted. The ifland 
+was called limply Columba. When there was a change 
+made in religion, people converted the heathenifh temples 
+to fan&uaries of another nature : and out of the ancient 
+names of places they formed faints, and holy men. Hence 
+we meet with 67 St. Agnes, St. Allan, St. Earth, St. Enador, 
+St. Herm, St. Levan, St. Ith, St. Sancrete, in Cornwall : and 
+from the Caledonian Columba there has been made a 68 St. 
+
+Columbus. This laft was certainly a name given to the 
+
+* 
+
+ifland from its worfhip : and, what is truly remarkable, it 
+was alfo called Iona; a name exactly lynonymous, which it 
+retains to this 69 day. But out of Columbus they have made 
+a Saint, and of-Iona a 70 Bifhop. 
+
+65 Martin’s account of the Scotifh ifles. p. 256. Camden’s Britannia, p. 1462.. 
+
+65 Cal, Col, Cala, fignified a building upon an eminence. 
+
+* 7 See Norden’s Comwal, and Camden. 
+
+63 Camden calls the perfon Columba. p. 1462. 
+
+* 9 Between Ila and Scotland lies Tona. Camden, fupra. 
+
+70 People have fuppofed the ifland to have received its name from an Irifli Bifhop, 
+who firft preached the gofpel to the Pidbs. See Bede L. 3. c. 4. But it is no - 
+where, faid that he was ever upon the ifland; much lefs that he gave name to it. 
+The very exiftence of this perfonage is uncertain. 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+
+ARGONAUTI C 
+
+
+N D 
+
+EXPEDITION. 
+
+
+$oinai 'Wean 
+
+
+T o$$ 'uregi cuiti?® v <rvyysyga<pa* T oov av()gW7rMV 61 [jlsv yag '&si- 
+
+a.vo^’hYfToi c ropictg, mi ski- 
+
+mi 'urQXv7rgccyfjt,ovsg, cltti 
+T%Tc*)V. Palasphatus. 
+
+
+Ksyousvoig 
+
+
+
+
+SI Jg 'GTVKVQTZgOl ?Y\V QVVlV 
+'STGCg 0 L 7 COLV , U,Yj$ 8 V ySVB(T&<X,l 
+
+
+M Y purpofe has been univerfally to examine the ancient 
+
+mythology of Greece ; and by diligently collating the 
+evidences afforded, to find out the latent meaning. I have 
+repeatedly taken notice, that the Grecians formed variety of 
+perfonages out of titles, and terms unknown : many alfo took 
+their rife from hieroglyphics mifinterpreted. The examples, 
+which I have produced, will make the reader more favour¬ 
+ably inclined to the procefs, upon which I am about to pro¬ 
+ceed. Had I not in this manner opened the way to this 
+difquifition, I fhould have been fearful of engaging in the 
+Vol. II. P p p purfuit. 
+
+
+474 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+purfuit. For the hiftory of the Argonauts, and their voyage r 
+has been always efteemed authentic,, and admitted as a chro¬ 
+nological asra. Yet it may be worth while to make fome 
+inquiry into this memorable tranfadlion ; and to fee if it de- 
+ferves the credit, with which it has been hitherto favoured. 
+Some references to this expedition are interfperfed in moft 
+of the writings of the 1 ancients. But befide thefe fcattered 
+allulions, there are compleat hiftories tranfmitted concerning 
+it: wherein writers have enumerated every circumftance of 
+the operation. 
+
+By thefe writers we are informed, that the intention of 
+this armament was to bring back a golden fleece, which was 
+detained by flEetes king of Colchis. It was the fleece of 
+that ram, on which Phrixus and 2 Helle fled to avoid the 
+anger of Ino. They were the two children of Athamas, con¬ 
+ceived by (NspsAig)' a cloud : and their brother was Learchus. 
+The ram, upon which they efcaped, is reprefented as the 
+fon of 3 Neptune and Theophane. Upon his arrival at Col¬ 
+chis, Phrixus facrificed it to Mars, in whofe temple the fleece 
+
+
+The principal are thofe who follow. 
+Author of the Orphic Argonautica 
+Apollonius Rhodius. ' 
+
+Valerius Flaccus. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus. L. 4. p. 245. 
+Ovid. Metamorphofis. L. 7. 
+Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. 
+
+Apollodorus. L. 1. p. 4. 
+
+Strabo. L. 3. p. 222. 
+
+
+Hyginus. Fab. 14. p. 
+
+
+3S. 
+
+
+* Hyginus, Fab. 2. p. 18. Paufan. L. 9. p. yyS. 
+
+
+Hyginus. Fab. 3. p. 21. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+475 
+
+
+’was fufpended. Helle was fuppofed to have fallen into the 
+fea, called afterwards the Hellefpont, and to have been 
+•drowned. After an interval of fome years, Pelias, king of 
+Jolcus, commiflioned Jafon, the foil of his brother JEfon, to 
+go, and recover this precious fleece. To effedt this a fhip 
+was built at.Pegafe, which city lay at no great diftance 
+from Mount Pelion in Theffaly. It was the firft that was 
+ever attempted ; and the merit of the performance is given 
+to Argus, who was inftrudted by Minerva, or divine wifdom. 
+This fhip was built partly out of fome facred timber from 
+the grove of Dodona, which was facred to Jupiter Toma- 
+rias. On this account it was faid to have been oracular, 
+and to have given verbal refponfes ; which hiftory is beauti¬ 
+fully defcribed by Claudian. 
+
+4 Argois trabibus jactant fudafle Minervam : 
+
+Nec nemoris tantum vinxifle carentia fenfu 
+Robora ; fed, caefo Tomari Jovis augure luco, 
+
+Arbore praefaga tabulas animafle loquaces. 
+
+As foon as this facred machine was compleated, a feledt band 
+of heroes, the prime of their age and country, met together, 
+and engaged in this honourable enterprize. Among thefe 
+Jafon was the chief; by whom the others were fummoned, 
+and collected. Chiron, who was famous for his knowledge, 
+and had inftrudted many of thofe young heroes in fcience, now 
+framed for their ufe a delineation of the heavens : though 
+fome give the merit of this operation to Mu feus. This was 
+
+* De Bello Getico. v. 1 6. 
+
+
+£>£ S' -CCgQL 
+
+Is ho$ tinSpojjiesax T oyjocpios (pvyas* 
+
+
+'Orph. Argonautica. y. 1153. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+p p p 2 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient MyTHbLOGY, 
+
+
+476 
+
+the firft fphere conflrudted : in which the ftars we're formed 
+
+
+into afterifms for the benefit of the Arg 
+
+
+that they 
+
+
+ght be the better able to conduct themfelves in their 
+
+
+perilous voyage. The heroes being 
+
+
+affembled, waited 
+
+
+for the riling of the Peleiades 
+
+
+fail 
+
+
+which feafon they fet 
+
+
+Writers differ greatly about the 
+
+
+which they 
+
+
+took at their fetting out ; as well as about the way of 
+their return. The general account is, that they cbafted 
+
+a 
+
+Macedonia, and proceeded to Thrace; where Hercules 
+engaged with the giants; as he is fuppoled to have done 
+
+
+many other pi 
+
+
+They vifited Lemnos, and Cy 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+
+were two 
+
+
+
+and from thence came to the Bofporus. 
+rocks called the Cyanean, and atfo the Symplegades 
+ufed to cl a ill together with a mighty nolle, and intercept 
+whatever was palling. The Argonauts let a Dove fly, to fee 
+by her fate, if there were a poffibility of efcaping. The 
+Dove got through with fome difficulty r encouraged by 
+which omen the heroes preffed forward and by the help of 
+Minerva efcaped. After many adventures, which by the 
+
+
+Poets 
+
+
+defcribed 
+
+
+manner wonderfully pleafing, they 
+
+
+arrive at the Phafis, which was the chief 
+
+
+of Colchis 
+
+
+They immediately addrefs iEetes y and after having informed 
+him concerning the caufe of their coming, demand a redi¬ 
+tu tion of the fleece. The king was exafperated at their 
+claim ; and refufed to give up the objedt in view, but upon 
+fuch terms, as feemed impracticable. Jafon however ac¬ 
+cepted of the conditions : and after having engaged-in many 
+labours, and by the affiftance of Medea foothed a fleeplefs 
+
+
+5 Ay.os ^ avT?XAovTi TlsMia.S'es. Theoc. Idyl. 13. v. 25. 
+
+
+dragon. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+477 
+
+
+dragon, which guarded the fleece, he at lafl: brought off the 
+prize* This being happily effected, he retired privately to 
+his (hip, and immediately fet fail; at the fame time bringing 
+away Medea, the king’s daughter. As foon as TEetes was 
+apprized of their flight, he fitted out fome fhips to purfue 
+them : and arriving at the Thracian Bofporus took pofleflion 
+of that pafs. The Argonauts having their retreat precluded, 
+returned by another rout, which by writers is differently 
+reprefented. Upon their arrival in Greece they offered facri- 
+fices to the Gods ; and confecrated their {hip to Neptune. 
+
+What is alluded to in this romantic detail, may not per¬ 
+haps at firft fight be obvious. The main plot, as it is tranf- 
+mitted to us, is certainly a fable, and replete with inconfift- 
+ency and contradiction. Yet many writers have taken the 
+account in grofs : and without hefitation, or exception to 
+any particular part, have prefumed to fix the time of this 
+tranfaCtion. And having fatisfied themfelves in this point, 
+they have proceeded to make ufe of it for a Anted sera. 
+Hence many inferences, and deductions have been formed,, 
+and many events have been determined, by the time of this 
+fanciful adventure. Among; the moft eminent of old, who 
+
+. O J 
+
+admitted it as an hiftorical truth, were Herodotus, Diodo¬ 
+rus, Strabo ; and with them every Grecian Mythologifl:: of 
+the Fathers, Clemens, Enfebius, and Syncellus. Among the 
+moderns, the principal are Scaliger and Petavius : and of our 
+country, Archbifhop Ufher, Cumberland, Dr. Jackfon, and 
+Sir Ifaac Newton. This lafl: fpeaks of it without any diffi¬ 
+dence ; and draws from it many confequences, as from an 
+event agreed upon, and not to be questioned : an asra, to 
+
+which 
+
+
+
+The Analysis or Ancient 'Mythology. 
+
+
+478 
+
+which we may fafely refer. It was a great misfortune to 
+the learned world, that this excellent perfon was lb eafily 
+
+
+latisfied with Grecia 
+tion, whatever was 
+
+
+taking with 
+
+
+examina 
+
+
+anfmitted to his hands. By thefe 
+many events of great conlequence are determined from 
+
+Had he looked 
+
+icals. and 
+
+
+hiilor 
+
+
+very uncertain and ex 
+more carefully into the 
+difcarded, what he could 
+other refpecis his fuperi< 
+would have been as eminent for 
+been for demonftration. 
+
+
+ptionable data 
+
+
+par 
+
+
+when he quitted 
+
+
+to which he appeals, ai 
+renticate j fuch were in all 
+, and penetration, that he 
+moral evidence, as he had 
+This laid was his great prerogative ; 
+he became, like Sampfon, fhorn of 
+
+
+his Idrength ; he went out like 
+upon which he builds fo much 
+
+
+er man. This hildory 
+founded upon fome an 
+
+
+traditions, but milinterpreted greatly 
+
+
+Gr 
+
+
+country 
+
+voured 
+
+
+find 
+
+
+It certainly did 
+though adopted by the people of that 
+Ifaac Newton with great ingenuity has endea- 
+
+the time of this expedition by the place 
+
+
+the degrees, which they have fince 
+And this, he does upon a fuppofition that there 
+fuch a perfon as Chiron :. and that he really, as an an- 
+
+
+of the 6 Colures then, and 
+gone back. 
+
+
+poet would perfuade 
+
+
+formed a Iphere for 
+
+
+Ar 
+
+
+gonauts 
+
+
+'Ovtos 
+
+
+■Eff rs £ikquo<tvvyiv 3 -vystuv ysvog vyctye, frsi^ccg 
+'O gtLQv, xou 3yc nag iKagcug, tccu <ryri(jLOLT OA 
+
+
+6 Newton’s Chronology, p. 83, 84. 
+
+7 Auctor Titanomachite apud Clementem. Strom. L. 1. p. 360. 
+
+In 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+479 
+
+
+* 
+
+In anfwer to this the learned Dr. Rutherforth has exhibited 
+fome curious obfervations : in which he {hews, that there is 
+no reafon to think that Chiron was the author of the fphere 
+
+
+fpoken of, or of the delineations attributed to him 
+
+
+Among 
+
+
+many very juft exceptions he has one, which feems to me to 
+be very capital, and which I {hall tranfcribe from him. 8 
+
+
+Be- 
+39 °; 
+
+
+fide Pagafce , from whence the Argonauts failed , is about 
+and Colchis , to which they were failing , is i7i about 4 . 5 0 north la¬ 
+titude. The far Canobus of the frf magnitude , marked ol by 
+Bayer , in the confellatio?i Argo, is only 3 7 0 from the fouth pole : 
+and great part of this confdlation is fill nearer to the fouth 
+
+
+pole. 
+
+
+Therefore this principal far , and great part of the con 
+
+
+fellation Argo could not be fecn , either in the place , that the 
+Argonauts fet out from , or in the place , to which they wiere fail- 
+mg. Now the Jhip was the frf of its kind ; a?id was the prin¬ 
+cipal thing in the expedition : which makes it very u?ilikely, that 
+Chiron fould chufe to call a fet of fans by the name of Argo , 
+mof of which were invifble to the Argonauts. If he had de¬ 
+lineated the fphere for their ufe , he would have chofen to call 
+fome other confellation by this 7 tanie : he would 7?7of likely have 
+given the name Argo to fo7?ie co7ifellatio7t m the Zodiac : how- 
+ever , certainly , to 07ie , that was vifble to the Arg 07 iauts and 
+
+
+not to 
+
+
+0713 
+
+
+which was fo far to the fouth , tha-t the prmcipal 
+far i7i it coitlcl not be feeti by the?77 , either whe 7 i they fet out , or 
+whe 7 i they came to the eitd of their voyage. 
+
+Thefe arguments,. I think, fhew plainly, that the fphere 
+
+
+* Rutherforth’s Syftem of Natural Philofophy. Vol. 2. p. 849. 
+
+
+could 
+
+
+
+480 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+9 
+
+could not have been the invention of 9 Chiron or Mufaeus ; 
+had fuch perfons exifted. But I muffc proceed farther upon 
+thefe principles : for to my apprehenfion they prove moft 
+fatisfadlorily, that it was not at any rate a Grecian work; 
+and that the expedition itfelf was not a Grecian operation. 
+Allowing Sir Ifaac Newton, what is very difputable, that 
+many of the afterifms in the fphere relate to the Argonautic 
+operations ; yet fuch fphere could not have been previoufly 
+conftrudted, as it refers to a fubfequent hiftory. Nor would 
+an aftronomer of that country in any age afterwards have 
+fo delineated a fphere, as to have the chief memorial in a 
+
+manner out of fight; if the tranfaftion, to which it alluded, 
+
+■ 
+
+had related to Greece. For what the learned Dr. Ruther- 
+forth alledges in refpedt to Chiron and Mufaeus, and to the 
+times, in which they are fuppofed to have lived, will hold 
+good in refpedl to any Grecian in any age whatever. Had 
+thofe perfons, or any body of their country, been authors of 
+fuch a work ; they muff have comprehended under a figure, 
+and given the name of Argo to a collection of ftars, with 
+many of which they were unacquainted : confequently their 
+longitude, latitude, and reciprocal diftances, they could not 
+
+9 Sir Ifaac Newton attributes the invention of the Sphere to Chiron, or to Mu- 
+feus. Some give the merit of it to Atlas ; ethers to Palamedes. 
+
+Etpeu^e cf cc^pcov fJ.BTpct^ xcci •zz'Sptq-pcCpcz,^ 
+
+TafsG re toc’jtcc& pa.net re •erw^txTa. Sophocles in Nauplio. 
+
+The chief contlellation, and of the moft benefit to Mariners, is the Bear with the 
+Polar itar. This is faid not to have been obferved by any one before Thales : the 
+other, called the .greater Bear, was taken notice of by Nauplius : S'ittcu J'e eicnvy 
+cuv jjjev l\GLV7r/\.iQ$ eupe , ryv sAocrrovcc 0 crc^o?. Theon. in Arat. v. 27. 
+
+l\ T <xi/7r/\;oi ctTTcyzvos APXAIOT ts llocreifocvos v&. Schol. Apollonii. L. i. v. 134. 
