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+
+NEW SYSTEM, 
+
+OR, AN 
+
+ANALYS IS 
+
+O F 
+
+ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY. 
+
+
+
+VOL. 
+
+
+III. 
+
+
+
+A 
+
+NEW SYSTEM, 
+
+OR, AN 
+
+A N A L Y S I S 
+
+O F 
+
+ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY: 
+
+Wherein an Attempt is made to divert Tradition of Fable j 
+
+and to reduce the Truth to its Original Purity. 
+
+In this WORK is given an HISTORY of the 
+
+BABYLONIANS, CANAANITES, LELEGES, 
+
+CHALDEANS, HELLADIAN S, DORIANS, 
+
+EGYPTIANS, IONIANS, PELASGI: 
+
+ALSO OF THE 
+
+SCYTHiE, I ETHIOPIANS, 
+
+INDO-SCYTHT, | PHENICIANS. 
+
+The Whole contains an Account of the principal Events in the firfl Ages, from the 
+Deluge to the Dispersion : Alfo of the various Migrations, which enfued, and 
+the Settlements made afterwards in different Parts : Circumftances of great Confe- 
+quence, which were fubfequent to the Gentile History of Moses. 
+
+V o i7. UI. 
+
+By JACOB BRYANT, 
+
+Formerly of King’s College, Cambridge ; and Secretary to his Grace the late Duke 
+of Marlborough, during his Command abroad ^ and Secretary to him as Matter 
+General of His Majelty’s Ordnance. 
+
+
+
+
+PREFACE 
+
+
+T HROUGH the whole procefs of my inquiries, it 
+
+has been my endeavour from fome plain and de¬ 
+terminate principles to open the way to many intcrefting 
+truths. And as I have fhewn the certainty of an univerfal 
+Deluge from the evidences of moft nations, to which we 
+can gain accefs : I come now to give an hiftory of the 
+perfons, who furvived that event; and of the families, 
+which were immediately defcended from them. After 
+having mentioned their refidence in the region of Ararat, 
+and their migration from it: I fhall give an account of 
+the roving of the Cuthites, and of their coming to the 
+plains of Shinar, from whence they were at laft expelled. 
+To this are added obfervations upon the hiftories of Chaldea 
+and Egypt; alfo of Hellas, and Ionia ; and of every other 
+country, which was in any degree occupied by the fons 
+of Chus. There have been men of learning, who have 
+denominated their works from the families, of which they 
+treated : and have accordingly fent them into the world 
+under the title of Phaleg, Japhet, and Javan. I might, 
+in like manner, have prefixed to mine the name either of 
+io Curb, 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+v i 
+
+Cutii, or Cuthim : for upon the hiftory of this people 
+my fyftem chiefly turns. It may be afked, if there were no 
+other great families upon earth, befides that of the Cuth- 
+ites, worthy of record : if no other people ever performed 
+great aiftions, and made themfelves refpecftable to pofterity. 
+Snch there poffibly may liave been: and the field is open 
+to any, who may choofe to make inquiry. My taking 
+this particular path docs not in the leaft abridge others 
+from profecuting different views, wherever they may fee 
+an opening. 
+
+As mv refearches are deep, and remote, I fhall fome- 
+times take the liberty of repeating, what has preceded ; 
+that the truths, which I maintain, may more readily be 
+perceived. We are oftentimes by the importunity of a 
+perfevering writer teazed into an unfatisfadfory compliance, 
+and yield a painful afient : but upon clofing the book, our 
+fcruplcs return ; and we lapfe at once into doubt, and 
+darknefs. It has therefore been my rule to bring vouchers 
+for every thing, which I maintain : and though I might 
+upon the renewal of my argument refer to another volume, 
+and a diftant page ; yet I many times chooie to repeat my 
+evidence, and bring it again under immediate infpedtion. 
+And if I do not fcruple labour and expence, I hope the 
+reader will not be dilgufted by this feeming redundancy 
+in my arrangement. What I have now to prefent to the 
+Publick, contains matter of great moment, and fhould I 
+be found to be in the right, it will afford a fure bafis 
+for the future hiftory of the world. None can well judge 
+either of the labour, or utility of the work, but thofe, who 
+
+have 
+
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+Vll 
+
+
+have been converfant in the writings of chronologers, and 
+other learned men, upon thefe fubjeCts; and feen the dif¬ 
+ficulties, with which they were embarralfed. Great undoubt¬ 
+edly mull have been the learning and perfpicuity of a 
+Petavius, Perizonius, Scaliger, Grotius, and Le Clerc ; alfo 
+of an Ufher, Pearfon, Marfham, and Newton. Yet it may 
+pofiibly be found at the clofe, that a feeble arm has 
+effected, what thofe prodigies in fciencc have overlooked. 
+
+Many, who have finifhed their progrefs, and are determined 
+in their principles, will not perhaps fo readily be brought 
+over to my opinion. But they, who are beginning their 
+ftudies, and palling through a procefs of Grecian literature, 
+will find continual evidences arife : almoft every ftep will 
+afford frefh proofs in favour of my fyftem. As the defla¬ 
+tion of the world by a deluge, and the renewal of it in one 
+perfon, are points in thefe days particularly controverted ; 
+many, who are enemies to Revelation, upon feeing thefe 
+truths afcertained, may be led to a more intimate acquaint¬ 
+ance with the Scriptures : and fuch an infight cannot but be 
+productive of good. For our faith depends upon hiftorical 
+experience : and it is mere ignorance, that makes infidels. 
+Hence it is polfible, that fome may be won over by hiftori- 
+cal evidence, whom a refined theological argument cannot 
+reach. An illnefs, which fome time ago confined me to my 
+bed, and afterwards to my chamber, afforded me, during its 
+recefs, an opportunity of making fome verfions from the 
+poets, whom I quote: when I was little able to do any 
+thing of more confequence. The tranflation from Dio- 
+nyfius was particularly done at that feafon : and will 
+
+7 eive 
+
+
+
+Vlll 
+
+
+p 
+
+
+R 
+
+
+E 
+
+
+F 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+E. 
+
+
+give the reader fome faint idea of the original, and its 
+
+
+beauties. 
+
+
+my 
+
+
+to a 
+
+
+wo 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+towards 
+
+
+afliflance both in this, and my former 
+
+
+publication. 
+
+
+am indebted to him not only for 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+my diflertations : without which my progrefs would have 
+been greatly retarded. His care like wife, and attention, in 
+many other articles, afford inftances of friendfhip, which I 
+fhall ever gratefully remember. 
+
+
+* The Rev. Dr. Barford, Prebendary of Canterbury ; and Redtor of Kimpton, 
+Hertfordlhire. 
+
+
+ERRATA. 
+
+JPage Line 
+
+13 14 for c/'s J'd.rcti read cTs</l dtrctl* 
+
+17 10 for Arbachcs read Arba&us. 
+
+54 7 for t» read T£. 
+
+39 19 after Hcmcr add alfo. 
+
+106 11 after fent add them. 
+
+127 13 after dilperfion add yet fo it will appear« 
+
+135 3 for Caihemife read Callimire. 
+
+160 4 for fynonimous read fynonymous. 
+
+187 7 for Colcas read Colias. 
+
+194 2 for in read into. 
+
+212 19 for Kvpo$ read Keps? 
+
+3. 1 3 2 for from which the former was derived read of 
+
+which the former was a branch. 
+
+227 ult. for diaphonous read diaphanous. 
+
+253 1 3 for Cenofbra read Cercafora. 
+
+282 26 for fifth read fourth. 
+
+304 8 for at laft read in the end. 
+
+312 23 dele thefe. 
+
+327 20 for fourteenth read fourteen. 
+
+330 19 for Heraclotic read Heracleotic. 
+
+339 7 /^thirty-five read twenty-five- 
+
+363 16 for Egyptus read yptus. 
+
+3S9 8 for firlt fling read firfl king. 
+
+391 \/p for JEta read (Eta. 
+
+404 for etpyx read cry pa. 
+
+336 24/brFokein read Fokien. 
+
+352 5 after otov add roy 
+
+
+A NEW 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+NEW SYSTEM: 
+
+OR, AN 
+
+ANALYSIS 
+
+O F 
+
+ANCIENT MYTHOLOGY. 
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+MIGRATION and DISPERSION of NATIONS. 
+
+E ya (Ts isregi 'sroAAa rov «A»j0i] Koyov ti[x.&[jl£Vqs kou to outgoes 
+omyvBVora.1 cT/a <rxx$rig 'sr^efjurjv, svQsv ogfJirjQeig ev tjj 'ur^o TctvTrig 
+■wgoTct^ei vXag £K7rogi£wv ifJLOLVTw, ^govow ou/a.ygct<pocg c rvve\s%<x. 
+-wavTotoLg. Georgius Monachus, p. 66. 
+
+I N the Mofaic hiftory we have an account of the antedi¬ 
+luvian world being deftroyed by a deluge, the family of 
+one man excepted, which was providentially preferved. 
+The manner of their prefervation I have defcribed; and 
+have fhewn, that the ark refted upon Mount Ararat, in a 
+province of Armenia. This was the region in which man¬ 
+kind firft began to multiply, and from whence they after¬ 
+wards proceeded to their different places of allotment. It 
+
+Voh, III. B will 
+
+P 
+
+
+2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+will therefore be neceffary to give fome account of this 
+country ; as from fuch an inquiry we ftiall find innumerable 
+evidences ftill arife in confirmation of the primaeval hiftory: 
+and there will be alfo many proofs obtained in confirmation 
+of my opinion, concerning the migration of mankind. 
+
+Armenia lay to the north of Aramea, or Mefopotamia : 
+and one might be led to think, from the fimilarity of terms, 
+that Armenia and Aramea were the fame name. This, 
+however, was not the cafe. Aramea was the land of Aram : 
+but Armenia, which was feparated from it by 'Mount Tau¬ 
+rus, was denominated from Ar-Men, and Har-Men, the 
+mountain where the ark refted. It was a branch of the 
+abovementioned Taurus : and was diftinguilhed by feveral 
+appellations, each of which was fignificant, and aftorded 
+fome evidence to the hiftory of the deluge. It was called 
+Ararat, Baris, 2 Barit, Luban, which laft fignified Mons Lu- 
+naris, or the Mountain of Selene. It had alfo the name of 
+Har-Min, and Har-Men, which was precifely of the fame 
+fignification. The people who lived round it were called 
+Minni and Minyae ; and the region had the name of Armenia 
+from the mountain, which was the great objedt of reverence 
+in this country. The name is to be found in the prophet 
+Jeremiah, where he is calling together various foreign powers, 
+to make an invafion upon Babylon. 3 Set up a Jlandard in 
+the land ; blow the trumpet among the nations ; prepare the 
+
+nations againjl her. Call together againjl her the kingdoms of 
+
+• • 
+
+1 Strabo. L. n. p. 792. 798. 
+
+* See Vol. II* of this work, p. 442. 
+
+3 Jtrcmiah. c. 51. v. 27. Suicitate fuper earn gentes* annunciate adverfus illara 
+regibus Ararath Menni. Vulgate. 
+
+Ararat 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 3 
+
+Ararat- Minnij and Afochenazs. By Ararat-Minni is ftgnifted 
+the region about Mount Ararat, which was poft'effed by the 
+Miny*e. The paffagc is by the Chaldee Paraphraft very 
+juftly rendered u'oin, Armini, the fame as Armenia. From 
+hence the learned Bochart infers with good reafon, that the 
+name of Armenia was taken from this Ararat of the Minni, 
+called Ar-Mini. 4 Videtur Armenia; vox conftata efife ex 
+
+Har Mini, id eft Mons Mini, five Montana Miniadis. 
+Something ftmilar is to be found in Amos ; where the fame 
+mountain is mentioned under the name of rwa-nn, 5 Har- 
+Munah, or Mountain of the Moon. 6 Jerome takes notice 
+of this pafiage, and mentions how differently it has been 
+rendered by expofttors ; a circumftance which muft happen, 
+when writers are of different countries and of different times. 
+
+quee 
+
+vocantur Armona. Denique Symmachus ita interpretatus eft, 
+et projiciemini in Armenia : pro quibus LXX montem Rem- 
+man, Aquila montem Armona, Theodotio montem Mona. 
+
+7 Bochart, who quotes this paffage, at the clofe afks, What if- 
+Mini, Minyas, and Monah, fhould after all prove to be the 
+fame name, only differently expreffed ? We may fafely an- 
+fwer, that they are ; and that they relate to the fame hifto- 
+ry. Even the Remman of the LXX is a tranfpofttion of the 
+true name ; and a miftake for 8 Ar-Man, the fame as Ar- 
+
+4 Geog. Sacra. L. i. c. 3. p. 20. 
+
+• 5 C. 4. v. 3. 
+
+6 Hieron et Thecdoretus. See Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. 1. c. 3. p. 20. 
+
+7 Bochart fupra. p. 20. GeefatpiTos* ct 7 roppi(^Yiacc^€ t 0 occ$ to Ay+ocrx, &c. O 
+
+Se Acuacroc Acy.zviav igfj.yv€uc€v' 'O Se Oeoforioov u^vAcv ogcu Ibid. 
+
+* This is manifeft from the Vulgate, in which it is rendered, Et projiciemini in . 
+Ar-mon. 
+
+
+Hieronymus et projiciemini inquit in locis Armenia;, 
+
+
+B 2 
+
+
+Mini 
+
+
+
+4 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Mini in the Chaldaic Paraphrafe, as Ar-Moila of Aquila, 
+Ar-Muna of Amos, and the Mountain Mona of Theodotion. 
+They all ftgnify Mons Lunus, and relate to the Arkite em¬ 
+blem Selene, of which I have before treated. 
+
+The moll common name given to the mountain was Ara¬ 
+rat ; and by this it has been diftinguifhed by Mofes. This 
+is a compound of Ar-Arat, and fignifies the Mountain of 
+Defcent, and is equivalent to TV-“in, of the Hebrews. That 
+the name was a compound of Ar-Arat, is plain from Hatho 
+the Armenian, who mentions it out of compofition by the 
+name of Arath. 9 In Armenia eft altior mons, quam fit in 
+toto orbe terrarum, qui Arath vulgariter nuncupatur ; et in 
+cacumine illius montis area Nose poft diluvium primo ftetit. 
+Jofephus tells us exprefly, that it was called by the natives 
+the Mountain of Defcent, which he tranflates caro^OLT^iov,- 
+on account of the Patriarch here firft defeending from the 
+ark. 10 A7roSoLTYigiov tokov thtov A gpevioi kolKsviv. The fame 
+is mentioned by " Euftathius Antiochenus. By Jerome it is 
+ftyled the place of exit. 11 Nunc locum Armenii exitum 
+vel egreflum vocant. The facred writer feems always to 
+exprefs foreign names of places, as they were exhibited by 
+the natives. He accordingly calls this mountain in the pro¬ 
+vincial dialed; 13 Ar-Arat; which would have been rendered 
+
+9 Hatho Armenius. See Purchas. Vol. 3. p. 110. 
+
+Jofephus. Antiq. L. 1. c. 3. p. 16. 
+
+11 K oa tov T 07 rov occci vuv exeivoy A 7 TQ£a,TngiQv oa e 7 rt% 6 )(>ioi xaAfe'ffi. Euftathius 
+Antiochenus. See Bochart above, p. 20. 
+
+,2, Hieron. in Eufebianis. 
+
+Pro tflHPlH Mofis reperitur in Codice Samaritano ttYST* Hararat. Le Clerc. 
+Vol. 1. p. 72. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+Har-Irad 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+Har-Irad by the Hebrews. By this is fignified aTroSar^oF, 
+or place of defcent. The region round about was called 
+Araratia, and alfo Minyas, where the Minyas refided, of 
+whom I have taken notice before. This probably, after the 
+general migration, was one of the oldeft colonies in the 
+world. Nay, it is not impoflible, but that the region may 
+have been originally occupied by a people ftyled Minyae, 
+who out of a falfe zeal adhered to the fpot, and would never 
+depart from it. From the ftmilitude which the natives of 
+thefe parts bore to the Syrians and Arabians, in religion, 
+cuftoms, and language, it appears plainly, that they were 
+one of the ,+ Cuthite branches. 
+
+We may be aflured, that the ark was providentially wafted 
+into Armenia ; as that region feems to have been particularly 
+well calculated for the reception of the Patriarch’s family, 
+and for the repeopling of the world. The foil of the coun¬ 
+try was very fruitful, and efpecially of that part where the 
+Patriarch firft made his defcent. Some have obje<fted to the 
+Mofaic account of the dove and olive, and will not allow, that 
+the ark could have refted in Armenia, becaufe travellers of late 
+have difcovered no olives in that ' 5 country : they therefore 
+infer, that there never were any trees of this fort in that re¬ 
+gion. In like manner, there may be in thefe days no balfam at 
+Jericho, nor date trees in Babylonia : but it does not follow, 
+
+that there were none of old. We mu ft not therefore fet 
+
+# 
+
+,+ To ycto rttov Agfj&viotv g 0 ro$ 5 xxi to tgjv 'Xvgeov xai t go* AgctCcav ‘zxtoXXy,* c/xo(pv- 
+Tuar tfjL<pcuvu xA* Strabo, L. i. p. 70. One of the principal cities in this part of 
+Armenia was Cu-Coufus, which fignifies the place of Chus. See Hierocles Xvvex,- 
+0$. p, 703. K ovKovcroSy Koju.clv<z> Agaga 0 /oc« 
+
+I s Tournefort. Letter 7th, 
+
+aftde 
+
+
+
+6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+afidc ancient hiftories faithfully tranfmitted, becaufe the 
+fame occurrences do not happen at this day. But the infer¬ 
+ence is not only trifling, but falfe. Strabo was a native of 
+Alia Minor ; and he fpeaks of the fertility of Armenia, and 
+efpecially of the region Gogarcne, which he particularly 
+mentions as productive of the olive. 16 Elf >5 EooyctgYjvy)’ 
+
+n CLCtCL yULg Yi O.VTt ) EC/gKOlS T £ KCf.i TGig Y,[JL£gOl<; ^EV^Oig, KCLl 
+
+rotg v.siOx?\s<ri 'UtKy^vei * <psg£i de kou EXouolv. He had been 
+
+fpeaking of various parts of Armenia, and then adds, sifter 
+thefe fucceeds Gogarene. Sill this country abounds with fruits 
+
+and trees for the ufe of ?na?i , and with thofe alfo which are 
+evergreen. It likewife produces the 0LIKE. I have men¬ 
+
+tioned, that Arene was one name of the ark ; and many 
+places were fo denominated in memorial of it. It is to be 
+obferved, that there is fcarcely any eaftern name, which be¬ 
+gins with a vowel or common afpirate, but is at times to be 
+found exprefled with a guttural. The city Ur was called 
+Cur, Cour, and Chora : Aza was rendered Gaza: Ham, 
+Cham ; Hanes, Chanes : Hala, Habor, and Haran ; Chala, 
+Chabor, and Charan. So Arene, an ark or fhip, was ex- 
+preffed 17 Carene : from whence came the Carina of the Ro¬ 
+mans. The term Go-Carene fignifies literally 
+
+the place or region of the ark. I do not, however, imagine, 
+that this was precifely the fpot, where the 18 defeent was 
+
+« 
+
+16 L. 11. p. Soo. 
+
+* r Many places are to be found in Media, Sufiana, and Armenia, named Carene 
+
+and Carina. See Oliver. Geos;. 
+
+© 
+
+13 Gogaicne was beyond the Cyrus, and a northern province. See Strabo, Ste- 
+phanus, and others. It was at too great diftance from Ararat, which was upon the 
+
+river A raxes. 
+
+
+firft 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+firft made, though the name was given in memorial of that 
+event; a circumftance common to many other places. I 
+make no doubt, but that the region of the Minyse, at the 
+foot of Mount Arad, or Ar-Arat, was the diftricft where the 
+Patriarch and his family firft refided. It was upon the river 
+39 Araxes, and one of the mediterranean provinces of Arme¬ 
+nia. It was called 20 Ararat and Araratia from the moun¬ 
+tain; and feems to have been a fine 21 country, productive of 
+every thing neceflary for life. The whole of Armenia ap¬ 
+pears to have been 22 fruitful ; and we have the atteftation 
+of Strabo, that it produced the olive. It feems, for the moft 
+part, to have been of a very high fituation. One province 
+was ftyled, on this account, Armenia Alta. It bordered 
+upon Araratia weftward ; and the account given of it by 
+
+Mofes Chorenenfis is remarkable. 23 Armenia Alta inter 
+
+% 
+
+omnes regiones revera altiflima eft; quippe quae ad quatuor 
+coeli partes fluvios emittit. Habet praeterea montes tres, 
+feras plurimas, aves utiles, thermas, falinas, atque aliarum 
+rerum ubertatem, et urbem Carinam. Armenia, Alta is one 
+of the highef regions in the world ; for it fends out rivers i?i 
+contrary dire&ions towards the four cardinal points in the 
+
+* 9 The Araxes is properly the river of Arach, or Amelia, which fignifies the river 
+of the ark. 
+
+% ° Ifaiah. c. 37. v. 38. and 2 Kings, c. 19. v. 37. Ararat, regio Armenia*. 
+Hieron. in Ifaiam. Araratia, in medio regionum (Armenia?) loco. Moles Chore- 
+rrenfis. Geog. p. 361. 
+
+11 Habet Araratia montes campofque, atque omnem foeeunditatem. Idem. p. 361. 
+
+** Habet Armenia rerum ubertatem. Id. p. 358. Strabo fays of Armenia, 
+-etoAAch clvAgovbS} 6$ fAtr jul eaaXy oi e$ofpot y eoJ )cufMre* % to Apx^nvcv 'ttS'icr. 
+
+L. 11. p. 800. 
+
+Geog. p. 358. 
+
+s 
+
+
+heavens . 
+
+
+
+8 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+heavens. It has three mountains , and abounds •with wild ani- 
+tnals , and fpecies of fowl for food , alfo with hot baths , and 
+mines of fait , and with other things of utility ; and the chief 
+city is called * + Carina. The region ftyled Araratia was alfo 
+very high, though it had fine plains and valleys between the 
+mountains. A country of this nature and fituation m\ift, 
+after the flood, have been foonefl: dried, and confequently 
+the foonefl: habitable. And it feems alfo, in an eminent de¬ 
+gree, to have contained every requifite for habitation. The 
+mountain ftill has the name of Ararat, which it has retained 
+through all ages ; and the province beneath is at this day 
+peculiarly ftyled 15 Ar-Meni. This name feems by the na¬ 
+tives to have been originally limited to the 26 region of the 
+ark ; but writers in after times have fpoken of it with a 
+greater latitude, and extended it to a large country. It was 
+of great repute, and its chief city very ample, before it was 
+ruined by the Tartars. The learned Roger Bacon mentions, 
+that it once had eighty churches : 27 Fuerunt in ea civitate 
+o<ftoginta ecclefise Hermenorum. 
+
+The mountain was alfo called 28 Mafis, and likewife Tha- 
+
+Some of the principal cities in Armenia were Carina, Area, Comana, Ararathia, 
+Cucoufus. See Hierocles p. 703. Thefe names are very remarkable, 
+
+15 Ermenia of D’Anville. See his curious map of Armenia, entitled. Carte 
+generate de la Georgie et de l’Armenie, definee a Peterfbourg, en 1738, d’apres les 
+Cartes, Memoires, et Obfervations des Gens du Pays, &c, publiee en 17.66. 
+
+x6 It was the fame as Ararat, which was extended in the fame manner. But Jerome 
+fays, Ararat non eft tota Armenia. L. 11. in Efaiam. 
+
+Z1 Rogeri Baconi Pars major de Aquilonaribus Mundi partibus. See Purchas. 
+Vol. 3 - P- 55 - 
+
+See Cartwright’s Travels, p. 30. and William de Rubruquis. c. 48. Mounor 
+ogos €y A previa,. Strabo. L. 11. p. 772. 
+
+
+manim 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+manim and Shamanim, the purport of which is remarkable. 
+I have before taken notice of the facred Ogdoas in Egypt, 
+which was held in great veneration. It confifted of 
+eight * 9 perfonages defcribed in a boat, who were efteemed 
+the moft ancient gods of the country. This number was 
+held facred, and efteemed myfterious by other nations. It 
+is obfervable, that the Chinefe have fomewhat more than 
+two hundred principal elementary characters ; and out of 
+thefe all other reprefentations are formed, by which in wri¬ 
+ting they exprefs their ideas. By thefe combinations, the 
+charaCteriftic is, in fome degree, made a definition of the 
+thing reprefented, and it has often a relation to the original 
+hiftory. Some of thefe have a reference to this myftical num¬ 
+ber eight, of which I fhall give two inftances of a very curious 
+nature. They are taken from the letter of that learned 
+Jefuit at 30 Pekin, who wrote in anfwer to fome queries fent 
+by the Royal Society at London. Le caradtere de barque, 
+vaifleau, eft compofe de la figure de vaifteau, de celle de 
+bouche, et du chifFre huit : ce qui peut faire allufion au 
+nombre des perfonries, qui etoient dans l’arche.—On trouve 
+encore les deux caraCteres huity et bouche avec celui d’eau 
+pour exprimer navigation heureufe . Si c’eft un hazard, il 
+s’accorde bien avec le fait. The fame reference to the 
+number eight is to be obferved in the hiftory of Mount Mafis, 
+or Ararat. It was called the Mountain Thamanim, or Tfha- 
+manim; and there was a town towards the foot of the 
+
+19 See Vol. II. of this work, p. 234. 
+
+50 Lettre de Pekin fur le Genie delaLangue Chinoife, &c* A Bruxelles, 1773. 
+p. 32. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+* 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+mountain 
+
+
+
+io The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+mountain of the fame name, which was fuppofed to have 
+been built by Noah. Now Thaman is faid in the ancient 
+language of the country to have fignified eight, and was ana¬ 
+logous to the pur, Shaman, of the 31 Hebrews, which denotes 
+the fame number. Ebn 31 Patricius mentions the Ark refting 
+upon Ararat, and calls the diftricft below the region of theTha- 
+manin. He alfo mentions the city of the fame name; and he 
+fays, that it was fo called from the eight perfons who came out 
+of the Ark. Other writers exprefs it Thamanim, which is a 
+plural from Thaman. Terra Thamanim fignifi.es the region 
+of the eight perfons ; whofe hiftory needs no explanation. It 
+is fo rendered by Elmacini, who fpeaks of the town, and 
+flyles it, 33 pagum, quem extruxit Noa, poftquam ex Area 
+egreftus eft : the place , which Noah built , after that he came 
+out of the ark. William de Rubruquis, who travelled into 
+Tartary in the year 1253, and returned by Armenia, has a 
+remarkable paflage to this purpofe. 43 Near the city Nax- 
+uan , there are mountains called Mafs y upon which they fay 
+that the v4rk of Mofes refed. 'There are two of thefe mount aim+ 
+
+
+,T See Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. i. p. 18. 
+
+3i Vol. 1. p. 40. Vocatur autem hodie terra Thamenin. In another place he 
+adds, Cumque egrefli dTent, urbem extruxerunt, quam Thamanin appellarunt, juxta 
+numerum fuum, quafi dicas. Nos Oflo fumus . p. 43. 
+
+u L. 1. c i. p. 14. Thamininum vel Thfainininum pagum. Ileci r<x KapS^nx 
+
+eis x&fJLYiv G)xfj.evoov. Agathias, L. 4. 
+
+* 
+
+?<i See Purchas, Vol. 3. p. 50. but efpecially the original. Araxi et Naxuanae duos 
+imminere montes Mafias nomine; in quibus Area refedit: etCemainum oppidum ab 
+ofto illis ibi conditum, qui ab Area exiverunt: idque patere ex ipfo nomine, quo 
+otto fignificatur. Rubriquis. The town of Naxuan is mentioned by Ptolemy, L. 
+5. c. 13. and placed upon the Araxes. In the map of D’Anville, it is expreffed 
+Naftfhevan ; and is fituated upon the river, at a final! diftance from Mount Ararat. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+i i 
+
+
+foot of 
+
+
+!There is alfo 
+
+
+the xdraxes runneth at the 
+town CemainuMy which is 
+
+
+by interpretation eight , for they fay it was fo called 
+eight pcrfons who came out of the Nrk, and built it. 
+plain fro7n the ?ia7ue ; for Ce7nai7iU7n fgnifies eight. 
+
+
+fro 7 ti . 
+
+This 
+They t 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+From hence we may 
+
+
+perceive, that what this writer renders Cemainum, fhould 
+rather have been expreffed Shemainum, or Shemanum ; for 
+
+
+it is undoubtedly the fame as the Themanim and Thama- 
+nim of Elmacini and others, and analogous to the faty. Sha¬ 
+man of the Hebrews. The town of 
+manim, was fo called from thofe 
+
+
+Tha 
+
+
+eight 
+
+
+primaeval perfons 
+
+
+who were faid to have founded it. There is reafon to think, 
+that it was the fame as Naxuan, a very ancient city, which 
+
+Ptolemy, and placed upon the Araxes. 
+
+fome curious obferva- 
+
+This tow7ty which 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+35 
+
+
+is mentioned by 
+
+The editor of Mofes Chorenenfis 
+tions upon the hiftory of this pdace. 
+feems to be the Naxua7ia of Ptolettiy, is clofe upon the plai7i of 
+Slraratia , and held iti great regard by the Slr7nc7iia7iSy who 
+give out, that it is the 7nof ancient place in the world , a7id built 
+
+
+untnediately after the Deluge by Noah . GalanuSy a Rotnan 
+
+
+Prefbytery who wrote a7t account of the slr7ne7iian Chitrch 
+being reco7iciled to the Church of Ro7ney tells us, that , accordi7ig 
+to the natives , the true na/?ie is Nachidfeva7i. By this , they 
+
+
+fay, is fig7ufied 
+
+
+36 
+
+
+the first place of descent. Hence there 
+ca 7 i be no doubt , but this is that place in j4r?nenia , of which Jofe- 
+phus takes 7 iotice , and fays , that by the natives it was called 
+
+
+3 ? 
+
+3 ^ 
+
+
+L. 1. c. 29. p. 71. 
+
+
+the etymology is precilely true 5 I queflion. 
+
+
+hiftory of the Patriarch ; but whether 
+
+
+VOL 
+
+
+C 2 
+
+
+clx afa: 
+
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+mountain of the fame name, which was fuppofed to have 
+been built by Noah. Now Thaman is faid in the ancient 
+language of the country to have hgnified eight, and was ana¬ 
+logous to the per, Shaman, of the 31 Hebrews, which denotes 
+the fame number. Ebn 31 Patricius mentions the Ark refting 
+upon Ararat, and calls the diftridt below the region of theTha- 
+manin. He alfo mentions the city of the fame name; and he 
+fays, that it was fo called from the eight perfons who came out 
+of the Ark. Other writers exprefs it Thamanim, which is a 
+plural from Thaman. Terra Thamanim fignifies the region 
+of the eight perfons ; whofe hiftory needs no explanation. It 
+is fo rendered by Elmacini, who fpeaks of the town, and 
+flyles it, 33 pagum, quern extruxit Noa, poftquam ex Area 
+egrefills eft: the place , which Noah built , after that he came 
+out of the ark. William de Rubruquis, who travelled into 
+Tartary in the year 1253, and returned by Armenia, has a 
+remarkable paflage to this purpofe. 43 Near the city Nax- 
+uan, there are mountains called Mafis y upon which they fay 
+that the slrk of Mofes refed . There are two of thefe mou?itams y 
+
+See Bochart. Geog. Sacra. L. i. p. 18. 
+
+3i Vol. 1. p. 40. Vocatur autem hodie terra Thamenin. In another place he 
+adds, Cumque egreffi client, urbem extruxerunt, quam Thamanin appellarunt, juxta 
+numcrum luum, quad dicas, Nos Qfio fumus . p. 43. 
+
+33 L. 1. c. 1. p. 14. Thamininum vel Thfamininum pagum. ileci ret Kccpfu^tcz 
+
+7ta>fjL>jy ©a jj&voov. Agathias, L. 4 . 
+
+34 See Purchas, Vol. 3. p. 50. but efpecially the original. Araxi et Naxuanas duos 
+imminere montes Maffis nomine*, in quibus Area refedit: etCemainum oppidum ab 
+o£to illis ibi conditum, qui ab Area exiverunt; idque patere ex ipfo nomine, quo 
+o£to fignificatur. Rubriquis. The town of Naxuan is mentioned by Ptolemy, L. 
+
+5. c. 13. and placed upon the Araxes. In the map of D’Anville, it is exprefled 
+Na&flievan and is fituated upon the river, at a fmall diftance from Mount Ararat. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+i i 
+
+the one greater than the other , and the Araxes runneth at the 
+foot of them. ‘There is alfo a little town Cemainum , which is 
+by interpretation eight ; for they fay it was fo called from the 
+eight perfons who came out of the Ark , and built it. This is 
+plain from the name ; for Cemainum fgnifies eight. They call 
+the mountain the mother of the world. From hence we may 
+perceive, that what this writer renders Cemainum, fhould 
+rather have been exprcfled Shemainum, or Shemanum ; for 
+it is undoubtedly the fame as the Themanim and Thama- 
+nim of Elmacini and others, and analogous to the pty, Sha¬ 
+man of the Hebrews. The town of the Thamanim, or Sha- 
+manim, was fo called from thofe eight primaeval perfons 
+who were faid to have founded it. There is reafon to think, 
+that it was the fame as Naxuan, a very ancient city, which 
+is mentioned by Ptolemy, and placed upon the Araxes. 
+The editor of Mofes Chorenenfis has fome curious obferva- 
+tions upon the hiftory of this place. 35 This town , which 
+feems to be the Naxuana of Ptolemy , is clofe upon the plaht of 
+Araratia ; and held in great regard by the Armenians, who 
+give outy that it is the mof ancient place in the worlds a?id built 
+irntnediately after the Deluge by IVoah. Galanus , a Roman 
+
+Prefbyter , who wrote a?t account of the Armenian Church 
+behig reconciled to the Church of Rome , tells us , that , according 
+to the natives , the true name is Nachidjhevan. By this , they 
+fay, is fgjiified 36 the first place of descent. Heisce there 
+can be no doubt , but this is that place in Armenia , of which Jof co¬ 
+pious takes notice , and fays , that by the natives it was called 
+
+35 L. 1. c. 29. p. 71. 
+
+36 I believe that the narre related to the hiftory of the Patriarch ; but whether 
+the etymology is precilely true, I queftion. 
+
+Vol. III. C 1 citqScl- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+) 2 
+
+ct 7 [otocTr^iov y or the place of 37 defcent. In the map of D’An- 
+ville it is exprefled 38 Nadlihevan; and placed at the diftance 
+of a few miles to the eaft of Mount Ararat, in the true re¬ 
+gion of Har-Men, or Armenia, which retains its name to 
+this day. 
+
+I have mentioned, that the fame names have been given 
+
+* o 
+
+to different places, where the Arkite rites were inftituted, 
+under the titles of Baris, Meen, and Selene. Hence the fame 
+event was fuppofed to have happened in different places, 
+and the like hiflory has been recorded. Mount Taurus 
+extended a great way eaftward of Armenia : and one part 
+of it, in the province of Adarbayn in Perfia, is ftiil called 
+Al Baris, fimilar to the name by which Ararat was of old 
+diftinguifhed. 39 Sir Thomas Herbert travelled this way iri 
+1626 ; and lie mentions one peak near the city Tauris re¬ 
+markably high, which he with great reafon imagines to have 
+been one of thole, where flood the iafonea mentioned by 
+Strabo. This hill was called 40 Da Moan ; and the town at 
+the foot of it had the fame name. By this, according to the 
+•natives, is flgnified a fecondpla?itation. But Mon and Moan 
+was the name of the Arkite type, as I have abundantly fhewn: 
+and Da was the ancient 41 Chaldaic particle analagous to the 
+
+?7 Jofephus. Ant. L. i. c. 3. p. 16. 
+
+” They have a tradition that Noah died here. See Tavernier. L. 1. c. 4. p. 16. 
+
+19 He calls the ridge of Taurus El Bors, p. 197. This is a variation of El Ba¬ 
+ris. Taurus is exprefled by the natives Tabaris : from whence we may infer, that 
+the former term is only a contraction of the latter; and that from Tabaris and Ta- 
+varis came the names of Tauris and Taurus, both the city and mountain, Har 
+Ta-Baris is the mountain of the Ark. 
+
+40 p. 201. 
+
+41 See of this work Vol. II. p. 443. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 13 
+
+in our own language. DaMaon related to the Arkite Moon: 
+and the hiftory of the place ftill evidences the fa<ft; for they 
+have an ancient tradition, that the Ark was driven to this 
+mountain. 42 Theyfpare not to aver, fays the author, from a tra¬ 
+dition, that upon this mountain of Damoan the Ark refed . Hard 
+by is a village named Morante, where they fuppofe the wife of 
+43 Noah to have died. I mention thefe accounts, however 
+inaccurately tranfmitted, to fhew how univerfal the hiftory 
+was of that great event, of which I have been treating. 
+The fcene of a<ftion was attributed to different places ; but 
+the real appulfe of the ark was upon the mountain of Arat, 
+called Ar-arat, in the province of Har-Men, upon the river 
+Araclr, or Araxes. 
+
+After the facred writer has defcribed the prefervation of 
+Noah and his family, and their defcent from the Ark, he 
+gives a fhort hiftory of the Patriarch, and mentions his reft- 
+dence upon the fpot, and his planting of the 44 vine. He after¬ 
+wards proceeds to fhew how the reparation of mankind was 
+effected in that family, and how they multiplied upon the 
+earth. When they were greatly increafed, he gives a lift of 
+their generations, and defcribes them with great accuracy 
+upon their feparating, according to their places of deftina- 
+tion : and concludes with telling us, 45 By thefe were the ifes 
+of the Gentiles Tivided in their lands \ every one after his 
+tongue, after their families , in their nations .. And again,, 
+
+41 Herbert's Travels, p. 201. The mountain Da Moan fignifies Mons Lunus,' 
+or Lunaris. 
+
+41 Tavernier. L. 1. c. 4. p. 20. 
+
+44 Genefis. c. 9. v. 20, 21. . 
+
+45 Genefis. c. 10. v. 5. . 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+46 Thefe are the families of the fons of Noah> after their gene¬ 
+rations^ in their nations ; and by thefe were the nations divided 
+in the earth , after the flood. I have fpoken upon this fubjedt 
+in a former 47 treatife ; and have fhewn that this diftribution 
+was by the immediate appointment of God, We have full 
+evidence of this in that fublime and pathetic hymn of Moles, 
+where he addrelfes himfelf to the people whom he had lo 
+long conducted, and was now going to feave for ever. 48 Re¬ 
+member. , fays he, the days of old ; conflder the years of many 
+gene7~ations. HJk thy father , and he will Jhew thee ; thy elders , 
+and they will tell thee. JVhen the Mofl High divided to the 
+
+nations their inheritance ; when he feparated the fons of Sldam ; 
+he fet the bounds of the people , according to the umber of the 
+children of Ifrael: for the Lord's portion is his people ; Jacob 
+is the lot of his inheritance. By this we may fee, that the 
+whole was by God’s appointment; and that there was a re- 
+ferve for a people who were to come after. St. Paul like- 
+wile fpeaks of it exprefsly as a divine ordinance. 49 E 7 roir) 0 's 
+
+ts (0 &sog) dz dip.ct.Tog tstolv eQvog a.vbgU7rwv kcltoiksiv em tu'ccv 
+
+to ‘Wgo<rw 7 rov Tr\g ytj$ } ogiTctg 'GTgoT£Tccy[Jt£Visg Kcug&g, xcu Tctg ogo- 
+
+bstriocg Trig KctTOuctctg olvtoov. God made of one blood all nations 
+of men for to dwell on all the face of the earth j and determined 
+the times before appointed , and the bounds of their habitation. 
+This is taken notice of by many of the fathers. Eufebius 
+in particular mentions 54 the diflribution of the earth : and. 
+
+46 Genefis. c. io. v. 32. 
+
+47 - Obiervations and Inquiries relating to various parts of Ancient Hiftory, p. 201. 
+
+43 Deuteron. c. 32. v. 7. 
+
+49 A< 5 ts. c. 17. v. 26. 
+
+50 MtptrfJLos tw; y»;. Tu Bfc£ (ret th Jtoo-fia &a.-*.oai-rrv T^ux.x.oa-iortfi era T«N*tf,x<rra 
+Srutv i wAscoti %cyvfj.trv tpepiae Nwe t ois rgtviv won ccjtu tw yw. Eufcb. Chron. p- io. 
+
+, adds, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 15 
+
+adds, that it happened in the two thoufand fix hundred and 
+feventy-fecond year of the creation , and in the nine hundred 
+and thirtieth year of the Patriarch's life . Then it was that 
+Noah, by divine appointment , divided the world between his 
+three fons. The like is to be found in 51 Syncellus, s * Epi- 
+phanius, and other writers. The Grecians had fome tradi¬ 
+tions of this partition of the earth, which they fuppofed to 
+have been by lot, and between Jupiter, Neptune, and Pluto. 
+
+51 <&clvtq / urcLhov K govi$r)<ri S'icl rgiyyt £xy.o.ro. mpai. 
+
+The fons of Cronus afcertain’d by lot 
+Their feveral realms on earth. 
+
+Homer introduces Neptune fpeaking to the fame purpofe. 
+
+54 T££<£ yctg T £K KgOVH SlfJLSV CtJshpSOt, 8 ? T EKS P SU) - 
+
+TgiyfoL de nrctvrct $s sKctfog cT Tigris. 
+
+We are from Cronus and from Rhea fprung, 
+
+Three brothers; who the world have: parted out 
+Into three lots ; and each enjoys his fhare. 
+
+The tradition probably came to Greece from Egypt ; and 
+we have it more fully related in Plato. ss ©so* yotg drctrov 
+
+yi\v 'UTqtb Ka.ro. t ovg rovovg SieKceygou'ov, ov mr egiv - Sur t g cfs 
+
+Khrigoig ret <PiAojv ’Ko.yyctvzvreg Kctratagov rag yugo,g. The gods 
+
+of old obtained the dominion of the whole earth , according to 
+
+51 Syncellus. p. 89. 
+
+5 * Epiphanius. L. 2. t. 2. p. 703. 
+
+55 Callini. Hymn, in Jovem. v. 61. 
+
+54 Iliad. (X v. 187. 
+
+55 In Critia. Vol. 3, p. 109. 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+
+16 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+their different allotme?its. This was eJffeSled without any con- 
+te?itio 7 i ; for they took pojfejjion of their feveral provinces in an 
+atnicable and fair way by lot. 
+
+It is faid of Noah, from whom all the families upon earth 
+were derived, 16 that he was a juf man, and perfeSl in his ge¬ 
+neration : and that he walked with God. We may fuppofe, 
+that his fons fhewed him always great reverence : and after 
+they were feparated, and when he was no more, that they 
+ftill behaved in conformity to the rules which he eftablifhed. 
+But there was one family which feems to have a<fted a con¬ 
+trary part; and however they may have reverenced his me¬ 
+mory, they paid little regard to his inftitutions. It is faid, 
+that 57 Cuff begat Nimrod. He began to be a mighty one in 
+the earth. He was a mighty hunter before the Lord : where¬ 
+fore it is faid. Even as Nimrod, the mighty hunter before the 
+Lord. And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel, and 
+Erech, and Ac cad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar. Out 
+of that land went forth Affur, and builded Nineve, and the 
+city Rehoboth, and Cal ah, and Refen, between Nineve and Ca- 
+lah, the fame is a great city. We have, in this narration, an 
+account of the firft rebellion in the world ; and the grounds 
+of this apoftafy feem to have been thefe. At the diftribution 
+of families, and the allotment of the different regions upon 
+earth, the houfe of Shem flood firft, and was particularly 
+regarded. The children of Shem were Elam and Afhur, 
+Arphaxad, Lud, and Aram. Their places of deftination 
+
+feem to have been not far removed from the region of 
+
+* 
+
+Genefis. c. 6. v. 9. 
+
+57 Genefis. c. 10. v. 8 . 
+
+defcent, 
+
+
+
+A M A 1 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+l * f 
+
+'/>/<• <y / /n’y//i*/ /////zi/z/rt/ 
+
+r n (> i 7 ,v rr: a . 
+
+
+fiat , i.r r 
+
+
+* 
+
+y ^ 
+
+
+A R A M 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+Ok 
+
+
+
+
+HAK 
+
+
+k-K 
+
+- A RA 1> It'S 
+AKAKAT 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+\ R F II AX A D 
+
+
+T 
+
+A 
+
+
+■C 
+
+
+v ? 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+E KE B 
+
+
+stvr 
+
+
+& 
+
+
+v 
+
+
+
+
+5 
+
+
+
+
+Ij^ 
+
+
+y 
+
+*v< 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+< 
+
+
+"7 
+
+
+
+
+I) K S E R T 17 M 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis or Ancient Mythology. 17 
+
+defcent, which was the place of reparation. They in general 
+had Aha to their lot, as Japhet had Europe, and Ham the 
+large continent of Africa. And in Aha, the portion of Elam 
+was to the eaft of the river Tigris, towards the mouth of it, 
+which country, by the Gentile writers, was ftyled Elymais : 
+and oppohtc to him, on the weftern hde, was Afliur. In 
+like manner, above Afhur, upon the fame river was Aram, 
+who poflefied the countries called Aram and Aramea : and 
+oppohte to him was Arphaxad, who in after times was called 
+58 Arbaches and Arbaces, and his country Arphacitis. Lud 
+probably retired to Lydia, and bordered upon the ions of 
+Japhet, who were poffeffed of fome regions in Aha Minor. 
+This was the original difjpohtion of thefe families ; but the 
+fons of Chus would not fubmit to the divine difpenfation ; 
+and 59 Nimrod, who hrft took upon himfelf regal ftate, drove 
+AIhur From his demefnes, and forced him to take fhelter in 
+the higher parts of Mefopotamia. This was part of the 
+country called Aram, and was probably ceded to him by 
+his brother. Here the Afhurites built for their defence a 
+chain of cities equal in ftrength and renown to thofe which 
+had been founded by Nimrod. We have, in this detail, an 
+
+
+5* 
+
+
+Juftin. L. 1/ c. 2* Ptolemy exprefles the country Arrapachitis. L. 6. c. i. 
+
+Artaxata. 
+
+
+The chief city 
+
+59 N eCccoi'y 6 xwyjyos xai ytycc < 9 c —ryr>j t op 'NeCcwS' tw fSctciheiatr Bx- 
+
+€v&covo$ fx&jtt t ov kcctcly.?wij fjLov & 6 ict yocc.(fv ai/xT/0w<r/. Chron* Fafchale. p. 28. 
+Nimrod was ftyled Orion, and Alorus by the Gentile writers; and is acknowledged to 
+have teen the firft king upon earth, and to have reigned at Babylon. Tccvtcc fx.€t o 
+B tigwros Tz-gooTov yeretrQcu BaV<Ae« A A oogov ex BctfiuAuros XeeA^aiciEufeb. 
+
+Cnron. p. 5. Syncellus fays the fame, p. 37. 79. We meet with the fame hiftory 
+in another place of the Chron* Pafchale. p. 36. alfo Johan. Antiochen. L. 2. 
+p. 18. 
+
+III. D account 
+
+
+
+18 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+account of the firft monarchy upon earth, and of the tyranny 
+and ufurpations which in confequence of it enfued. 
+
+The facred hiftorian after this mentions another adt of a 
+rebellious purpofe; which conftfted in building a lofty tower 
+with a very evil intent. Moft writers have defcribed this 
+and the former event, as antecedent to the migration of 
+mankind, which they fuppofe to have been from the plains 
+of Shinar : but it will be my endeavour to fhew, that the 
+general migration was not only prior, but from another part 
+of the world. The words of the hiftorian are thefe : 60 A?id 
+the whole earth was of one language^ and of one fpeech. And 
+it came to pafs y as they journeyed from the eaf y that they found 
+a plain in the land of Shinar , and they dwelt there . A?id they 
+faid o?ie to another, Go to y let us make brick y and burn them 
+thoroughly. And they had brick for fone y a?id fime had they 
+for mortar . And they faid y Go to y let us build us a city , and 
+a tower whofe top may reach unto heaven ; and let us make us 
+a name y lejl we be fcattered abroad upon the face of the whole 
+earth. And the Lord came down to fee the city and the tower y 
+which the children of men builded. And the Lord faid y Behold y 
+the people is one ; and they have all one language ; and this 
+they begin to do ; and now nothing will be refrained from them 
+which they have imagined to do. Go to y let us go down , and 
+there confound their language y that they may not underfand 
+each other s fpeech. So the Lord fcattered them abroad from 
+thence upon the face of all the earth ; a?id they left off to build 
+the city : therefore is the name of it called Babel ; becaufe the 
+Lord did there confound the language of all the earth j and 
+
+60 Gcnefls. c. 11. v. 1. 
+
+t 
+
+7 from 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*9 
+
+
+from thence did the Lord fcatter them abroad upon the face of 
+all the earth. It had been in the preceding chapter men¬ 
+tioned, where the 
+
+
+family of Shem was 
+
+
+Heber were born two fo 
+
+
+of one was Peleg ; ft. 
+
+
+in his days was the earth divided. I think, that we may, 
+from the preceding portions of Scripture, obferve two diffe¬ 
+rent occurrences, which are generally blended together. 
+Firfl, that there was a formal migration of families to the 
+feveral regions appointed for them, according to the deter¬ 
+
+
+mination of the Aim 
+
+
+was a diili 
+
+
+of others, who flood their ground, and would not 
+
+divine difpenfation. Thefe feem to have 
+two diflindl events, and to have happened in different 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+places, as well as at different 
+
+
+the besrinninfr of 
+
+
+the latter hiftory, mention is made of people’s journey¬ 
+ing, and proceeding towards a place of fettlement. It is 
+generally thought, that the whole of mankind is included 
+in this defcription; and it is inferred from the 
+Mofes. And the whole earth was of o?ie language , 
+
+
+fpeech 
+
+
+the words of 
+tge, and of 07ie 
+And it came to pafs , as they journeyed from the eaf , 
+
+
+they found a plain in the land of Sh 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+there. But I am not certain 
+
+
+thefe words afford 
+
+
+proof 
+
+
+for, in refpe<ft to what 
+
+
+eaft 
+
+
+do not fee, but that a migration of families migl 
+pened antecedently to this journeying from the 
+paflage, when truly translated, does not by any means 
+to the whole of mankind. According to the original 
+faid indeterminately, that in the journeying of people fro 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+Cl 
+
+
+Gencfis. c. 10. v. 25. Peleg fignified divifion, 
+
+D 2 
+
+
+eaft , 
+
+
+
+20 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+eajl^ they found a plain in the land of Shinar. The purport,, 
+therefore, of the whole paflage amounts only to this, that, 
+before there was any alteration in the language of mankind-, 
+a body of people came from the eaft to the place above fpe- 
+cified. This is all that is faid : fo that I am far fnom being 
+fitisfied, that the whole of mankind w r as engaged in this ex¬ 
+pedition from the eafl. The Scripture does not feem to fay fo: 
+nor can there be any reafon afligned, why they fhould travel 
+fo far merely to be diilipated afterwards. We have reafon 
+to think, that foon aftsr the defcent from the Ark, the Pa¬ 
+triarch found himfelf in a fine and fruitful country for fo 
+it is defcribed by 61 Strabo and others ; and there is nothing 
+that we can fuppofe to have been done at Shinar, but might 
+have been effected in the fpot where he firfl: refided j I mean 
+in refpedl to migration. The region about Ararat: may be 
+eheemed as nearly a central part of the earth; and it is cer¬ 
+tainly as well calculated as any other for the removal of co¬ 
+lonies upon the increafe of mankind. The Ethnic writers, 
+in their accounts of the wanderings of His and Jonah, feem 
+to allude to the journeying of mankind ; and* they Ipeak of 
+the country about Caucafus as the place from whence thofe 
+travels began. The fame is to be obferved in the original 
+hiffory of the Minyas, which is called the retreat of the Ar¬ 
+gonaut® : for they retire from the region about Gaucafus to 
+the remote!! parts of the earth : and it is well known, that 
+Ararat in Armenia is a part of that vaft chain- of mountains 
+called Caucafus and Taurus; Upon thefe mountains, and in t 
+
+^ L. ii. p. Soo. Ararat; regio in Armenia campeftris eft ; pee quam Araxes 
+fluit; incredibiiis ubertatis... Hjeroru in Efaiam, c, 37. See. Tavernier's Travels, p. 
+14, r5. and Tournefort. Lc&er 7th. 
+
+the. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 21 
+
+the adjacent country, were preferved more authentic accounts 
+of the Ark, than almoft in any other part of the world. 
+Mofes Chorenenfis takes notice of the many memorials re¬ 
+lating to ancient times, which were preferved by the people 
+of Armenia. They were commemorated in their poems, 
+fongs, and facred hymns. 63 C^terum veteres Armenii in 
+carminibus fuis, cantilenis ad cymbala, ac tripudiis, longe 
+copiofiorem de his rebus mentionem agitant. The ancient 
+Armenians in their poems and hymns , which are accompanied 
+with cymbals and dances , afford a far more copious account of 
+thefe events than any other nation . The place where man¬ 
+kind firft refided, was undoubtedly the region of the Minyas, 
+at the bottom of Mount Baris, or Luban, which was the Ar¬ 
+arat of Mofes. Here I imagine, that the Patriarch refided ; 
+and 6+ Berofus mentions, that in this place he gave.inftrudtions 
+to his children, and vanifhed from the fight of men. But 
+the facred writings are upon this head filent: they only 
+mention his planting the vine, and feemingly taking up his 
+abode for a long time upon the fpot. Indeed, they do not 
+afford us any reafon to infer that he ever departed from it. 
+The very plantation of the vine feems to imply a purpofe of 
+refidence. Not a word is faid of the Patriarch’s ever quit¬ 
+ting the place ; nor of any of his foils departing from it,, 
+till the general migration. Many of the fathers were of 
+opinion, that they did not for fome ages quit this region. 
+According to Epiphanius, they remained in the vicinity of 
+Ararat for five generations, during the fpace of fix hundred! 
+
+6i L. i*. c. 5. p. 19. 
+
+* 4 Apud Eufcb. Chron. p, 3 ", 
+
+
+and: 
+
+
+
+
+
+Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ami 
+
+
+fifty- 
+
+
+nine year.:.. 
+
+
+" y Mbtx S'a rov kxtx;c?wt 1 uov , B7ri^arns 
+
+
+‘ * '3 
+
+
+Kolpvolko; tv Nw.' ev to;.; ogsci Toig AgotgxT, ctvci fJLCTov Apy,z- 
+
+H'jCV KOLl K OtfvBCCV, B'J TOO Ak'oi CL° OgBl X,oChV^t,Z'J 0), BKSITS 'GTgCdTOV 
+OlKTjTl$ yiVBTOtl fJLBTX TOV KCLTOU'\'J<TfJ,OV TOJV CLvQgCaTrtOV' KXXSl $VTSV£l 
+
+aiJB7TB?Mvx N 'job 6 vrpozrytg, oi/a^tg tb yivsrcu tv tottv. Tivqvt&i 
+
+cb Toi; xvTv 'urcucri - Tzr-yfeg, y.ca 'aroufwv Tzrcuosg, ioog 'urs [X7rTi)g 
+
+ysyscig, btm i^otzotneav 'UTbvtwovtci bvvbol. After the Ark upon 
+
+
+the decreafe of the Tenters had refed upon the mountains of Ar¬ 
+arat, upOfi that particular eminence called Lubar , which bounds 
+the countries of the Armenians mid the Cardueans ; the region 
+where it fettled became the firf place occupied by mankind. 
+Here the Patriarch IVoah took up his refdence, and planted 
+
+In this place he faw a large progeny defend from 
+
+to the 65 fifth generation , for 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+vine. 
+
+
+him , children after children 
+the fpace of fix hundred and fifty-nine years. 
+
+During the refidence of mankind in thefe parts, we may 
+
+
+imagine, that there was a feafon of great happinefs. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+for a long time lived under the mild rule of the great 
+Patriarch, before laws were enadted or penalties known. 
+When they multiplied, and were become very numerous, it 
+pleafed God to allot to the various families different regions, 
+to which they were to retire : and they accordingly, in the 
+days of Peleg, did remove, and betake themfelves to their 
+different departments. But the fons of Chus would not obey. 
+They went off under the condudl of the archrebel Nimrod; 
+
+
+r 4 
+
+D 
+
+
+65 II as ref. L. i. p. 
+
+66 The fame is mentioned by this writer in another place. I7eftWTw yevea, fierce. 
+
+nrov KOLTOtKPwo-fJ.GV) 'Z 3 -^n$VV 0 VTC*)V CtOTl T OJV Cl*Qg 607 rCOl -- X 7 T 0 TB Aǣǣ TtfS A.'>fJ.tVUXSy 
+
+*tut £<pr A^oloclt tw yivovTou tv 'srgJ'/y Xtyctctp. L. I. p. 6 . 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+23 
+
+
+and feem to have been for a long time in a roving ftate; but 
+at laft they arrived at the plains of Shinar. Thefe they 
+found occupied by Affur and his fons : for he had been 
+placed there by divine appointment. But they ejeCted him, 
+and feized upon his dominions ; which they immediately 
+fortified with cities, and laid the foundation of a great mon¬ 
+archy. Their leader is often mentioned by the Gentile 
+writers, who call him Belus. He was a perfon of great im¬ 
+piety ; who finding, that the earth had been divided among 
+the fons of men by a divine decree, thought proper to coun¬ 
+teract the ordinance of God, and to make a different diftri- 
+bution. This is often alluded to in the Ethnic writings j 
+and Abydenus particularly mentions, that 67 Belus appointed 
+to the people their place of habitation. Dionyfius refers to 
+this Belus and his affociates, when he is fpeaking of the dei¬ 
+ties, who were the anceftors of the Indo-Cuthites. 
+
+63 ^ to < 
+
+sxAYigucrctnQ a szocfui 
+
+M OlgOLV zyzw 'GTMTOIQ, XOLl Y\7T£l^0l0 ficcdsiT)*;. 
+
+They firft allotted to each roving tribe 
+
+Their fhare of fea, and land. 
+
+This is the beginning of that period, which, upon account 
+of the rebellion then firft known, was by the Greek writers 
+alluded to under the title of 2KV&i<r{j.o$ y Scuthifmus. This 
+ejedment of Affur feems to {hew, that thefe tranfaClions were 
+after the general migration; for he was in poffeflion of the pro¬ 
+vince allotted to him, till he was ejeCted by this lawlefs people. 
+
+
+67 Xia'av iy.aq-u ccTrortifiocvTci. Eufcb. Prep. Evang 
+65 V. 1173. 
+
+
+L- 9 - P- 457 - 
+
+
+
+
+24 Tuf. Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+In the beginning of this hifiory it is faid, that they jour¬ 
+neyed from the eaft, when they came to the land of Shinar. 
+This was the latter part of thei-r rout : and the reafon of 
+their coming in this direction may, I think, be plainly fhewn. 
+The Ark, according to the heft accounts, both facred and 
+profane, refted upon a mountain of Armenia, called Minyas, 
+Baris, Lubar, and Ararat. Many families of the emigrants 
+went probably diredtly eaft or weft, in confcquence of the 
+fituation to which they were appointed. But thofe who 
+were deftmed to the fouthern parts of the great continents, 
+which they \v r ere to inhabit, could not fo eafily and uniform¬ 
+ly proceed ; there being but few outlets to their place of 
+defoliation. For the high Tauric ridge and the 69 Gordyean 
+mountains came between, and intercepted their due courfe. 
+How difficult thefe mountains were, even in later times, to 
+be paffed may be known from the retreat of the ten thoufand 
+Greeks, who had ferved under Cyrus the younger. They came 
+from thefe very plains of Shinar} and paffing to the eaft of 
+the Tigris, they arrived at thefe mountains, which with great 
+peril they got over. But in the times of which we are treat¬ 
+ing, they muft have been foil more difficult to be 70 fur- 
+mounted : for after the deluge, the hollows and valleys be¬ 
+tween thefe hills, and all other mountainous places, muft 
+have been full of flime and mud ; and for a great while have 
+abounded with ftagnant waters. We know from ancient 
+hiftory, that it was a long time before paflages were opened, 
+
+69 Strabo, L. n. p. ygS. 
+
+70 In later times there were only two paflages fouthward. Armenia orientates 
+Cilicise fines attingit, atque ad Taurum montem patet—-atque ex ea duo aditus in 
+Syriam patent. Mofes Chorenenf. Geog. p. 354. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 25 
+
+and roads made through places of this nature. I fhculd 
+therefore think, that mankind muft neceftarily for fomc ages 
+have remained near the place of defeent, from which they 
+did not depart till the time of the general migration. Ar¬ 
+menia is in great meafure bounded either by the Pontic fea, 
+or by mountains : and it feems to have been the purpofe of 
+Providence to confine the fons of men to this particular re¬ 
+gion, to prevent their roving too foon. Otherwife they 
+might have gone off in fmall parties, before the great fami¬ 
+lies were conftituted, among whom the world was to be 
+divided. The oeconomy and diftribution afligned by Provi¬ 
+dence, would by thefe means have been defeated. It was 
+
+upon this account, that at the migration, many families were 
+
+€ 
+
+obliged to travel more or lefs eaftward, who wanted to come 
+down to the remoter parts of Afia. And in refpedt to the 
+Cuthites, who feem to have been a good while in a roving 
+ftate, they might poflibly travel to the Pylae Cafpiae, before 
+they found an outlet to defeend to the country Ipecified. 
+In confequence of this, the latter part of their rout muft 
+have been in the direction mentioned in the Scriptures; 
+which is very properly ftyled a journeying from the eaft. I 
+was furprifed, after I had formed this opinion from the na¬ 
+tural hiftory of the country, to find it verified by that an¬ 
+cient hiftorian Berofus. He mentions the rout of his coun¬ 
+trymen from Ararat after the deluge ; and fays, that it was 
+not in a ftrait line : but people had been inftrudled 71 / &sgi£ 
+'WogevQwau sis BafyA&wav, to take a circuit , and fo to defeend 
+to the regions of Babylonia. In this manner, the fons of Chus 
+
+7t Eufeb. Chron. p, 8. riepi§ y xwcAw. Hefych. 
+
+Vol. III. E 
+
+
+came 
+
+
+
+26 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+came to the plains of Shinar, of which Babylonia was a part; 
+and from hence they eje<fted Affur: and afterwards tref- 
+paiied upon Elam in the region beyond the Tigris. 
+
+It may Hill be urned, that all mankind mu ft certainly 
+
+O' J 
+
+
+for the whoh 
+
+
+earth and its languan 
+
+o 
+
+
+/ * 
+
+
+
+
+are mentioned 11 ; and it is laid, that God cor found 
+
+
+°J 
+
+
+But tliis, I think, can never be 
+
+
+the meaning of the facred writer : and it m 
+
+
+i ay 
+
+
+b 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+prov 
+
+
+ed 
+
+
+from the premifes, upon which thofe in oppofition proceed. 
+The confulion of fpeech is by all uniformly limited to the re¬ 
+gion about Babel. If we were to allow, that all mankind were 
+included in this foot, how can we imagine, that the facred 
+
+
+this the whole 
+
+
+If mankind were 
+
+
+in pofleftion of the greater part of the globe, this figurative 
+way of fpcaking would be natural and allowable. But if 
+they are fuppofed to be confined to one narrow interamnian 
+diftridt; it is furcly premature : for we cannot fuppofe that 
+the language of the whole earth would be mentioned before 
+the earth was in great meafure occupied ; which they do 
+not allow'. And if what I alTert be granted, that the earth 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+in fome degree peopled, yet the confufion is limited to 
+Babel ; fo that what is mentioned in the above paffage can 
+never relate to the whole earth. 
+
+There are two terms, which are 
+acceptations ; and upon thefe the 
+
+
+different 
+
+
+truth of 
+
+
+pends. 
+
+Aretz, 
+
+
+firft 
+
+
+whole 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+way of fpeaking 
+
+
+word Col fignifies 
+
+
+7 * 
+
+
+C. 11. v. i. 
+
+
+alfo 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+alfo every. By Aretz is often meant the earth : it alfo fig- 
+nifies a land or province ; and occurs continually in this 
+latter acceptation. We find in this very chapter, that the 
+region of Shinar is called Aretz Shinar; and the land of Ca¬ 
+naan 73 Aretz Canaan. The like may be feen in the pre¬ 
+ceding chapter, and in various parts of Scripture. I fhai! 
+therefore adopt it in this fenfe ; and lay before the reader a 
+verfion of the whole paffage concerning Babel ; rendering 
+the terms above as I have obferved them at times exhibited 
+by fome of the befl judges of the original. 
+
+1. And every region was of one lip and 74 mode of fpeech. 
+
+2. And it came to pafs , i?i the journeying of people from the 
+eafi, that they found a plam in the (Aretz) larid of Shinar, 
+and they dwelt there. 
+
+3. And one man faid to another ; Go to\ let us make brick, 
+and burn theni thoroughly : and they had brick for ftone ; and 
+
+Jlime had they for mortar. 
+
+4. And they faid ; Go to ; let us bitild us a city and a 
+tower , whofe top may reach unto heaven: and let us make us a 
+mark or fegnal , that we may not be fcattered abroad upon the 
+
+furface of every region. 
+
+5. And the Lord came down to fee the city, and the tower, 
+which the children of men were building . 
+
+6. And the Lord faid-. Behold, the people is one (united in 
+
+
+71 V. 32. So Aretz Havilah, the land of Havilah. Genefis. c. 2. v. 1 x. 1103 
+Aretz Cufh, v. 12. the land of Cufh. The Pfalmift makes ufe of both the terms 
+precifely in the fenfe, which I attribute to them here. ’Their found is gone out into every 
+land: Col Aretz, in omnem terram. Pf. 19. v. 4. 
+
+74 Et oprnis terra labium unum, et verba una. Verfio Aria; Montani. xcci <pui>n 
+y.ix 'wa<ri. Sept. 
+
+E 2 
+
+
+one 
+
+
+
+28 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+one body) ; and they have all one lip or prommciatioti: and 
+this they begin to do ; and now nothing will be 7'eflrained from 
+them , which they have imagined to do. 
+
+7 . Go tOj let us go down , a?id there co?ifound their lip , that 
+they may not underfiand one another s lip , or p?~Gnu?iciation. 
+
+8 . So the Lord fcattered them abroad from thence over the 
+face of every 7 'egion ; and they left off to build the city. 
+
+9 . 'Therefore is the 7iatne of it called Babe /, becaufe the Lord 
+did there confound the lip of the whole land ; a7id f'0771 thence 
+did the Lord fcatter the?n over the face of every region , or of 
+the whole earth. 
+
+This I take to be the true purport of the hiftory : from 
+whence we may infer, that the confuflon of language was a 
+partial event; and that the whole of mankind are by no 
+means to be included in the difperflon from Babel. It re¬ 
+lated chiefly to the fons of Chus ; whofe intention was t-o 
+have founded a great, if not an univerfal, empire : but by 
+this judgment their purpole was defeated. 
+
+That there was a migration firft, and a difperflon after¬ 
+wards, will appear more plainly, if we compare the different 
+hiftories of thefe events. 75 In the days of Peleg the earth 
+was divided: and the fons of IVoah were diflinguijhed i7i their 
+generations , in their nations : and by thefe were the natiotis 
+divided in the earth after the flood. We fee here uni¬ 
+formity and method ; and a particular diflribution. And 
+this is faid to have happened, not after the building of the 
+tower, or confufion of fpeech, but after the flood. In 
+
+75 Genefis. c. io. v. 25. ^r. 32. E|? clvts (<f»*A ey) x.cti t >iv tcov B xcn- 
+
+A eiav 0 hi 0 'memos 6 xou N €fj£pu)Si (poLuev x.ccrctof'oi'jQxt. Syncellus, p. 79. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.. 29 
+
+the other cafe, there is an irregular diflipation without any 
+rule and order. 76 So the Lord fcattered them abroad from 
+thence upon the face of every region ; and they left off to build 
+the city : and from thence (from the city and tower) did 
+the Lord flatter them abroad. This is certainly a different 
+,event from the former. In fhort, the migration was general; 
+and all the families among the fons of men were concerned 
+in it. The difperfion at Babel, and the confufion, was par¬ 
+tial ; and related only to the houfe of Chus and their adhe¬ 
+rents. For they had many aflociates, probably out of every 
+family; apoftates from the truth; who had left the flock of 
+their fathers, and the religion of the true God, that they 
+might enlifl under the rule of the Cuthites, and follow their 
+rites and worfhip. For when Babel was deferted, we find 
+among the Cuthites of Chaldaea fome of the line of 77 Shem, 
+whom we could fcarcely have expected to have met in 
+fuch a fociety. Here were Terah, and Nahor, and even 
+Abraham, all upon forbidden ground ; and feparated from 
+the family to which they belonged. This Jofhua mentions 
+in his exhortation to the children of Ifrael. 78 Your fathers 
+dwelt on the other fde of the flood in old time , even Yerah the 
+father of sdbraham^ and the father of IVachor,. and they ferved 
+other gods. And we may well imagine, that many of the 
+branches of Ham were affociated in the fame manner, and 
+in confederacy with the .rebels ; and fome perhaps of every 
+great divifion into which mankind was feparated. To this- 
+
+
+76 Genefis. c. u. v. 8. 9; 
+
+77 Genefis. c. n.v. 28.. 31, 
+r! Jolhua. c. 24. v. 2. 
+
+
+• 1 
+
+
+Berofus 
+
+
+
+30 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Berofus bears witncfs, who fays, that in the firft age Baby¬ 
+lon was inhabited by people of different families and nations, 
+who redded there in great numbers. 79 Ev ds r r) Ba SvXoovi 
+■woXu 'nrXri^oc a.yjg'jC7rocv ysvscOou a.XAosOvuv kc/j7qixy)'Tclvtoov XctA- 
+
+Souolv. In thofe times Babylon was full of people of differe7tt 
+nations and families, who refded in Chaldea. And as all thefe 
+
+tribes are faid to have been of one lip, and of the fame 
+words, that is, of the fame uniform pronunciation, and the 
+fame exprefs language, it feemed good to divine wifdom, to 
+caufe a confufion of the lip, and a change in pronunciation, 
+that thefe various tribes might no longer underftand each 
+other. 80 Go to , let us go down , and there confoujid their nair, 
+lip ; that they may not uttderftand one another s fpeech. 
+81 "Therefore is the name of it called Babel ; becaufe the Lord 
+did there confound the language of all the earth. Our verfion 
+is certainly in this place faulty, as I have fhewn : for by 
+faphet col haretz is not here meant the language of the 
+whole earth, but of the whole region, or province ; which 
+language was not changed, but confounded, as we find it 
+exprefly mentioned by the facred writer. This confufion of 
+fpeech is by all uniformly limited to the country about Babel. 
+
+We mull therefore, inftead of the language of all the 
+earth fubftitute the language of the whole country: for fuch 
+is the purport of the terms. This was confounded by cauf- 
+ing a 81 labial failure ; fo that the people could not articulate. 
+
+79 Eufebii Chron. p. 6. 
+
+Genefis. c. 11. v. 7. 
+
+81 C. 11. v. 9. 
+
+#x By all the Grecian interpreters it is rendered (rvy%y<ri $: which can never denote 
+a change 5 but only a confufion. 
+
+10 it 
+
+
+
+1 1 
+
+
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 31 
+
+It was not an aberration in words, or language, but a failure, 
+and incapacity in labial utterance. By this their fpeech was 
+confounded, but not altered; for, as foon as they feparated, 
+they recovered their true tenor of pronunciation ; and the 
+language of the earth continued for fome ages nearly the 
+33 fame. This, I think, appears from many interviews, taken 
+notice of in Scripture, between the Hebrews, and other na¬ 
+tions ; wherein they fpeak without an interpreter, and muft 
+therefore have nearly the fame tongue. And even the lan¬ 
+guages, which fublift at this day, various as they may be, yet 
+retain fufficient relation to fhew, that they were once dia¬ 
+lers from the fame matrix ; and that their variety was the 
+effe<£t of time. If we may truft to an Ethnic writer, the evi¬ 
+dence of Eupolemus is decifive ; for he fpeaks of the difper- 
+fion as a partial judgment, infli&ed upon thofe perfons only, 
+who were confederate at Babel. His account is very parti¬ 
+cular, and feems to agree precifely with the purport of the 
+Scriptures. He fays, 84 that the city Babel was firft founded , 
+and afterwards the celebrated tower ; both which were built by 
+fome of thofe people who had efcaped the deluge. Eimi Js oiVTag 
+
+r lyoLVTctg. They were the fame who m after times were recorded 
+
+8j Upon this head, the perfon of all others to be confulted, is the very learned 
+Monfieur Court de Gebelin, in his work entitled, Monde Primitif Analyfe et Com¬ 
+pare ; which is now printing at Paris, and is in part finifhed. The laft publilhed vo¬ 
+lume is particularly to be read •, as it affords very copious and l'atisfadory evidences 
+to this purpofe; and is replete with the moil curious erudition, concerning the 
+hiftory and origin both of writing and language. 
+
+8+ EtrzroAe/ess $e tv ™ -z vepi ludutasv tw Acrci^/as (pwc/, ■zeroAn' BaCoA&ira 'srp.uTov |u.e>> 
+xTitrlWaj 07 to Twr S'lcta-cu^evTuv ex T3 xaraicAos-^H' eivcci atm« r>yavTcti. Oixafo- 
+jjSiv <T£ ror 1 ‘rop’Jfj.evov Flupyov. 'wtacvroe Se tutu utts tvs ts ©en tveoyticc?, icoiTiyat-rcts 
+
+S'nx.aTrapwca xah' oAw ynv. Apud Eufeb. Praep. L. g. p. 418. 
+
+
+under 
+
+
+
+32 The Analysis of A NCIENT M YTHOLOG V. 
+
+wider the character of the Giants. 'The tower was at Ie 7 igth 
+by the hand of the udlmighty ruined: and thefe Giants were 
+fcattered over the whole earth. By this we find, that only a 
+part of mankind was engaged in the building of the tower ; 
+and that thofe only were difperfed abroad : confequently 
+the confufion of fpeech could not be univerfal, no more than 
+the difperfion, of which it was the caufe. 
+
+The people concerned in this daring undertaking encou¬ 
+raged each other to this work by faying, Ss Go to ; let us 
+build us a city and a tower , whofe top may t'each unto heaven : 
+and let us make us a name , lejl we be fcaitei'ed abroad upon the 
+face of the whole earth. What is in our veriion a name, is 
+by many interpreted a monument, a s6 mark, or fign to di- 
+red: and this certainly is the fenfe of it in this pafTage. 
+The great fear of the fons of Chus was, that they might be 
+divided and fcattered abroad. They therefore built this 
+tower, as a land-mark to repair to ; as a token to dired 
+them : and it was probably an idolatrous temple, or high 
+altar, dedicated to the hoft of heaven, from which they were 
+never long to be abfent. It is expreffly faid, that they raifed 
+it, to prevent their being fcattered abroad. It was the ori¬ 
+ginal temple of Sama-Rama, whence the Babylonians were 
+called Semarim. The apoftates were one fourth of the line 
+of Ham, and they had an inclination to maintain themfelves 
+where they firft fettled, inftead of occupying the countries 
+to which they were appointed. And that the fons of Chus 
+
+85 Genefis. c. 11. v. 3.. 
+
+ss According to Schultens, the proper and primary notion of Dti?, is a mark, or 
+fign, {landing out, raifed up, or expofed to open view. Taylor’s Hebrew Concord¬ 
+ance. n. 1963. C3ti\ isfimilar to and cacwcof the Greeks. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 33 
+
+were the chief agents both in ere&ing the tower of Babel, 
+and in profecuting thefe rebellious principles, is plain from 
+a previous pafiage ; for it is faid of Nimrod, the fon of 
+Chus, that the beginning of his kingdom was Babel. We can¬ 
+not therefore fuppofe this defection general, or the judgment 
+univerfal ; unlefs all mankind co-operated with this tyrant. 
+Or fuppofing, that the term of his life did not extend to the 
+erecting of the tower, and that he only laid the foundation 
+of the city : yet the whole was carried on by thofe of his 
+family, who were confefiedly rebels and apofiates. They 
+a&ed in defiance of God ; and were in a continual ftate of 
+trefpafs towards man. And though fome did join them ; 
+yet it is hardly credible, that all fhould co-operate, and fo 
+totally forget their duty. How can we imagine that Shem, 
+if he were alive, would enter into a league with fuch people? 
+or that his fons Elam, Aram, or Arphaxad would join them ? 
+The pre-eminence fhewn them in the regions to which they 
+were appointed, and the regularity obfervable in their defti- 
+nation, prove that they could not have been a part in the 
+difperfion, and confequently not of the confederacy. In¬ 
+deed, they had retired to their feveral departments, before 
+the erecting of the tower : and Afliir, the fecond of the fons 
+of Shem, fo far from co-operating with this people, had 
+been driven from his fettlement by them, and forced to take 
+fhelter in another place. In fhort, there was a migration 
+firft, and a difperfion afterwards: which latter was effe&ed 
+by a fearful judgment; a confufion of fpeech, through a 
+failure in labial utterance. This judgment was partial, as 
+was the difperfion in confequence of it. It related only to 
+
+Vol. III. F the 
+
+
+
+34 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the Cuthites of Shinar and Babel, and to thofe who had 
+joined themlelves to them. They leem to have been a very 
+numerous body : and, in confequence of this calamity, they 
+fled away; not to any particular place of deftination : but 
+were fcattered abroad upon the face of the whole earth. And 
+the truth of this will appear from the concurrent teftimony 
+of the moft approved Ethnic writers. 
+
+Such is the account tranfmitted by Mofes of the reparation 
+of mankind after the flood ; and of their migration, accord¬ 
+ing to their families, to the regions appointed for them : of 
+the rebellion alfo of the Cuthites, and the conftrudtion of the 
+tower; and of the diflipation, which afterwards enfued., 
+This is a curious and ineftimable piece of hiftory* which is 
+authenticated in every part by the evidence of fubfequent 
+ages. As far as this hiftory goes, we have an infallible 
+guide to diredt us in refpedl to the place of deftination, to 
+which each family retired. But what encroachments were 
+afterwards made; what colonies were fent abroad ; and 
+what new kingdoms founded; are circumftances to be 
+fought for from another quarter. And in. our procefs to 
+obtain this knowledge, we' muft have recourfe to the writers 
+ot Greece. It is in vain to talk about the Arabian or Perfic 
+literature, of modern date : or about the Celts, and the 
+Scytha; ; at leaft, according to the common acceptation, in 
+which the laft nation is underftood. All knowledge of an¬ 
+cient times has been derived to us through the hands of the 
+Grecians. They have copied from the moft early writers of 
+the eaft : and we have no other refources to apply to,, where 
+the Mofaic hiftory cloies. It may perhaps be faid, that thefe. 
+
+5 helps. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+35 
+
+
+helps mull be very precarious ; as little truft can be repofed 
+in writers, who have blended and fophifticated whatever 
+came to their hands : where the mixture is To general, that 
+it is fcarce pofiible, with the greateft attention, to diftinguilh 
+truth from fable. It mult be confeffed, that the truth is 
+much difguifed : yet it is by no means effaced ; and confe- 
+quently may be ftill retrieved. I hope, in the courfe of my 
+argument, that this has been abundantly fhewn. To pafs a 
+proper judgment on the Grecian hiftories, we muff: look 
+upon them colled:ively as a rich mine ; wherein the ore lies 
+deep ; and is mixed with earth, and other bafe concretions. 
+It is our buffnefs to lift, and feparate ; and by refining to 
+difengage it. This, by care and attention, is to be effected : 
+and then what a fund of riches is to be obtained ! 
+
+The laft great event, which I mentioned from the Mofaic 
+account, was the diflipation of the Cuthites from Babel : 
+from whence they were fcattered over the face of the earth. 
+This is an aera to be much oblerved : for at this period the 
+facred penman clofes the general hiftory of the world. What 
+enfues relates to one family and to a private difpenfation. 
+Of the nations of the earth, and their polities, nothing more 
+occurs ; excepting only, as their hiftory chances to be con-» 
+nested with that of the fons of Ifrael. We mull therefore 
+have recourfe to Gentile authority for a lubfequent account. 
+And, previoully to this, we may from them obtain collateral 
+evidence of the great events which had preceded, and which 
+are mentioned by Mofes. We learn from the poets, and all 
+the more ancient writers were poets, that there was a time, 
+whqn mankind lived a life of fimplicity and virtue : that 
+
+F 2 they 
+
+
+
+36 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+they had no- laws ; but were in a ftate of nature ; when 
+pains and penalties were unknown. They were wonderfully 
+blcfled with longevity, and had a lhare of health and ftrength 
+in proportion to their years. At laft, there was a mighty 
+falling off from this primitive ftmplicity; and a great change 
+was effected in confequence of this failure. Men grew 
+proud and unjuft: jealoufies prevailed ; attended with a 
+love of rule : which was followed with war and bloodfhed. 
+The chief perfon, who began thefe innovations, was Nimrod. 
+The Greeks often call him Nebrod, and Nebros, and have 
+preferved many oriental memorials concerning him, and his 
+apoftafy ; and concerning the tower, which he is fuppofed 
+to have erected. He is defcribed as a gigantic, daring per- 
+fonage ; a contemner of every thing divine 1 and his afloci- 
+ates are reprefented of a character equally enterprizing and 
+daring. 87 Abydenus, in his Aflyrian Annals, alludes to the 
+infurre<ftion of the fons of Chus, and to their great impiety. 
+He alfo mentions the building of the tower, and confu- 
+fion of tongues : and fays, that the tower, analogous to the 
+words of the Scripture, was carried up to heaven ; but that 
+the Gods ruined it by ftorms and whirlwinds ; and fruftrated 
+the purpole for which it was deligned ; and overthrew it 
+upon the heads of thofe, who were employed in the work : 
+
+87 Eiti Se 01 A zywi tbs 'stosotbs ex yw <xvsut%cvt<xc. rs x.cci fteyefet xatvrcoQevTctfy 
+
+X<X*$V~;rZocVX.CC r TtXq.'fOV'n<7CtVTOt$<ZfJLtl99VC6$€lV<Xti'5rU0y&)VTVgariV riAl^CCTOV cluqhv^ IVCt V’JV 
+Yo£vXAsVSq-rty 7)4 Y) T€ CLfj&QV S IVXI TB XStl T«~S etV€fJ.'H 3 (6'jlQzOVTCL$ CLVCCT^\cLL 
+
+r *DCgi OLVTOiCl TO }JLY,*(CLWlJ.OL TB Sy)TCL €D5l7TtX h£y€(rQxi BAftJPX. TeCOi S g OVTOtS OfJ.0 - 
+
+^•Acocra'iS ex Beo)v 'zcrcAv&ovp (foivnv evetxctaBca. 4e K.gov& xcti TtTnvt cv~iD<rcti *zvo- 
+
+AO Se tctto^ €v w 'srupyov uTtoSofJLfiTetVj w* Ba£uA oov Stx r»v <ruy%yarn*. 
+
+tb 'zvzqi rr,v SictAenrov 'vjg&Tnv eveteyws. ECpouot y&g T*v r avy%y<nv BstCeA xaA bo-j. 
+Eufeb, Cluon. p. 13. 
+
+that 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+37 
+
+that the ruins of it were called Babylon. Before this, there 
+was but one language fubfifling among men: but now they 
+had, / uto 7 \v^hv Qoovriv, a manifold found, or utterance. A 
+war foon after enfued between Cronus and Titan. He re¬ 
+peats, that the particular fpot, where the tower flood, was 
+in his time called Babylon ss . It was fo called, he fays, from 
+the confufion of tongues, and variation of dialedt: for in 
+the Hebrew language, fuch confufion is termed Babel. The 
+Scriptures fpeak only of a confufion of tongue : but Abyde- 
+nus mentions high winds, which impeded the work, and 
+finally overthrew the tower. The like is mentioned in the 
+Sibylline oracles, together with the confufion of tongues : 
+which circumflance mofl of thefe writers, from not being 
+well verfed in the original hiflory, have fuppofed to have 
+been general 89 . And fimilar to the hiflory of Abydenus, an ac¬ 
+count is here given of a war, which broke out foon after. 
+
+Some traces of thofe fearful events, with which the dif- 
+perfion is faid to have been attended, feem to have been 
+preferved in the records of Phenicia. Syria, and the greatefh 
+part of the country about Libanus, was, as I have abundant¬ 
+ly fhewn, poffefled by the fons of Chus : and even the city 
+Tyre was under their rule. The people of this city were 
+flyled Phenicians, and are faid to have been driven from 
+
+their firfl place of fettlement, which we know to have been 
+
+* # 
+
+in Babylonia, by earthquakes. 90 Tyriorum gens, condita. a 
+
+* a Strabo fpeaks of a tower of immenfe fize at Babylon, remaining in later times, 
+which was a ftadium every way. L. 16 . p. 1073. Thefe are nearly the dimenfions 
+of fome of the principal pyramids in Egypt. 
+
+* 9 Theophilus ad Autolyc. L. 2- p. 37 *• 
+
+90 Juftin. L. 18. c. 3. , . ; 
+
+Phoenicibus 
+
+
+
+
+
+38 The Analysis of Ancient Mythoi.ocy. 
+
+Phcenicibus fuit ; qui terrse motu vexati Affyrium ftagnum 
+primo, mox mari proximum littus incoluerunt. 
+
+I have mentioned the remarkable evidence of Eupolemus, 
+who attributes the conftru&ion both of Babylon, and the 
+Tower, to people of the giant race. By thefe are always 
+meant the fons of Ham and Chus : fo that it certainly was 
+not a work of general co-operation. Epiphanius alfo takes 
+notice of Babel, or Babylon ; 91 rr,g 'UTgooTrig 'uroXsug fAsra. tov 
+y. at cty.Xv t fAOV xTicdsiTtg' Which , he fays, was the fir ft city that 
+was built after the flood. E x ctvri 3 tjj ovco$ 0 [AY) CLgyy Koitov 
+< rvpfisKict.g, ctO^otorfAx, koli Tvgctvvrfog, yivsTou N eSgoed, N sEgwd 
+
+yctg fictciXsvst viog tx Xxg AiQi07rog. From the very foundation 
+of this city , there commenced an immediate feene of conJ s piracy , 
+fedit ion, and tyranny , which was carried on by Nimrod : for 
+royalty was then firft affumed by Nimrod , who was the fon of 
+Chus , the JEthiop. He is in all hiftories reprefented as a 
+giant; and, according to the 91 Perfian accounts, was deified 
+after his death, and called Orion. One of the afterifms in 
+the celeftial fphere, was denominated from him. The Scrip¬ 
+ture fpeaks of him as a mighty hunter : and Homer, in re¬ 
+ference to thefe hiftories, introduces him as a giant, and a 
+hunter in the fhades below. 
+
+93 Tov h (AST Qguevct. 'ursXoogtov ei<rsvori<rcL 
+
+© 1 <jga.g 0(AX Bih&VVTOL KCLT OL(T<poSs7\OV 7\Sl[AOOV& y 
+
+rjl L. i. p. 7. 
+
+9i cc^iseyevvyicre tov ytyccvToc^ tov tvv Ba Sv^oovot XTfcctvTcc^ ov A eyy- 
+
+civ 0 $ n epccti ct7ro8eco9$vTcc 9 xcci yevo/xevov ev ac^pots tb Ouoccvb, ovtivoc Azy&aiv nPIfi- 
+NA. Chron. Pafch. p. 36 . Ev Se tois 'crpoeipvixevots %gorois yeyove tis ytyccSjT&vofJLx 
+
+vies Xfc's tb Ai8io7tos. Johan. Malala, p. 18 . 
+
+93 Homer. Odyfll L. A. v. 571* 
+
+Tag 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 39 
+
+ctvTog KCLTSTre<pv£V sv oiOTCoKoanv ogs<r<ri, 
+
+"Ksgtriv tyuv poTraAov 'uroty^a.T^csov y ousv otctysg. 
+
+Next I beheld Orion’s tow’ring fhade, 
+
+Chafing the favage race ; which wild with fear 
+Before him fled in herds. Thefe he had flain 
+Upon the cliffs, and folitary hills. 
+
+His arms, a club of brafs, mafly and ftrong, 
+
+Such as no force could injure. 
+
+The author of the Pafchal Chronicle mentions all his at¬ 
+tributes, in fpeaking of him : ^NsSgwcJ' 6 Kvvnyog, kou Yiyag, 0 
+
+A/ 0 /o*v|a—T arw tm N£^6 j<T t w @>0 L<nX£icLV BaSuXuvog [astk t ov 
+
+KarrOLKhvtr (jlov Yj Ssict ygoupr) CLVCLTi^fTi. Nebrod , the great hunter , 
+and giant , the Ethiopian ; whom the facred writings make king 
+of Babylo?i after the deluge . The fame author fays, that he 
+firft taught the Aflyrians to worfliip fire. 'O vTog S'lS'ottncei 
+
+A<r<rvgixg tre^siv to 'urvg. By the Aflyrians are meant the Ba¬ 
+bylonians, who in after times were included under that 
+name, but in thefe days were a very diftindt people. Nim¬ 
+rod, by the Grecians, was fometimes rendered N s£gog, Ne- 
+bros ; which fignifies alfo a fawn : whence in the hiftory of 
+Bacchus, and the Cuthites, there is always a play upon this 
+term; as well as upon vs£gig and ve£gi$sg, Nebris and Nebrides. 
+
+They were not only the oriental hiftorians, who retained 
+the memory of thefe early events : manifeft traces of the 
+fame are to be found in the Greek poets ; who, though 
+at firft not eafy to be underftood, may be fatisfadtorily ex¬ 
+plained by what has preceded. The clue given above will 
+
+
+
+94 Chron. Pafch. p. 28. 
+
+
+
+4-0 
+
+
+The An alvsis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+readily lead us to the hiftory, to which they allude. The 
+difperiionof the Cuthites is manifeftly to be difeovered under 
+the fable of the flight of Bacchus : and the difunion of that 
+formidable body, which made fo bold a ftand, and the fcat- 
+tering of them over the face of the earth, is reprefented un¬ 
+der the fable of difmembering the fame perfon. It is faid of 
+him, that he was torn 9S limb from limb : that his members 
+were fcattered different ways ; but that he afterwards re¬ 
+vived. The Scripture account is, that the Lord fcattered 
+them abroad ; not to any certain place of deftination, but 
+over the face of the whole earth. This is plainly referred to 
+by Nonnus, where he fpeaks of the retreat of Bacchus, and 
+the diflipation of his aflociates ; by whom are to be under¬ 
+flood the Cuthites. 
+
+96 A srctQssg d s (p&Xctyysg kvxXcc xeXevQx 
+
+'Es'vcov svQol mi evQa, d \cucgi$ov y eg •urrsgov Evga, 
+
+Eig r s fayiv Zs<pvgoio y mi ’E<r7regus icXi^a. youvig. 
+
+'Aids Not« 'sra^a 'ureia.v aA^aors?, a ih Bogqog 
+B CLtrccLgifeg ySKovsovro. 
+
+His wavering bands now fled in deep difmay 
+By different routs, uncertain where they pafs’d, 
+
+Some fought the limits of the eaftern world ; 
+
+C5 Clemens Alexandr. Cohort, p. 15. 'Oi Ttrccvei Jtecr 7 raccr<x,v *rt vvncicc*.ov ovtol. 
+Juftin Mart. Apolog. L. 1. p. 56. and p. 75. mentions Aiovvaov Sicca- 7 rct^vrcc* 
+Bacchus was the fame as Ofiris. 
+
+* 
+
+Ogygia me Bacchum vocat: 
+
+Ofirin iEgyptus putat: &c. Aufonius. 
+
+Ofiris, in confequence of this, is fuppofed to have been torn to pieces, and his limbs 
+fcattered. Plutarch. Ifis & Ofiris. See alfo Diodorus Sicul. L. 3. p. 196. 
+
+96 Nonni Dionyfiac. L. 34. p. 864. 
+
+7 Some, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+Some, where the craggy weftern coaft extends, 
+Sped to the regions of the fetting fun. 
+
+Sore travel others felt, and wandered far 
+Southward ; while many fought the diftant north, 
+All in confuflon. 
+
+
+He fpeaks of this people in the feminine ; becaufe many of 
+the attendants upon Bacchus were fuppofed to have been 
+women, and were his priefteflcs : but the meaning of the 
+
+• t 
+
+ftory is evident. I fhall fhew, that many of them fled by fea 
+
+* 
+
+to India, where they fettled upon the great Erythrean Ocean. 
+The poet has an eye to this likewife in another place, where 
+he {peaks of the flight of Bacchus. He paints him in great 
+terrors, and in the utmoft confternation. 
+
+97 ToL^cthsois <Jg 'uro$e<r<n <pvyuv axiy/fcjog 6 $ityis, 
+
+TXa.vx.ov EPT 0 PAIHS V 7 rsh<raTo xvfaa SaXa (rtnjff* 
+
+T ov Qstis fcuQiri (piXsw 'W’nxvvev ayo?w, 
+
+Kai [aiv &toq dwovra ‘&oXv<pXoi<r£ow fjLsXaOgx 
+Xs£<n <piXo%£ivoi<riv A^a\J/ r\<r7ra£eT0 N r)g£V$. 
+
+Bacchus all trembling, as he fled away, 
+
+Call’d on the mighty Erythrean deep 
+To yield him {belter. Thetis heard his cries. 
+
+And as he plung’d beneath the turbid wave. 
+
+Received him in her arms: old Nereus too, 
+
+The Arabian God, ftretch’d out his friendly hand, 
+And led him darkling thro’ the vafl abyfs 
+Of founding waters. 
+
+
+97 Nonni Dionyfiac.'L. 20. p.552. 
+
+
+
+
+Vql. IH. 
+
+
+
+42 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The check, which Bacchus received, and his flight in con- 
+fequence of it, is fuppofed by many to have been in 
+Thrace. Here Lycurgus is faid to have been king, who 
+drove Bacchus out of his dominions. But Lycurgus be¬ 
+ing made king of Thrace is like Inachus and Phoroneus 
+being the fame at Argos, Deucalion in Theflaly. Thefe are 
+all ancient traditions, ingrafted upon the hiftory of the place 
+by the pofterity of thofe who introduced them. Diodorus 
+Siculus 9 * allures us, that many writers, and particularly An- 
+timachus, made Lycurgus a king of Arabia : and Homer 
+places the fcene of this tranfadlion at Nufa: but which 
+Nufa he does not fay. In Ihort Lycus, Lycorus, Lycoreus, 
+and with a guttural Lycurgus, were all names of the Deity ; 
+and by the Amonians appropriated to the Sun. Under 
+the fable of 99 Lycurgus, who exterminated Bacchus and his 
+affociates, is veiled the true hiftory of the juft judgments of 
+God upon Chus, and his family ; who fled every way from 
+the place of vengeance, and palled the feas to obtain Ihelter. 
+
+
+L. 3. p. 199. 
+
+
+99 
+
+
+Lycus, Sol. Macrob.. SaturnaL L. i. p.. 195. 
+
+
+So alfo Lycoreus, in Callimach. Hymn, in Apoll. v. 19. 
+
+H » ro^ct A.uy.e*>gczs svrex 4 >oj£bt. 
+
+Lycurgus is Lycorus with a guttural: which manner of pronunciation was very 
+common among the ancients. So Reu or Rau is ftyled Ragau : the plains of Shinar, 
+Singar and Singara : Sehor, Segor: Aza, Gaza: Nahum, Nachum : Ifaac, Ifchiac : 
+Urhoe, the land of Ur, Urchoe, and Orchoe. The fame place, ftyled Hoa, is by 
+the LXX always rendered 'Koopot . The rites of fire were originally called Opict 9 but 
+were changed to Qpyux, : cacc to yaicc . 
+
+As Lycurgus was a title of the Deity, they fometimes gave it, which is extraordi¬ 
+nary, to Eacchus himfelf, or at lead to Dionufus. Kai t ov g Awk/cw xgu t ov H 
+Atmvgyov awcx.7rTovT& ei$ev 9 toov Sbocov ZfjLotQTgoTriOiV ccsvittqvtku Strabo of the Thra** 
+cians, and alfo of the Phrygians. L. to. p. 722. 
+
+
+5 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4-3 
+
+
+The facred writings mention only a confufion of tongues : 
+but all Pagan accounts allude to fome other fearful judg¬ 
+ment, with which this people were purfued till they were 
+totally diflipated. Homer, fpeaking of Lycurgus, mentions 
+this purfuit; but by a common miftake, introduces Dionu- 
+fus inftead of Bacchus. 
+
+IO ° Og 'UTots fxxmfxevoio Aiwvvcroio T lOrjVctg 
+
+Xsvs kolt riyctCsov 1 Nvrarriiov di <T dpoc / ura.<rcu 
+®u<t@Acl yjxfjLou KocreyevoLV vn ctv$go<povoio AVKxgyx 
+©sivofJLSvai (2>H7rXr)yt. Aioovvtrog Js cpo^sig 
+Av<reQ’ dhog kcltol kv{acc' ®sTig <T vtto<$s%oito kqK7Tw 
+A erfiOTx. 
+
+In a mad mood while Bacchus blindly rag’d, 
+
+Lycurgus drove his trembling bands confufed 
+O’er the vaft plains of Nufa. They in hafte 
+Threw down their facred implements, and fled 
+In dreadful diflipation. Bacchus faw 
+Rout upon rout; and loft in wild difmay 
+Plung’d in the deep : here Thetis in her arms 
+Receiv’d him, fhuddering at the dire event. 
+
+By the tiQwcci, or nurfes, of Bacchus are meant the priefts, 
+and prieftefles, of the Cuthites. I make no doubt, but the 
+ftory is founded in truth : that there was fome alarming 
+judgment; terrified with which the Bacchians, or Cuthites, 
+
+Homer. Iliad. Z. v. 133. 
+
+H f*tv NWcra tv run opcos tv Boioma, tcoli ©gcLKy, xou A§a£/ct, x act I*- 
+
+fixr y Ken A i€vyi 9 xcu o7rs St , z«7oA^5 ws K xctt tv ry Kcciocaovy ogtt* 07 m 
+
+S-t vnaoSy cos tv N*/Ay t« «roTajuy. Scholia in Homer, fupra. 
+
+G 2 fled 
+
+♦ + 4 
+
+
+
+4 4 - The Analysis of Ancient Mythology.* 
+
+fled different ways : that their priefts in confternation threw 
+away what Heftiaeus ftyles * UgwfJLCLTCc Zij vog E vvoLhix, all their 
+implements of falfe worfhip. In fhort, the hand of heaven 
+hung heavy upon their rear, till they had totally quitted the 
+fcene of their apoftafy and rebellion, and betaken themfelves 
+to different quarters. The reafon why the Cuthites com¬ 
+bined in a ftrong body, and maintained themfelves in their 
+torbidden territory, was a fear of feparation. Let us build us 
+a tower , and snake us a fgn , left we be fcatteredabroad. It was 
+their lot to be totally diflipated : and they were the greateft 
+wanderers of all nations : and the titles of cthrftou and aA»]- 
+
+/jlovss are peculiar to their hiftory. They feem to have been 
+in a roving ftate for ages. 
+
+I have often taken notice of a cuftom, which prevailed 
+among the Grecians; and confifted in changing every foreign 
+term, that came under their view, to fomething of fimilar 
+found in their own language, though it were ever fo remote 
+in fenfe. A remarkable inftance, if I miftake not, may be 
+found in this paffage from Homer. The text manifeftly 
+alludes to- the vengeance of the Deity, and the difperfion of 
+the fons of Chus. The term Boy, Bou, in the Amonian 
+language, fignified any thing large and noble. The God 
+Sehor was called Bou-Sehor. This was the Bufiris ( 'Ratrigig) 
+of the Greeks, who retained this term in their own language ; 
+and ufed it in the fame fenfe. Accordingly, B szoug was a 
+
+jolly fine boy: Ba^ycna, a great facrifice : Bbtt^oj^, vaft 
+rocks : B xyxiog, a great boafter : B izhipLog y great hunger, or 
+famine. Hence Hefychius tells us, Boy, To poeyct. kcu 'sro^v 
+
+
+* Eufeb, Chron. p* 13*. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+SyiXOI. 
+
+
+By Bou is Jignijied any thing great and abundant. 
+
+
+rate 
+
+
+The term Pleg, or Peleg, related to reparation and difper- 
+fion : and when Homer mentions &sivo(jlsvui the ori¬ 
+
+ginal word was Bou-pleg, or Bou-peleg, which means lite¬ 
+rally a great difperlion. In the Hebrew tongue, of which 
+the Amonian was a collateral branch, nSfi, Pelach is to fepa- 
+
+; and, ;Sb, Peleg to fever, and divide. The fon of He- 
+ber was named Peleg, 3 becaufe in his days the earth was di¬ 
+vided : and his name accordingly fignified divilion, and 
+feparation. But the poet, not knowing, or not regarding, 
+the true meaning of the word Pleg, or Peleg, has changed it 
+to an inftrument of hulbandry. And inftead of faying, that 
+the Deity purfued the rebels, and fcattered them with (Bou- 
+pleg) a great diffipation, he has made Lycurgus follow and 
+beat them, @87rXriyi, with an ox-goad. 
+
+The city of Babel, where was the fcene of thole great 
+occurrences, which we have been mentioning, was begun by 
+Nimrod, and enlarged by his pofterity. It feems to have 
+been a great feminary of idolatry : and the tower, a ftupen- 
+dous building, was eredled in honour of the fun, and named 
+the Tower of Bel. Upon the confulion of fpeech, both the 
+city and tower were called Babel ; the original appellation 
+not being obliterated, but contained in the latter. And as 
+the city was devoted to the worlhip of the fun, it was alio 
+called the city of Bel-On r live civitas Dei Solis : which was 
+afterwards changed to Babylon. From thefe terms, I think, 
+we may learn the nature of the judgment inflidled at the 
+time of the difperlion. It did not conlift in an utter change 
+
+
+3 Genclls. c. io. v. 25. 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+\6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of language; but, as I have faid before, it was a labial failure; 
+an alteration in the mode of fpeech. It may be called the 
+prevarication of the lip ; which had loft all precifton, and 
+perverted every found, that was to be exprefled. Inftead of 
+Bel, it pronounced Babel ; inftead of Bel-on, Babylon: 
+hence Babel, amongft other nations, was ufed as a term to 
+fignify a faulty pronunciation. *E Sgouoi yctg Tr)V vvyyyviv Ba- 
+
+65 A xaAatn. The Hebrews^ fays 4 Jofephus, by the word Babel 
+dctiote confuJio7t of fpeech. Thefe terms feem ever afterwards 
+to have been retained, even by the natives, in confirmation 
+of this extraordinary hiftory : and the city, as long as it ex- 
+ifted, was called Babylon, or the City of Confufion. 
+
+The tower of Babel was probably a rude mound of earth, 
+raifed to a vaft height, and cafed with bricks, which were 
+formed from the foil of the country, and cemented with af- 
+phaltus or bitumen. There are feveral edifices of this fort 
+ftill to be feen in the region of Babylonia. They are very 
+like the brick pyramids in Egypt: and between every ninth 
+or tenth row of plinths they have a layer of ftraw, and fome- 
+times the fmaller branches of palm. Travellers have had 
+the curiofity to put in their hands, and to extract fome of 
+the leaves, and ftraws : which appear wonderfully frefh, and 
+perfect; though they have lain there for fo many ages. 
+Many have been led to think, that one or other of thefe 
+buildings was the original tower of Babel. But ancient 
+writers are unanimous, that it was overthrown ; and that 
+Nimrod perifhed in it. This was the opinion of Syncellus. 
+
+5 E/CS ms (Jg BfJLSlVBV SKSl JCdTQMUPj KOU (At} 0L<pl^CC[A£V0$ 73 TlvgyS, 
+
+
+P>0UTlh£V0M 
+
+
+$ 
+
+
+* Ant. L. 1. c. 4. 
+
+
+i P. 42. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+/3 ounXevwv (jLSgutt: rm; 'Gfhr)0ovs, s<p ov 6 'Grvgyog olps[jlu /3<aico, 
+ohs ig-ogx <n, Ktt.TOLire<rocv y Sbicl Kgi<ret rarov szctra^ev. But Nimrod 
+would Jlill objlinately Jlay , and refide upon the fpot : nor could 
+he by any means be withdrawn from the tower , Jlill having the 
+command over no contemptible body of men. Upon this , we are 
+informed , that the tower being beat upon by violent winds gave 
+way ; and by the juft judgment of God crufoed him to pieces. 
+Cedrenus alfo mentions it as a current notion, that Nimrod 
+perifhed in the 6 tower. But this, I think, could not be 
+true : for the term of Nimrod’s life, extend it to the utmoft 
+of Patriarchic age after the flood, could not have fufliced 
+for this. And though writers do aflert, that the tower was 
+overthrown, and the principal perfon buried in its ruins : 
+and it muft be confefled, that ancient mythology has conti¬ 
+nual allufions to fome fuch event: yet I fhould imagine, that 
+this related to the overthrow of the deity there worfhiped, 
+and to the extirpation of his rites and religion, rather than 
+to any real perfon. The fable of Vulcan, who was thrown 
+down from heaven, and call into the fea, is founded upon 
+this ftory. He was fuppofed to have been the fon of Juno,. 
+
+and detefted by his mother, who threw him down with her 
+
+* 
+
+own hands. 
+
+7 Tlais epos 'Hpa^c^, 'aroJa?, t>v tskqv etvTr\\ 
+
+*Pi\{/ etva. *gsg<rtv s'/\g<ra, xou ep&ochov evgsi 'urovru). 
+
+W « • H # f 
+
+* E<p cv 6 IJvgyos ccvep.to ctx t x.ai carros Iocnt 7 ro $ 9 xct TacTiccov gu± 
+
+verg/Ge. Cedrenus. p. n. See Jofeph. Ant. L. i. c. 4. 
+
+7 Homer. Hymn to Apollo, v. 317. It related probably to the abolition of fire- 
+worlhip at the deflruflion of Babel. 
+
+
+✓ 
+
+
+
+^.8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythotlogy. 
+
+My crippled offspring Vulcan I produced : 
+
+But foon I feiz’d the mifcreant in my hands. 
+
+And hurled him headlong downward to the fea. 
+
+Many writers fpeak of him as being thrown off from the 
+battlements of a high tower by Jupiter : and there is a paf- 
+fage to this purpofe in Homer, which has embarrafled com¬ 
+mentators ; though I do not think it very obfcure, if we con- 
+Jider the hiftory to which it relates. 
+
+8 / aro$og Tsroiyciov cczo Br^Aa ^scrzscrioio. 
+
+The poet, who was a zealous copier of ancient mythology, 
+mentions, that Vulcan was caft down by Jupiter from an 
+eminence. He fays, that he was thrown ctzo B/]Aa ; which 
+
+muff certainly iignify a.zo 'UTvgya B/jAy, or OL<p Isga Bi)Aa; 
+for the fentence is manifeftly elliptical. 
+
+He feiz’d him by the foot, and headlong threw 
+From the high tower of Belus. 
+
+This is the purport of the paflage; and it is confonant to all 
+
+The Giants, whom Abydenus makes the builders of Babel 
+are by other writers reprefented as the Titans. They are 
+faid to have received their name from their mother Titaea. 
+
+9 K oivug 'GTouiTctg azo Trig (Jt.r t Tgog ovo[jict^p(x£vsg Tm)vu .$: 
+
+hy which we are to underftand, that they were all denomi¬ 
+nated from their religion and place of worfhip. I have 
+
+* Iliad. L. A. v. 591. 
+
+9 Diod. Sicul. L. 3. p. 190. 
+
+Ke^es <?’ Ougatncovcte eyuvocro •uro’ryict Toctoc . 9 
+
+cT/7 x&t TiTwas tTriK^tfcriv Ktcheucriv* Orphic. Frag, p, 375* 
+
+taken 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+49 
+
+
+taken notice of fome of the ancient altars, which confifted 
+of a conical hill of earth, ftyled oftentimes, from its figure, 
+A otpog [JLa,s' 0 £i£y}s 1 a mounds or hill y ht the Jhape of a woman s 
+breaft. Titasa (Tit olio.) was one of thefe. It is a term com¬ 
+pounded of 10 Tit-aia; and fignifies literally a breaft of 
+earth, analogous to tit$0 £ ouotg of the Greeks. Thefe altars 
+were alfo called Tit-an, and Tit-anis, from the great foun¬ 
+tain of light, ftyled An, and Anis. Hence many places were 
+called Titanis and 11 Titana, where the worfhip of the Sun 
+prevailed : for Anes, and Hanes, fignified the fountain of 
+light, or fire. Titana was fometimes exprefled Tithana, by 
+the Ionians rendered Tithena : and as Titaea was fuppofed 
+to have been the mother of the Titans , fo Tithena was faid 
+to be their 11 nurfe. But they were all uniformly of the fame 
+nature, altars raifed of foil. That Tith-ana, the fuppofed 
+nurfe, was a facred mound of earth, is plain from Nonnus, 
+who mentions an altar of this fort in the vicinity of Tyre ; 
+and fays, that it was eretfted by thofe earth-born people, the 
+
+Giants. 
+
+Tit is analogous to "W 1 , Tid, of the Chaldeans. 
+
+So Titurus was from Tit-Ur, Qp~t. The priefts fo famous for their mufic 
+
+were from hence ftyled Tituri. It was fometimes exprefied Tith-Or; hence the 
+Hi mm it of Parnaflus had the name of Tithorea, being facred to Orus, the Apollo of 
+Greece. Paufan. L. io. p. 878. 
+
+There were places named Titarefus from Tit-Ares, die fame as Tit-Orus. Tir- 
+upiunos •zvoTay.os H 7 re*p'd. Hefych. 
+
+At Sicyon was a place called Titana. Steph. Byzant. alfo a temple. Paufan. 
+L. 2. p. 138. 
+
+Euboea called Titanis. Hefych. 
+
+TtGnvats' t po(ps< y titBccs. Hefych. So Tith-On was like Tith-Or, yocq-os rAt'J: 
+whence was formed a perfonage, named Tithonus, beloved by Aurora. 
+
+A rx i 
+
+
+VOL. HI. 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+
+50 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+13 Ayyi I+ Tvgx 7rugoi wonav, sv ctppccyesc'a'i 8e ntTgoLtSy 
+Triyevss; @cx.$vxoX7rov efafjLrtfcivTo TiQwriv. 
+
+Upon the coaft of Tyre, amid the rocks, 
+
+The Giants rais’d an ample mound of earth, 
+
+Yclep’d Tithena. 
+
+Tuph alfo in the ancient language was an hill ; and Ty- 
+phoeus is a mafculine compound from Tuph-aia, and fignifies 
+a mound of earth. Typhon, Tu<£>goj/, was in like manner a 
+compound of Tuph-On ; and was a mount or altar of the 
+fame conftrudfion, and facred to the fun. I make no doubt 
+but both Typhon and Typhceus were names, by which the 
+tower of Belus was of old denoted. But out of thefe the 
+mythologifts have formed perfonages ; and they reprefent 
+
+them as gigantic 
+fiance of heaven. Hence Typhon is by Antoninus Libera- 
+lis defcribed as, ' s Yr]g viog, s^olktio; /Aou^uv, the offspring of 
+the earth , a baleful Dcemon. The tower of Babel was un¬ 
+doubtedly a Tuphon, or altar of the fun ; though generally 
+
+
+monfters, whom the earth produced in de- 
+
+
+15 Nonni Dionyf. L. 40. p. 1048. 
+
+14 Bel, and Belus, v/as a title bellowed upon many perfons. It was particularly 
+given to Nimrod, who built the cicy Babel or Babylon. Hence Dorotheus Sidonius, 
+an ancient poet, calls that city the work of Tyrian Belus. 
+
+
+A(>%cun ccv Tup/y Jj>i/\oio r z*j5Aiau<z. 
+
+This term Tuptos has been applied to the city Tyre. But T ucto* here is from HH, 
+Turris •, and Belus T upio$ fignifies Belus of Babel, who erected the famous tower. 
+This leads me to fufpedt, that in thefe verfes of Nonnus there is a miftake: and that 
+this Tithena, which the Giants built, was not in the vicinity of the city Tyre: but 
+it was an high altar, ccy^i Tt^y, near the tower of Babel, which was erected by the 
+Titanians. Nonnus, imagining that by Tur was meant Tyre, has made the Tithe¬ 
+na to be fituated wccgcc 'zetqvtqvi by the feu \ from which, I believe, it was far removed. 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+Typhon, Terras filius. Hyginus, Fab* 152. 
+
+9 
+
+
+prefented 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 51 
+
+reprefented as a temple. For in thofe early times we 1 do not 
+read of any facred edifices, which can be properly called 
+temples ; but only of altars, groves, and high places. Hc- 
+fiod certainly alludes to fome ancient hiftory concerning the 
+demolition of Babel, when he defcribes Typhon, or Typhoeus, 
+as overthrown by Jove. He reprefents him as the youngeft 
+fon of the Earth. 
+
+' OtAOT OUT OP T£K£ 7T0U$0L T VQUSCt 17 Tout*. 
+
+Th’ enormous Earth, 
+
+Produc’d Typhoeus laft of all her brood. 
+
+The poet fpeaks of him as a deity of great ftrength, and im- 
+menfe ftature; and fays, that from his fhoulders arofe an 
+hundred ferpent heads ; and that from his eyes there iflued 
+a continual blazing fire. And he adds, what is very re¬ 
+markable, that had it hot been for the interpolation of the 
+chief God, this Dzemon would have obtained an univerfal 
+empire. 
+
+I* Kou vv ksv sttXsto egyov a.^ya.vov ny-om ksivw, 
+
+Kcu K£v oye S-yijTom, kou a$ctvooToi<nv ai.pat.%£v> 
+
+E< fJLYj OLg 0%V VQYi<T£ XOLTrjg OU$gMT£ §£(t)PT£> 
+
+2 #A»]£oi/ sEgovrn<re, kou o^gifjoop' oiy<pi h youoc 
+
+2fJL£gS'aX£QP KQVa£q<r£, KOU Ot Ig&POS BVgVg V7T£g@SV, 
+
+TLovrog r’> ukbolvx tb poou , kou TOLgT ccg a. young. 
+
+16 Theogon. v. 821. 
+
+* 7 Typhoeus was properly Tcuol a Pelorian mound of earth : being, as I 
+
+faid above* a mafculine from Tuphoea j which is a compound of Tuph-aia, a mound 
+of earth. 
+
+_* Hefiod. fupra. v. 836* 
+
+H 2 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+1X ocr<n 
+
+
+
+5 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Ylorcri $’ vir olOolvoltoiti fxsyotg 7rsXsfJu^sr 
+O ewfjLsmo Avol&tos, BTces'svccfci^z cTs ycua, 
+
+K a.vy.oL cr Jar’ aiJL<po7£gwv y.cLTzysv losidsa 'srovrov. 
+
+Zsvg sttsi av xogQvve sov pevog, stXero <T oVXa, 
+
+re, fs^osrjjt'TS, /'on oliQv.Xozvtck. KsgoLVvov> 
+
+m.Y%SV OL 7 T OvXV[JL 7 T 0 l 0 bt: cO-jxzv : g _. 
+
+A vtclo C-J21 or, [M'j czuacrz 'urXr i yr,iriu /tta<rcra£, 
+
+HfiTS yvioouaig. 
+
+That clay was teeming with a dire event; 
+
+And o’er the world Typhceus now had reign’d 
+
+With univerfal fway : but from on high 
+
+Jove view’d his purpofe, and oppoled his power. 
+
+For with a ftrong and defperate aim he hurl’d 
+His dread artillery. Then the realms above. 
+
+And earth with all its regions ; then the fea. 
+
+And the Tartarian caverns, dark and drear. 
+Refounded with his thunder. Heaven was moved,. 
+And the ground trembled underneath his feet, 
+
+As the God march’d in terrible array. 
+
+Still with frefh vigour Jove renew’d the fight j 
+And clad in all his bright terrific arms, 
+
+With lightnings keen, and fmouldering thunderbolts, 
+Prefs’d on him fore ; till by repeated wounds 
+The tow’ring monfter funk to endlefs night. 
+
+Typhon was the fame perfonage as Typhoeus; and Antoninus 
+10 Liberalis defcribes him as a Giant, who was thunderftruck 
+
+20 O 7i>q.z.v |«oTop, v.ou n<pxi’iae T>ir <p?£oyct 3 iv t>» ^■<x.\xt7u\ i' Fab. 28 . 
+
+by 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+53 
+
+
+by Jupiter. But he fled to the fea, into which he plunged, 
+and his deadly wounds were healed. The like has been faid 
+of Bacchus, that upon his flight he betook himfelf to the fea. 
+And when Vulcan is cafl: down from the tower, he is fup- 
+pofed to fall into the fame element. Juno is accordingly 
+made to fay, 
+
+CO)CL SKii<TCL-> KOLl BUL^oChOV BVgSl 7COVTOJ. 
+
+I feiz’d him in my arms. 
+
+And hurl’d him headlong downward to the fea. 
+
+Heflod gives an account of the difperflon of the Titans, and 
+of the feuds which preceded : and he fays, that the Deity at 
+laft interpofed, and put the Titans to flight, and condemned 
+them to refide in Tartarus at the extremities of the earth. 
+The defeription is very fine ; but he has confounded the 
+hiftory by fuppofing the Giants and Titans to have been 
+different perfons. He accordingly makes them oppofe one 
+another in battle : and even Cottus, Iapetus, Gyas, whom 
+all writers mention as Titans, are by him introduced in op¬ 
+position, and deferibed as of another family. He fends them 
+
+% 
+
+indeed to Tartarus ; but fuppofes them to be there placed, 
+as a guard over the Titans. His defeription, however, is 
+much to the purpofe ; and the firft contefl: and difperfion is 
+plainly alluded to. I fhall therefore lay fome part of it be¬ 
+fore the reader. 
+
+* > 
+
+ai Trtqyss <T sTsgwQsv szcLgTvvxvTo <p<x.Xa.yya.g 
+TlgocpgQvewg' •^si^wne, apa egyov b$clii/gv 
+
+** Theogon. v. 676. 
+
+A{A<pQTSgor 
+
+
+
+54 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+A fj.$oTS£oi' Seivov Js uregiuys uronog urzigoov, 
+
+Tr) Ss usy s<rfjLOLgcLyr,<rsv, stcbzsvs S’ ovgxvog svgvg 
+£$io[/.evog y ureSoftsv S' srivurruro [/.outgo; O7^vu.nog. 
+
+
+<S>jMY) S' UfJLtpOTSgttV iltST OugCLVOV U<?SgOBVTOL 
+
+Ksx 7 \o[jlsvoov* ol Ss ^vyiruv [/.eycthw aAaAr/rw. 
+
+Ov S’ ug $n Z svg irysv soy y.syog y aXhu w ra ys 
+EiOug [xsv fjoBVso; urhYjTo <pgevsg y ex. Ss tyi ururuv 
+
+Q?CUVS filYlV* OLfJLvSig S’ Ug’ U7t O VgUVi$ y Y$’ U7T OXV[JL7YiS 3 
+
+, oi Ss xsguvvoi 
+Jxrug u[jlu figoyrprs xui arsg07ry uror,soyro 
+Xstgog a.7ro g , i(SugY i g. 
+
+£w S’ UVBfJLOl BV071V7B KQVIV'$* U[LCL SV(pUgU.yi£oV y 
+BgOVTY^VTS, g$g07rY}VTS y xui uiQuhoevru xsguvvov’ 
+
+E £se Ss ururu y xui uxeuvoio pssOgu, 
+
+Honorr urgvysrog * rag S’ upucperz Ssgpiog uvt[jly, 
+TiTYivug y^oviag' <pM% S' r\sgu Sictv Ixuvsv 
+Arnero$’ o<r<re S’ ufxsgSs xui i<p$i[/.ooy ursg sovrooy 
+A vyYi [jLugfjLuigaru, xsguvyaTs 7SgQ7rY)<77e. 
+
+
+Afguirrm eesiye rmuyuSov 
+
+
+Kuv[jlu ts §sr7re<nov xureyev yuog - 
+
+E*A ivQyi Ss [Xu^Yj. 
+
+Ka/ rag fxsv Tirrivug vito ySovog svgvoSstYig 
+
+II BfJL^/ctv, xou SerpLounv sv ugyuhsoi<nv sSy^uv, 
+
+N ixYirayrsg ^(sgriv vwsgOv[/.ovg ursg sovrug' 
+f # 4 # # • * • * • • • • 
+
+EvQu $eoi TiTYiveg V7ro £o<pw rjsgosvn 
+
+KsXgVQUTUl - 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+Ev$a Jg yri$ $vo<psgv\g y xou Ta.graga YiegoevTog, 
+
+IT ovtht argvyeroK), koli Ovgotvx a.rsgosvTog, 
+
+'Efeiqg 'ura.noov 'urriya.i xat 'ureiga.r sctnv. 
+
+Firm to their caufe the Titans wide difplay’d 
+A well-embodied phalanx : and each fide 
+Gave proofs of noble prowefs, and great ftrength. 
+Worthy of Gods. The tumult reach’d to heaven, 
+And high Olympus trembled as they flrove. 
+
+Sea too was mov’d j and Earth aflonifh’d heard 
+The nqife and fhouts of deities engag’d, 
+
+High vaunts, loud outcries, and the din of war. 
+
+Now Jove no longer could withhold his ire ; 
+
+But rofe with tenfold vengeance : down he hurl’d 
+His lightning, dreadful implement of wrath. 
+
+Which flafh’d inceflant : and before him mov’d 
+His awful thunder, with tremendous peal 
+Appaling, and abounding, as it roll’d. 
+
+For from a mighty hand it fhap’d its courfe, 
+
+Loud echoing through the vaulted realms of day. 
+Meantime ftorms rag’d j and dufky whirlwinds rofe. 
+Still blaz’d the lightning with continual glare, 
+
+Till nature languifh’d : and th’ expanded deep, 
+
+And every ftream, that lav’d the glowing earth, 
+Boil’d with redounding heat. A ruddy flame 
+Shot upwards to the fiery cope of heav’n, 
+
+Shedding a baleful influence : and the gleam 
+Smote dreadful on the Titan bands, whofe eyes 
+Were blafted, as they gaz’d ; nor could they fta$d 
+The fervour, but exhaufted funk to ground. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+56 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The Gods, vidtorious, feiz’d the rebel crew, 
+
+And lent them, bound in adamantine chains, 
+
+To earth’s deep caverns, and the fhades of night. 
+
+Here dwell th’ apoftate brotherhood, confign’d 
+To evcrlafting durance : here they fit 
+Age after age in melancholy ftate, 
+
+Still pining in eternal gloom, and loft 
+To every comfort. Round them wide extend 
+The dreary bounds of earth, and fea, and air, 
+
+Ol heaven above, and Tartarus below. 
+
+Such was the firft great commotion among men. It 
+was defcribed by the poets as the war of the Giants ; who 
+raifed mountains upon mountains in order that they might 
+fcale heaven. The fons of Chus were the aggreffors in thefe 
+adts of rebellion. They have been reprefented under the 
+charadter both of Giants and Titanians : and are faid to 
+have been diftipated into different parts of the world. One 
+place of their retreat is mentioned to have been in that part 
+of Scythia, which bordered upon the Palus Maeotis, It was 
+called 21 Keira; and defcribed as a vaft cavern, which they 
+fortified. The Romans under Craffus are faid to have viewed 
+it. But Keir, and Keirah, fignified of old a city or fortrefs : 
+and it was the appellative name of the place, to which this 
+people retired. They were to be found in various parts, as 
+I fliall fhew : but the moft prevailing notion about the Ti¬ 
+tanians was, that after their war againft heaven, they were 
+banifhed to Tartarus, at the extremities of the earth. The 
+ancient Grecians knew very little of the weftern parts of the 
+
+41 To a7rn^cctoy rnv Keignv Dion. Caflius. L. 51. p. 3x3. 
+
+7 world. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 7 
+
+world. They therefore reprefent the Titans, as in a Rite 
+of darknefs ; and Tartarus as an infernal region. 
+
+* 3 K ou mg y.zv vxo yQovog svgvG$siri; 
+
+Usy^av, aou S'zTy.oicriv vx oigya.?^zoi<n> sdVjcray, 
+
+T otctov zvz^" vxo yvs, oorov Ovgctvog z<f o.xo your, g. 
+
+They plac’d the rebels, faft in fetters bound, 
+
+Deep in a gloomy gulf; as far remov’d 
+
+From earth’s fair regions, as the earth from heaven. 
+
+They are the words of Hefiod ; who fays, that an anvil of 
+iron being dropped down would but juft reach the abyfs in 
+ten days. Here the Titans were doomed to reftde. 
+
+S4 - E vQcl $zoi Titwzs vxo £o<pw rizgozni 
+Kzx.gv<poLTa.i, (3aA ri<ri Aiog vz<pzAY)yzgBTo<.o, 
+
+eu zvgoozvTi, 'UTzXoogY\Q zvyaxa, your,g. 
+
+EvQol r vyrjg, K omg tz , kou 6 Bgiccgzvg /uzyctflvyog 
+Ncuzmi/. 
+
+
+Jove’s 
+
+In manlions dark and dreary lie concealed, 
+
+Beyond the verge of nature. Cottus here, 
+
+And Gyges dwell, and Briareus the bold. 
+
+Thefe were part of the Titanian brood, though the author 
+feems not to allow it. This will appear from fome of the 
+Orphic fragments, where we have the names of the Titans, 
+and a fimilar account of their being: condemned to darknefs. 
+
+
+high will 
+
+
+There the Titanian Gods by 
+
+
+Hefiod. Theog. v. 7174 
+2,4 Ibid. v. 729. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Koioy 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+" 5 K 0101/ T£, K gsicv T£ fJLByCLVy f&ogjcvy TS KgCLTOUQVy 
+
+K at Kfoi/ov y Q.xsctvov()\ tr T7rs^siovctr\ lct7T6Tov re. 
+
+The poet here fpecifies feven in number ; Coeus, Crius, 
+Phorcys, Cronus, Oceanus, Hyperion, and Iapetus, and he 
+adds, 
+
+'<2c T OLvrsg evorpav cifjLSiAiysov rjog sy^ovr ac y 
+
+Kca <pv<riv azvo[j.ir l v. - 
+
+'Pitts ficiOvv year,g eg ToigroLgov. 
+
+Soon as high Jove their cruel purpofe faw, 
+
+And lawlefs difpofition- 
+
+He fent them down to Tartarus confign’d. 
+
+* 
+
+If we look into the grounds of thefe fictions, we fhall find 
+that they took their rife from this true hiftory. A large 
+body of Titanians, after the difperfion fettled in Mauritania, 
+which is the region ftyled Tartarus. Diodorus Siculus men¬ 
+tions the coming of Cronus into thefe parts ; and gives us 
+the names of the brotherhood, thofe fons of Titaea, who 
+came with them. The principal of thefe, exclufive of Cro¬ 
+nus, were 16 Oceanus, Coeus, Iapetus, Crius, and Hyperion ; 
+who were fuppofed firft to have fettled in Crete. Atlas 
+was another of them, from whom they had the name of 
+* 7 Atlantians ; and they were looked upon as the offspring 
+
+Orphic. Frag. p. 374. 
+
+Diodor. Sic. L. 5. p. 334. According to Apollodorus their names v/ere Ou- 
+ranus, Coeus, Hyperion, Crius, Iapetus, and the youngeft of all Cronus. L. 1. p. 2. 
+
+Dicdor. L. 3. p. 189. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+59 
+
+
+of heaven. The above hiftorian defcribes the country, 
+which they poffeffed, as lying upon the great ocean : and 
+however it may be reprefented by the poets, he fpeaks of it 
+as a happy 18 region. The mythologifts adjudged the Titans 
+to the realms of night; and confequently to a moft uncom¬ 
+fortable climate ; merely from not attending to the purport 
+of the term £ocpog. 
+
+E vQol &sot T iTrivss v7ro £otpu risgosiTi 
+
+Kexgv<pctra.r 
+
+It is to be obferved, that this word had two fignifications. 
+Firft, it denoted the weft, or place of the fetting fun. Hence 
+Ulyffes being in a date of uncertainty fays, 29 a yag r i$usv y 
+
+G7TY1 £o<pog y Q7Vt\ rioeg. We canitot determitie , which is the 
+wejf , or which is the eajl. It' fignified alfo darknefs : and 
+from this fecondary acceptation the Titans of the weft were 
+configned to the realms of night: being iituated in refpedt 
+to Greece towards the regions of the fetting fun. The vaft 
+unfathomable abyfs, fpoken of by the poets, is the great 
+Atlantic Ocean ; upon the borders of which Homer places 
+the gloomy manfions, where the Titans redded. The an¬ 
+cients had a notion, that the earth was a widely-extended 
+plain ; which terminated abruptly, in a vaft cliff of immea- 
+furable defeent. At the bottom was a chaotic pool, or 
+ocean ; which was fo far funk beneath the coniines of the 
+
+world, that, to exprefs the depth and diftance, they imagined, 
+
+% 
+
+18 Xfit ypeev evS'cctfjLoycc, Ibid. 
+
+Odyff. K. v. 190. 
+
+30 Zc<pos cxqtqs, Heiych. A eye* Se o 'gtqwim xai to <txcto$, k<x i rnv Svavy 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+I 2 an 
+
+
+
+6 o 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+an anvil of iron tolled from the top would not reach it under 
+ten days. But this mighty pool was the ocean abovemen- 
+
+
+tioned 
+
+
+nia, and Iberia 
+
+
+and thefe extreme parts of the earth were Maurita- 
+
+: for in each of thefe countries the Titans 
+
+
+relided. Hence Callimachus, fpeaking of the latter country, 
+deferibes the natives under the title of 30 O ^/lyovoi T iTqvss ; 
+
+
+bv which is meant the offspi'ing of the evident \Titans. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were people of the Cuthite race, who alfo took up their ha¬ 
+bitation in Mauritania ; and were reprefented as the children 
+of Atlas. He was deferibed as the fon of Iapetus the Ti¬ 
+tan ; and 01 fo vaft a ftature, as to be able to fupport the 
+licavens. 
+
+
+Tow 'UTgQvti \oL7r£TOlO 'UrCLtg £^£T ovgotvov svgvv- 
+'E^r/jcs, z.ou OLxa.fj.ctTwi ysgemv 
+
+A ?s{j.$so 0 s. 
+
+There Atlas, fon of great Iapetus, 
+
+With head inclin’d, and ever-during arms, 
+
+Suftains the fpacious heavens. 
+
+To this Atlantic region the Titans were banifhed ; and fup- 
+pofed to live in a ftate of darknefs beyond the limits of the 
+known world. 
+
+Yicovkv <Jg, Ssow szrotrQsv xTrctnooVy 
+Tirol's; veuan 'urstriv yxso; 
+
+
+30 KtAt:v ara<p/?a ccyres aerct 
+
+Ofo cvoi TiTnves ql<p ec 77 rcpd tfj’/jxTQoovTQi, Hymn, in Delon, v. 174* 
+31 Ilefiod. Theog. v. 746. 
+
+AtA as cT’ Ovqocvqv tvevv xpccTtow vtt arccyws 
+
+Utifxav zr yaws* Ibid. v. 517. 
+
+34 Ibid. v. 813. 
+
+7 
+
+
+Fartheft 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 6i 
+
+Fartheft remov’d 
+
+Of all their kindred Gods the Titans dwell, 
+
+Beyond the realms of chaos dark. 
+
+By ygtog £ocpegov we muft certainly underftand the weftern 
+ocean : upon the borders of which, and not beyond it, thefe 
+Titanians dwelt. By the Nubian Geographer the Atlantic 
+is uniformly called according to the prefent verfion Mare 
+Tenebrarum. 33 Aggreffi. funt mare tenebrarum, quid in eo 
+effet, exploraturi. They ventured into the fea of darknefs , in 
+order to explore what it might co 7 ttai?i. Another name for 
+Tartarus, to which the poets condemned the Titans and 
+
+■ 
+
+Giants, was Erebus. This, like ippog, was a term of two¬ 
+fold meaning. For Ereb, fignified both the weft, and 
+alfo darknefs : and this ferved to confirm the notion, that 
+the Titans were configned to the regions of night. But 
+gloomy as the country is deferibed, and horrid, we may be 
+allured from the authorities of 34 Diodorus and Pliny, that it 
+was quite the reverfe : and we have rcafon to think, that it 
+was much reforted to ; and that the natives for a long time 
+kept up a correfpondence with other branches of their fami¬ 
+ly. Homer affords fome authority for this opinion, in a 
+paffage where he reprefents Jupiter as accofting Juno, who 
+is greatly difpleafed. 
+
+35 trsQsv eyw hk chhsyiQd 
+
+Xo ousvrig, uF si/cs to. vsiolto. 'ursigoiO’ l/ycti 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+3 + 
+
+
+3 S 
+
+
+Geog. Nubienfis, p. 4. p. 6. and p. 156. 
+
+vActitJLovoL reuofJLSroi (AtAcspt^). L. 3. p. 1S9 
+Iliad. G. v. 477. 
+
+
+
+Tcurft 
+
+
+
+The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+PcfA^g koli 'srovroio, W IctTSTorTE K govovTz 
+HfjLsvoi, xt a.vyr,; 'Ynegiovog Hs?uoio 
+T £g7ron\ xt a.vsfj,oi<n, (BotQvg h tb T zgTzgog ctpt.<pig. 