+
+9 know. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 481 
+
+"know. Even the Egyptians feem in their fphere to have 
+omitted thofe conftellations, which could not be feen in 
+their degrees of latitude, or in thofe which they frequented. 
+Hence many afterifms near the fouthern pole, fuch as the 
+Croziers, Phcenicopter, Toucan, &c. were for a long time 
+vacant, and unformed : having never been taken notice of, 
+till our late difcoveries were made on the other fi.de of the 
+line. From that time they have been reduced into after¬ 
+ifms, and diftinguifhed by names. 
+
+If then the fphere, as we have it delineated, was not the 
+work of Greece, it muft certainly have been the produce 
+of 10 Egypt. For the aftronomy of Greece confefledly came 
+from that 11 country: confequently the hiftory, to which it 
+alludes, muft have been from the fame quarter. For it can¬ 
+not be fuppofed, that in the conftrudfcing a fphere the Egyp¬ 
+tians would borrow from the Ia Helladians, or from any 
+people whatever : much lefs would they crowd it with after¬ 
+ifms relating to various events, in which they did not par¬ 
+ticipate, and with which they could not well be acquainted : 
+for in thofe early days the hiftory of Hellas was not known 
+
+
+
+
+trom. 
+
+
+xo Diodorus fays that the Sphere was the invention of Atlas ^ by which wc arc 
+to underftand the Atlantians. L. 3. p. 193. 
+
+11 rigto tss A.iyu7TT&s ccvQpcoirccv 'zo'ocvtcov tqv evicrjTov^ (PuooS'sx.cc fs-zoeot S'oc- 
+
+rPflN eA eyov. Herodot. 
+
+1 j ./ 1 * 
+
+L. 2* c. 4. 
+
+Tboo^stts ecu evpercu ysyovcco-iv (c 1 Aiyv 7 rrici)., Clemens Alexand. 
+
+L. 1. p. 361. 
+
+1Z The Egyptians borrowed nothing from Greece. O u jxm acTe (jww, ohms At- 
+
+yvTrnrLoi *moLo 'EAAtfJ'ft,'* sA cz£ov >? tbto ((paAAoy ts Atowey) « aAAo xb ti voucctor, 
+
+Herodot. L. 2. c. 49. See alfo Diodorus Siculus. L. 1. p.62 5 63. of arts from 
+Egypt. 
+
+VOL. II. ~ 
+
+
+Q_q q 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+482 The Analysis of Anctent Mythology. 
+
+to the fbns of Mizraim. Many of the conflellations are ap-^ 
+parently of Egyptian original; and were defigned as emblems 
+of their Gods, and memorials of their rites and mythology. 
+The Zodiac, which Sir Iiaac Newton fuppofed to relate to 
+the Argonautic expedition, was an aflemblage of Egyptian 
+hieroglyphics. Aries, which he refers to the golden fleece, 
+was a reprefentation of Amon : Taurus of Apis r Leo of 
+Arez, the fame as- Mithras, and Oflris. Virgo with the 
+fpike of corn was 13 Ills. They called the Zodiac the grand 
+aflembly, or fenate, of the twelve Gods, £v 
+
+&soi BovXouoi. The planets were efteemed lidfcors 
+
+and attendants,, who waited upon the chief Deity,, the Sun. 
+Thefe, fays the Scholiaft upon 14 Apollonius, were the peo¬ 
+ple, who firft obferved the influences of the flats; and diflin- 
+guiflied them by namesand from them they came to 
+* 5 Greece. 
+
+Strabo, one of the wifeft of the Grecians, cannot, be per- 
+fuaded but that the hiftor.y of the Argonautic expedition was 
+true : and he takes notice of many traditions concerning it 
+in countries far remote : and traces of the heroes in many 
+places; which arofe from the temples, and cities, which they 
+
+
+13 C Oi fJiBU yctg CLVTYIV (pCCG'l /XWTgCtVy SlCC TO' S%BlV ^CC^V lA 01 cTg I VIV* OS <pB A.TCCp- 
+
+yuriv. Eratofthenis Afterifm. Ylctfievos* 
+
+14 Teyavevxi S'B ccv T3<=, (prto'iv A^oATicovics rsrpo tzocvtcc t cl cc^pec (pavwvca kocB 7 o. 
+
+tyiv Tc qvcriv xctTctvoYiacti avT&v S qvjkji^ tcoli t cc cvofxocrct Sreivc&i. K on ret pcBv c PcodexcL. 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+Scholia Apol¬ 
+
+
+lon. Argon. L. 4. v. 261. 
+
+15 cTg -X.CU TuciVTa, Tec uvopcarcc. t&v ©ecov sf AtyvTTTB eAj?Aif(}g e$ rnv C EA- 
+
+XccS'ct. Herod. L. 2. c. 49. 50. 
+
+Tbt OV (©BuB At 0 ) V7TTlCCX,0v) TupOdTOV CiglBpcoV TB KCU 2\.6yi(Tpt.QV BVpBlV, XCU yBOOfJlB- 
+
+Tpiccv tccci cc<?pQVO{Aiccv. Plato in Phaedro. v. 3. p. 274, 
+
+built. 
+
+
+
+The Akstalysis gf Ancient Mythology. 483 
+
+huilt, and from the regions, to which they gave name. He 
+mentions particularly, that there ftill remained a city called 
+* 6 Aia upon the Phalis ; and the natives retained notions, 
+that ^Eetes once reigned in that country. He takes notice, 
+that there .were feveral memorials both of Jafon and Phrixus 
+an Iberia, as well as in Colchis. 17 In Armenia too , and as 
+far off as Media , and the neighbouring regions , there are , fays 
+Strabo, temples Jlill /landing, called fafonea ; and all along the 
+coajl about Sinope , upon the Po 7 itus Luxinus : a?td at places in 
+'the ;Propontis , and the Hellefpont , as far down as Lemnos , the 
+like traces are to he obferved , both of the expeditwi undertakeit 
+by fafon, ajid of that , which was prior, by Phrixus. There are 
+likewife plain veftiges of fafon in his retreat, as well as of the 
+Colchians, who purfued him , in Crete , a?id in Italy , a?id upon 
+the coajl 
+
+about the Ceraunian mountains in Lpirus: a?id upon the wefter71 
+coajl of Italy in the gulf of Pofeidonium , and in the ijlands of 
+Hetruria. I?i all thefe parts the Argonauts have apparently 
+heejz. In another place he again takes notice of the great 
+
+
+of the Adriatic. 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+They are particularly to be feen 
+
+
+16 -Ht£ Aicc S'UxvuTcii 'z vegi <3 ?&,g-iv tvo?us 0 you o Aivtvs fictcriAevcrca tvs 
+
+■KoA^cTo? 3 kcu eq-'i tois eyei tbt e7n^copiov t Bvoy.cc^ y. t A. L. 1- p. 77 . 
+
+17 K-ai locaoveuz 'sroAAct^e ycu tvs A gpit vices ycci tvs M voices, you tcov tv Avan- 
+
+CVJTOIS TQ7T<OV £SlKWTCtl. K CU fAVV UCLL ^IVGOTTVV^ X£tl TVV TCCUTVS 'uTCCfCC- 
+
+Aiccv, you t vv Tlgo7rovTi^oc 9 you tov c EAA)ja-7ro^TOJ ; TC0,/ yccxcc tvv A vpevov to- 
+
+
+thoTJAcl 
+
+
+VOS. 
+
+
+t • 
+
+OCCCt Tool' eTTl^lOO^CCVTCCV ' TVS KpYITVS} TCd.1 TVS ItccAoZS KCCl 78 ‘ A§ fid m 
+
+
+P- 77 - 
+
+18 /S£l%VVTCLl yvog T-iVCC aVfJLBLGt you Tcrepl TCC K-SpCCVl'lCC OpV) you * 7 TTzgt TGV*A^glCCV} you 
+
+ev tw nocretcfcoviccTy xoA'Zcrw, you tccis T*rpo tyis Tvpp^vias merots tvs rcov ApyovxvTow 
+
+tuAolvvs avf^eix, Ibid. p. 39^ 
+
+
+(i_q a 2 
+
+
+number 
+
+
+
+484 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+number of temples eredted to 19 Jafon in the eaft; which 
+were held in high reverence by the barbarous nations. Dio¬ 
+dorus Siculus alfo mentions many tokens of the 20 Argonauts 
+about the ifland iEthalia, and in the Portus Argoiis in He- 
+truria; which latter had its name from the Argo. And he 
+fays, many fpeak of it as a certainty , that the like memorials are. 
+to he found upon the Celtic coajl ; a?td at Gades in Iberia , and 
+i?i divers other places. 
+
+From thefe evidences fo very numerous, and colledted 
+from parts of the world fo widely diftant, Strabo concludes 
+that the hiftory of Jafon mu ft necefiarily be authentic. He 
+accordingly fpeaks of the Argo and Argonauts, and of their 
+perils and peregrinations, as of fadts 21 univerfally allowed. 
+Yet I am obliged to diflent from him upon his own princi¬ 
+ples : for I think the evidence, to which he appeals, makes 
+intirely againft his opinion. I muft repeat what upon a like 
+occafion I have more than once faid ; that if fuch a perlon 
+as Jafon had exifted, he could never have performed what is 
+attributed to him. The Grecians have taken an ancient hif¬ 
+
+
+tory to themfelves, 
+the real purport of 
+
+
+to which they had 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+was totally hid from them, they have 
+
+
+by their colouring and new modelling what they did 
+
+
+19 Ibid. p. 798 . 
+
+b• 4. p• 259* 
+
+Kara tvv ASctAiuu A ifAW Apy&os. Strabo. L,. 5. p. 342. fie mentions near 
+Fsnrum to tws "Hpxs itgov t ns Apyovixs^ I ctcrovos iSpu/joa. L. 6. p. 386. Near Cir- 
+cfeum Abyss kAzivov cpixov. Lycoph. v. 1274. See the Scholia: alfo Ariftotle 
+rzrspt ^rxv/xxs. avdscr [xxtccv. p. 728. and Taciti Annales. L. 6. c. 34. 
+
+2,1 T ccv Se rarzpt Tor Iccg’ovcc aufj£cLVToov 0 Kcti tvv Agy&y kcci tbs ApyorctVTas tcov o/ao- 
+Ao^euevcov tojv tuxpx Tsxcnv tc t A, Strabo. L. 1. p. 77. 
+
+derftand. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 485 
+
+derftand, run themfelves into a thoufand abfurdities. The 
+Argo is reprefented as the firft fhip built; and the heroes 
+are faid to have been in number according to Valerius Flac- 
+cus, fifty-one. The author of the Orphic Argonautica 
+makes them of the fame 22 number. In Apollonius Rhodius 
+there occur but forty-four : and in Apollodorus they 
+amount to the fame. Thefe authors give their names, and 
+fubjoin an hiftory of each perfon : and the higheft, to which 
+any writer makes them amount, is 23 fifty and one. How is 
+it pollible for fo fmall a band of men to have atchieved, what 
+they are fuppofed to have performed ? For to omit the 
+fleeplefs dragon, and the bulls breathing fire ; how could 
+they penetrate fo far inland, and raife fo many temples, and 
+found fo many cities, as the Grecians have fuppofed them to 
+
+0 
+
+have founded ? By what means could they arrive at the ex?- 
+treme parts of the earth ; or even to the fhores of the Adria¬ 
+tic, or the coaft of Hetruria ? When they landed at Colchis* 
+they are reprefented fo weak in refpedt to the natives, as to 
+be obliged to make ufe of art to obtain their purpofe. • Hav¬ 
+ing by the help of the King’s daughter, Medea, ftolen the 
+golden fleece, they immediately fet fail. But being purfued 
+by JEetes, and the Colchians, who took pofieflion of the pafs 
+by the Bofporus, they were forced to feek out another paf- 
+fage for their retreat. And it is worth while to obferv.e the 
+
+He Teems to fpeak of fifty and one. 
+
+I vHrovct xoipcct'or eircu 
+
+ritvTVxovT epeT&iaiv. Argonaut, v. 298.- 
+Theocritus ftyles the Argo Tpiaxovrcc^vycs. Idyl. 13. v. 74. 
+
+23 Natalis Comes makes the number of the Argonauts forty-nine : but in his 
+catalogue he mentions more. 
+
+different 
+
+
+
+486 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+different routs, which they are by writers fhppofed to have 
+taken : for their diftrefs was great; as the mouth of the 
+
+9 
+
+Thracian Bofporus was poffelfed by JEetes ; and their return, 
+that way precluded. The author of the Orphic Argonautics 
+makes them pafs up the Phafis towards the Mseotis : and 
+from thence upwards through the heart of Europe to the 
+Cronian fea, or Baltic : and fo on to the Britifh feas, and 
+the Atlantic ; and then by Gades, and the Mediterranean 
+home. Timagetus made them proceed northward to The 
+fame feas, but by the 24 Ifter. According to Timseus they 
+went upwards to the fountains of the Tanais, through the 
+25 Palus Mseotis : and from thence through Scythia, and Sar- 
+matia, to the Cronian feas : and from thence by the Atlantic 
+home,. Scymnus Delius carried them by the fame rout. 
+Hefiod, and Antimachus, conduit them by the fouthern 
+ocean to 26 Libya ; and from thence over land to the Medi¬ 
+terranean. Hecatseus Milefius fuppofed them to go up the 
+Phafis ; and then by turning fouth over the great continent 
+of Alia to get into the Indian ocean, and fo to the 27 Nile in 
+Egypt: from whence they came regularly home. Valerius 
+Flaccus copies Apollonius Rhodius ; and makes them fail up 
+the Ifter, and by an arm of that river to the Eridanus, and 
+from thence to the 28 Rhone : and after that to Libya, Crete, 
+and other places. Pindar conduits them by the Indian ocean. 
+
+
+14 Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 259. 
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p. 259. Natalis Comes. L. 6. p. 317. 
+
+5,6 Scholia in Apollon, fupra. 
+
+L7 Scholia. Ibid. 
+
+i8 Etc Se roQev P ccf ccuzio ficSw poov etcrc7TBpiV7£v. Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. v. 6 27. 
+
+E n 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+487 
+
+
+29 E vt axsccm 'T'sXaysam p,iy&v 
+31 ovtm t E gvQgca. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus brings them back by the fame way, as 
+they went out ; but herein, that he may make things plau- 
+lible, he goes contrary to the whole tenor of hiftory. Nor 
+can this be brought about without running into other dif¬ 
+ficulties, equal to thofe, which he would avoid. For if the 
+Argonauts were not in the feas, fpoken of by the authors 
+above; how could they leave thofe repeated memorials, upon 
+which Strabo builds fo much, and of which mention is made 
+by 30 Diodorus ? The latter writer fuppofes Hercules to have 
+attended his comrades throughout: which is contradictory to 
+
+moft accounts of this expedition, tie moreover tells us, 
+
+*%# 
+
+that the Argonauts upon their return landed at Troas ; 
+where Hercules made a demand upon Laomedon of fome 
+horfes, which that king had promifed him. Upon a refufal, 
+the Argonauts attack the Trojans, and take their city. Here 
+we find the crew of a little bilander in one day perform, 
+what Agamemnon with a thoufand fhips and fifty thoufand 
+men could not effeCt in ten years. Yet 31 Hercules lived but 
+one generation before the Trojan war : and the event of the 
+firft capture was fo recent, that 31 Anchifes was fuppofed to. 
+
+
+29 Pyth. Ode.4. p. 262. 
+
+30 L. 4. p. 259. 
+
+
+3X c O< *EAA nves (pcuriv TljaKAca 9 erecrQoci yevea, f arpoT£^ov t cov T pcoikcov • Diodor;' 
+L. i.p. 21- Homer gives Hercules fix fhips, .when he takes Troy.. C E§ o/ns cv? 
+vnutrt* Iliad- E. v. 642. 
+
+32 Anchifes is made to fay. 
+
+Satis una fuperque 
+
+Vidimus excidia, et captas fuperavimus urbi* Virg* iEneid. L. 2. v. 642. 
+
+have 
+
+
+
+488 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+* 
+
+have been witnefs to .it: all which is very ftrange. For how 
+can we believe, that fuch a change could have been brought 
+about in fo inconfiderahle a fpace, either in refpedt to the 
+ftate of Troy, or the polity of Greece ? 