+
+1 flsall not , fays Jupiter, regard your refentment ; 77 ot though 
+vote fhould defert me , aoid betake yourfelf to the extremities of 
+the earth , to the houttdaries of fea a 7 id la?id ; vsioltol TxTBiPOLTcx.^ 
+to the lower limits , where Iapctus and Cronus refde ; who 
+7iever enjoy the light of the ftoi , ?ior are refrefloed with cooling 
+breezes ; but are feated iit the depths of Tartarus. In the Ion 
+of Euripides, Creufa, being in great diftrefs, wifhes, that fhe 
+could fly away to the people of the weftern world, which 
+ihe alludes to as a place of fecurity. 
+
+Aid’ vygov ctv TjTT cutjV cubegci 
+Tlgovoo youctg EAA OLViocg 
+
+A segcLg 'E <T 7 rsgtxg* 
+
+'Oiov biov ulhyog S7rxdov. 
+
+OI that I could be wafted through the yielding air, 
+
+Far, very far, from Hellas, 
+
+To the inhabitants of the Hefperian region : 
+
+So great is my load of grief. 
+
+From the words of Jupiter above, who tells Juno, that fhe 
+may retire to the regions in the weft ; and from thefe of 
+Creufa, who longs to betake herfelf to the fame parts ; we 
+may infer, that in the firft ages it was not uncommon for 
+people in diftrefs to retire to thefe fettlements. Probably 
+famine, ficknefs, and oppreflion, as well as the inroads of a 
+
+
+36 Euripid. Ion. v. 796. 
+
+
+powerful 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+powerful enemy, might oblige the Ionim to migrate. 
+
+
+6 3 
+
+And 
+
+
+however the Atlantic Titanians may have been like the 
+Cimmerians, defcribed as a people devoted to darknefs; yet 
+we find them otherwife reprefented by Creufa, who ftyles 
+
+
+them AfS£a£ E the Jlars of the weflern world. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were fo denominated from being the offspring of the original 
+Ionim, or Peleiadce, of Babylonia; in memory of whom 
+there was a conflellation formed in the heavens. Thefe Pe- 
+leiada; are generally fuppofed to have been the daughters of 
+Atlas, and by their names the ftars in this conftellation are 
+diftinguifhed. Diodorus Siculus has given us a lift of them, 
+and adds, that from them the moft celebrated 57 heroes 
+were defcended. The Helladians were particularly of this 
+
+
+famil) 
+
+
+r • 
+
+y 
+
+
+and their religion and Gods- were of Titanian 
+
+
+38 original. 
+
+
+37 Diodor. Sic. L. 3. p. 194. 
+
+,s Oucclvu xoct Fm eiaiv oi 'zvegi Kgovov 9 xou 01 aAAw TtTCLi'S? ex Se tmv Ttravccy r *i 
+u^epciGeoi. Scholia in Pind. Nem. Od. 6 . v. i. 
+
+TiTwes ■ Wuerepoov 'zu-coyovoi TATOLTepoov. Orphic. Hymn. 36. Pindar fays that 
+
+the Titans were at laft freed from their bondage. Awe Jg Zsus a<p6Vros. Tirana*. 
+Pyth. Od. 4. v. 518. 
+
+
+GENES IS, 
+
+
+
+64 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+GENESIS. Chap. X. 
+
+V. 8 . And CuJJj begat Nimrod. He began to be a mighty 
+one in the earth. 
+
+10. And the beginning of his kingdom was Babel , and Erech , 
+and Accad , a?id Cable in the land of Shinar. 
+
+A 
+
+11. Out of that land went forth AJfur , and buildcd Nine¬ 
+veh ; and the city Rehoboth , and Calah : 
+
+1 2. And Rezen between Nineveh and Calah ; the fame is a 
+great city. 
+
+I N the courfe of my arguments I have followed the com¬ 
+mon interpretation of the paffage above about Affur, and 
+Nineve in verfe the eleventh. And I think, we may be 
+affured, both from the context, and from the fubfequent 
+hiftory of the city and country, that this is the true meaning 
+of the facred writer. I mention this, becaufe the learned 
+Bochart does not allow, that Nineve was founded by Affur. 
+He gives a different interpretation to the 39 paffage, going 
+contrary to all the verflons which have preceded. Inftead 
+of out of this land went AJfur , and builded Nineve , he ren¬ 
+ders it, out of this land , he ( Nimrod) went into AJfur, or Af- 
+fyria , and built the cities inentioned. 40 He adds: habeo per- 
+
+39 Gen. c. 10. v. 11. 
+
+Geog. Sacra. L. 4. c. 12. p. 229. He is followed in this opinion by LeClerc. 
+
+fuafiflimum 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+65 
+
+fualiffimum Affur hie hominis nomen non effe, fed loci : 
+—adeoque verba Hebraea ita reddenda : Egrejfus eft in Hffy- 
+riam. I am perfuaded , that the term -Affur is not in this 
+place the name of a man \ but of a place.—The words therefore 
+in the origiital are to be thus interpreted. He (Nimrod) went 
+ottt of this latid into AJfyria. In this opinion he has been 
+followed by others, who have been too eahly prejudiced 
+againft the common acceptation of the paffage. 
+
+As the authority of Bochart mull neceffarily be of great 
+weight, I have fubjoined his arguments, that the reader may 
+judge of their validity. 
+
+1. His firft objection to the common verfion is this. He 
+thinks, that there is an impropriety in having the name of 
+Affur, the fon of Shem, introduced where the facred text is 
+taken up with the genealogy of the fons of Ham. 
+
+2. It is contrary to order, that the operations of Affur 
+fhould be mentioned v. 11. and his birth not till afterwards 
+at v. 22. 
+
+3. There is nothing particular in faying that Affur went 
+out of the land of Shinar j for it was in a manner common 
+to all mankind, who were from thence fcattered abroad over 
+the face of the earth. 
+
+Thefe objections are by no means well grounded : and 
+the alteration propofed, by remedying a fancied evil, would 
+run us into innumerable difficulties and contradictions. If 
+Affur be in this paffage referred to as the name of a region, 
+the fame as Aflyria; and if Nimrod feized upon a preoccu¬ 
+pied place ; colonies muft have gone forth before the difper- 
+lion from Babel. This (whatever my opinion may be) is a 
+Vol. III. K con- 
+
+w * 
+
+
+
+66 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+contradiction in Bochart; who fuppofes the difperfion to 
+have been univerfal, and from the land of Shinar; not allow¬ 
+ing any previous migration. The principal city of Nimrod 
+was Babel, feparated from Nineve, and the other cities above, 
+a fandy 41 wild ; and it is faid to have been left unfinifh- 
+
+
+
+e 
+
+
+d. 
+
+
+‘They left off to build the city. 
+
+
+c. i r 
+
+
+v. 8. Is it credible. 
+
+
+that a perfon would traverfe a desert, and travel into a fo¬ 
+reign country to found cities, before he had completed the 
+capital of his own kingdom ? It cannot, I think, be 
+imagined. 
+
+As to the fuppofed impropriety of introducing an account 
+of Affur, where the text is taken up with the genealogy of 
+another family, it is an objection of little weight. It arifes 
+from our not feeing things in their true light. We fhould 
+obferve, that it is not propeily the hiftory of Affur, which 
+is here given ; but the hiftory of Nimrod. He trefpaffed 
+upon Affur, and forced him out of his original property : 
+and the accounts of ea'ch are fo connected, that one muft be 
+mentioned with the other, or the hiftory would be incom- 
+pleat. Many things recorded in Scripture are not intro¬ 
+duced according to precife method : and the like is to be 
+found in all writings. We have in the fame book of Mofes 
+an account given of 42 Canaan, the fon of Ham, antecedent 
+to the genealogy of his family, which comes afterwards in 
+another 43 chapter. 
+
+
+41 Among the learned men, who have betaken themfelves to thefe relearches, I 
+have hardly met with one, that has duly confidered the fituation, diftance, and natu¬ 
+ral hiftory of the places, about which they treat. 
+
+4Z Gen. c. 9. 
+
+43 C. 10. 
+
+Bochart 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+nar. 
+
+
+6 - 
+
+/ 
+
+Bochart thinks, that the mentioning of Aftur’s going forth 
+out of Shinar is unneceflary : as it was a circumftance com¬ 
+mon to all mankind : but I have endeavoured to prove, that 
+all mankind were not concerned in the dilperfion from Shi- 
+
+Belides, Bochart does not quote the whole of the 
+pafiage, but omits, what is immediately fubjoined, and of 
+no fmall moment. The facred writer does not merely fay, 
+that Aflur went forth out of the land ; but that he went out , 
+a?id builded cities ; a circumftance not common to all. 
+Thefe cities were afterwards of great renown ; and it was 
+of confequence to be told their founder, and the reafon of 
+their being built. 
+
+This learned writer tries farther to prove, that the He¬ 
+brew term nv 1 , which is tranflated by the words went forth , 
+always denotes a martial expedition : and he adds, Nimrod 
+porro dicitur egreflus efle in Afliir, nempe ad bellum infe- 
+rendum. By this we find, that, according to Bochart, 
+Nimrod made war upon the Aflyrians, and 44 feized upon 
+their country. I ftiould be glad to know, when this hap¬ 
+
+
+pened. 
+
+
+Was it antecedent to the general difperfion ? 
+
+
+If 
+
+
+fo; colonies had gone forth, and kingdoms were found¬ 
+ed, before that event : and the difperfion was not, as 
+he maintains, general; a circumftance, which I have urged 
+before. If it were afterwards ; then Nimrod and his 
+aflociates were left to follow their wicked purpofes, when 
+all other families were fcattered abroad. When the reft 
+
+
+Quod jure non poterat iibi arrogare, id per vim ufurpavit. Bochart. L. 4. 
+
+
+p. 230. 
+
+
+K 2 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+68 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of the world was diflipated, the founders of Babel were 
+exempted from the calamity. This, I think, cannot be 
+allowed. 
+
+Bochart farther adds, that Nimrod mull have been in pof- 
+fcflion of Arlyria: for it was called the land of Nimrod. 
+The converfe perhaps might have been true, that the land of 
+Nimrod was called Affyria : for the region of Babylonia and 
+Chaldea was the original country of Affur, and was poffefled 
+by Nimrod. But that the region about Nineve, to which 
+Bochart alludes, was ever referred to Nimrod, I am certain 
+is a groundlefs furmife : and Bochart is miftaken in the paf- 
+fage, which he quotes. His evidence is taken from 4S Mi- 
+cah, where thefe words are found. Et depafcent terram 
+Affyriae gladio, et terram Nimrod lanceis ejus : 46 vel fi ma¬ 
+vis, oftiis ejus. He fuppofes, that the land of Affur, and the 
+land of Nimrod, of which the prophet here makes mention, 
+were one and the fame region. But he is furely guilty of a 
+ftrange prefumption. If this were the purport of the paf- 
+fage, there would be, I think, an unneceffary repetition ; 
+and a redundancy not common in the facred writings. By 
+the land of Affur is plainly meant the region of Aflyria ; 
+but by the land of Nimrod is lignified the country of Baby¬ 
+lonia, which was the true and only land of Nimrod. In 
+order to underftand the purport of the prophecy, we fhould 
+
+confider the time when it was 47 uttered. Micah is foretell- 
+
+* 
+
+4J C. 5. v. 6. 
+
+46 Bochart fnpra. 
+
+47 Micah prophefied about the times of Salmanafiar, and Affarhadoni and of 
+Merodach Baladan of Babylonia. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 69 
+
+ing the ruin of the Aflyrian empire, of which Babylonia by 
+conqueft had been made a part. But the Babylonians 
+were at this time difengaging themfelves from their de¬ 
+pendence, and fetting up for themfelves. However, as 
+they made a part of the Aflyrian empire, they were to 
+fharc in its calamities. To thefe events the prophecy 
+alludes ; in which two nations, and two different regions 
+are deferibed. We may therefore be aflured, that the land 
+of Aflyria, and the land of Nimrod were two diftinct 
+countries. 
+
+In confequence of this, it may not be improper to recapi¬ 
+tulate what I have before faid about the peopling of the 
+regions, of which we have been treating. At the time of 
+the migration from Ararat in Armenia, the fons of Shem 
+came down through the principal paflage in Mount Taurus 
+to the countries, which they were to occupy. Elam pof- 
+feffed the region called afterwards Elymais upon the lower 
+and eaftern part of the Tigris 48 : and oppofite to him was 
+Aflur. Above Elam was Arphaxad, whofe region was after¬ 
+wards called Arpacitis : and his oppofite to the weft was 
+Aram. Lud took pofleftion of the country called Audita, 
+Ludia, and bordered upon Tobal, Mefhech, Gomer, Afh- 
+kenaz, and other fons of Japhet. For they feem at firft to 
+have fettled in the regions of Afia Minor. The fons of 
+Chus came at laft by a different rout from the eaft, and 
+invaded the territories of Aflur, who was obliged to re¬ 
+treat. He accordingly^ paffed northward into the region 
+
+' 4 * Elam, regio Ferfidis trans Babylonem. Hieron. EAuua* rys Hacrifos 
+
+eyyvs. Stephanus. Byzant. 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+70 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of Aram ; a part of which he occupied : and to fecure 
+himfelf from his enemy to the fouth, he built four ci¬ 
+ties, which are fpeciiied by the facred writer. To fhew 
+the difpofition of thefe families in a clearer light, I muft 
+refer the reader to the map, which is fubjoined. 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+C 7» 3 
+
+
+
+OF T H E 
+
+TITANIAN WAR. 
+
+
+nr H E firft war of the Titans conEfted in a<5ts of apofta- 
+
+fy, and rebellion againft Heaven : but there was an¬ 
+other war, in which they were engaged with a different 
+enemy, being oppofed by men ; and at laft totally difcom- 
+Eted after a long and bitter contention. This event will be 
+found to have happened in confequence of the difperfion. 
+It is a piece of hiftory, which has been looked upon as fo 
+obfcure, and the time of it fo remote, that many have 
+efteemed it as merely a poetical fable. Yet from the light 
+already difclofed, and from farther evidence to be obtained, 
+we may determine many circumftances concerning it, both 
+in refpe<5t to the people, between whom it was waged, and 
+to the time, when it was carried on. I have taken notice of 
+two memorable occurrences, and have endeavoured properly 
+to diftinguilh them ; though they are conEdered by moll 
+writers as one Engle event: I mean the migration of fami¬ 
+lies to their feveral places of allotment; and the difperEon 
+of the Cuthites afterwards. The firft is mentioned, as ef¬ 
+fected in the days of Peleg : the other is introduced by the 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+facred 
+
+
+
+
+7 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+facred writer afterwards; and fpoken of as a different event. 
+The Titanian war is to be diftinguifhed from both, being of 
+ftill later date ; yet not far removed from the difperfton. It 
+has been fhewn, that the fons of Chus were engaged in 
+building a mighty city in the region, which they had 
+ufurped ; and in erecting a lofty tower, to prevent their 
+being fcattered abroad. They were however difperfed ; 
+the tower was deferted ; and the city left unfinifhed. 
+Thefe circumflances feem in great meafure to be recorded 
+by the Gentile writers. They add, that a war foon after 
+commenced between the Titans, and the family of Zeuth ; 
+which was the firft war, that ever happened among the fons 
+of men. Some fuppofe it to have been carried on againft Cro¬ 
+nus : 1 |U.£ra Kgovw 7 £ kxi T irrjH ?v?r)vcu 'nro'heiAQv. But it 
+
+matters little under what titles the chief characters are re- 
+prefented : for the hiftory is the fame. . It was no other 
+than the war mentioned by Mofes, which was carried on by 
+four kings of the family of Shem, againft the fons of Ham 
+and Chus ; to avenge themfelves of thofe bitter enemies, 
+hy whom they had been greatly aggrieved. The difperfton 
+from Babylonia had weakened the Cuthites very much : and 
+the houfe of Shem took advantage of their diftipation ; 
+and recovered the land of Shinar, which had been unduly 
+ufurped by their enemies. Babylon feems to have been 
+under a curfe and not occupied, being deftitute both of 
+
+
+' Evrt J’ oi A eyvaj tvs -uvgcoTVi ex. yw> avcccrypuracs, pup.? re xai pceyeQei y^ccjvoo^Sv- 
+tolSi xcti ©£;*>!' xooTix.cppoivio'ct.yTCLS oLfjLeivovoiS e»vxi } Huoya.'v Tvptiv wAiCa'roi' asips.i', 
+h oc tvi> BccCvAoji' eq~iv' yin ts ctcaov eiveci tv oufara, xou tvs ocve/j.ovs Qsohti ficoQeovTcts 
+
+CCPCtTpB"^ CCi 'viTBOt QLVTOlTl TO jUL^^CCVT^fACC* “~“f/-STCC S'B 36 CCi TtTWJ-'i CV^HVCCl 'ZiTO^.BfXOV, 
+
+cVbydenus apud Eufeb. Prsep. L. 9. p. 416. 
+
+
+
+prince 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+prince and people : in lieu of which we read of a king of 
+Senaar, or Shinar, who joins the confederates, having lately- 
+gotten pofleflion of that province. There is a curious frag¬ 
+ment of Heftiasus Mileftus, which feems to relate to this 
+part of the Titanic hiftory; and fupplies what is omitted in 
+the account given by Mofes. The paftage is in Jofephus ; 
+who tells us, from feveral evidences in ancient hiftory, that 
+the tower of Babel was overthrown by whirlwinds, and that 
+a confufton of fpeech enfued. And he adds, that in refpe<5t 
+to Senaar, the Shinar of the Scriptures, there was a paftage 
+in Heftiaeus Mileftus, in which it was mentioned : and he 
+fubjoins the paftage. 4 Tcav Jg 'Ispscm Tag SictrooOsi/Tctg, ret ra 
+
+EwaAia A log isgoofActrct AaSWa?, £tg Xsvctotg Trig BaSyA ooviotg sA- 
+dsiv. 'ZxifootvTcu c h to Xoixov evrevQev, vro rrig op.oyAa><r<na£ rug 
+
+<TVVOlKlOtg 'UrOlVTOtfjLSVOl 'GTCLVTOL’XiS, KOU yiJV SZOtg’Ol ZCLTSXCLfA^CLVOV 
+
+TJ iv svTvyraTotv. Some have imagined, that this hiftory related 
+to the people faved at the deluge ; rag S'lctTcoOsi/Totg etna ra 
+
+KCtTctzXv<TfJLis. But this is impoflible : for we cannot fuppofe, 
+that the rites of Jupiter Enualius were preferved by Noah : 
+or that the priefts of this Deity were in the Ark. Jofephus 
+moreover introduces this paftage, as if Heftiasus had been 
+fpeaking Ttrsgi ra rsrsiia Xeyofjtsva Zsvototg, about the country 
+called Senaar. But this too is certainly a miftake, as may 
+
+* Ot £b Oeoi avBfAovs B7rnrBfj.'\'0tvTe$ ocvuTgB-^otv tcm Ylvoyov , xcti tSiotv (pcorvv 
+
+bSmxclv' xect £iot t&to Ba.€uAoovoc. c-uvbQtd xAtj^vyoci tap t uroAtv m rj^g>x £b Td'z&eJ'r-* ra 
+AByou.evx’Sevct.ctg By tv BacCuA&rwa %p)pCL fJLv>ifx.o revet C E ^iolios As yow hT&s* T«p £e 'lececoy 
+£ictcrauOeyTots Tot t& EwaAia Z\ios ig poo/ jucct ot Aot^ovTots Bis ^ev'eteto tvs TictSvAccy.cts 
+BAHs 'Vm ’S.xiSva.vT'CLi Se to Aonrov tVTe*(kv vivo tvs GfJLoyAa crcriccs Tots nvvoixicts tstqu/htqlij&vii 
+'G rot7*7xett •yvv ixot<?Qi xcLTBAoLfj&avov tv* WTv%v<rav. Jofeph. Ant. L. X. C, 4 . 
+Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. 9. p. 416. Eufeb. Chron. p. 13. 
+
+Vol* III. L 
+
+
+be 
+
+
+
+74 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+be Teen from the words of the author. He is not treating 
+about Babylon in the land of Senaar; but of Senaar in the 
+land of Babylonia; and of circumftances fubfequent to the 
+difpcrflon. Senaar in Babylonia muft have been the city of 
+that name, and not the country. It was the fame as the 
+Shinar of Mofes, and the Singara of Ptolemy, and other 
+writers. Heftiams had undoubtedly been treating of the 
+demolition of the tower at Babel, and of the flight of the 
+priefls. To this he fubjoined the curious piece of hiftory, 
+which has been tranfmitted to us by Jofephus. The pur¬ 
+port of it is this. After the ruin of the tower, the priefls , 
+r ivho efcaped from that calamity , faved the implements of their 
+idolatry , and whatever related to the worfhip of their Deity , 
+and brought them , eig Zevctug Trig IhafvXmioLg, to the city Se- 
+naar in Babylonia. But they were again driven from hence by 
+a J'ccond difpe7fcn ; and matikind being as yet all of one 3 lan¬ 
+guage, they made their fettlements in various parts , laying 
+hold of any fpot to dwell in , that chance offered. The former 
+flight of the people from Babylon, and particularly of the 
+
+
+’ The words arc, vtto b/uioy^oocrciocs rets auvoty.tcc$ zj-otnacc^fvoi : which fome 
+may fuppoie to mean, that they made their fettlements , where they found people of the 
+f:me language. But the author adds, t<xs ovvonaccs woiw^^voi riANTAXOT. By 
+sc ai'T ccys is meant ev 'ztolvti tqttu. They made their abode in all parts of the world . 
+They could not therefore be determined to any particular places : for it is plain 
+that they were indeterminately fcattered: and to fhew that they had no choice, the 
+author adds, yeett yr,v exct<rci xcereAa/x€<zvoi' mv evru^gda olv . The whole world was 
+open before them : they fojourned in any land , that fortune put in their way . And this 
+was cafy, Jttotjw cfxoy?\.ooa<Ticcs j on account of the uniformity of language , which as yet 
+prevailed. From this ancient Writer we find, that there was originally one language 
+in the world: and though at Babel there was an impediment in utterance, yet lan¬ 
+guage luffered no alteration for fome ages. Bochart alters bpoyAwcrcruzs to 'ktoAu- 
+
+7 A axrctctci but furely this is too bold a deviation. See Geog. Sac. L. i.p. 64. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+priefts, is the circumftance alluded to by the poet, when he 
+fpeaks of Lycurgus, as driving the Tithense, or Nurfes, of 
+Bacchus over the plain of Nufa. 
+
+* ’Og 'WOTS fJLCUVOfJLSVOlO Al(dVV<rOlO T lQr)VOLS 
+
+%svs kolt rjyocOsov Nv<r<rvioir oil <T dy.x woltcli 
+® v<rQ Aa ysctyou xone-^svuv. 
+
+Upon the expulhon of this people from Senaar it was, that 
+the fons of Shem got pofleflion of that city, and region: and 
+after this fuccefs, they proceeded farther, and attacked the 
+Titanians in all their quarters. Their purpofe was either to 
+drive them away from the countries which they had ufurped; 
+or to fubdue them totally, and reduce them to a ftate of vaf- 
+lalage. They accordingly fet out with a puiffant army ; 
+and after a difpute of fome time, they made them 5 tributa¬ 
+ries. But upon their riling in rebellion after the fpace of 
+thirteen years, the confederates made a frelh inroad into their 
+countries, where they fmote the Rephaims in AJhteroth Kar- 
+naim , who were no other than the Titans. They are ac¬ 
+cordingly rendered by the Seventy 6 T it; ViyoiVTOLg rag sv A sol- 
+gocd, the Giant brood in AJiaroth : and the valley of the 
+Repha'im in Samuel is tranllated 7 ty\v Koi^a^ot toov Titocvuiv, 
+
+4 Iliad. L. Z. v. 132. He makes them in their fright throw away all their idola¬ 
+trous implements. 
+
+5 Twelve years they ferved Chedorlaomer. Gen. c. 14. v. 4. 
+
+6 Ibid. v. 5. The rebellion of their family is alluded to by the prophet Ifaiah, 
+
+who ftyles them in the language of the Seventy T tyuvres. Huieyecftvcrav coi 'zz-ccvref 
+01 01 ctpZavTes tm C. 14. V. 9. 
+
+7 2. Samuel, c. 5. v. 18. They are mentioned by Judith. OuSe-vw Tnccvw 
+
+sttcltclPccv OLVTQV. C. l6. V. 8 . 
+
+
+. L 2 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+7 6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the valley of the "Titans . We are alfo told by Procopius Gazzeus, 
+mg Vr/avras, %ou Titxvxs oovopt,x£pv, vs 'PxcpxsifA 'ESgxioi <px<rtv‘ 
+
+that thofey whom the Hebrews mentioned as Raphaim , were by 
+other people called Giants , and Titans. Thofe of the confe¬ 
+deracy fmote alfo 9 the Zuzims in Ham , and the Emims in 
+Shaveh Kiriathaim. All thefe were of the Giant, or Tita- 
+nian race. Hence Mofes fpeaking of the land of Moab fays, 
+The Emims dwelt therein in times pajl , a people great , and 
+many , and tall , as the Hnakims : but the Moabites call them 
+
+
+1 o 
+
+
+Emims ; which alfo were accounted Giants. He mentions 
+alfo the " Zuzims in the fame light. This attack made 
+upon the fons of Ham is taken notice of by Theophilus ; 
+who fpeaks of it as the firft war upon 11 earth, and calls it 
+the war of the Giants. Ccdrenus affures us, that there were 
+records in Egypt, which confirmed the account given by 
+Mofes, concerning thefe perfonages of fo extraordinary fta- 
+ture ; and that they particularly flourifhed about the times 
+oi 13 Abraham and Ifaac. And he adds, tvs U7to 'EAAi^wj/ 
+
+
+Ad L. 2. 
+
+
+Return, c. 5. Mof 
+
+
+tioned as the Titans. Cceterum de Titanibus ac Raphsemis meminerunt Sacra: Li¬ 
+
+
+ter 
+
+
+L. 1. c. s. 
+
+
+b- P 
+
+
+9 Genef. fupra. 
+
+
+fo 
+
+
+* t 
+
+
+
+
+Peuteron. c. 2. v. 10. 
+
+Deut. c. 2. v. 20. Giants dwelt therein in old time , and the Ammonites called'them 
+Zanzionmim. They were the fame as the Zuzim. 
+
+,A Ad Autolyc. L. 2. p. 372. aorn ccgjtfi eyevero wocorn tb yueaBici 'EroPie/u.'JS evn 
+
+tw xa< x<xTcxc4ai ( tbs F<>arra«, ev Kajaiu:j«, xou eSr icr^yfoc ocjjlol ocutoi xA^ 
+
+XDtJ €V TOIS 2 £D 31 *GIS ASpxctfJL xa< I (JCLOCTt TjT(jZv<JCt)lJ*OLTQV$ CCi$p 0 J 7 T 0 U$ AtyU 7 TTiQl 1%~C- 
+
+g&ct yeveaO a/, nous u 7 ro EAAjiv&jv Fiyctvra$ wou<xC i opt.evvs. p. 34, Artapanus mentions 
+Abraham ara<fe^orra e;$ tbs F/^ arT#-. Iiufeb. P. E. L. 9. p. 420. Jofephus alfo 
+mentions, that this engagement of the four kings was with fome of the Titanic or 
+Gigantic race, whom they defeated, Kccx xenexo^oev tbs ct 7 royQp&$ rcov Tijclvtw. 
+Antiq. L. 1. c. 9. p. 31. 
+
+
+Tiyamts 
+
+
+
+The -Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+77 
+
+
+TiyoLVTcts that thcfe 'were the people , whom the 
+
+Grmtians called Giants. 
+
+The mod full-account of the Titans and their defeat, is 
+to be found in fome of the Sibylline poetry. The Sibyls 
+were Amonian prieftefles ; and were poffefied of ancient 
+memorials, which had been for a long time depolited in the 
+temples where they preflded. A great part of thofe compo- 
+fitions, which go under their name, is not worth being men¬ 
+tioned. But there are fome things curious ; and among 
+thefe is part of an hiftorical poem, to which I allude. It is 
+undoubtedly a t ran flat ion of an ancient record, found by 
+fome Grecian in an Egyptian temple : and though the whole 
+is not uniform, nor perhaps by the fame hand, yet we may 
+fee in it fome fragments of very curious hiftory. 
+
+,+ AAA’ otcotolv pLsryoChoio ®sx tbXbwtcu olxbiKcli, 
+
+'As 'btot btctjcbiKt^b figorois, oi TLvgyov srsv^av. 
+
+Xoogy sv A(Tavgiri, opocpcevoi <T r><ra.v a.7rctVTBS i 
+
+KOU fixXOVT OLVaJoty- Big OvgOLVOV OtS'SgOSVTCCj 
+
+Avtikcl <T AOolvoltos poByaXw B7tsQr#.sy uvetytew 
+
+n VBV(JLO.<TLV' AvTCCg B7CBIT CtVBfJLOl fJLSyOLV V^oOl 'STVgyOV 
+
+Kan §VY)Toi<nv btc oCKhrlKois sgiv wgroLv' 
+
+T xvBftcx. toi BaSyAwva /3goToi Ttrolhsi avopu bQsvto. 
+
+AVTOLg B7CBI 'UTVgyOS T BTCZTB , yA&Ja'CTflUT a.v0gU7CM 
+
+E is "G7oAAas SvrfTwv spusgurQr&oLv- hoChsKTss, 
+
+YlOLVCO^OLTCOLlS <pOOVOLtTl fosfgSQO}/, CLVTCtg OL7COLTOL 
+
+Tolcol figOTcev'UT'h^aro fASgi£op,sv(jov @ot<riKriwi/’- 
+
+K OLl TOTS $iti OSKOLTY] ySVSn MsgOTCUV. CtV$gO07rOQV y 
+
+
+
+’* Sib. Grac. L. 3. p. 223. Theoph. ad Aurolyc. L. 2. p. 371. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+Ej ovirsg xctTcutXvrfAo; exi 'urgOTSgxg yevsT ocvfy 
+K cu ft ounhs vrs Kgovog , kou Titolv, Ioc7TSTog ts, 
+rcttrjg tskvcl pspig-oc kou Ovgocvs, s^sKcthsTTccv 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+AvOpomoi, yourig 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+O vpctva 3 Voy.cc OsvTsg 
+
+
+'Ovvskol oi 'urgotpsgiroi scrccv [j.Sg 07 ruv avQgwTtocv. 
+
+T gi<r<Tcti <Jj f] fxsgrfsg ycur,g kcxtol kX^ov sy.cx.g-ov, 
+
+Kou ftourtXsvrsv SKccfog sywv [J.egog, a$s pctyovTo 
+'O gy.oi ycx.c t eysvovro 'urccrgog, fj.spii'sg rs friKoucu 
+Ty]vikcx JVj 'urccTgog TsXsog ^govog Iksto y^oog, 
+
+Kou f sOocvsv kou 'urcuhg vKs^ouririV ogKoicn 
+\ivr\v 'WQiricrcLVTsg, S7T ocXXrjXovg sgiv ug<rccv, 
+
+‘Og 'GrcxvTSG'tn ftgoToicriv syuov ftounXrii^cc Tif/uriv 
+Ap%si, K cu fJctyscrccvTO K govog Tirocv rs 'UTgog t 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+A vtk F e? cx^y/i 'WQXefJ.3 'Wocvtstti ftgoToi<ri’ 
+
+YlgooT/) ycxg ts ftgQTOig uvtv) 'GroXsfj.oio k cxTctgyr) * 
+
+K cu tots Titocvstti ®sog kolkov syyvocXi^s. 
+
+But when the judgments of the almighty God 
+Were ripe fot execution ; when the Tower 
+Rofe to the Ikies upon Affyria’s plain. 
+
+And all mankind one language only knew: 
+
+A dread commiffion from on high was given 
+To the fell whirlwinds, which with dire alarm 
+Beat on the Tower, and to its loweft bafe 
+Shook it convuls’d. And now all intercourfe, 
+
+15 Scilicet rvyevei$ 9 OuPoc94&vet.* 9 HAtet/tts. 
+
+Tovru) Je (6*$.§. STBl /*g06T 0 9 XOtl T%V OiKB^VriV T Ql$ TptCTlV OCVT3 VlQiS CT6* 
+
+
+
+
+T hr Analysis of Ahcifnt Mythology. 
+
+
+79 
+
+
+By fome occult, and overruling power, 
+
+Ceas’d among men : by utterance they ftrove 
+Perplex’d and anxious to difclofe their mind ; 
+
+But their lip fail’d them ; and in lieu of words 
+Produc’d a painful babbling found : the place 
+Was hence call’d Babel ; by th’ apoftate crew 
+Nam’d from th’ event. Then fever’d far away 
+They fped uncertain into realms unknown : 
+
+Thus kingdoms rofe; and the glad world was fill’d. 
+
+’Twas the tenth age fuccefiive, fince the flood 
+Ruin’d the former world : when foremoft far 
+Amid the tribes of their defendants flood 
+Cronus, and Titan, and Iapetus, 
+
+Offspring of Heaven, and Earth : hence in return 
+For their fuperior excellence they fhar’d 
+High titles, taken both from Earth and Heaven.. 
+
+For they were furely far fupreme ; and each 
+
+,c> From a common notion, that Iapetus was Japhet, this name is afligned to one 
+of die three brothers : and the two others are diftinguifhed by the names of Cronus, 
+and Titan. But they are all three indeterminate titles. Iapetus was a Titanian *, 
+and is mentioned as fuch by Diodorus, L. 5. p. 334. Fie was one of the brood, 
+which was baniflied to Tartarus, and condemned to darknefs; 
+
+tv Iocttcto 9 re Kgova re 
+H/utvoiBr a.uyYii HeA/o/o 
+
+Tef> 7 TQVT\ vr cLveyLQLpi / 3 c*Gw re TctgTctgae afJL<pi$. 
+
+Homer. Iliad. 0 . v. 478. He isalfo mentioned as an earth-born Giant; one of the 
+prime apoftates. 
+
+Turn partu Terra nefandp 
+
+Cceumque, Iapetumqpe creat, fcvumque Typhcea, 
+
+Et conjuratos ccelum refcindere fratres. 
+
+* Virgil. Georg. L. 1. v. 279. 
+
+The hiftory of Iapetus has no relation to Japhet. I ecTreroi he rce>y T*tgcpwv. Schol. in 
+Homer, fupra. Iapetus was one of the Giants . 
+
+
+Ruled 
+
+
+
+8 c The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+Ruled o’er his portion of the vaflal world, 
+
+Into three parts divided : for the earth 
+Into three parts had been by Heaven’s decree 
+Sever’d ; and each his portion held by lot. 
+
+No feuds as yet, no deadly fray afofe : 
+
+For the good lire with providential care 
+
+Had bound them by an 17 oath : and each well knew 
+
+That all was done in equity, and truth. 
+
+But foon the man of juftice left the world, 
+
+Matur’d by time, and full of years. He died : 
+
+And his three fons, the barrier now remov’d, 
+
+Rife in defiance of all human ties, 
+
+Nor heed their plighted faith. To arms they fly. 
+Eager and fierce : and now their bands compleat, 
+Cronus and Titan join in horrid fray ; 
+
+Rule the great objedt, and the world the prize. 
+
+This was the firfl: fad overture to blood ; 
+
+When war difclos’d its horrid front ; and men 
+Inur’d their hands to daughter. From that hour 
+The Gods wrought evil to the Titan race; 
+
+They never profpered. 
+
+This Sibylline hiftory is of confequence. It has been 
+borrowed by fome Helleniftic Jew, or Gnoftic, and inferted 
+amid a deal of trafh of his own compoling. The fuperior 
+antiquity of that part, which I have laid before the reader, 
+is plain, from its being mentioned by 18 Jofephus. Some 
+
+17 See Eufebii Chron. p. 10. 1 . 38, 
+
+18 Antiq. L. 1. c. 4. 
+
+
+lines 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 8i 
+
+lines are likewife quoted by 14 Athenagoras, and ' 9 Theophilus 
+Antiochenus. But there are paflages afterwards, which re¬ 
+late to circumftances of late date : fuch as were in time 
+much inferior to the age of Athenagoras ; and ftill farther 
+removed from the aera of Jofephus. Upon this account I 
+pay a greater deference to thefe verfes, than I do to thofe 
+which are fubfequent. For thefe contain a very interefting 
+hiftory ; and are tolerably precife, if we confider the re- 
+motenefs of the times fpoken of. We have here an accurate 
+account of the confufion of fpeech, and demolition of the 
+tower of Babel, and of the Titanian war, which enfued. 
+And we are moreover told, that the war commenced in the 
+tenth generation after the 
+years ; and that it was the firft war, in which mankind were 
+engaged. The author, whoever he may have been, feems to 
+allude to two quarrels. The one was with the head of the 
+family, and proceeded from a jealoufy and fear, left he 
+fhould have any more children : as that would be a detri¬ 
+ment in poffeflion to thofe, whom he already 10 had. Some¬ 
+thing of this nature runs through the whole of the Pagan 
+mythology. The other quarrel was upon a fimilar account. 
+
+and a defire of rule among the 
+Titans ; and terminated in their ruin. Abydenus conform¬ 
+ably to the account given above, mentions, that foon after 
+the demolition of the tower commenced the ai war between 
+
+,a Athenag. Leg. p. 307. avtij; (S^uAAra) xaiTlPiancuy. 
+
+' 9 Ad Antol. L. 2. p. 371. 
+
+*° See Sibylline Verfes. JL. 3. p. 22 7. 
+
+xt <?€ acTGOV Blva .1 TVOv^GCW TvgCTlu\ Xfltf TVS CLV€fJLVS CLV{ZTf€^CU—fJL€TCt cf* 
+
+Kgovco t t xcti Titwi av^wcu 'GJofofjLQv. Eufeb. Prasp. Evang. E. 19. c. 14. p. 416. 
+Syncel. p. 44. 'Zevs'&egi rm etc+g 15 tv posTiTavats Athenag. Legatio.p. 325. 
+
+Vol. III. M Cronus 
+
+
+It began through ambition, 
+
+
+deluge ; and that it lafted ten 
+
+
+
+82 
+
+
+Tin: Analysis or Anciknt Mythology. 
+
+
+-Cronus and Titan : and that it was carried on by people 
+of uncommon ftrength and flaturc. Eupolemus alfo, whom 
+I have before quoted, calls them 11 Giants ; and fays, that 
+they were fcattcred over the face of the earth. Upon this 
+dilper/lon Babylonia was quite evacuated, and the city left 
+unfiniflied. Some of the fugitives betook themfelves to Shi- 
+nar, a city which lay between Nineve and Babylon, to the 
+north of the region, which they had quitted. Others came 
+into Syria, and into the Arabian provinces, which bordered 
+
+
+upon Canaan. 
+
+
+Thofe, who fled to Shinar, the Senaar of 
+
+
+Heftiaeus Milefius, redded there fome time. 
+
+
+But being in 
+
+
+the vicinity of Elam, and Nineve, they raifed the jealoufy of 
+the fons of Afhur, and of the Elamites, who formed a con¬ 
+federacy againft them ; and after a difpute of fome time 
+drove them from that neighbourhood. And not contented 
+with this, they profecuted their vengeance flill farther, and 
+
+
+invaded all thofe of the line of Ham weftward > and made 
+them tributaries, as far as the confines of Egypt. The fa- 
+cred writings take notice of the conclufion of the war, which 
+ended almoft in the extirpation of fome families in thefe 
+parts ; efpecially of thofe, which were properly Titanian. 
+And that this was the fame war which happened in the time 
+of Abraham, is manifeft from its being in the tenth genera¬ 
+tion from the deluge : for Abraham was tenth in defeent 
+
+
+from Noah; and confequently from the deluge. Cedrenus 
+is very particular in his account of thefe times. He fays, 
+that in the days of Abraham, * 3 rag 'uruiS'ctg tx Ovgocvu a,K[j.cL<rcu z 
+
+
+zx 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+E ivot* Se wj rw r<>arra$. Eufeb. Pnep. Evang. L. 9. c. 1^7. p, 418. 
+
+P. 29. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+83 
+
+the fons of Coelus flourifhed. And having before fpoken of 
+the Patriarch’s retiring upon account of a famine into Egypt, 
+he adds, 2+ yivsTou <J g kou 0 'Tirctvm 'urgog tov Atcc 'aroXsfJLog : 
+about this time was the war of the Titans agamfl yupiter. 
+Theophilus alfo gives an account of this war from the 
+hiftorian Phallus. ls K ou yotg tov Ac rrvgiuv fictcihsvcrotv- 
+
+Tog , kou Kgovx, kou T iTctvog, ©aAAoj pcspovryou, (pouncuv, tovEy\Kov 
+‘UTB7toKep.Y\y.2vcu <rvv r oig TtTouri 'argog tov A tot, kou Tag vvv camp 
+&sag 'hsyop.svxg. EvOoc <pr,<ri, kou 0 Evyt)g riTTrfiaig scpvy&v Big Tolp- 
+
+
+Ti)(T(rov. Phallus takes notice of the vhjfyrian monarch Belus ; 
+likewife of Cronus , and Titan : and he fays, that Belus and the 
+Titans made war upon yupiter and the Gods : and that Gyges 
+being worfed in battle fled from thofe parts to Tarteffus. In- 
+ftead of Cronus, he mentions Jupiter, as the perfon engaged 
+on the oppofite fide : but it is of little confequence by what 
+title the leaders be called ; for the hiftory of the war is very 
+
+
+plain. 
+
+
+In Mofes we read only of the conclufion : but the 
+
+
+Gentile writers give a detail of the whole procedure from the 
+beginning of the quarrel. We accordingly find, that there 
+were three brothers, and three families ; one of which was' 
+the Titanian : that they had early great jealoufies ; which 
+their father, a juft man, forefaw, would, if not prevented, 
+become fatal. He therefore appointed to each a particular 
+portion in the earth ; and made them fwear, that they 
+would not invade each others right. This kept them during 
+his lifetime in order: but after his demife the Titans com- 
+
+
+Ibid. 
+
+17 L,. 3. p. 399. PJe makes the Titans war againft the Gods ; but they were pro¬ 
+perly the perfons efteemed immortal. He alfo makes Belus an Aflyrian, inftead of 
+a Babylonian. 
+
+M 2 menced 
+
+
+
+84 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+menced lioftilities, and entered into an aflociation againft 
+the family of Shem. When they firft formed themfelves into 
+this confederacy, they are faid to hav r e raifed an 26 altar: and 
+upon this they fwore never to abandon the league, nor to give 
+up their pretenfions. This altar was the work of the Cy- 
+clopians, a people who feem to have been wonderfully inge¬ 
+nious : and it is thought that the Chaldeans in memorial of 
+this tranfaeftion inferred an altar in their ancient * 7 fphere. 
+
+From the facred hiftorian we may infer, that there were 
+two periods of this war : the firft, when the king of Elam 
+and his aflbeiates laid the Rephaim, Emim, Horites, and 
+Amalekites under contribution : the other, when upon their 
+rebellion they reduced them a fecond time to obedience. 
+The firft part is mentioned by feveral ancient writers ; and 
+is faid to have lafted ten years. Hefiod takes notice of both; 
+but makes the firft rather of longer duration. 
+
+* s Xvvs^sug 
+
+15 Tovto s<r<r, tv w ■zvgooTov oi ©sot t nv ervi-co/xoaixy eQevro , ore iiri Kgovov o Zsv; t~fx~ 
+tsvc rev. Erato fth. After. Sw/a<r p. 14. 
+
+Hyginus fuppofes, that the Gods fwore upon this altar, when they were going to 
+oppofe the Titans : and he fays, that it was the work of the Cyclopians. But the 
+Cyclopians were Titanians j and the altar was for the ufe of their brotherhood, who 
+were called Tirwes Sreci. 
+
+T rryves n Seat—row uvSpes re Sreoi re. 
+
+Homer. Hymn, in Apol. v. 335. 
+
+Juno in Homer fwears by the Titans, as the original Deities. 
+
+Sre&s S'* cv3fj.yvtv cLira.vTas 
+
+Tow v7roTctpTccpey$ 9 01 TiTYives KotteovToa. Iliad. S. v. 279. 
+
+In this we have a Ihort, but true, hiftory of dsEmon-worlhip, and its origin. 
+
+17 E0uxa* kcci avT 0 ev Tip OugcLvco €*$ fxvtifJLQavvov. Eratofthenes fupra. Some how¬ 
+ever think, that it was placed there upon another account: in memorial of the firft 
+altar, that was raifed after the flood. 
+
+a * Theog. v. 636. 
+
+
+s{jlol-^ovto 0&KOL 1resins svioLVTxg. 
+
+
+Ten 
+
+
+
+The Analysis ok Ancient Mythology. 85 
+
+Ten years and more they fternly ftrovc in arms. 
+
+He in another place {peaks of it as a very long and ftubborn 
+affair. 
+
+19 Arigov yog fJLa.gva.nOj urovov $vfJLoKyd syovreg, 
+
+T irrjvzg tb $eoi, jcai o<roi K gova £%sysvovTO. 
+
+Year after year in cruel conflict ftrove 
+The Titan Gods, and thofe of Cronus’ line. 
+
+| * 
+
+In the fecond engagement the poet informs us, that the Ti¬ 
+tans were quite difeomfited, and ruined : and according to 
+the mythology of the Greeks, they were condemned to refide 
+in Tartarus, at the extremities of the known world. Ac¬ 
+cording to the Mofaic account it happened fourteen years 
+after the conclulion of the firft war. 30 Twelve years they 
+ferved Chedorlaomer: and in the thirteenth they rebelled. And 
+in the fourteenth year came Chedorlaomerj a?id the kings that 
+were with him ; and fmote the Rephaims in Afjteroth Kar- 
+naimj and the Zuzims in Hamj and the Emims in Shaveh Ki~ 
+riathaim: and the Horites in their mount Seir unto El Paratij 
+which is by the wildernefs. And they returned and came to 
+En-MiJhpatj which is in KadeJhj and fmote all the country of 
+the AmalekiteSj and alfo the AmoriteSj that dwelt m Hazezon 
+Tamar. And there came out the king of Sodom , and the king of 
+Gomorrahj &c. Jofephus, and later writers, do not conlider 
+the purport of the feripture account, nor the extent of this 
+
+V. 629. avrcov it'tctvTVs fexet £ r>f tw /Lu rwv vikw* 
+
+Apollodorus. L. i. p. 4. 
+
+30 Genefis. c. 14. v. 4. 5 . 6 . 
+
+
+war: 
+
+
+
+S6 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+war : but fpeak of it as carried on chiefly, if not folely, with 
+the petty kings o t the Afphaltite vale. They bore an incon- 
+liderable part in this grand 3 ‘ affair: and were taken in after a 
+fweep of many, and far more powerful, nations. The for¬ 
+mer war, when the power of the Titans was firft broken, 
+feems to have been a memorable sera with the Cuthites and 
+their defcendants, though overlooked by other people. 
+
+The kings, who compofed the confederacy againft the Ti¬ 
+tans, were the king of Elam, the king of Elafur, the king of 
+Sliinar, and a fourth, ftyled king of nations. It was a family 
+aflociation againft a common enemy, whence we may form a 
+judgment concerning the princes of whom it was compofed. 
+Of the king of Shinar we know little : only we may be af- 
+fured, that he was of the line of Shem ; who had recovered 
+the city, over which he ruled, from the Titanians. And we 
+may farther prefume, that Tidal king of Nations was no 
+other than the king of Aram. In like manner we may infer, 
+that Arioch Melach Elafur, idSh, however exprefled, was the 
+king of Nineve, called of old, and at this day, 33 Afur and 
+Aftur. In the ancient records concerning this war, it is 
+probable, that each nation made itfelf the principal, and 
+took the chief part of the glory to itfelf. For the conquefts 
+of Ninus (by which word is flgnified merely the Ninevite) 
+conftfted in great meafure of thefe atchievements: the whole 
+honour of which the Ninevites and Aflyrians appropriated 
+
+to 33 themfelves. The real principal in the war was the king 
+
+* 
+
+5 * See Obfeiwations and Inquiries, p. 206. 
+
+Benjamin Tudclcnfis. p. 61. 
+
+Zonaras fpeaks of the war as being carried on by the Aflyrians. p. 22. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+33 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+87 
+
+of Elam ; as we learn from the Scriptures : and another 
+material truth may be obtained from the account given by 
+Mofes ; that notwithftanding the boafted conqucfts of the 
+Affyrians, and the famed empire of Ninus and Semiramis, 
+the province of Aflur was a very limited diftri<£t ; and the 
+kingdom of Elam was fuperior both to that of Nineve, and 
+Babylonia. The king of nations I have fuppofed to have 
+been the king of Aram : and the nature of the confederacy 
+warrants the fuppofltion. But there are evidences, which 
+{hew, that he was no other, than the prince of that country : 
+and it was called the region of nations, becaufe all Syria, 
+and the country upon the Euphrates confifted of mixed peo¬ 
+ple ; which was obfervable quite down to Galilee in Canaan. 
+Mofes Chorenenfis wrote the hiftory of Armenia ; and he tells 
+us, that when Ninus reigned in 34 Aflyria, there was a war 
+carried on againft the 35 Titans of Babylonia, whom heftyles 
+the Immortals v and that the king of Aram had the conduct 
+of that war. It is well known, that thefe kings, after they 
+had defeated thofe in the vale of Siddim, carried off many 
+prifoners. Among thefe was Lot, who was afterwards in a 
+wonderful manner refcued by his brother Abraham. This 
+hillory is mentioned by Eupolemus ; who fays, that they 
+were the people of Aram, who had taken him prifoner : and 
+that they had been making war upon the people of Canaan, 
+whom he ftyles Phenicians. He adds, that upon the news 
+of Lot being a prifoner, Abraham with his armed houfhold 
+
+34 Mofes Chorenenf. T. i.c. io. p. 27. 
+
+35 Bellum Titanium cum Gigantibus—immortalibus ac proceriflimis. Ibid. 
+Agmen Titanium. Ibid. 
+
+alone 
+
+
+
+S8 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+alone defeated the enemy, and regained his 36 brother. Dio¬ 
+dorus Siculus has a paflage very much to the prefent purpofe. 
+He tells us, that 37 JVinus , or the IVinevite y with the affflance 
+of another prince , made war upon his neighbours the Babylo¬ 
+nians. He proceeds afterwards to fay, that this formidable 
+expedition was not againfl the city of Babylon \ for that was 
+?:ot then in being : but againfl other refpeSlable cities of the 
+country. In this war he with tnuch eafe fubdued his enemies , 
+and obliged them to pay an annual tribute. How very confo- 
+nant this hiftory is to the account given by Mofes ? The 
+author fays, that the city Babylon , which in aftertimes made 
+fuch a figure, was not now in being. It is very truly faid : 
+for the city Babel had been begun ; but was at that time 
+
+deferted, and left unfinilhed. 38 They left off to build the city. 
+
+* 
+
+It feems to have been under a curfe : and we hear nothing 
+more of it for ages. Not a word occurs about Babylon or 
+Babylonia, till the time of Berodach Baladart, and of Nebu¬ 
+chadnezzar, who came after him, when this city was rebuilt. 
+And from the extent of it, when compleated, we may form 
+fome judgment of the original defign. 39 The king (Nebu¬ 
+chadnezzar) fpake a?id faid: is not this great Babylon , that I 
+have built for the houfe of my kingdom , by the might of my 
+power , and for the honour of my majefly f Abydenus informs 
+
+r Y<repov fe STri^pxTivfroti t ois $>olv^T NiKwrotvTGjv Se x.cti cux^ocAmtigcl- 
+
+fjLiv'jyv Tc/y aSeAtyiS ai' ccjT 3 (Afcaa/.*), tqv ACocccc/x fierce onctTcvv (SowBuactfiToc eyxpxrn 
+yivcabcct tcov ct^jjLaAtoTia’xfxsi'toi'y x..t A, Eufeb. Prcep. Evang. L. 9. p. 418. 
+
+?7 KctT exgU'bS <Pe 7 BS lW a<ra BctCvA&V UX. W BKTKTfXivyi* xoltol <?€ TW 
+
+RxfuA uTrwffiov txA?\.ai 'utqAgis x^to^oyoi' p xfioos cTf ^fiocacrxf/.€vo 9 T ov$ ey *“ 
+
+rrSTQt* fxtv erac^e Tth.zw xxt s nxL/Tcr &'ptG/j.tuJ$ <pop&$. Diodor. L. 2. p. 90, 
+jS Genefis. c. 11. v. 8. 
+
+19 Daniel, c. 4. v. 30. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+89 
+
+us from Megafthenes, 40 that Babylon was firjl walled round by 
+Belus : but in time the wall was ruined. At lajl Nebuchodo- 
+nofor built it anew ; and it remained with gates of brafs to the 
+time of the Macedonian empire. 
+
+In the paftage taken above from Diodorus Siculus men¬ 
+tion is alfo made of fome fervice impofed upon the con¬ 
+quered nations ; which is conformable to the account 
+given by Mofes. 41 Twelve years they ferved Chedorlaomer : 
+which fervice undoubtedly confifted in a certain tribute, 
+as Diodorus rightly informs us. There are two circum- 
+ftances, in which this author, as the text now hands, 
+does not accord with the original hiftory. He mentions 
+firft, that the king of Aflur was in league with the king 
+of Arabia: and in the next place, that after the fub- 
+duing of the Babylonians, he attacked the Armenians. In 
+refpedt to Arabia, there was probably no country in that 
+age fo called : nor could it be the king of Arabia, 
+with whom he was in alliance; no more than it was the 
+Armenian with whom he was at war. Thefe two names, 
+Arabia and Aramia, are very ftmilar, and have therefore been 
+confounded ; and the hiftory by thefe means has been ren¬ 
+dered obfcure. The prince, with whom the king of Nineve 
+had entered into an alliance, was not the king of Arabia, 
+but Aramia. He was a branch of the fame family as Melech 
+Al Afut, the king of Nineve : and his country was ftyled 
+
+40 BwAov BccZvXwvct t ft%ei 'srep&ctAeiv' ry %ocv-jj <f e ix.vivfA.fviu a(pai'tcrB>;v(zi' Teiyjcrou 
+<fg avQis Ncc€n% i oJ s ovoo-ogcv, jc.t.A. Apud Abydenum in Eufebio. Prscp. Evang. 
+
+L. 9. p. 459. 
+
+41 Genefis. c. 14. v. 4. See Diodorus above,’ eT«|e leXeiv tpagys. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+N 
+
+
+Aram. 
+
+
+
+90 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Aram. 41 Tsg yag vtp vfjuuv 2 vgsg tcofcs fj.e vsg V7T ’ owroov tup 
+
+Xvguv Agfjosvisg, jcou Aga.fJLfj.ousg KctlKsiT^ai. Thofe , fays Strabo, 
+
+* 3 whom we Grecians name Syrians , are by the Syrians themfelves 
+called Armenians and Aramceans. On the other hand the 
+people, whom Diodorus by miftake ftyles Armenians, were 
+the fame that in aftertimes were called Arabians. The 
+countries of the Rephaim, the Zuzim, the Amalekites, and 
+the 43 Horites, lay in Arabia Petraea : and thefe were the 
+people, upon whom this inroad was made. It lay neareft to 
+Babylonia, though feparated by a defart. It was accordingly 
+invaded by the confederates, after they had made themfelves 
+mailers of Singara. We ihould therefore for Arabia in the 
+firft inftance replace 44 Aramia : and for the Aramians, in 
+the latter part read Arabians. This fmall change makes the 
+whole perfectly agreeable to the truth. It correfponds with 
+the account given by the Armenian writer above; and a 
+wonderful atteilation is hereby afforded to the hiftory oT 
+Mofes. 
+
+41 L. i. p. 71. 
+
+The Horites were Hivites of the race of Ham. Zibeon,.Seir’s fon, is fo ftyled*. 
+Gen. c. 36. v. 2. 
+
+Ko'Ta.ircLvo^ Si c pTuriv ey TO.sldSatixoi$—ey Si aSctT7roToi$ evpojjav Tor ACpatotpt urotfpiporrat 
+
+i1 5 TBS r tyotVTCti* TtfTtfS f s OiYJdrTCLS iV T>? BctZvAtoVlO, <SlCL TW UtriCilOtU V 7 TO T< 0 V ©g 000 
+
+streetpeBnvotty coy tv at RwAor, x.t. A.. Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. 9* P* 4 
+
+44 Arabia has more than once been put for Aramia, or rather for Armenia. A. 
+miftake of this fort is to be found in Theophilus. Every body knows, that the ark 
+of Noah is faid to have refted upon Mount Ararat in Armenia. But this writer 
+makes it reft upon the mountains of Arabia ; and fays, that the remains of it were 
+to be feen in his time. *H$ x.i€cotu rat A et^otvot tw fevpo SeiKwrctt eivat ev to/s- 
+
+Ajafaois cpeai ♦, for ApctpuKots ogecr/* the mountains of Aram . Ad Autol. L, 3.. 
+
+P- 39 *- 
+
+
+Thus; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+9i 
+
+
+Thus ] 
+worlhipp 
+tower ca 
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+Titans 
+
+
+of fire 
+
+
+who were engaged in building the 
+
+
+of the fame name 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+feem to have been a very numerous body, who 
+themfelves to the fpot, and were determined j 
+
+
+they were wonderfully diflipated 
+
+
+ferent 
+
+been 
+
+
+Some of the remoter 
+in the firfl calamity 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+id fled to dif- 
+l not to have 
+however ven¬ 
+
+
+geance purfued. 
+
+
+For the family 
+
+
+formidable tribes 
+deemed invincible 
+
+
+which for courage and ftature 
+They carried it with a high h; 
+
+
+feem to have reduced many 
+
+
+to a ftate of obe- 
+
+
+from the Euphrates downwards to the entrance 
+
+
+of Egypt 
+
+
+From thence they turned, and palling up- 
+
+
+con 
+
+
+quells, 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+wards by the well of Jordan, they took in all thofe na¬ 
+tions, which had before efcaped them. From the fer- 
+vice impofed, and from the extent of the conquells, we 
+may perceive, that the king of Elam and his alfociates 
+entertained the fame views, which had been condemned 
+in their adverlaries. They were laying the foundation 
+of a large empire, of which the fupremacy would moll 
+nrobablv have centered in the kinp-s of Elam. But the 
+
+
+probably have 
+
+
+the kings of Elam 
+
+
+whole fcheme was providentially ruined by the 
+
+
+Abraham 
+
+
+He gave them an utter defeat 
+
+
+wards purfued them from Dan 
+Damafcus. 
+
+
+and after- 
+Hobah, and 
+
+
+Thefe are the events, which the moll early writers, Li- 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+Genefis. c. 14. v. 15 
+
+N 2 
+
+
+mis 
+
+
+
+92 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+mis, Ol en, 45 Thamyras, and Thymcetes, are faid to have 
+commemorated under the titles of the flight of Bacchus ; 
+in which were included the wars of the Giants, and the 
+fufferings of the Gods. 47 Ta Tr\g T it a.v o pioagieng , kou 
+
+to cvvoXov Try Tsrsgi ret 'OTctOri roov ®su)v Wogixv. I have 
+before mentioned from Hygmus an account of Phoroneus, 
+the firft king upon earth ; wherein is contained an epitome 
+of the Noachic hiftory ; and where there are alfo fome 
+alluflons to the difperflon, and to this war. 48 Inachus, 
+Oceani fllius, ex Archia forore fua procreavit Phoroneum, 
+qui primus mortalium dicitur regnafle. Homines ante 
+fecula multa fine oppidis legibufque vitam exegerunt, una 
+lingua loquentes fub Jovis imperio. Sed poftquam Mer- 
+cmius fermones hominum 49 interpretatus eft, unde Her^- 
+
+meneutes dicitur interpres-Idem nationes diftribuit : 
+
+turn difeordia inter homines efle ccepit. Inachus , whofe 
+father was Ocean us, had by his fijler Archia a fon named 
+Phoroneus ; who was the firji king upon earth. Before his 
+reign people had but o'ne language ; and lived for many ages 
+under the dire&ion of "Jupiter , without any cities being founded , 
+
+
+Xltiroirixzvo 1 fe TBTor ( Qccy.ufii>) icpoftirat tov 'Titccvoov 'srpos ras ©gas 'Zo-oAe/xop. 
+Plutarch, de Mufica. 
+
+TiTciviu’ yevoz^xoci Kux Asottsop, xcu Y tyctvTccv gov f/.€/j.vyiTcci ATroAAfidw^tf^ 
+
+o xxi Qocc 7 rtcjS €7nxAwGej4 5 zv (2t€ A® t>? e 7 Tiygctpoy.eyri?>,efAev&Qi. Theoph. ad Autolyc. 
+L. 2. p. 352. 
+
+47 Diodorus, L. i. p. 87. 
+
+riA avac 9 xai xcu 'sroAAa roiavrcc 'sra0>?/4ccTa. Plutarch. Itis et 
+
+
+Ofir. p. 355. 
+
+48 Fab, 143. 
+
+49 Interpretatus eft. It is difficult to arrive at the author’s precife meaning. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+or any laws promulged. But after that Hermes had diveif- 
+
+language of man , from whence Herme?ieutes came to 
+
+
+
+the 
+
+
+fignify an interpreter ; he proceeded , and divided them into 
+
+Upon this there immediately commenced feuds and 
+
+
+nations. 
+
+
+commotions. It is a fhort account, but contains much inte- 
+refting matter: and we learn from it, that immediately after 
+the difperhon the firft war enfued. 
+
+
+
+
+95 
+
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+ORIGINAL CHALDAIC HISTORY, 
+
+AS TRANSMITTED BY 
+
+Abydenus, Apollodorus, and Alexander Polyhistor, 
+
+FROM 
+
+BEROSUS of BABYLONIA. 
+
+
+I Cannot proceed without taking notice of fome extra&s 
+of Babylonifti hiftory, which time has happily {pared us. 
+From what has been already faid, it is evident, that the 
+hiftory of nations muft commence from the aera of Babylon: 
+as here the firft kingdom was founded ; and here was the 
+great fcene of action among the firftborn of the fons of men. 
+The hiftory therefore of the Babylonians and Chaldeans 
+fhould be the firft in order to be confidered. Not that I 
+purpofe to engage in a full account of this people ; but in¬ 
+tend only to confider thofe extrads, of which I have made 
+mention above. The memorials are very curious ; but have 
+been greatly miftaken, and mifapplied. The perfon, to 
+whom we are beholden for them, was Berofus* a prieft of 
+
+
+
+Bel us.. 
+
+
+
+‘J 6 T nt Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Belus. He was a native of Babylonia; and lived in the 
+time of Alexander, the fon of Philip. The Grecians held 
+him in great efteemand he is particularly quoted by the 
+oriental fathers, as well as by Jofephus of Judea. He treated, 
+it feems, of the origin of things, and of the formation of the 
+earth out of chaos. He afterwards fpeaks of the flood ; and 
+of all mankind being deftroyed, except one family, which 
+was providentially preferved. By thefe was the world re¬ 
+newed. There is a large extra<ft from this author, taken 
+from the Greek of Alexander Polyhiftor, and tranfmitted to 
+
+us bv Eufebius : which contains an account of thefe firft 
+
+✓ J 
+
+occurrences in the world. But it feems to be taken by a 
+perfon, who was not well acquainted with the language, in 
+which it is fuppofed to be written ; and has n^ade an irre¬ 
+gular and partial extract, rather than a genuine tranflation. 
+And as Berofus lived at a time, when Babylon had been re¬ 
+peatedly conquered ; and the inhabitants had received a 
+mixture of many different nations: there is reafon to think, 
+that the original records, of whatever nature they may have 
+been, were much impaired; and that the natives in the time 
+of Berofus did not perfectly underftand them. I will foon 
+prefent the reader with a tranfeript from Polyhiftor of this 
+valuable fragment; in which he will perceive many curious 
+traces of original truth ; but at the fame time will find it 
+mixed with fable, and obfeured with allegory. It has like- 
+wife fuflfered greatly by interpreters : and there are fome 
+miftakes in the difpofition of the tranfeript ; of which I 
+{hall hereafter take notice ; and which could not be in the 
+original. 
+
+
+Other 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+97 
+
+
+Other authors, as well as Alexander Polyhiftor, have co¬ 
+pied from Berofus : among thefe is Abydenus. I will there¬ 
+fore begin with his account; as it is placed firft inEufebius: 
+the tenor of it is in this manner. 
+
+££ 1 So much concerning the wifdom of the Chaldeans. 
+“ It is faid, that the firft king of this country was Alorus ; 
+
+who gave out a report, that he was appointed by God to 
+“ be the Ihepherd of his people. He reigned ten fari. Now 
+“ a farus is efteemed to be three thoufand fix hundred years. 
+“ A nereus is reckoned fix hundred: and a fofus fixty. 
+££ After him Alaparus reigned three fari : to him fucceeded 
+££ Amillarus from the city of 1 Pantibiblus, who reigned 
+££ thirteen fari. In his time a femidasmon called Annedotus, 
+££ in appearajnce very like to Oannes, {hewed himfelf a fe- 
+“ cond time from the fea. After him Amenon reigned 
+££ twelve fari ; who was of the city Pantibiblon. Then 
+££ Megalanus of the fame 3 place, eighteen fari. Then Daus 
+££ the fhepherd governed for the fpace of ten fari : he was 
+<£ of Pantibiblon. In his time four double-fhaped per- 
+££ fonages came out of the fea to land ; whofe names were 
+££ Euedocus, Eneugamus, Enaboulus, and Anementus. Af- 
+<£ ter Daus fucceeded Anodaphus, the fon of Aedorefchus. 
+££ There were afterwards other kings ; and laft of all Sifu- 
+££ thrus : fo that, in the whole, the number of kings 
+
+I 
+
+♦ 
+
+* Eufebii Chronicon. p. 5. 
+
+* Sometimes Pantibiblus, at other times Pantibiblon occurs for the name of the 
+place. See Syncellus. p. 38. 
+
+J It is in the original Panfibiblon : but the true name was Pantibiblon ; as may 
+be leen by comparing this account with that of Apollodorus, which fucceeds ; and 
+with the fame in Syncellus. 
+
+» ft 
+
+Vox. III. O tc amounted 
+
+
+
+98 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+“ amounted to ten ; and the term of their reigns to an hun- 
+“ dred and twenty fari.” This laft was the perfon who 
+was warned to provide againft the deluge. He accordingly 
+built a veflel, by which means he was preferved. The hif- 
+tory of this great event, together with the account of birds 
+fent out by Sifouthros, in order to know, if the waters were 
+quite abated ; and of their returning with their feet foiled 
+with mud ; and of the ark’s finally refting in Armenia, is 
+circumftantially related by 4 Abydenus, but borrowed from 
+Berofiis. 