+
+After many adventures, and long wandering in different 
+parts, the Argonauts are fuppofed to have returned to Iolcus: 
+and the whole is faid to have been performed in 33 four 
+months; or as fome defcribe it, in 34 two. The Argo upon 
+this was confecrated to Neptune ; and a delineation of it in- 
+ferted among the afterifms of the heavens. But is it pof- 
+fible for fifty perfons, or ten times fifty, to have performed 
+fuch mighty operations in this term ; or indeed at any rate to 
+have performed them? They are faid to have built temples, 
+founded cities, and to have paffed over vaft continents, and 
+through feas unknown: and all this in an open 3S boat, which 
+they dragged over mountains, and often carried for leagues 
+upon their fhoulders. 
+
+If there were any truth in this hiftory, as applied by the 
+Grecians, there fhould be found fome confiftency in their 
+writers. But there is fcarce a circumflance, in which they 
+are agreed. Let us only obferve the contradictory accounts, 
+given of Hercules. According to 36 Herodotus he was left 
+behind at their firft fetting out. Others fay, he was left on 
+
+
+3J T'op 'ujcLVTct'urA'iv e\> Teacccccri /Avert Teheicrjaavres, Apollodorus. L, i. p. 55 * 
+
+Top 'ujclv'tol tjsKsv bp <Pucri y^’iiaLp ccpuctocptbs. Scholia in Lycoph. v. 175* • 
+
+35 The Argo was fly led A pyojcv cntccqoz by Diodorus, and the Scholiaft upon 
+Pindar: alfo by Euripides. It is alfo called A py&op ccxccror. Orphic. Argonaut* 
+v. 12 61. and v. 489. Ti<pus l&jpTcop azctroio* 
+
+2 ° Herodotus. L. 7. c. 193. 
+
+
+fhore 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology, 489 
+
+
+fhore upon the coaft of 37 Bithynia. Demaretes and Dio¬ 
+dorus maintain that he went to 38 Colchis : and Dionyfius 
+Milefius made him the captain in the 39 expedition. In re- 
+fpedt to the firft fetting out of the Argo, moft make it pafs 
+northward to Lemnos and the Hellefpont: but 40 Herodotus 
+fays that Jafon failed firft towards Delphi, and was carried 
+to the Syrtic fea of Libya ; and then purfued his voyage to 
+the Euxine. The asra of the expedition cannot be fettled 
+without running into many difficulties, from the genealogy 
+and ages of the perfons fpoken of. Some make the event 
+41 ninety years, fome 42 feventy-nine, others only forty years 
+before the sera of Troy. The point in which moft feem to 
+be agreed, is, that the expedition was to Colchis : yet even 
+
+
+this has been controverted. We find by Strabo, that 
+
+
+4J 
+
+
+Scep- 
+
+
+fius maintained, that iEetes lived far in the eaft upon the 
+ocean ; and that here was the country, to which Jafon was 
+fent by Pelias. And for proof of this he appealed to Mim- 
+nermus, whole authority Strabo does not like : yet it feems 
+to be upon a par with that of other poets; and all thefe tra¬ 
+ditions came originally from poets. Mimnermus mentions, 
+
+37 Apollonius Rhodius. L. i. v. 1285. Theocrit. Idyll, 13. 
+
+38 Apollodorus. L. 1. p. 45. Diodorus. L. 4. p. 251. 
+
+39 Apollodorus, L. 1. p. 45. 
+
+40 Herodotus. L. 4. c. 179. 'TVoAaC’fn' ccvefjiov xai uttc^osiv 'zrcos rr.v 
+
+A i€vm f . 3ct A. 
+
+41 E-ufeb. Chron. Verlio Lat. p. .93. 
+
+41 Thrafyllus apud Clement. Alexand. Strom. T. 1. p. 401. 
+
+Petavius 79 years. Rationarii Temp. Pars fecunda. p. 109. 
+
+43 'Xxt'^'lOS OS tv TOO ooxeotvco TV0tv<T0t$ TVV 01XV0 IP T B AHJTtf, TCrpOi T OLlS OtVCCToXcti^ 
+
+€xtos 'TzrZfJLtyfyvrcci <pvaiv vi to tb HeAie tqv Icccrovcc. Strabo. L. r. p. 80 . 
+
+Ev t co eoxectvqj tqv 'zuctp A ivtb 'vtAbv e7rAc&TTEv. Strabo, L. 1 . p. 
+
+
+77 
+
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+R r r 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+49 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+that the rout of Jafon was towards the eaft, and to the coaft 
+of the ocean : and he fpeaks of the city of ALetes as lying in 
+a region, where was the chamber of the Sun, and the dawn 
+of day, at the extremities of the eaftern world. 
+
+44 A iqra.o 'GfoKiv, ro6i r ooicsog HsAw/o 
+
+Afcnveg ygviree* ic.5ia.Tou ev §ol\ol[a.w 
+£Iksqlv8 'wocga. ^siXsg, Iv w^sto $eiog h)TM„ 
+
+How can we after this truft to writers upon this fubjedt, who 
+boaft of a great exploit being performed, but know not 
+whether it was at Colchis, or the Ganges ? They could not 
+tell fatisfa<5torily who built the Argo. Some fuppofed it to 
+have been made by Argus : others by Minerva. 45 Poffis of 
+Magnefia mentioned Glaucus, as the architect : by Ptolemy 
+Hephseftion he is faid to have been 4S Hercules. They were 
+equally uncertain about the place, where it was built. Some 
+faid, that it was at Pagafse; others at Magnefia; others 
+again at Argos. 47 Er Agysi svcm7rr}yr}Qn, oog <pr\<rw 
+
+fyog o XaXa[MViog. In fhort, the whole detail is filled with 
+inconfiftencies : and this mu ft ever be the cafe, when a peo¬ 
+ple adopt a hiftory, which they do not underhand, and to 
+which they have no pretenfions. 
+
+I have taken notice, that the mythology,, as well as the 
+rites of Greece, was borrowed from Egypt : and that it was 
+founded upon ancient hiftories, which had been tranfmitted 
+
+44 Strabo. L. i. p. So. 
+
+47 Athenseus, L. 7. c. 12. p. 296. 
+
+45 Apud Photium. p. 475. 
+
+47 Scholia in Lycoph. v. 883. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 491 
+
+in hieroglyphic al reprefentations. Thefe by length of time 
+became obfcure ; and the flgn was taken for the reality, and 
+accordingly explained. Hence arofe the fable about the bull 
+of Europa, the flih of Venus and Atargatis, the horfe oF 
+
+t 
+
+4 
+
+Neptune, the ram of Helle, and the like. In all thefe is the 
+fame hiffory under a different allegory, and emblem. I have 
+moreover taken notice of the wanderings of Rhea, of Ills, 
+of Aftarte, of Iona-; and laftly of Damater : in which fables 
+is figured the reparation of mankind by their families, and 
+their journeying to their places of allotment. At the fame 
+time the difperflon of one particular race of men, and their 
+flight over the face of the earth, is principally defcribed. 
+
+4 
+
+Of this family were the perfons, who preferved the chief 
+memorials of the ark in the Gentile world. They looked 
+upon it as the nurfe of Dionufus, and reprefented it under 
+different emblems. They called it Demeter, Pyrrha, Selene, 
+Meen, Argo, Argus, Areas, and Archaius (A gyyuog). And 
+although the laft term, as the hiftory is of the highefl: anti¬ 
+quity, might be applicable to any part of it in the common 
+acceptation 9 yet it will be found to be induftrioufly intro¬ 
+duced, and to have a more immediate 48 reference. That it 
+was ufed for a title is plain from Stephanus Byzantinus, 
+when he mentions the city Archa near mount Libanus. 
+A gyjn 'uroXig 3>omW ro s&vixov Agyaiog. Upon one of the 
+
+45 It is found continually annexed to the hiftory of Pyrrha, Pelias, Aimonia, 
+and the concomitant circumftances of the Ark, and Deluge. Clyvyos^ ccp^caos / 3 a- 
+ctXevg ©>?£W. OSe flyvyos vtos r,v Ylotitif'ctiios. Schol. in Lycoph. v. 1206. Iluppa, 
+CLI^OUCL ccXo^os. lens ccpX'ouct. Aijj.ov:cl ecg%cct<z. 
+
+Ngcv7tXio$ (0 AgyovGCJTi]$) cciroyovos A.p^cus Ty TJoasiS'cavo^ SchoL in Apollon. 
+
+L. i. v. 137. 
+
+R r r 2 plates 
+
+
+
+49 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+plates is a reprefentation from Paruta of the Sicilian Tauro- 
+Men with an infcription 49 AA APKAIOS, Al Arkaios. 
+This is remarkable ; for it flgnifies literally Deus Arkitis : 
+and the term A .g'^ouog above is of the fame purport, an Ar- 
+chite. The Grecians, as I have faid, by taking the ftory of 
+the Argo to themfelves, have plunged into numberlefs diffi¬ 
+culties. What can be more ridiculous than to fee the firft 
+conftrudted ffiip purfued by a navy, which was prior to it ? 
+But we are told, to palliate this abfurdity, that the Argo was 
+the firft long s ° fhip. If we were to allow this interpreta¬ 
+tion, it would run us into another difficulty : for Danaus,, 
+many generations before, was faid to have come to 51 Argos, 
+in a long fhip : and Minos had a fleet of long fhips, with 
+which he held the fovereignty of the feas. Of what did the 
+fleet of ffietes conflft, with which he purfued the Argonauts, 
+but of long fhips ? otherwife how could he have been fup- 
+pofed to have got before them at the Bofporus, or overtaken 
+them in the liter ? Diodorus indeed omits this part of the 
+hiftory, as he does many other of the principal circum- 
+ftances, in order to render the whole more conflftent. But 
+at this rate we may make any thing of any thing. We 
+fhould form a refolution, when we are to relate an ancient 
+hiftory, to give it fairly, as it is tranfmitted to us ; and not 
+try to adapt it to our own notions, and alter it without 
+authority. 
+
+49 Parutce Sicilia, p. 104. 
+
+50 Longa nave Jaibnem primum navigafle Philoftephanus Au£tor eft. Plin*. 
+L. 7. c. 56. Herodotus mentions the. Argonauts xccTcc 7 rAooaoivroLs jxacTtgriwu €$ Aiolv* 
+L. j. c. 2. 
+
+£±ccvctov 'urpurov (uctxpoLV vcivv) xctTct(TxzvcL(rcLi. Scholia in Apollon. L. 1. v. 4. 
+
+In 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+493 
+
+
+In the account of the Argo we have undeniably the hiftory 
+
+of a facred {hip, the ftrft which was ever conftru&ed. This 
+
+% 
+
+truth the beft writers among the Grecians confefs ; though 
+the merit of the performance they would fain take to them- 
+felves. Yet after all their prejudices they continually be¬ 
+tray the truth ; and {hew, that the hiftory was derived to 
+them from Egypt. Accordingly Eratofthenes tells us, sa that 
+the aferifm of the Argo in the heavens was there placed by 
+divine wifdom : for the Argo was the frf fhip , that was ever 
+built : Kca v.ggr$sv STBfCTOpyjdrj, it was moreover built in the mof 
+ea 7 ~ly times , or at the very beginning ; and was an oracular vef- 
+fel. It was the frf fhip-, that ventured upon the feas , which 
+before had never been paffed : and it was placed in the heavens 
+as a fgn, a?id emblem for thofe , who were to come after. Con¬ 
+formably to this Plutarch informs us, S3 that the confellatian , 
+which the Greeks called the Argo, was a reprefentation of the 
+facred fhip of Ofris : and that it was out of reverence placed 
+in the heavens. I have fpoken at large both of Ofiris, and 
+his lacred fhip : and we know to what it alludes, and that it 
+was efteemed the firft fhip 54 conftrudled. It was no other 
+than the Ark, called by the Greeks Argus, and Areas, and' 
+reprefented above as 'Z*rAo iov\ o c/Leggjf sv< sTSfiTonfa.- Hence 
+
+sz Apyco — ctv tv <Picc tyv A 0 mvoLV ev to is ct<^poi$ eio-Yiyflrf EIPflTR y&g ccvry vccv$ xct-- 
+TBcncevcco'dy, x.ai apyyQev ereitTovyQy' (poovyeaaa. cTg yevofj.evri TspooTy to T&sXctyos SiziXtv 
+cl€cctov or 9 Iv 3 y to/s e ?nyiyvofjLSvois xgcufetyptcc accepeq-epov.. Eratofthenes in xctra- 
+q~epi<TfA. A gyco. 35. 
+
+53 To *zzrA otov oi KctX&criv c EAA>jy£s Agyco*, tw OcrigiS'os vsoos e/cTojAov em t ijxy xarrn— 
+cfBgiafjLevov. Ifis et Ofiris. Y. i. p. 359. 
+
+54 Kcct ntregtaBn $e xvry cT/oc t nv A 9yvxv^ otj TjpcoTy uuxp auT«>. Theon 
+
+inAratum de Argo nave; 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+494 
+
+
+T«,e Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+tlie G i;e c ians, though fome few would represent the Argo as 
+only the firft long ffiip, yet in general fpeak of it, as the fir ft 
+fhip which, was framed. And although their account of it 
+is attended with numberlefs inconfiftencies, yet they reli¬ 
+gion % abide, by the. truth. Eratofthenes above, to prevent 
+all m.iftnterpretation, explains his meaning by faying, The 
+Argo was the, firfo fhip that divided the waters of the fea y 
+which before had never been penetrated.; 5S Ugc*)TY} 'GTeXa.yos <j \ei- 
+
+Agy, aSctTov ov. Hence alfo Catullus keeps to- this ancient 
+tradition, though he is guilty of great inconfiftency in Ipeak- 
+ing of fhips, which were ftill prior. He fays of the Argo, 
+
+56 Ilia rudem curfu prima imbuit Amphitriten. 
+
+
+Commentators have endeavoured to explain away, the mean¬ 
+ing of. this pafiage.:. and have, gone fo far as to alter the 
+terms prima imbuit to prora imbuit, that the author may 
+not contradict himfelf. But they fpoil the rythm, and ren¬ 
+der the paflage. fcarce fenfe. And after all, the lame difficulty 
+occurs repeatedly in other writers* There, was certainly a 
+conftant tradition that the Argo was the firft fhip; and that 
+it was originally framed by divine wifdom- The author of 
+the Orphic Argonantics reprefents it, in this light; and fays, 
+that Juno gave a commiffion to Minerva to build it out of 
+her regard to Jafon. 
+
+
+57 K tu pet KOLhe<r<rctfJL£ni. &tt btsTTst o T giToyeveiy, 
+
+
+
+51 Afterifm 35. 
+
+56 Epithalam. Pelei etThetidos. v. 11. 
+
+n Orphic. Argoaautica. v. 66 . This writer a£ts with the lame inconfiftency as 
+
+Catullus: 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+495 
+
+£ 
+
+K oa oi <pY)ytveY)v HIPflTON tb^v^octo vyjd, 
+
+*H Kdl V7T BlKCLTVQig SgSTfJLOig dhipLVgBOL fisvfa 
+
+IIPOTH V7rs%£7regri<rs, Tg&tsg t wvcrcrz S’aAacrcn^. 
+
+0 
+
+The like is faid by Theon upon Aratus, sZ K.am)g'£giG'@Y\ $£ 
+clvtyi Siol rr\v A$> y&v, on 'Srg’WTJi vccvg 'Grctg ccvTrig . It 
+
+was placed in the heavens by Minerva , as a memorial , that the 
+
+% 
+
+firjl Jhip was devifed by her . All the Latiil Poets have clofe-*- 
+ly copied this tradition. Lucan fpeaks of navigation com¬ 
+mencing from the sera of the Argo. 
+
+m 
+
+59 Inde laceflitum primum mare, cum rudis Argo 
+Mifcuit ignotas temerato littore gentes. 
+
+This, according to Manilius, was the reafon of its being in¬ 
+serted in the fphere. 
+
+60 In Coelum fubducta, mari quod prima cucuxrit. 
+
+I 
+
+All the other 61 poets are uniformly of this opinion ^ and they 
+
+
+Catullus : for after having reprefented the Argo as the firft fhip r he mentions the 
+Pheacians, as a people prior to it, and very expert in navigation. 
+
+'J spies’ Btgs<rt 7 iS} kcci ce/\i 7 r?^cty>LTcio 'zsropsws. v. 12.92. He alfo fpeaks of INI [yjua’tv 
+ccTreigecnctis ( 3 gictpoz A o^os Airjr ao. v. 1298* 
+
+58 Theon in Aratum. 
+
+The Argo is termed epyov AS wcuns ItooviJ'oc. Apollonius. L. 1. v. 55 1 - The 
+feme is to be found in Apollodorus. K cixetvos (A gyos) AQvvas uTrodepievK 'z&evTnxQv- 
+tqqov vclvv xccTScncevctGre, T 7 iv •uTpoc'ayogeuQeicrccr olttq. tb xccTccaxevctactvTQS L- 
+
+%. p. 42. 
+
+59 Lucan. Pharfal. L. 3. v. 193. 
+
+60 Manilii Aftron. L. 1. v. 403. 
+
+6 * Prima Deum magnis canimus freta pervia- nautis, 
+
+Fatidicamque ratem.. Valerius Flaccus. L. 1. v. r. 
+
+H^ec fult ignoti prima carina maris. Martial. L. 7. Epig. j.g» 
+
+iEquor 
+
+IO 
+
+
+
+496 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ipeak the fenfe of the beft mythologies, who preceded, 
+ginus, who made it his foie pnrpofe to colledl the var 
+traditions of the mythic ages, concludes his account of 
+
+
+Hy 
+
+
+Argo in thefe words 
+in ftderalem circulur 
+
+
+62 
+
+
+Hasc eft 
+
+
+Argo, quam Minerva 
+
+
+ob hoc, quod ab fe eflet aedifi 
+
+
+primum in pelagus deducfta 
+
+
+From hence 
+
+
+think 
+
+
+pi 
+
+
+the hiftory of the 
+
+
+Argo related to an ancient event, which the Egyptians com¬ 
+memorated with great reverence. The delineation in the 
+fphere was intended as a lafting memorial of a wonderful 
+
+account one of the brighteft ftars in 
+
+O 
+
+re is reprefented upon the rudder of 
+
+
+deliverance 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+the fouthern hemifphere is r< 
+the fhip. The ftar by the Egyptians was called Canobus ; 
+which was one of the titles of their chief Deity ; who under 
+this denomination was looked upon as the particular God 
+
+
+of mariners. There was 
+
+
+city of this 
+
+
+upon the moft 
+
+
+weftern branch of the Nile, much frequented by 63 bailors 
+
+
+and there was alio a temple called by Steph 
+
+
+Ispov no 
+
+
+iEquor Jafonio pulfatum remige primum. Ovid, de Ponto. L. 3. Epift. i.v. 1. 
+Primseque ratis molitor Jafon. Ovid. Metam. L. 8. v. 302. 
+
+Per non tentatas prima cucurrit aquas. Ovid. Trift. L. 3. Eleg. 9. v. 8. 
+Prima malas docuit mirantibus $quora ventis 
+
+Peliaco pinus vertice caefa vias. Ovid. Amorum. L. 2. Eleg. n.v. 1. 
+Vellera cum Minyse nitido radiantia villo 
+
+Per mare non notum prima petiere carina. Metamorph. L. 6. v. 721. 
+Prima fretum fcandens Pagafseo littore pinus 
+
+Terrenum ignotas hominem projecit in undas. Lucan. L. 6 . v. 400. See 
+alfo Scholia upon Euripides. Medea, v. 1. 
+
+6 * Hy ginus. Fab. 14. p. 55. 
+
+63 MaA^a [xevTQi tw Katt'ooSix.u ^o/aclti cos ef/.7rogiu>. Strabo. L. 17. 
+
+P- 1 153- 
+
+c retSoovog 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 497 
+
+c rstSoovos K.ctvw'og, the t-emple of Canohus Neptunius^ the great 
+God of mai'iners. Over againft it was a fmall ifland named 
+Argasus. 64 E^; <3s ‘Wgog rw Kai'Woai puttgCL VYi<ro$ Agyouz. 
+Argaius, Archaius, and Argoiis, all relate to the fame hif- 
+
+at Canobus feems to have been a ftately 
+edifice ; and to have had a facred inclofure, as we may infer 
+from Dionyftus. 
+
+f 
+
+65 K cti TSfjisvog 'uregiTv^ov ApLVxXotioio K avooKis, 
+
+The ftar of this Deity was put upon the rudder of the Argo, 
+to fhew, that Providence was its guide. It is mentioned by 
+Vitruvius ; who calls it Canopus, and fays, that it was too 
+low to be feen in Italy. 66 Stella Canopi, quse his regioni- 
+bus eft ignota. It was alfo fcarce high enough to be feen in 
+any part of Greece. Eudoxus is faid to have juft difcerned 
+it from an eminence near 67 Cnidus. But there is fcarce a 
+place in Europe of a latitude fo far fouth as 68 Cnidus : in 
+all the celebrated places in Greece it was utterly inviftble. 
+This alone would prove, that the fphere could not be the 
+work of a Grecian , and that this afterifm could have no re- 
+
+lation to that country. The ftar Canobus, as I have fhewn, 
+
+0 
+
+04 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+6s n epivywais. v. 13. c O ev ax.pa tco' rnyf ctXicf A Pyvs xeijj.evo$ ^et[j. 7 rpo; ct^yp 
+
+K ccvcoSos ovojAtzCfcTcu, Proclus de Sphxera. 
+
+66 Vitruvius. L. 9. c. 7. 
+
+67 Strabo. L. 2. p. 1S0. K ctv&Gos ucpccvTjs ysv toi$ tv tco 'EAAcc^/jcw kA tfActTU 
+Scholia Dlonyf. v. 10. 
+
+* s It could fcarcely be feen at Rhodes, which was nearly die fame latitude as 
+Cnidus. Outos yjzv (0 KccvcoCos) ev P oSta S’evgv'ros n 'utcc.vtb^.cos ctcp 
+
+A coy tott&v cpcctos. Proclus de Sph^ra. Scholia in Dionyf. 'wspmyw. v« 11. 
+
+Vol. II. S f f 
+
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+49 & 
+
+
+was denominated from an Egyptian Deity; and placed in 
+the fphere with a particular deflgn, and attended with a very 
+interefting hiftory : but both the ftar itfelf, and the hiftory, 
+
+was in great meafure a fecret to the 
+
+it in their ancient accounts 
+
+
+which it related 
+
+
+Greeks 
+
+
+Not 
+
+
+word is faid of 
+
+
+of the 69 Argo. 
+
+
+The caufe of all the miftakes in this curious piece of my¬ 
+thology arofe from hence. The Arkites, who came into 
+Greece, fettled in many parts, but efpecially in Argolis and 
+Theflalia ; where they introduced their rites, and worfhip. 
+In the former of thefe regions they were commemorated un¬ 
+der a notion of the arrival of Da-Naus, or Danaus. It is 
+fuppofed to have been a perfon, who fled from his brother 
+fEgyptus, and came over in a facred fhip given by Minerva. 
+This fhip, like the Argo, is faid to have been the firft fhip 
+conftrudted : and he was aflifted in the building of it by the 
+fame Deity, Divine wifdora. 70 'T7raQs[i£W}.S- Ajfaptae ou>rep 
+
+(A ixpetos) volvv 'W.gooTQg xctrs&csuot&e . Both hiftories relate to 
+the fame event. Danaus upon his arrival built a temple 
+called Argus to Iona, or Juno ^ of which he made his 
+daughters priefteffes. The 
+
+feure tradition of a deluge, in which mo ft perifhed ; fome 
+few only efcaping. The principal of thefe was 71 Deuca- 
+
+
+
+69 Canopus, and Canobus, was the fame as the God Elbrus, or Aforus,. who was. 
+worfliiped in Paleftine and Syrian and was fuppofed to have been the founder of 
+Carthage. He is repreiented by Hefychius* as the pilot of the Argo, A o 
+otuCepvv tvs tvs Apy&s* Artemis was ftyled Icr&ga. Paufan. L. 2. p. 240. and 274. 
+Aforus, and Azorus, was the fame as the Hazor of die Scriptures. 
+
+70 .Apollodorus. L. 2. p. 63. See alfo Scholia in Apollon. Argonaut. L. 1. v. 4. 
+
+71 Natalis Comes. L. S. c. 1 7. p. 466. 
+
+lion. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+499 
+
+
+lion, who took refuge in the Acropolis, or temple. Thofe 
+who fettled in Thefifaly, carried with them the (fame memo ¬ 
+rials concerning 7i :Deucalion, and his deliverance; which 
+they appropriated to their own country. They mu'ft have 
+had traditions of this great event ftrongly imprefled upon 
+
+
+their minds ; as every place, to .which they gave name, ,had 
+
+feme reference to that hiftory. In procefs of time thefe im- 
+
+# 
+
+.preflions grew more and more faint; and their emblematical 
+worfhip became very obfcute, and unintelligible. Hence 
+they at laft confined the hiftory of this event to their own 
+country : and the Argo was fuppofed to have been built, 
+where it was originally enfiirined. As it was reverenced un¬ 
+der the fymbol of the Moon, called Man, and Mon ; the 
+people from this circumftance named their country Ai- 
+Mona, in aftertimes rendered Aimonia. And we are in¬ 
+formed by the Scholiaft upon 73 Apollonius, that it had of 
+old many other names ; fuch as Pyrrhodia, which it received 
+in memory of Pyrrha the wife of 74 E>eucalion. The hiftory 
+given of the region, by the ancient poet Rhianus, is very cu¬ 
+rious, and fhews plainly the original of this Arkite colony. 
+
+
+
+7X Strabo. L. g. p. 66o and 677. 
+
+O/ cc7ro Aei/JcaA/oorcs to yevos e%ov tes gCaciAeuc v Qeo’o-ecAioc.s. Schol. in Apollon. 
+L. 4. v. 266. 
+
+7} Strabo. L. 9. p. 677. Schol. Apollonii. L. 3. v. 1087. 
+
+74 She was the wife of that Deucalion, 
+
+
+
+'Os 'srpctiTos tzto inert 'worsts, kcc; t^£i/j.ccTO v»ss 
+
+ASaraTois, TtrpwTog sTe. a.v§pwrc»v fietaihevev. 
+
+* • 
+
+Apollonius Rhod. L. 3. v. 1087. 
+
+
+Scholia Apollon, fupra. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+s ff 2 
+
+
+
+5°° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+EE vppag AevzaAiwvog a% APXAIAS aXoyoia. 
+
+76 'Ai[jloviy}V <T s^avng a<p 'Aipovog, ov pa UsXa<ryog 
+
+■ VziV.OLTO <p£gT££QV VIOV, 6 (T CIV TSZS ©SCTCTaAoJ/ 'A l [/.(tilt. 
+
+Ta<T a7C0 ®e<T<rahiY\v Xaoi naTs<pY\[u%avTo . 
+
+
+this country 
+
+
+were the cities Arne, LarifTa, Argos, Theba 
+and Magneiia; all denominated from the fame worihip 
+Here was 77 ILiAjaoW atcpov, the promontory of the Doves : 
+
+
+and the fea port 
+
+
+of the fame purport 
+
+
+Arg 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Theba. It was one of the moft ancient cities of Theffaly, in 
+which the Argo was fuppofed to have been laid up : and the 
+
+denomi- 
+ie of the 
+
+
+hiftory of the pi 
+
+
+name fhews the true 
+nated from the Ark, ftyled 'O Knag ; which was 
+Grecian names for a large ark or float 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+Ily 
+
+
+Iolcus was origi- 
+prefled laolcus, which is a variation of Aia-Olcasy 
+
+lius makes ufe of 
+
+
+the place of the Ark. Medea in Apollonius 
+the true name, when fhe fpeaks of being wafted to Greece 
+
+
+78 H avrr\v [jlb ra^eiai vnsg 'utwtoio cpsgoiev 
+
+TLv6zv <T sig Iao7\Kov avagna%a<rai asKKau 
+
+• « • 
+
+Pagafas in the feminine is the fame as Pegafus : and received 
+its name from a well known emblem* the horfe of Pofeidbn; 
+
+
+/6 The country *Aipcvict is in like manner ftyled by Callimachus* in. 
+
+•fpeaking of the Argonauts. 
+
+c Hpcoes a.7r Amtclo KTTAIOT 
+
+AuGjs APXAIAN S 7 rAeov C A ip.Qi'i<x.v. See Strabo. L. i. p, yS . 
+
+77 Adt nta. S' yepw 'zvoAvAvics cact Tls^ccayoov 
+
+Z^vero^ rhihia.S'cts Se ruj-ccgetzvfjLeiGov spi 7 ri>ct$. Apollon. L. i. v. 580. 
+
+78 .Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. mo. Homer alfo flyles it Eucv^ogos Iccfi\xo;. 
+OdylT. A. v. 255. 
+
+by 
+
+♦ 
+
+1 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 50.1 
+
+by which we are to underftand an ark, or fhip. 79 I7 r7tsg 
+
+yotg 6 'GT01K)TY)S T Ct$ PCLVg B17CS, KOU YjfJOSig TOP TloVSt$CCVC& 'I 7T7tlOV 
+
+KCLha^tev. kou by syyt 7\oyop zm yr\g imtog, top olvtop sp Sot- 
+
+I 
+
+XcartTY] vctvg. By horfes, fays Artemidorus, the poets mean 
+jhips ; and hence it is, that Pofeidon is Jiyled Hippius. For 
+there is a ftriEt analogy between the poetical horfe on land, and 
+a real floip in the fea. Hence it came, that Pegafus was 
+efteemed the horfe of Pofeidon, and often termed ^Kvcpiog ; a 
+name, which relates to a 80 fhip, and fhews the purport of 
+the emblem. The ark, we know, was- preferved by divine 
+providence from the fea, which would have overwhelmed it: 
+and as it was often reprefented under this fymbol of a horfe, 
+it gave rife to the fable of the two chief Deities contending 
+about horfes. 
+
+** 'Os 'UfOTZ. 01 $Ylgl<r<TCtV Ots7\KO7rQ$O0P • U7T££ 'l7T7roOP 
+
+Zeus v-^/tEgs[A£Trig, kou 'urovnog Evvoriycaog , 
+
+It was upon this account that the cities named Argos had 
+the title, of 'I THTioi kou 'IttttoSoto;, Hippii and Hippobotce. I 
+have mentioned that the Arkite worfhip was introduced into 
+Italy by people ffcyled Arcades, and Argasi.: and here was an 
+821 Argos Hippium in the region of Daunia. I imagine, that 
+none of thefe appellations related to the animal, an horfe \ 
+but to an emblem, under which in thofe places the ark was 
+
+
+79 
+
+
+80 
+
+
+81 
+
+
+Artemidorus. L>. i. c. 58.* 
+
+O vof+cc yv to) 'gtXqiu FI vyccaoc. Palcepliatus.-. 
+
+Orph. Argonaut, v: 1275.- 
+
+Tcc 'urepi /Savi'i&s xca to A.pyos to c iiririov . Strabo. L. 5. p. 329. See alio 
+
+
+L. 8. p. 56S. A pyos—IctGovf n v IttttoQotov, 
+
+
+reverenced, 
+
+
+
+5°' 2 
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+* 3 reveffenced. Daunia itfelf is a compound of Da-Ionia, and 
+fignifies the land of the Dove. In Theflaly every rplace 
+feems to have had a reference to this hiftory. Two of the 
+
+
+chief 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+and Oila. 
+
+
+of which fi g 
+
+
+lies the mountain of the Dove, and the other of the 8+ Oracle. 
+Near Pagafae and Iaolcus was a promontory named Byrrha ; 
+and near it two illands, named the illands of 85 Pyrrha and 
+
+
+Deucalion. 
+
+
+Thefe circumftances contain no internal evi 
+
+
+dence of the Grecian Argorrantic hiftory ; hut afford won¬ 
+derful evidence of the Arkites, and their rites, which were 
+introduced in all thefe places. The Grecians took the hif¬ 
+tory to themfelves ; and in confequence of this alfumption, 
+wherever they heard that any people under the title of Ar¬ 
+cades or Argsei fettled, they fuppofed that their Argo had 
+been. Hence they made it pafs not only through the mofh 
+diftant feas, but over hills, and mountains, and through the 
+
+
+* l There is no fatisfactory hiftory, that any of thefe places were really famous for 
+horfes : and though the poet fays Aptum dicet equis 'A fgo's j yet I' have' reaforr to 
+think, that the notion arofe from a miftake in terms. I imagine, that the term itt- 
+TTOaOTos was originally differently expreffed ; and that it dignified, Hippo-Bat, or 
+the temple of the Ark. It was fometimes reprefented by a Cetus 5 and Nonnus 
+under the character of Perfeus defcribes fame Perezites, who fettled in Daunia, 
+founding a temple under this emblem. 