+
+A fimilar account of the firft kings of Babylonia is given 
+by Apollodorus ; and is taken from the fame author, who 
+begins thus. “ This is the hiftory, which Berofus has 
+“ tranfmitted to us. He tells us, that Alorus of Babylon 
+“ was the firft king 
+£< (Chaldean. He reigned ten fari: and after him Alaparus, 
+“ and then A melon, who came from Pantibiblon. To him 
+“ fucceeded Amenon of Chaldea: in whofe time they fay, 
+“ that the Mufarus Oannes, the Annedotus, made his ap- 
+“ pearance from the Eruthrean fea.” 5 So we are told by 
+Alexander (Polyhiftor), who firft took this hiftory in hand ; 
+and mentions, that this perfonage fhewed himfelf in the 
+
+* Syncellus. p. 38. He ftyles him Abydenus : but by Eufebius the name is ex-, 
+prefled Abidenus. 
+
+5 Eufebii Chronicon. p. 5. 
+
+So -we are told. Thefe are the words of Eufebius : fo that there is no regular 
+tranflation. 
+
+n^oA o£oov •, who foreftalls the event, and makes the appearance of this perfonage 
+to have been in the firfl: year. 
+
+The account of Oannes is in Alexander Polyhiftor, as taken from the firft book of 
+Berofus : but not a word is there of his appearing in the reign of Amenon. 
+
+“ firft 
+
+
+, that reigned ; who was by nation a 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+99 
+
+
+firft year: but Apollodorus fays, that it was after forty 6 fari. 
+Abydenus, differing from both, mal.es the fecond Annedotus 
+appear after twenty-fix fari. i 1 After this la ft king, Mega- 
+“ larus fucceeded, of the city Pantibiblon ; and reigned 
+“ eighteen fari. Then Daon the fhepherd, of the fame 
+“ city, ten fari. In his time it is faid, that Annedotus ap- 
+“ peared again from the Eruthrean fea, in the fame form, 
+(e as thofe, who had fhewed themfelves before : ha vino; the 
+
+J O 
+
+“ fliape of a fifli, blended with that of a man. Then 
+“ reigned Aedorachus of Pantibiblon, for the term of eigh- 
+“ teen fari. In his days there appeared another perfonage 
+<c from the fea Eruthra, like thofe above ; having the fame 
+<£ complicated form between a fifli and a man : his name 
+“ was Odacon.” All thefe perfonages, according to Apol¬ 
+lodorus, related very particularly and circumftantially, what¬ 
+ever Oannes had informed them. Concerning thefe Abyde¬ 
+nus has made no mention. “ After the kings above, fuc- 
+<( ceeded Amempfinus, a Chaldean, from the city Larach, 
+“ and reigned eighteen fari. In his time was the great de- 
+“ luge.” According to the fum of years above, the total of 
+all the reigns was an hundred and twenty fari. 
+
+There feems to be fome omiflion in the tranfeript given 
+by Eufebius from Apollodorus, which is fupplied by Syncel- 
+lus. He mentions “ Amempfinus as eighth king in order, 
+“ who reigned ten fari. After him comes Otiartes of 7 La- 
+“ ranchae in Chaldea, to whom he allows eight fari. His 
+
+6 From what fixed term do they reckon ? to what year do they refer? and whofe 
+are thefe reflexions ? 
+
+7 Laracha, die Larachon of Eufebius. 
+
+O 2 
+
+
+“ fon 
+
+
+
+ioo The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+44 fon was s Xifuthros, who Feigned eighteen fari ; and in 
+44 whofe time was the well-known deluge. So that the fum. 
+44 of all the kings is ten ; and of the term, which they col- 
+44 ledfively reigned, an hundred and twenty fari.” 
+
+Both thefe writers are fuppofed to copy from Berofus : 
+yet there appears a manifeft difference between them : and 
+this not in refpedt to numbers only, which are eafily cor¬ 
+rupted ; but in regard to events, and difpofition of circum- 
+ftances. Of this ftrange variation in two fhort fragments, I 
+fhall hereafter take further notice. 
+
+I come now to the chief extradf from Berofus ; as it has 
+been tranfmitted to us by 8 9 Eufebius, who copied it from 
+Alexander Polyhiftor. It is likewife to be found in 10 Syn- 
+cellus. It begins in this wife. 
+
+44 Berofus, in his firft book concerning the hiftory of Ba- 
+44 bylonia, informs us, that he lived in the time of Alexan- 
+44 der the fon of Philip. And he mentions, that there were 
+44 written accounts preferved at Babylon with the greateft 
+44 care ; comprehending a term of fifteen myriads of years. 
+44 Thefe writings contained a hiftory of the heavens, and 
+
+44 the fea; of the birth of mankind; alfo of thofe, who had 
+
+% 
+
+44 fovereign rule; and of the adtions achieved by them. 
+44 And in the firft place he deferibes Babylonia as a 11 coun- 
+44 try, which lay between the Tigris and Euphrates. He 
+
+
+8 The name isexprefTed Xifuthrus, Sifufthnir, and Sithithrus. 
+
+9 Eufebii Chronicon. p. 5. 
+
+Syncelli Chronograph, p. 28. 
+
+11 It is neceflary to obferve the arrangement of this hiftory of Berofus ; as much 
+depends upon the difpofition of thele articles. 
+
+
+iC mentions. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. ioi 
+
+c< mentions, that it abounded with ,a wheat, barley, ocrus, 
+££ fefamum : and in the lakes were found the roots called 
+££ gongas, which were good to be eaten, and were in refpedt 
+££ to nutriment like barley. There were a,lfo palm trees, 
+“ and apples, and moft kind of fruits: fifh too, and birds; 
+t£ both thofe, which are merely of flight ; and thofe, which 
+££ take to the element of water. The part of Babylonia, 
+C£ which bordered upon Arabia, was barren, and without 
+“ water : but that, which lay on the other flde, had hills, 
+££ and was 13 fruitful. At Babylon there was I+ in thefe 
+{C times a great refort of people of various nations; who in- 
+££ habited Chaldea ; and lived without rule and order, like 
+££ the beafts of the field. 15 In the firft year there made its 
+££ appearance from a part of the Eruthrean fea, which bor- 
+££ dered upon Babylonia, an animal 16 endowed with reafon, 
+££ who was called Oannes. According to the accounts 
+££ of 17 Apollodorus, the whole body of the animal was- 
+££ like that of a fifh ; and had under a fifh’s head an— 
+££ other head, and alfo feet below, fimilar to thofe of a 
+££ man, fubjoined to the fifh’s tail. His voice too, and 
+
+Tlvgss ccyp&s,. wild wheat.. 
+
+13 Eufeb. cccdopcc : Syncell. evcpopct. 
+
+' 14 I add, in thefe times : for he means the firft ages. 
+
+55 In the firft year from what determined time ? No data are here given : yet* the- 
+meaning will, I believe, be eafily arrived at. 
+
+16 Eufebius, or rather Alexander Poly hi (tor, mentions in the fequel his great know¬ 
+ledge and fagacity. In lik_e manner he is.ftyled Mvotccpos by Apollodotus.; though 
+represented in the original as a Being of great juftice and truth, and an univerfal be- 
+ncfadtor. 
+
+17 It appears from hence, that this is no regular tranflation from Berofus 5 the 
+Grecian copier putting in obfervations of his own, and borrowing from others :: 
+though, to fey the truth, they feem to be the words of Eufebius. 
+
+
+
+
+102 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+“ language was articulate, and human : and there was a re- 
+“ prefentation of him to be feen in the time of Berofus. 
+“ This Being in the day-time ufed to converfe with men : 
+“ but took no food at that feafon : and he gave them an 
+“ inlight into letters, and fcicnce, and every kind of art. 
+“ He taught them to conftrudt houfes, to found temples, to 
+“ compile laws ; and explained to them the principles of 
+“ geometrical knowledge. He made them diftinguilh the 
+“ feeds of the earth ; and lhewed them how to colledt 
+“ fruits : in fhort, he inftrudted them in every thing, which 
+<c could tend to foften manners, and humanize mankind. 
+tc From that time, fo univerfal were his inftru<ffions, nothing 
+“ has been added material by way of improvement. When 
+“ the fun fit, it was the cuftom of this Being to plunge 
+“ again into the fea, and abide all the night in the deep.” 
+After this there appeared other animals like Oannes; of 
+which Berofus promifes to give an 18 account, when he comes 
+
+to the hiftory of the 19 kings. 
+
+Moreover Oannes wrote concerning the generation of 
+mankind : of their different ways of life, and of civil poli¬ 
+ty : and the following is the purport of what he laid : 
+“ There was nothing but darknefs, and an abyfs of water, 
+“ wherein relided moll hideous beings, which were pro- 
+<c duced of a twofold principle. Men appeared with two 
+“ wings ; fome with four: and with two faces. They had 
+“ one body, but two heads ; the one of a man, the other of 
+
+
+,8 Tilde acrain are the words of the tranferiber. 
+
+€ 1 
+
+19 The hiftory of the kings of Babylon was to come afterwards ; which is of con- 
+fequencc to be oblcrved. 
+
+it 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+a woman. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 103 
+
+a woman. They were likewife in their feveral organs 
+“ both male and female. Other human figures were to be 
+“ feen with the legs, and horns of goats. Some had horfes’ 
+«< feet: others had the limbs of a horfe behind ; Lut before 
+“ were fafhioned like men, refembling hippocentaurs. Bulls 
+<£ likewife bred there with the heads of men; and dogs with 
+“ fourfold bodies, and the tails of fifhes. Alfo horfes with 
+“ the heads of dogs : men too, and other animals with the 
+“ heads and bodies of horfes, and the tails of fifhes. In 
+“ fhort, there were creatures with the limbs of every fpecies 
+** of animals. Add to thefe, fifhes, reptiles, ferpents, with 
+“ other wonderful animals ; which affumed each other’s 
+ii fhape, and countenance. Of all thefe were preferved de- 
+“ lineations in the temple of Belus at Babylon. The per- 
+“ fon, who was fuppofed to have prefided over them, had 
+
+tc the name of Omorca. This in the Chaldaic language is 
+
+“ Thalath ; which the Greeks exprefs ■9’aAacra'a, the fea : 
+“ but according to the moft true computation, it is equi- 
+t£ valent to (2 sAj^) the moon. All things being in this 
+
+“ fituation, Belus came, and cut the woman afunder : and 
+
+t£ out of one half of her he formed the earth, and of the 
+<£ other half the heavens ; and at the fame time deftroyed 
+“ the animals in the abyfs. All this, Berofus faid, was an 
+c< allegorical defeription of nature. For the whole univerfe 
+<£ confifting of moifture, and animals being continually ge- 
+“ nerated therein ; 10 the Deity (Belus) abovementioned cut 
+
+*° Eufebius exprefles it, tbtwv $reov ; Syncellus ? tbtqv tov S'gor, the God above- 
+mentioned. This may be proved to be the true reading, from what comes after: 
+for the fa£t is repeated ; and his head cut off again. 
+
+“ off 
+
+
+
+
+
+104- The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+<£ off 21 his own head : upon which the other Gods mixed 
+“ the blood, as it gufhed out, with the earth; and from 
+■“ thence men were formed. On this account it is, that 
+“ they arc rational, and partake of divine knowledge. This 
+“ Belus, whom men call Dis, divided the darknefs, and fe- 
+“ parated the heavens from the earth ; and reduced the 
+li univerfe to order. But the animals fo lately created, not 
+“ being able to bear the prevalence of light, died. Belus 
+“ upon this, feeing a vaft fpace quite uninhabited, though 
+<c by nature very fruitful, ordered one of the Gods to take 
+11 off his head; and when it was taken off, they were to 
+“ mix the blood with the foil of the earth; and from thence 
+<c to form other men and animals, which fhould be capable 
+“ of bearing the 13 light. Belus alfo formed the Bars, and 
+the fun, and moon, together with the five planets.” We 
+have after this the following intelligence concerning the 
+liiftory above; that what was there quoted, belonged to the 
+firft book of Berofus, according to the author’s own diftri- 
+bution of faCts : that in the fecond book was the hiftory of 
+the Chaldean monarchs, and the times of each reign; which 
+confifted collectively of one hundred and twenty fari, or 
+four hundred thirty-two thoufand years ; reaching to the 
+time of the deluge. This latter atteftation of the reigns of 
+
+Zl Avtm , according to fome. Others have lccury y which is the true reading. 
+
+zi XwfJLOL, Syncell. 
+
+Asgcc xpvoeiv, Eufebius ; ctegct, qegewy Syncellus; which is the true reading. 
+The original word was 11 K, Aur, light *, which Aur they have changed to a: 
+but the context ftiews that it was not the air, which they were formed to be proof 
+againft, butlltf, light. This is a common miftake among the Latins, as among 
+the Greeks. The Orientals worftiipped Aur, “HK, the fun : this is by Julius Fir- 
+micus and many other writers rendered Aer. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 105 
+
+the kings, reaching in a line of defcent to the deluge, was 
+never taken from Berofus : they are the words of the co¬ 
+pier ; and contrary to the evidence of the true hiftory, as 
+fhall be plainly fhewn hereafter. 
+
+After this comes a detached, but moft curious extratft from 
+the fame author: wherein he gives an account of the deluge, 
+and of the principal circumftances, with which that great 
+event was attended, conformably to the hiftory of Mofes : 
+and he mentions the perfon, who was chiefly interefted in 
+the affair, by the name of Sifuthrus. “ 15 After the death of 
+“ Ardates, his fon (Sifuthrus) fucceeded, and reigned eigh- 
+“ teen fari. In his time happened the great deluge ; the 
+“ hiftory of which is given in this manner. The Deity, 
+“ Cronus, appeared to him in a vifton; and gave him notice, 
+“ that upon the fifteenth day of the month Daefius there 
+** would be a flood, by which mankind would be deftroyed. 
+“ He therefore injoined him to commit to writing a hiftory 
+“ of the 16 beginning, procedure, and final conclufion of all 
+“ things, down to the prefent term; and to bury thefe ac- 
+“ counts fecurely in the City of the Sun at * 7 Sippara. He 
+“ then ordered Sifuthrus to build a veflel; and to take witli 
+“ him into it his friends, and relations ; and truft himfelf to 
+<£ the deep. The latter implicitly obeyed: and having con- 
+“ veyed on board every thing neceflary to fuftain life, he 
+“ took in alfo all fpecies of animals, that either fly, or rove 
+“ upon the furface of the earth. Having afked the Deity, 
+
+l+ It is accordingly omitted by Syncellus, as foreign to the true hiftory. 
+
+Eufeb. Chron. p. 8 . Syncellus. p. 30. 
+
+16 A/a 3 pXJU.fJ.CLT00V TSTCLVTO0V Gtp%CL$. 
+
+17 Xtcr 7 rxgvis. Syncellus. 
+
+VOL. nr. 
+
+
+p 
+
+
+whither 
+
+
+
+io6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+“ whither lie was to go, he was anfwered, To the Gods r 
+“ upon which he ottered up a prayer for the good of man- 
+“ kind. Thus he obeyed the divine admonition : and the 
+“ veffel, which lie built, was five ftadia in length, and in 
+“ breadth two. Into this he put every thing which he had 
+“ got ready ; and latt of all conveyed into it his wife, chil- 
+“ dren, and friends. After the flood had been upon the 
+<£ earth, and was in time abated, Sifuthrus fent out fome 
+“ birds from the vettcl ; which not finding any food, nor 
+“ any place to reft their feet, returned to him again. After 
+lt an interval of fome days, he fent forth a fecond time : and 
+“ they now returned with their feet tinged with mud. He 
+
+made tryal a third time with thefe birds: but they returned 
+“ to him no more : from whence he formed a judgment, 
+“ that the furfacc of the earth was now above the waters. 
+ii Having therefore made an opening in the veflel, and find- 
+“ ing upon 28 looking out, that the veflel was driven to the 
+“ fide of a mountain ; he immediately quitted it, being at- 
+“ tended with his wife, children, and * 9 the pilot. Sifuthrus 
+“ immediately paid his adoration to the earth : and having 
+“ conftru<fted an altar, offered facrifices to the Gods. Thele 
+34 things being duly performed, both Sifuthrus, and thofe, 
+“ who came out of the veffel with him, difappeared. They, 
+“ who remained in the veffel, finding that the others did not 
+
+“ 8 This is wonderfully eonfonant to the Mofaic account; which reprefents Noah 
+and his family as quite Ihut up, without any opening, during the time of the 
+deluge. 
+
+19 This is fcarcely the true account. Berofus would harldy fuppofe a pilot 
+{xuCepv where a veflel was totally fliut up, and confefiedly driven at the will 
+of the winds and waves. I can eafily imagine, that a Grecian interpreter would run 
+into the mi (take, when he was adapting the hiftory to his own tafte. 
+
+7 c< return. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 107 
+
+c ‘ return, came out with many lamentations, and called con- 
+“ tinually on the name of Sifuthrus. Him they favv no 
+more : but they could diftinguifli his voice in the air : 
+£< and could hear him admonifh them to pay due regard to 
+<£ the Gods ; and likewife inform them, that it was upon 
+t£ account of his piety, that he was tranflated to live with 
+“ the Gods : that his wife, and children, with the pilot, had 
+cc obtained the fame honour. To this he added, that he 
+<c would have them make the bed; of their way to Babylonia, 
+“ and fearch for the writings at Sippara, which were to be 
+il made known to all mankind. The place, where thefe 
+“ things happened was in Armenia. The remainder, having 
+“ heard thefe words, offered facrifices to the Gods ; and 
+<£ 30 taking a circuit, journeyed towards Babylonia. Berofus 
+<c adds, that the remains of the veflel were to be feen in his 
+“ time, upon one of the Corcyrean mountains in Armenia : 
+“ and that people ufed to ferape off the bitumen, with 
+<£ which it had been outwardly coated ; and made ufe of it 
+“ by way of an alexipharmic and amulet. In this manner 
+* c they returned to Babylon : and having found the writings 
+“ at Sippara, they fet about building cities, erecting tern- 
+“ pies ; and 31 Babylon was thus inhabited 3 * again.” 
+
+In 
+
+# 
+
+19 TleotZ 'Tops'jQfn'oUy Eufebius. This confirms what I fuppofed about the rout of 
+the Cuthites, as mentioned Genefis. c. n. v. 2. 
+
+31 If Babylon furvived, one would imagine, that other cities would have been in 
+like manner preferved : and that the temples, if any had been in the world before, 
+would have remained, as well as that at Sippara. Whence it would naturally appear 
+unnecefiary for thefe few people to have been in fuch a hurry to build. In Ihort, 
+they are not the genuine words of Berofus : for he knew too much not to be appriftd 
+that Babylon was not an antediluvian city. 
+
+An epitome of the foregoing hiftory is to be found in an ext raft from 
+
+P 2 Abydenus. 
+
+
+
+ic8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+In tliis hiftory, however here and there embellished with 
+extraneous matter, are contained wonderful traces of the 
+truth : and we have in it recorded fome of the principal, and 
+moft interefting circumftances of that great event, when 
+mankind perifhed by the deluge. The purpofe of the au¬ 
+thor was to give an account of Babylonia ; with which the 
+hiftory ol the world in its early ftate was connected. If we 
+coniider the three writers, to whom we are indebted for thefe 
+fragments ; we may perceive that none of them were trans¬ 
+lators, or regularly copied any part of the original : but were 
+Satisfied with making extracts, which they accommodated to 
+their own tafte and fancy ; and arranged, as feemed beft to 
+their judgment. And in refpedt to what is more fully trans¬ 
+mitted to us by Alexander Polyhiftor from Berofus ; we may 
+upon a clofe infpe&ion perceive, that the original hiftory 
+was of a twofold nature ; and obtained by different means 
+from two Separate quarters. The latter part is plain, arid 
+obvious : and was undoubtedly taken from the archives of 
+the Chaldeans. The former is allegorical and obfeure ; and 
+was copied from hieroglyphical reprefentations, which could 
+not be precifely deciphered. Berofus mentions expreflly* 
+
+
+Abydenus. Mercc EueJ^oopecr^ov aAAoi t »ptc&v y xcci 2iqt0£os. T<p Sn Kgovo* Tzpoar,- 
+fjLccnti ecrscrQai Tu A>?0cs ojx€pw A oaaid it' xetevei ttccv c, ti ypctpiuatToov nv eyo- 
+fxevov ev HA txtqXu Tin ev 'XrT7rocooiai a.7rQXfU'\'CLi. Sur/Gfos tccvtcl eirneAecL 'Groin* 
+acts 67 r Apfxeuns ccvS7rAcr:t* xcu 'gtolpclut ixcc fxiv xctreActu^ccve tcc ex t& ©sy. 
+
+TptTTi cTe ruepri) eirti re dm 1 €X07 tu(t€ 9 fxeriei tojv ogviHtov y Tsrtionv 'Groteufxevo$ y eirry ynv 
+iS'qizv t« vScltqs ex^vactv. 'A ife y exf exo/xevy tr<pect9 'zreActyeo* ctfx<pi^arBos 9 ct7rootyaou y 
+oxn xctQopfAYKrovTcct, 'Grctga, ’Xttnbgov oiricto xo/ju£qvtcu 9 xca eiri ccvrycri erepou. £1$ 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+&Ai 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+&eoi fxiv 
+<pa PfxctxoL xca 
+
+
+TQicri eTny^cpptoiG'i 'zvctpei% i €TQ. Eufebii Chron. p. 8* 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 109 
+
+that the reprefentations of the chara&ers, which he defcribes 
+in his chaotic hiftory, were in his time extant in Babylonia. 
+In confequence of his borrowing from records fo very diffe¬ 
+rent, we find him, without his being apprized of it, giving 
+two hiftories of the fame perfon. Under the charadter of the 
+man of the fea , whofe name was Oannes, we have an allego¬ 
+rical reprefentation of the great patriarch ; whom in his other 
+hiftory he calls Sifuthrus. 33 His whole body , it feems, was 
+like that of a fife : and he had u?ider the head of a ffj another 
+head , &?c. and a delineation of him was to be fcen at Babylon. 
+He infufed into mankind a knowledge of right and wrong : in- 
+fru&ed them in every fcience : direEled them to found temples ; 
+as id to pay regard to the Gods. He taught them alfo to difin - 
+guiflo the dijferent forts offeeds ; and to colleEl the fruits of the 
+earth : and to provide againf futurity. In floort, he infruSled 
+mankindfo fully, that nothing afterward could be added there¬ 
+to. This is the character given afterwards to 34 Sifuthros, 
+only differently exhibited. He was a man of the fea, and 
+bequeathed to mankind all kind of inftrudtion ; accounts of 
+every thing, that had pafled in the world; which were fup- 
+pofed to have been buried in Sippara. They were to be uni- 
+verfally known ; and confequently abounded with every 
+thing, that could be beneficial. But there was no occafion 
+for this care, and information, if fuch a perfon as Oannes 
+had gone before : for, according to Berofus, he had been fo 
+diffufe in his inftru&ions, and comprehended fo compleatly 
+every ufeful art, that nothing afterwards was ever added. 
+So that Oannes is certainly the emblematical character ol 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Eufcb. Chron. p. 6 . 
+
+
+34 Ibid. p. 8. 
+
+
+Sifuthrus, 
+
+
+
+no 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Sifuthrus, the great inftrudtor and benefactor. Oannes is 
+the fame in purport as the Grecian Givctg, Oinas ; and as the 
+Ionas of the Babylonians and Chaldeans. He was reprelented 
+under different fymbols, and had various titles ; by which 
+means his character has been multiplied : and he has, by the 
+Grecian writers, who treat of him above, been introduced 
+feveral times. In one of his introductions they call him 
+Odacon ; which is certainly a corruption for o Amwv, or 
+
+A ctycev, the God Dagon. He was reprefented variouily in 
+different places ; but confifted always of a human perfonage, 
+in fome degree blended with a 35 fifh. He fometimes appears 
+alone : fometimes with three other perfonages fimilar to 
+himfelt; to whom he gave inftructions, which they imparted 
+to the reft of the world. He is faid to have fliewn himfelf 
+sv 'urgooTw succvTU) in the firfl year : which is an imperfect, 
+yet intelligible piece of hiftory. The firft year, mentioned 
+in this manner abfolute, muft fignify the firft year in time ; 
+the year of the renewal of the world. He appeared twice, 
+and difeourfed much with mankind; but would not eat 
+with them. This, I imagine, was in his antediluvian ftate ; 
+when there is reafon to think, that men in general fed upon 
+raw flefh ; nay, eat it crude, while the life was in it. This 
+we may infer from that pofitive injunction, given by the 
+Deity to Noah, after the deluge. 36 Every moving thing , that 
+
+liveth Jhall be meat for you - but flefh with the life there- 
+
+which is the blood thereof , fh all you ?iot eat. Such a cuftom 
+had certainly prevailed : and a commemoration of it was 
+
+33 The Indian rep refen tat ion of Ixora, and ViJfh-Nou. 
+
+36 Genefis. c. 9. y. 3. 4, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+iii 
+
+
+kept up among the Gentiles, in all the rites and myflerics of 
+Dionufus and 37 Bacchus. 
+
+From what has been faid, I flatter myfelf, it will appear, 
+that Berofus borrowed his hiftory from two different fources; 
+and in confequence of it has introduced the fame perfon 
+under two different characters. With this clue, his hiftory 
+will appear more intelligible : and a further infight may be 
+gained into the purport of it, by confidering it in this light. 
+We may be able to detedt, and confute the abfurdity of Aby- 
+denus and Apollodorus ; who pretend upon the authority of 
+this writer to produce ten antediluvian kings, of whom no 
+mention was made by him: for what are taken by tliofe 
+writers for antediluvians, are expreflly referred by him to an¬ 
+other £era. Yet have thefe writers been followed in their 
+notions by Eufebius, and fome other of the ancients ; and 
+by almoft every modern who has written upon the fubjedt. 
+Their own words, or at leaft the words, which they quote 
+from Berofus, are of themfelves fufticient to confute the no¬ 
+tion. For they fpeak of the firft king, who reigned, to have 
+been a Chaldean, and of Babylon ; and to have been called 
+Alorus. Now it is certain, that Nimrod built Babel, which 
+is Babylon, after the flood. He was a Chaldean, and the firfl 
+king upon earth: and he was called by many nations 
+3 * Orion, and Alorus. Yet by thefe writers Alorus is made 
+
+37 Hence Bacchus was called a)fxc<payo$, oo/xn-vs. Vivum laniant dentibus taurum. 
+Jul. Firmicus of the rites of Crete* 
+
+Slower ov Maif'oAtfv vfXQfpay ta tw 'leoQfxccvtav ay our xai rs* 
+
+A arvMGi Tas Kpewopuas twv eoicpcov, ave^cfxfxevoi t qis o(pe<riv m Clemens Alexandr. 
+Cohort, p. ii. 
+
+38 The Perfians called Nimrod, Orion; and Orion in Sicily, and other places 
+was named Alorus. See this volume, p. 17. 38. 
+
+an 
+
+
+
+112 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+an antediluvian prince ; and being raifed ten generations 
+above Sifuthrus or Noah, he ftands in the fame degree of 
+rank as the Protoplaft : and many in confequence of it have 
+fuppofed him to be Adam. We are much indebted to 
+Alexander Polyhiftor for giving us, not only a more copious, 
+but a more genuine extract from Berofus, than has been tranf- 
+mitted by the other two writers. We know from him, that 
+there were of that author 39 two books; of the firft of which he 
+has tranfmitted to us a curious epitome. In this book, after 
+having given an account of the country, and its produce, he 
+proceeds to the hiftory of the people : and the very firft occur¬ 
+rence is the appearance of Oannes, (o Aay&w) the man of the 
+
+fea . He is introduced, sv 'UTgooru) sviocvTU) y in the firft year of 
+the hiftory, which is no other than the firft year of the 
+world after the flood ; when there was a renewal of time, 
+and the earth was in its lecond infancy. At this period is 
+Oannes introduced. But the other two writers, contrary to 
+the tenor of the original hiftory, make him fubfequent in 
+time. This embarrafles the account very much : for, as he 
+is placed the very firft in the prior treatife of Berofus : it is 
+hard to conceive how any of thefe ten kings could have been 
+before him : efpecially as the author had expreflly faid, 
+Er Ttj bsvTSgct rag f /3atr*Asa£. In the fecond book I Jhall give 
+an account of the ten kings of Babylo?i. It is manifeft 
+from hence, that they were pofterior to Oannes, and to all 
+the circumftances of the firft book. The Grecians, not 
+knowing, or not attending to the eaftern mode of writing, 
+have introduced thefe ten kings in the firft book, which 
+
+30 There were in all three. 
+
+Berofus 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology'. in 
+
+*° Berofus expreffly refers to tlie fecond. They often inverted 
+the names of perfons, as well as of places : and have ruined 
+whole dynafties through ignorance of arrangement. What 
+the Orientals wrote from right to left, they were apt to con¬ 
+found by a wrong difpolition, and to defcribe in an inverted 
+feries. Hence thefe fuppofed kings, who, according to 
+Berofus, were fubfequent to the deluge, and to the Patri¬ 
+arch, are made prior to both : and he, who flood lirfl, is 
+made later by ten generations, through a reverfion of the 
+true order. Thofe, who have entertained the notion that 
+thefe kings were antediluvian, have been plunged into infu- 
+perable difficulties ; and defervedly. For how could they 
+be fo weak, as to imagine, that there was a city Babylon, 
+and a country named from it, ten generations before the 
+flood ; alfo a province ftyled Chaldea? Thefe names were 
+circumftantial j and impofed in aftertimes for particular rea- 
+fons, which could not before have fublifted. Babylon was 
+the Babel of the Scriptures ; fo named from the confulion 
+of tongues. What is extraordinary, Abydenus mentions this 
+fa<ft ; and fays that 41 Babylon was fo called from confu¬ 
+lion j becaufe the language of men was there confounded. In 
+like manner, Chaldea was denominated from people ftyled 
+
+40 Abydenus begins the hiflory of the ten kings with thefe words ; 
+
+aotyicts 'ZcT&pi TctravTot: So much concerning the wi/dom of the Chaldeans . Is it not 
+plain, that this could not be the beginning of the firfl book ? and may we not be 
+allured from the account given by Alexander Polyhiftor, that this was the intro¬ 
+duction to the fecond treatife* in which Berofus had promiled to give a hiflory of 
+
+the Chaldean kings ? 
+
+41 xaAeiTcti rnv &vy%y(riY, x.t.A. Eufebii Chronic, p. 13. from 
+Abydenus. 
+
+# 
+
+Vol. III. Chafdim 
+
+
+
+H4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4 * Chafdim and Chufdim, who were the pofterity of Chus. 
+But if the name were of an etymology ever fo different; yet 
+to fuppofe a people of this name before the flood, alfo a city 
+and province of Babylon, would be an unwarrantable 43 pre- 
+fumption. It would be repugnant to the hiftory of Mofes, 
+and to every good hiftory upon the fubjedt. 
+
+At the clofe of the firft book, it is faid by Eufebius, that 
+Berofus had promifed in the fecond to give an account of the 
+ten kings, who reached in a fcries to the deluge. 1 with that 
+Eufebius, inftead of telling us himfelf the author’s inten¬ 
+tion, had given us his words. The paflage is very fufpi- 
+cious ; and feems not to have exifted even in the Greek 
+tranflation : as it is totally omitted by Syncellus. Berofus 
+might, at the conclufion of his firft treatife, fay, that he 
+would now proceed to the hiftory of the ten kings: but that 
+they were to reach down to the deluge, I believe was never 
+intimated : nor does there feem in the nature of things any 
+reafon for him to have mentioned fuch a circumftance. It 
+is highly probable, as Oannes flood foremoft in the allego¬ 
+rical hiftory of the Chaldeans, that Sifuthrus held the fame 
+place in the real hiftory of that country ; for they were both 
+the fame perfon : and whatever feries there might be of per- 
+
+
+41 The true name of the country, called by the Greeks and Romans Chaldea, 
+was Chal'dia and Chufdia; named fo from the inhabitants, ftyled Chufdim, or the 
+children of Chus. This is the general name which uniformly occurs in Scripture. 
+
+45 Syncellus fays, that before the flood, me BaCuA cov >;r tin tm ync 9 me XaAcf cciocv 
+( 2 x<ti?'.zic 6' 9 there was no fuch city as Baby Ion , nor any kingdom cf Chaldea, p. 15. Again; 
+Tbt cev t 1 aa^e^eoov a*Bc/v e^je^oiyi 'zvept BaSuA&jros, on 'zrrpo tb kcctcckAvg fxx teSe~rrca 
+o:Cp 0>7, u$e fJLerct tgv y.ov 9 sees tb y.ivwou tbs etv^pojTTBi < 5rA??8i>v0erra$ ctiro ca ct- 
+
+t&A cor, Y.cu KcLTOtiLwrcu ev yyi Xsratap, xai qixoIo/j.vg’cci t >;v 'zzroArr xa/ Tor wup- 
+
+yor, wfoyyBfAevQ clvtmv tb S-coy-ct^y* N e&pui, y.ou f&Gwihevwros* Ibid. p. 37. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+11 5 
+
+
+Tons recorded, they were in defcent from him. But the 
+Greeks, not attending to the mode of writing in the original, 
+have ruined the whole difpofttion, and made thefe perfons 
+precede. And here is a queftion to be afked of thefe liifto- 
+rians, as well as of Eufebius in particular, allowing thefe 
+kings to be antediluvian; What is become of thofe, who fuc- 
+ceeded afterwards ? Were there no poftdiluvian kings or 
+Babylon ? Did nobody reign after the flood ? If there did, 
+what is become of this dynafty ? Where is it to be found ? 
+The hiftory of Babylon, and of its princes, taken from the 
+later aera, would be of vaft confequence : it is of fo early a 
+date, as to be almoft coeval with the annals of the new 
+v/orld ; and muft be looked upon as the bafls of hiftorical 
+knowledge. The fuppofed antediluvian accounts are trifling 
+in comparifon of the latter : the former world is far fepa- 
+rated from us. It is like a vaft peninfula joined to the con¬ 
+tinent by a flip of land, which hardly admits of any com¬ 
+munication. But a detail of thefe after kings would be of 
+confequence in chronology; and would prove the foundation 
+for all fubfequent hiftory. Where then are thefe kings ? In 
+what quarter do they lurk? They are nowhere to be found. 
+And the reafon is this : their dynafty has been inverted. 
+Hence they have been mifplaced through anticipation ; and 
+adjudged to a prior aera. On this account the later dynafty is 
+not given to us, though fo neceffary to be made known: and 
+much I fear that we are deprived of the fecond book of Po- 
+lyhiftor from Berofus ; becaufe this dynafty of kings was to 
+be found there, probably differently exhibited ; and under a 
+contrary arrangement: which would have fpoiled the fyftem 
+
+2 efpoufed. 
+
+
+
+n6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+efpoufed. For, that the original has been mifconftrued, and 
+mifquoted, is apparent from the want of uniformity in thofe, 
+who have copied Berofus, or any ways taken from him. In 
+fhort, the tenor of this hiftory, even as we have it in Alex¬ 
+ander Polyhiftor, is very plain ; and the fcheme of it eafy to 
+be traced. The purpofe of Berofus was to write an account 
+of his own country : and he accordingly begins with the na¬ 
+tural hiftory ; wherein he defcribes the fituation of the re¬ 
+gion, the nature of the foil, and the various products, with 
+which it abounded. All this is faid of Babylonia, not of any 
+antediluvian country. He muft have been wife indeed, after 
+an interval of fo many thoufand years, to have known that 
+it originally bore fefamum and dates. He is fpeaking of Ba¬ 
+bylon, the place of his nativity, and the country denomi¬ 
+nated from it ; of which when he has given a juft defcrip- 
+tion, he proceeds to relate the principal occurrences of for¬ 
+mer ages. And the firft great event in the hiftory of time is 
+the appearance of 44 Oannes, the man of the fea y who (hewed 
+himfelf to mankind in the very firft 45 year : fo that Berofus 
+
+makes. 
+
+4i Hclladius fpeaks of this perfon, and calls him fh?v 9 which the Dorians would 
+exprci's Q<zr. I have iometimes thought that this term was Noe, and Noa, reverfed 
+and confounded. This author fuppofes, that Oan is the fame as flov ± and that the 
+perfon was born of the mundane egg. Or/ /JvftoAoyei clv^qcl t ivat eovopjoccfjuvov 
+fh.v tus ctA.cc a-<x»z ccvsAfeiv, t aAAa fjev reov fj.zA.cov e%pv Ta, xeepatAnv 
+
+Js xcu rsiL^ccs xcci %€ipac$ otvSpo/ xai xotroeS ei^cti r yiv ye ot<?gQVOfjioLv 9 xett rex. ypet/j/janx* 
+Ot cfg avrov ex. t« nrpcoToyovv 'we<pnvevcu Aey^tuv fix' xcci fjctgTvpuv r 'avofjet ctvQoeo7rov 
+cf e o\ roc roe. raccvra.^ lytiuv J^i07re^ ti/j<pieq~o xmcofn S'opctv. Helladius apud 
+
+Phot. Hift. cclxxix. p. 1594. 
+
+I have before lhewn, that by flov 'Tzrpeoroyovov was fignified the ark. 
+
+4S It is faid that there were three perfons like him, who made their appearance from 
+the fea in the fame manner. Their hiftory is poftponed by Berofus to his lecond 
+
+6 book* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis or Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+11 7 
+
+makes his annals commence from him. This perfon is re- 
+prefented as a preacher of juftice ; and a general inftruCtor 
+and benefactor, who had appeared in two different ftates. 
+He informed mankind of what had happened in preceding 
+times : and went higher, even to the chaotic ftate of things, 
+before the aera of creation. He faid, that there was origi¬ 
+nally one vaft abyfs, which was inveloped in univerfal dark- 
+nefs. This abyfs was inhabited by myriads of hideous mif- 
+created beings, horrid to imagination. The poet Milton 
+ieems to allude to this defcription of Berofus, when he 
+(peaks of 
+
+The fecrets of the hoary deep, a dark 
+Illimitable ocean, without bound. 
+
+Without dimenfton, where length, breadth, and height. 
+And time, and place were loft: where nature bred 
+Perverfe all monftrous, all prodigious things, 
+
+Abominable, unutterable, and worfe 
+
+Than fables yet have feign’d, or fear conceiv’d, 
+
+Gorgons, and Harpies, and Chimeras dire. 
+
+After having given an account of chaos, Berofus tells us, 
+that a delineation of this hiftory, and all thefe monftrous 
+forms were to be feen in Babylonia : and from this undoubt¬ 
+edly he borrowed this motley reprefentation. The whole is 
+certainly taken from ancient hieroglyphics. Cannes now 
+
+book. They were certainly the three fons of Noah, who had, fike their father, been 
+witnelTes to the antediluvian world: but as the greater part of their life was after the 
+flood, their hiftory is by this writer deferred till he comes to treax.of the kings of 
+Babylon: which was in his latter book- 
+
+
+
+riS Tin: Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+proceeds to the works of the creation, and the formation of 
+the heavens : at which time all the animals of the deep were 
+annihilated. A fet of rational beings fucceeded, who par¬ 
+took of divine knowledge : but not being able to bear the 
+brightnefs of new-created light, they perifhed. Upon this, 
+another fet oi rational beings were formed, who were able to 
+bear the light. The Deity alfo formed the flars, together 
+with the fun, and moon, and five planets. He then gave an 
+account of tire wickednefs of men, and the ruin of all man¬ 
+kind by a deluge, except Sifuthrus. Thefe are the contents 
+of the firft book of Berofus. In the fecond he promifes to 
+write of the kings, who reigned in Babylonia : which hiftory, 
+if we may believe Abydenus and Apollodorus, contained an 
+antediluvian account of the world. In this notion they are 
+followed by that very learned father, Eufebius. At this rate, 
+Berofus expended his labour upon times the molt uncertain, 
+and the leaf! intereftiug; and of his real anceftors, the ge¬ 
+nuine Babylonians and Chufdim, faid not a word. For had 
+it appeared to Eufebius, that there was any further account 
+given of the kings of Babylon, and their achievements ; he 
+could not but have mentioned it ; as it was of fuch con- 
+fequence to him as a chronologer, and fo connected with 
+the purport of his writings. But, if we may judge from his 
+filence, there was no fuch account: and the reafon, as I be¬ 
+fore faid, is plain. For whatever kings may have reigned at 
+Babylon, or in Chaldea, they have had their feries reverfed ; 
+and by a groundlefs anticipation have been referred to an¬ 
+other period. But if we turn the tables, and reduce the 
+feries to is original order ; we fhall find Sifuthrus, the Patri¬ 
+arch, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+i 1 9 
+
+
+arch, ftand firft : and whoever they may be, who are brought 
+between him and Alorus, they will come after. For Alorus 
+will be found to be no other than 46 Nimrod, the fon of 
+Chus. He is by Berofus truly ftyled XaA'Jaios 1 , one of the 
+Chufdim, or Chaldeans ; and reprefented as the firft king of 
+Babylon. He was indeed the firft, who reigned upon earth. 
+And we need no other proof, that this is the truth, than the 
+words of thefe very writers, Abydenus and Apollodorus. 
+
+47 XaA<Jai &v [xsv Trig cocpiag 'ursgt totclvtcl. Bclti?\zv<tcu <Js Tr.g 
+gy^tLg 'UTgwTQV A BysTcu AA oegov. So much for the wiflom of 
+the Chaldeans. It is faidthat the firf king in this coun¬ 
+try (Chaldea) was Alorus. To the fame purpofe Apollodo¬ 
+rus. Taura fj.sv 6 Brgoora'og Ig-ogrye, 'UT^utov yzvzcrQcu (Zourihzci 
+AAw£0i/ zx Balov'h'xvog XaAdaio^. What the Greeks and Ro¬ 
+mans rendered Chaldeeus , whom we in our feripture verfion 
+idly follow, is in the original Chafdim or Chufdim, one of 
+the fons of Chus : and the purport of this extradt from Be¬ 
+rofus is very explicit and particular : that the firft of all 
+kings, that is, the firft perfon who reigned in the world, 
+was a man ftyled Alorus ; who was of Babylon, and one of 
+the Chufdim or Cuthites. How is it poftible to imagine, 
+that this defeription refers to an antediluvian ? We may 
+
+40 I ~]<xcx f*cv Xcc^aiois 'nrpea to; o ctp^ocs ctjtcov A A&pof. Chron. Pafchale. p. 23. 
+
+47 The Chaldeans were famed for their knowledge in aftronomv and other lei- 
+ences : and according to Abydenus, the previous account given by Berofus was 
+concerning the v/ifdom of this people. He then concludes *, Xoc \jlzv t m <ro - 
+qixs 'weoi Tcaravrct : So much for the zvifdom of the Chaldeans: zee come now to their kings . 
+The firft of thefe was Alorus^ a Chaldean by birth, &c. Who can fuppofe that this re¬ 
+lates to an antediluvian sera ? And Eufebius puts the matter out of all doubt: 
+0 1 XaA<f cuot 'zzpojToi ctwyopeuaav eecvr&s /3ao*/Asi5, oov 'Z&ptoTOS Eun%po$ 3 J 'zreep r./xiu Nev- 
+
+(or Neppof) e€cc<rttever. Eufebii Chron. p. 14. 
+
+
+therefore 
+
+
+
+120 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+% 
+
+therefore clofe the account with that curious paflage from 
+Eupolemus, which was preferved by the fame Alexander 
+Polyhiftor, to whom we are indebted for the fragment from 
+Berofus. He tells us, that Babylon was the firft built city 
+in the world ; founded by fome of thofe perlons, who had 
+efcaped the deluge ; who were of the Giant race. They 
+likewife ere&ed the celebrated tower. But when that was 
+thrown down by the hand of God, the Giants were fcattered 
+over the face of the earth. 4 ‘ IIoTuv BafyAwva 'GargwTov fjuev 
+
+KTl<r$WOU V7 TO TUV $lCt<ruQsvTUV SK rs KOLTCOCXvcrfJLIS’ £IVXI h aVTSC 
+
+Tiyxnxs, oixo$o{A£iv Ss tov l?ogs[JLevov Tlvgyov. n s<rovToe <Je T8T8 
+
+V 7 T 0 TVS TiS ©£8 £V£gy£lXS, THS r lyXVTXq SlXVTCOLgVVCU KX$’ oAljy TY)V 
+
+
+yvv. 
+
+Who the perfonages may be, who intervene between Sifu 
+thrus and Alorus, that is, between Noah and Nimrod, i 
+hard to determine. Thus much we know, that the Patri 
+
+
+arch never affumed royalty 
+
+
+fo that there 
+
+
+between them as monarchs in fucceffion 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+exhibited in the hiflory muft have been by family defcent; 
+in which Nimrod flood only fourth : fo that all the perfon¬ 
+ages but two, of thofe, who had been introduced in the in¬ 
+terval, are probably kings of other places in Chaldea ; or 
+priefts, who had a kind of fovereign rule, and have been 
+wrongly inferted. Sifuthrus is paft controverfy 49 Noah. 
+Amelon is compofed of the titles of Ham, confifting of Am 
+El On ; all relating to the Sun or Orus ; under which cha¬ 
+racter this perfon was in after times worfhiped. Daus Pallor 
+
+
+4 * Eufebii Pnep. Evang. L. 9 . c. 17. p. 418. 
+
+49 No* S icoQgof <araj>cc Cedrenus. p* 11- 
+
+is 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient M YTHOI.OGY, I 21 
+
+is by Apollodorus exprefled Daonus, from 50 Da On, the Sun, 
+a title afiumed by Ham and his fons. Amenon, like Amcl- 
+on, is made up of terms, which are all titles of the fame 
+perfon; each of them well known in Egypt. Alaparus 
+feems to be the fame as Al-Porus, the God of fire. Am- 
+illarus is a compound of Ham-El-Arez, all names of Ham, 
+and the fun. Some of the perfons are faid to be of Laracha, 
+which Syncellus exprefles wrongly Larancha. Laracha is 
+for Al-Aracha, the Aracca of Ptolemy, one of the cities built 
+by 51 Nimrod. Others are faid to be of Pantibibla or Panti- 
+biblon, whom I take to have been Ponti-Babilon, or priefts 
+of Babel or Babylon. Panti, Ponti, and Phonti in the Am- 
+onian language fignified a s * prieft. Argeiphontes in Greece 
+was an Arkite prieft, or minifter of Argus: but the Grecians 
+fuppofed that Phontes denoted daughter, from a word in 
+their own language ; and in confequence of it bellowed the 
+name on Hermes, whom they made the murderer of Argus. 
+Pontifex and Pontifices among the Romans were titles of 
+
+50 It is a title given to Orion, who was the fame as Nimrod. Chron. Pafch. 36. 
+He is ftyled Chan-Daon, the Lord Daon, by Lycophron : who mentions Tpnnxro- 
+fos (pcurytxvov Y^ccvSccovoi. v. 328. fcilicet Qpicovos y ov kgu K olvS'clqvcl BotooTot y.ct?vdaii\ 
+vSchol. ibid. So Megalorus of Abydenus is Mag-Alorus; in other words. Magus 
+Alorus, Nebrodes, Orion, the chief of the Magi. 
+
+51 He built Babel ., and Erech, and Accad, and.Calneb , in the land of Shinar . Gen. 
+c. 10. v. 10. 
+
+Hence 'legocpetv rws, a facred prieft, or prieft of Orus ; K<xQago$*vTW 9 Hermo- 
+phontes j Cerefphontes ; A euxotpovTK from A bvtlos, Sol. See Jablonlky Prolegom. 
+p. 90. . 
+
+Phantafia of Memphis was properly Phant-Afis, a prieftefs of Afis or Ifis. Am- 
+illarus, Megalorus, Adorefcus, Alaparus, Daon the Shepherd, are all faid to have 
+been of Pantibiblon. This was not a place, but an office: and it fignified that they 
+were priefts of Babel. 
+
+Vol. III. R 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+I 2 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the priefts of fire. I imagine that the original lift, which has 
+been fuppofed to have been a dynafty of antediluvian kings, 
+was the genealogy of Nimrod, the firft king of the country ; 
+in which were contained four perfons ; Sifuthrus, or the 
+Patriarch : next, under the character of 5 * Amenon, Amel- 
+on, Amilarus, is Ham : Eudorefchus (Euc-Ad-Arez-Chus) 
+is his fon Chus : and laftly Alorus, and Daonus the Shep¬ 
+herd was Nimrod : for it is expreftly faid of him, that 
+he took the title of S3 Shepherd. The reft 
+
+
+are foreign 
+
+O 
+
+
+to the catalogue ; and 
+fertcd. 
+
+It is faid, that 
+
+
+through 
+
+
+ignorance have been in- 
+
+
+that both Oannes and Sifuthrus inftrudted men 
+in the knowledge of letters, and committed many things to 
+writing. And it is the opinion of many learned men, that 
+letters were not i 
+
+
+nknown to the people of the antediluvian 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+orld. 
+
+
+Pliny fays, Literas femp 
+
+
+Aflyrias fuiffe 
+
+
+But this was only matter of 
+feffed geographer, makes no 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+he, 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+pro- 
+
+
+between the Ally 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+rians and Babylonians, who were two very different peoj 
+but introduces the former by miftake for the latter ; 
+cannot pay much regard to his notions in chronology. 
+If the people of the firft ages had been poffefled of fo 
+valuable a iccret, as that of writing ; they would never 
+have afterwards defeended to means lefs perfedt for the 
+
+
+5i Amenon may be Menon ill exprefled, the fame as Men or Menes. This 
+was one cf the mod* ancient of the facred titles. Anticlides in iEgypto in- 
+venifie quendam nomine Menona tradit, quindecim annos ante Phoroneum an- 
+tiquiffimum Grasckc regem : idque monutrientis adprobare conatur* Plinii Nat*. 
+Hi ft. L. 7. c. 56. 
+
+51 Abydcnus above quoted. 
+
+
+explanation 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+1 2 3 
+
+
+:overv oi 
+
+
+explanation of their ideas. And it is to be obfer 
+the invention of hieroglyphics was certainly a dif 
+the Chaldeans; and made ufc of in the fir ft ages by the 
+Egyptians ; the very nations, who are fuppofed to have 
+
+
+poflefled 
+
+
+might retain 
+
+
+the former 
+
+
+P 
+
+be 
+
+
+riedt art. 
+
+
+•came 
+
+
+V 
+
+tl 
+
+
+They 
+p o fTe ft* : 1 o f 
+
+latter ; becaufe their ancient record:; were entrufted 
+to hieroglyphics : but, had they been poflefled of letters 
+originally, they would never have deviated into the ufe of 
+fymbols ; at leaft, for things, which were to be pubiifhed 
+to the world, and which were to be commemorated for¬ 
+ages. Of their hieroglyphics we have Pimples without 
+end in Egypt ; both 
+
+
+on obelifks, and in their fyringes ; 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+alfo 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+their portals, and other buildings. 
+
+
+Every 
+
+
+mummy almoft abounds with them. How comes it, if 
+they had writing fo early, that fcarcely one fpecimen is 
+come down to us ; but that every example fhould be in 
+the leaft perfedl character ? For my part, I believe that 
+there was no writing antecedent to the law at Mount Sina. 
+Elere the divine art was promulgated ; of which other 
+nations partook : the Tyrians and Sidonians firft, as they 
+were the neareft to the fountain-head. And when this 
+difeovery became more known ; even then I imagine, that 
+its progrefs was very flow : that in many countries, whi r 
+
+but partially received, and made 
+
+
+was carried, it was 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Romans 
+
+
+their pretenftons to lette 
+Greeks ftill higher j yet 
+a nail driven into a poll 
+
+
+high 
+
+
+Helladiap 
+
+
+the former marked their years by 
+
+: and the utmoft effort of Grecian 
+
+* % * 
+
+R 2 literature 
+
+
+
+124 T he Analysis of Ancient M YTIIOLOGY. 
+
+literature for fome ages was limply to write down the names 
+or the Olympic vidtors from Coraebus ; and to regifter the 
+priefteftes of Argos. Why letters, when introduced, were 
+fo partially received, and employed to fo little purpofe, a 
+twofold reafon may be given. Firft, the want of antece¬ 
+dent writings, to encourage people to proceed in the fame 
+track. Where fcience is introduced together with letters ; 
+the latter are more generally received, and more abun¬ 
+dantly ufed. For the practice of writing, or, in other 
+words, compofing, depends upon previous reading, and 
+example. But the Cadmians, who brought letters to 
+Greece, brought thofe elements only ; and thofe much 
+later, I believe, than is generally imagined. Nor had the 
+Flelladians any tendency to learning, till they were awak¬ 
+ened by the Afiatic Greeks, and the iflanders, who had 
+been fooner initiated in fcience. They had made a great 
+progrefs ; while their brethren in the weft were involved 
+in darknefs. And this early knowledge was not owing to 
+any fuperiority of parts ; but to their acquaintance with 
+the people of the eaft, and with the writings of thofe 
+countries ; by which they were benefited greatly. Com- 
+pofition depends upon fcience : it was introduced in 
+Hellas together with philofophy. Anaxagoras of Clazo- 
+mcnce brought the learning of the Ionic fchool to Athens : 
+he was fucceeded by Archelaus, of whom Socrates was a 
+follower. Writing, I am fenfible, was antecedent: but at 
+this time it became general. About this period, Theog^- 
+
+nis, JEfychylus, and Pindar fhone forth in poetry; and 
+
+* 
+
+the ancient comedy was firft exhibited. After which. 
+
+
+won 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 125 
+wonderful fpecimens of genius were in every kind dif- 
+
+Another reafon for this deficiency feems to have been 
+the want of fuch materials as are necefiary for expedi¬ 
+tious and free writing. The rind and leaves of trees, 
+and fhells from the fea, can lend but fmall afiiftance to¬ 
+wards literature : and ftones and fiabs are not calculated 
+to promote it much further. Yet thefe feem to have been 
+the beft means, they could in early times procure, to 
+mark down their thoughts, or commemorate an event. 
+The Chaldaeans and Babylonians are greatly celebrated for 
+their wifdom and learning : and they were undoubtedly 
+a moft wonderful people ; and had certainly all the learn¬ 
+ing, that could arife from hieroglyphical reprefentations. 
+they had, I make no doubt, the knowledge of lines, by 
+which geometrical problems mull be illuftrated : and they 
+had the ufe of figures for numeration : but I imagine, that 
+they were without letters for ages. Epigenes faid that the 
+Babylonians, who were great obfervers of the heavens, had 
+accounts of thofe obfervations for feven hundred and twenty 
+years, written upon plinths baked in the fun. s+ Epigenes 
+apud Babylonios 720 annorum obfervationes fiderum coddi- 
+libus laterculis infcriptas docet gravis au<dor in primis. 
+Qui minimum, Berofus et Critodemus, 490 annorum. Ex 
+quo apparet aeternus literarum ufus. I can fee no proof 
+from hence of the eternity of letters, for which Pliny con¬ 
+tends : nor, indeed, do I believe, that letters exifted among 
+
+s4 Plinii Hift. Nat. L. 7. p. 413. Some prefix M. or Mille to the other numbers, 
+and make the fums 1720 and 1490. 
+
+them 
+
+
+
+
+i2o The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+them at the time, of which he fpeaks. For if they had 
+been fo fortunate as to have had for fo long a time thefe 
+elements, they were too ingenious a people not to have ufed 
+them to better purpofe. The Babylonians had writing 
+among them fooncr than moft nations of the earth : but the 
+years taken notice of by Epigenes were antecedent to their 
+having this knowledge : at which time they were ingenious, 
+and wife above the reft of the fons of men ; but had no 
+pretenftons to literature properly fo called. For, as I have 
+
+a judgment of the 
+learning of a people from the materials, with which it is ex¬ 
+pedited, and carried on. And I fhould think that literature 
+muft have been very fcanty, or none at all, where the means 
+abovementioned were applied to. For it is impoftible for 
+people to receive any great benefit from letters, where they 
+are obliged to go to a fhard or an 55 oyfter-fhell, for informa¬ 
+tion ; and where knowledge is configned to a pantile. As 
+to the high antiquity aftigned to letters by Pliny ; it is im¬ 
+poftible to give any credence to that author, who from 720 
+years infers eternity, and fpeaks of thofe terms as fyno- 
+nimous. 
+
+Oftracifmus, Petalifmus, Liber, Folium, Tabella, Latercula. 
+
+0 
+
+From writing upon leaves and fhells, came the terms Petalifmus and OJlracifmw 
+amonc; the Greeks : from the bark of trees came Lijri of the Latins. 
+
+
+before mentioned, I cannot help forming 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+PEZRON. 
+
+
+
+[ 127 ] 
+
+
+
+
+
+Took notice, when I was treating of 
+and rebellion uoon earth, that it was 
+
+
+firft apoftafy 
+
+
+was faid to have commenced 
+
+
+Thi 
+
+
+s was 
+
+
+attended with Hellenifmiis; which by fome is brought 
+after; but feems to have prevailed about the fame time. 
+What the nurnort is of thefe terms has never been fatisfac- 
+
+
+torily explained. 
+
+
+efpe£t to Scythifmus 
+
+
+far affured, that it is a term which 
+
+
+Scythae ; and 
+
+
+fame, from whom the region 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+* 
+
+denomination : but what relation could the people 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+and how can we in 
+the aera of difperfion 
+
+
+that their 
+
+
+As 
+
+
+am therefore 
+
+
+be proper to fay fomething of the learned Monlieur 
+whofe notions upon this head are remarkable. He 
+
+
+the founder of a new 
+
+
+fy ft 
+
+
+em 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+many followers : and all that fcience, which I fuppofe 
+ave been derived to the weftern world from Babylonia, 
+Egypt, they bring from the Sacae, and Scythians of the 
+
+
+
+1 P. 1 6. 23. of this volume. 
+
+
+north : 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+north : making it take its rife beyond Media and Mount 
+Imaus, in the upper regions of Aha. We are particularly 
+informed by Pezron, that there was a people in thefe parts, 
+who in the hrft ages fpread themfelves over Ba&ria, and 
+Margiana ; and proceeding by Armenia and Cappadocia, at 
+laft palTed over into Europe. The whole of this continent 
+they conquered, and held, under the names of Gomarians, 
+Cimmerians, Celts, and Scythai. From hence he takes upon 
+him to fhew, that the Gaulifh and Celtic nations were from 
+the upper regions of Aha ; and particularly from thofe 
+countries, which lay beyond the Badlrians and Medes. He 
+takes notice, that there was in thefe parts a city named Co- 
+rnara, mentioned by Ptolemy, and others ; and from the 
+hmilitude, which fubhfts between Comarians and Goma¬ 
+rians, the learned writer is induced to bring the fons of 
+Gomer, by whom Europe is fuppofed in part to have been 
+peopled, from the regions about Thebet and Tartary. As 
+he proceeds methodically in the hiftory of this people, I 
+will lay before the reader an epitome of what he advances ; 
+and this in as precife, and fair a manner, as I am able. 
+
+* The Comarians, fays Pezron, are by Ptolemy placed in 
+Bahlriana , near the fources of the Iaxartes^ towards the mojl 
+cafern boundaries of 3 Sogdiana : and they are reprefented as 
+a powerful and warlike people. They paffed the mountains of 
+Margiana , and made ait irruption into that country. It was 
+then in the pojfejfton of the Medes called Arii : but they were 
+
+
+* See Chap. 3. 4. 5. 6. of Monfieur Pezron’s work, entitled. The Antiquities of 
+Nations ; more particularly of the Celtas and Gauls : by Monfieur Pezron, Doctor 
+in Divinity, and Abbe of La Charmoye. Englifhed by Mr. Jones, 1706. 
+
+: C. 3. p. 18. 
+
+afterwards 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+afterwards flyled Parthians ; a name impofed by the con¬ 
+querors. By this is meant perfons parted, or separated ; 
+
+
+from the Celtic word to part .* becatfe they were expelled, and 
+fevered from their country. Thefe feparatijls in return, find¬ 
+ing that they could not retaliate, but by abufive lajiguage, 
+called the others by way ofiridicule Scac/£, or Sacal, meaning 
+it Noxii, Latrones, Sackers ; people, who sack and 
+
+
+
+slay. 
+
+
+"Thefe Sacce feised upon BaSlriana, and made them- 
+felves majlers of the mojl eligible part of Armenia, which they 
+called Sacafene, after the name, which had been given to them- 
+
+
+felves. 
+
+
+They afterwards pafifed into 4 Cappadocia ; and took 
+
+
+pojfejfion of all that part, which lay upon the Ruxine Sea. The 
+p erf on, who conduSled them in thefe enterprises was o?ie Acmon . 
+This name occurs in Stephanus, who mentions, that a city i?i 
+Phrygia was built by 5 Acmon ; and Jlyles him Akumv Ta M olveus, 
+
+A 
+
+Acmon, the fon of Man, or Maneus. It is likely that Acmon, 
+or Ach-Man, as perhaps the word was pronounced by the 
+Sacce, fignified properly the fon of man, or of the race of man. 
+
+In the tnean time the Cimmerians, who were of the fame fa¬ 
+mily, went by the north ; and having made various incurfons, 
+at lafi fettled above the Euxine Sea, near the Palus Mceotis. 
+If a 7 iy fioould be diffident about what is here advanced, let him 
+confult Plutarch, Pofdonius, Diodorus, and Strabo. 
+
+Thus, fays Pezron, have I conduced the Sacce from their 
+original place of refidence to Armenia and Cappadocia : but as 
+
+
+4 Jofephus and Syncellus make the Gomerians the firft inhabitants of Cappadocia. 
+TofjLgp, e| au K a.mra.S'o-Ms. Syncell. p. 49. They were the people attacked by the 
+Sacse, who feized upon the beft of the country. 
+
+5 Of Acmon I have before fpoken in my fecond volume. Acmon was a title of 
+the Deity. Ax/t imv' Kpovos, Qvga.vo>. Hefych. 
+
+Vol. III. S if 
+
+
+
+130 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+if this 6 famous nation were of a fudden lojl , we hear no more of 
+them. Their name feems to be quite extinSl ; and the people 
+annihilated. And here a difcovery is to be made of matters , 
+which have lain concealed from all ancient hijlorians. I am 
+now to bring to light many great and important truths , which 
+they could never arrive at. After the Sacce had entered Up- 
+pet' Phrygia ; as if they had gone into another world, they 
+quitted their ancient name, which they probably detejled , and 
+were now called "Titans. I never could comprehend, why they 
+took the name ; whether it was through fome myflery, or a mere 
+caprice, that they affeEled it \ or to make themfelves ’’formida¬ 
+ble. Thefe events were long before the war of Troy. The con- 
+quefs of Acmon were prior to the birth of Abraham, and the 
+foundation of the * Affyrian monarchy. This prince was fuc- 
+
+
+ceeded in his kingdom 
+
+
+
+Uranus, who conquered Thrace, 
+
+
+Greece, and the if and Crete \ and afterwards fell violently 
+upon the other provinces of Europe ; and carried all before him 
+to the uttermofl boundaries of Spain. He alfo fubdued Mau¬ 
+
+
+ritania. 
+
+
+Uranus was fucceeded by Saturn ; and Saturn 
+
+
+
+"Jupiter, who was three hundred years before Mofes. This laf 
+entrufcd one part of his vaf empire to his brother Pluto, and 
+another to his coufn-german Atlas, who was fyled Telamon . 
+He was a perfon of high fiature : and Telamon in the lan¬ 
+guage of Jupiter fgnified a 9 tall man , tell being tall 
+and mon fgnifying man. 
+
+In this detail there are many exceptionable portions 
+
+* C. 8. p. 45. 
+
+7 C. 8. p. 46. 
+
+* C. 8. p. 48. Even Uranus is by this writer fuppofed to have been before 
+Abraham. C. 12. p. 83. 
+
+9 C. X2.p. 84. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 131 
+
+which are too palpable to need any difcufiion. I (hall 
+therefore take notice only of fome of the principal fa<£ts, 
+upon which his fyftem is founded. He tells us, that while 
+the Sacae were proceeding by the fouth, the Cimmerians, 
+who likewife came from Ba&riana, are fuppofed to take their 
+rout by the north of Aha: and they are reprefented as 
+making their way by force of arms, till they fettled upon 
+the IO Palus Masotis. And it is requefted by Pezron, if any 
+fhould doubt the truth of what he advances, that they would 
+apply to the beft Grecian hiftorians. But thefe writers 
+have not a fyllable to the purpofe. That there were fucji 
+a people as the Cimmerians upon the Maeotis is as certain, 
+as that there were Phrygians in Troas, and Spartans at La¬ 
+cedaemon. But that they came from Badtria, and fought 
+their way through different countries ; that they were the 
+brethren of the 11 Scythians ftyled Sacae, and took the upper 
+rout, when the others were making their inroad below ; are 
+circumftances, which have not the leaft jfhadow of evidence. 
+They are not mentioned by the authors, to whom he ap¬ 
+peals : nor by any writers whatever. The conquefts of 
+Uranus, and the empire given to Jupiter, are incredible. It 
+would be idle to trouble ourfelves about a circumftance, 
+which does not merit a ferious confutation. The conquefts 
+°f Ofiris, and Sefoftris, have as good title to be believed. 
+
+To thefe we might add the exploits of the great prince Ab- 
+
+♦ 
+
+,0 Herodotus makes mention of the march of the Cimmerians : and proves it to 
+
+have been in a quite contrary direftion, from the Palus Mseotis towards Caucafus, 
+and the eaft. L. 4. c. 12. 
+
+Strabo fays, the Cimmerians were driven out of their country by the Scythians. 
+Tares fxtv ow (Ki^^ias) eftfAacrctr ex tow T07rcoy SxuQcii. L. 11. p. 756. 
+
+S 2 
+
+
+camaz, 
+
+
+
+i3 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+camaz, who ruled over the whole earth. His rib was fhewn 
+to the 11 Jew of Tudela at Damafcus : and by the moft exadt 
+meafurement it was nine fpans long, and two in breadth ; 
+fo that his ftature was in proportion to his dominions. Blit 
+fetting aftde thefe fabulous hiftories, which confute them- 
+felves, let us examine one circumftance in the account of the 
+learned Pezron, upon which his whole fyftem depends. He 
+tells us, that after the Sacas had entered Cappadocia, they 
+feemed in a manner extindt: but they appeared again under 
+the name of Titans; and carried on their conquefts under 
+the fame hero Acmon. This, he fays, is a difcovery of the 
+greateft importance, which was unknown to every ancient 
+hiftorian, and had lain dormant for ages. And for the hif- 
+tory of the Sacae he appeals to Strabo; and particularly 
+concerning their inroad into Cappadocia, from whence they 
+are fuppofed to have proceeded to the conqueft of all Eu¬ 
+rope. But in the execution of this grand and pleafing 
+fcheme, he is guilty of an overlight, which ruins the whole 
+of his operations. Carried on by a warm imagination, he 
+has been eredting a bafelefs fabric, which cannot fublift for 
+a moment. The paffage in Strabo, upon which he founds 
+his notions, makes intirely againft him. This writer fpeaks 
+thus of the Sacae. 13 Zcixcti (jlsvtoi 'ura.oax^a'ia.g stpo^ag sttow- 
+
+(ToiVTo Toig K ifjLfjLsgioig. The excurjions of the Sacce were like 
+thofe of the Cimmerians. In this defcription the author refers 
+to a prior circumftance. Nov/ the excurlions of the Cim¬ 
+merians were in the reign of 14 Ardys, the fon of Gyges, king 
+
+
+,z Benjamin Tudelenfis. p. 56. 