+
+" ' ‘ 'z&ccf " 
+
+
+OAxacfa Aa ivSnv Tvpo-rmSt -sr?j^s S'aAac-o-n 
+
+
+P 
+
+
+1232. Hence we may fee that tl 
+84 Oaaa , Srsicc, x.A»JW, xan (pvuv. 
+
+
+‘z&eTP&ttrbcTO Ttepirivs. ' Noniii Dionyf. L. 47 
+
+
+Scholia in Iliad. B. v. 9^. 
+He t is oacrccy 
+
+He th aJ>sAos opvn. Apollon. Argon. L. 3. v. mo. 
+
+* J T Trsp canav Se at G>/)€at, sito. ccx-ga. Duppa, x.at Svo yijtrtJ'uc 
+
+Happen to Ss x«Ae<T6c;. Strabo. L. 9. 665. 
+
+7 
+
+
+midft 
+
+
+
+The- Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 503. 
+
+midft of both Europe and Afia; there being no. difficulty, 
+that could flop it. They fe.nt their heroes to Colchis, 
+merely becaufe fome of their family had fettled: there. They 
+made them vifit Troas and Phrygia, where was both a city 
+Theba, and Larifla, fimilar to thole in their own country. 
+Some Arcades had fettled here ; who were fuppofed to have 
+been led by Dardanus, the brother of Jafion. Virgil, I 
+know not why, would make him come from Italy : but 
+86 Dionyfius Halicarnaflenfis, a better mythologifl, ftyles him 
+Areas ; by which we are to underhand an Arkite : and fays, 
+that after a deluge he came with his nephew Corybas from 
+Arcadia to Samothraee ; and from thence to Phrygia. There 
+were innumerable colonies of Arkites, who went abroad, and 
+made various fettlements : but the Grecians have aferibed the 
+whole to the Arcades, Argasi, and Argonautas of their own 
+country. Yet after all their prejudices they alford many cu¬ 
+rious traditions ; lb that from the collateral hiftory we may 
+always perceive who thefe Argives and Argonauts were. Bfer- 
+mione, one of the mod: ancient cities in Greece, was laid' to 
+have been built by Argives. The true name was Herm- 
+lone, a compound of two Egyptian titles ; and by them was 
+denoted a city facred to the Arkite Dove. Samos was parti¬ 
+cularly dedicated to Juno: and we are told, that fome Ar¬ 
+gonauts came hither, and brought the image of the Goddefs 
+from 87 Argos ; for the reception of which they built the 
+chief temple in the ifland. But upon inquiry we ffiail find. 
+
+
+86 
+
+
+L. 1. p. 48. 
+
+
+s> E*<7U' 5 01 l&gVGCtcBoU <pa.fji TBS tv Tfl 01 ITAf GLTTCC'jfSG'Qxi S'S CCVT&$ TO 
+
+0:5 aA/xa A eyas. Paufanias. L. 7. p. 53 9. 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+S°4 
+
+that thefe Argonauts were no other than the ancient Maca- 
+
+The Grecians defcribe them in the lingular by the 
+
+
+rians. 
+
+
+name of Macareus; whom they fuppofe to have come to 88 Sa- 
+
+9 
+
+mos, Lelbos, and other Afiatic idands after the deluge ; and 
+
+to have raifed temples to the Gods ; and renewed the reli- 
+
+♦ 
+
+gious rites, which had been omitted, while thofe idands lay 
+89 defolate. There was a remarkable mountain in Samos, 
+named 90 Cercetus ; undoubtedly from fome building facred 
+to the Cetus, the fame as Atargatus, and Dagon. Tarfus, a 
+city of the higheft antiquity, was founded by the firft Ionim 
+
+
+Syria. 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+This too was faid to have been built by people 
+Argos. The city Gaza in Paleftine was named both 
+Iona, and Minoa : the latter of which names it was faid to 
+have received from 91 Ion of Argos. I have taken particular 
+notice of the city Cibotus in Lydia; which was apparently 
+denominated from the Ark, and retained many memorials of 
+the Deluge. This was faid to have been built by one of the 
+daughters of 93 Danaus ; confequently by the people of Argos. 
+If we look into the hiftory of 94 Danae, and her fon Perfeus, 
+
+
+S8 
+
+
+Diodorus Sic. L. 5. p. 347. Tw otvTiirepctv roov vvacov' Sict tgv otaTccxXvafiov 
+
+
+fxeyaXccs xcti S'eivccs xctTcta^eiv cct voices. 
+
+89 ZSicc rets e 7 ro[j€pia.s ecp^ccgfjevcov tcov xctp 7 rcoi\ Ibid. 
+
+90 Strabo. L. 10. p. 747. Ei/cPo^cu re xcci to tv clvtv opa KecxeTsds. 
+
+Dercetus is called Cercetus by Ampelius, c. 9. -SeeHyginus. notes, p. 343- 
+
+91 T ctpaoi^ S* ccttoixos A gyeiwv. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+‘ 9 * Se xcti I coni ex. tv$ Ib?. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+93 Strabo. L. 12. p. 868. Lindus, Jalyfus, and Camirus, in Rhodes, were faid 
+to have been named from fome of the daughters of Danaus. Strabo. L. 14. p. 966. 
+The temple at Lindus Aarai'JW iSpvfj.cc . Ibid. p. 967. 
+
+94 Qu Aawtt Kct^ev oixov 0?ivfj.7ricv 3 vygoirogx cf e 
+IS.cegvcxM.oi evS'ov exact A 10 s raimAActra wpecpn 
+
+
+’Mefj.<pofjev:u 
+
+IO 
+
+
+Nonnus. L. 25. p. 648. v. 12. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. S°S 
+
+the like circumftances will be obfervable. After they had 
+been expofed in an ark, they are faid to have come to Argos. 
+From thence they paffed into Italy ; where forrie of their 
+company fettled upon the Portus Lunus, and Portus Argons; 
+others founded the cities Larina, Ardea, and Argos Hippium 
+in Daunia. All which was fuppofed to have been performed 
+by Argonauts and Argives. Even' 95 Memphis in Egypt is fup¬ 
+pofed to have had the fame origin. This too, if we may be¬ 
+lieve the Grecians, was built by Argives. But by this was 
+certainly meant Arkites : for Argos itfelf in the Peloponnefus 
+could not have fupplied perfons to have effefted, what was 
+fuppofed to have been done. There were fome lonim, who 
+fettled upon theOrontes ; where they built the city Iona, called 
+afterwards Antiochea. Thefe alfo were termed Argives by 
+the Greeks, and were fuppofed to have come from Argos. Ce- 
+drenus accordingly ftyl'es them 96 rag cl A Agy&g lwvtT&g? the 
+Tonitce from -Argos. It is alfo faid by another writer, 97 that 
+Perfeus being informed that there were lonitse in Syria, who 
+were by nation Argives, made them’ a vifit, and built for 
+them a temple. He did the fame in Perfis ; and in both re¬ 
+gions inftituted Puratheia; and the name, which he gave to 
+each of thefe edifices, was the temple of the everlafting fire. 
+Thefe temples however were not built by Perfeus; but 
+
+
+95 Eufeb. Chron. p. 27. 29. 
+
+96 P. 2.2. E/T<x-e$.To opos ivg& tbs car A pyss If2NITA2» 
+
+A pyeioi} oiTives mcLpoc tols czvto:$ Icr.v.rca zti vvv. Chron. Faf- 
+
+chale. p. 42. 
+
+97 O fAcSoov on t y-Hvpia, £'ipc.y&<riv sx, tb APFOT2 IfFNlTAI^ /jASsp 
+
+vm tyiv 2 vpicci'i —O cTe ctvTOS Flepcrevi SKTore tois Ico7roA/TaG (It lliould be laroTroAi- 
+tccis) tepov^ ktA. Chron. Pafch. p. 40. 
+
+
+VOL. 11. 
+
+
+T t t 
+
+
+ereSted 
+
+
+
+506 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+erected to hi 
+
+
+have fhewn that Perleus was 
+
+
+Deity, the fame as Helius, and Ofiris : and he was worfhiped 
+
+
+in thefe pi 
+
+
+by the Ionim, who were Arkites 
+
+
+
+The 
+
+counts therefore, which have been given above, may be all 
+admitted as true, if inftead of Perfeus we fubftitute Pere- 
+iians, and Perezzites ; and inftead of natives of Argos we 
+read Argoi, and Arkitas, or as it is fometimes rendered. 
+
+People of thefe denominations did fettle in Pa- 
+leftine ; and occupied a great part of Syria. From thence 
+they came to Greece and Italy : though the Grecians have 
+reverfed the hiftory ; and would perfuade us that they pro¬ 
+ceeded from Hellas, and more particularly from 99 Argos. 
+
+
+Architae 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+to which we 
+
+
+pp'y 
+
+
+Egypt. To this 
+
+
+country we muft look up for the original of this much mif- 
+taken people, the Ionim, Arkitze, and Argonauts. 
+
+
+Here was 
+
+
+the moft 
+
+
+ancient city Theba : and from hence we may ob¬ 
+tain the beft accounts of thefe Colonies, which were diffufed 
+fo widely. Apollonius Rhodius mentions that the various 
+peregrinations 6 f the Argonauts were appointed by an. 
+oracle ; 
+
+
+and fays, that it came from Theba in Egypt 
+
+
+too 
+
+
+ycLP 'urXoog 
+
+
+AQolvoltwv 'legrjsz 
+
+
+Ilepgccoev, 61 ©ij&js T giToovdos SKyeyctcLtn 
+
+
+98 So the title was exprefled in Syria. The Goddefs upon mount Libanus was 
+ftyled Venus Architis. Macrob. Sat. L. 1. c. 21. 
+
+99 Even among the Grecians the term Argivus was not of old confined to Ar¬ 
+gos. Agyeioi, at ‘EAAwrss. All the Grecians , fays Hefychius, are Argivi. Hence 
+we may perceive, that though it was fometimes limited to one diftridt, yet it was 
+originally taken in a greater latitude. Agyetvs cTg TO s 'EAAjj vets 01 -za-aA ouoi 'wo.vt as 
+of *aAzus ■zzrpoanyopsvov. Plutarch. Quseft. Romanas. p. 272. -It is ufed continually 
+in this acceptation by Homer. 
+
+100 L. 4. 260. 
+
+This 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5°7 
+
+
+This was the city, where the Arkite rites in 1 Egypt were 
+firfl inftituted; and from which all other cities called Theba 
+feem to have had their name. It flood high upon the Nile: 
+and if any body fhould afk, whence it was fo denominated, 
+Nonnus can give a precife and determinate anfwer. 
+
+
+* VOTIW <WCLgCL N eiXcp 
+
+©HBH2 APXErONOIO (psgoovvpLog S7rK5To ©jo?*}. 
+
+The purport of which, I think, is plainly, that 'Theba upon 
+
+
+the mof fouthern part of the Nile 
+
+
+the remotef region of 
+
+
+Egypt, ’was built , and named , after the ark , which was the true 
+and 07'iginal Theba. 
+
+The chief title, by which the Argonauts were diftinguifh- 
+ed, was that of Minyas : the origin of which appellation has 
+been matter of debate among moft writers upon this fubjedl. 
+The rnofb general account is, that there was a perfon named 
+Minyas, a king of Orchomenos in ThefTaly ; from whofe 
+daughters the Argonauts were in great meafure defcended. 
+
+
+3 Tg£ fzsv Agisyois Mivvctg 'sregivousTOLoneg 
+
+Y^IKXyiVKQV [JLCtXOt 'UTOLVTCCg, S7TSI M IVVOLO ©vyurgoov 
+
+Oi 'wXsig'oiy koli ctgifoi cup dtipLouTog evyerowTo 
+
+’EfJLfJLSVCtr (kg Je KOU OLVTOV ItjCOVO, ySlVCLTO [JLYjTYjg 
+
+A7\Kipubr ii KAtijttg vqg MivvY\i$og eaysyccviot. 
+
+
+* I fay in Egypt: for thefe rites came originally from Chaldea, being intro¬ 
+duced by the Cuthite Shepherds. 
+
+* D onyf. L. 41. p. 1068. 
+
+3 Apollon. L. 1. v. 229. 
+
+
+T t t 2 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+508 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+The Scholiaft upon Pindar fpeaks to the fame purpofe ; and 
+fays, that the Minyas were CLg’fcouov ysvog , an ancient race, and 
+defcended from 4 Miny.as of Theffaly. This Minyas was the 
+fon of Callirrhoe, and Pofeidon: though Paulanias makes 
+him the fon of 5 Chrufes : and other writers vary {fill more 
+in their 6 opinions. Thefe genealogies are fidtitious, and in- 
+confiftent; and confequently not at all fatisfadtory. The Ar¬ 
+gonauts are enumerated by many authors ; and are defcribed 
+as coming from places widely feparated : on which account 
+there could not have fubfiffed between them the relation 
+here fuppofed. They could not be fo generally defcended. 
+from a king of Orchomenos : for they are reprefented as na¬ 
+tives of very different regions. Some of them came from 
+Pylos, Taenarus, and Lacedaemon : others from Phocis, and 
+iEfolia, There were others, who came from countries ftill 
+more remote : from 7 Thrace, and the regions about Mount 
+Haemus ; alfo from Samos, Ephefus, and places in Aha. 
+
+I have already given fome intimations that the Minyae, 
+
+however expreffed, were no other than the worfhipers of the 
+
+♦ 
+
+4 To S £ T OJU M IVVWV ysvos CLp^CClOV 0C7T0 M IVVB T 3 ©6TT# Afe?.—- cTg X.QZI 
+
+yziToves ci M ivvocS'ou O^ofJCBvicov. 'O yctp M ivuos 'zergooro; QpxpfjLevioov. Schol. 
+
+In Pindar. Olymp. Ode 13. p. 124. 
+
+Opxoptvov Miweiov. Homer. Iliad. B. v. 511. Atto tb Aios vre. Schol. ibid. 
+
+A.7T0 ’Mwv's tb rico-etJ'oovos txtcliSos Kcti KaAA/ppcws. Schol. in Lycoph. v, 874. 
+
+5 Tzos yivercu XPT 2 H JyUvuczs, kcli cltt outtb M ivucu. Paufan. L. 9. p. 783, 
+
+6 See Scholia upon Pindar. Pyth. Ode 4. p. 240. Alfo Schol. Apollon. L. 1. 
+v. 230. Servius in Virg. Eclog. 4. v. 34. 
+
+M ivvtov^ Agycpccurcdv' on 61 1 ttXzibs ccutcdv Op^optsm tb M ivusib yjaocp-. Schol. in 
+Lycoph. v. 874. 
+
+7 Orpheus came from Thrace; alfo Zethus and Calais from the fame quarter: 
+Eurytus and Echion from Ephefus : Anceus from Samos ; Erginus fronr Miletus: 
+Deucalion from Crete : Therfanon from Andros. Hyginus. Fab. 14. p. 38. 
+
+10 Lunar 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+509 
+
+
+Lunar Deity Menes : and under this title there occur people 
+in many different parts. We muff not then look for the 
+original of the term Minyae in Greece ; but from among 
+
+
+
+dians. There were Minyae, or 8 Minnaei upon the Red Sea ; 
+Minyas near 9 Colchis ; a city Minya, and people denomi- 
+nated from it, in 10 Phrygia. In the ifland Sicily were Me- 
+nasi, the fame as the Minyas in Greece. Their chief city 
+was ” Menas near the country of the Leontini ; where the 
+emblem of the facred Bull was fo religioufly preferved. All 
+thefe places will be found to have been thus denominated 
+from the fame rites and worfhip. The people, who were 
+called. Minyae, or Menians, were Arkites : and this denomi- 
+nation they took from the Ark ; and alfo from the Patriarch, 
+
+
+who was at times called Meen, Menes, and Manes. Thofe 
+therefore, who in any part of the world went under this ap¬ 
+pellation, will univerfally be found to have a reference to 
+the fame objedt. The principal, and probably the moft an¬ 
+cient, Minyae, were thofe, whofe country is mentioned in 
+12 Nicolaus Damafcenus by the name of Minyas.. This peo¬ 
+ple refided at the bottom of Mount Ararat, where the Ark 
+
+
+8 AvTctg TLpvbpoLtws *z<rA evgctv rcti&crt SraActcro'VS 
+
+M wveuoL t£> re. * Dionyf. Tz-epiyy. v. 959. 
+
+Minnseique maris prope Rubri littora vivunt. Prifcian. Periegefis.. v. S88. 
+fylivctioiy s^vcs t>j r znyccpcc\ioj TipuBgcts Srcthoicr o~yj?» Stcph. Byzant. See Strabo* 
+
+L. 16. 1122. 
+
+9 Minyse appellati vel ab agro hujus nominis.Colchorum,.&c. Servius in "V irg. 
+
+
+Eclog. 4. v. 34. 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+M tvvex* izroAiv &£t TaA/a5— cTg sr^pcc tfrpvyioi;. 
+
+
+Steph. Byzant. Minya: in 
+
+
+Arcadia. Strabo. L. 8. p. 519. 
+
+IX Stephanus. See Cluver. L. 2. c. 7. Sicilia, p. 339 * called now Manio. 
+
+“ Eufeb. Pra^p. Evang. L. 9. p. 414. £7rep t w MiwccS'cc i^eycc opos Bag*. 
+
+
+
+5 io The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+firffc refted. I have mentioned, that they called this moun¬ 
+tain Baris from the appulfe of the facred fhip ; and retained 
+many memorials of the Deluge. At no great diftance, in 
+the fame region, was a city named 13 Areas, and Area. The 
+Minnasi upon the Red Sea were Arabians, who all worfhiped 
+the Lunar Deity. By this they did not refer to the Moon ; 
+but to the genius of the Ark, whom they ftyled Menith, 
+Maneth, and Mana. One of their chief cities was named 
+,+ Manna-Carta, from this Goddefs there worfhiped. They 
+called her alfo Mather, and Mither, fimilar to the 15 Mithra 
+of the Perfians : by which was fignified the mother of Gods, 
+and men. Of the Minyas near Magnelia and mount Sipulus, 
+and in the neighbourhood of 16 Cibotus, I have taken notice 
+before. They preferved, as I have fhewn, wonderful evi¬ 
+dences of the Deluge : and many thought that the Ark itfelf 
+refted in their country, upon the mountains of Celaenae; 
+The Menaei in Sicily were fituated upon the river Mena’is. 
+They had traditions of a Deluge ; and a notion, that Deu¬ 
+calion was faved upon mount JEtna ; near which was the city 
+17 Noa. There were of old Minyae in Elis, upon the river 
+t8 Minyas, which ran by the city Arene, as we learn from 
+Homer. He renders it Minyeius. 
+
+,J Antoninus, p. 148. p. 214. It is called Apxct by Hierocles Grammaticus, 
+p. 703. ibid. 
+
+IX Steph. Byzant. Pliny mentions Sabasi Minasi. L. 6. c. 28. 
+
+15 Selden de Diis Syris. Syntag. 2. p. 179. 180. Meneth is mentioned in the 
+Alcoran as an Arabian idol. 
+
+16 Their chief city was named Minua* which Stephanus places ev r cus opiois tt# 
+
+/iuf'iccs* 
+
+17 Steph. Byzant. N ootu Diodorus. L. 11. p* 67. 
+
+18 Paufanias. L. 5. p. 387. 
+
+Efi 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology- 
+
+
+
+x 9 
+
+
+E?i <Js rig 'uroTotfjLog Mivvyiog 
+EyyvOsp APHNH 2 . 
+
+
+Q> aAAow 
+
+
+The city Arena is literally the city of the Ark. It feems to 
+
+
+have been fltuated upon a facred hill called 10 Sama-Con, 
+near the grove and temple of Iona : in all which names we 
+may fee a reference to the fame rites and hiflory. The 
+moft celebrated city of this name (WLipvcl) was Orchomenes 
+in Theffaly; which was fo denominated from the Lunar 
+God, and from the rites fpoken of above. Hence it was 
+alfo called Almon, and the region Almonia ; equivalent to 
+Aimon and Aimonia, by which it was alfo diftinguifhed. 
+
+M ivvoty T*ro?\ig ©erraAia^, y\ 'urgoregov AA^&wa, cup r t g y) : Mivvcl. 
+Pliny affords evidence to the fame purpofe. “ 
+
+
+%1 
+
+
+autem 
+
+
+M In Theffalia 
+
+Orchomenus Minyeus antea didlus, et oppidum 
+Almon, ab aliis Elmon. Oppidum Almon and Elmon fig T 
+nifies literally the town of the God Lunus, or Deity of the 
+Ark : for the Ark, as I have repeatedly fhewn, was expreffed 
+and reverenced under the figure of a lunette. All the na¬ 
+tives of thefe cities called Magnefia, were properly Minyae, 
+and named from the fame worfhip. lolcos iix Theffaly was 
+
+
+9 Iliad. .A- v. 721-. 
+
+xo It is rendered Samicon by Strabo. To fxev sv 'Xa.uiy.cv e~iv epvfxa. — ra^a S'e- 
+kcli ms Agvvvs a.ypQ7TQ?^is y\v EvrauQx Se yai ?a ocAan^ to re IflNAIQN. 
+
+Strabo. L. 8. p.532, .533. Sama-Con, fignum ccelefte, five fignum Dei. Strabo 
+fuppofes that Samos and Samicon were fo n£med from Sama, high : eireiS'w Xajxys 
+zxclAbv rcc. v^v. And Sama certainly had that.meaning: but in this place Sama 
+fignifies. fignum ; fimilar to and avjxa, .which were derived from it. . 
+
+2,1 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+** L. 4. c. 8. Harduin reads Salmon. 
+
+23 Orchomenus^ is a compound of Or-Chom-Men, three titles, .which need* no 
+explanation.. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+512 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the city of the Ark, and hence called alfo ** Lariffa: on 
+which account the ancient inhabitants were ftyled as Minyae, 
+and the country ~ 6 Magnefia. As the name of the Deity 
+Meen and Manes was changed to Magnes; fo the people 
+thence denominated had alfo the title of Magnetes : which was 
+the .ufual appellation given to them by the natives of Afia. 
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to fhew that the Arg-onautic ex¬ 
+
+
+pedition, as reprefented by the Greeks, was a fable : and I 
+have proceeded to afcertain the true objebt, to which it re¬ 
+lated. The Grecians in their accounts of the heroes have 
+framed a lift of perfons who never exifted. And had there 
+been fuch perfons, as they reprefented ; yet they would have 
+been far too few to have effected, what they are fuppofed to 
+have performed. Jafon has been efteemed the chief in all 
+
+
+their adventu 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+facred 
+
+
+But this is a feigned perfonage, made 
+Strabo takes notice of many temple 
+
+
+which were held 
+
+
+high 
+
+
+reverence 
+
+
+the eaft called Jafo 
+by the natives of thofe parts 
+
+EIVCU TO. IxCTOVSlCL 'H£6<)a, T IfJLOOfJLSVCt <r<po£gcc VTO T OOP 
+
+Marcellinus mentions the a8 mountain of Jafon near Ecba 
+
+
+Toy fJLEV lourovog V7T0[JLVir\fJUCTCl 
+
+
+(2>otg£ag 
+
+
+cav. 
+
+
+Media 
+
+
+and in another pi 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+prefents that city 
+
+
+as fituated at the bottom of this Z9 mountain 
+
+
+Some of 
+
+
++ In Theffalia Larifla, aliquando Iolcos. Mela. L. 2. c. 3. 
+
+20 Tov I wAjcov M ivuxi ton'w. Schol. Apollon. E. i. v. 763. M ivuou quafi Ma- 
+vvgli. Selenitic. 
+
+Mayvncrict', oy.cowfAos ’t'a Schol. Apollon. L. 1. v. 584. Some make 
+
+lolcos the fame as l J agafe, where the Argo was built. Pagafe was in Magnefia. 
+J^KPoornciov blccywcricts. Schol. Apollon. L. 1. v. 238. 
+
+27 L. 11. p. 798. 
+
+2S L. 2. p. 288. 
+
+29 L. 3. p. 289. Egbatana fub monte Jafonio. 
+
+thefe 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 513 
+
+thefe temples flood in 30 Armenia : others were to be met 
+with as far off as the 31 Pyls Cafpias, near Badtria, and Mar- 
+giana. In all thefe countries we may obferve names of 
+cities, which had a reference to the Arkite hiflory ; fuch as 
+3a Area, 33 Lariffa, 34 Baris, 35 Argos : and we have reafon to 
+infer that the temples of Jafon related to the fame event. 
+Some of thefe are mentioned by Juflin as of great antiquity, 
+
+w 
+
+and much reverenced ; which however Parmenio, the gene¬ 
+ral of Alexander, ruined. 36 Quas Parmenio, dux Alexandri, 
+poll multos annos dirui juflit. To fuppofe with Strabo, 
+that all thefe temples, and cities, fituated in regions fo re- 
+mote, were built by Jafon of Greece, would be idle. Be¬ 
+ll cles, there are writers, who mention the like memorials 
+of the Argonauts among the Iberians, and Celtae, upon the 
+great 37 Atlantic ; and all along the coafl of Hetruria. Ja¬ 
+fon was certainly a title of the Arkite God, the fame as 
+Areas, Argus, Inachus, and Prometheus : and the temples 
+were not built by him, but eredted to his honour. It is faid 
+
+
+30 T cc Ictcrcveict tws ApfJiWias* kcu tyis koli twv 'z&hycnoys&pMv 
+
+ctvrccis itottoov £eiKWTcci. Strabo. L. i. p. 77. and L. x 1. p. 769. 
+
+31 Opos fJieycc vyrep tcov Kccgttigvv 'ZuuAoov bv ctpi^epcx* ito&A&fASvov I otaovetov. Ibid* 
+
+P- 798 . 
+
+31 Hieronymus Grammat. apud Antonin. Itin. p. 703. Apkcc. Antonini Xtin. 
+p. 148. Areas. 
+
+33 Xenophon. Ara£. p. 308. There was alfo a LarifTa in Syria. Strabo. L. 16. 
+p. 1092. 
+
+34 Strabo. L. n. p. 803. Tws Bapi^o? vecos upon mount Taurus near Egbatana: 
+the fame probably as the Jafoneum. 
+
+35 A^-os, epu/xa. 'wgas tm Tavpcu. Strabo. L. 12. p. 811. 
+
+56 L. 42. c. 3. 
+
+37 Diodor. Sic. L. 4. p. 259. 
+
+VOL. II. 
+
+
+U u u 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+514 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of this perfonage, that, when a child, he underwent the lame 
+fate as Ofiris, Perfeus, and Dionufus : 3 ® in area opertus et 
+claufus eft, tanquam mortuus : He 'was concealed and Jhut up 
+in aji Hrk, as if he had been dead. Juftin places him in the 
+fame light as Hercules, and Dionufus: and fays that by moll 
+of the people in the eaft he was looked up to as the founder 
+of their nations; and had divine honours paid to him. 
+29 Itaque Jafoni totus ferme Oriens ut conditori, .^ivinos ho- 
+nores, templaque conftituit. I fiifpedl, that JEfon, Jafon,. 
+
+Jafton, and Jaftus, were originally the fame title ; though 
+at this time of day we cannot perhaps readily arrive at the 
+purport. Argos was ftyled Jafon. $ which further confirms 
+me, that it was an Arkite title. Eurymachus in Homer 
+tells Penelope, that fhe would have a greater number of 
+lovers, 
+
+41 Et 'urcLV'tsg <rs i$oiev oul Ia<rov A gyog Aypuoi, 
+
+Strabo alfo mentions ** Jafon Argos, and Hippium. The 
+
+
+38 Natalis Comes. L. 6. p. 315. 
+
+39 Juftin. L. 42. c. 3. p. 589. Tacitus. Annal. L. 6. c. 3-4. 
+
+40 It may be worth while to fee the hiftory, which the mythologifts give of thefe 
+perfonages. Jafus was the fon of Argus. Apollodorus. L. 1. p. 59, 60. 
+
+Jaftus, Janigena, tempore Deucalionis, cujus nuptiis interfuit 16 . Hoffman 
+from Berofus. 
+
+Ictaicov AyfAYirpos epxcrBeis. See Servius in iEneid. L. 3. v. 168. 170. I&> lctas 
+
+S'vya.T/ip* Paufan. L. 2. p. 145. lexers ( 2 capias. Ibid. L. 5. p. 412. /Elbn was re- 
+ftored to fecond youth. 
+
+Aur/xa cF A taovee (pi^ov xogov fiSooovTct 
+
+Twgccs ex 7 ro^uacco-cc . Auftor Reditus. 
+
+4T Odyff. S. v. 245. 
+
+41 A^aiKov Apyo;j— n lac rovj i\ e Vtnriov 5 'Ittt-o&toj'* ;ov* L. 8. p. 568. 
+
+9 lame 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 515 
+
+fame is repeated by Hefychius. Hence I am led to think, 
+that all thofe temples, mentioned by Strabo under the name 
+of Jafonea, were temples of 43 Argos, the Ark. Many of 
+them were in Armenia, the region of the mod; ancient Mi- 
+
+4 
+
+nyas, in the vicinity of mount Baris ; where the Ark really 
+refted, and where the memorials of the Deluge were reli- 
+gioufly preferved. 
+
+43 The temple of Juno Argiva, among the Lucanians in Italy, was laid to have 
+ben built by Jafon. Strabo. JL. 6, p. 3 s6 - 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+U U U 2 
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+
+( 5*7 ) 
+
+
+THE 
+
+s 
+
+CONCLUSION. 
+
+T HESE inftances of Arkite worfhip in. the Gentile world 
+
+I thought proper to enumerate and difplay : as it is a 
+fubjedfc very curious and interefting, and at the fame time 
+quite new, having hitherto been overlooked, and neglected. 
+From what has been faid, I think, it is plain, however the 
+Grecians may have taken the hiftory to themfelves, that the 
+Argo was the facred fhip of Oliris ; and confequently no other 
+than the Ark. The fhrines, where it was reverenced, were 
+efteemed oracular ; and the prlefts who officiated, had among 
+other titles that of Cabiri. And it is probable, that both 
+they and their oracle are alluded to by Mofes, when he pro¬ 
+hibits that particular kind of divination, which he ftyles 
+"pn, "On, 1 Chabar, Chabar. The rites were certainly of high 
+antiquity: and though they began very foon in Egypt; yet 
+they feem to have been of ftill earlier date among the people 
+. of Babylon and Chaldea. I imagine that they commenced in 
+the ancient city Erech, which was built by * Nimrod ; and 
+
+
+* Deuteronomy, c. 18. v. iu 
+x Genelis* c. io* v. ro*. 
+
+
+5 i8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+was called Erecca, and Aracca, by the Grecians. They 
+probably prevailed in other cities of the country, efpecially 
+at Barlippa ; if that were not another name for the fame 
+place, as I have reafon to fufpeCl. The name Area, which 
+was current in other regions, feems to he no other than 
+Arecca contracted : and I am induced to believe, that Ar¬ 
+eas, Argos, Arguz, were the fame term with different termi¬ 
+nations. The Deity of Erech was undoubtedly the original 
+EreCtheus. The Chaldeans expreffed it Erech-Thoth, ana¬ 
+logous to Pirom-Thoth, or Prometheus ; and by it they de- 
+
+4 
+
+noted the Arkite God. The Grecians took this perfoiiage 
+to themfelves, and fuppofed that he had reigned in Attica. 
+But I have mentioned, that when Solon was in Egypt, and 
+heard the. hiftory of the Atlantians, and of other colonies, 
+from that country, he found the name of 3 EreCtheus, and of 
+many other perfonages, at the head of their lifts, which 
+flood foremoft in the lifts of Greece. Hence it is plain that 
+
+they were adventitious, and foreign to his nation, which had 
+
+* 
+
+through ignorance adopted them. Erech-Thoth, or EreCt- 
+heus, was certainly a Deity : and who was alluded to under 
+this character may be known by his department. Zeus by 
+4 Lycophron is ftyled EreCtheus : and the Scholiaft tells us, 
+that it was alfo a title of Pofeidon. 5 Hge’xflsvg YloareiScav, t) 6 
+
+Xsvg. Athenagoras fays exprefly, that the Athenians wor- 
+fhiped him as the Deity of the fea. 6 A Otyociog 'Egsy^si Uo- 
+
+} Plato. Critias. vol. 3. p. no. See alfo page 190 of this volume. 
+
+4 V. 158. 
+
+6 Ibid. Ereftheus is A oe% r ®eos. Deus Architis. 