+
+31 L. 11. p. 779. 
+
+Herodotus, L. 1. c. 6. 15. 16* 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+133 
+
+
+of Lydia, long after the Trojan war, and ftill farther removed 
+from Abraham, and the fuppofed foundation of the Afiyrian 
+empire. And in proof of this being the author’s meaning we 
+find him afterwards more explicitly fhewing,that thefe excur- 
+fions of the Sacse were as late as the empire of the Perfians. 
+The account is fo particular, and precife, that I will lay it at 
+large before the reader. 15 The inroads of the Sacce were ve?y 
+like thofe of the Cimmerians , and Treres ; fome of the fit being 
+made to a great difance , and others nearer home. For they 
+not only got poffeffion of Media ; but alfo feized upon the mof 
+eligible part of Hrmenia, which they called Sacafene after their 
+own name. They advanced as far as Cappadocia ; efpecially 
+towards that part of it, which borders upon the Euxine fea , and 
+is called the region of Pont us. Thus far all is right: but 
+obferve the fequel. Here , as they were giving thejnfelves up 
+to feafting and jollity from the plunder , which they had take?t , 
+they were fet upon in the night by fome of the Pet'fan Satrapas , 
+and all cut off. Pezron therefore might well fay, that the 
+Sac£E in the midft of their exploits feem at once to have 
+been annihilated, and their name extindh Strabo tells us, 
+that they were totally ruined : a^r\v ctvTag r\<pa.vi<roLV : the Per- 
+fans cut them all off to a man. Hence we may lee of what 
+great overfights this learned man was guilty in the profecu- 
+tion of his fcheme. Firft, in fuppofing thefe Sacas to have 
+been of as great antiquity as the Patriarchs, and antecedent 
+to the foundation of Aflyria, who were manifefiiy as late as 
+
+
+
+
+L. 11. p. 779 
+
+
+H-nbe/xeioi cT carrcis TxTCtrnyvpi^Banv cc'izro tmv ^.cc(pvfioy oi T 07 i Tcturr rc v I" ligatov 
+
+
+crgacTtiyci ivxToopy a^Snv ccjt&s wqccnaM. Ibid. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+the reign of ,s Cyrus. Secondly, in giving the chara&er of 
+univerfal conquerors to a fet of banditti, who in one attack 
+were extirpated. Laftly, in attributing the moft material 
+circumftances in the ancient hiftory of Europe to a people, 
+who were never there. Thus is this fairy viiion brought to 
+an end. The hiftory of the Titans, the achievements of Ac- 
+mon, the empire of Jupiter, the part delegated to Tal-man, 
+are quite effaced : and much labour and ingenuity has been 
+expended to little purpofe. In fhort, the whole Celtic 
+fyftem is ruined: for the Sacs, upon whom it depended, 
+are flopped in their career, and no more heard of: and all 
+this is manifeft from the authorities, to which Pezron ap¬ 
+
+
+peals. 
+
+
+Such too frequently are the quotations made ule of 
+
+
+by people of an eager difpofttion ; which, as they are intro¬ 
+duced, anfwer but in part ; when examined, are totally re¬ 
+pugnant. His reafoning throughout is carried on by a chain, 
+of which not one link is fairly conne&ed. 
+
+An ingenious writer, and antiquary of our own nation 
+has followed the fteps of Pezron, and added to his fyftem 
+largely. He fuppofes, that all fcience centered of old in 
+
+Badtria, called 17 Bochary, or the Land of Books ; which 
+
+Pezron 
+
+
+15 Strabo fays, that according to forne hiftorians, it was Cyrus, who cut them off. 
+L, 11. p. 780. But it was probably an age later, when the Perfian empire was more 
+tftablifhed. See the paffage : O i on Kugosj x.t.A. See alfo Diodorus Sic. 
+L. 2. p. 119. 
+
+17 See the Hiftory and Chronology of the Fabulous Ages, by Wife. p. 119. and 
+note (1) in another trcatife, he fays : Pezron proves, that Uranus , Ccclus , Saturn , and 
+Jupiter, were no imaginary beings \ but the true 7 tames of Celtic emperors, who were more 
+generally known by the name of Titans. Wife. Differtation on the Language, Learning, 
+&c. of Europe. It appears, that Uranus, Saturn, and Jupiter, were powerful princes \ 
+fovereigns over a vajl empire , comprehending all Europe , and a great part of Afia. Ibid. 
+
+p. 55 - 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*35 
+
+
+pezron had fuppofed to have been the principal place of re- 
+fidence of his Sacae. He accordingly tells us, that in thefe 
+parts we mull look for the origin of the Titans, Celts, and 
+Scythae. We are likewife informed by another writer, that 
+near Cafhemife and Thebet they fpeak good 18 Irifh at this 
+
+
+day. 
+
+
+The learned Salmafius alfo deduces every thing from 
+
+
+Scythia. 19 Nulla fere Europe gens nec Afiae, quin a fepten- 
+trione promanaverit, &c. Scythia igitur, quag ad feptentrio- 
+nem, omnes fere gentes evomuit. But what are we to 
+underftand by Scythia ? It is an unlimited, undefined term, 
+under which Grecian ignorance fheltered itfelf. Whatever 
+was unknown northward was called Scythian. It is certain, 
+that vaft bodies of men have at times come from the north : 
+though Salmafius carries his notions to a degree of extrava- 
+
+But giving his opinion a full fcope, What has this 
+
+
+gance 
+
+
+with the language and learning of 
+
+
+which by 
+rter ? It 
+
+
+many are fo uniformly deduced from the fame quarter ? 
+is notorious, that this vaft track of country called ignorantly 
+Scythia, was poffefled by people effentially differing from 
+
+of great antiquity, took 
+
+
+another 
+
+
+Timonax, a writer 
+
+
+notice of fifty nations of Scythians. Mithridates had 
+
+
+p. 55. Thefe writers were too modefl in limiting Jupiter’s empire, which they might 
+as well have extended over all the earth j efpecially as they might have quoted au¬ 
+thority for it. Ta* Atct ((part) (SaaiMuaat th auy.7ra.vT6t xac-yx. Diodorus. L. 3. 
+
+
+p. 194. 
+
+18 See Parfons, in his treatife ftyled Japhet. 
+
+19 De Helleneftica. p. 366. 
+
+*'° T»s J'e SxuSias tBvtt -mrTHscorra Tiymx% uvaypa$ei ev 
+
+Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 320. 
+
+
+7 T^C 0 TK 
+
+
+regl 
+
+
+"XtivBcov. 
+
+
+twenty 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+136 
+
+twenty-two 21 languages fpoken within his territories, moft 
+of which were efteemed Scythic. The people of Colchis at 
+one time carried on a great trade ; and variety of inland 
+nations came down to their marts. According to Ti~ 
+mofthenes, they were not lefs than three hundred, which 
+had each their particular language. And even afterwards, 
+in the times of the Romans, it is faid, that they were ob¬ 
+liged to keep up an hundred and thirty interpreters to carry 
+on traffic. Yet we are apt to fpeak of the Scythians collec¬ 
+tively as of one family, and of one language, and this the 
+Titanian or Celtic. 13 The Titan language , fays Wife, was 
+univerfal in Europe : the Titan language , the vehicle of all the 
+knowledge , which dawned in Europe. —The Titans , majlers of 
+all the knowledge derived from the fans of Noah . And who 
+thefe Titans were, he repeatedly fhews, by faying, that they 
+were the firf civilizers of mankind , a 7 td Scythiatis. The true 
+Scuthai, or Scythians, were undoubtedly a very learned and 
+intelligent people : but their origin is not to be looked for 
+in the north of Alia, and the deferts of Tartary. Their 
+hiflory was from another quarter, as I purpofe to fhew. 
+How can we fuppofe one uniform language to have been 
+propagated from a part of the world, where there was fuch 
+
+Mithridates duarum et viginti gentium Rex, totidem Unguis jura dixit. Plin. 
+L. 7. c. 24. p. 387. See Aulus Gellius. L. 17. c. 17. There were twenty-fix lan¬ 
+guages among the Albani. Strabo. L. 11. p. 768. See alfo Socratis Hift. Ecclef. 
+L. 1. C. 19. p. 49. B uc&glqcov eSw 'ZS’oAAa, S"ioc<popots ^pcofJLiucc yXooGaxiS* 
+
+Plin. 1 . 5. c. 5. p. 305. Many of thefe were probably only dialedts. Yet there 
+muft have been in fome inftances a real difference of language j and confequently a 
+diftin< 5 tion of people. 
+
+43 P. 56. 
+
+variety ? 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*37 
+
+
+variety 
+
+
+? 
+
+
+And how could this language be fo widely ex¬ 
+
+
+tended, as to reach from Baddria to Thrace, and from thence 
+to the extremities of Europe ? What adds to the difficulty 
+is, that all this was effected, if we may believe our author, 
+fix hundred years before Mofes. Then it was, that Jtipiter 
+iubdued all Europe from Thracia to Gades. As to the 
+learning fuppofed to be derived from thefe Scythians, it is 
+certainly a groundlefs furmife. The greater part of thefe 
+nations commonly flyled Scythic, were barbarous to the la ft 
+degree. There are no monuments, nor writings, remain¬ 
+ing, nor any upon record, which can afford us the leaf!: idea 
+of their being liberal, or learned. The Huns and Avares 
+were of thefe parts ; who overran the empire in the fourth 
+century : but their character had nothing in it favourable. 
+They were fo rude in feature and figure, and fuch barba¬ 
+rians that they were not thought 24 human. It was a com¬ 
+mon notion, that they were begotten by devils upon the 
+bodies of fome favage hags, who were found wild in the 
+woods. Procopius fays, that they neither had letters, nor 
+would hear of them : fo that their children had no inftruc- 
+
+He calls them * s uvwooi mi a.(J(.eXnriToi ; quite deaf^ 
+and averfe to all fcience. In ffiort, all the Tartarian nations 
+of * 6 old feem to have been remarkably rude. But it may be 
+faid, that the people fpoken of by Pezron and Wife were of 
+Ba&ria and Margiana. They may place them as they 
+
+
+tion. 
+
+
+Z4 
+
+
+*S 
+
+
+3.6 
+
+
+Jornandes de Rebus Geticis. p. 104. 
+
+Procopius. Bell. Goth. L. 4. c. 3. L. 4. c. 19. 
+
+I fay of old : for there have in later times been fome inftances to the 
+
+
+contrary. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+pleafe: 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+1 
+
+twenty-two 21 languages fpoken within his territories, moft 
+of which were efteemed Scythic. The people of Colchis at 
+one time carried on a great trade ; and variety of inland 
+nations came down to their marts. According to Ti- 
+mofthenes, they were not lefs than three hundred, which 
+had each their particular 11 language. And even afterwards, 
+in the times of the Romans, it is faid, that they were ob¬ 
+liged to keep up an hundred and thirty interpreters to carry 
+on traffic. Yet we are apt to fpeak of the Scythians collec¬ 
+tively as of one family, and of one language, and this the 
+Titanian or Celtic. 23 The Tit ait language , fays Wife, was 
+un in erfal in Rurope : the Titan language, the vehicle of all the 
+knowledge , which dawned in Rurope. —The Titans , mafers of 
+all the knowledge derived from the fons of Noah. And who 
+thefe Titans were, he repeatedly fhews, by faying, that they 
+were the firjl civilizers of mankind , and Scythians. The true 
+Scuthai, or Scythians, were undoubtedly a very learned and 
+intelligent people : but their origin is not to be looked for 
+in the north of Alia, and the deferts of Tartary. Their 
+hiftory was from another quarter, as I purpofe to fhew. 
+How can we fuppofe one uniform language to have been 
+propagated from a part of the world, where there was fuch 
+
+Mithridates duarum ec viginti gentium Rex, totidem linguis jura dixit. Plin. 
+L. 7. c. 24. p. 387. See Aulus Gellius. L. 17. c. 17. There were twenty-fix lan¬ 
+guages among the Albani. Strabo. L. 11, p. 768. See alfo Socratis Hift. Ecclef. 
+L. 1. c. 19. p. 49. Buc£ocgcov sQm 'ra-oAAa, (Picctyopots xpoopevet yhoocraous* 
+
+11 Plin. 1 . 5. c. 5. p. 305. Many of thefe were probably only dialedts. Yet there 
+muft have been in fome inftances a real difference of language j and confequently a 
+diftindtion of people. 
+
+43 P. 56. 
+
+variety ? 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 137 
+
+% 
+
+variety ? And how could this language be fo widely ex¬ 
+tended, as to reach from Ba6tria to Thrace, and from thence 
+to the extremities of Europe ? What adds to the difficulty 
+is, that all this was effected, if we may believe our author, 
+
+fix hundred years before Mofes. Then it was, that Jupiter 
+
+* 
+
+fubdued all Europe from Thracia to Gades. As to the 
+learning fuppofed to be derived from thefe Scythians, it is 
+certainly a groundlefs furmife. The greater part of thefe 
+nations commonly ftyled Scythic, were barbarous to the lafc 
+degree. There are no monuments, nor writings, remain¬ 
+ing, nor any upon record, which can afford us the leaft idea 
+of their being liberal, or learned. The Huns and Avares 
+were of thefe parts ; who overran the empire in the fourth 
+century : but their chara&er had nothing in it favourable. 
+They were fo rude in feature and figure, and fuch barba¬ 
+rians that they were not thought ** human. It was a com¬ 
+mon notion, that they were begotten by devils upon the 
+bodies of fome favage hags, who were found wild in the 
+woods. Procopius fays, that they neither had letters, nor 
+would hear of them : fo that their children had no inftruc- 
+tion. He calls them * s MtiKOOi kou upsKiTriToi ; quite deaf , 
+and averfe to all fcience. In Ihort, all the Tartarian nations 
+of * 6 old feem to have been remarkably rude. But it may be 
+faid, that the people fpoken of by Pezron and Wife were of 
+Ba&ria and Margiana. They may place them as they 
+
+24 Jornandes de Rebus Geticis. p. 104. 
+
+25 Procopius. Bell. Goth. L. 4. c. 3. L. 4. c. 19. 
+
+26 I fay of old : for there have in later times been fome inftances to the 
+contrary. 
+
+Vol. III. T pleafe: 
+
+
+
+138 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+♦ 
+
+V 
+
+pleafe : ftill they are no other than the Sacae Nomades ; a 
+Tartarian clan, who from Strabo appear to have been in a 
+continual roving ftate, till they were cut off. But after 
+all, who in their fenfes would think of looking for the Ti¬ 
+tans among the Tartars, or deduce all fcience from the 
+wilds of Margiana ? But if thefe countries had all the learn¬ 
+ing, that ever Egypt or Greece boafted, how was it tranf- 
+mitted to Europe ? How could it be derived to us, when 
+fo many, and fuch mighty, nations intervened ? We have 
+feen the plan adopted by Pezron ; which was found defec¬ 
+tive from the very authorities, to which he appealed : and 
+Wife proceeds upon the fame fyftem. Thefe were both in 
+their time refpe&able perfons on account of their learning: 
+but they have certainly lowered themfelves by giving into 
+thefe idle reveries. What can be more fallacious than the 
+notion adopted by 37 Wife, of the antiquity of the Scythians 
+from the height of their ground ? TVhich height , he fays, the 
+Scythians urged in their difpute with the Egyptians , as a chief 
+argument of the antiquity of their nation : and the Egyptians r 
+at leaf other good judges , acquiefced in the proof. The notion 
+was, according to Juftin, from whom it is borrowed, that* 
+as the earth was once overflowed, the higher grounds emerg¬ 
+ed firft, and confequently were firff: inhabited. And that 
+Scythia was the higher ground, they proved from this ; 
+becaufe all the rivers of Scythia defcended from the north 
+to the fouth, and ran towards Egypt. * 8 Porro Scythiam 
+adeo editiorem omnibus terris effe, ut cundta flumina ibi 
+
+
+vj 
+
+
+Religion and Learning of Europe, p.g* 
+Juitin. L. 2. c. i. 
+
+
+
+
+7 
+
+
+nata 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+*39 
+
+nata in Maeotim, turn deinde in Ponticum, et iEgyptium 
+mare decurrant. What a ftrange proof is this ? and what 
+an argument to be laid before the Egyptians ? They lived 
+upon the Nile ; and from the fame principles might draw 
+a different conclufion. As their river ran in a contrary 
+direction, from fouth to north, they had the fame reafon to 
+19 infill, that Upper Egypt, and Ethiopia were the higher 
+grounds, and the more ancient countries. And they would 
+be fo far in the right, as the earth is certainly higher, as we 
+advance towards the equator, than it is towards the poles. 
+As to theTanais running from north to fouth, and fo enter¬ 
+ing the Palus Mseotis, and Pontus Euxinus ; it is well 
+known, that there are many rivers upon the coafl of the 
+Black Sea, which run in various and contrary directions : 
+confequently different countries mufl be equally fuperemi- 
+nent, and have the fame title to be the moll ancient; which 
+is abfurd and a contradiction. The learned Pezron argues 
+no better, when he tries to (hew the fimilitude, which fub- 
+fifled between the Sacae, and the ancient Gauls. He takes 
+notice from Herodotus, that the Amyrgian Sacae wore 
+breeches like the Gauls : and having obferved, that they 
+were an enterprifing people, and given an account of their 
+drefs, and arms; he concludes by faying, We may upon the 
+whole find in thefie Gomarians of Margiana the language , 
+arms , habit , with the refilefis and warlike fpirit of our ancient 
+Celtce. Will any body take upon him to deny , that they came 
+originally from this Afiatic nation f Yet after all, I cannot 
+affent; for I do not fee the refemblance: and the authority 
+
+P 
+
+* 9 The Egyptians did infift upon it. See Diodorus. L. 1. p. 10. 
+
+T 2 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+
+Tim Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+r .10 
+
+
+upon wliich 1 proceed, is that ol Herodotus, to whom he 
+lends me. This author takes notice both of the Badtrians, 
+and the Sacce. He fays, that the Ba&rians were archers, and 
+ufed bows made ot their country reed, or cane ; and had 
+fliort darts. In other refpebts, they were accoutered like 
+the Modes, who wore tiaras, tunics, and breeches, with a 
+dagger at their girdle. The Sacze, or Amyrgians, had caps 
+upon their heads, which terminated above in a point : they 
+had alfo breeches, 
+with a da 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+r ; alfo battle-axes, and fagars. Let us now 
+iw the habiliments of the Celtce ; and fee if any 
+fubfifted. Their chief weapons, according to 
+
+
+Polybius, Livy, and 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+a long dart, or framea 
+
+
+and a long cutting fword, but pointlefs : 
+immenfe fhield. which covered the whole 
+
+
+they ufed an 
+They had 
+
+
+helmets upon their heads, which were ornamented with the 
+wings of a bird for a creft ; or elfe with the horns of fome 
+wild animal. To bows and arrows they were ftrangers, or 
+
+
+feldom ufe them 
+
+
+hence we may 
+
+
+were in 
+
+
+
+
+fimilar. but breeches 
+
+
+bravery : and 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+diveiled, when they fought 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+naked 
+
+
+men 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+proper regard fhould be paid to their memory. But they 
+
+
+fo 
+
+
+much of this efteem, when they mifapply their 
+
+
+thefe fhifts to fupport 
+
+
+hy- 
+
+
+pothelis. They may fmile at their reveries, and 
+
+
+ume 
+
+
+themfelv 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+finding out fuch 
+
+
+poflibly arife from it j for the whole 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+» 4 ‘ 
+
+
+is a fallacy, and impofition. And a perfon who gets out of 
+his depth, and tries to fave himfelf by fuch feeble fupports, 
+is like an ideot drowning, without knowing his danger: who 
+laughs, and plunges, and catches at every draw. What 1 
+have faid in refpedt to thefe two learned men, will, I hope, 
+be an argument to all thofe, who follow their fyllem. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+
+
+SCYTHE, SCYTHIA, SCYTHISMUS, 
+
+and HELLENISMUS; 
+
+ALSO OF THE 
+
+IONES and HELLENES of BABYLONIA; 
+
+AND OF THE 
+
+HELLENES of EGYPT. 
+
+
+A S we have been for fo many ages amufed with accounts 
+
+of Scythia; and feveral learned moderns, taking ad¬ 
+vantage of that obfcurity, in which its hiftory is involved, 
+have fpoken of it in a moft unwarrantable manner, and ex¬ 
+tended it to an unlimited degree : it may not be unfatisfac- 
+tory to inquire, what the country originally was ; and from 
+whence it received its name. It is neceffary firft of all to 
+take notice, that there were many regions, in different parts 
+of the world fo called. There was a province in 1 Egypt, 
+and another in Syria, ftiled Scythia. There was alfo a Scy¬ 
+thia in Alia Minor, upon the Thermodon * above Galatia, 
+
+
+1 Ptolem. Geog. L. 4. c. 5. p. 12 r. 
+
+* U7r€p r >iv raAaTttti'. Diod. Sic. L. 5 * P* 3° 2 * 
+
+
+where 
+
+
+
+T-H- 
+
+
+Tnr. An'.alysi 
+
+
+of Ancikxt Mythology 
+
+
+IT’:*' * 
+
+» * - i C i V-. 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+c /imazon'; were 
+
+
+r r i 
+
+Hippoie J 
+
+
+to have relided. 
+
+
+T! 
+
+
+ie 
+
+
+country about Colchis, and Iberia ; alfo a great part of 
+Thrace, and Madia ; and all the Tauric Cherfonefus, were 
+ftyled Scythic. Laftly, there was a country oi this name 
+iar in the caff, of which little notice has been hitherto taken. 
+It was iituated upon the great Indie Ocean ; and conftfted 
+oi a widely-extended region, called 3 Scythia Limyrica. 
+But the Scythia fpoken of by the ancient Greeks, and after 
+
+
+them taken notice of 1 
+
+
+>y 
+
+
+th 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+Rom 
+
+
+of thofe 
+
+
+countries, which lay upon the coaft of the Euxine; and 
+efpecially of thofe upon the north, and north-eaftern parts 
+of that fea. In fhort, it was the region of Colchis, and all 
+that country at the foot of Mount Caucafus, as well as that 
+upon the Talus Mamtis, and the Boryfthenes, which was of 
+old efteemed + Scythia. As the Greeks were ignorant of 
+the part of the world, which lay beyond ; or had a very 
+
+
+imperfed knowledge of it ; they often c 
+too under the fame denomination. Many 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+ideas 
+
+
+coaft 
+
+
+northward 
+
+
+Hence we read of extremum Tanain, ultimam 
+
+Scythiam, 
+
+
+3 Arriani Periplus Maris Erythrasi. 
+
+4 The people were of Cuthite original ; a part of that body which came from 
+
+Egypt. Atyvimw uTrotKoi eicnv ol 7£x.v$au m Sict t'stq xcti olutbs ewett 
+
+teywiv. Schol. in Pindar. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 376. 
+
+5 A iet 
+
+YIowb tccu ycum e 7 rnc€x.AeT<zi etr^ctrimiv. 
+
+Apollon. Rhod. L. 2. v. 419, 
+Extremum Tan aim fi biberis, Lyce. Horat. L. 3. Od. 10. 
+
+X0OVO5 yzv eis twA &gov woysv 'zzreJW, 
+
+oiyopjcc^xroy et$ egwytxv. Aifch, Prometh. v. 1. 
+
+
+Plato 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+M 5 
+
+
+Scvthiam, nnd K ff.vzc-xros zt 
+
+
+
+
+oj the 
+
+
+
+
+Caucafus the leuneLtry 
+
+arid. And although, upon the return of the Greeks, 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+fome 
+
+
+in light might 
+
+o o 
+
+
+be fuppofed 
+
+
+to have been gained into thofe 
+parts ; yet it amounted to little in the end : as no corre- 
+fpcndence was kept up ; and the navigation of the Bofporus 
+was feldom attempted. Hence it happened, that, till the 
+eonquefts of Lucullus and Pompeius Magnus, thefe coun¬ 
+tries were to the north-cad: the limits of geographical know¬ 
+ledge : and even of thefe parts the accounts were very ob- 
+feure and imperfe<5l. Yet, however unknown they had lain 
+for ages, there was a time, when the natives rendered them- 
+felves very refpedlable. For they carried on an extenfive 
+
+fuperior in fcience to all the nations 
+
+
+commerce ; 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+in their neighbourhood. But this was long before the 
+dawning of learning in Greece : even before the conftitution 
+
+the Hellenic ftate was 
+
+
+palities, into which 
+
+
+divided. They went under the name of Col 
+Cimmerians, Hyperboreans, Alani. They 
+
+
+footing in 
+
+
+Thermodon ; where they were called 
+
+
+zonians, and Alazonians : alfo in Pieria 
+Mount Haemus in Thrace. Thefe were 
+
+
+Sithonia 
+
+
+thic nations : 
+
+
+before mentioned 
+
+
+often included under this name all that lay beyond them ; 
+whatever was unknown, even from the Cronian and Atlantic 
+
+
+Plato fpeaks of earth being extended from Gades to the river Pharis. Phtedon. 
+p. 109. Herodotus was uncertain, where Europe terminated. L. 4. c. 45. 
+
+Colchidem Gra:ci, non Homericis folum temporibus, fed pluribus etiam feculis 
+pod, orbis noftri ad orientem terminum efie credebant. Volliusde Idolatria. L. x. 
+e. 24. p. 177. 
+
+Vol. III. U feas 
+
+
+
+< 4-0 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+ieas one way. 
+
+
+Tabis and the Corean Tea the other 
+
+
+cs ra; 'urgoo’Soppag y.oiytas oi 'uroCKxlot roov 
+
+vyygaesig SzvCctg kcii K.s7vto-2kv()cls zkcl7mv. The ancient 
+
+to include all the northern nations in 
+
+
+of Greece ufed 
+general under the name 
+
+this they went too far : 
+
+
+of Scyth 
+
+
+different 
+
+
+ythians. In 
+were widely 
+
+
+globe. 
+
+
+As they are reprefented of 
+
+
+higheft antiquity 
+
+
+and of great power ; 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+mi 
+
+
+the Egyptians : 
+
+
+worth 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+the hiftory of this wonderful 
+
+
+enquire 
+» lift ou 
+
+
+n of 
+into 
+
+
+then 
+
+
+people denominated Scythians, 
+
+
+truth, if poflibly it may be 
+veftigate the origin of the 
+and explain the purport of their name. The folution of 
+intricate problem will prove of the higheft importance 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+fhall thereby be able to clear up many dark circumftances 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+me 
+
+
+
+
+in antiquity : and it 
+
+upon which I proceed, 
+ft, that what was termed by the 
+
+kvQmcC) was originally Cutha, Cuthi 
+
+5 the family of Chm 
+
+id Chaldeans Cuth; 
+
+
+for the bafts of the fyft 
+
+
+* 
+
+Zx-vQct. XxvdlOL 
+
+
+
+
+ans. 
+
+
+He was called by the Babylonians 
+and his pofterity Cuthites and Cuthe- 
+The countries where they at times 7 fettled, were 
+
+
+uniformly denominated from them 
+
+
+But what 
+
+
+perly ftyled Cutha, the Greeks exprefled with a 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+pro- 
+
+figma 
+
+
+Strato, I-. ii. p- 774 * 
+
+
+prefixed 
+
+
+Cufiflan in Perils was called Cutha, or the land of Cuth. See Jofeph. Antjq. 
+
+J 
+
+L. 9- c - 1 4- P- 5°7- 
+
+8 So Tt.u v/as by the Latines rendered Sylva eirTcc, feptem ■, ferpo •, and 
+
+from 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 147 
+
+prefixed : which, however trifling it may appear, has been 
+attended with fatal confequences. Whence this mode of 
+expreffion arofe is uncertain : it has univerfally obtained: 
+and has very much confounded the hiftory of ancient times, 
+and of this people in particular. In Abort, the miftake 
+reaches in its confequences much farther than we may at 
+tirft apprehend : and being once detected, will be the means 
+of explaining many difficulties, which cannot otherwife be 
+folved : and a wonderful light will be thrown on the re¬ 
+moter parts of hiftory. 
+
+As the Scythic colonies were widely difperfed, I will take 
+them in their turns, and ffiew that they were all of them 
+Cuthic : that the people upon the Indus were of the fame 
+origin as thofe upon the Phafis and Thermodon : and that 
+the natives of Bsetica in Iberia were related to both. That 
+the Boeotians and Athenians were in great meafure Cuthian, 
+
+I have endeavoured already to prove : and what I term Cu¬ 
+thian, was by them undoubtedly ftyled Scythian. Hence 
+Anacharfts the Hyperborean plainly maintained that the 
+Athenians were apparently Scythic : which national charac- 
+teriftic he muft have obferved in their language and man- 
+
+from a As, aAo.; of Greece was formed fal, and falum. The river Indus was often 
+called Sindus. Indus ab incolis Sindus appellatur. Plin. N. H. L. 6. p. 319. 
+IJr of Chaldea was ftyled Sur, 'Soup: and it is fo rendered by Syncellus. E* 
+r*:v XctA tv Hcvp rv 'zzrsAeo p. 95. The Elli, thofe priefts of the fun at Do- 
+dona, were called Selli. The Alpes Cottias are by Procopius ftyled De 
+
+Bello Goth. L. 2. p. 457, And Lycophron, fpeaking of the Alps in general, inflead 
+of AA7 net opn> calls them 2aA7ria, Salpia. 
+
+K at HaLtoriw / 3 t£ot>cr<zv oxfiygctiv 'ztoeyw. V. 1361. 
+
+This letter is ufed by the Welfh as an afpirate: and has undoubtedly been intro- 
+duced by many nations for the fame purpofe. 
+
+U 2 
+
+
+ners. 
+
+
+
+i 4 *^ Tun Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+ncrs. 9 E ( u.oi Jj, 6 Av argyg7 i;, 'GTctvTsg 'E ?s.?^r,v£g critv6i£is<ri. 
+
+In all other countries, where this people fettled, a like fimi- 
+litude will be lound in their rites and cuftoms ; and a great 
+correipondence in their original hiflory: and all this attended 
+with a manifell analogy in the names of perfons and places ; 
+and in the language of each nation, as far as we can arrive. 
+
+It may be faid, if by 'Zzvbiot, Scythia, we are to underftand 
+
+Cuthia, and by "Z/.vCou, Cuthai or Cutheans, the fame fhould 
+obtain in all hiftories of this people : for the like millake 
+would be obfervable in the accounts tranfmitted in the ac¬ 
+counts of Chaldea, and Babylonia, whence this people firfi: 
+came ; as well as in thofe of Egypt, where they for a long 
+time refided. And, upon enquiry, we {hall find this to have 
+been the cafe. Chus was by the Babylonians ftyled Cuth; and 
+the country of his pollerity Cutha. His fons were the firfl 
+rebels upon record. The building of the Tower called Ba¬ 
+bel is fuppofed to have been effected under their dire&ion : 
+for Babel was the place of habitation, where their imperious 
+prince Nimrod, who was called Alorus and Orion, refided. 
+10 The beginning of his kingdom, we are told by Mofes, was 
+Babel . In confequence of this it may be urged, that if the 
+Cutheans of Colchis or Greece are ftyled XkvQcli, the fame 7 tame 
+Jhonld be J'ometimes foitnd attributed to thofe of Babylonia and 
+Chaldea. It is no more than we ought to expetSl : and we 
+fhall find that the natives of thefe countries are expreflly fo 
+called. Epiphanius, who has tranfmitted to us a moil cu¬ 
+rious epitome of the whole Scythic hiflory, gives them this 
+
+9 Clem. Alexandr. Strom. L. i. p. 354. 
+
+t0 Genef. c. 10. v. 10. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+149 
+
+
+very appellation. 11 A to th xAifMocrog th 'urgog Evgoc7n)v sig 
+Anoiv xsxXtxorsg S7tmop,y.^>r\<ra,v 'uravreg nonce 'try y^vs sttmXyi- 
+(tiv 2KT0AT KTi^sci $s t ry Uvgyo7rotictv, xcti oixoSopLuori Try 
+BaSyA oova. Thofe nations, which reach fouthward from that 
+■part 
+
+mid vdfa incline to each other, and are connected, were unTcer- 
+fally fly led 11 Scythce, according to an appellation of long fand- 
+ing. Thefe were of that family, who of old ereSled the great 
+tower (called Babel), and who built the city Babylon. This is 
+the plain purport of the hiftory: from whence we learn ex- 
+prellly, that the Scythians were the Cuthians, and came 
+from Babylonia. The works, in which they were engaged ; 
+and the perfon, from whom they were denominated; in 
+fnort, the whole of their hiftory paft all controverfy prove 
+it. They were the fame as the Chaldaic Ionim under a 
+different name. 13 luveg <Ts thtocp ctgyr,yoi ysysvryTou, ocg 6 
+
+uKgi£r,g sysi A oyog, cltto ts Ioovolp, evog ccvfgog roev top Tlvgyov 
+
+ciXQ$o(J.r l <rco/TOi)V, ors di y?\(d<rcrcii btSfJLSgit&ryctv tocv ccvOguTtoop. 
+The Iones were the leaders of this people according to the befl 
+information. They were defeendants of one Ion or I on ah, 
+who was concerned in the building of the tower, when the lan¬ 
+guage of mankind was confounded. Thus we may obferve 
+what light the hiftories of different nations, if duly com- 
+
+Epiphanius adverfus Hserefl L- i. p. 6. 
+
+The author iuppofes, that all mankind were occupied in the building of the 
+tower ; and hence feems to think, that all families were Scythic. But this is a great 
+miftake. The Cuthites were the people principally engaged in that work % and 
+they are the family, who are alluded ro under the name of It was a parti¬ 
+
+cular and national appellation ; and could not be appropriated to all mankind. 
+
+1J Chron. Pafchale. p. 49. Eufebii Chron. p. 7. 
+
+> 
+
+
+
+of the worlds where the two great continents of Ettrope 
+
+
+
+» 1 
+
+* 3 ° 
+
+
+The Ax a lysis or Axcient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+nius. 
+
+
+paretl, relied: upon each other. Like evidence may he ob¬ 
+tained from other parts of Epiphanius : where it is manifeft 
+that the term Scuthic is a mifnomer for Cuthic. In de- 
+feribing the fir If ages of the world, he tells us, that, to the 
+time of Serug, the feventh from Noah, there continued a 
+Scythian fuccefiion ; and that the Scythian name was pre¬ 
+valent. I+ 'E 00$ TUTS (fsgWg) SfJLSVS 'Z/.vQlKYl Tig S'iCtS'O’fcK ZUl G7TI- 
+
+kXryig : meaning, that this period was efteemed the Scytliian 
+
+The fame piece of hiftory is to be found in Eufebius, 
+and other writers ; fome of whom were prior to 15 Epipha- 
+
+Now I think it cannot be doubted, but that in the 
+original hiftory, whence this was taken, it was K vOikyi Tig <h- 
+
+a Cuthic fuccefiion ; aou K.vQik /1 G7TutKYiTig y and it was the 
+Cuthic ?iame , by which that period was marked. Xx.vOirp.og, 
+fays this author in another place, cltco ts kcct cci\v t ayji ts 
+llvgys : fro?n the deluge to the er elding of the tower Scuthifn 
+prevailed. This notation is perhaps carried too far back : 
+but the meaning is plain ; and what he alludes to, is cer¬ 
+tainly Cuthifmus, K vdiTfJiog. The purport of the paffage 
+teaches, that from the time of the deluge to the conftrudion 
+of the tower was efteemed the Cuthic age. It was for the 
+moft part a period of ufurpation and tyranny under the fons 
+of Chus, which was in a great degree put a flop to at the 
+difperfion : at leaf: the intention of keeping mankind toge¬ 
+ther, and conftituting one great empire was prevented : for 
+this feems to have been the defign of the Cuthians and their 
+leader. 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+Epiphanius adv. Hseref. L. i. p. 8. alfo L. j* p. 9. Sec alio his Refponf. ad 
+
+
+Achaiumet Paulum. p. 8. 9. 
+
+55 Eufcbii Chronicon. p. 13. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+Some 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+15 * 
+
+Some of the ancient fathers, from terms ill underftood, 
+divided the firft ages into three or more epochas ; and have 
+diftinguifhed them by as many charaderiftics : 16 Bx«aa 
+Barbarifmus, which is fuppofed to have preceded the flood : 
+XKvdt<rfJLog, Scuthifmus, of which I have been fpeaking : and 
+17 'EAA^^cr^o?, Hellenifmus, or the Grecian period. This 
+laft rauft appear as extraordinary as any. For how was it 
+poffible for an Hellenic sera to have exifted before the name 
+of Hellas was known, or the nation in being ? This arofe, 
+like the preceding, from a miftake in terms, the word being 
+warped from its original purport and direction. The Cu¬ 
+bans or Cuthites were the firft apoftates from the truth : of 
+which defedion I have before taken notice. They intro¬ 
+duced the worfhip of the fun, that great fountain of light ; 
+and paid the like reverence to the ftars, and all the hoft of 
+heaven. They looked upon them as fountains, from whence 
+were derived to men the moft falutary lS emanations. This 
+worfhip was ftyled the fountain worfhip. The Grecians, 
+juft as they ftyled the Bay of Fountains on the Red Sea El- 
+
+anites from El Ain, might have called this charaderiftic cf 
+
+# 
+
+16 Se t ccv aicecrvcav 'ureteruv fzmeres re xcci njpjyxpiroi *,<zi ovouctc^oi eta ip ccvrctt , I>*£- 
+
+Cccpi'ry.os, hSzipfxo** Chron. Palchale. p. 2.3. This author makes 
+
+."Barbarifmus precede the deluge : Scythifmus comes alter. iKT©I 2 MOS; octo remv 
+
+T8 N&tf fJLSTcc top xctTxx Ai/ay-ts V (ZZ'PI rnsri* Ylvpyu oixoSopnfr xca BctZuAcvPos' 
+y.ercc top *gcovov TW5 Ttf Uluoyj cixoSGfxtiS eir ofuyots st e<riv r t&t P^c*- 
+
+2 d’S vq~egov Se EAA yjpicruoi jc.t.A. Chron. Pafch. p, 49- 
+
+17 Atto Se ry "Xepy^ eco$ T8 A Ss'Ccccjjl xcci Ssuoo 0 EA.Awr«r^f. F,piphan..L. r. 
+p. 9. Zcp'tc, w.^zTo Tfc? EAAwi';crfty. Eufeb. Chron. p. 19. In like 
+
+manner, a fourth herefy is fuppofed to have a rife n, ftyled Judaifmus,. before the 
+
+time of either Jews or Ifraeiites. 
+
+13 Concerning fountain worfhip, or derivative virtues, fee* Pfellus and.Jambli- 
+chus i and Stanley upon the Chaldaic Religion. El-ain, Solis fons 5 the fountain 
+cf the fun. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+152 
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the times EAuvi<T[jlcs, Elanifmus. But fuch a change would 
+not fatisfy them. They made Tome farther alteration ; and 
+rendered it according to the Ionic dialed! ' E?<Kr,v urpo g, Ilel- 
+lenifmus with an afpirate ; and made it by thefe means re¬ 
+
+
+late to their own country. One of the titles of the Cufeai 
+fhepherds, who came into Egypt, was taken from this wor 
+fhip, and derived from El Ain, the fountain of light, whicl 
+they worfhiped. But the Greeks expreffed this after th 
+fame manner as the above : whence they are by many wri 
+ters flyled 19 II otfJtsvsg EAAr^, Hellenic or Grecian Jhepberch 
+They were truly El-Anes, and by race Cuthites. Many o 
+
+
+them fettled in Armenia 
+Palus Masotis. They are 
+20 Claudian : 
+
+
+me 
+
+
+patriamque bibens Maeotida Alanus. 
+
+
+Procopius mentions, that all the nations about Caucafus, 
+which we know to have been Cuthites, as far as the Portae 
+Caucafeae, were comprehended under the name of 11 Alani. 
+
+Some have thought, that this diftinaion of times, taken 
+notice of by the ecclefiaftical writers, was owing to fome 
+expreflions of St. Paul in his Epiftle to the Coloflians. 
+
+22 'O 7CV XK m 'EAAsoi', mi lisfouog- 'vregiro^n mi axgoZvg-Kx.' 
+Ba^a^o?, XkvQk' hXog, sAg vOegog' aAAa ra 'UTclvtcl, mi sv 
+
+
+19 Ejcx«i^war» <fuyccq~eix, noiy.(»is HAA^rs. Syncellus. p. 6 i. 
+
+10 In Rufin. L. i. v. 3 12. 
+
+11 Tatmiv Si t vv r\ tf ofa s th Ka.vxa.<rie a^pi a Tas Kacr irieti xecraTtr ii 
+
+-sniXcts, AAavoi e^aor. Procop. Goth. Hift. L. 4. c .3. p. 57 °- 'Phis comprehends 
+all the country of Iberia, Colchis and Circallia. 
+
+“ CololT. c. 3. v. it. 
+
+
+'OTCtCl 
+
+
+
+IPhe Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+J 53 
+
+
+•WOLCTt Xgifog. Where there is neither Greek 7jor Jew, circuin- 
+cifion 7ior uncircumcifton ; Bcirbaria7i , Scythian ; bo 7 id 7 ior free ; 
+but Chrift is all a7id i7i all . The Apoftle plainly alludes to 
+thofe invidious diftindtions, which fubftfted among men; but 
+what the fathers mention, concerns the divifion of times, 
+and the characters, by which different epochas were diftin- 
+guifhed. Some writers however have gone farther, and from 
+the words of St. Paul have added Judaifmus ; introducing it 
+in the hrft ages, to which it could not poftibly belong. For 
+how could Judaifm fubfift, before there was either Jew or 
+Iiraelite ? In fliort, they have brought in fucceflion, and at 
+different a;ras, what the Apoftle fpeaks of as fubftfting 
+together at the fame time ; even in the age wherein he 
+lived. 
+
+Hellenifmus however, which led the way to thefe cliftinc- 
+tions, was of ancient date. The firft innovation in religion 
+was called by this name : which had no relation to Greece; 
+being far prior to Hellas, and to the people denominated 
+from it. Though it began among the Cuthites in Chaldea ; 
+yet it is thought to have arifen from fome of the family of 
+Shem, who refided among that people. Epiphanius accord¬ 
+ingly tells us, that Ragetn , or Ragau , had for his fon Seruch , 
+
+ivhe7t idolatry a7id Hellenif77ius firjl bega7i atnotig 77ie7i. Poc- 
+yetp. ysvva. tqv Segafo K0Ll J ^£ aT0 sig ou'OguTrag v £i$ocKoKccTgsioL 
+re, kou 6 'E 7\?\-fiV i<r {J.0 g . By this we are only informed, that 
+idolatry and Hellenifmus began in the days of Seruch : but 
+Eufebius and other writers mention, that he was the author 
+
+t? Hasref. L. i. c. 6. p. 7. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+X 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+i 5 4 T he Analysis of Ancient M yTHOLOGY* 
+
+of tills apodafy. 24 £££«%, 65-15 'uTgoorog vgt'OLTO m ’JLKKY.VKru.is. 
+Scruch was the firj ?, who i?itroduced the falfe worfldp , called 
+Helletiifnius. Some attribute alfo to him the introduction of 
+25 images : but mod give this innovation to his grandfon 
+Terah. 26 6 s yevva. tov ©appa, svtsvQsv ysyovsv ca> 6 gt- 
+
+ccno7rKct<Ticc — 6lol T8 ©app» TsyvYiS. Nachor begat Thar ah: 
+
+and in his time were introduced images for worfhip , which were 
+firf framed by his art. 
+
+It is obfervable, that Johannes Antiochenus dyles the peo¬ 
+ple of Midian Hellenes: and fpeaking of Mofes, who married 
+the daughter of Jethro, the Cuthite, the chief prielb of 
+27 Midian, he reprefents the woman, 28 r y\v Svycccsgct loQog th 
+ag r gi£g£'jcq TOCV ’EKKrjVW, as the daughter of father , the high- 
+pricf of the Hellenes. This is not fo culpable as I have 
+fometimes thought it. It is to be obferved, that the people 
+of Midian lived upon the upper and eadern recefs of the 
+Red Sea ; where was a city called El Ain, the Elana 
+of 19 Ptolemy, and Ailane of Jofephus. It happens, that 
+there are in the oppolite recefs fountains, which retain the 
+
+
+Eufebii Chron. p. 13. See Chron. Pafchale, and Syncellus. p. 94. 95. Some 
+fuppole this innovation to have been introduced about the death of Peleg. E m tm 
+tb 4>x?ie% TeAeurn* ern t Pier% iAicl svQcv ap%nv t oov EAA wix.gov &eoov ?iay.€ccvuat ret 
+cycyctrcc. Cedrenus. p. 15. 
+
+'srpojTos npZxTo y^vTTToi* xxi oyfeos oov xiroy^vos T3 
+
+N cos t& S'ixou?. Conftant. Manafies. p. 21. 
+
+z0 Epiphanius. L. 1. p. 7. 
+
+17 Exodus, c. 2. v. 16 . 
+
+
+48 
+
+
+P. 76. 77. 
+
+
+* 9 'Hfe EA glvol xccrx /jlvX'Qv xei/xevTi th ofMJivjuB xoXttcv. Ptolem. L. 5. c. 17. p* 162. 
+Ou *z TToppM A/Aaw 'zsrcAsatf. Jofeph. Ant. E. 8. c. 2. p. 437. 
+
+A<Aarw 'ujqAls Aocc€ict$. Steph. Byzant. A<Aa«. Procop. Perfica. L. i.c. 19. 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+
+The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+1 5S 
+
+name of El Ain at this day : and they are likewife called by 
+the Arabs Ain Mofh, or the fountains of Mofcs. Hence 
+each bay has been at times called Sinus Elanites ; which 
+has caufcd fome confufion in the accounts given of thefe 
+
+O 
+
+parts. The nether rccefs had ccrtainlv its name from 
+
+I J 
+
+the celebrated fountains of Mofcs, which ran into it : 
+but the bay on the other fide was denominated from the 
+people, who there 30 fettled. They were Cuthites, of the 
+fame race as the Ionim and Hellenes or Babylonia, from 
+which country they came. They built the city Elana ; and 
+v/ere called 31 Hellenes, from the great luminary, which they 
+worfhiped ; and to which their city was facred. In the 
+days of Mofes the whole world feems to have been infedted 
+with the rites of the Zabians : and Jethro the Cuthite was 
+probably high-prieft of this order, whofe daughter Mofes 
+3Z married. The very fir ft idolatry confifted in worshiping 
+the luminary El Ain; which worfhip was accordingly ftyled 
+Hellenifmus. El Ain fignifies Sol Fons, the fountain of light : 
+and Ulpian upon Demofthenes feems to have had fome in¬ 
+timation of this etymology ; for he explains the term 
+sKhwiKooTOLTov by 33 fcctQocgGOTciTov and siXizgivsg-OLTov, fomething 
+very pure and clear , like a fountain. Hefychius alfo intimates, 
+that the name related to the 34 fountain of day ; and in a 
+fecondary fenfe to the fountain of wifdom. ‘EAAyp£;, oi QLTto 
+
+
+The bay is now called Bahhr al Akaba. See Dcfcription d’Arabie par Monf. 
+Niebuhr. 1773. p.345. 
+
+31 The people ftill retain their primitive name Ellanes. Dr. Pocock expreffes it 
+Allauni. The Arabs about A cab a are called Allauni . Pocock’s Egypt, p. 138. 
+Exodus, c. 2. v. 16. Numbers, c. 12, v. 1. 
+
+n P. 118. 
+
+
+
+HcTych. 
+
+
+
+X 2 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+156 
+
+ra A to; 73 'EAA wog' q <pgovt(JLQi, riToi tropoi. The people fyled 
+Hellenes are the defeendants of Hellen , the fon of Zeuth : and 
+by this title are denoted people of intelligent and e7ilighte7ied 
+minds. Hellen was the fame as Ion ; the fame alfo as He- 
+lius, Ofiris, and Apollo : by which titles was fignified the 
+Deity of light and of fcience. 
+
+From Babylonia the Hellenes came into Egypt; and were 
+the fame as the Auritas, thofe Cuthite fhepherds, who fo 
+long held that country in fubjedtion. Hence we read of 
+35 YloL^eve; EAA r,vs; y and 36 BacnAg;^ EAAj^gf, Hellenic floep- 
+herds , and Hclle7iic princes , who reigned in the infancy of 
+that nation. They were what I term collectively Amonians; 
+being the defeendants of Ham, who by the Gentile writers 
+was reputed the firft-born of Deucalion, or Noah. 37 Tivov - 
+
+tou <Jg ex EDppas Aevxalhtun 'sreufes, 'EAA r,v pev 'urgUTo;, ov ex 
+
+A 10 ; evioi yeyevr)r()oLi A eystrt—SvyctTrig $e UgocToysveix.. Hellen 
+teas the f if-bor 77 of Deucalio7i by Pyrrha : though fome 7nake 
+hi 77 i the fo 7 i of Zeuth , or Dios .— There was alfo a daughter 
+Protogeneia ; fo named from being the firft-born of women. 
+He was alfo faid to have been the fon of Prometheus : but 
+in this there is no inconfiftency ; for they were all titles of 
+the fame perfonage, whofe fon was 3S Ham, reprefented both 
+
+
+' s Africanus apud Syncellum. p. 6 k 
+’ 6 Sy ocellus. ibid. 
+
+’ 7 Apollodorus. 1, i. p. 20. 
+
+Ato "EAAwras ry Z^fy 3 c«Ai&.T 05 £AA?;*??. Synccllus. p. 157. 
+
+£AA^ sktio - sv . Dicrearchus. Gcog. Gr. Vol. p. 22. Strabo. L. 
+
+7H /\eiiKot?itG0rQ?. Thucyd. L. 1. c. 3. Ilro/xyBteos x<xt VIvfees 
+Apollon. L. 3. v. 10S6. Strabo mentions the tomb of Hellen ; t xfcv ra i:AA/;y^ 
+
+
+t ^ r A 
+
+hAAar, / v 0 2 a 105 
+8. p. 587. i'AA r,v 
+*J:AAj?r. Schol. in 
+
+
+‘T3 /^.evy.Ct^lMVCS X.XI r Ivppxs* L. 9. p. 6C0. 
+
+
+iS 
+
+
+
+n, Sol. 
+
+10 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+157 
+
+
+as Hellen, and Helius. The Cutliite Hellenes, who came 
+into Egypt, introduced their arts and learning ; by which 
+that country was benefited greatly. Hence the learning of 
+Egypt was ftyled Hellenic from the Hellenic fhepherds ; 
+and the ancient theology of the country was faid to have 
+been defcribed in the S9 Hellenic character and language. 
+This had no relation to the Hellenes of Greece ; being, as i 
+have before obferved, far prior to that nation. The Gre¬ 
+cians, it is true, were both lonim and Hellenes ; but by a 
+long defcent, being the pofterity of the people here fpoken 
+of. This theology was faid to have been derived from 
+40 Agathodtemon, that benign deity, the benefactor of all 
+mankind. He was fuppofed to have had a renewal of life ; 
+and on that account was rcprefented under the figure of a 
+fcrpent crowned with the lotus, and ftyled 41 Noe Agatho- 
+dsemon. The Grecians fuppofed, that by the Hellenic 
+tongue was meant the language of Greece ; and that the 
+
+o O 
+
+Hellenic characters were the letters of their own country. 
+But thefc writings were in reality fculptures of great anti¬ 
+quity : and the language was the Cuthitc, ftyled by 41 Ma- 
+nethon the facred language of Egypt. 
+
+
+0 JVTmethon apud Eufcb.. Chron. p* o. 
+
+' ,0 Syr-ccilus. p. 40. The liifbory was fuppofed to have been by him rrandated 
+rf::r the deluge, uercc rev Kccrav.Avcrfj.oyi zk t>h lepxs SixKsktu ei; rr,v pa* 
+
+
+r 
+
+; 
+
+
+4 L //* 
+
+
+the facred language into the Hellenic: by which mult be meant the ancient 
+
+
+ChaldaYc. 
+
+41 The name Noe the Greeks tranfpofed, and exprefied ir Nz? Aa.f/.&r. 
+SecVol. II. p. 336. Plate VI. where the Patriarch is defcribed under the fymbol of 
+a fcrpent, with the emblems of plenty and peace. Agathodcsmon was the fame as 
+Cneph. Eufeh. Pmep. Evaag. L. l. c. 10. p. 41. 
+
+4i Jcfeph. contra Apion. L. 1. p. 445. 
+
+
+Philo 
+
+
+
+
+*5 S 
+
+
+The An \lysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+Philo Judaeus, not being apprifed of this, has been guilty 
+of a great miftake in his Life of Mofes. For mentioning how 
+that great perfonage had been inftrudfed in his youth ; and 
+that he was (killed in all the learning of Egypt, in numbers, 
+geography, and hieroglyphics ; he adds, that the reft of the 
+circle of fcienccs he learned of the Hellenes, or Grecians : 
+
+uoeiOLV 'E VJKr.vz; ehic&mcov : as if the 
+
+
+hs a/.y.Yv s^/'/.vKXioy 'ur 
+
+
+fhed, and the Greeks 
+
+
+adepts in philofophy, fo early as the time of Mofe 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+Hellene 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+wer 
+
+
+fuppofed to hav 
+
+
+the Patri¬ 
+
+
+arch, were undoubtedly an order of priefts in Egypt: which 
+
+
+the name of Hellas, or the 
+Stephanus mentions from 
+Ariftagoras, a place called Hellenicon ('EAAflW/sojJ at Mem- 
+
+
+Helladians, had been heard of. 
+
+
+phis ; 
+ftyled 
+
+
+and fays, that the perfons, who redded there, were 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+Mempl 
+
+
+Clemens Alexandrinu 
+
+
+has 
+
+
+anfmitted the fame account concerning Mofes, as has 
+
+
+given above by Philo 
+
+
+Triv hs cr.Khr t v eyKVKhiov 'GTCLiheia.v 
+
+
+hlSctCKOP SV AiyV7TTOO 
+
+
+G>ol<tiKikqv 'urouhov 
+
+
+Hellenes 
+
+
+Egypt as a princ 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+m- 
+
+
+Thefe 
+
+
+JlruEled him hi the whole circle of fciences. 
+certainly miftaken the hiftory, from whence they borrowed 
+It did not relate to Greece, but to the Hellenes of Egypt 
+thofe Helleno-Memphitae of Stephanus and Ariftagoras 
+When Clemens therefore tells us concerning Mofes, Oi EA- 
+
+A wss 2Cihv.rTK.ov ev Aiyvcrrce, The Hellenes taught him in Egypt 
+
+
+43 In Vita Mofi.% V. 2. p. 84. 
+
+44 EA?d)n:'&- >:cci K ccpikov tottoi guM 
+
+tpiTcct , w? A pi~ayizcx.$' Steph. Byzant. 
+
+45 Strom. L. 1. p. 413. 
+
+9 
+
+
+Ct** 
+
+
+<P riv'Etlt.ty'SUifJlpTCLl XXI KxfOfAtJJL- 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 159 
+
+it fhould be rendered, 'O t 'EAA r t vz; sn Aiyv7TTu s:fx<rxov, the 
+Hellenes of Egypt taught him: for fuch, we may be afiured, 
+was the purport of the original, and true hiftory. And this 
+may be proved by the account given of Oftris ; of whom it 
+is faid, that after his travels over the earth, he inftituted re¬ 
+ligious rites, and founded fchools of eloquence in Egypt. Of 
+thefe he made Hermes profeffor, who inftruefed the 46 Helle¬ 
+nes in that fciencc. This was many ages before the fuppofed 
+arrival of Danaus, or of Cadmus, in Greece : confequently 
+thefe Hellenes could have no relation to that country. They 
+were undoubtedly an order of priefts ; the fame as are faid 
+to have inftru<5f:ed Mofes. The hiftory was certainly true, 
+though the perfons have been miftaken. Zoroafter is by Ebn 
+Batrick ftyled Iiina-Hellen ; and faid to have been the au¬ 
+thor of the Zabian worfhip, which commenced about the 
+time that the tower of Babel was erefted. 47 Autumant au- 
+tem nonnulli, primum religionis Sabiorum audtorem fuiffe 
+Grascum (Hellenem) quendam nomine Iiinam.—Fertur etiam 
+ilium, qui primus Sabiorum religionem inftituit, ex eorura 
+numero fuiffe, qui turri Babelis extruend® adfuerunt. Ac¬ 
+cording to Dicaearchus, the great Sefoftris was a favourer of 
+48 Hellenifm. 
+
+From what has been faid, it appears plainly, that the 
+Hellenes and Iones were the fame people under different ap¬ 
+pellations. They were the defeendants of Hellen and Ion, 
+two names of the fame perfonage; among whofe fons idolatry 
+firft began in the region of Babylonia. He was ftyled Ion, 
+
+46 K cci tsj EAA wets Sifot&xi tcZtqv t u 'isTtQLTYiv \ZfifA.YtVcioiw Diodorus. L. i. p. 15* 
+
+47 Vol. x . p. 63. from the Latin verfion. 
+
+48 Kai EAAjjnje-f / 3 rd ^eaoyystocnS'i y.sy.s?\.w€vcci, Schol. in Apollon. L. 4. v. 273. 
+
+Ionan, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+160 
+
+
+Ionan, Ionichus ; and was fuppofed to have been the author 
+ot magic. From him the Babylonians had the name of Ionim, 
+as well as of Hellenes : for thefe terms were nfed as in fome 
+degree fynonimous. Hence when the facrcd writer men¬ 
+tions people’s dying from the weapons of the 49 Ionim, or 
+Babylonians, it is very truly rendered by the Seventy from 
+the Hellaiic fword ; 50 Avctg-OJ’xsv, zou a.v&T£sf(jO[J.sv 'GTgog tqv 
+
+7\olov Big tt,v 'urar^ 1 da ripMv, ccto 'nrgo<roo7r<3 (xa.’goLi % a.g Eh- 
+
+A/jViz/jg. strife , a?id let us go again to our own people , and to 
+the la?id of our nativity^from the Hellenic fword. The like 
+expredion is to be found in the fame verdon, and of the fame 
+prophet: A 7ro '3Tgo<rw7ns fJL0Vga.i gxg ’ ETlh^v 1 zr]g izoifog Big tqv 
+
+Xxqv ocvTii caros-gsfscri, zou szagrog Big rriv yr]v cvjtx tpsv^sTou. 
+From the fword of the Hellenes they fall turn every one to 
+his own people , and they fall fee every one to his own land. In 
+each inftance the words in the original are the Jword of run, 
+Ionah : by which are meant the Ionim or Babylonians. The 
+fame worfhip, of which the Hellenes are faid to have been 
+the authors, is attributed to the Ionim, the fons of Ionah. 
+
+
+52 loovsg c h y ot bz rr,g I«£, ruv 'EAA rjvoov xgygyyoi ysyovoTsg , Toig 
+%ooivoig tjt goTszvvovv . "The Ionim , the reputed fons of I071 ah , who 
+
+
+became the head of the Hellenes , introduced the adoration of 
+images. They alfo introduced Zabaifm, as is mentioned by 
+the fame 53 author j and worfhiped the celeftial conftellations. 
+The perfon, from whom the Hellenes had their name, was 
+
+
+49 712 V Sin, the fword of the Ionah. 
+
+50 Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 16. 
+
+51 Ibid. c. 50. v. 16. See Vol. II. p. 302. of this work. 
+
+51 Eufeb. Chron. p. 13. 
+
+53 loo res xct f Oupccvop ^eo7roiypierot. Ibid. See alfo Cedrenus. p. 46. 
+
+Hellen 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+r 6 i 
+
+Hellen, the fame as Cham, the Ton of Noah. 55 'EAA>;y viog 
+A&VKdCKiwvog. Hellen was the fon of theperfon who efcaped the 
+flood. The Iones were from the fame perfonage, under a 
+different title. 
+
+Such was the firft herefy in the world, which was ftyled 
+Hellenifmus : and fuch the Hellenes, by whom it was pro¬ 
+pagated. They were difUpated from Babylonia, and palled 
+into Egypt; and betook themfelves to Syria, Rhodes, and 
+Hellas ; and many other countries. Many traces of them 
+are to be found in Syria ; where particularly is to be ob- 
+ferved a city, which from them mull have had its name. 
+Stephanus, fpeaking of places called Hellas, tells us, 
+Efi kou clXKy] 'oroXig 'EAAas KoiXris Xvgictg' to eQwcov EAAijj/. 
+There is alfo another city Hellas in Coile Syria. The Ge?itile 
+derivative , or pojfeflive , is Hellen. There were Hellenes at 
+Rhodes ; the fame as the Heliadae, of whom 56 Diodorus Si¬ 
+culus makes mention. They feem to have been the firft, 
+who peopled that ifland. Thofe Hellenes, who fettled at 
+Dodona, were the firft of the name among the Helladians, 
+and from them it became at laft univerfal. They had alfo 
+the name of Elli, and Selli, and were properly priefts of the 
+oracle, which they brought from Thebes in Egypt. 57 EA- 
+
+Aor 'EAAijvsf, hi sv Auicavti, kou oi hosts' EAAa (it fhould be 
+EAAco) A log iegov sv AwJWjj. The Elli are the fame as the 
+Hellenes at Dodona : and the priejls of the place have the fame 
+
+ss Eufeb. Chron. p. 28. 
+
+56 Tvv cfg PfJOTOP TAU7M TQT& TCOLTCcytbV *EAAwp£$. L. 4. p. 2 6. 
+
+57 Hefych. Elli and Selli are terms of the fame purport; being derived from El 
+and Sel, two names of the fun. What the Grecians rendered Hellas would have been 
+exprefied more truly Hellan. 
+
+Vol. III. Y name. 
+
+
+
+162 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+7iamc. Elian is the name of the temple dedicated to Jupiter at 
+Dodona. The like is faid by 58 Ariftotle and 59 Strabo. Of 
+this people I fhall fay more, when I come to the Ionah-Hel- 
+lenic colonies of Greece. 
+
+sS Meteorolog. L. i. c. 14. p. 772. 
+
+I- 7- P- 5°5- 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+I i6 3 ] 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+GOLDEN AGE, 
+
+O R 
+
+AGE of the C U T H I M. 
+
+I Have taken notice of the manner, in which the firft ages 
+of the world were diftinguifhed: and I have fhewn, that 
+Scythifmus and Hellenifmus were miftaken terms : that they 
+were not the chara&eriftics of times in fucceflion, as many 
+of the learned fathers have fuppofed; but related each to 
+nearly one particular feafon, the age of Chus ; and to the 
+worfhip introduced by his fons. The Golden Age of the - 
+poets took its rife from a miftake of the fame nature: which 
+miftake being once eftablifhed, a Silver, a Brazen, and an 
+Iron Age were in confequence of it added. What was termed 
+Vsvog Xgvtrsov and Xgvc tbiov, fhould have been exprefted Xvtreov 
+
+and Xutrsiov : for it relates to the fame asra, and hiftory, as 
+the terms beforementioned ; to the age of Chus, and to the 
+domination of his fons. It is defcribed as a period of great 
+happinefs: and the perfons, to whom that happinefs is 
+
+Y 2 attributed, 
+
+
+
+164 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+tributcd, are celebrated as fuperiour to the common race of 
+men : and upon that account, after their death, they were 
+advanced to be Deities. 
+
+* Xgvorsov fJLsv 'itrguTifOL yevog fj.sg07rccv avdgU7ruv 
+AQolvcltqi 'sroiY}<ra.v, OXvuTrta foofxaT sypvrsg' 
+
+' 0 ; (jlsv S7Ti Kgovn r)<rav, ot ovgavea sfJ.Saa'iXsvsv . 
+
+'£l?s 0 sot <T s^ocov axqhsa Sv[j.ov s^ovts;, 
+
+N ocrtpiv otTsgTs 'urovuv x.ai oi£vog' h$s ti hziXov 
+
+TrigS7TYIV' ztK. 
+
+Avrag s7tsi ksv txto ysvos Kara yaia xaXv^/Sy 
+To; fj.su A aifxousg si<ri A log fj.sya.Xn ha finXag, 
+
+Ecr$Ao;, £7riydouioi, <pvXazs$ Svrfrwv avQgw7roov* 
+
+'O; pa <pvXa<r<TH<riv ts hxas, teat cr^sTXia Tgya. 
+
+The Immortals firft a Golden race produced : 
+
+Thefe liv’d, when Saturn held the realms of heaven j 
+And pafs’d their time like Gods without a care. 
+
+No toil they knew, nor felt folicitude j 
+Not e’en th’ infirmities of age— 
+
+Soon as this race was funk beneath the grave ; 
+
+Jove rais’d them to be Dasmons of the air. 
+
+Spirits benign, and guardians of mankind. 
+
+Who fternly right maintain, and forely punifh wrong. 
+
+♦ 
+
+We have in this fhort account a juft hiftory of the rife of 
+idolatry, when deified men had firft divine honours paid to 
+them : and we may be affured of the family, in which it 
+began. The ancients had a high notion of this Golden, or 
+
+
+* Hefiod. E^a jea*'H/4f£. L. 1. v. 109. 
+
+
+Cufean 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+* 6 5 
+
+Cufean age ; and always fpeak of it with great deference, as 
+a time of uncommon equity and happinefs. They indeed 
+take into the account the sera of patriarchal government, 
+when all the world was as yet one family, and under the 
+mild rule of the head of mankind. Aratus fays, that this 
+
+was the feafon, when Aftraea, or Juftice, appeared perfonally 
+in the world. 
+
+* T o<pg o<p£ st 1 yctioL Vsvog Xgvrsiov s<peg£sv. 
+
+She flay’d, while yet the Race of Gold furvived. 
+
+And he laments, that thofe excellent perfons, who then 
+flourifhed, fhould have been fucceeded by a pofterity fo de¬ 
+generate and bafe. 
+
+3 ’Om]v XgvTsioi n aTegEs yeveqv eTusrorro 
+
+Xeigoregw ; 
+
+What an unworthy and degenerate race 
+Our Golden Sires bequeath’d ? 
+
+By this we find, that not only a particular age, but alfo per¬ 
+fons were ftyled Xgvtrzioi, or Golden. Thofe who came into 
+Greece, and built the temple at Olympia, are reprefented as 
+4 Xgvvav yevoGj a Golden Race: by which is certainly meant 
+Cufoan or Cufean. But however this people may have been 
+celebrated, they were the firft idolaters, who introduced a 
+plurality of Gods, and made other innovations in life. 