+
+6 Legatio. p. 812. Plutarch in Lycurgus mentions TloaeiS'oov 
+
+<r$t$oevi 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 519 
+
+CeificdPi &vsi. Eridthonius was the fame perfonage whom Mi¬ 
+nerva was fuppofed to have inclofed in an Ark. 7 E^crrj koli 
+
+Yl&vdgocrw ftovvou <pa<nv A drjvctv — kolQsktolv sg KIBQTON. He 
+
+was depolited in this Ark in a ftate of childhood ; and re- 
+prefented under the emblem of an infant, whofe lower parts 
+ended in a ferpent. Others defcribed him as guarded by a 
+lerpent, which twined 8 round him. His reputed daughters 
+were prieftefles of the Ark : one of which feems to have 
+been guilty of fome profanation of the myfteries intrufted to 
+her ; and upon this account were fuppofed to have incurred 
+the anger of Minerva. Ovid fpeaks of Eridthonius, as a per- 
+fon who had no mother, and has handed down a curious 
+epitome of his hiftory. 
+
+9 Pallas Eridlhonium, prolem fine matre creatam, 
+
+Clauferat Adteo texta de vimine cilia : 
+
+Virginlbufque tribus, gemino de Cecrope natis, 
+Servandam tribuit, fed enim inconfeffa, quid effet : 
+
+Et legem dederat, fua ne fecreta viderent. 
+
+One of them however, milled by a fatal curiolity, took off 
+the cover of the Ark, and difclofed the hidden myftery to 
+her lifters. 
+
+Aglauros nodofque manu diducit ; et intus 
+Infantemque vident, exporredtumque draconem. 
+
+Eridthonius feems as a name to be a compound of Erech, the 
+
+
+7 Paufanias. L. i. p. 41* 
+
+8 nepe<r7r€ipa:{ji€vDv Spccxovrct. Apollodorus. L. 3. p. 196. 
+
+9 Ovid. Metamorph. L. 2. v. 553* 
+
+
+Arkite 
+
+
+
+520 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Arkite title; and Thon or Thonius, which was an oriental 
+term, and poftibly had the fame meaning as yr}yevy)$. Paufa- 
+nias lpeaks of him as an earth-born perfonage ; one who 
+had no real 10 father. Ovid above had defcribed him as 
+
+to 
+
+having no mother. Erecftheus likewife had the title of 11 yyj- 
+yspYjg. He was faid to have firft introduced the ufe of corn ; 
+
+and his daughter was named 11 n gwToysveix. There was a 
+remarkable temple, and of great antiquity, in Argolis, 
+named Arachnaon. It was fuppofed to have been built in 
+the time of Inachus : and clofe to it was an altar, upon 
+which they only made offerings, when they wanted to ob¬ 
+tain 13 rain. Arach-naos in the mafculine is literally the 
+temple of Arech : and the hiftory, with which it is accom¬ 
+panied, fhews to what the building referred, and for what 
+purpole it was eretfted. 
+
+I have mentioned Theba in Egypt as the mo ft ancient 
+Arkite temple : but this muft be fpoken with a deference 
+to Chaldea, and Babylonia : for from this quarter thefe rites 
+originally proceeded. And the principal place where they 
+were firft inftituted, I fbould imagine to have been Erech, 
+mentioned as one of the cities, which were firft founded in 
+
+
+the 14 world. 
+
+
+It is to be obferved, that there were two ci¬ 
+
+
+ties of this name in differe 
+diftance from each other. 
+
+
+different provinces, yet at no very great 
+other. Bochart fpeaks of them as one 
+
+
+10 ,L. 1 . p. 8. 
+
+11 Herod. L. S. c. 55. E ts ynyersos /\eyoyw& vvos, 
+
+Suidas. 
+
+Paufanias. L. c. p. 169. Arach-Naos may relate to a perfonage, the fame as 
+Inachus ^ for the term Naos had a twofold reference. 
+
+** Gencfis. c. 10. v. 10. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 521 
+
+and the fame 1S place :. but Herodotus, to whom he appeals, 
+diftinguiflies them in a moll plain and precife manner. As 
+they were fo near to each other, and likely to be confounded 
+
+V 
+
+from this identity of name, the natives took care to give to 
+each an effectual mark of diftindtion. The one they ftyled 
+And-Erech, the other Ard-Erech, the Anderica, and Ar- 
+derica of Herodotus. The former was in Sufiana to the 
+eaft of the Tigris, not far from fome fiery pools, whence pro¬ 
+ceeded 16 bitumen. Ard-Erech, or Arderica, was in a region 
+equally inflammable. It flood below Babylon, to the weft 
+of the Tigris, and upon the river Euphrates ; which river, 
+that it might not deluge their grounds, the Chaldeans had 
+made fo to wind, that a perfon in going up the ftream touch¬ 
+ed three times at Ard-Erech in his way to 17 Babylon. Mar- 
+cellinus takes notice of Anderica in Sufiania by the name of 
+18 Arecha; and mentions the pools of bitumen. Herodotus 
+gives a like 19 hiftory of the place : and Tibullus alfo takes 
+notice of its fiery ftreams. 
+
+20 Ardet Araccasis aut unda perhofpita campis. 
+
+As we are certain from the above, that Andrica in Sufiana 
+
+was the name of the city Erech compounded; we may fairly 
+
+• _ 
+
+15 Geographia Sacra. L. 4. p. 236. 
+
+16 Herod. L- 6. c. 119. 
+
+17 T? S'e XGOfJiri WOJJLOL eq-lySS TVV <X.7ri'KVZ£TCU 0 TLv(pOY}TW> XCtl VVV Cl c&v 
+
+TCQJJLl^MVTCLt CC7T0 TVScSt TtfS B‘CC^CC(70'tJ$ €9 B CtSudiWlCt} X(XTCC7r/^60VTe9 €9 T OV EwpfHTHP 
+
+r zzroTcc/JLQy , t pis t£ £$ tm ccvtyiv xco/jliiv 'vrccpccyivovTa.i^ kou sv Tg/CTI Herod. 
+
+L. i. c. 185. 
+
+18 L. 23. p. 287. It is called Arecca by Ptolemy. 
+
+19 L. 6. c. 119. 
+
+ao L. 4. Carmen ad Mefialam. v. 142. 
+
+Vol. II. X X X 
+
+
+infer. 
+
+
+
+522 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-. 
+
+
+infer, that Arderica in Babylonia was the fame: though the 
+purport of the term, which diicriminates, may not be eafy to 
+be deciphered. Indeed it is not certain, but that Arderica 
+was the Erech or Aracea of Tibullus : for there were erup¬ 
+tions of fiery matter in many parts of Shinar, and 41 Baby¬ 
+lonia, as well as about Sufhan. 
+
+I have obferved that Erech was probably Arecha, or the 
+city of the Ark : and we accordingly find it by the Hebrew 
+commentators exprefied 44 Arcua; and Ezra takes no¬ 
+
+tice of the natives of 43 Erech, whom he ftyles the people of 
+»D"!N ; and places them in the vicinity of Perils, Babylonia, 
+and Sufhan. The Seventy mention theie nations in the 
+fame fituation and order; and they are together rendered 
+A<pxg<rcuoi 9 A gxyauot, BaJovTwvioiy 'Eug'olvo^ouoi. From hence 
+X am further induced to believe that the Archuaei of Erech 
+
+
+were Arkites ; whichever city we may treat of. But there 
+is a remarkable circumftance, which, I think, determines' the 
+
+
+ren 
+
+
+point fatisfadlorily. Erech by the Arab interpreter 
+
+dered Al-Bars, or A 1 Baris, D"Q Sx. Upon which Bochart ob 
+ferves, 
+
+Al Bai 
+
+Ark : 
+
+
+Erech quorfum ab Arabe reddatur Al Bars non video. 
+
+Baris, fignifies the 
+
+
+s, or, as it fhould be rendered, Al-Baris, 
+and Erech Al Baris denotes plainly the Arkite city 
+
+
+Campus Babylonia Bagrat quadam velutL pifcindjugeri magnitudine. Pliny* 
+L. 2. c. 107. p. 123. See alfo Herod. L. 1. c. 179. 
+
+Michaelis Geograph. Hebrseorum Extera. p. 220.. 
+
+3 Ezra. c. 4. v. 9. For this obfervation I-am indebted to the very learned'pro-, 
+ft. fib r Michaelis j from whom however in this one inftance, refpecting the fituation- 
+of Erech, I am obliged to difient. 
+
+Geog. Sac. L. 4. p. 237. Edit. Paris. See alfo Michaelis Geog. Heb. Ex¬ 
+tera, p. 225. 
+
+Erechi. 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+523 
+
+
+Erech. Arab authority in this cafe, muft, I think, have 
+
+Cities had often many names, and titles ; as 
+
+
+great weight. 
+
+O D 
+
+we may learn from Paufanias, Stephanus, and others. Edefta 
+in Mefopotamia was called both 25 Erech, and Orchoe, fimilar 
+to two cities in Babylonia. It is remarkable, that Ptolemy, 
+in enumerating the mold famous cities in thofe parts, omits 
+Charrhae, or Haran. He however makes mention of 26 Acdoxva, 
+iLabana, the city of Laban, the Moon ; which, from what has 
+preceded, we may be affured, was the fame place under a dif¬ 
+ferent appellation. By thefe means it often happened that the 
+ancient name was eclipfed by a later title. This, I am per- 
+fuaded, was the cafe of Erech, or Arech, which has been loft 
+in the name of Barfippa. For Barfippa is a compound of Bars, 
+or Baris-Ippa ; two terms which are precifely of the fame 
+purport as Arech, whofe inhabitants are ftyled 27 A^vouoi } 
+or Arkites. Hence it is, that Arech has been by the Arab 
+tranflator Saad very juftly rendered El Bars, or Baris. For 
+Aracha and Baris are fynonymous terms ; and Ippa or Hippa 
+is of the fame purport. As.Edeffa was ftyled both Erech and 
+Orchoe, fome have been led to feek for Ur of Chaldea in the 
+upper regions of Mefopotamia. But thefe were fecandary 
+names ; which belonged primarily to two cities in the plains 
+of Shinar, and to the fouth of Babylon. Ptolemy diftinguifhes 
+Bdeffa from the original Orchoe ; and gives us the fituation 
+of thefe places fo precifely, that they cannot be miftaken. 
+
+
+15 Michaelis fupra. See alfo Bayeri Hiftoria Ofrhoena. 
+
+Tab. Urbium Infig. apud Geographos Vet. minores. Vol. 3. p. 3 6. 
+
+17 Ezra. c. 4. v. 9. Verf. LXX. Arecca, Arecha, and Archa, are only variations 
+of the fame term ; and Ippa, and Baris related to the fame objefl, being perfectly 
+fynonymous. 
+
+
+Longitude 
+
+
+X x x 2 
+
+
+
+524 
+
+
+•'The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+Longitude. Latitude; 
+
+* s Edefia 72 0 . 30* 37 °* 3 °* 
+
+Babylon 79 0 . 00. 35 0 . 00. 
+
+Barfippa 78°. 45. 33 0 . 20. 
+
+Orchoe 78°. 10, 3 2°. 30. 
+
+% 
+
+I have attempted to £hew, that Barfippa was the fame as 
+Erech, or Aracca: and we find from its appropriated diftances 
+that it lay in the land of Shinar, and in the province called 
+now Irac ; and in a fituation between Orchoe and Babylon. 
+It is reprefented as a famous feminary; and the city Orchoe 
+had the fame character. The natives of each are mentioned 
+by 30 Strabo as Chaldeans by race, and of great Ikill in aftro- 
+nomy : and he adds, that Barfippa was facred to Artemis, and 
+Apollo ; and had a great manufacture of linen. I with that 
+he had fpoken of the Deities by their provincial titles ; for 
+by thefe the hiftory of the place might have been ill ultra ted 
+greatly. The latter circumftance, of Barfippa being famous 
+for weaving, is another inducement to believe it to be the 
+city, which I imagine.. Erech was particularly celebrated 
+upon this account. Hence the fpider for its curious web 
+was fly led Arachana, contracted Arachna. And the Poets 
+
+4 
+
+* 
+
+28 Ptolem. deUrbibus Infig. See Geog. Gr. Minor; Vol. 3.. See Strabo conr 
+eerning Barfippa. L. 16. p. 1075. 
+
+29 The province ftill retains the name of Irac, the fame as Erech, though the 
+city, from whence it was derived, has long fince loft it. Orchoe was certainly no 
+other than the ancient city Ur of the Chaldees. Orchoe, according to my anaiyfis, 
+fignifies Ori Domus, velTemplum. 
+
+30 He calls the place Borfippa. Ecp / S'e kqli tgjv tcov cx.q-’povo/jit'Koov yevw 
+
+itctt yctp Op^vvoi Tivsg r sr^oo'cx.yopsuovTcc{^ kcci ^>opo‘i7T7rv)voi. H>op><ri7r7rct ispoc f zzro- 
+
+A & Ap'TepuS'oSi xctt AttoAAcovgs^ Aiv&pyeiov pteycc, L. 16. p. 1074. 
+
+
+fabled 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+525 
+
+
+» t • % 
+
+fabled that this infe& was once a 31 virgin, who for fkill in 
+
+weaving vied with the Goddefs of wifdom. The looms of 
+
+* 
+
+6 
+
+Erech are continually alluded to in the poetry, and mytho- 
+
+— ■ 
+
+logy of the ancients : and the hiftory is always fo circum- 
+ftanced, that we may be allured, that the city referred to 
+was the Erech of Babylonia. Pliny has a remarkable paf- 
+fage, wherein he tells us, 3a fufos in lanificio Clofter filius 
+Arachnes ; linum et retia Arachne (invenifle fertur). It is 
+to be obferved that the ancients formed perfonages out of 
+places ; and made the natives the children of thole perfon¬ 
+ages. The term Clofter, which Pliny introduces as a proper 
+name, is Greek for an artificer in weaving. With this al¬ 
+lowance the purport of Pliny’s account will be found to fignify 
+that the jirji man, who wove, and who invented the fpindle for 
+carrying on the manufacture of wool , was a native of 33 Erech : 
+in which place likewife the weaving of linen , and making of nets 
+was firfl found out . The hiftory is curious ; but has been 
+almoft ruined by the manner, in which it has been trans¬ 
+mitted. The Poet Nonnus fpeaks of Erech by the name 
+of Arachne, and mentions the manufactures, for which it 
+was fo famed : but reprefents it as a Perfic city, and near 
+the Tigris. 
+
+34 Kca 'urogs 'nromXcx, 'GTB7r7\CL, rot. i wrsg 'Grotgot T iygi$og vfroog 
+Ni^ar* AgTmtAsw TS’gyY\<roLTQ Usgtng Agot’/yq. 
+
+31 Ovid fuppofes this perfonage to have been of Lydia: but Arachne by other 
+writers is ftyled Babylonica. 
+
+3Z L. 7. c. 56. 
+
+33 By the city Arachne is meant Civitas Arachana. Eryx in Sicily was properly 
+Erech, and denominated from the fame rites. 
+f 4 L- 18. p. 326. Edit.. Plant. 1569. 
+
+There 
+
+<• 
+
+
+
+5 26 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+There were in Babylonia cmials of communication, which 
+
+led from the Euphrates to :tho Tigris : fo that the cities fitu- 
+ated upon them might be referred to either river. What 
+the poet means by ftyling Arajphne, which was of Babylonia, 
+Perfic, may be known from his giving the lame title to the 
+3S Euphrates, upon which river the city was properly fitu- 
+ated ; and from whence he mentions thefe valuable commo¬ 
+dities to have been fent abroad. 
+
+36 Nrigev; psv rct$e doogcc 'Gro?^vTgo7roL* S'cafcs' Ss K&gy 
+H sgtnxog Eyp£jjT*j$ ttohv$<xi$cih3 hfiour APAXNH£. 
+
+The river here fpoken of was afluredly in Babylonia: and 
+we may, from what has been faid, perceive, that Erech? or 
+Aracline, was a city of the fame country upon the Euphrates, 
+at no great distance from the Tigris ; and that it was the 
+fame as Bars-ip pa, the city of the Ark. 
+
+Thus far I have ventured to proceed in my Analyfis of 
+ancient Mythology; and in the explanation of thofe hiero¬ 
+glyphics, under which it was defcribed. And though I have 
+not advanced fo far, as I could have wifhed ; yet what I 
+have faid may ferve for a clue to others : fuch as perhaps 
+may lead them to a more intimate and fatisfadtory knowledge.. 
+Thefe emblems in the firff ages feem to have been fimilar in 
+
+.. O .. 
+
+moft countries: and to have almoffc univerfally prevailed. 
+
+The facred writers often allude to them : and many of them 
+
+% 
+
+35 After that the Aflyrians, and Perfians, had been in pofleffion of Babylonia, and 
+Chaldea, the country was at times looked upon both as an A (Tyrian, and Perfic pro- 
+
+. vince : and the cities were reprefented accordingly both as Perfic and Afiyrian cities. 