+
+* Phaenom. v. 113. 
+
+1 Ibid. v. 123. 
+
+4 Paufan. L«. 5. p. 391^ 
+
+A Cloves — 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+AidioTsg—'urgooToi $e ®evg st i (j.ri<r ctv , you vopooig e^wctno. 
+
+
+!The JEthiop 
+
+
+the firfk , who paid 
+
+
+more Gods than one , and who enabled laws. 
+
+The Grecians by rendering what fhould be Cufean, Xgvtrsov J 
+Crufean, have been led flill farther in charadteriling the 
+
+: and to this fuppofed Golden Age, which they have 
+
+
+times 
+
+
+added 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+
+of 
+
+
+firft 
+
+
+embellifhed with many lidtions, they hi 
+Silver, and of Brafs and of Iron. In the 
+the poet manifeftly alludes to the longevity of perfons in the 
+patriarchic age : for they did not, it feems, die at threefcore 
+and ten, but took more time even in advancing towards 
+puberty. 
+
+6 AA?,’ 2'/.OL.TOV fJLBV TJTOLig 2T2CC 'STOLgOL {JLrprBgl KsS'Vi) 
+
+E rgspsr’ araAAw;/ fJLsya vr)7Ciog w evi oiyca. 
+
+
+I 11 early times, for full an hundred years 
+The foftering mother with an anxious eye 
+
+Cherifh’d at home the unweildy backward boy. 
+
+% 
+
+He fpeaks however of their being cut off in their prime : 
+and whatever portion of life Nature might have allotted to 
+them, they were abridged of it by their own folly, and in- 
+juftice ; for they were guilty of rapine and bloodshed ; and 
+in a continual ftate of hoftility. 
+
+
+7 AAA’ otolv 1 w<rsis, you r£r,g (xeTgov Ikovto, 
+Uoiv?i£iov gcaeryov 27n ’Xjcovov, oChyi B^/ovTsg, 
+
+
+5 Steph. Byzantin. 
+
+6 Hefiod. 1 Ley,-x.ee L. i. v. 130. 
+
+7 Ibid. v. ijz. 
+
+
+
+7 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+Apgctfooug' vSgip yag clt ourQ oCKov uk s^vpolpto 
+
+A KMKoov cLTrsysiv. 
+
+Soon to the term of blooming youth they came. 
+But did not long furvive it: their fhort life 
+Was a fad fcene of mifery, brought on 
+By mutual a&s of infult. 
+
+
+
+They were at the fame time highly irreligious and great 
+contemners of the Gods ; and for that reafon removed from 
+all commerce with other beings. 
+
+
+* Tug (jlsv S7rsirct 
+
+‘Zsvg K gopi$ii)g s/^tnj/e, yoX^^spog vpsxcl ri[/.ctg 
+Ovk eSi^isv fjL<x.mg£cr<rL &eoig } 61 OKv^l 7 tqv tyvmv. 
+
+This race Jove foon conlign’d to endlefs night ; 
+
+Vex’d, that due honours they fhould dare refufe 
+To the great Gods, who high Olympus hold. 
+
+Yet what is extraordinary, when they were through the an¬ 
+ger of the offended Gods, fwept away from the face of the 
+earth, they were made fubordinate Deities, and great reve¬ 
+rence was fhewed to them : 9 T kou toktiv Q7tr\hi : Thefe 
+too had their floare of hojiour. 
+
+The third Age, ftyled the Brazen, was like the former: 
+only, to diverlify it a little, the poets fuppofed that there 
+was now a more regular procefs of war. They had now, it 
+
+* Ibid. v. 137. 
+
+9 T 01 fj.?v u 7 rcp^ovioi Maxargs S’wpr ei xaAsoxTar, 
+
+As uTigot' esAA' g,«7njs ti/av x.txt TC/iav qttwSsu v . 141. 
+
+
+feems. 
+
+
+
+i 6 $ 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+feems, brazen arms, and brazen houfes : and every imple¬ 
+ment was of brafs. This race is faid to have been quite 
+different from thofe of the Silver Age; 10 sk a.gyvgui ahv opoioy. 
+Yet I cannot fee wherein the difference confifted. The for¬ 
+mer were guilty of violence and bloodfhed ; and flew one 
+another fo faft, that they fcarce attained the age of man¬ 
+hood. The latter had the fame love for war; and fell 
+in like manner by each other’s hand; fo that not one 
+furvived. 
+
+
+11 K ou roi fj,sv yeige<r<riv vvo <r<psT£gy<ri caiiBVTeg 
+
+sg evgwsnoc fropov y.pvegs Ai'chto, 
+
+N UVVfJLOl. 
+
+This race engag’d in deadly feuds, and fell 
+
+funk in fight. 
+
+All to the fhades of Erebus confign’d. 
+
+Their name forgotten. 
+
+After thefe came another Age, by moft poets called the 
+Iron ; but by Hefiod mentioned as the Heroic, or Age of 
+
+and defcribed as a time of great 
+11 piety. Yet thefe heroes, whofe equity is fo much fpoken 
+of, upon a nearer enquiry are found to be continually engaged 
+
+
+
+
+
+*° Z cN 'Grotmp Tpirop aAAo yepos fJLtpoTrccv apQouTrwv 
+'Xcchxeiov ToivHTy ux, apyugu> ufev ofAotovm V. 143. 
+
+See Aratus of the Golden Age, and of thofe fucceeding. Phaenom. v. 108. 
+Ovid. Metamorph. L,. 1. v. 89. 
+
+11 Hefiod fupra. v. 151. 
+
+11 A v$i$ er aAAo tstcl^tos €7ri %Qovt 'ztr 9 ?ivGoT$igy 
+
+Zsus K poviJ'ns 'zstqiws ^ixcuoTepzyy xca, ocpuov . v. 156. 
+
+Hefiod makes the Iron Ase the fifth in fucceffion. 
+
+
+Alfo 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 169 
+
+in wars and murders : and, like the fpecimens exhibited of 
+the former Ages, thefe are finally cut off by one another’s 
+hands, in adts of robbery and violence : fome for purloining 
+oxen ; others for dealing fheep ; and many for carrying away 
+the wives of their friends and neighbours. 
+
+13 Kou Tag [lbv •nroXsfJLog rs Kcucog , xou <pvA.ozig cuvri. 
+
+Tag [lsv &<p £7rTCL7rvXu ©rify, KaJpji’ch ycay, 
+fiAscre fJLOL^vocfjLBvag [tr^oov svsjc Oi^izo^clq' 
+
+Tag h nou bv vn)£<r<riv U7reg [Lsya Aolit[jlcl -9-aAacnnjs 
+Es T goir t v ayoLyoov *E fyvrig ivstc ^vko^loiq" 
+
+EvQ’ i]Toi rag [jlbv Savara TsXog cl^bkolAv^/b. 
+
+In battle fome were carried off; and fell 
+At Thebes, renown’d for its feven tow’ring gates, 
+
+The feat of Cadmus : here they fternly drove 
+Againft th’ Oedipodas for their flocks and herds. 
+
+Some paded the feas, and fought the Trojan fhore : 
+There joined in cruel condidt for the fake 
+Of Helen, peerlefs dame : till their fad fate 
+Sunk them to endlefs night. 
+
+In like manner it is faid of the hero Cycnus, that he robbed 
+people of their cattle, as they went to Delphi : whence he 
+was called K vKVog tyring. He, like the 5+ red, was dain in 
+dght, having rafhly encountered Hercules. Such was the 
+end of thefe laudable banditti: of whom Jupiter, we are 
+
+n Hefiod. Epy. xai 'HfAtp. L. j. v. 16 1. 
+
+Hefiod. A<? 7 ris Hooix^. v. 478. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+z 
+
+
+told. 
+
+
+
+170 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+told, had fo high an opinion, that after they had plundered 
+and butchered one another, he fent them to the Iflands of 
+the Bleffed, to partake of perpetual felicity. 
+
+K ca toi fxzv vouxtriv, clkt^bcx $v[jlov stones, 
+
+Ev MoLK.tx.goov vr,croitn ■vroLg ookbolvov fictdvJivqv, 
+
+O?Jcioi 'H gooes. 
+
+Tlicfe, freed from grief and every mortal care. 
+
+And waited far to th’ ocean’s verge extreme, 
+
+Rove uncontroul’d amid the Happy Illes, 
+
+Illuflrious heroes. 
+
+We have here feen four divifions of times : in fome of 
+which the poet has endeavoured to make a diftincStion, 
+though no material difference fubfifls. And as thefe times 
+are fuppofed to be in fucceflion, he has brought the laft pe¬ 
+riod as low as the sera of Troy. The whole relates to a 
+feries of hiftory, very curious and interefting ; but ruined, 
+by being diverfified, and in a manner feparated from itfelf. 
+
+From what has been faid we may perceive, that the Cru- 
+fean Age being fubflituted for the Cufean, and being alfo 
+fly led the sera of the 16 Cuthim, was the caufe of thefe after- 
+divifions being introduced ; that each Age might be diftin- 
+guifhed in gradation by fome bafer metal. Had there been 
+no miftakc about a Golden Age, we fhould never have been 
+treated with one of Silver; much lefs, with the fubfequent of 
+Brafs and Iron. The original hiftory relates to the patri- 
+
+>5 Hefiod. lif) - y - a -‘ H/xef. I-., x. v. J70. 
+
+16 Cuthim, C 3 rO s fignilicd Gold and Golden. 
+
+archie 
+
+
+
+Ti-ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. i~i 
+
+archie age, and to what the Greeks termed the Scuthic pe¬ 
+riod, which fucceeded : when the term of man’s life was not 
+yet abridged to its prefent ftandard ; and when the love of 
+rule, and adts of violence firft difplayed themfelves upon the 
+earth. The Amonians, wherever they fettled, carried thefe 
+traditions with them: which were often added to the hiftory 
+of the country ; fo that the feene of adtion was changed. 
+A colony, who ftyled themfelves Saturnians, came to Italy; 
+and greatly benefited the natives. But the ancients, who 
+generally fpeak colledtively in the fingular, and inftead of 
+Herculeans, introduce Hercules ; inftead of the Cadmians, 
+Cadmus ; fuppofe a fingle perfon, 17 Saturn, to have betaken 
+himfelf to this country. Virgil mentions the ftory in this 
+light: and 
+
+ftate of the natives upon his arrival, when he introduced an 
+Age of Gold. 
+
+,s Haec nemora indigenae Fauni, Nymphaeque tenebant, 
+Genfque virum truncis et duro robore nata; 
+
+Queis neque mos, neque cultus erat; nec jungere tauros, 
+Aut componere opes norant, aut parcere parto : 
+
+Sed rami, atque afper vidtu venatus alebat. 
+
+He then proceeds to ftiew, how this people were difeiplined 
+and improved : all which, according to the ufual miftake, 
+he fuppofes to have been effedted by one perfon, Saturn, in¬ 
+ftead of Saturnians. 
+
+' 7 Ic is faid of Saturn alfo, that he built the ancient city Byblus in Syria. This was 
+many ages before his fuppofed arrival in Italy. See Sanchoniatho in Eufeb. Prasp. 
+Evang. L,. i. c. 13. p. 37. The city was built by Saturnians. 
+
+Virg. JEneid. 1 . 8. v. 314. 
+
+
+fpeaks of Saturn’s fettling there; and of the low 
+
+
+Z 2 
+
+
+Primus 
+
+
+
+172 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+19 Primus ab cethereo venit Saturnus Olympo, 
+
+Arma Jovis fugiens, et regnis exul ademptis. 
+
+Is genus indocile, ac difperfum montibus altis, 
+Compofuit ; legefque dedit: Latiumque vocari 
+Maluit, his quoniam latuiflet tutus in oris. 
+
+Au rea, quie perhibent, illo Tub rege fuerunt 
+Szecula : he placida populos in pace regebat. 
+Deterior donee paulatim, ac decolor aetas, 
+
+Et belli rabies, et amor fucceflit habendi. 
+
+
+Lo ! mighty prince, thefe venerable woods 
+Of old were haunted by the fylvan Gods, 
+
+And favage tribes, a rugged race, who took 
+Their birth primaeval from the ftubborn oak. 
+
+No laws, no manners form’d the barbarous race: 
+
+But wild the natives rov’d from place to place. 
+Untaught, and rough, improvident of gain. 
+
+They heap’d no wealth, nor turn’d the fruitful plain. 
+
+Their food the favage fruits the forefts yield ; 
+
+Or hunted game, the fortune of the field : 
+
+Till Saturn fled before victorious Jove, 
+
+Driven down, and banifla’d from the realms above. 
+
+He by juft laws embodied all the train, 
+
+Who roam’d the hills j and drew them to the plain ; 
+There fix’d : and Latium call’d the new abode, 
+
+Whofe friendly ftiores conceal’d the latent God. 
+
+Thefe realms in peace the monarch long controll’d. 
+And blefs’d the nations with an Age of Gold. 
+
+Tranflated by Pitt. 
+
+
+! 9 Virg. iEneid. L. 8. v. 319. 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+173 
+
+This account is confufed : yet we may difcern in it a true 
+hiftory of the firft ages; as may be obferved likewife in He- 
+fiod. Both the poets, however the fcene may be varied, al¬ 
+lude to the happy times immediately after the deluge : when 
+the great Patriarch had full power over his defendants; 
+when equity prevailed without written law. 
+
+Thefe traditions, as I have repeatedly taken notice, being 
+adopted and prefixed to the hiftories of the countries, where 
+the Amonians fettled, have introduced a Saturn in Aufonia; 
+and an Inachus and Phoroneus at Argos : and in confequence 
+of it, the deluge, to which the two latter were witneffes, has 
+been limited to the fame place, and rendered a partial 10 in¬ 
+undation. But, in reality, thefe accounts relate to another 
+climate, and to a far earlier age : to thofe times, when, ac¬ 
+cording to 21 Hyginus, the firft kingdom upon earth was 
+conftituted : and when one language only prevailed among 
+the fons of men. 
+
+10 Hv <f e y.QL'rct t 9iv EAAcccTa, xcctoc /j£v <t>opMvect t gv ft&T Ivccfyoky l e?ri Clyvyy kcctcl- 
+
+xA va-p-os. Clem. Alexandr. Strom. L. i. p. 379. 
+
+
+
+CUSHAN or ETHIOPIA; 
+
+
+AND OF THE 
+
+VARIOUS COLONIES, and DENOMINATIONS 
+
+of the CUTHITES. 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+E may, I think, be affured, that by the term Scuthai, 
+XkvOo.1, are to be underftood Cuthai or Cutheans. It 
+may therefore be proper to go to the fountain head, and to 
+give an account of the original people; from whom fo many 
+of different denominations were derived. They were the 
+fons of Chus; who leized upon the region of Babylonia and 
+Chaldea; and conftituted the firfl: kingdom upon earth. 
+They were called by other nations Cufhan : alfo Xatra/oi, 
+
+A g cubes, ZlgeiTctiy Jigv&gouot, A iOiottss, Cufeans , Arabians , Orei- 
+tce , Eruthraans , and Ethiopians : but among themfelves 
+their general patronymic was Cuth ; and their country Cu- 
+tha. I fhall take notice of them in their feveral migrations 
+under each of thefe appellations. They were an ingenious 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+176 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and knowing people, as I have before obferved ; and at the 
+lame time very prolific. They combined with others of the 
+line of Ham ; and were enabled very early to carry on an 
+extenfive commerce, and to found many colonies ; fo that 
+they are to be traced in the moft remote parts of the earth. 
+Thefe fettlements have been enumerated by 1 * Eufebius, Syn- 
+Oellus, and other writers ; as far as they could be difeovered. 
+Nor muft we wonder if they appear fo numerous, and fo 
+widely extended, as it is perfectly confonant to their original 
+hiftory. For we are informed by z Mofes, when he enume¬ 
+rates the principal perfons, by whom the earth was peopled, 
+that Ham had 3 * 5 thirty and one immediate defeendants, all of 
+them heads of families, when Shem had but twenty-fix; and 
+fourteen only are attributed to Japhet. A large body of 
+this people invaded Egypt, when as yet it was in its infant 
+hate, made up of little independent diftridts, artlefs and un¬ 
+formed, without any rule or polity. They feized the whole 
+country, and held it for fome ages in fubjedtion, and from 
+their arrival the hiftory of Egypt will be found to commence. 
+The region between the Tigris and Euphrates, where they 
+originally refided, was ftyled the country of the Chuf- 
+dim or Chafdim ; but by the weftern nations Chaldea. It 
+
+1 Syncellus. p. 46. 47. 48. Johan. Malala. p. 15. Eufeb. Chron. p. 11. 12. 
+
+See alfoVol. II. of this work, p. 187. 188. 191. See particularly the Chronicon 
+
+Pafchale. p. 29. 30. 
+
+* Genefis. c. 10. On account of the comparative fmallnefs to be obferved in the 
+line of Japhet, that encouraging prophecy was given, that Japhet fliould one day 
+be enlarged. God Jhall enlarge Japhet. This, within thefe few centuries has been 
+wonderfully completed. 
+
+5 Moft of the Fathers make the number thirty-two, counting Canaan : lo that the 
+total of the three families they fuppofe to have been feventy-two. 
+
+10 lay 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+1 77 
+
+
+lay towards the lower part of the Tigris, to the weft, and 
+below the plain of Shinar. On the oppofite fide to the eaft 
+was the province of Elam, which country they feem foon to 
+have invaded ; and to have occupied the upper part. This 
+confifted of that fine region called afterwards Sufiana, and 
+Chufiftan, which was watered by the Ulai, Chobar, and 
+Choafpes, and by other branches of the Tigris. When the 
+Perfians gained the fovereignty of Afia, it was from them 
+denominated Perfis. Some have thought Elam was Perfis : 
+but Elam lay to the fouth, and Perfis was only another name 
+for Cutha : for the Perfians were the Cuthites of that coun¬ 
+try under a different appellation. The prophet Ifaiah dif- 
+tinguifhes thefe nations very accurately, when he mentions a 
+return of the captives from 4 Elam , Cbus , and Shinar. This 
+country is faid to have been alfo called Scutha; and the au¬ 
+thor of the 5 Chronicon Pafchale mentions Scuthae in thefe 
+
+
+parts, who were fo called even in his days. But he fuppofes 
+that the name Scutha was given to the region on account of 
+
+
+I know not what, Scythians from the north. 
+
+
+Jofeph 
+
+
+us 
+
+
+whofe language had a greater affinity with the Chaldaic, 
+and to whom the hiftory of the country was better known, 
+expreffes it Cutha ; and fpeaks of a river Cutha, which was 
+probably the fame as the Choafpes. Hence we have another 
+
+
+4 C. ii. v. ii. Thus far is true, that Sufiana was originally apart of Elam. See 
+Daniel, c. 8. v. 2. but it was difmembered, and on that account efteemed a feparate 
+region. 
+
+5 K cu sfjceiretp By Tlepo’iJ't 01 ccutoi bx&ivu e&s t»s yuv* p. 47 * Arrian 
+
+mentions a region called Scuthia near the Perfian Gulf. E %ei xeu earn) 
+
+Ca0a) cuyxpyicriv t oov 'gtBQglv tpniropiodv^ B ctgvyct£ct)v 9 xoci 5 x.i> 0 #flt?, xett tw raTacgx'x.Bt- 
+
+neeaitPos. Arriani Periplus apud Geog. Gr. minores. vol. 1. p. 15. 
+
+Vol. III. A a proof, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+178 
+
+proof, and, I think, very determinate, that v. hat the Grecians 
+fly led Scutha, was Cutha, the land of the Cuthites. It ex¬ 
+tended a great way eaflward, and was in great meafure 
+bounded by Media to the north. When Salmanaffer had 
+taken Samaria, and carried the people into captivity, he re¬ 
+peopled it with a colony from 6 Cutha, Media, Babylonia, 
+and other conquered nations. And to this the Samaritans 
+allude, when they give an account of themfelves in Jofephus. 
+
+7 0 tocv A<r<rvgioov (h cutr l\zv ; sa XOT0IA2 
+
+xariyyays y.ca M rfiotg zvOah's. Salmanaffer, the king of 
+the Mffyrians, brought us hither from the countries of Cuthia 
+and Media. In procefs of time, through conqueft the em¬ 
+pire of the Perfians was greatly enlarged : and Cuthia made 
+but a part of it. Hence in another place Jofephus, fpeak- 
+ing of the people of Samaria coming from Cuthia, makes it 
+but a portion of Perils. He calls it here Cutha, and fays, 
+
+* Efi < 5 s avTi) (15 XaO a) ev Ylsg<rtS'i: The province of Cu¬ 
+
+tha , of which I have been fpeaking , is a region iiz Pe*fs. This 
+is one of the countries flylcd Cufhan in Scripture : for there 
+are certainly more than one referred to by the facreu writers. 
+By other people it was rendered Ethiopia. Having thus 
+traced the Scythte, or Cuthites, to their original place of re- 
+fidence, and afcertained their true hiftory; I {ball proceed to 
+defcribe them in their colonies, and under their various de¬ 
+nominations. 
+
+6 See 2 Kings, c. 17. v. 24. Men of Babylon and Cutha. 
+
+7 Antiq. L. 11. c. 4. p. 556. 
+
+* Jofephus Ant. L. g. c. 14. p. 507. 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+179 
+
+
+Of CUSHAN ftyled ETHIOPIA. 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+S I have repeatedly mentioned Cufhan, or Ethiopia, 
+and it is likely to continually recur again ; I think it 
+
+
+will be proper 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+the people, who were in like manner denominated : 
+the beft of my knowledge, I never yet faw this proper 
+
+It is well known, that the Ethiopians were 
+
+
+for to 
+
+
+formed. It is 1 
+
+% 
+
+ites or Cufeans. 
+
+
+Iusy 
+
+
+Xa <Tcaoi 
+
+
+'Chus is the perfon , from whom the Cufe 
+are the fame people , as the Ethiopians 
+IO Xag, a AiQi 07 Tsg. Chus was the 
+
+
+Ai9io7reg euriv. 
+derived. ‘They 
+fays Eufebius : 
+
+
+perfon , f 
+
+
+Ethiop 
+
+
+The name 
+
+
+com 
+
+
+were from cuQu > 
+
+
+
+
+name of Grecian 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+m ; a title of the chief Deity : whence it was af~ 
+
+
+fumed by the 
+
+
+who were 
+
+
+ants. Euftathius tells us, 11 A tog S 7 ri$SToi/ AiOioty 
+
+
+ZE thiop 
+
+
+s is 
+
+
+of Zeus. Prometheus was ftyled ^Tthiops, who 
+
+
+among 
+
+
+Lyco- 
+
+
+9 Zonaras. p. 21. Syncellus. p. 47. A&io 7 res, cav (X»s) bti xat iw v 7 ro eav- 
+
+tcov r rs x.gci too* tv t>i A<ticl ‘ZTccVToov jCourcciQt naAuvrcu* Jofephi Antiq. L. i. 
+c. 6. p. 22. 
+
+Chron. p. 11. Ex rm (fvXns raXa//. Xas ovo/aktS} AiS^o*^. Chron. Pafch. p. 36 . 
+
+v io$ X#$ ra Ai& 07 tqs, Malala. p. 18. 
+
+11 Schol. in Homerum. OdyfT. A. v* 22- 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+V. 533 . Some read n^o/u.<zi' 6 eus. 
+
+
+A a 2 
+
+
+phron 
+
+
+I* 
+
+
+
+180 T HE A NALYSIS OF A NciHNT Mythology. 
+
+phron ftyles him, Aoupuev TIgopuxQevs At&to^. Prometheus 
+VEthiops , the Dczmoti or tutelary Deity. Pliny fpeaking of 
+the country, fays, that it was firft called iEtheria, and then 
+Atlantia: and laft of all ^Ethiopia, ,3 aVulcani filio JEthio- 
+pe, from VEthiops, the fon of Vulcan. Homer fpeaks of two 
+nations only, w r hich were named iEthiopes. 
+
+* 4 AKh 6 fjisv Ai@to7rotg {astsjciccQs t rihotf £ovrag y 
+AiQio7Tctg, rot bryfa bs^ouctrctt, e<gx.rot oLvbguv, 
+
+Ol fJLSV bwopLSVU 'T 7T£gl0V0S, 01 <T OLVlOVTOg. 
+
+Neptwie was now vifiting the Ethiopians , who refde at a great 
+difiance : thofe Ethiopians , who are divided into two nations , 
+and are the mofi remote of mankind. One nation of them is 
+towards the fetting fun \ the others far in the eafi y where the 
+fujt rifes. But this is much too limited. For, as the Cuth- 
+ites got accefs into various parts of the world ; we fhall find 
+an Ethiopia in moil places, where they refided. The Scrip¬ 
+ture fee ms to mention three countries of this name. One, 
+and the neareft to Judea, was in Arabia, upon the verge of 
+the defert, near Midian and the Red Sea. This is alluded to 
+by the prophet Habakkuk, where he fays that 15 he faw the 
+
+9 
+
+tents of Cufian in ajfiiclion ; and the curtains of the land of 
+Midian did tremble. A fecond Ethiopia lay above Egypt to 
+the fouth ; and is taken notice of by the prophet Ezekiel, 
+
+where he is foretelling the deftrudlion of the latter country ; 
+
+* 
+
+13 I- 9- P- 345- 
+
+14 OdyfT. L. A. v. 22, Hefychius ftyles Dionufus Ai 8 . , 07 raiJ'ec, or A* 0 lottol 
+
+'GTCU'f'cL. 
+
+15 Habakkuk, c. 3, v. 7. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 181 
+
+and fays that it fhall be laid wafte from one extreme part to 
+the other. 16 Behold therefore , I atn againft thee , and againft 
+thy rivers : and I will make the land of Egypt utterly wafte 
+and defolate , from Migdol to Syene and the borders of Ethiopia. 
+r l he third country, ftyled Ethiopia, comprehended the re¬ 
+gions of Perils, Chuftftan, and Suftana. 17 Herodotus takes 
+notice of Ethiopians about thefe parts : and the country is 
+mentioned by the prophet Zephaniah, when he fpeaks of the 
+return of Judah from captivity. 18 From beyond the rivers of 
+Cufhan , or Ethiopia , my fuppliants , even the daughter of my 
+difperfed fhall bring mine offering. The principal rivers, to 
+which he referred, were the 19 Ulai, Kur, Chobar, and Cho- 
+afpes ; all eaftern branches of the Tigris ; near which were 
+the chief places of captivity. Still further eaft, beyond Car- 
+
+16 Ezekiel, c. 29. v. 10. Our verfion feems to be very faulty, and renders the 
+pafiage, from the tower of Syene unto the borders of Ethiopia , or Cufh. In a former 
+treatife I was under a miftake, from underflanding it in this light: but was led to 
+the right interpretation by the verfion of Xantes Pagninus and Montanus. Migdol, or 
+Magdalum, was a fort not far from Pelufium, at one extremity of the country: Syene 
+was the uttermofl city at the other extreme ; and flood under the Tropic upon the 
+borders of Ethiopia. The meaning of the prophet is plain, that the whole length of 
+■^SyP C 5 tiorth and fouth, from Migdol the garrifon to Syene, fhall be utterly made 
+defolate. 5 yene flood at the extremity of Pathros, or fuperior Egypt ; Migdol, the 
+fort, was near Daphme Pelufue upon the fea. Jeremiah Hates the chief divifions of 
+the country very accurately, fpeaking of the Jews who dwelt in the land of Egypt: 
+which dwell at Migdol , and at Tahpbanes, and at Nopb, and in the country of Patbros. 
+c. 44. v. 1. See Obfervations and Inquiries, See. p. 152. 
+
+17 Ot S'e an r\Atu at/an oKiwv A/Stones, Si^oi yxo Sn e<rp«-TevovT 0, w^oae’rerayyx.To 
+roiat h/tPoian , dta>\ Aaa<Tovres etSos /mev tsSev no/n erepoio-i, pcavnv J'e nai Tptyyafjccc. fjwvor. 
+L. 7. c. 70. p. 541. 
+
+18 Zephaniah. c. 3. v. 10. 
+
+" 9 Upon the banks of the Ulai, or Eulaeus, the prophet Daniel had his vifions. 
+Even Chaldea was efleemed Ethiopia ; and Tacitus fpeaking of the Jews, whofe an- 
+ceflors came from Ur inChaldea, flyles them JEthiopum prolem. Hiftpr, L. 5. c. 2. 
+
+i o mania. 
+
+
+
+182 Thf. Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+mania, was another region of this name, which by Eufebius 
+
+is termed 20 Anoxia, Y] /SAexBcra koltol hbsg, 'urgo; E vgovoTov, 
+the Ethiopia , which looks towards the Indi , to the fouth-eafi : 
+and even the Indi thcmfelves will in the fequel be found to 
+have been Ethiopians. The fons of Chus came into Egypt 
+under the name of Auritte and Shepherds, as alfo of Ethio¬ 
+pians. Hence Egypt too inherited that name : 21 ’Ey?./,Or, bs 
+
+(A lyvwrog)—you Asgia, you Ylorctp.ux., you AI0IOI1IA, cict Teg 
+
+s/.bi AlOiOTtctg, 'UTEgt oop 'UTolAot toop 'urcihoum ifog'dfl. This coun¬ 
+try was called—both Aeria , and Potatnia , or the River Coun¬ 
+try ; alfo Ethiopia ; which name it received from Jotne Ethic- 
+pians , who fettled there \ and of whom many of the very ancient 
+writers have fpoken . The Cuthites fettled at Colchus, the 
+Colchis of the Greeks: in confequence of which it was called 
+Cutaia and Ethiopia. 22 Jerome in his Catalogue of Ecclefiafti- 
+cal Writers mentions St. Andrew preaching the gofpel in the 
+towns upon the two Colchic rivers, the Apfarus and Phafis ; 
+and calls the natives ^Ethiopians. Andreas , frater Simotiis 
+Petri , ut majores nofiri prodiderutit , Scythis , Sogdiaitis , et Sa- 
+ceis in Augujld civitate prcedicavit^ quez cognominatur magna\ 
+tibi efi irruptio Apfari , et Phafis fluvius: illic incolunt Adthio- 
+pes interiores. He relates the fame circumftance of Matthias. 
+In altera Ethiopia\ ubi efi irruptio Apfari , et Hyffi portus , 
+preedicavit. The port of HyfTus near Colchis is taken notice 
+of by Arrian in his Periplus, and by Socrates in his Life of 
+
+Eufeb. Chron. P. n. he adds, aAAu AiQ.ottkx. iz-fo; votov 7 o^iv SKTrogeuerai a Ksi- 
+
+A 95 7Ar0TCLfJ.0$. 
+
+ZI Euftath. Comment, in Dionyf. V. 241. p. 42. 
+
+Hieron. de Scriptoribus Ecclefxafticis. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the 
+
+are 
+
+
+
+
+come 
+
+
+183 
+
+hvTsgcx. Anionic*,, ova r, Tjrotg&[jLvo?,Y} A*v|/a- 
+
+I hav e obferved that the Tons of Chus 
+under the titles of Cafus and Belus 
+
+
+into Syria and Phenicia, where they founded many cities : 
+and we are informed by Strabo, that this country was called 
+
+Ethiopia. 13 Em 61 you rr t v AiOiotticlv si; T/jv yct$* fifxccs <bom- 
+
+y.ry [J.STocyncri. ‘There are people, who would introduce an Ethio¬ 
+pia into the region , which we ejleem Phenicia. In the account of 
+
+the Cadmians, who are ftyled Arabians, A potass 61 c tvv K a Jaw- 
+
+^ 5 / » 7 
+
+I have fhewn that Euboea was the place, to which they hr ft 
+came : and here was a place called ’ + Ethiopium. Samo- 
+thraee was alfo fo called : 15 Aidioma, q XapLoOpcocY). The ex¬ 
+treme fettlement of this people was in Spain, upon the Bzetis, 
+near Tarteffus and Gades : and the account given by the 
+natives, according to the hiftorian Ephorus, was, that co¬ 
+lonies of Ethiopians traverfed a great part of Africa : fome 
+of which came and fettled near Tarteffus : and others sot 
+
+J D 
+
+poffeflion of different parts of the fea coaft. 26 Aeys&ca yctg 
+
+
+25 Strabo, L. 1. p. 73. Thefe nations were the Scytliie of tlie Grecians. Hence 
+it is laid, A ^ yvTTT . oji ' octr-Ayioi ucriv oi " 2lx . ukcci . Find. Pyth. Od. 4.. Scliol. ad v. 376. 
+tor they were a known colony from Egypt. 
+
+~ 4 Strabo. L. 10. p. 68 j. de Cotho et Cad mo. 
+
+A. nov ov . fj.ee er EvCoicc . Harpocration* 
+
+- srA>; (tlov Evol7?u.. Steph. Byzantinus.. 
+
+15 Hefychius. Lefbos had the name of Ethiope and Macaria. PUn. Nat. Hift. 
+L. 5. c. 31. p. 288. 
+
+Arabians lbmetimes diftinguifhed from the fons of Chus. Moreover , the Lord ft ir- 
+
+red up againft Jehoram the fpirit of the Philifiines , and of the Arabians , that vs ere near the 
+Ethiopians . 2. Chron. c. 21.. v. 16. 
+iE:h Arabah. 
+
+16 Strabo. L. 1. p. 57. 
+
+
+
+
+
+184 The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+$ri<nv V7ro tocv T cL^rr,moev AiOiorctg rr,v Ai&jviv sit s7 J on v.g 
+(A£‘X,gi $v<rsocg, mg fxsv ctvm fJisivou y mg Js k?j rr,g 'urzgc/Aiotg 
+KCLTOLtysiv 'HToKKriV. 'They mention it as a tradition amoitg the 
+people of Tartejfus , that the Ethiopians once tracer fed the re - 
+gions of Africa, quite to its wefiern limits : and that fo7ne of 
+them came , and fettled at Tartejfus ; others got poffeffion of 
+different parts of the fea~coaft. They lived near the illand 
+Erythea, which they held. 
+
+27 Htoi pLSV vaua<ri ftoorgopov ctpof E^vdsixv 
+ArXctnog 'urs^i ysvpLOL Ssxhsg AtQi07n)sg. 
+
+Upon the great Atlantic, near the ifle 
+Of Erythea, for its paftures fam’d, 
+
+The facred race of Ethiopians dwell. 
+
+It is on this account, that we find fome of the fame family 
+on the oppofite coaft of 28 Mauritania; who are reprefented 
+as people of great ftature. * 9 AiVionsg htoi sin, [xeynoi ccv- 
+GgU 7 rctiv, dev fipisig i<T[LSV. The people of this country (Mauritania) 
+are Ethiopic : and they are in fature the largef of any nation 
+with which we are acquainted . The original Ethiopia was, 
+as I have faid, the region of Babylonia and Chaldea, where 
+the firft kingdom upon earth was formed, and the moll early 
+police inftituted. Here alfo the firft idolatry began. Hence 
+
+* 7 Dionyf. Perieg. v. 558. 
+
+* 8 Thefe are the Ethiopians alluded to by Homer. 
+
+Ea^aTOl CLvSpCOV) 
+
+e O 1 fJLtv <Puo’(rofjL€»ii' r r 7 repiQi'os» OdylT. A. v. 22. 
+
+Scylax Caryandenfis. v. 1. p. 54. See alfo Strabo. L. 3. p. 237. who mentions 
+the Ethiopians near Mauritania, upon the weftern ocean. ‘Oi V7rep tm Mcwpowtcn 
+cikbutbs rrpos rots E <r7regioi$ 
+
+it 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+185 
+
+it is very truly faid by Stephanus of Byzantium : Try A 1 - 
+Ci07Ticcv yry 'urgmriv asyry an* tst^wtoi h (01 Adioves) ©sa; 
+eriprirctv, xcci vofxoig soprano. Ethiopia was the firjl ejlab- 
+
+
+blifloed country upon earth : and the people were 
+who introduced the worjhip of the Gods , and who enaEled 
+And as the Scythas, or Cuthites, were the fame peopl 
+wonder, that they are reprefented as the mod ancient n 
+
+
+firft 
+
+
+no 
+
+
+the world 
+
+
+Egyptians 
+
+
+arum 
+
+
+quifiima femper habita. The Scythw y fays Juftin, were 
+’ ejleemed of all nations the mofl ancient. But who were 
+nt by the Scythse has been for a long time a fecret. 
+
+
+Of the E R Y T H R E A N S. 
+
+
+A NOTHER title, by which the Cuthites were diftin- 
+
+guilhed, was that of Erythreans: and the places, 
+where they refided, received it from them. And here it may 
+not be improper to firft take notice of the Erythrean Sea; 
+and confider it in its full extent; for this will lead us to 
+the people from whom it was called. We are apt to confine 
+this name to the Red Sea, or Sinus Arabicus ; but that was 
+only an inlet, and a part of the whole. The Cuthite Ery¬ 
+threans, who fettled near Midian, upon the Sinus Elanitis, 
+conferred this name upon that gulf: but the Perfic Sea was 
+alfo denominated in the fame manner, and was indeed the 
+original Erythrean Sea. Agathemerus feems to make it 
+Vol. III. B b commence 
+
+
+
+186 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+commence at the junction of the bay with the fea. 30 Tara 
+Je Y} EguOgtx. $ahct<j-<rt) ug 'ursgi ra.g avftZoXaig koltol ts HeptriKu 
+koXws g-ofxcc xsncu. Herodotus, fpeaking of the coaft of Alia 
+and Perils, after having mentioned the coaft of the Pontus 
+Euxinus above, fays, 31 'H $£ $ri eTSgv, auto IIeg<r£oov ccg^ct/uevr), 
+'Grctga.TSTCLTou eg rqv E gvQgqv •9-aAatnraj/. "The other coaft , of 
+which I am to fpeak y commerces from among the Perftans (that 
+is, from the outlet of the Tigris), and extends to the Ery- 
+threajt Sea : which Sea both he and Agathemerus induftri- 
+oully diftinguifli from the Arabian Gulf; though the latter 
+was certainly fo called, and had the name of Erythrean. 
+The Parthic empire, which included Perils, is by Pliny faid 
+to be bounded to the fouth by the 3 * Mare Rubrum, which 
+was the boundary alfo of the 33 Perlians. By Mare Rubrum 
+he here means the great Southern Sea. And the poet Dio- 
+nylius, fpeaking of the limits of the fame country, fays, that 
+to the fouth it was bounded by the fame fea, even to the 
+fartheft eaft ; comprehending under this name the whole 
+tracl of ocean, to Carmania and Gedrofta. 
+
+
+30 Agathemcr. apud Geogr. Gr. Minores, vol. 2. p. 50. 
+
+31 Herodotus. L. 4. c. 39. So Megafthenes, who wrote concerning the Baby- 
+
+lonifh hiftory, calls the Sinus Perficus Marc Erythraum. He is quoted by Abydenus 
+in Eufeb. Prsep. Evang. L. 9. c. 41. p. 457. <Pe xat ms EpuQpvs S-ccAa<r- 
+
+ons $ 7 Tixfijutrtv . This was the agger Semiramidis-, a work attributed to an imaginary 
+queen. Nearchus mentions king Erythras in the Indie Sea; and fays that fea was 
+called Eruthrean from him : olst ot* xott mu t 7 rcovufjuw m S’aAac'O'W eivotiy xca 
+
+iipvBpnv xccAeeQat. Nearchi Paraph apud Geogr. Graec. vol. 1. p. 30. See alfo Mar- 
+cellinus. L. 23. c. 6. p. 287. 
+
+31 Plin. Nat. Hift. L. 6. c. 25. 
+
+35 Perfru Mare Rubrum femper accoluere., propter quod is Sinus Perficus vocatur. 
+Pliny. L*. 6. c. 25. p.330,. 
+
+n*<?« 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+187 
+
+
+3i Ss 61 vonrj TSTgctfa.fjt.siiY) avToKirivJs, 
+
+KA v£sT E gvQgCtlOiS V 7 T 0 KVfO.X<nv UmSOLVQlO. 
+
+Speaking of the ifland Taprobane, which he places far in the 
+call, towards the Golden Cherfonefe, he fays, that this too 
+was fituated in the Erythrean Sea. He places it fo, as not 
+to be miftaken, in Alia, near the region of the Indian Col- 
+cas, or Colchis ; and ftyles it the great breeder of Afiatic 
+elephants ; 
+
+35 Mi^Te^a Targo^avriv Ajriirjysvsuv sXsqclvtwv. 
+
+He mentions the whales, with which its coaft ufed to be in- 
+felled ; which are taken notice of by other writers. 
+
+36 Krfrsot Stves e^ 8 <nr, TLgvQgctix jSora 'urovrs. 
+
+High places, and ancient temples were often taken by the 
+Greeks for places of fepulture; and the Deity there of old 
+worlhiped for the perfon buried. A tomb of this fort is men¬ 
+tioned by the fame poet in the illand Ogyris upon the coaft 
+of Car mania. 
+
+3+ Dionyf. Perieg. v. 931. Moles Chorenenfis gives a true account of this fca, as 
+being one of the three, with which the earth is furrounded. Primum eft Mare Indi- 
+cum, quod etiam Rubrum vocatur; ex cujus finu Perficum et Arabicum profluunt 
+maria; atque a meridie inhabitabili ignotaque terra, ab oriente regione Sinenfi, a 
+feptentrionibus India, Perfide et Arabia, &c. terminatur. Geog. p. 342. 
+
+35 Dionyf. Perieg. v. 593. 
+
+,6 Dionyf* Perieg. v. 597. Alfo of the Erythrean Sea to the fouthof India. 
+
+AAAa TOl i<T7T€gl0t$ /JL€V QpMptOS ufcccriu It'J'os 
+
+Tcwzv CLTTQTfJMyGf VQTLOV fltA05 Ql^fJLKT EPTGPH2* 
+
+r ayyns eis avyoc?. v. 1132. 
+
+The fame as the Colchic Sea, or Indian Ocean. 
+
+Ivfmv UceTevcrerEgvQgcunv Afgofrrnr. Nonni Dionyfiac. L. 3 5. p. 876, 
+
+B b 2 Esrs 
+
+
+
+1 88 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+17 Eg-i S's toi 'tzrgoTsgUy KctgfACLviJos bktoQsv <x.xar}s y 
+Elyvgis, epQa ts TVfJoog Egiidgotiy ftctnfyog. 
+
+As you fail onward towards Carmania’s cape, 
+
+You meet the ifland Ogyris, where Hands 
+The tomb of king Eruthrus. 
+
+Thofc of this family, who pafled ftill farther, and fettled in 
+India, and upon the peninfula beyond the Ganges, conferred 
+this name upon the great Indie Ocean. The author of the 
+Periplus wrote profefledly about the hiftory of this part of 
+the world ; and t he whole is ftyled the navigation of the Ery- 
+threan Sea. The people themfelves muft confequently have 
+been called Eruthreans, from whom it was named. People of 
+their family founded many places weftward, which were 
+called Erythra, in 38 Ionia, Libya, Cyprus, iEtolia; and one 
+in Boeotia, mentioned by Homer : 
+
+59 Oi t upp 'Agfx evefjLOvTQ, xai EiAetriov, mi Egvfipotg. 
+
+I took notice that there were Erythreans about Tarteflus. 
+Pliny from Philiftus and Ephorus acquaints us, that Gades 
+itfelf was called Erythia : a fmall variation from Erythria. 
+40 Gadis infula—vocatur ab Ephoro et Pliiliftide Erythia : 
+and he adds, that it received this name from people, who 
+came from the coaft of Tyre ; but originally from the Ery- 
+
+i7 Dionyf. Perieg. v. 606. 
+j3 Vide Steph. Byzantin. 
+
+59 Homeri Iliad. B. v. 499. 
+
+40 Plin. Nat. Hi ft* L. 4. p. 2 30. If they came from the Erythrean Sea, and were 
+
+thence named, the text fhould be altered to Erythria: for that muft have been the 
+
+« 
+
+true name. 
+
+
+threan 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+i 8 9 
+
+
+Erythia di&a eft, quoniam Ty 
+
+
+threan Sea. 
+
+rum orti ab Erythraeo Mari ferebantur. What is here meant 
+by Mare Erythrasum, may be known from Strabo, who fays, 
+that the people ftyled Phenicians, among whom are included 
+the Tyrians, were by fome faid to come originally from the 
+ocean, or from people, who relided upon its confines. 
+** <t >oivizct$ xou Xidonsg —a 7roucag sivcti roov ev rce ujceou/ca 
+by which muft be meant the Pe 
+
+refpedt to Gades, or Gadir, the 
+it was called by Pherecydes Syr 
+
+Tafeigct some Xsyaiv 6 <&egex.v$r\s : 
+
+Gadeira , as the fame as Erythe 
+
+
+y 
+
+In 
+
+
+fame 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+ctv 
+
+
+03 
+
+
+ret 
+
+
+AlQl07TY) 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+42 
+
+
+Dionyfi 
+
+
+is Erutheia : E gvQsi 
+Pherecydes feems to fpeak of 
+a. Here lived the Ssx^ssg 
+under which charadleriftic the 
+
+
+Cuthites are particularly denoted. 
+
+It may feem wonderful, that any one family fhould extend 
+themfelves fo widely, and have fettlements in fuch different 
+parts. Yet, if we confider, we fhall find nations within 
+
+
+more than 
+
+
+immenfe 
+
+
+colonies 
+
+
+remote 
+
+
+Moreover 
+
+
+the fa<fts abovementioned, we have the evidence 
+
+
+beft hiftories. Cedrenus fpeaks of the ufurpations of 
+fons of Ham : and fays, that in his time they lived in 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+ftate of 
+
+
+as far as India one way 
+
+
+alfo 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+countries called Ethiopia, quite to Mauritania, the other. 
+
+Strabo. L. i. p. 73. I cannot but take notice here of a mi flake, which I made 
+in a former work, concerning thele Eruthreans of Iberia. I fuppofed that they were 
+Edomites from the Red Sea: but they were certainly of another family, and came 
+from the vicinity of the Tigris, and the Sinus Perficus ; where the original Eru- 
+tjjreans inhabited. 
+
+41 Dionyfi Perieg. v. 559. 
+
+Ta 
+
+
+
+190 Tiie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Ta Se ra Xccijl 'urh.s^x ( uep££i xxi vvv sOu^ env ev cnrosreurix 
+xxrx ys rotg INAIAS, nxi AiOioxixg, xxi MavgiTxnxv syei 
+
+os zxi ev tgi g xxtx fioppxv fxseenv 'Grxgx$x?^x<r<nxg. "They have 
+alfo upon the ?jorthern cocift (that is, the coaft of Europe) Set¬ 
+tlements upon the feci. Zonaras fpeaks to the fame purpofe ; 
+but is more particular ; mentioning the place, where they 
+laft relided, before they fpread themfelves in the weft. 
+
+- ,+ Oi os ye Tsrxihg ns Xx>x ty\v xto Xvgixg zou A£xv& xxt At- 
+Exva T'jgv ogcev yt\v z ctreyov — xxt oVa Ttrgog §x\x<r txv xvtoov erergx- 
+
+7TST0 [J-eyyig cexsxvn zzTSiKryaci. The fons of Ham feinted upon 
+all the country , which reaches from Syria, and from the moun¬ 
+tains of Slbanus and Libanus—‘They got alfo pojfejjion of the 
+places , which lie upon the fe a- coaft, even to the Ocean , or great 
+Atlantic. Thefe writers fpeak of this people very properly 
+under the name of the fons of Ham : they were, however, 
+chiefly Cuthites, or Ethiopians : to the vaft extent of whofe 
+colonies Strabo bears witnefs. 45 II xgaaflwrtov spiv, 6 Ag yia, 
+
+xxi 'GTsgt rcev iiyx StrigrifJLSVwv AiOionuov, on fet osyeorvxi Tovg 'mxg 
+
+o7\Y}V TYjV uzsxviTtv hxTstvovTxg x<p rlhus xvtovTog fvceypi rfKts JvofJLSi/a, 
+He had been fpeaking of many nations, comprehended under 
+one name : and in confequence of it fays ; What I have been 
+mentioning relates equally to the Ethiopians , that twofold people', 
+whom we muft look upon in the fame light ; as they lie extended 
+in a long tra£l , from the rifing of the fun , to the fetting of the 
+
+41 Cedreni Annal. v. i. p. 14. Her#* Ss Kccrct tut ov t ov x&tfoi—ot nsrtzv t€$ SSJ^ojuii- 
+y-ovTct Svo avS'gts t ov ctp$fj.ov 9 oLoypryoi ts 9 xcct xg<paAa/wTa/. Th fjLtv yevus Tgict- 
+
+kovtol Svo 9 ’ tu Se latper Ssy.cc tutSvts' tu Ss e/xocri tutsvts* Epiphanius. L. 1.1. 3. 
+p. 288. 
+
+44 Zonar. L. 1. p. 21. 
+
+4l ' Strabo. L. 1. p. 60. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient mythology. 
+
+
+
+fame. Ephorus gave a ftmilar account: 46 Sqkbi yctg, cpriTi, to 
+
+TUV AlhoTTUV edm '&CLgOLTBIVSIV CL7t CLVOUTOhUV 'XSlfJLEglVUV 
+
+tuv h<T(Xocv. This family of the Ethiopians , fays Ephorus, 
+feems to me to have extended themfelves from the winter tropic 
+
+in the eaft to the extremity of the weft. 
+
+
+In fome places, as I have before mentioned, they mixed 
+with the natives, and held many iflands in common with 
+them. 47 Avtcu cli vy\<toi sttikoivoi p&Tcdjv ra Xccy., zca ra Ia- 
+
+gcf tol k out cl SclKclwclv ytvovTCLi , 6[j.n vi)(roi nf. Thefe iflands , 
+which I have juft fpecified , are thofe that are jointly held by the 
+fans of Ham, and thofe of Japhet ; and they are in number 
+twenty and fix. The principal of them in the Egean Sea were 
+Cos, Chios, Cnidos, Imbros, Lefbos, Samos. The author adds, 
+
++s E^ei <Ts tcl 
+
+KvTgov. There were other iflands occupied by this people , fuch as 
+Sardinia , Crete, and Cyprus. Eufebius enumerates almoft the 
+fame places occupied by the Amonians; and concludes with 
+their fettlements upon the Atlantic, where they mixed with 
+the natives : 49 Kui hogigei fjcera^v tsXcl[x kcli ra IcLcpzO to g-opa. 
+
+TTji BVTtSglCLS &CL?iQL<T(rTig TCL S7CIK01VCL T& Xct^A, KCLt TH I CL<$sO. 
+
+Thus by reciprocal evidences from the moft genuine hif- 
+tory it appears, that the Cuthites, Ethiopians, and Erythreans 
+were the fame people. And it has been fhewn, that they 
+had a ftill more general name of XkvOcli, Scuthai. This, 
+though an incorretf: appellation, yet almoft univerfally ob¬ 
+tained. 
+
+
+
+44 Strabo. L. r. p. 59 - 
+
+47 Chron. Pafehale. p. 30. 
+
+48 Ibitiem. 
+
+49 Eufeb. Chronicon. p. 12. 
+
+7 
+
+
+CUTHIA 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+CUTHIA I N D I C A, 
+
+O R 
+
+SCYTHIA LIMYRICA. 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+S fo much depends upon my clearing up this ar¬ 
+ticle, which I have taken in hand ; I fhall proceed 
+to fhew, that not only the Scythas of Colchis, Mcefia, 
+and Thrace, with thofe upon the Palus Maeotis, were 
+in great meafure of the race of Chus : but that all nations 
+ftyled Scythian were in reality Cuthian or Ethiopian. This 
+may be afcertained from the names of places being the fame, 
+or fimilar among them all ; from the fame cuftoms prevail¬ 
+ing ; from the fame rites and worfhip, among which was the 
+worfhip of the fun ; and from thofe national marks, and fa¬ 
+mily chara&eriftics, whence the identity of any people may 
+be proved. I have mentioned, that the Cuthites fent out 
+many colonies ; and, partly by their addrefs and fuperiority 
+in fcience, and partly by force, they got accefs among various 
+nations. In fome places they mixed with the people of the 
+country, and were nearly abforbed in their numbers : in 
+other parts, they excluded the natives, and maintained them- 
+felves folely and feparate. They are to be met with in the 
+hiftories of the firft ages under different names and titles; 
+
+being 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+T 93 
+
+
+being denominated fometimes from the cities, which they 
+built; fometimes from the worfhip, which they profefled : 
+but the more general name, both of themfelves, and of the 
+countries, which they occupied, was in the Babylonifh dia¬ 
+led; Cuth, Cutha, and Cuthia. They were by other nation! 
+rtyled Chus, Chulan, Culei : and thefe terms again were 
+altered to Cafus, Calius, Ciffii, and 50 Ciflaei. 
+
+After they had feized upon the province of Sufiana, and 
+Chufiftan, they were in poffeflion of the navigation of the 
+Tigris downwards ; and probably commenced a very early 
+trade. They got footing in India, where they extended 
+themfelves beyond Gedroiia and Carmania, upon the chief 
+river of the country. The author of the Periplus takes no¬ 
+tice of them under the name of Scythians ; and mentions 
+thofe places in the eaft, where they refided. S1 M stcc h tolv- 
+
+Ti)V yg'^cu) (Zlgaiotv) nfa Tr t g WBigit, foot to ftctQog tuv koAtocv 
+z;i Trig avcrroX^g V7regy.sgw<rrig, ezhyeTcu 'urugctOa.ActTcrioL Tr\g 
+
+ZiivQictg, clvtov k£ 1 (jlbvcl top fiogeav, touksivol Tkiolv. ‘E^j off 
+
+'urora.fJLog Xndog, psyig-og toov koltol Tr\p E gvdgccv ■9-a^acrcray -nro- 
+
+TCtpLOOV, KOU 'GT^Stg'OV vS'tog Big §0Ch0LT<ra.V Sk£olKKMV‘ - B7CT0L 8T0£ 
+
+0 '5TQTCL{JLog sywv FOfJLCiTct. After the country of Ora , the con¬ 
+tinent now , by reafon of the great depth of its gulfs and inlets, 
+forming vafl promontories, runs outward to a great degree 
+from the eaf, and inclofes the fea coafi of Scythia, which lies 
+towards the north, that is, in the recefs of one of thefe bays. It 
+
+
+y° 
+
+
+iEfchyl. Perf. v. 16 . 'Oi re ro 2s 
+
+
+ro riAAAION Kktgivov egxos. 
+
+’S 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 15. p. 1058. A eyovreu <Tg xcct K iccnot it 
+
+
+*crtot. Sait:e in Sufia. Plin. Nat. Hift. L. 1. p. 334. 
+51 Arriani Perip. 2. Geogr. Vet. vol. 1. p. 21. 
+
+
+VO L. III. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+194 
+
+is low land , a?id lies upon the river Sin thus ; which is the largefl 
+river of any , that run in the Erythrean Sea ; and affords the 
+greatejl quantity of water . I need not mention, that what he 
+calls the Sinthus is the fame as the Sindus, or Indus. They 
+occupied alfo that infular province, called in their language 
+from its fttuation Giezerette, or the ifland ; and from their 
+anceftor, as well as from their worfhip, Cambaiar, or the Bay 
+of Cham, which names it retains at this day. They fettled 
+alfo upon the promontory Comar, or Comarin ; and were 
+lords of the great ifland Pelaefimunda, called afterwards Se- 
+ran-dive. They were all ftyled the Southern Scuthae ; of 
+whom the poet Dionyfius gives the following defeription : 
+
+51 Iv$OV 'UTU.% 'UTOTa.pLOV V0T101 XxvQctl gvpcuatnvy 
+
+’Og pot t EgvQgotirjg xotTsvotvTiog sicri S■otAcc<r<rr)$, 
+
+ActbfOTCtror pQOV OOKVV £7Tl VOTOV OgQov BXOtVVW. 
+
+This country is likewife taken notice of by Prifcian under 
+the name of Scythia : 
+
+53 Eft Scythiag tellus auftralis flumen ad Indum : 
+
+The inhabitants of which country were certainly Cuthians, 
+the pofterity of Chus and Ham. Cedrenus expreflly men¬ 
+tions them in this light, when he is taking notice of fome of 
+the principal Amonian fettlements in apaflage before quoted: 
+
+‘ ri Dionyfii Perieg. v. 1088. 
+
+53 Prifcian. v. 996. The Erythrean Sea is by molt writers fuppofed to be the 
+fame as the Arabian Gulf, or Red Sea : but Herodotus calls the Perfic Gulf Ery¬ 
+threan : and Agathemerus, Dionyfius, and the author of the Peri pi us call the whole 
+Indie Ocean by this name. Many other authors extend it in the fame manner. 
+
+T* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 195 
+
+5+ Ta Ss ra XctfA •srA sig-ct pey'gi vvv eQvy) s?tv ev utto- 
+fotcria. kxtx ys rccg INAIA2, koli AidioxioLg you Mdvgiroivicig, 
+That this Scythia was the land of Cutha, may be known 
+from its being ftyled Ethiopia; under which character it is 
+alluded to by Eufebius, when he fpeaks of s5 A iQiotticl rj / 3 as- 
+
+7 TS<roL kcitcc 56 l'Aag 'UTgog Evgovorov. The Cuthitcs worfliiped 
+the Patriarch Noah under the name of Nufos, and Dio-nufos: 
+and wherever they came, they built cities to his memory, 
+called Nufa. They alfo worfliiped Chus under the cha¬ 
+racter of Iachus, Pachus, Bacchus: and their hiftory is al¬ 
+ways attended with an obfcure account of fome check, 
+which they once received ; of a retreat, and diflipation ; 
+which is veiled under the notion of the flight of Bacchus. 
+It related to the difperflon at Babel ; and is mentioned in 
+the hiftories of moft places, where they fettled : and was 
+particularly preferved among the traditions of the Indian 
+Cutheans. 
+
+57 Efi h rig S-yjyjrog EvppsiTW 'W’ctgoc Tayy^v 
+
+Xvgog riptsig rs kou isgog, ov 'urors Bouyyg 
+
+&vfJLcavoov ETCOLTr^EV , or flAAaircroj'To psv aJogou 
+
+Amolojv N s^fAsg sg otcm$ag — 
+
+9 > 
+
+T’ vvezcl N wroiiw [jlsv s<pr,[jLi%ou/To keXevQov. 
+
+54 Cedren. 1 lift. Compend. vol. i.p. 14* 
+
+55 Eufcbii Chron. p. 12. 
+
+The arrangement of the oriental nations by Eufebius is very particular: EAe- 
+y.caoi) Apa£W, Kefpuaiotj SKT 0 AI, rvfj.vo(TQ<pi<rctt. Chron. p. 11. 
+
+56 Thefe are the Ethiopians mentioned by Apuleius, Qui naicentibus Dei Solis 
+inchoantibus radiis illuftrantur Althiopes, Ariique. L. 11. p. 364. 
+
+57 Dionyf. Perieg. v. 1152. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+C C 2 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+
+196 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+In confequence of this, they had many rites fimilar to thofe 
+in sS Greece. It was cuftomary with them to crown them- 
+felves with ivy ; which was to be found only at Meru, a 
+mountain facred to Bacchus. They alfo at their facrifices 
+wore the nebris, or fpotted {kin, like the Bacchanalians in 
+the weft: and ufed cymbals and tabours upon the like fo- 
+lemn occalions. They had alfo, ogyytng (ToiTVgucri, the faryric 
+dance, which was common among the Thracians, and the 
+people of Greece. 
+
+On this account, when Alexander came into this country, 
+the natives looked upon the Grecians as in great meafure of 
+the fame family, as they were themfelvcs : and when the 
+people of Nufa fent Acouphis, the chief perfon of their city, 
+to folicit their freedom of the Grecian conqueror ; they 
+conjured him by the well-known name of Dionufus, as 
+the moft efficacious means of obtaining their purpofe. 
+S9 £2 /3ao**Asy, feovrcti <ra Niwaioi soltoli <r<pctg sXsvQsgvg re kcu 
+
+olvt 0 v 0 fJLH$, oufoi tv AiOvvTV. O king, the Nuffceatis i7itreat thee 
+to fuffer them to e 71 joy their liberties and their laws, out of re¬ 
+gard to their God Dionufos. Their chief city was Nufa : 
+and wherever the Cutheans fettled, they feemed to have 
+founded a city of this 60 name. Hence Stephanus fays, 
+
+?s Arrian. Hift. Ind. p. 31S. p. 321. Diod. Sic. L. 2. p. 123. The Indians alfo 
+wcrlhiped Ofiris. Ibid. L. i. p. 17. 
+
+59 Arrian. Exp. Alex. L. 5. p. 196. 
+
+63 The Scholiaft upon Homer. Z. v. 139. mentions a Nufa in Arabia, and in 
+Egypt. Nufa in Arabia is taken notice of by Herodorus, a later poet. 
+
+& * Tl $ Nv'th, uxaro^ xspaf, ccvBeov uA'f, 
+
+TtfAB CV AiyV7TTGlO poctoov. 
+
+Scholia Apollonii. L. 2. v. 1215. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+N VTM* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+197 
+
+
+61 Nt ><rou‘ 'UToXzig 'WoKKa.i. The Amonian colonies may be 
+continually traced by this circumftance: for there was a 
+city Nufa in Arabia, in Egypt, in Syria, in Colchis, upon 
+Mount Caucafus, in Thrace, upon Helicon near Thebes, in 
+Naxos, in Euboea ; and one in 61 Libya, of which it was faid, 
+that it could never be feen twice by the fame perfon. The 
+Oxydracae, another Indian people, pretended that they were 
+immediately defcended from Dio-Nufos ; of whom Strabo 
+takes notice : 63 O^v^ocxcti, sg ra Aio'JVG'h crvyysvsig s<pcty.sv 
+
+—O ^vfyctzctg agroyovag Aiovvtrz. 
+
+There were many other tribes of people, which lay upon 
+the Indus and the Ganges ; and betrayed their origin in their 
+name. Of the latter river Dionyflus fpeaks : 
+
+<+ Kzivog toi 'uroKsoov cc7roTsy.ve7ou sQvecx. <pmw' 
+
+H TOl {JLSV SwQVTOg £7Tl kKktiv i)SXlOlO 
+
+Slgirag r Ag&ag ts } KivoyAouvag r A ^ot^ooTccg. 
+
+
+*' Steph. Byzant. of cities ftyled Nufa. Alfo Euftathii TrctpDtQoXcu in Dionyf. v. 
+11 59 -—Stephanus of Nufa in Eubcea : era a Sicl y.tot$ nfAegctsrny ocy.ireKoy cpaaiv ccvGeir, 
+
+y.<xi Toy /3oTgv: f 'zveTrctiveadou. 
+
+61 Strabo. L. 7. p. 459. Nufa in Libya, the city of Dionufus. 
+
+There was a city Scythopolis in Canaan, undoubtedly founded by Cuthites, who 
+came early into thele parts of the country near Hermon. It is remarkable, that this 
+place was of old called Nufa: Scythopolim, antea Nyfam, a Libero Patre, fepulta 
+nutrice, ibi Scythis dedu&is. Plin. Nat. Hift. L. 5. c. 18. So that there is an uni¬ 
+formity in the hiftory of all thefe places. It was alfo called Tricomis, Tpix&)/uu $ 9 and 
+Bethfan, which laft fignifies, the houle or temple of San, or Zan, the Shepherd Deity, 
+the Zeus of the Greeks : 
+
+Erfia fxeyus xeirati Zar, ov A/a x/xAwx&ov. 
+
+Jamblich. in Vita Pythag. 
+
+6i Strabo. L. 15. p. 1008. 1026. 
+
+64 Dionyf. Perieg. v. 1096. Heexprefles Arabes, A gi€es. 
+
+-—Ganges 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+5 -Ganges 
+
+Separat innumeras et vaftas gurgite gentes ; 
+Oritafque, Aribafque hmul, Unique Arachotas 
+Utentes lamis. 
+
+
+And the Scholia!! upon Dionylius more particularly ; '&ooq 
+$ vnv ra Ji/S'a uroTxtJLii Qgirca. The titles of Oritae and Aribes, 
+like that of 66 fEthiopes, were peculiar to the fons of Chus. 
+Hence, when mention is made of Scythia Indica, and when 
+the poet to the fame purpofe tells us. 
+
+Eft Scythia* tellus auftralis flumen ad Indum ; 
+
+we may be allured that the country alluded to was Cuthia. 
+The inland 67 Oritas in fome degree degenerated from their 
+forefathers, and became in habit like the natives of the 
+country; but differed from them in fpeech, and in their 
+rites and cuftoms : 63 yAwa’O'a $s aXhi) avTouri koli olKKol vopcuoc: 
+fo that we may be affured, that they were not the original 
+inhabitants, though they came thither very early. One re¬ 
+gion of the Gangetic country was named Cathaia, and the 
+people 69 Cathaians. Arrian fpeaks of them as a very brave 
+and refpedtable people; and fays, that their chief city was 
+
+65 Prifcian. v. 1001. 
+
+66 AiG. 07 n«, «/3Ag7 rtiaet kcctcc Chron. Pafch. p. 29. 
+
+67 Infula Solis—in qua Ori gens. Pliny. L. 6. p. 326. 
+
+68 Arrian. Hift. Indie, p. 340. and 338. of the Oritae. 
+
+69 The Cathaians, famous for a breed of fierce dogs ; and for mines of fait, and 
+others of gold and filver. Strabo. L. 15. p. 1025. 
+
+Cathaia i-s no other than Cuthata, the name, by which Perfis and Cufiftan were 
+called, according to Jofephus. Ku 9 aia— 17 epaifi. Antiq. Jud. L. 11. c. 4. 
+
+P- 55 6 * 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 199 
+
+Singala : 70 ctvT 01/0 [jlu g Iv^uv xXXag, xxi Tag XByofjLsvag KxQxiug 
+
+— ZxyyxXx to ovofJLX rp uroXsi, xxi xvtoi 01 Ka Qxioi evtoKuo) - 
+
+tcltoi tb , jcxi tol 'uroXs^JLix KgoTifoi bvq(ju£ovto. Cathaia is a 
+finall variation for Cuthaia, as Aribes before was for 71 Ara- 
+bes : and the latter are rendered by Arrian Arabians, 
+A gxEisg ; who {peaks of them as refiding upon one of the 
+mouths of the Indus, near the ifland Crocale. 71 TlgocroixBBi 
+
+cs txvtk sOvog hS'uov, 01 AgctEisg xxXksy^svoi. They lived upon 
+the river Arabis ; which ferved as a boundary to them, and 
+to their brethren the Oreitas: 73 eg hoc Tc\g yr t g xvtc cv psuv bk- 
+
+h$oi sg S-xAxrcrxv, ogt^oov thtxv tb tw xxi toov Q^bitem : 
+
+which ran through their territories , and Jo paffed into the ocean ; 
+ferving as a boundary to their country , and to that of the Orei- 
+tce. The chief city of the latter was Ur, like that in Chal¬ 
+dea ; but exprefled by the Greeks 74 £2^>a, Ora. They had 
+been for ages an independent people ; but were forced to 
+fubmit to the fortunes of Alexander, to whom they furren- 
+dered their city. 