+
+36 Nonnus. L. 42. p. 747. . I read the cornipon reading 
+
+is ixro^vSouSecP^oy ei<Pos. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+The Analysts 7 or Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+527 
+
+were retained even in the church of God* For the fymbol 
+thus admitted was a very proper memorial: and all the em¬ 
+blems were originally the heft that could be devifcd to put 
+people in mind of what had palled iri the infancy of the world. 
+The whole was defigned as a difplay of God-s wifdora 
+goodnefs ; and to tranfmit to lateft- pofterify memorials of 
+the prefervation of mankind. The fymbols in antient times 
+were inftead of writing ; harmlefs, if not abufed : nay of great 
+confe-quence when directed to a proper purpofe. Such were 
+
+
+
+the Serpent, the 
+
+
+
+the Iris, the Dove j together with 
+
+
+known 
+
+
+in Scrip 
+the Ifraelkes before their de 
+
+
+many others, to which there are apparent allufibns 
+ture. Thefe wer 
+fcent into Egypt: 
+the flood, where 
+properly 
+
+
+
+originally from that country beyond 
+
+
+fathers of old refided 
+
+
+And when 
+
+
+
+
+were 
+
+
+as innocent as the elementary 
+characters' by which the fame hiftories were in aftertimes re¬ 
+corded. The lifting up ; of the ferpent in the wildernefs was 
+
+ation, and as pertinent to the 
+
+
+as proper a prophetic defigttation, 
+people, to whom it was exhibited, as the purport would have 
+
+
+been, if exprefled by 
+
+
+and: written at length upon 
+
+
+tablet. It is true, that thefe fymbols were at laft perverted 
+and thte memorials above mentioned degenerated into ido 
+
+
+latrous rites, and worfhiip. It 
+of Providence, in its difpenfatio 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+accordingly the purpofe 
+* the Ifraelites. to with¬ 
+
+
+draw them from this idolatry of the Gentiles : and this was 
+effected', not by denying them the u-fe of thofe characters, 
+which were the current 
+
+
+types 
+
+
+of- the world, and to which 
+
+
+they had conftkntly- been ufed'; but to adapt the fame to a 
+better purpofe, and defeat the evil by a contrary destination> 
+
+2 Upon? 
+
+
+
+528 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+% 
+
+Upon the refiing of the Ark upon Mount Baris, and the ap¬ 
+pearance of the Bow in the 
+covenant with man, and to afford him fome gracious pro- 
+mifes. A memorial of this was preferved in the Gentile 
+world. They reprefented this great event under the type of 
+an Ark, as I have before fhewn ; which they ftyled Barith, 
+in allufion to the covenant. Some ages after, another cove¬ 
+nant of a more peculiar nature was made by the Deity with 
+the pofterity of Abraham ; and a law was promulged from 
+mount Sinai. In confequence of this, another Ark by divine 
+appointment was framed, feemingly in oppofition to the for¬ 
+mer; and this too was called the Ark of the covenant. This 
+I mention, becaufe many perfons have been alarmed at find¬ 
+ing fometimes the fame fymbols among the Egyptians, as 
+were to be found in the ordinances of the Ifraelites. Both 
+Spencer, and Marfham have animadverted upon this : and 
+feem to have carried their notions too far; for from them 
+one might be induced to imagine that the law of Mofes was 
+in a manner founded upon the rites of Egypt. But there is 
+not the leaf; reafGn for fuch a furmife. The religion of the 
+two nations was effentialiy different: and though fome fym¬ 
+bols were fimilar, yet it does not follow, that they were, bor¬ 
+rowed from that quarter.. They were many of them general 
+types, of great antiquity, and known to the whole world. I 
+know of no term, which occurs fo often figuratively among 
+
+the facred writers, as that of a horn. By this they denoted 
+
+% 
+
+any thing fupereminent, and powerful. They were forbid¬ 
+den to make any 
+
+have no inftance from them of its being ever reprefented to 
+
+the 
+
+
+reprefentation of itone or metal: fo that we 
+
+
+clouds, it pleafed God to make a 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient MvTHoioGYr 529 
+
+the eye. The fame was a fymbol among the Egyptians : 
+They copied it in ftone and brafs : and affixed the reprefen- 
+tation of a horn to the ftatues of their Kings and Deities. 
+But though this was a common emblem in thefe two nations, 
+it does not follow, that one borrowed it from the other. For,, 
+as I before faid, it was a general type of early date, and in al- 
+moft univerfal acceptation. In every nation- of old, to whole 
+hiftory we can gain accefs, it was an. emblem of affluence 
+and power. 
+
+I have taken notice, that the moft early defection >to ido¬ 
+latry confifted in the adoration of the Sun, and the worffiip 
+of Daemons, ftyled Baalim. Who thefe were, could not be 
+a {Beret to Mofes ; nor to many of the facred writers. Yet, 
+though they fpeak of this worffiip with deteftation, it is cu¬ 
+rious to obferve, with what delicacy they treat the fubjeCt, 
+and what a veil is drawn, over this myfterious iniquity. Not 
+a word is faid about the origin of this idolatry : nor the leaft 
+hint given to ffiew, who they were to whom this undue re¬ 
+verence was tendered. For of all reverential regard, none is 
+fb liable to lapfe into an idolatrous veneration as that, which 
+is paid to the memory of friends departed : more efpecially,, 
+if fuch perfons were the founders of families, and benefactors; 
+men, who had- endeared themfelves by their good works, 
+and been a bleffing to pofterity. This is evident from the 
+adoration, ftill paid to their anceftors by many people in the 
+eaft. It is a feeming duty the moft plaufible of anyand at 
+the fame time the moft captivating. Hence the lilence of 
+the facred writers upon a fubjeCt of fuch feeming importance: 
+whofe purpofe it appears to have been,, that, if ever the 
+
+Vol. II* Y y y great 
+
+
+
+53 ° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+great objeCt of this idolatry Ihould be loft, it might lie in 
+oblivion ; and never be again retrieved ; at leaft to no ill pur- 
+pofe. The Jews by thefe* means loft light of the original, 
+and were weaned from the worfhip : and the Gentiles, who 
+continued the rites, did not know to whom they were di¬ 
+rected : fo blind was their procefs. In Ihort, they were 
+plunged in the depth of darknels for ages, till they became at 
+laft confcious of their fituation. This rendered them the more 
+ready to return to the light, as foon as an opening was made. 
+
+I have dwelt long upon the hiftory of the Deluge, be- 
+caufe I thought it a fubjeCt of great moment: and as the 
+fyftem, upon which I proceeded, was new, it required a 
+more thorough difcuflion, to remove every prejudice, which 
+might arife. Some have been induced to think, that this 
+event was partial j and confined to a particular people, and 
+province. Others, becaufe they could not account for the 
+means, have looked upon the whole as a fable. By the Mo- 
+faic hiftory we are allured, that the calamity was univerfal; 
+that all llelh died, excepting eight perfons, who were provi¬ 
+dentially preferved : that the world was afterwards renewed 
+in one man ; and that from his three fons all the nations 
+upon earth were derived. It has been my purpofe through- 
+
+A 
+
+out to eftablilh thefe great truths : to bring evidence from 
+every age, and from every nation, to which we can gain ac- 
+cefs, in fupport of the hiftory, as it has been delivered by 
+Mofes. We accordingly find it a circumftance univerfally 
+known : and however the memorials may have been abufed, 
+yet traditions of it were kept up with great reverence in all 
+the rites, and ceremonies of the Gentile world. And it is ob- 
+
+5 ' fervable. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+53 * 
+
+
+fervable, that the farther we go back, the more vivid the traces 
+appear efpecially in thole countries, which were neareft to the 
+fcene of action. But the reverfe of this would happen, if the 
+whole were originally a fable. The hiftory would not only 
+be lefs widely diffufed’j but the more remote our refearches, 
+the lefs light we fhould obtain : and however we might {train 
+our fight, the objects would by degrees grow faint; and the 
+fcene terminate in clouds and darknefs. Befides this, there 
+
+
+♦ * 
+
+
+would not be that correfpondence and harmony in the tra- 
+
+• • 
+
+ditions of different nations, which we fee fo plainly to have 
+fubfifted. This could not be the refult of chance : but mult 
+necefiarily have arifen from the fame hiftory being univerfally 
+
+
+acknowledged. Thefe evidences 
+
+
+derived 
+
+
+through 
+
+
+the hands of people, who were of different ages, and 
+
+
+tries; and < 
+and what is 
+
+
+fequently widely feparated from each other 
+
+
+rdinary 
+
+
+many inftances they did not 
+
+
+know the purport of the data, which they have tranftnitted 
+
+
+the value and conlequence of their intellig 
+
+
+In their 
+
+
+mythology they adhered to the 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+iefced 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+they were ftrang 
+
+
+the purport 
+
+
+without confidering 
+deroglyphic, though 
+i refpedt to ourfelves, 
+
+
+it muft furely be deemed providential, not only that thefe 
+hiftories have been tranfmitted to us ; but that after an in¬ 
+terval of fo long date we fhould be enabled to fee into the 
+
+materials obtain fuch 
+have before obferved. 
+
+
+hidden myftery; and from thefe crude 
+fatisfadtory truths. And this too, as I 
+
+
+when the whole was a fecret to the perfons, through whofe 
+hands the knowledge is derived. We may therefore apply to 
+them the words of the Poet: 
+
+
+Y y y 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+B KewovTss 
+
+
+
+532 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+BhS7rovrss eStettov /Liamv, 
+
+KXvovrsg an yik&ov. 
+
+at 
+
+Herodotus lived early, and was a man of curiofity and ex¬ 
+perience ; one, who for the fake of knowledge had travelled 
+over a variety of countries. If any perfon could have ob¬ 
+tained an infight into the Theology of the times, in which 
+he lived, he bad fair to have obtained it. But he fhews that 
+it was all a dreary profpedt: that he could find nothing fa- 
+tisfa&ory, in which he might confide. As he was folicitous 
+to obtain fome information, he betook himfelf to 37 Podona; 
+and made inquiry among the priefts of that temple; which 
+was reputed the moft ancient in Greece. But they ingenu- 
+oufiy owned that they did not know, who the Deities were, 
+to whom they made their offerings. They had indeed di- 
+ftinguifhed them by names and titles ; but thofe were adven¬ 
+titious, and of late 38 date in comparifon of the worfhip, 
+which was of great antiquity. Hence the author concludes 
+with this melancholy confeflion, concerning the Gods of his 
+country, 39 that he did not know how they came firffc into 
+the world 5 nor how long they had been in it: nor could he 
+tell, what fort of beings they were. He believed that their 
+nature, and origin, had always been a fecret; and that even 
+
+57 TJurBxvofASvcs fa : r co evotcrx.00 eov. Herod. L. 2. c. 50. 
+
+Hbvov cT-fi r wctvTec ttportfov 01 I~le'Au? r ) 01 Sreoxrt eirev^yuycvo^ (Ls tyw ev cifoc, 
+
+eiv^fjcts. S' 7 Tcovvfj.r,:v sT' Hvoy^cc ZTroisuvTo sSevi ctvTZcov 9 & ctyawoeaccv xco. Ibid. 
+c - 53 - See page 309. of the firft volume of this work. 
+
+J is^sABovtos £ 7 tvBjv~q ex, t:i$ AiyvirTB cc7riY.0y.evcL tcl bvojjlcctcl 
+V tov Sreayv xtA. Herod. ibid. 
+
+39 'EvBevSe eyzj'sro toov eiTe £* ccei y.uclv < zc-ctvT£$ 9 okoipl Tive$ vet 
+
+Btfeoc, by ,i7rs$-eccTo y~£%Pi b 'zrpec:jv ts ycci ^0c-S cos zittziv Ac>w. Herod, fupra. 
+
+9 the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis qe Ancient Mythology. 533 
+
+tlie Belafgi, who ^rft introduced them, and their rites, were 
+equally: unacquainted with their 40 hiftory. 
+
+From whence the falutary light has proceeded, by which 
+we have been dire&ed in our progrefs, need not be pointed 
+out. The Gentile hiftories of themfelves could not have. af- 
+
+' . > V 
+
+forded the infbrmatiqn here fpoken of. If they could* it 
+certainly would have been no fecret to a people fo intelligent, 
+as the Grecians, in whofe hands thefe memorials were pre- 
+ferved. But we find, that it was hidden from them. We 
+
+- * i . 
+
+live in better days : and whatever light may have been ob¬ 
+tained towards the elucidation of thefe hidden truths, Jia$ 
+
+• « 
+
+been owing to the facred records. Thele were little known, 
+to the Gentile world: fo that they could not avail themfelves 
+
+0 
+
+of this great advantage. We have both the mythology of the 
+ancients, and the fcriptural account to direct us: and by 
+comparing thefe together we can difcern the latent purport 
+of many histories, to which the Grecians were firangers. In 
+the Mofai'c writings we have the native truth ; from which 
+the Gentiles were continually receding. They varied fo 
+much, and every reprefentation was fo extravagant, that at 
+firft fight there feems fcarce any fimilitude of the obje<St from 
+whence they drew. All appears dark, and conrufed ; fo that 
+we almoft defpair of an explanation. But upon a nearer in- 
+fpection there is a more favourable appearance. For though 
+the copy is faded, and has been abufed, yet there are fome 
+traces fo -permanent, lome of die principal outlines fo diitindt, 
+
+•that, when compared with the. original, the true character 
+
+% 
+
+cannot be miftaken. I do not here mean, that the ancients 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+Herod. L. 2. c. 30. 
+
+
+copied 
+
+
+
+534 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+copied from the fcriptures : -1 am fpeaking of . primitive tra¬ 
+ditional hiftories, to which in their mythology they contin¬ 
+ually referred : thofe hiftories, which were every where cor¬ 
+rupted, excepting in the writings of Moles. 
+
+The certainty of an univerfal Deluge is of great confe- 
+quence to be proved \ as the hiftory of the antediluvian 
+world, and all the religious truths, with which it is attended, 
+depend upon it. Not that the Mofaic hiftory ftands in need 
+of any foreign evidence to an ingenuous and unprejudiced 
+mind. But there are perfons in the world, who with a 
+fmall {hare of reading and philofophy prefume to arraign the 
+divine Hiftorian ; and by a fpecious way of writing have 
+had an undue influence upon others. This makes it neceflary 
+to accumulate thefe additional proofs : and I have accord¬ 
+ingly taken thefe pains towards the recovery of loft evidence 
+in favour of this great event: that from the univerfal aflent 
+of mankind the truth might be afcertained. Much light 
+will continue to accrue in the progrefs of the enfuing work, 
+when I come to treat of the firft: nations upon earth. 
+
+Thus far we have been in a manner travelling up hill, in 
+order to arrive at this point of profpedt. Having with no 
+fmall labour gained this eminence, it will be eafy for us to 
+look down, and take a view of the great occurrences, which 
+happened afterwards, upon the increale of mankind. It will 
+appear, that jealoufles arofe, and feuds enfued : and the fons 
+of men were at laft feparated, and difperfed towards the four 
+winds of heaven. And when navigation commenced, and 
+the feas were explored, we fhall find, that colonies went 
+out, and new fettlements were made, till the earth was peo- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 535 
+
+pled to its remoteft regions. I have before made mention of 
+one family in particular, which was daring and enterprizing 
+to a great degree ; and at the lame time gifted with uncom¬ 
+mon fagacity and knowledge. Thefe overran a great part of 
+the earth ; fo that traces of them are to be found in the moft 
+diftant countries. Of this people, and the occurrences in 
+the firft ages, it will be my next buftnefs to take notice. I 
+fhall dwell long upon the hiftory of the Chaldeans, as con¬ 
+tained in thofe valuable extracts from Berofus, which have 
+been ftrangely perverted : alfo upon the hiftory of the Egyp¬ 
+tians, and their dyna|ties, which will afford wonderful light. 
+It will be my endeavqur to {hew, that there fubftfts a perfect 
+correfpondence between them, and the Mofaic hiftory, as far 
+as the latter extends. It is moreover to be obferved, that in 
+
+0 
+
+the records of thefe nations, there are contained memorials 
+of many tranfadtions, which were fubfequent to the age of 
+Mofes ; and of others, which were foreign to his fyftem, yet 
+very neceffary to be known. I fhall therefore treat of them 
+at large ; as they contain events of great confequence, and 
+afford the only bafts, upon which the hiftory of mankind can 
+be founded. 
+
+
+END OF THE SECOND VOLUME. 
+
+0 
+
+
+
+V 
+
+
+