+
+Together with the Oreitas and A rabians of Dionyfius, are 
+mentioned the Arachoti. Thefe are undoubtedly the fame 
+as theCathaians above; and were denominated from their city. 
+Ar-Chota is the fame as Cothopolis, or the city of Cutha, 
+fomewhat varied in the poet’s defeription. The Arachotians 
+are flyled A ivogfctwoi, from their particular habit, which 
+was of linen. This circumftance is a ftrong chara<5leriftic of 
+
+70 .Arrian. Expedit. Alexandr. L. 5. p. 224. 
+
+~ r The country is called Araba at this day, to the weft of the Indus. 
+
+71 Arrian. Hift. Indie, p. 336. 
+
+71 Arrian. Hift. Jndic. p. 3 3 6. A px£e; h'fcov. Eufeb. Chron. p. 11. 
+
+74 Arrian. Expedit. Alexandr. L. 4. p. 190. L. 6. p. 261. 
+
+the 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+
+200 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the Amonians. I believe, in every place where they fettled, 
+they were famous for this 7+ manufacture. They introduced 
+it in Colchis, which was celebrated for its flax and linen : 
+fo was the country of Campania, where they fettled in Italy. 
+The Egyptians were ftyled *Turba linigera : and the 75 Athe¬ 
+nians had not long left off" this kind of apparel in the time 
+of Thucydides. The fame habit prevailed in Baetica, Spe¬ 
+cially among the priefts : 
+
+76 -velantur corpora Imo , 
+
+Et Peluflaco praefulget ftamine vertex. 
+
+It feems to have been univerfally the garb of the Cuthic In¬ 
+dians : as we may infer from Philoftratus : 77 s-oA/jv <J s sivui 
+
+r 01 $ Koact tov Iv$ov Xiva Qccariv ey^edgm, koli vxo^^,cLrct (2>v£xx. 
+This was the exprefs habit of the Egyptians, whom this peo¬ 
+ple refembled in many other refpeCts. From circumftances 
+of this nature, many learned men have contended that the 
+Indians, and even the 78 Chinefe, were a colony from Egypt: 
+while others have proceeded as warmly upon the oppoflte prin¬ 
+ciple 3 and have infilled that the Egyptians, or at leaft: their 
+
+7+ Of the Colchi : d'e xai Aivugyucrt rrv xaAa/^y, mo-ttso AiyvTrrici • Schol. 
+
+in Pind. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 376. 
+
+Solomon fent for linen from Egypt. 1 Kings, c. 10. v. 28. 
+
+Moreover they that work hi fine flax Jhall be confounded . Ifaiah. c. 19. v. 9 cf the 
+Egyptians. 
+
+Euftathius of the Egyptians $ to A ivocs eaQnTccs tz/u,7re%ecrQcc!, 
+
+Schol. in Dionyf. Perieg. ad v. 689. 
+
+75 Thucydides, L. i.p, 6. 
+
+76 Silius Italic. L. 3. v. 25. 
+
+77 Philoftrati Vita Apollonii. L. 2. p. 79. 
+
+78 Memoire, dans lequel on prouve, que les Chinois font une colonie Egyptienne, 
+&c. Par M. de Guignes, de l’Academie Roy ale, &c. &c. A Paris. 1760. 
+
+learning 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+201 
+
+
+learning and cuftoms, are to be derived from the Indi and 
+Seres. But neither opinion is quite true : nor need we be 
+brought to this alternative; for they both proceeded from 
+one central place : and the fame people, who imported their 
+religion, rites, and fcience into Egypt, carried the fame to 
+the Indus and Ganges ; and ftill farther into China and Ja¬ 
+
+
+pan 
+
+
+<portr\<ra.t tolvtcl •argog Atyv7trop, JcajcsiQev 'srgog 'E Khrirni. 
+
+
+Not but that fome colonies undoubtedly came from 
+Egypt: but the arts and fciences imported into India came 
+from another family, even the Cuthites of Chaldea; by 
+whom the Mizraim themfelves were inftrudted : and from 
+Egypt they pafled weft ward. 79 Ex XaXSouuv yag Ksysrou 
+
+77 ) e 
+
+inoft approved account is, that arts Came from Chaldea to 
+Egypt ; and from thejice pajfed into Greece. Hence we muft 
+not be furprifed, if we meet with the fame cuftoms in India, 
+or the fame names of places, as are to be found in Egypt, or 
+Colchis, or the remoteft parts of Iberia. In this country 
+were cities named Ur, Cuta, Gaza, and Gaugamela. The 
+river Indus was faid to rife in Mount Caucafus, ftmilar to 
+the mountain in Colchis. There was a place called Aornon 
+in Epirus, in Campania, and in Iberia near Tarteflus. The 
+like was to be found in India: 80 Aogvov tivx 'ureTgav, fie Tag 
+
+pifae 6 lv$os V7roppsi 'urKrj<riov TUP 'urnyoev. It was fuppofed here, 
+as in other places, to have received its name from the impof- 
+libility of birds flying over it; as if it were of Grecian ety- 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+ology. 
+
+
+By Dionyflus it is exprefled Aornis 
+
+
+79 Zonar. v. i. p. 22. 
+
+80 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1008 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+D d 
+
+
+T wsm 
+
+
+
+200 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the Amonians. I believe, in every place where they fettled, 
+they were famous for this 7+ manufacture. They introduced 
+it in Colchis, which was celebrated for its flax and linen : 
+fo was the country of Campania, where they fettled in Italy. 
+The Egyptians were fly led Turba linigera: and the 75 Athe¬ 
+nians had not long left off this kind of apparel in the time 
+of Thucydides. The fame habit prevailed in Bcetica, efpe- 
+cially among the priefts : 
+
+76 -velantur corpora 
+
+Et Peluiiaco prasfulget (famine vertex. 
+
+It feems to have been univerfally the garb of the Cuthic In¬ 
+dians : as we may infer from Philoftratus : 77 g-o'hry <J s sivoli 
+
+TOIS KCiTOL TOV lv$OV "him <pCt<TlV £YgUgM, KOU VXO^^OLra. fivSXii. 
+
+This was the exprefs habit of the Egyptians, whom this peo¬ 
+ple refembled in many other refpedts. From circumftances 
+of this nature, many learned men have contended that the 
+Indians, and even the 78 Chinefe, were a colony from Egypt: 
+while others have proceeded as warmly upon the oppoffte prin¬ 
+ciple j and have infilled that the Egyptians, or at lead their 
+
+74 Of the Colchi : S'* xai Aivvgywt t »v xaActju.tfi', wo -?rto Aiyvimoi- Schol. 
+
+in Pind. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 376. 
+
+Solomon fent for linen from Egypt. 1 Kings, c. 10. v. 28. 
+
+Moreover they that work in fine flax Jhall be confounded. Ifaiah. c. 19. v. 9 cf the 
+Egyptians. 
+
+Euftathius of the Egyptians $ to A ivxs eaSuras <z/x 7 re%ecrQc£!. 
+
+Schol. in Dionyf. Perieg. ad v. 6P9. 
+
+75 Thucydides, L. i.p. 6. 
+
+76 Silius Italic. L. 3. v. 25. 
+
+77 Philoftrati Vita Apollonii. L. 2. p. 79. 
+
+78 Memoire, dans lequel on prouve, que les Chinois font une colonie Egyptienne, 
+&c. Par M. de Guignes, de l’Academie Roy ale, &c. &c. A Paris. 1760. 
+
+learning 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 201 
+
+learning and cuftoms, are to be derived from the Indi and 
+Seres. But neither opinion is quite true : nor need we be 
+brought to this alternative; for they both proceeded from 
+one central place : and the fame people, who imported their 
+religion, rites, and fcience into Egypt, carried the fame to 
+the Indus and Ganges ; and ftill farther into China and Ja¬ 
+pan. Not but that fome colonies undoubtedly came from 
+Egypt: but the arts and fciences imported into India came 
+from another family, even the Cuthites of Chaldea; by 
+whom the Mizraim themfelves were inftrudled : and from 
+Egypt they pafled weftward. 79 Ex XaXJawwt' yag Keysrou 
+
+<poiTri<rctt tcwtci urges Atyv7TTCP , kclxsiQsv nrgos ' EKi^vcts. The 
+inoft approved account is , that arts came from Chaldea to 
+Egypt ; and frotn thejice pajfed into Greece. Hence we muft 
+not be furprifed, if we meet with the fame cuftoms in India, 
+or the fame names of places, as are to be found in Egypt, or 
+Colchis, or the remoteft parts of Iberia. In this country 
+were cities named Ur, Cuta, Gaza, and Gaugamela. The 
+river Indus was laid to rife in Mount Caucafus, fimilar to 
+the mountain in Colchis. There was a place called Aornon 
+in Epirus, in Campania, and in Iberia near Tarteflus. The 
+
+like was to be found in India : 80 Aogvov two. 'UTETgctv, t]S rets 
+
+♦ 
+
+filets 0 L >$os vnoppsi , urXri<riov rm 'urriyoov. It was fuppofed here, 
+as in other places, to have received its name from the impof- 
+
+ing over it; as if it were of Grecian ety- 
+
+mology. By Dionyftus it is exp refled Aornis. 
+
+79 Zonar. v. i. p. 22. 
+
+80 Strabo. L. 15. p. 100S. 
+
+Vol. in. D d 
+
+
+
+T svsm 
+
+
+
+202 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+*’ T xvskol fjuv Kca (pares £7riKteii2<nv A ogviv. 
+
+I took notice that the Oreitse and Oxydracae pretended to be 
+defcended from Dionufus. The like was faid of the Gargari- 
+dae, who lived upon the Hypanis, near Mount Hemodus, and 
+are mentioned by the poet Dionyftus. 
+
+Si - fjLsrct rag 3s y A iwvvms S-sgonroneg 
+
+Vctgya.gi$oLi vouv<nv i odi y^gvtroio yeveOKw 
+AoudciXsw 'YncLvig T£ tpegsi, Seiog ts Msyctgtrog. 
+
+He ftyles them from their worship and extraction the fervants of 
+JDionufos. As there was a Caucafus in thefe parts, fo was there 
+alfo a region named 83 Colchis ; which appears to have been a 
+very flourifhing and powerful province. It was fituated at the 
+bottom of that large ifthmus, which lies between the Indus and 
+Ganges: and feems to have comprehended the kingdoms, which 
+are ftyled Madura, Tranquebar, and Cochin. The Garga- 
+ridas, who lived above upon the Hypanis, ufed to bring down 
+to the Colchians the gold of their country, which they bar¬ 
+tered for other commodities. The place* where they prin¬ 
+cipally traded, was the city Comar, or Comarin, at the ex¬ 
+tremity of the ifthmus to the fouth. The Colchians had 
+
+*’ Dionyf. Perieg. v. 1151. Pie places it at the extremity of the ifthmus, near 
+Cape Comar: for there were two places in India of this name. 
+
+** Dionyf. Perieg. v. 1143. Pompon. Mela fpeaks of the city Nufa in thefe parts. 
+Urbium, quas incolunt, Nyfa eft clariffima et maxima: montium, Meros, Jovi facer. 
+Famam hie prsecipuam habent in ilia genitum, in hujus fpecu Liberum arbitrantur 
+effe nutritum: unde Graecis auftoribus, ut femori Jovis infitum dicerent, aut mate¬ 
+ria ingeftit, aut error. L. 3. c. 7. p. 276. 
+
+The moil knowing of the Indi maintained that Dionufos came from the weft. 
+
+Colchis mentioned by iEthicus, and ftyled Colche: alfo by Ptolemy. 
+
+here 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+kcre the advantage of a pearl fishery, by which 1 
+have been greatly enriched. A learned c 
+
+
+
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Barim amnem in Aiorum 
+
+
+metroDolis. ac Comaria 
+
+
+ct 
+
+
+nomine Comarin 
+
+
+o Erythraei Ko^a^ et Ko^a^g/, nunc ferv 
+Ab hoc promontorio flnus Colchicus 
+KoAyo*, emporium adjacens, nomen de 
+
+
+runt. 
+
+mod: 
+
+
+The Periplus Maris 
+iluable and curious 
+
+
+i, here fpoke 
+whoever may 
+
+
+of. 
+
+
+is a 
+
+
+the author : and the paflage chiefly referred to is that which 
+follows : 85 Aft EAaSa/ta^a to A eyopLZvov Ylvppov ogog> aAAjj 
+
+'BTOLgw.e wa, ii ria«aA<a teyousvYjy ‘Wgog clvtov tov votov 3 
+
+
+sv n 
+
+
+h u.£y}<rig sgiv vfto tov fia.<ri\sot. Ha.vhovu. 'unvoucx 
+
+
+T!ToXig r\ teyofjLSVY) KoAyoi. HgwTog TOftog BaAiTa KctKa^svag 
+
+
+QgfJLOV HCJihOV syoiv KOU KW{JLY)V TtTCLPClQ aA 
+
+
+A ftO h T0LVTY1S 
+
+
+£T££OS TOftOQ TO KofJLCtg KeyOfJLSVOV, £V to TO ftp TO <pgxgiov 
+
+
+A IfJLlTjV 
+
+
+fixhofjLsvoi tov jU.gAAon'a a vroig y^ovov legoi 
+
+
+ysvs&cti, ’X/igoi fjLsvxcnv olvth, kcLksi s^O[x.svoi 
+
+
+T o# 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+
+
+Geographi Minores. Prolegom. 
+
+
+Arriani Peripl. Maris Erythrasi, apud Geograph. Grsecos Minores. v* i. 
+
+
+P- 33 - 
+
+Dionyfius calls this region K&>A/s inftead of XoA^os. 
+
+Tlpos vqtqv i?^xofj.evoi 'isrccgoc, rep/mccrcc Ko>A// o$ cctM. Perieg. v. 1148. 
+
+And others have fuppofed it was named Colis from Venus Colias. But what has any 
+title of a Grecian Goddefs to do with the geography of India ? The region was fty led 
+both Colica, and Colchica. 
+
+It is remarkable, that as there was aCaucafus tnd Regio Colica, as well as Colchi¬ 
+ca, in India: fo the fame'names occur among the Cutheans upon the Pontus Euxinus. 
+Here was Regio Colica, as well as Cholcica at the foot of Mount Caucafus. Pliny 
+L. 6. c. 5. p. 305. They are the fame name differently -exprefled. 
+
+D d 2 
+
+
+avTo 
+
+
+
+204 
+
+
+Thb Analyst# or Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+0LV70 XCtt yWCUJCte. 'IfOgBITOU yct§ TW ©£CK gJC£l STTlftSlVCU KOCTOL 
+
+t iva. •ggovov oLTroksKaBcu. Ano is 7a Koftaggi sxrsivxrsx. *xpag<x. 
+ptygi KoAp^y, sv n xohvpSryis ra 'Wivolkx 6?iv' avo h koltol- 
+X'gitrfjLocv mrsf/cf-ierctt. n gos rev vorev vno rev fbotriXsct Ilay^dva 
+s?tv. M era. be YLoXyjn; svbs’gera.i aXhos cuyictKos sv net - 
+
+[■'JLsvot;. From Flabacara extends a mountain called Purrhos y 
+and the coafi fiyled Paralia (or the pearl coaft), reaching down 
+to the mojl fouthern point , where is the great fifhery for pearly 
+which people dive for. It is under a king named Pandion ; and 
+the chief city is Cole hi. "There are two places , where they fijh 
+for this 86 commodity : of which the firfl is Balita : here is a 
+forty and an harbour. In this place , many perfons who have a 
+mind to live an holy life, and to feparate themfelves from the 
+world\ come and bathe, and then enter into a fate of celibacy. 
+There are women, who do the fame. For it is faid that the 
+place at particular feafons every month is frequented by the 
+Deity of the country, a Goddefs who comes and bathes in the 
+waters. I he coafi , near which they ffh far pearly ties all along 
+from Comari to Colchi. It is performed byperfons , who have been 
+guilty of fome crime , and are compelled to this fervice. Sill this 
+
+coafi to the fouthward is under the aforemetitioned king Pandion. 
+
+•* 
+
+41 Paralia feems at firfl a Greek word; but is in reality a proper name in the lan¬ 
+guage of the country. I make no doubt, but what we call Pearl was the Paral of the 
+Amonians and Cuthites. Paralia is the Land of Pearls. All the names of gems, as 
+now in ufe, and of old, were from the Amonians : Adamant, Amethyft, Opal, 
+Achates or Agate, Pyropus, Onyx, Sardonyx, iEtites, Aiabafter, Beril, Coral, Cor¬ 
+nelian. As this was the ihore, where thefe gems were really found, we may conclude, 
+that Paralia fignified the Pearl Coaft. There was pearl fifhery in the Red Sea, and it 
+continues to this day near the ifland Delaqua. Purchafs. v. 5. p. 778. In thefe 
+parts, the author of the Periplus mentions iflands, which he ftyles I 7 ugaAao/, or Pearl 
+Ulands. See Geogr. Gr. Minores. Periplus. v. 1. p. 9. 
+
+9 After 
+
+
+
+The Ahaltsts or Ancient Mythology, 205 
+
+After this there proceeds another trail of eoafl> which for ms a 
+
+g uI f 
+
+The author then proceeds to defcribe the great trade, 
+which was carried on by this people, and by thofe above, 
+upon the Hypanis and Ganges : and mentions the fine linen, 
+which was brought down from Scythia Limyrica, and from 
+Comara, and other places. And if we compare the hiftory, 
+which he gives, with the modern accounts of this country, 
+we fhall find that the fame rites and cuftoms ftill prevail ; 
+the fame manufactures are carried on: nor is the pearl fifhery 
+yet exhaufted. And if any the leaft credit may be afforded 
+to etymological elucidation, the names of places among the 
+Cuthite nations are fo fimilar in themfelves, and in their 
+purport, that we may prove the people to have been of the 
+fame family; and perceive among them the fame religion 
+and cuftoms, however widely they were fcattered. The 
+mountains Gaucafus and ** Pyrrhus, the rivers Hypanis, Ba¬ 
+ris, Chobar, Soana, Cophis, Phafis, Indus, of this country, 
+are to be found among the Cuthite nations in the weft. One 
+of the chief cities in this country was Cottiara. This is no 
+other than Aracotta reverfed; and probably the fame that is 
+called Arcot at this day. The city Comara, and the promontory 
+Comarine, are of the fame etymology as the city Ur in Chal¬ 
+dea ; which was called Camar and Camarina from the priefts 
+
+t 
+
+t 4 
+
+Sr The mountain Pyrrhus, TJvppo^ was an eminence facred to Ur* or Orus ; who 
+was alfo called Cham*Ur 3 and his priefts Chamiirin. The city Ur in Chaldea is called 
+Chamurin by Eupolermny who expreffes it Kafxvpivrf) fir mw 'vroXtv Ovgtetr jcaAacrd'. 
+Eufcb. Pra^p. Evang. L.9. p. 418. Hence this promontory in Colchis Indicais ren¬ 
+dered Comar by the author of the Periplus; and at this day it is called Comorin. 
+The river Indus is faid to run into a bay called Sinus Saronicus. Plutarch, de Flu- 
+min. Sar-On* Dominus Sol. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+206 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+and worfhip there eftablifhed. The region termed Aia above 
+Colchis was a name peculiarly given by the Amonians to the 
+places, where they refided. Among the Greeks the word 
+grew general ; and A ioc was made to ftgnify any land : but 
+among the Egyptians, at lead: among the Cuthites of that 
+country, as well as among thofe of Colchis Pontica, it was 
+ufed for a proper name of their country : 
+
+' 6S Atz ye (jly]v en vvv fjiem e^eSov' 
+
+And again ; 
+
+* 9 ®0Lg(T£l, £7T£l Aa.l(JjUV dKXOV 'TtTXoOV qy£[JLOV£V<r£t 
+
+:E£ A tns, fJL£Ta. cT A tav aA ig 'Groy.mies‘sminrau. 
+
+It was owing to this, that the .name given to the chief per- 
+fon .of the country was Aiates : and when fome of the fa¬ 
+mily fettled at .Circeum in Italy, .the name was there pre¬ 
+fer ved. Hence the Godded Circe, who is reprefented as 
+lifter to Aiates, is called by Homer Aiaia; which is the 
+Gentile epithet from Aia, the country. It occurs in fome 
+enchanting verfes, where Ulyfles defcribes his being detained 
+by the two Goddefles Calypfo and Circe: 
+
+90 H fJ.£V ft avroP egvxe ha. Ssocui/y 
+
+Ef <r7T£(r<ri yXatpvgoitrt, XiXcuo[/.evr) 'GToa'iv eivou* 
+h dvTug K igiti) KoiTegriTvev sv fjLsya.goi<ru' y 
+A ia.iY) y $oXo£<r<rct y XiXouofjLevri 'nro<riv sivar 
+
+AAA.’ S[JL0V V7T0TS £Vl SH}0eOVl9 SVSI&0V, 
+
+88 Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. v. 277. 
+
+89 Apollon. Rhod. L. 2. v. 423. 
+
+?° Homer. OdylT. L. I. v. 29. * 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+207 
+
+The adoration of fire prevailed no where more than in thefe 
+
+
+countries, together with the worfhip of the fun. 
+likewife Ophites, fuch who reverenced the Deity 
+fymbol of a ferpent. All the names of 91 pk 
+have a manifeft reference to the rites and 
+
+
+They were 
+
+
+wo 
+
+
+rfhip 
+
+
+and if 
+
+
+they be compared with names of other places, where this 
+
+
+people are fuppofed to have fettled ; they will be generally 
+found very fimilar, and oftentimes the fame. And this not 
+only in ancient accounts ; but in thofe of later date, fince 
+
+
+>eople of Europe have got footing in tb 
+of Onor, Canonor. Candonor, all terms 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+fire. Calicut, 
+Cathaia, are of 
+
+
+Comar. Comarin 
+
+
+interpretation 
+
+
+he moft confiderable million in Madura 
+
+
+Balafore 
+
+
+Aour (*un) at this day. Near it is a city and river 
+Bal is the Chaldean and Syrian Deity, well known: 
+s another name of the Deity, worfhiped in the fame 
+
+
+countries. 
+
+
+
+is mentioned 
+
+
+and other 
+
+
+thage. 
+
+
+fuppofed to have been the founder of 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+He was alfo known in Sicily, where there were 
+lined from him. This people got likewife poflefiion 
+land Palaefimunda or Ceylon, called alfo Taprobane. 
+
+MrjTsgcc T omgo&OLVW A<ni)ysv£oov s7\scpct vtsoov. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+91 Hence fo many places end in patan and patana^ which fignifies a ferpent. 
+Travels of Jefuits by Loekman. v. i. p. 470. 
+
+Dionyf. Perieg. v. 593. 
+
+and Serandive, was the ifland 
+many authors. 
+
+
+9 J 
+
+
+w w 
+
+That Taprobane, named alfo Palsefimunda 
+
+
+now 
+
+
+called Ceylon, may be proved from 
+Tyrco* e^iv 1 5 £ evroj Fxyyy 'stotccjjm xeifj.tpv,, 
+
+XCLTCL fA€<rcUTGCTO» TM 7J7TilfM VYKTOS X.OLT GLVTlXpV XGlTOCl fASyt^n^ Tai€po€cLW 
+
+Marcian. Heracleot. apud Geog. Vet. v. x. p. 14. 
+
+t%j A $yofx.eyw K Qgu ctyTtxtiTcct to TM Tayr pshaws ccx^ooinotov xctAyfcevov 
+
+Bopeiw. 
+
+
+To) CLY-gtoTYipiU Tt1£ 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+208 
+
+
+The adoration of R re and the wordiip of the fun was intro¬ 
+duced here very early. In this idand is an high mountain, 
+held very facred ; the fummit of which is called the Pike of 
+Adam. This had no relation to the great Protoplaft, thoug 
+
+
+underftood to be denominated from him 
+
+
+For 
+
+
+writers may make what inferences they pleafe from Sancho- 
+niathon, and other antiquarians, ill interpreted, and worfe 
+applied: I am perfuaded, that there are very few allufions in 
+ancient hiftory to the antediluvian world. The Pike of 
+Adam is properly the fummit facred to Ad Ham, the King 
+or Deity Ham, the Amon of Egypt. This is plain to a de- 
+monftration from another name given to it by 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+who live near the mountain, and call it Hamaleb 
+
+
+This without any change, is 9 * Ham 
+
+
+Ham 
+
+
+Sun 
+
+
+Bopeiou. Marcian. Heracleot. p. 2 6. Taro S'e oiKguTngiov tm vnaa to ecvTiKet/xivov t» 
+
+Kopv—anrs%it ii <rv%. 
+
+The poet Dionyfius places it in the great Eruthrean Ocean : and mentions the 
+whales, with which that fea once abounded : a circumftance taken notice of by Qther 
+
+writers. He fpeaks of it as a very large ifland. 
+
+Autw S'' eugVTctTi) fx.syeQos otyjpt Si itrxvrn 
+
+Kwt ex Srivt s EPT©PAIOT j6ot« tcwth, 
+
+Gupi< t tv nXtQctToitTiv eoixoToi. v. 596. 
+
+9* On the fide of Conde Uda is an hill, fuppofed to be the higheft in the ifland, 
+called in theChingulay languageHamalel, but by the Portugueze and the Europeans 
+Adam’s Peak. It is fharp as a fugar-loaf, and on the top is a flat ftone, with the 
+print of a foot like a man’s on it; but far bigger, being about two feet long. The 
+people of this land count it meritorious to go and worlhip this impreflion ; and gene¬ 
+rally [about the new year, the men, women, and children go up this vaft and high 
+mountain to worfhip. Knox. Hift. of Ceylon, p. 5. The notion of this being 
+Adam’s Pike, and the print of Adam’s foot, did not arife from the Portugueze, or 
+any Europeans •, but was very ancient. It is mentioned by the Mahometan travellers 
+in the ninth century : and the name of the mountain. Ad Ham, was undoubtedly as 
+old as thefirft Cuthite inhabitants. See p. 3. of Renaudot’s Edition of Moham¬ 
+medan Travellers-, and Notes, p. 8. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+209 
+
+and relates to the ancient religion of the ifiand. In ftiort, 
+every thing in thefe countries favours of Chaldiiic and Egyp¬ 
+tian inftitution. The worlhip of the ape; the imputed 
+fantftity of the cow; the fymbolical adoration of the ferpent 
+have been introduced by people from thofe parts : not fo 
+much by the Mizraim, or genuine inhabitants of Egypt, as 
+by the Cuthites. They came hither from that country, as 
+well as from Chaldea : but they came firft and principally 
+from the latter. Whatever therefore was fimilar in the rites 
+of the Indians and the Mizraim, was imported into each 
+country, principally by the fons of Chus ; though fome 
+chance colonies of real Egyptians may have likewife come 
+hither. When Alexander had taken Nufa in India, he ap¬ 
+pointed one of the natives to be governor, whole name was 
+Acouphis. In like manner the perfon, whom he made his 
+fubftitute at the great city Palimbothra, is ftyled Moph or 
+Mophis. He feems to have had more appellations than one : 
+for he is by Curtius called Omphis. Laftly, the perfon, to 
+whom Alexander applied to get Porus to furrender, had the 
+name of Meroe. All thefe are names apparently fimilar to 
+Egyptian and Chaldaic terms. Even Porus is nothing elfe 
+but Orus, with the Egyptian prefix. And as names of this 
+kind continually occur, it is impofiible but that fome rela¬ 
+tion mull have fubfifted between thofe nations, where this 
+fimilitude is found. The Cuthic Indians worfhiped parti¬ 
+cularly Dionufus ; but confefled that he was not a native of 
+their country, and that his rites were imported : 95 Aiovvtrov 
+
+sk tm urgog icwsgcw tozom : He came from the weft; that is 
+
+9S Diodorus Sic. L. 2. p. 123. 
+
+Vol. III. E e from 
+
+
+
+210 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+from Babylonia and Chaldea. Arrian, fpeaking of the Nu- 
+feans, fays, that they were not the original inhabitants of the 
+country. 96 Nv<r<rxtoi <T ax IvStxov yevog siciv, xAKx rm x[jlx 
+
+A iovv<TCf) sXQqvtoqv eg r r t v yr } v toov h$cay. The people of Nufa are 
+not 97 properly an Indian race ; but are part of the company , 
+who atteitded Dionufus in his expedition into thefe parts. They 
+were therefore of the family of Chus, and ftyled Cufeans, 
+Cuthites, Arabians, and Ethiopians j which were the moft 
+common titles of people of that family. The fame author 
+tells us, that they differed very little in their appearance 
+from the Ethiopians of Africa, efpecially thofe of the fouth: 
+being of the fame dark complexion; but without woolly 
+hair. Thofe, who lived to the north, refembled the Egyp¬ 
+tians. Tm rs oLvQgunm xt ifaxi a ‘urxnri x7rofamv at lvduv ts 
+xxi Ai(ho7ruv. ' 0 1 [xsv nr gag vara xusfxa ht fat (fcil. fa KoAp^oi) 
+r otg A iQtotyt pxKKov r 1 soucxtrt, [xsAxvsg re ifa<rQou si<n , xxi >3 xofM 5 
+x vroig (jlsXxivx, nrMv ys fa ori crtixot ax utcrxvrodg, afa aXtxgxvat, 
+oog AiOio7rsg. ‘0 1 fa ffagsioTsgoi r aroov kxt Aiyvirriag (jutXifx 
+av etsv Tx vupuxTX. The inhabitants upon the Indus are in 
+their looks and appearance, not unlike the Ethiopians (of Africa). 
+Thofe upon the Jouthern coafl refemhle them 99 mojl : for they 
+are very black y and their hair alfo is black : but they are not 
+
+96 Arrian, Hift. Indica. p. 313. 
+
+97 They were miftaken in faying, a* IvJ'ixov yeros : but their meaning is plain, 
+that they were not Aborigines. 
+
+93 Arrian. Hift. Indica. p. 320. 
+
+99 Vincentius Bellovacenfis mentions two Indian nations particularly profefllng 
+the rites of Bacchus ; one of which was named Albarachuma. Al-bara-Chuma 
+
+V. 
+
+means the fons of Chum or Cham : and that they were the fons of Cham may be 
+inferred from Eufebius : Ta <Pe Xa^t XCCI rvv aTro^ccata* 
+
+x.aTot ts t as Ivf'totf itoa ASiQ 7 nocs , jc.t.A, Chron* P. 13. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 i 1 
+
+
+fo Jlat-nnfed ; nor have they woolly hair . ’They , who arc more 
+to the north , have a greater refemblance to the Egyptians. 
+Strabo defcribes them in the fame manner ; and fays that 
+the fouthern Indians were very like the Ethiopians. i0J O i 
+
+[asv [Ae<rr 4 (/.ogivoi roig eitriv opooioi kcltol tqv ygoictv' holtx 
+
+ds rr,v koli Try r giyorriv roig ctXkoig. Ovh yotg aXoTgiygin 
+
+oioi Tty vygorryct ts cts^og. Oi <3e fiogsioTsgoi roig Aiyv7tTiotg. 
+They might well be like the nations fpecified: for they were 
+colonies from Chaldea; colonies chiefly of Cuthites, who 
+fettled at different times in India. Thefe writers all concur 
+
+
+in fhewing their likenefs to the Ethiopians: whereas they 
+were Ethiopians. Herodotus fpeaks of them plainly by that 
+name : and fays, that they differed in nothing from their 
+brethren in Africa, but in the ftraitnefs of their hair : 
+
+
+imsv yet# our riXm Aidioneg iQvrgiyeg 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+from Gedrofia to the 
+
+
+and from thence to the Gange 
+
+
+under the name of a Ethiopians, Erythreans, and Arabians. 
+When Nearchus, by the appointment of Alexander, failed 
+down the Stour, an arm of the Indus; the firft nation, 
+which he encountered, was that of the Arabians. They re- 
+fided, according to Arrian, below Carmania, in the mouth 
+of the great river, near the ifland Crocale. 3 JJgotrotxssf <?& 
+
+
+,0 ° Strabo. L. 15. p. jo 12. 
+
+' Oi {JL 6 V ya.p a.7T nXm A/ 0 « 7 res SuTpiyts eiat 01 S e ex r m AiQurti ovXoretrov r01- 
+
+€%v<7i 'zzravTcov cc.vQpco 7 rct)v. Hefiod. L. 7. C. 70. p. 54 1 * 
+
+1 AtthiopumGymnofophiftse mentioned by Hieronymus. L.4. in Ezechiel. c. 1.9. 
+J Arrian. Hift. Indie, p. 336. Oras tenent ab Indo ad Gangem Pali both n : a 
+Gange ad Colida (or Colchida) atrte gentes, et quodammodo ^thiopes. Pomp. 
+Meta. L. 3. c, 7. They worfhiped Zeus O^fpiof, Strabo. L. 15. p. 1046. He 
+mentions the promontory Tamus, and the ifland Chrufe. Tamus was the name of 
+
+the chief Egyptian Deity j the fame as Thamuz of Syria. 
+
+E e 2 TctV7 r 
+
+
+
+212 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+tciuty) sOvog h^tjcov, 61 Aga.£ieg jcotf^eofxsvoi. They lived upon 
+the river Arabis, by fome called * Aribis, to which they had 
+
+
+given name. 
+
+
+
+I N D I. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+H E Grecian writers, finding that the Ethiopians and 
+Cutheans of this part of the world were not the ori¬ 
+ginal inhabitants, have very properly diftinguifhed them 
+from thofe who were Aborigines : but they have been guilty 
+of a great miftake, in making thefe Aborigines the Indi, and 
+feparating the latter from the iEthiopes. The Cuthites, 
+ftyled iEthiopes, were the original Indi : they gave name to 
+the river, upon which they fettled; and to the country, 
+which they occupied. Hence 5 Iarchus of India tells Apol¬ 
+lonius ; on AI 0 IOE 1 EZ fJLBV uxav svTocvdot , ysvog INAIKON. 
+And almoft in 6 every place, where their hiflory occurs, the 
+name of Indi will be found likewife. The river Choafpes, 
+of whofe waters only the kings of Perfis drank, was efteemed 
+an Indian river. 
+
+
+1 Xugtg jjLBV K vgog s?i fJLeyctg, yw%ig T s Xoa,cr7rqg- 
+
+*E Axuov IpS'ov v$oc0. 
+
+♦ 
+
+4 A OCC^ITCU fj.t.v S'e 60*5?, XOU TXTO OLXJ'IGVQfJLOV TMV rGJtpi TO ApccSiOV 'ZZ-QTCLfJt.QV 
+
+vcov. Arrian. Expedic. E. 6. p. 260. Of theOritse, ibid, and p. 261. 
+
+5 Philoftrati Vit. Apollon. L. 3. p. 125. 
+
+6 Diodorus Sicul. L. 1. p. 17. The chief inhabitants upon the Indus were Cufeans. 
+
+7 Dionyf. Perieg. v. 1073. Coros is the river Cur, the river of the Sun. K vpo$ % 
+Sol. Helych. Tor fj.€v i^iov Yleptrcci Kvpoy Avyxcn, Kvpof SctriroTTiu Hefychius. 
+
+It 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 213 
+
+It ran through Chuhftan, and was a branch of the Tigris : 
+whence that river, from which the former was derived, mufr 
+have been Indian. This is rendered certain from tire Cuthite 
+Ethiopians, who came under the title of fhep herds into 
+Egypt. They came from Chaldea upon the river Tigris : 
+and they are faid expreflly to have come from the Indus. 
+8 A iQianss ct7ro IvSa 'UTOTOt jU.8 OLvoLSCLvrzt; 'UT^og Aiyv7trU (fiCrgXV. 
+About this time , fays Eufebius, fame Ethiopians , taking leave 
+of their country upon the river Indus , came and fettled in 
+
+EIcnce it is that 8 9 Bacchus has been reprefented as 
+the fon of the river Indus. Hence alfo arofe the true notion 
+that the Indian Dionufos was the moil ancient: A iovvcop 
+
+cig’yciiOTCLTOv INAON ysyovsvou. The genuine and moft an¬ 
+cient perfon of this title mull be referred to Babylonia. 
+This is the country, to which Phylarchus alluded, when he 
+faid that Bacchus firft brought the 
+which were called Apis and Oliris, from India into Egypt. 
+IO II^wtos sis AiyvnTQV sf IvSocv A totwros riyctys Si joo r<y [&&» 
+
+A nig ovofJLCL, t&j Ss Oc rigis. It was a true hiftory, though Plu¬ 
+
+tarch would not allow it. This worfhip was common in 
+
+Egypt before the 
+in the wildernefs near Mount Sinai. It was of too early 
+date to have been brought from the country near the Gan¬ 
+ges : and was introduced from Chaldea, and the Tigris, the 
+original Indus. The Africans, who had the management of 
+elephants in war, were called Indi, as being of Ethiopic 
+
+8 Eufeb. Chron. p. 26. 
+
+9 Philoftrati Vit. ApolloniL L. 1. p. 64. 
+
+Plutarch. Ifis et Our. v. 2. p. 362.. 
+
+original. 
+
+
+Exodus: for it was copied by the Ifraclites 
+
+
+worfhip of the two bulls. 
+
+
+
+
+214 The Analysis ok Ancient Mythology. 
+
+original. Polybius fays in the palling of the Rhone ; 
+" ra; usv lvbag ct^oKsOou, <rvvs£i) 'WccvTotg, rag sAeparaw dia- 
+
+<rci)dr i vcu : it happened that Hannibal lojl all the Indi \ but the 
+elephants were preferred. The fame author fays of the con- 
+ful Csecilius Metellus in the battle againft Afdrubal : ,x 
+ervv ccvToig Ivooig sAa&e Sbkk. The fable of Perfeus and Andro¬ 
+meda, whatever it may mean, is an Ethiopic ftory : and it is 
+laid of that hero ; 
+
+13 Andromeden Perfeus nigris portavit ab Indis. 
+
+Virgil, fpeaking to Auguftus of the people of this family, 
+calls them by the fame name : 
+
+,+ Imbellem avertis Romanis arcibus Indurn. 
+
+If we change the feene, and betake ourfelves to Colchis, 
+we fhall meet with Indians here too. The city Afterufia 
+upon Mount Caucafus is ftyled Indica. ,s AI 
+
+'uroh.ig. I have mentioned from Jerom, that St. Matthias 
+preached the gofpel at Colchis, near the Phalis and Apfarusj 
+which country is called ^Ethiopia. Socrates in his 16 Eecle- 
+liaftical Hiftory mentions the fame : and adds, that St. Bar¬ 
+tholomew was in thefe parts ; and that his particular pro¬ 
+vince was India ; which India joined to Colchis, and to the 
+
+" Polyb. L. 3. p. 200. 
+
+Polyb. L. 1. p. 42. 
+
+11 Ovid, de Arte Amandi. L. x. v. 53. 
+
+14 Virg. Georg. L. 2. v. 173. The poet means here the Parthians, who were in 
+poflefiion of Perfis and Babylonia. 
+
+15 Stephan. Byzantinus. 
+
+16 Socratis Hift. Ecclefiaft. L. 1. c. 19. See allb L. 1. c. 20. p. 50. and 51. 
+
+IvS^COV TGOV BvS'OTBfca KOU I StipOOV TOC *017?. p, 49 . 
+
+9 region 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+21 5 
+
+
+region upon the Phafis, where Matthias refidcd. Ea^oAo- 
+
+|U.a/o? £xA^«to my <rvvr)(JL(JLEvriv TotVTrj INDIAN, Tty evZotepu. 
+
+He calls it the innermofl India, to diflinguifh it from that 
+which was not mediterranean, but lay on the Southern 
+Ocean. The country here mentioned was a part of Iberia 
+Colchica: and as fome of the fame family fettled in Iberia 
+Hifpaniaj, we find there too an Indie city ; 17 INAIKH, 
+
+'sroAi? l£j?£/a£, 'TO’Ajj <Tiov Ylvgwog. The author adds, what is very 
+
+remarkable, rives BA a&egxgcLV ctvrry KoCkx<ri ; Some call it 
+Blaberoura. Is not Blaberoura ill exprefled? I think that 
+there is a tranfpofition of a fingle letter ; and that it was 
+originally Babel-Oura; fo denominated from the two chief 
+cities of the Cuthites, Babel and Our, in Babylonia, and 
+Chaldea. The river Indus was often called the Sindus : and 
+nations of the family, whereof I am treating, were called 
+Sindi. There were people of this name and family in Thrace, 
+mentioned by Hefychius : Xivboi (t»k ©£&*/}]?) ettvog hh/.ou. 
+The Sindi (of Thrace) are an I?idian nation. Some would 
+alter it to Zmoikov, Sindicum: but both terms are of the fame 
+purport. He mentions in the fame part of the world, 
+'sroA/s, hivoiKog 7 \i^.r]V A syo(j.svri ; a city , which was denominated 
+the SindiCy or Indian, harbour. ’* Herodotus fpeaks of a re- 
+gio Sindica upon the Pontus Euxinus, oppofite to the river 
+Thermodon. This fome would alter to Sindica ’ but both 
+terms are of the fame amount. This Indica was the country 
+of the Mceotias, a Cuthic tribe. The Ind, or Indus, of the 
+eail is at this day called the Sind ; and was called fo in the 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+17 Steph. Byzantin. 
+
+18 Herodot. L. 4. c. 86. 
+
+
+time 
+
+
+
+216 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+time of Pliny : 19 Indus, incolis Sindus appellatus, in jugo 
+
+Caucafi montis, quod Paropamifus vocatur, adverfus folis or- 
+tum effufus, &c. 
+
+If this title be peculiar to the Cuthite Ethiopians, we 
+may -w ell expedt thofe above Egypt, among whom the Nile 
+took its rife, to be fo called. We accordingly find that river 
+diftinguifhed for being derived from the country of the 
+
+Indi ; 
+
+Ufque coloratis amnis devexus ab Indis : 
+
+and the fame poet, in another place, fpeaking of Auguftus, 
+
+fays, 
+
+11 -fuper et Garamantas et Indos 
+
+Proferet imperium. 
+
+Nor is this a poetical rant, but a juft appellation. JElian, 
+in defcribing the Libyans of interior Africa, fays that they 
+bordered upon the Indi ; ” AiEvuv roov ysiTviocvToov Toig lv$oig, 
+by which were meant the Ethiopians. And Apollonius of 
+Tyana, in a conference with thefe fouthern Ethiopians, find¬ 
+ing that they fpoke much in praife of the Indians in general, 
+tells them, ,3 Ta y*sv lv$uv ewrimTS, INAOI to cl^cuov 'utclKou 
+
+19 Plin. Nat. Hift. L. 6. c. 20. p. 319. 
+
+'Xtvfos ' 7 xroTO'fAC 9 . Arriani Peripl. apud Geogr. Vet. Grasc. v. 1. p. 21. 
+
+40 Virgil. Georg. L. 4. v. 293. 
+
+11 Virgil. JEn. L. 6. v. 794. The like occurs in another place. 
+
+Omnis eo terrore /Egyptus, et Indi, 
+
+Omnis Arabs, omncs verterunt terga Sabtei. AZneid. I.. 8. v. 75. 
+
+By the Indi are meant the Ethiopians above Egypt. 
+
+42 iElian. dc Animalibus. L. 16. c. 33. 
+
+Philoftrati Vit. Apollon. Tyanaei. L. 6. c. 6. p. 277. 
+
+There are Tome remains of an ancient city between the Tigris and Euphrates, near 
+the ruins of ancient Babylon, which ftill retains the name of Sindia, mentioned by 
+Galpar Balbi. SeePurchas. v. 2. E. 10. c. 5. p 1723. 
+
+7 
+
+
+onsc: 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 1 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+■ You fpeak much in favour of every thing relating to the 
+Indians ; not con ftdering that originally you were Indians your- 
+
+
+felves 
+
+
+In fhort, Egypt itfelf was in Tome degree an Indie 
+
+
+nation ; having received a colony of that people, by whom 
+it was named Ait or Aetia. 2+ EnXr^r) h y.ct.i Mv&cgct, y.y.i 
+
+Aegiz, hou YIqtol[jucl, y.ca Asnct , ccro t mg INAOT - 5 A sth. 
+Hence it is faid, 26 Ocrigdct hS'ov eivou to ysvog, That Ofiris was 
+an India7i by extraElio?i : becaufe the Cuthite religion came 
+from the Tigris. 
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to fhew, from the names of 
+places, and of men, but more particularly from various parts 
+of ancient hiftory, that the Scythic Indians were in reality 
+
+
+7 Cuthic; as were all people of that denomination. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+were divided into various cafts, moll of which were denomi¬ 
+nated from their worfhip. The principal of thefe names I 
+have enumerated, fuch as Erythrasi, Arabes, Oritae, TEthiopes, 
+Cathei, Indi : and, however various in title and charadterif- 
+tic, I have fhewn they were all one family, the Cuthites from 
+Babylonia and Chaldea. There is a remarkable paffage in 
+the Chronicon Pafchale, which mull not be omitted. This 
+author tells us, 18 Ev Toig ^(govoig Trig Tlv§yo7roiiocg etc th ysvisg 
+
+
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+Stephanus Byzantinus. 
+
+N«/ fxyv kcu Aeriaty €k tivqs INAOT, Astu Euftath. in Dionyf. Perieg. 
+
+
+v. 241. 
+
+
+*6 
+
+
+Diodor. Sic. L. r. p. 17. Add to the above a remarkable paflage, concerning 
+
+
+the people about the Palus Mceotis, who were a colony of Cuthites : 
+
+HcLvgofjLcLTas S' eirctaa-vre^oi yeyotcares 
+
+2 IN AOI, Kifxfjiepioi tz 9 xca 01 me Acts E v^eivoio 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+28 
+
+
+K efxenoi T y Operaci re. Dionyf. Perieg. v. 680. 
+Hence Hefychius : '£n>StSy or, as Albertus truly reads it* 
+Chron. Pafch. p. 36. 
+
+
+Vol, IIL 
+
+
+F f 
+
+
+T8 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+218 
+
+T8 A gpaZjcif xvrig tis 1*2os ou>e<pctvrj ro<pos xs-govofjLos, ovofxctTi Av- 
+$vEcigios> 6; jccu <rvveygx‘$/s mg ottos Ivbois x^otofjuxv. At the 
+
+time , when the tower of Babel was ereSled , a certain perfon 
+7?iade his appearance in the world , who was (Indus) an Indian , 
+and faid to have been of the race of Arphaxad. He was famed 
+for his wifdom , and for his Jkill in ajlronomy , and named An- 
+doubarios. He frjl delineated fchemes of the heavens , and i?i~ 
+fruEled the Indi in that fcience. The fame hiftory occurs in 
+29 Cedrenus. Why thefe writers make this perfonage of the 
+race of Arphaxad, I know not. This aftronomer is probably 
+Chus, the father of the Magi, who is faid to have firft ob- 
+ferved the heavens, and to have paid an undue reverence to 
+the celeftial bodies. The name Andoubarios feems to be a 
+compound of Andou-Bar, Indi filius. Hence the original 
+Indus muft have been Ham. 
+
+I cannot conclude this account of the Cuthites in India 
+Limvrica, without taking notice of the great character they 
+bore in the inoft early times for ingenuity and fcience. 
+Traditions to this purpofe prevailed, wherever they fettled : 
+and I have given many instances of their fuperiority herein. 
+They were, like the Egyptians, divided into feven orders ; 
+of which the philofophcrs were the moft honourable. Each 
+tribe kept to the profeflion of its family ; and never invaded 
+the department of another. 30 Qryi Js (Mzya&svvs) to tuv 
+
+I'Aocv yzvos sis sttol pLSgY\ $wgY\<rQxi* Nilus the Egyptian tells 
+
+Apollonius Tyanasus, that the Indi of all people in the world 
+
+were the moft knowing ; and that the Ethiopians were a 
+
+% 
+
+19 Cedren. Hid. p. 14. 
+
+50 StrabQ. L. 15. p. 1025. 
+
+colony 
+
+
+
+219 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+colony from them, and refembled them greatly. 31 x- 
+
+701 [J,ev GwOgumtav INAOI" oltoikoi Jg Iwf&jy AI0IOI1E£‘ Tzry.r^i- 
+
+£s<n £s sTOi ty\V <ro<piXV. The I?idi are the wifeft of all man¬ 
+kind. ‘The Ethiopians are a colony from them : and they inhe¬ 
+rit the Toifdom of their forefathers . 
+
+The philofophy of this 31 people was greatly celebrated : 
+infomuch that Alexander vifited the chief perfons of the 
+country, who were efteemed profeflors of fcience. Among 
+the Perfians they were ftyled Magi : but among the Tndo- 
+Cuthites they had the title of Sophim and Sophitae. Many 
+regions in different parts were denominated from them So- 
+phitis, Sophita, Sophene. 13 Strabo mentions an Indian pro¬ 
+vince of this name : and Diodorus Siculus fpeaks largely of 
+their inftitutions. The march of Alexander through their 
+country is particularly taken notice of by u Curtius. Hinc 
+in regnum Sophitis perventum eft. Gens, ut Barbari cre- 
+dunt, fapientia excellit, bonifque moribus regitur. They 
+were formed into focieties, and refided in colleges as re- 
+clufes: others lived at large, like fo many mendicants. 
+Their religion, like that of all the Amonians, confifted in 
+
+
+31 Philoftrat. Vit. Apollon. L. 6. p. 287. So p. 125. Aim ottbs— yeros Ii^ixor. 
+
+3t Xctyoi euriv 61 crtpof'gct* Antiphancs Comicus apud Athenaeum. L. 6. 
+
+р. 226. 
+
+33 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1024. 
+
+34 Quint. Curtius. L. 9. c. 1. See Vollius de Pliilofophorum Sedlis. L. 2. 
+
+с. 2. §. 2. 
+
+Kafict/ct* rcjoXis I vS'vx.n* Steph. Byzantin. 
+
+Pliny mentions Magi among the Arabians. 
+
+The people are ftyled Catheans by Strabo : and he fuppofes one Sopeithes to have 
+been the chief perfon of the country. Kotfteav (read with Berkelius KctQctiacv) rives 
+
+Tfjy XtOTBlO&S XCLTCC TTlvS'e THV k\t<TQ7rQTOL}UOL* T&BCLVIV. L. 1 5. p. IO24. 
+
+
+F f 2 
+
+
+
+
+The'Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+► 
+
+the worfhip of the fun, and adoration of fire. Hence they 
+were denominated, from Cham the Sun, Chamin and Cho- 
+min ; and their wife men Chomini Sophite, and Sophitim: 
+but the Greeks from the term Chomin and Chominus formed, 
+r VfJLPog, and rendered this people Tv^Lyo-To^psiTXi and VvfjLvo — 
+copis-cu ; as if they were naked philofophers. Suidas feems 
+to have been aware of the miftake ; and owns that Tvfu.vog 
+was the Indian name of a philofopher. Confequently, it 
+had no relation to Greece. The people of this- facred cha¬ 
+racter were divided into different focieties,. which were de¬ 
+nominated from the Deity Manes, whom; they ferved. He. 
+was fomfetimes compounded Achmanes and Qro-Manes 
+and was well known in Perfis, and in Egypt. From him' 
+thefe priefts in India were ftyled Bar-Achmanes, contracted 
+Brachmanes : alfo Ger-manes, Sar-manes ; and Al-Obii. 
+3J A ittov Js tutuv {rv^ivoTop^m) to yevog. Oi [Asv hx^ctvdii 
+
+olvtoov’ 61 BgorfcfjLotvxi jcxi tuv ZagfJLCLVuv 61 AfiAo- 
+
+Eioi 'nrgotrctyogsvof/.svQi. Thefe were the titles, by which the 
+profeffors of fciencc were diftinguifhed. They were the 
+fame as the 36 Magi, and fo famed for their knowledge, that 
+many of the Grecian philofophers are faid to have tra¬ 
+velled to them for information. This is reported of 
+
+35 Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i. p. 359. 
+
+Bar-Achmanes, the ions of the great Manes. In Phrygia and Pontus he was 
+ftyled Ac-mon : Ax/xar. 
+
+36 Of the Babylonian and Chaldean Magi, fee Ariftotle ev tw Ma^ixw : and So- 
+tion in Lihris S'iclSgjqk apud Laertium in Procemio. p. 2. 
+
+'Ot x.cc?^yf*€yoi S'e Mxyoi) yevoe tbt 0 f/.xvT txcv xai ©eon avxx.eifA.evoV) map* rs Tlep- 
+catiy xxi riafSa?) xxi Bxxt gon* xxi X&fctayAi?/?, xai Aceton^xai Saxai?, xat M nfote 9 
+
+xai 'urxrx tpoX hon aAA on B xoGagots. Lucian, de Longsevitate. vol. 1. p. 632. 
+
+Democritus, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 22* 
+
+:f Democritus, Pyrrho of Elea, and Apollonius Tyaneus. 
+Nay, the very Scriptures feem to allude to their fuperlative 
+knowledge : for it is faid of Solomon, that his 58 wifdom ex¬ 
+celled all the wifdom of the children of the eaft country, and 
+all the wifdom of Egypt. In which account I cannot but 
+fuppofe that the learning of the Cuthim Sophitim was in¬ 
+cluded ; if not principally alluded to. 
+
+Thus have I endeavoured to fhew, that all this interam- 
+
+J 
+
+nian country, between the Indus and the Ganges was called 
+Scythia; like that about the river Phahs, and upon the Pa- 
+lus Mceqtis ; as vyell as regions in other parts. As all thefe 
+places were apparently inhabited by Cutheans ; I think we 
+may be allured, that the name Scuthia, XavCia, is a miftake 
+for Cuthia ; and that the Scythse were Cuthze, or Cuthians. 
+and this will be found to obtain, wherever the name of Scy¬ 
+thia prevails : the people of that country, wherever lituated,, 
+will be found upon examination to be in fome degree de¬ 
+fended from Chus, whom the Babylonians and thofe of his 
+lamily feem to have expreffed Cuth. 
+
+It is very remarkable that the poet Dionyhus, having de- 
+fcribcd all the nations of the known world, concludes with 
+the Indo-Scythae ; of whom he gives a more ample, and a 
+more particular account, than of any, who have preceded. He 
+dwells long upon their habit and manners, their rites, and 
+cuftoms, their merchandize, induftry, and knowledge.: and 
+
+57 Democritus went to the Indians. &ta. tctjtcl toi xoli 'utoXAtdv €7 rr.€t ym m msr&v 
+
+xat 'zeroes t »5 X ct AcTaris, xou e1 ? Ba CuAoovcc, xai May &? 9 xca 7s# tcl v 
+
+INAflN. ./Elian. Var. Hift. L. 4. c. 20. p. 375. Of Thracian Philofophy* lee 
+Ger. Voflius de Philofophorum SctStis. c. 3. p. 19. 
+
+3if 1 Kings, c. 4. v. 30. 
+
+
+has 
+
+
+
+222 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+has transmitted Tome excellent fpecimens of their ancient 
+hiftory. And all this is executed in a manner fo affecting, 
+that if Homer had been engaged upon the fame fubjecSt, he 
+could not have exceeded either in harmony of numbers, or 
+beauty of detail. Some extra&s I have given : but as the 
+poet is io diffufe in his defcription of this wonderful people, 
+and his hiftory fo much to the purpofe, I will lay the greater 
+part of it before the reader, that he may be witnefs of the 
+truth. 
+
+
+39 I V$QV 'UTag 'WQTOL^LOV N OTlOl ZxvOoU SMCUiSO'lV, 
+
+'Os pa t E gvQgxivs kolt£vou)Tiov sin S-xAatrrqs, 
+
+AaJogOTCLTOV pOOV UKVV £ 7 Tl VOTQV OgQoV BXaVVUOV' 
+A g%U[JL£V 0 g TCC 'GTgOOT 0 . 7 TQ Ka.VX.caTH WE[JL 0 £VT 04 . 
+
+
+'Hr oi pJLBV <J VPOVTOS S 7 TI kXHTIV Tf}£XlOlO 
+
+Zlgiras r, A g&ag rs, A ivoyXaivHS t 90 Agayurag, 
+
+Xargaidxs T, orcrng rs 'sragcc 'UTTvyj, Ha^aviroiQ 
+
+Zvvri o(jlu og jU.aAa 'Wavras STrcavvfJUvv Agir}vns m 
+Ov VOUSTaOi/TXS £7TY)gXTpV y OAA* V7T0 ASSTTJJ 
+
+TajU.jU.6o 'GT£7rAr$vixv } i$e ponrem $x<reiav. 
+
+AAA’ gj urns tyrpiv BicagKBBs euri xstevQoi. 
+
+AAAov ya° <r<piv q?&qv axvgxTov a/a xofJuQsi. 
+
+Ilanv yog A i$os e?iv sgvQga XH§aXioio y 
+
+HaVTi) cT £V 'UreTgYj'TlV vtto <pXs&£S uhvHTi 
+
+Xgv<reiY)s xvccvris rs 'srXouca <ra7r<peigoio, 
+
+Dionyfii Pcrieg. v. 1088. &c. 
+
+Scholia Euftathii ad v. 1096, Two nations Arachotse. Eira vcrgos vorovi 
+
+9 Tvs 
+
+
+4 ° 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+223 
+
+
+Tl If a,X 0 T 8 fJtV 0 fJLSVQt i fitOTtlCtOV UVOV 
+
+Tlgog r atvyct; ** hfoov egotrem 'WSTrra.Ta.t cast, 
+
+Ha.cra.oov 'srvfjLcm, j, *aroc^oc yethenv Qxeotvoto. 
+
+‘Hv pot t ctvsg'x.ofj.svog Motxctgoov ext egyot mt ctvfyoop 
+
+HeA to; 'argoorytriv exupkeyet ousrive<r<rt . 
+
+Tw youri; voteTott fjtev vxa yjpoa. xvotvesxi, 
+
+0ecrxe<riov Xtxooovre;' eetfofjtevct; <T vstxtvQa) 
+
+ILotoitcl; pogesxtv ext Kgarerpiv eQetga;. 
+
+T oov <T 61 fjtev ygvxoto fxeraXXevsxt yeveQ Ajjp, 
+
+‘YotfjLfjtov evyva.[JLXTr}<ri XayjLmne; (jtouteXririv' 
+
+'Oi <T 15 s; vpooo<rt tjvegyea.;* at eXepotnuv 
+Agyvpes; 'urgicrGena; vxo%vs<rtv ofovrot;. 
+
+AAA at <T tyvevsartv ext 'argoGotyriv avotvguv 
+H xs | 3 ^yAA 8 yXa.vxw A i$ov, ij ctiafJLctvrat 
+M ctgfjtctigovT, n yXoogat <Steujyct£s<rctv tctcrxtv, 
+
+H a at yXctvxiooovTot A tQov mdagoto tqxo.£s, 
+
+Kat yXvzegrjV ctpLS&vzav vx^efxot 'arogpvgestrctv. 
+
+Ilavroiov yoig ya.iot pier etvfycuru/ oAboy ae^et, 
+
+A evctot; '&QTot(jLot<ri zotrappvTa; evQa mi evQa.. 
+
+Kat per,? Kat XetfJtoove; aet xopLoocrt 'UTBty{Koi;. 
+
+AAA 0Q1 ptev ya.% %syp(go; u,e%£Tou, aAAo#/ <T ccvts 
+*TA at TriAe6ooo<rtv 'EgvQgctis KothcLpLoto. 
+
+r* * 
+
+*•••••••••••••# 
+
+Kai Tqv pev 'uroXhot tb mi oTJotoi otvfye; eysxtv, 
+
+41 Ad v. 1107. Atccruro y.ea %pa)/utct tyep&at (otlvfot) 'Grxgct7rAwcricv AiQioJyi. The 
+Scholiait fuppofes the complexion to have arifen from the climate. Hici Se /jlsAocvtz- 
+
+pot 7ccv a/\?\c*)v cti'QpaxTTGOt^ 'zsrAw* Ai&i07raau 
+f &A wJ'ot 01 IrSot xca (ptAcp^v/ixcvss, Ib:d. 
+
+0v x 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+
+\2 34 The Analysis of Ancient ‘Mythology. 
+
+Ov % dfu.x vcueraovreg ofjLoovvfjvoty aAAa Sictfjupig 
+Ksxgipsvor 'ur.oTotyj£ fjisv 0L7reigs<rni nrsKag lvSx 
+
+41 AagSotVSSg, ToOl A 0 % 0 V 0 L 7 T 0 vkqtczKuh) AKStriVYlVy 
+
+Xvgopsvov Seysrxi nrXoorog vt)s<r<nv *T<5ao*a?j?. 
+
+T oig S' B7ri kou K oo<prig rgirog srxsrou agyvgoSivrig. 
+Tm Ss (jLSfTQi vamn %z£cti mi To^iKoi avSgsg, 
+XxoSgoi S' Besiks’ ski S' smarai aygicc <pvKa 
+
+4 5 n svmvsuv. Mera rag Ss A imvrm fysgouronsg 
+
+F agyxgiSxi vxiacriv, o@i y^vroio ysvsrOAtjV 
+AaiSx7\sr,v 'T iravig rs <psgsi 9 §eiog rs M eyagrag, 
+AxSgorxroi nr ora.fXM> aito S' agsog H fxcaSoio 
+Ogpvfjievoi nr go geariv ski FayyrrriSx yugw, 
+
+Ugog vorov sAjcofJievoi nr ago. rsgfxara KooXiSog airig. 
+*H S' v^roi nrgovevevnev S7C owexvov (ZaOvSivriv, 
+HAiSaro?, rx^ivoin SvrspEarog oimoin' 
+
+Tavern (jliv mi <pureg S7rixAeia<riv Aogviv. 
+
+Eri Ss ng $mrog svppsirriv nraga. Fayy^v 
+Xugog ri[JLY]£ig rs mi isgog y 44 ov nrors Bxzy\og 
+GvfjiaivMv £7rarr)<Tsv y or riKKxrorovro [xsv d£gai 
+Ar>vawv vs^giSsg sg armSag, sg Ss nSrjgov 
+
+
+A% Ad v. 1138. 'Oi A upf'ctreici IvS'ix.ov eQvos* oi pevrot &ctp£avoi Tpooixoy. Dardan 
+was the original name of each people: it fignified little what termination the Greeks 
+w ere pleafed to affix. 
+
+41 Ad v. u.43. nevx.wecf)v—EGros Iv^ixjdv otTleuiutXsis. Peuce at the mouth of 
+
+the Danube. 
+
+— - —.— Alaricum babara Peuce 
+
+Nutrierat. 
+
+Peuca-On, and Peuce-El. 
+
+See here accounts of Aornis and Aornon—probably a metathefis forOuranon. 
+
+44 Ad. v. 1153. Ogee Se KQy.7rQv 'EAAwwor. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis „of Ancient Mythology. 225 
+
+©VgCTOl pXlpUUVTfi, KOU SIS TTSlg^pX igCCXOVTOCV, 
+
+r Lu?r\gss $■', sAikss rs, TsroAvyvxpxTr\s sAivoio, 
+
+Tripos ot acpgxiiricri Ssx xTipr t <rxv sogrriv. 
+
+T XVSKOL Nvorcuriv pSV SQripit'CLVTO ksAsvQov’ 
+
+VLocrpu <T e?ri<rctno <rvv viounv ogyix 'utclvtcl. 
+
+Avtos i\ otkots <pvAct ksAclivuv uAstsv Iviuy, 
+
+Hpuiuv ogsuv s-reEi](ru.ro , tuv vtto 'ursZa.v 
+‘EAkstcli H 00010 psyocs poos uksclvoio. 
+
+E vdot ivo ^rfAcis ?riva.s TtTsgi rsgpxrx yctii)s , 
+
+KcLyyaChouv perx ysvpx kcltvAvQsv l<rprivoiQ, 
+
+T otrtroi psv holt cl youcLv v7ts^txtoi xvigss scltiv. 
+
+AAA01 <T svQol kcli svQoc kclt resigns clAouvtou 
+Mvgm, &s an cu> ns ctgupgcthoos uyogsvtroi 
+
+QvqTOS SUV' piSVOl is $S 0 l pSCL 'GTCLVTOL ivVCLVTOU. 
+
+Avtqi yag kou 'urguTOL SepeiAiot rogvucrcLvTo, 
+
+Kott ficcdvv oipov sieifcctv otpsTgnToio S-ctAx<r<rr,s‘ 
+
+AvTOI $' sp7Tsix 'UroCVTX /3 IU ilSTSXprigCtVTO , 
+
+AfgOL ilOUCglVXVTSS' SKAr\gU<rCLVTQ <T SKCL?(d 
+
+Moigxv s’xeiv 'urovToio kcli r\7rsigoio @clQsws* 
+
+Tm pa kcli clAAoiw pv<rps <pv<riv sA Aap£ SKctfr, . 
+
+C H psv ya,g Aevkv r e kcli 45 cLgyivos<r<rcL tstvktcli , 
+
+C H is 
+
+45 Ad v. 1176. To Se agyivcea-ocLV, ygafSTai x.ai ay piVioetr erect’, Sian Xccfx-S cc m 
+xcctcc <^oi^t€MV truyyei’eiccv. Ovrca yap kcuto viTgov y A tTpov y x.au t ov 'urvcvy.ovct, tctAsv- 
+
+f+QVCL <PCL*TI¥ 01 AtTIKOI . 
+
+Prifcian adds to the character of the Indians great fize and agility, and fpeaks of 
+their philofophy and rites. 
+
+Hie alii fuperant procero corpore tantum, 
+
+Infiliant equitum faciles ut more elephantos. 
+
+Aft alii vivunt fapienti pedtore nudi, 
+
+Vol. III. G g - Luminibufque 
+
+
+
+226 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+f H h K&XoUVOTSgY)' Tj <T OtfJLQOTSgCiW "hctys fJL0§<priV. 
+
+• •I. 
+
+Ovtoos cLv8gcd7roig irsgouct 'UTomtol tstvx.tom. 
+
+‘T y.sig <T r\7Fsigonz y koli siv aAi yongsrs vri<roi y 
+'T<Jara t Qxeoivoio, xoci hgot ^st/^ara 'sromi, 
+
+K ou nror ctfjLoi , Kgqvcu rs y xou agsa (^Y)<r<rr,svTa.. 
+
+HJji yocg 'srcccrris fJLsv £7r£S'gct[jLGV oiSfxcx. $oi*.cL<r<rr)$* 
+Hd*] cT’ r,xeigoov c Tuo’htov Tiro gov. AXKot [xoi V[jlvoo v 
+
+AVTOOV SK (AClXCLgOOV OLVT<X^kOS Str) CtfJLOl &J, 
+
+Upon the banks of the great river Ind, 
+
+The louthern Scuthae dwell : which river pays- 
+Its watery tribute to that mighty fea. 
+
+Styled Erythrean. Far removed its fource. 
+
+Amid the ftormy cliffs of 46 Caueafus : 
+Defcending hence through many a winding vale. 
+
+
+Luminibufque vident redlis, mirabile, folem ; 
+
+Et radios oculis et facra mente retradlant; 
+Signaque concipiunt arcana luce futuri. v- 1027. 
+Of whales, v. 600. 
+
+
+Of the Tigris ; 
+
+Tr<^ct7irs wpo^ova 1 'TegnS'ovo$ eyytx v-Peinot*. 
+
+Diony C Perieg. v. 982. 
+
+According to this poet, Dionyfus was born in Arabia, v. 939. 
+
+lireov yap ccia^Ajcua XuaaTQ xeimv 
+’Z.ivt ccjtgv £±iov\mtqv eofyatyeos 'zsra^ct piwp<*' 
+
+i. e. Chaldea, alcribed to Arabia* according to his limits. 
+
+Of the wealth of Arabia. Ibid. 
+
+46 Mount Caueafus in India was different from the mountain fo called upon 
+Euxine : there were more than one of this name. The poet Dionyfius makes 
+Tanais take its rife in Caueafus : 
+
+Ta S' Tirol 'Brwycu f/sv upecri Kctvyxtaiotcn. v. 663. 
+
+The Tanais and the Indus cannot* bo fuppofed to have the fame fouroCi 
+
+• 9 
+
+
+the 
+
+the 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+227 
+
+
+It feparates vaft nations. To the weft 
+The Oritae live, and Aribes : and then 
+The Aracotii famed for linen geer. 
+
+Next the Satrafdae; and thofe, who dwell 
+Beneath the ftiade of Mount Parpanifus, 
+
+Styled Arieni. No kind glebe they own, 
+
+But a wafte fandy foil, replete with thorn. 
+
+Yet are they rich : yet doth the land fupply 
+Wealth without meafure. Here the coral grows. 
+Ruddy and fmooth : here too are veins of gold ; 
+And in the quarries deep the fapphire’s found. 
+The fapphire, vying with the empyreal blue. 
+
+To the eaft a lovely country wide extends, 
+
+India; whole borders the wide ocean bounds. 
+
+On this the fun new riling from the main 
+Smiles pleafed, and Iheds his early orient beam. 
+The inhabitants are fwart; and in their looks 
+Betray the tints of the dark hyacinth. 
+
+With moifture ftill abounding: hence their heads 
+Are ever furnifh’d with the lleekeft hair. 
+
+Various their fun&ions : fome the rock explore. 
+And from the mine extract the latent gold. 
+
+Borne labour at the woof, with cunning fkill* 
+
+And manufa&ure linen : others lhape, 
+
+And polilh, ivory with the niceft care : 
+
+Many retire to rivers Ihoal; and plunge 
+To feek the beryl flaming in its bed. 
+
+Or glittering diamond. Oft the jafper’s found 
+Green, but diaphonous : the topaz too, 
+
+G Z 2 
+
+
+
+
+228 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Of ray ferene and pleafing : laft of all 
+
+The lovely amethyd, in which combine 
+
+All the mild fhades of purple. The rich foil. 
+
+Walked by a thoufand rivers, from all fides 
+Pours on the natives wealth without controul. 
+
+Here mighty meadows, ffretch’d out wide, produce 
+Herbs of all fpecies, trees of every leaf. 
+
+The fucculent grafs, Ifyled cenchrus, here abounds. 
+And yields redundant pafture. High above 
+Wave the tall groves of Erythrean 47 cane, 
+
+Sweet to the fenfe and grateful. 
+
+Nor is this region by one people held : 
+
+Various the nations under different names,. 
+
+That rove the banks of Ganges and of Ind. 
+
+Lo, where the dreams of Acafine pour. 
+
+And in their courfe the ftubborn rock pervade 
+To join the Hydafpes ! here the Dardans dwell ; 
+Above whofe feat the river Cophes rolls. 
+
+The fons of 48 Saba here retired of okli 
+And hard by them the Toxili appear, 
+
+Join’d to the Scodri: next a favage calf, 
+
+Yclep’d Peucanian. Then a noble race, 
+
+47 Ad v. 1127. Euftathius of thefe canes or reeds : xaAaju.wt'—- r>) e^vaet 
+
+3 A uxeixi- — 'ztrj&as fAsAuracov for vacoy. 
+
+Ad v. 1141. Genef. c. 10. v. 7. And the fons of CbiiSy Saba , and Havilah, and 
+Sabtcby &c. 
+
+People of this name lay alfo to the weft of the Indus, towards the extreme part of 
+Perfis. 
+
+Tlpwrct ^ccCcciy }astcl t«s £g rictarotpyx^ocu Perieg. v. 1069. 
+
+Upon which paffage Euftathius obferves, H crccv Je kcu eQvosQpa.Ktx.ov'XaCoi. 
+
+The fame poet mentions a people of this name in Arabia. 
+
+M ivvouoi Tty xcli ay^fyvoi KAera£>?rw. v. 959. 
+
+
+Who 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 229 
+
+Who ftyle themfelves Gargaridas, and fhew 
+To Dionufos a peculiar care. 
+
+Near a fair ftream their happy lot is fallen, 
+
+Where the fwift Hypanis and Megarfus fpeed 
+From Mount Hemodus to Gangetic fhores. 
+
+Fraught as they run with the rich feeds of gold. 
+
+Not far from hence, but near the fouthern main,. 
+
+The limits of the country Colis reach, 
+
+By others Colchis named. Here towering fteep, 
+
+The rock Aornon rifes high in view, 
+
+E’en to the mid-air region : not a bird 
+Of boldefl: pinion wings this fubtile clime. 
+
+There is moreover, wonderful to tell, 
+
+In the rich region, which the Ganges laves, 
+
+A pafs efteemed moil facred this of old 
+Bacchus is faid, in wrathful mood, diftrefs’di 
+To have travers’d, when he fled: what time he changed 
+The foft Nebrides for a fhield of brafs ; 
+
+And for the Thyrfus, bound with ivy round, 
+
+He couched the pointed fpear. Then firfl were feen 
+The zones and fillets, which his comrades wore, 
+
+And the foft pliant vine-twigs, moving round 
+In ferpentine direction, chang’d to afps. 
+
+Thefe. fadts lay long unheeded : but in time 
+The natives quickened paid'memorial due; 
+
+And call the road Nulkia to this day. 
+
+Soon as the lovely region was fubdued 
+By the God’s prowels, glorying down he came 
+From Mount Hemodus to the circling fea., 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+
+53 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+There on the ftrand two obelifks he reared, 
+
+High and confpicuous, at the world’s w extreme. 
+
+
+To enumerate all, who rove this wide domain 
+Surpafles human pow’r: the Gods can tell. 
+
+The Gods alone: for nothing’s hid from Heaven. 
+Let it fuffice, if I their worth declare. 
+
+Thefewere the firft great founders in the world,, 
+Founders of cities and of mighty 50 ftates : 
+
+Who fhewed a path through feas, before unknown : 
+And when doubt reign’d and dark uncertainty. 
+
+Who rendered life more certain. They firft viewed 
+The ftarry lights, and form’d them into fchemes. 
+
+In the firft ages, when the fons of men 
+Knew not which way to turn them, they afllgned 
+To each his juft department: they bellowed 
+
+
+49 Ad v. 1164. He mentions thefe obelifks or pillars in another place, v. 623- 
+
+Evva. re kcx .1 /pwAai ^Suiyev*o$ Atoivav 
+
+
+€ 1 ' _ f 
+
+Ll<TU(Tiv 'zruy-ctTOiO 'zzctpoc poov coxectroioy 
+IvScop v^ccnotaiv ev dgeaiP* frvGa reTa.yyv\$ 
+
+A iVVLQV uf wp N vaccuov B7TI T^XcCTUf^OOVOt. 30/All'/*4* 
+
+At India’s verge extreme, on hills remote. 
+
+Where the proud Ganges pours the facred dream 
+Nufean call’d, and joins thefouthern wave. 
+
+Beneath a grove of (lately plane arife 
+The lofty pillars of this arc-born God. 
+
+The poet confounds Dionufus with Bacchus, as many others have done. 
+
+Qv&ouysvw is Arc-born: it alludes to the Patriarc’s prefervation and fecond 
+birth in the arc. The Greeks interpreted this, born at Thebes. Hence Dionufus 
+was made a native of Bceotia. 
+
+50 Dionyfius feems in this paflage to fpcak of the Gods : but thofe, who by the 
+ancients were ftyled Gods, were the A 0 <xmrw, *HAia<fai, the heads of the 
+
+Cuthite family, who performed, what is here mentioned. 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+231 
+
+
+Of land a portion, and of fea a lot; 
+
+And fent each wandering tribe far off to {hare 
+A different foil and climate. Hence arofe 
+The great diverfity, fo plainly feen 
+
+Mid nations widely fevered. 
+
+. . . . . . . . Now farewell 
+
+Ye fhores and feat-girt ifles : farewell the furgc 
+Of ancient Nereus, and old Ocean’s ft ream. 
+
+Ye fountains too, and rivers ; and ye hills, 
+
+That wave with ftiady forefts, all farewell. 
+
+My way IVe fped through the wide pathlefs deep, 
+
+By the bluff cape and winding continent : 
+
+’Tis time to feek fome refpite and reward. 
+
+Such is the character given by the poet Dionyfius of the 
+Indian Cuthites under their various denominations. It is to 
+be obferved, that the fons of Chus, however they may be 
+diftinguifhed, whether they be ftyled Oritae, Arabians, Ethio¬ 
+pians, or Erythreans, are in all places celebrated for fcience. 
+They were fometimes called Phoinices : and thofc of that 
+name in Syria were of Cuthitc extraction ; as I have before 
+(hewn. In confequence of this, the poet, in fpeaking of 
+them, gives the fame precife character, as he has exhibited 
+above, and fpecifies plainly their original. 
+
+v Of <T <khot; syyvg sonse., siuawfJUYiv &omxsg> 
+
+T m 
+
+Dionyf. Pericg. v. 905. lie adds, v. 910. 
+
+*0 » t’ lo'rr.u^ xou Fa£<xv, EA xtf ee t twcancn. 
+
+1 Ic does not diftinguifh between the Philiftim and the true Phoinices, who were of a 
+different family. The former were the Caphtorim, of the Mizraim race *, the latter 
+Cuthites, of whom he fays truly, v. 91 x. that they poficfilxl, 
+
+Kxt 
+
+
+
+232 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology., 
+
+
+Toor <T avfgm ysvsYiGy 61 HgvQgouoi yeyxcx.<nv, 
+
+'O i 'srgwToi vv£<r<nv £7rsigri<rourro ■9-aAao'crjof, 
+
+IImtoi <T £[j.7rogiyis dhdivso; £[Avt)<romo, 
+
+Kco @>olQvv isgaviocv uro^ov etpgot.sr<rctvTo. 
+
+Upon the Syrian Tea the people live, 
+
+Who ftyle themfelves Phenicians. Thefe are fprung 
+From the true ancient Erythrean flock ; 
+
+From that fage race, who firfl aflayed the deep. 
+
+And wafted merchandize to coafls unknown. 
+
+Thefe too digefled firfl the flarry choir; 
+
+Their motions mark’d, and call’d them by their names. 
+
+Kcci Tugcv Clyvyw*) BvpuTu t octccv egctwvp, 
+
+BvCAou T <*y%lOL?^0V} ‘X.T. A- 
+
+Here they mixed with the Tons of Canaan. 
+
+
+
+r 233 ] 
+
+
+
+EGYPT, 
+
+AND OF THE 
+
+ARRIVAL of the TITANS 
+
+in that Country. 
+
+I Have mentioned, that there were two memorable occur¬ 
+rences in ancient hiftory, which the learned have been 
+apt to confider as merely one event. The firft was a regular 
+migration of mankind in general by divine appointment : 
+the fecond was the difperfion of the Cuthites, and their ad¬ 
+herents, who had a<£ted in defiance of this ordination. Of 
+the confequences of their apoftafy I have taken notice ; and 
+of their being fcattered abroad into different parts. The Miz- 
+raim feem to have retired to their place of allotment a long 
+time before thefe occurrences : and were attended by their 
+brethren the Tons of Phut. They had no fhare in the rebellion 
+of the Cuthites; nor in the Titanic war, which enfued. 
+The country, of which they were feized, was that, which 
+Vol. III. H h in 
+
+
+
+234 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+in aftertimes had the name of Upper Egypt. They called 
+it the land of Mezor, and the land of Cham, from their two 
+chief anceftors : which the Greeks rendered 1 Mefora, and 
+* Chamia. The lower region was at that time in great mea- 
+fure a morafs, and little occupied. The Caphtorim had 
+made fome fetdements between Mount Caflus and Peluflum^ 
+but were obliged to quit them, and retire to 3 Paleftina. In 
+procefs of time, the Mizraim were divided into feveral great 
+families, fuch as the Napthuhim, Lehabim, Ludim, Pa- 
+thru flm, and others. They lived chiefly upon the lotos of 
+the Nile, and the herb agroftis : and flieltered themfelves 
+under fheds of mean workmanfhip, which they thatched 
+with the flags of the 4 river. In procefs of time r they began 
+to feed upon fifh, which the fame 'ftream afforded ; and 
+were cloathed with the fkins of beafts. They held the river 
+in high reverence ; and fuppofed, that man had fomehow a 
+relation to 5 water. I t is probable - that Tome centuries lapfed, 
+while they proceeded in this Ample way of life, leparated in a 
+manner from the world, and unmolefted by any foreign 
+power. At laft the Titanic brood, the Cuthites, being 
+
+
+1 The land of Egypt is calledMeilre, Mg^/w, byjofephus. Ant.L. i.,c. 7. alfo 
+Mg<rpz<a. Stephanus ftyles Egypt Muara, which is certainly a miftake for Mufara, 
+lM'jaxpa,' the land of Myibr. Cairo by the Arabs is now called Mefer, and Mefre. 
+See Eeo Africanus. L. S. 
+
+1 The land of Ham by the Ionians,. and later writers, was exprefled Chemia. A/- 
+yvn-Tov Xy/juccv xccAac-1. Plutarch. If. et Ofir. p. 364. By Stephanus it is com- 
+pounded, and rendered Hermo-Chumius, in die.malculine. The Copti 
+
+call itChemi at this day. 
+
+3 Amos. c. 9. v. 7. Jeremiah. C.. 47 . v. 4 . 
+
+-* Diodorus Sic. L. 1. p. 41. One wets ex. twv x«A tx.p.00*. 
+
+
+s Ibid. 
+
+
+driven 
+
+L * 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 35 
+
+
+driven from Babylonia, fled to different parts: and one very 
+
+
+large body of them betook themfelves to Egypt. 
+
+
+Eupo- 
+
+
+
+lemus fpeaks of their diflipation, and calls them giants. 
+4 II scovtos cJs tuts (tb Tlvgyu) V7to Tr,g ra ©sa Bvegyeizg, rovg 
+
+Tiyzvrzg focterxct^rivou naff oht t v ri)V yr>v. TVhen the tower 
+Babel was by the ha?id of Heaven overthrown^ the Giants were 
+fcattered over the face of the earth. We may perceive, from 
+what has preceded, that they were a knowing and expe¬ 
+rienced people ; of a family, which had been long engaged 
+in oppoiltion, and tried in fome fevere conflicts. As they 
+had maintained themfelves by a grand confederacy, they 
+knew how to obey, and were fenfible of the advantages of 
+being under one head. It is then no wonder, that a people 
+well difciplined, and united, fhould at once get the fove- 
+reignty over a nation fo rude and unexperienced as the Miz- 
+
+They took Memphis with eafe, which was then the 
+frontier town in Egypt. This they held folely to them¬ 
+felves ; and afterwards overran the whole region above, and 
+kept it in fubjedtion. Manethon therefore might very truly 
+fay, petfoods kou cLpcLyfti yoagOLV biKov. They feized the 
+country without the leajl oppoftion : not a fitigle battle was ha¬ 
+zarded. There are ftiany fragments of ancient hiftory, 
+which mention the coming of the Cuthites from Babylonia 
+into the land of Mizraim ; and the country changing its 
+
+An account of this fort is to be found in Suidas. 
+
+He tells us, that 7 Ramejfes , the fon of Belus (of Babylonia) 
+
+who 
+
+6 Apud Eufeb. Praep. Evang* L. 9, p. 418. Diodorus mentions that there was a 
+gigantic brood in the time of Ifis. L, 1. p. 23- 
+
+
+raim. 
+
+
+name. 
+
+
+Asy\ 
+
+
+t * 
+
+
+Hh 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+who was the fan of Zeuth, came into the region called Mejlrcea, 
+and gained the fovereignty, the people of the country. He 
+
+was the p erf on, whom they afterwards called ZEgyptus ; and 
+the region was denominated prom him. Others fay, that it was 
+* Sethos ; others that it was Belus, who was called JEgyp- 
+tus ; and that from him the country had its name. 9 B phog 
+
+rag MsKct^ro^ccg yyigoxroipLBvog ctf iavra rr t v ctvroov wvo- 
+
+_ I 
+
+[jLolczv Atyurrov. Belus having conquered the Mi %raim, flyled 
+Melampodes , called the country, after one of his own titles , 
+dEgyptus. In all thefe cafes I have fhewn, that for a lingu¬ 
+lar we muft put a plural; and by Belus underftand a people 
+ftyled Beleidte, who came from Babylonia. Manethon, who 
+was an Egyptian, gives the moft particular account of their 
+inroad. We had once, 10 fays he, a king named Timaiis, in 
+whofe reign, I know not why, it pleafed God to vifit us with a 
+blaf of his difpleafure, when of a fudden there came upon this 
+country, a large body of obfeure people (to ysvog ct(TY]fJLOi) from 
+the eaf ; who with great boldnefs invaded the land, and took it 
+without oppojition. The chief of our people they reduced to obe¬ 
+dience, and then in a mof cruel manner fet fire to their towns ; 
+and overturned their temples. Their behaviour to the natives 
+was very barbarous : for they Jlaughtered the men , and made 
+fiaves of their wives and children.. Ht length they confiituted 
+
+B>?Ay, th kcci £.10^ M eScc<7t\eua€ tmv exei* or fj-eroovopLcccrocv Aiyvmov % ettp’ou 
+Aiyv7rT0t ysospoi. See alfo Eufebii Chron. p. 29. VccfjLecrani—^o Aiyu7rroi tccc Ae- 
+
+fJLtVGS /J.ET60VCfJ.<X.(T?V T))V AiyV 7 TT 0 V . 
+
+8 AiyvTTTcs c fei] Xfijoct gxAwGtf <xtto tu fictcntews Theoph. ad Autolycum. p. 
+
+^>92. There feems to be fome miftake in this hiftory.j for Sethos was a king of later 
+
+date. 
+
+9 Scholia in iEfch, Prometh. p. 52.. 
+
+13 Jofephus contra Apion. L. 1. p. 444 - 
+
+7 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of their body to be their king ; whofe 
+
+
+-37 
+
+He 
+
+
+? 
+
+
+fided at Memph 
+
+
+all the Upper and Lower co 
+ifons in every place of confeq 
+
+
+He took particular care to fecure every part to the eaf ; as the 
+Ajfyrians were then very powerful ; and he forefaw , that they 
+would one time or another make an attempt upon his kingdom. 
+And having obferved a city , which lay particularly commodious 
+
+
+of Sais , to the eaf of 
+
+
+Bubafite river , 
+
+
+w 
+
+
+hich 
+
+
+Avar is (a name , that had fo 
+
+
+frongef matin 
+forty thoufand 
+
+
+of the country ); he fet about fortify 
+
+
+placing in it a garrifon of i 
+r. Hither he reforted in ft 
+
+
+exaSled 
+
+
+fi 
+
+
+pay 
+
+
+and at the 
+
+
+oops , by way of 
+
+
+fhew of exercif 
+
+
+difciph 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+He afterwards 
+
+
+an account of fix kings, who are reprefented 
+
+
+nual fate of hofility with the 
+hour , if pofible , to root out 
+
+
+who feemed to 
+ie of an Egypt 
+
+
+The Shepherds are faid to have maintained themfelves 
+
+
+fituation for five 
+
+
+At laft 
+
+
+natives of Upper Egypt rofe in oppofition to them, and de 
+feated them under the condudt of king Halifphragmuthofis 
+They afterwards beleaguered them in their flrong hold Ava- 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+contain- 
+
+
+than ten thoufand fquare " Aroura?. Here 
+
+
+maintained 
+
+
+Kojt ccxP\.eio’0»i , ca cf 1 ’ eis to? ror, etonguv t^ovra /mvcicov tvv yrepiftSTpov' Auccciv crofjLoo 
+T&T 07 T&;. Jofeph. cont. Ap. L. i. p. 445. Avaris was the city Aur, the Cercafora 
+of Grecian writers, at the apex of Delta. Abaris was properly Abarim, the city of 
+the paflage near the mountain of Arabia. Thefe two places are continually con¬ 
+founded. 
+
+
+
+Tiif Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+maintained themfelves for a long fpace : but at laft under 
+Thumofis, the fon of the former king, they were reduced to 
+fuch ftraits, as to be glad to leave the 11 country. 
+
+In the courfe of this hiftory Manethon tells us, that the 
+whole body of this people were called Ucfous, or, as 13 Eu- 
+iebius more truly exprefles it, T nov<rws y Ucoufos. This term 
+is analogous to Uliris, Uchoreus, and many other titles in 
+Egypt; and undoubtedly means the Noble 14 Cufean. Ma¬ 
+nethon gives another interpretation ; but owns, that Uc in 
+the facred language fignified fomething Royal. T k kcx. 0’ iegcLv 
+
+yXucrcrotv (3ctcriteoi <rri[/,ouvsi. Hence we may learn for certain, 
+what was meant by the facred language ; and confequently, 
+what was alfo the facred character in Egypt: and be affined, 
+that they were the ancient Ethiopic, or Chalda’ic : for the 
+original Ethiopia was ho other than Chaldea. This writer 
+adds, rives <Js Asyacny ctvrss Ago&ctg tivca : but fome fay , that 
+they were Jlrabiaits. This is a title of the fame purport; for 
+the Arabians were originally Cuthites, or Ethiopians. Hence 
+the province of Cufhan in Egypt, the fame as the land of 
+
+Gofhen, was called the Arabian nomfe; which was the heft 
+
+* 
+
+of the land of Egypt. They were alfo ftyled Hellenes; 
+
+
+Phoenices, Auritae ; the laft of which titles is of great con- 1 
+fequence in the hiftory and chronology of the country. The 
+
+
+founded* Avaris was from UK, the city of Orus: Abaris from y, fo denomina¬ 
+ted from being fituated in the p adage into Upper Egypt, and guarding that pafs. 
+It was probably the fame, which was afterwards called Babylon. The two places 
+were very near, which makes the miftake of more conlequencc. 
+
+11 Manethon apud Jofephum fupra. 
+
+Frasp. Evang. L. io. p. 500* 
+
+^ See Vol. I. p. 76. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+239 
+
+
+people To called were the firft who reigned in Egypt: and 
+with them the hiftory of that people muft commence. 
+Syncellus, who follows the ancient Chronicle, in fpeaking of 
+the dynafties in the Egyptian chronology, mentions the Au- 
+ritae as the firft who reigned. ' s Fl^rov rwv Avgircev. They 
+were the fame as the Hui^oi, Semidei, who arc placed in the 
+fame rank. 
+
+We a^e told by Manethon, that the whole body of this 
+people had' the appellation of Royal Shepherds. But I 
+fhould imagine, that this title was more particularly given 
+to their kings ; who, by Africanus and others are ftyled the 
+16 Hellenic and Royal Shepherds. It was a mark of diftinc- 
+tion, which they borrowed from their anceftors in Babylo¬ 
+nia ; among whom it feern^s to have been common. 17 It is 
+remarkable, that the firft tyrant upon earth malked his vil¬ 
+lainy under the meek title of a Shepherd. If we may credit 
+the Gentile writers, it was under this pretext, that Nimrod 
+framed his oppofition, and gained an undue fovereignty over 
+his brethren. He took to himfelf the name of Orion, and 
+Alorus ; but fubjoined the other abovementioned : and gave 
+out that he was born to be a protedlor and guardian: or, as 
+it is related from Berofus ; 18 rovbs V7rsg suivTz A oyov $iccb<svcti, 
+
+on (juv t« Asw IIOIMENA 0 ©so$ ajrohi'rou. He fpread a 
+report abroad , that God had marked him out for a Shepherd to 
+his people .. Hence, this title was afiumed by other kings of 
+
+15 Syncellus* p. 51. 
+
+16 lix.xccif'ey.o&Tii £urct<r€ia rioi/u.€ve$ 'EAPujrss / 3 <xc*iAg;«. Syncellus p. 61. 
+
+17 ric^uers? ci fictcrtheis ^.eyovnrcu. Scholia in iEichyli Perias, v. 74. I am the 
+
+% 
+
+Lord, that faith of Cyrus, he is my Shepherd. Ifaiah. c. 44. v. zS. 
+
+.* Abydenus apud Eufeb. Chron. p. 5. 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+240 
+
+
+the country, as may 
+
+
+Chaldaic hiftory: and 
+
+
+from them it was borrowed by thofe 
+
+
+family, who 
+
+
+came into Egypt. 
+
+
+was a favourite appellation : and by 
+
+
+40 fettle- 
+
+All their anceftors were efteemed 
+
+
+this they may be traced, both here, and in every 
+
+ment which they made, 
+of this profeflion: and moll of their Gods were ftyled, 
+N ouuoi you Yloi[JiSVSi } Paftors and Shepherds ; particularly 
+Dionufus, Orus, Pan, Zeuth, and Ofiris. An ancient writer, 
+
+
+their firft 
+
+
+alluding to the Cuthites in Egypt, and to 
+ftyles the latter Telegonus, a foreigner ; one that came from 
+a far country .* and he deferibes him as the Ion of Orus, the 
+
+Acherre, in iEgypto regnavit Telegonus, 
+The name Acherres is a compound of 
+
+Sun. Moll of 
+
+
+Shepherd . 
+
+Ori Pad oris filiu 
+
+
+Heres, pronounced Cheres, and Cherres, the Sun. 
+the primitive occurrences in Egypt are appropriated to the 
+reie-ns of Anis, Orus, Vulcan, Timaus, the fame as Tamus 
+
+
+and Thamuz. 
+
+any 
+
+
+Thefe were all facred titles, and did not re- 
+:ular kina;. For notwithftanding the boalled 
+
+
+antiquity, and the endlefs dynallies of the Egypt 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+ality no king of the country 
+
+
+whofe time thefe 
+
+
+>9 Ufov C»toi NtCffc'/) riotfJLera.. Aolwitoi^v. Abydenus. ibid. Actuvzv Uoiy.evct 
+fScivAev™,. Apollodorus. ibid. p. 5. This title was probably borrowed from the 
+church of God. The Deity feems from the moll early times to have been reprefented 
+as the Shepherd of his people. This was retained by thofe, who were apoftates from 
+tiie truth. They gave it to the Gods, which they introduced ; and afiumed it thent- 
+ielves. Many types and allufions were borrowed from the fame quarter. 
+
+7,0 It obtained in Greece. Hence Hoi,u/jr/SacriAgu?. lloiuavaep-, ■sroifA.w, n [Bxa-iMvi. 
+
+
+Aifchyl 
+
+
+■’ Eufebii Chron. Hieron. Interprete. p. 14. 
+
+1 Syncellus exprefTes it Acheres. p. 155. 
+
+Acheres, like Uchorus, is probably a compound of Ach or Uch, and Heres ; the 
+
+
+great Sun. 
+
+
+fadts 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+r + i 
+
+f:i<5ts could be referred. Their firft monarchs were certainly 
+the Cuthites ftyled Auritae, who built the city Aur, called 
+Avaris, in the land of Gofhen, and nomc of Heliopolis. 
+Telecronus is above faid to have been the oilspring ol a 
+Deity : for it was ufual for perfons to be denominated the 
+children of the God, whom they worAliped. From hence 
+it arofe, that this foreigner was ftyled the foil of Orus ; and 
+his people in like manner were called the Oritas or Aurita* ; 
+as I have mentioned before. They likewife efteemed them- 
+felves the offspring of Zeuth : and are faid to have been the 
+Iirft after the Gods, who reigned in Egypt. Thefe Gods 
+were no other than their principal anceftors ; whofe names 
+were in aftertimes prefixed to the lifts of their kings. Alex¬ 
+ander the Great, in a very large letter to his mother Olym¬ 
+pias, takes notice of this intelligence, which he had extorted 
+from one of their priefts. He learned from this perfon the 
+fecret hiftory of the country : and among other things, that 
+after Hephaiftus, or Vulcanus, fucceeded the offspring of 
+Zeuth. Thefe were deified men, to whom divine honours 
+were paid ; and who were the Dasmones and 'H y.iQzoi of 
+after ages. Alexander ille magnus, Macedo, infigni volu- 
+mine ad matrem fuam feripfit, metu fine poteftatis proditum 
+fibi de Diis hominibus, a facerdote fecretum. Illie . Vulca- 
+num facit omnium principem ; et poftea Jovis gentem. 
+
+However they may have degenerated afterwards, their 
+religion at firft was the pureft Zabaifm. They worlhiped 
+the fun and moon, and other celeftial bodies : but had no 
+images ; nor admitted any refemblance by way of adoration. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+Minucii Felicis Octavius. i(>^. 
+
+I i 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+242 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The Egyptians Teem to have been quite the reverfe; and 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+lapfed into a grofs fpecies of idolatry. This was the 
+reafon, when the Cuthites came among them, that they 
+
+
+tern 
+
+
+des, and overthrew their altars ; not being 
+able to bear the bafenefs of their fuperftition. They were 
+
+
+of great 
+
+
+to this people; and 
+
+
+com 
+
+
+for the evil, which they are faid to have brought upon them. 
+Their hiftory is continually alluded to by ancient writers, who 
+point out the country, from whence they came. Eufebius 
+takes notice of a tradition of the Ethiopians arrival in thefe 
+parts : and fays, that they came 
+
+
+fr 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+have fhewn, that the Tigris was the original river called 
+
+
+Indus: that 
+
+
+sXxsiv 
+
+
+Ij/Jof to furnijh an Indie Jiream : and this name came 
+
+from the fons of Chus ; who both in thefe parts, and in 
+
+
+others, where they fettled 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+culiarly ftyled Indi. 
+
+
+Stephanus By 
+
+
+fpeaking of the ancient names of 
+
+
+among others mentions, that it was called 16 Mufara 
+
+
+Aetia : which 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+from one Aetus 
+
+
+dian. I have taken notice, that the name iEgypt 
+from the fame quarter; and that it was conferred by 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+fon 
+
+Euftathius eives a like account of 
+
+
+the ancient names of Egypt: and fays, that it was called 
+
+
+** A iQioTret euro Ivf'a •nraTa/x.a ui a.^'a.vTii -za-poi tj? AtyvTncc uxnaocy. Eufeb. Chron, 
+
+p. 26. Syncellus. p. 151. 
+
+Ai 9 n 7 ras t olvvv t^opxcn 'utpmtus atTrctv'Ttov ytyovevtcty xa 1 TaS ctTroS'ei^eis tovtmu eju,<p<z- 
+vets eiv<xi.—$>ccori cf e xa/ ra? Aiyv7TTio$ a7ro/xas eccvToov wratp^eir^ Ocrififo* fiynaap cfvB 
+
+r x»<; ct 7 rcnY.to(,',. Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 143. 144. 
+zs Dionyf. ‘Vjsgr/ 7 ')n$. v. 1074. 
+
+* 6 M vaoce. (read Mv<r<xpct')—Aertx^ czttq t nos Ivin Act». See alfo Scholia in- 
+D ionyf. v. 239. 
+
+Aetia 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+243 
+
+
+Actia from one Aetus, an Indian. He adds, that it was alfo 
+called Ethiopia from a body of Ethiopians, who fettled there, 
+17 'nrsgi uv 'SToAAoi Tocv 'UTolXoliwv Ifogvvt : of whom many of the 
+ancient hiforians make mention. They might well take no¬ 
+tice of them ; for their arrival was a wonderful sera, and 
+much to be remembered in the annals of TEgypt. Though 
+they behaved in a tyrannical manner, yet they performed 
+mighty works, and benefited the country greatly. Their 
+very oppreflion obliged the Mizra’fm to exert themfelves; 
+and afforded them an opportunity of improving both in li¬ 
+terature and arms. Hence the latter were of neceflity en¬ 
+riched with much knowledge, to which otherwife they had 
+been ftrangers. 
+
+At the time, when the Cuthite Ethiopians arrived, Lower 
+Egypt was in great meafure a 28 morafs : but under their di¬ 
+rection it was drained by numerous canals ; and rendered 
+the moft beautiful country in the world. They carried a 
+fluice with vaft labour from the Pelufiac branch of the Nile 
+to the weftern gulf of the Red Sea. Part of it remains at 
+this day ; and paffes through Grand Cairo towards Matarea, 
+and is kept up with 29 great care. The chief of the pyra¬ 
+mids at Cochome were eredted by them. Herodotus men¬ 
+tions a tradition of their being built in the time of the 
+
+17 ExTUj&W efe '5T0T£ X.OL'TCC. TY,* ItfOptOtV 7] TOaXUTYI %*>fOL 9 XOCl AsplOly XCLl lloTCC/^UCC, XCCI 
+
+AtQ ioirioL Sicc T’db A tQ. 07 Tjxr 9 xtA. Euftath. in Dionyf. ad v. 239. Sec Eufebii 
+
+Chron. p. 29. 
+
+Ka 0 oAy yap ttiv uvv uaav Aiyv 7 rrov tey’icriv h yfopar 9 aAAa S’aAarrar yeyovevxi 
+
+A. Diodor. L. 3. p. 144. 
+
+YJaaa £ %&(>a 'GrQTafJLoyfjoq'os. Ibid. 
+
+©aAaacra yao yv fi Aiyv 7 rro <. Pint. If. et Ofiris. p. 367. 
+
+* 9 'See Pocock, and Norden’s Travels in Egypt. 
+
+I i 2 
+
+
+Shepherd 
+
+
+
+244 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Shepherd 30 Philitis, when Egypt was under great calamities; 
+when princes reigned, whofe names were held by the peo¬ 
+ple in abomination. The modern Arabs have accounts of 
+their being built by 31 Ian Ebn liin. By this is Signified,, 
+that they were conftruCted by the Ionim, the fans of that 
+Ion, called Ionas, and Ionichus, of Babylonia. Juba in his 
+hiftory took notice, that the city Heliopolis was not the 
+work of the native Egyptians, but of 32 Arabians ; by which 
+name the foils of Chus are continually diftinguifhed. They 
+raifed the 1110ft ancient obelifks in Egypt; which were formed 
+of one piece ; yet of an amazing ftze : and the granate, of 
+which they conftft, is fo hard, that fcarcely any tool now-a- 
+days can make an impreftion. Hence it is matter of won¬ 
+der, how they were originally framed', and engraved. They 
+are full of hieroglyphics, ourioufly wrought ; which, as we 
+learn from Cafliodorus, were ancient 33 Chaldaic characters; 
+Thcfe were the facrcd characters of Egypt, known only to 
+the 34 " priefts ; which had been introduced by, the Cuthite 
+Ethiopians. 
+
+I have often taken notice of a common miftake among 
+the Greek and Roman writers; who, when the facred terms 
+grew obfolete, fuppofed the Deity of the temple to have 
+been the perfon, by whom it was built.. Thus it is. faid of 
+
+
+Herod. L. 2. c. 128. 
+
+31 Herbelot Biblioth. Oriental. 
+
+3Z Plin. L. 6. p. 343. 
+
+3i Obelifcorum prolixitas ad Circi altitudinem fublevatur : fed prior Soli, inferior 
+Lunas dicatus eft: ubi facra prifcorum Chaldaicis fignis, quafx literis, indicantur. 
+Cafiiodorus. L. 3. Epift. 2. and Epift. 51. 
+
+They had two forts of letters, <Fe yootfj.fjLota %peurTca* Herod. L. 2. 
+
+c. 36. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+245 
+
+
+the Chaldaic God Mithras, that he hrft erected the obelifks 
+
+
+in Egypt 
+
+
+34 Primus omnium id 
+
+
+eredtionem) 
+
+
+inftituit Mitres, qui in Solis Urbe regnavit, fomnio jufius. 
+Mitres was no other than Mithras, the fame as Arez, and 
+Ohris, who was greatly reverenced in the eaftern world. He 
+did not reign at 3S Heliopolis ; but was there adored : nor 
+did he raife the obeliiks : but they 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+nour. 
+
+
+His rites were 
+
+
+abovementioned. 
+
+
+more 
+
+
+manner 
+
+
+character of Oliris and Orus. Stephanus, in like 
+fpeaks of 
+
+
+Mithras, as 
+
+
+man. and ioins him with 
+
+
+Phlegy 
+
+
+as. 
+
+
+He fays, 36 that thefe two were the authors 
+
+
+
+Ethiopic rites and worfihip : for they were by birth Ethio 
+
+
+pians :■ which people were 
+
+
+
+
+ifiituted 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+world 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+the fir ft , which ena&ed laws , 
+
+? Gods. All this is true of the Chaldaic 
+
+
+pians 
+
+
+A large body of this people fettled in Ethiopia 
+above Egypt: and from their hiftory we may learn, how 
+much the Egyptians were indebted to their anceftors. They 
+
+
+in fome degree looked upon the Egyptians as a 
+
+
+37 
+
+
+colony 
+
+
+from their family : and fo far is true, that they were a 
+draft from the great Amonian body, of which the Mizraim 
+and the Cuthites were equally a part. Nothing can more 
+
+
+3+ P.lin. L. .36. c. S. 
+
+35 By this however is pointed out the nome, in which the Cuthites fettled ; the 
+fame as Zoan, of which Gofhen was a part. 
+
+* 6 Tvv yccg Ai6 toTnccv'yvv 'zz-fotrrm 1 ‘vixym’ou ^pcoroi cT g ©sag eTijxy<rctv 9 tlou rojW.o/5 
+
+Ovo/j.oc^tj<ri <?= uitib> 'tbtoov M Sgccv xcti 4 >A eyvoc” y uiipxs A^iottols to 
+
+yevo;. Steph. Byzant. By this we find, that the fons of Chus, called here Ethiopians, 
+were the* fir ft conftituted people, and the authors of idolatrous rites. 
+
+37 4 >cco'i Se Aiyv7nt&$ cdroix'Si sccvicoy uTrcco^ety. Diodor. L. 3. p. 144. 
+
+9 
+
+
+fatis- 
+
+
+
+246 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+r 
+
+fatisfa&orily prove, that the Cuthite Ethiopians had been in 
+Egypt, and ruled there, than the laws of the 3S country, 
+which were plainly Ethiopic. And not only the laws, but, 
+as we are allured by 39 Diodorus, the rites of lepulture, and 
+the honours paid to the ancient kings, their anceftors, were 
+Ethiopic inftitutions. I have mentioned from Cafliodo- 
+rus, that the facred characters upon the obelilks were of 
+Chaldaic original ; which is the fame as 40 Ethiopic. In 
+confirmation of this, Diodorus tells us, that thefe characters 
+in Egypt were known only to a few, who were of the prieft- 
+hood. But that in Ethiopia they were the national character, 
+and univerfally 41 underftood. In fhort, this writer allures 
+us, that the rites in both nations had a great refemblance, 
+
+fo as to be nearly the 4 * fame. The priefts in each were re- 
+
+% 
+
+clufe, and given to celibacy. They alike ufed the tonfure, 
+and wore a garment of linen : and they ufed to carry in 
+their hands a fceptre, or ftaff, which at the top had T V 7 rov 
+ctgOTgQ£i&Y}, the reprefentation of a plough ; undoubtedly in 
+memorial of their anceftor, u.vQgoo 7 ro$ yY]g, the great hujband- 
+man . Their bonnets, as well as thofe of their kings, were or¬ 
+namented with figures of ferpents: for they held the ferpent 
+as facred, and were addicted to the Ophite worfhip. 
+
+Among the cities, which the Cuthites built in Egypt, 
+
+35 Ta Se •zzrA eitfcc twv yopufAW to/5 Aiyv^nois A.0ic>?rix,<x. Diodorus. L. 3 . 
+
+p. 144. 
+
+39 Ibid. 
+
+4< * Diodorus makes mention A$i07ny.a)v ygetjupLaTccv tcov 'sratg Aiyu7rTioi$ xaAtf- 
+fxtvoov ‘lepoyAvfpncoov. p. 145. 
+
+41 rictpoc ferois AzG iq^iv ociravTcts toutc/5 *£gw$att t c/5 TV 7 roi$* p. 144. 
+
+4Z Tare crv^jficcToc rwv 'lepeGov 'mctoot7r?^aiocv Taf/r •urccpx cc{Af,oT€pot$ r 01 $ 
+
+tQverri, Ibid. 
+
+there 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 47 
+
+
+there was one in the nome called Men El Ai ( Mevb Tiai'njs), 
+or Provincia Dei Luni. This city was called Canobus, and 
+was oppofite to the ifland Argsus. The Grecians aferibed 
+the building of this city to Menelaus of Sparta: but Ariftides. 
+allures us, that it was far prior to the a^ra, when that per- 
+fonage was fuppofed to have been in Egypt. 43 I was told r 
+fays this writer, from a prief of confequence at Canobus , that 
+this place had its name , many ages before the arrival of Mene¬ 
+laus. He did not mention the name of the place fo articulately , 
+as to give me an opportunity of exprejftng it in Grecian charac¬ 
+ters. Befdesy it did not correfpond with our idiom : nor was 
+it round and fmooth ; but quite of the Egyptian caf , and hard 
+to be tittered. ‘Thus tnuch I learned from him , that it fgnified 
+a golden foundation. I make no doubt but the term, upon 
+which the prieft founded his notion, was Cuthim ; which 
+undoubtedly lignifies gold ; but at the fame time it is the 
+plural of Cuth, and relates to the Cuthites. The later 
+Egyptians did but very imperfectly underhand their original 
+language; and milinterpreted their traditions. The original 
+terms certainly ftgniiied a Cuthite foundation. They re¬ 
+lated not to gold, but to the 44 Cuthim, who founded the 
+city Canobus upon the lower and moft weftern part of Delta- 
+
+43 lilyoyyz ev KarooCoo toov Itceoop ov th <£ clvAqt cltu y o t i fjvpiois ereo-i izrpoTepov 
+
+r t) Mepehccov sxetf7& Tcpoa^fipy to %oopiiv vtoos oopOfxcc^To. xou y?c oc.PTix.pv$ f/.e p eheye r«- 
+poucl tut oevroy 00 $ oc7roypoc(poci y poo.u. fjeca iv >mxci$ y aAA («*) V* fjev cicrjrep €fj<pe- 
+gOU$POVy xctl TmJS\jLT pO%CVy AtyV7TTlCV cfe XCCl SV(ry^OCfXfJ.CCT(JV fJ.Ct.hAov' T oi €P r)fJL€T£p<X 
+
+fyoovy J'nhot yfiputrovv eS'cc'pot. Ariftid. Oratio iEgypt. vol. 3. p. 608. 
+
+44 'The terms were probably C 3 H 3 fHK, Adon Cuthim. They may be inter¬ 
+preted a golden foundation, or a Cuthite foundation, indifferently. Adon Cuthim. 
+may alfo refer to Canobus, the God of the Cuthites.. Adon Cuthim,. Deus Cu- 
+
+thaeorum. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+248 The Analysis of Ancient 'Mythology. 
+
+The facred emblems in ufe among this people were at 
+Arft innocent ; but in time proved the fource of much fu- 
+perftition. Many of thefe were taken from the forms of 
+animals, by which they diftinguifhed both the titles and 
+attributes of their Gods. By thefe means the Deity and the 
+animal had the fame name: and the latter, in confequence of 
+it, was entitled to much honour and reverence. As all their 
+cities were denominated from fome God, they feem to have 
+made ufe of thefe animals, as fo many devices, by which 
+their cities were diftinguifhed. Hence we read of Lycopolis,. 
+Leontopolis, Latopolis, and the city of Mendes, the goat. 
+The hawk, the ibis, the crocodile, the dog, were all ufed 
+for facred marks of diftindlion. After the Cuthites had 
+drained Lower Egypt, and had there built cities, it is pro¬ 
+bable that every city had fome one of thefe facred emblems, 
+reprefented in fculpture, either upon the gates, or upon the 
+entablature, of their temples. This characfteriftic denoted 
+its name, as well as the title of the Deity, to whom the 
+place was facred. And the Deity in thofe cities was often 
+worfhiped under fuch particular fymbol. This is plainly 
+alluded to in fome of the poets. They have reprefented 
+the difperfion of the fons of Chus from Babel, as the flight 
+of the Gods into Egypt ; where they are fuppofed to have 
+ftieltered themfelves under the form of thefe facred animals. 
+Ovid in particular deferibes this flight: and though he has 
+in fome degree confounded the hiftory, yet the original pur¬ 
+port may, I think, be plainly difeerned. What I allude to, 
+is to be found in the fong of the Pica, when fhe contends 
+with the Mufes. 
+
+
+Bella 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+249 
+
+
+Bella canit Superum ; falfoque in honor© Gigantas 
+Ponit, et extenuat magnorum fatfta Deorum. 
+Emiflumque iraa de fede Typhoea narrat 
+Ccelitibus fecifle metum ; cuncftofque dedifle 
+Terga fug® : donee feflos ^gyptia tellus 
+Ceperit, et feptem diferetus in oftia Nilus. 
+
+Hue quoque Terrigenam venifle Typhoea narrat, 
+
+Et fe mentitis Superos celafle figuris. 
+
+Duxque gregis, dixit, fit Jupiter: unde recurvis 
+Nunc quoque formatus Libys eft cum cornibus Ammon. 
+Delius in corvo, proles Semeleia capro, 
+
+Fele foror Phmbi, nivea Saturnia vacea, 
+
+Pifce Venus latuit, Cyllenius Ibidis alis. 
+
+
+Ovid diftinguiflies between the Giants and the Gods, through 
+miftake. The Giants, or Titans, were the Deities, who fled; 
+and 1 yphon, the fame as Typhoeus, by which is meant di¬ 
+
+
+vine vengeance, 
+
+
+them. The folution of 
+
+
+is obvious. It amounts to this 
+
+
+Guthites fled from 
+
+
+Typh 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+Typh 
+
+
+and betook themfelves 
+
+
+where 
+
+
+they fheltered themfelves. Here they built many cities, 
+they inftituted the religion of their country: and 
+their exiled Deities were in aftertimes worftiiped un- 
+
+
+different fymbols 
+
+
+fuch 
+
+
+ram 
+
+
+a lion. 
+
+
+a 46 goat 
+
+
+like 
+
+
+Of thefe Deities 
+
+
+and 
+
+and 
+
+
+fhewn, that they were 
+
+
+of the Cuthites 
+
+
+from fome of whom the Egyptians were equally defeended 
+
+
+45 Metamorph. L. 5. v. 319. 
+
+46 See Antoninus Liberalis from Nicander, concerning the changes, which the 
+Gods underwent upon their flight from Typhon into Egypt. Fab. 28. p. 145. 
+
+Vol. III. K k Hence 
+
+
+
+250 
+
+
+The A nai.ysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Hence they alfo looked upon themfclves as the offspring of 
+the Gods. 47 'Oi c ropu'Tccroi AiyuxTioi, Seocv ct7royovoi. 
+
+It is extraordinary, that Manethon, in fpeaking of the 
+Cuthites, fhould deferibe them as to ysio ; OL<rr,uoi , people of 
+a?i obfeure and ig?toble race. This cannot be rendered con¬ 
+fident with their general character. They were the depen¬ 
+dents of perfons well known ; who were reprefented even by 
+their enemies as a race of fuperior beings. They were ffyled 
+Gods, and Demigods, and the children of Heaven. The 
+Egyptians, who hated their tyranny, yet in fome degree re¬ 
+vered their memory. They are called by Manethon the Royal 
+Shepherds ; and are alfo ffyled Phoenices, and Hellenes : 
+which terms, whether they were underftood or not by the 
+writers, who have tranfmitted them, were certainly titles of 
+the higheft honor. They were a people who valued them¬ 
+felves greatly upon their defeent; and kept up the beft me¬ 
+morials of their family. They pretended to be derived from 
+the 4? Sun ; and were called Heliadae, or the Solar Race. 
+They were the dependents of the original Titanians, who 
+were fo h ighly reverenced by their pofterity; and whom 
+Orpheus addreffes, as the origin of the 49 Hellenic nations. 
+In confequence of this, I cannot help thinking, that what is 
+rendered a<rr,y,o$, was an ancient term of a very different 
+purport. Manethon wrote in Greek ; and being led by the 
+ear, has changed this word to one familiar to him in that 
+
+* o 
+
+language : by which means he has well nigh ruined a curious 
+
+
+47 Callifthencs apucl Fabricium. vol. 14. p. 148. 
+
+48 e HA«* specie. From Hermapion in Marcellinus. 
+
+47 Orphic. Hymn. 56. 
+
+6 
+
+
+L. 17. p. 126 . 
+
+
+
+
+The AN-ALYsts ©? An-ci^nt Mythology, 
+
+
+25t 
+
+
+piece of hiftory. What he has rendered Afemos, ignoble , 
+the Dorians would have expreffed Afamos ; which in the 
+original v/as Afamah, noble and divine. By this was lignilied, 
+that the Shepherds were of a 50 royal or cele'ftial race, the 
+children of Heaven. Afamah was the name of the Deity 
+among the Samaritans and Syrians. The God of Hamath was 
+called 51 Afamah : and in the ancient Samaritan Pentateuch 
+it is faid to have been made ufe of as the name of the true 
+God : for inftead of the words, In principle creavit Deus s 
+there was fubftituted, In principle creavit slfamah. Some 
+think, that this is only a falfe imputation of the Jews, who 
+hated the Samaritans. It maypoilibly be falfe, that the term 
+was thus applied : yet it Ihews, that fuch a title certainly ex- 
+illed, and was in ufe. The people of Hamath, who were 
+tranfplanted into the land of Ifrael, built a city of this name, 
+undoubtedly in honour of their country God. Selden ex- 
+preffes it Alima; and allures us, that there was fuch a Deity. 
+53 Deum fuifle Alima, et facra s+ Scriptura, et citatus Jofephi 
+locus oftendunt. From the above I am inclined to think, 
+that the original term related to 55 Heaven ; and was of a 
+
+
+50 Analogous to Hafamen, of the Hebrews, which fignifics Princes. 
+
+51 Selden de Diis Syris. Syncag. 2. p. 252. 
+
+Afama was the name of a river in Mauritania. Ptol. Geogr. L. 4. c. 1. Fluvius 
+facer, vel divinus. 
+
+51 Afima oppidum in terra Judse, quod redificarunt hi, qui ad earn venerant de 
+Emat. Hieron. in Locis Hebrseis. Afama feems to be in purport the fame as Ov- 
+feevos ; and to relate to Sam and Samah, 'Cesium. The priefts of this Deity were 
+called Samansei; and were to be found in many parts of the world. See Clemens 
+Alexand. and others. 
+
+5J SeldcndeDiis Syris. Syntag. 2. c. 9. p. 252. 
+
+5 * 2 Kings, c. 17. v. 30. 
+
+ss Analagous to Samah of the Arabians, NQtP. 
+
+K k 2 
+
+
+different 
+
+
+
+252 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+different purport from that, by which it is rendered in Ma - 
+nethon. It was a title, I imagine, common among the Sy¬ 
+rians, and all the family of Ham. 
+
+From fome circumftances not well explained in the hiftory 
+of the Cuthite Shepherds, Jofephus has been induced to 
+think, that they were his anceftors ; and that the account 
+given by Manetlion related entirely to the fojournment of the 
+fons of Ifrael in Egypt. Sir John Marfham diffents from 
+him ; and with good reafon : for the hiftories of the two- 
+people are repugnant, and can never be reconciled. Among 
+other arguments, he takes notice,, that the Ifraelites, when, 
+they came into Egypt, were in number but feventy ; whereas, 
+the Shepherds were two hundred and 56 forty thoufand. 
+The former were in a ftate of fervitude, and grievoufly op- 
+preffed : but the latter exercifed lordfhip ; and made the 
+whole land tributary. Add to this, that the Ifraelites were 
+detained ; and refufed the leave, they fued for, to depart.. 
+The Shepherds would not go, till they were by force driven 
+out of the country., Thefe arguments alone are of fuch. 
+force, as to fet alide the notions of Jofephus. Had he not, 
+been blinded with too great zeal for his countrymen, the 
+author, from whom he quotes, affords fufficient evidence to 
+overturn his hypothecs. Manethon plainly fpecifies two 
+fets of people, one of which fucceeded to the other. The 
+firft were the Cuthite Shepherds from Babylonia: the fee on d 
+were the Ifraelites, who had the land given to them, which 
+the former had deferted. This was the diftridt of Auris, or. 
+
+* 6 Marfham’s Chronol. See. 8. p. 101. and S^c. 12. p. 309, Herman Witfius. 
+refers the hiftory of the Shepherds to.Abrahanv L. 3. p. 21.0. 
+
+Avaris ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 50 
+
+
+-tm 
+
+
+s; which the Cuthites had fortified, and in which they 
+were finally befieged. After their departure, it was demo— 
+lidied by king Amofis, as we are informed by Apian : 
+57 xctTstrxoc^r) yctg Tt]P Aaotgiv Af/.ojiT.ig. It was afterwards given, 
+to the Ifraelites by Amenophis, who is reprefented as third 
+inclufive from Amofis. 58 T r t v tot a toov IloifJLsvocv £gnfJLOjQsiTa.v 
+
+va<pig). Upon the people being 
+
+
+nroXiv Avctgiv Tvvsyygr\Tav (A fjoavottpig). 
+dijlrejfedy rdmenophis granted them for an habitation y the city. 
+Avaris , which had been dej'erted by the Shepherds . It was 
+
+
+mer 
+
+
+province 
+
+
+for it contained no lefs than ten thoufand fquare 
+
+
+59 arourae. In this was 
+Aouaris, Aaaf/sy by t-h< 
+
+
+Aur, called Avaris 
+
+
+Grecians ; the Cenafora 
+
+
+Mela 
+
+
+and other writers. Manethon 
+whom this diftridt was ceded : 
+
+
+though he has 
+
+
+many 
+
+
+ipetfls fadly confounded their hiftory. He fays, that they 
+were employed in a<fls of fervitude, and greatly opprefled : 
+but they were delivered, and formed into a republic, by one, 
+
+ver, and whofe name was 6o Mofes. Thefc 
+ulled out of a deal of heterogeneous matter, 
+and determinate: and if learned men, inllead 
+
+
+
+
+of trying to 
+
+
+fa< 5 ls to the flood of Ogyg 
+
+
+the aera of Arg 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Danau 
+
+
+chofen to abide bv what 
+
+
+fo 
+
+
+fatisfadtory 
+
+
+57 Tatianus Aflyrius. p. 3.73. 
+
+Clemens Alexand. Sm m. E. 1. p. 379. Eufcb. Prscp. L. ic. c. 11. 
+
+58 Jofephu-s contra Ap. L. 1. p. 46c. 
+
+59 Jofephus contra Ap. L. 1. p.446. 
+
+See Obfervacr ns upon the Ancient Hiftory of Egypt, p. 175. 177. 
+69 Ksci zupqo vyiccJjjMoivcns, Jolephus cont. Ap. L. 1. p. 461. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+Ths Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+the hiftory of Egypt would have been lefs obfcure. But 
+the Fathers, through whole hands we receive the greateft 
+part of our knowledge, are all to a man milled by thefe no¬ 
+tions : and the teflimony of the bell hiftorians is fet alide, 
+becaufe it does not agree with fome preconceived opinion ; 
+being found either too much before, or after, the reign of 
+Phoroneus, and Apis ; or the landing of Cadmus the Pheni- 
+cian. In refpect to the hiftory of the Shepherds, the bell 
+writers have been greatly miftaken, by proceeding always 
+upon extremes. They fuppofe, either that the people fpoken 
+of were folely the Ifraelites, which is the opinion of Jofe- 
+phus, and his adherents : or elfe that they were a people en¬ 
+tirely of another race ; and appropriate the hiftory accord- 
+ingly. But there is a medium to be obferved: for it Is cer¬ 
+tain that they were two feparate bodies of people, who came 
+at different times : and they are plainly diftinguifhed by Ma- 
+nethon. Thofe, who are mentioned with Mofes, are pofte- 
+rior to the others, and inhabited the very province, which 
+the former had vacated. It is likewife -mentioned by the 
+fame writer, that thefe fecond Shepherds were once under 
+the rule of an 61 Heliopolitan, a perfon of great influence; 
+who advifed them not to reverence the facred animals of 
+
+
+the country, nor regard the Gods : nor to intermarry with 
+the Egyptians ; but to confine themfelves to thofe of their 
+own family. The name of this perfon was Otra gtritpog, Ofar- 
+fiph. Now I am perfuaded, that Ofarfiph is nothing elfe 
+but a miftake in arrangement for 61 Sar-Ofiph, the Lord OJiph<, 
+
+by 
+
+6T Jofcph. contra Ap. L. i. p. 460. 
+
+62 Sar h a Prince: and the term continually occurs in the hiftory of Egypt, and of 
+
+other 
+
+
+
+Tus AnAXYSIS OF ANCIENT MyTHO&OGY. 
+
+
+*55 
+
+
+by which, no doubt, is meant Jofeph of the Scriptures. Ma- 
+nethon has to be fure greatly confufed the account; and at 
+the clofe fays, that Ofarfiph at laft changed his name to Mo- 
+fes: by which means he would make them appear as the 
+fame perfon. He has likewife interfperfed much foreign 
+matter ; and is guilty of grofs anachronifms : notwithstand¬ 
+ing which, he affords fufficient light to afeertain the hiftory 
+of the two people. And in refpedt to the Ifraelitifh Shep¬ 
+herds, we may be affured, that by Sar-Ofiph they were in¬ 
+troduced into Egypt; and that they were led out of it by 
+Mofes. Jofeph was the caufe of great wealth, and plenty to- 
+the Egyptians ; and was accordingly efteemed a great bene¬ 
+factor. They likewife looked upon him as a revealer of hid¬ 
+den myfleries, a difelofer of the will of the Gods^. In con— 
+fequence of this, they ftyled him Hermes, which figni- 
+fies an interpreter. Hence came eg(J#v2U8iy, and igptuvttmic, 
+among the Greeks. There is a remarkable aeeount of this 
+Hermes in the Chronicon Pafchale, and Cedrenus, which is 
+worthy ta be mentioned. 63 It is faid of bira, ; that he was 
+
+envied 
+
+
+other countries : hence we read of Sar-chorr,. Sar-don or Sar-Adon, Sar-Apis, 
+Sar-Apiou, Sar-Adon-Pul \ or Sardanapalus. The name of Sarah was the fame as 
+Hera.. Lady . See Vol. I. of this work. p. 73. It was forrretimes exprefled 
+Zar. The captain of the guard to the King of Babylon was ftyled Nebo- 
+Zar-Adon. 2 Kings, c. 25. v. 11. The feminine was Zarina. Diodorus Siculus 
+mentions a Queen of the Sacae, called Z ocptvx^ Zarina; which undoubtedly 
+was not a proper name, but a title. See Diod. L. 2. p. 119. 
+
+
+6} F vovi cfg t'Eg>,co?0 on d'lct'pfyovovvrcti acvro) 01 ccS^Xcpoi avr&'—vScvAovro yeep ccurov 
+Qcnvirou, 00$ eyres 'zzroAAo/, 'Ztregnroo e€<fopt 7 ixovrct,—scpurer, xcci ctyrep^ercti eis ryv 
+
+Ai*) U7TT0V 'nxpos TV* <puAf]it Ttf N 01 Tlt’BS iSi^cCVTO CCVTQV ZV TIUT . XCCl SlZrglCeU 
+
+V/.U V7reprxpoLioov rsxoLvras^ tccci (popcov txv y^pvanv q-oAnr e(ptXoao<pei rcrcicsc rets Aiyvirrioi?, 
+Xeyccv ctvrots pcxvretccs pceXXovrccr* nv yetp (pucrsi crfpoPpa A oyntos. Kut rs-poa-ytx.vrovv^ ctv- 
+ror Xeyovres Qec,* E£/aj;i' 3 <y?A eyevret ret pteAKovrot^ xcu <f ixxev&vrot ccurots ex ru ®ea 
+
+
+r w 
+
+
+
+256 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+envied by his brethren , who are reprefented as feventy in num¬ 
+ber. That fadings they were continually laying fnares for him , 
+and confulting how they might dejlroy him , he went into Egypt , 
+'UTgo; ty\ v <pvAr)v tx XctfJL, to the font of Ham , where he was re¬ 
+ceived with great honour. Here he refded in much Jlate , being 
+fuperior to every body : and he was cloathed with a particular 
+robe of gold. He proved himfelf in many infances to be both a 
+philofopher and a prophet ; and foretold many things , being by 
+nature nobly endowed „ They therefore reverenced him as a 
+Deity ; and conferred upon him the name of Hermes , on ac¬ 
+count of his prophecies , and for having interpreted to them thofe 
+oracles , which they had received from heaven. And as he had 
+been the caufe of great riches to their nation , they Jlyled him the 
+difpenfer of wealth ; and efeemed him the God of gain. When 
+
+he came into Egypt 
+
+This account is very curious; and feems to have been taken 
+from fome ancient Egyptian hiftory. It is, as I have ob- 
+ferved in refpetft to other national records, in fome meafure 
+perverted, and obfcured : yet the outlines are plain ; and 
+even in the miftakes we may fee allufions to true hiftory, 
+
+
+
+‘ " --5 - 'T-b ' ' r. 
+
+iX.X?.G'JV, Vi TH X- Vaii ® £:V OPOfJUt^OVTU. Oxe GW XUTOS Ep/xns US Tnr AtyUTTTOV wAtt-r, 
+
+e-«<riAri>ci-s tojv Ai') v—tivv tots tv. ra ysvm th Xaft o M e<rpey- x.A. Chronicon Paich. 
+
+I have omitted a deal of extraneous matter : for thefe 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+imagine 
+
+
+and fuppofe that he reigned 
+
+
+iD . _edrenus. p. it. 
+
+luthors have ftrangely perplexed this curious hiftory. 
+
+have been the fame as Faunus the foil of Jupiter : a 
+after Picus in Italy s though in the fame page Cedrenus tells us, that he fucceeued 
+Mizraim in Egypt. Me-fiy. xa J,a Xau, Ta gxsi ficccnte'Joi'Toi, «7ro0a»-o*Tos, euBvs «»«- 
+yccevizctt. Mzrdbn the fon of Ham, who was king of the country, dying, Hermes was 
+child in his room. See Cedrenus. p. 18. Ele is placed in the reign of Sefoftns : 
+
+T&Td dir.uw e* Atyj7TT V3 S-avp.cc-cr avS'poc, yvudhncu xau <p&rov evri troqn*. 
+
+9 
+
+
+.Cedrenus- p. 20. 
+
+
+however 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 257 
+
+* 
+
+however mifapplied. The Egyptians acknowledged jtwo 
+perfonages under the titles of Hermes, and of Thoth. 
+firft was the moll ancient of the 6+ Gods, and the head of all* 
+The other was ftyled the fecond Hermes; and Jikewife for 
+excellence called TgHTfjuyiros, Trifmegiftus. X^ ere are hifto- 
+ries given of this Hermes Trifmegiftus, which will be found to 
+accord very much with thofe of the Hermes mentioned above: 
+and his real name will appear to be very ftmilar to Ofarfiph, of 
+whom we have before treated. This perfon is faid to have 
+been a great adept in myfterious knowledge ; and an inter¬ 
+preter of the will of the Gods. He particularly decyphered 
+all that was written in the facred 65 language upon the obelilks 
+in "Terra Seriadicd: and inftrudted the Egyptians in many 
+ufeful arts. He was a great prophet; and on that account 
+was looked upon as a 66 divinity. To him they aferibed the 
+reformation of the Egyptian 67 year : and there were many 
+68 books either written by him, or concerning him, which 
+were preferved by the Egyptians in the moft facred recedes 
+of their temples, and held in high efteem. We are 69 told, 
+that the true name of this Hermes, was Siphoas. We have 
+here, I think, an inftance of the fame confufioji of elements, 
+
+64 Eufeb. Prsep. L. i. c. io. p. 32. 
+
+65 Manethon apud Syncell. p. 40. 
+
+•Lilian mentions rat rv'Epfjai vojju/jlcc. Van Hift. L. 14. p. 399. 
+
+66 Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. 1. p. 399. 
+
+67 Hermes by Cenforinus is ftyled Arminus. Annum ^Egyptiacum novifiime 
+Arminon ad duodecim menfes et dies quinque perduxifle (ferunt). c. 19. p. 103. 
+So corrected by Scaliger. 
+
+68 Clemens fupra. Jamblichus. fe£t. 8. c. 1. 
+
+69 Eratofthenes apud Syncellum. 0 x*t*Ep/JW 9 Vio$Hfcuf*v. p. 124. fup- 
+
+pofed to have been a king. 
+
+Vol. III. L 1 
+
+
+as 
+
+
+
+258 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+as was obferved in Ofarfiph. For what is Siphoas but Aofiph 
+mifplaced ? And is not Aofiph the Egyptian name of the 
+Patriarch, who was called epu by the Hebrews ? 
+
+The names of thofe Shepherd kings, who are faid to have 
+reigned in Egypt, are tranfmitted to us by Manethon, Afri- 
+canus, and Syncellus. But thefe authors differ greatly both 
+in refpe< 5 t to the names themfelves, and to the years, which 
+the 70 kings reigned. The firft of them is by Manethon called 
+Salatis ; but by Africanus, and Eufebius, the name is ren¬ 
+dered Saitis. From hence, I think, we may be affured, 
+that Salatis is a miftake, and tranfpofition for 7 * Al-Sa- 
+itis, or Al-Sait : which was not a proper name, but a 
+title of the prince, and related to the country, which he 
+governed. Sait was one of the ancient names of Upper 
+Egypt : whence the colonies, which went from thence, 
+were called 71 Saftae : and that region has the name of 73 Said 
+at this 74 day. Saitis therefore, and Al-Saitis, fignify the 
+Saite Prince, and are both the fame title. The names of 
+the other kings feem to be equally exceptionable. 
+
+The Shepherds are faid to have refided in Egypt Eve hun¬ 
+dred and eleven years. But the total of the reigns- of thofe, 
+who are fpecified, amounts only to two hundred and fifty- 
+
+nine, if we may credit Manethon, and Syncellus : though 
+
+% 
+
+Africanus makes them two hundred and eighty-four. Ac- 
+
+% 
+
+70 See Marfham’s Chron. Ssec. S. p. 100. 
+
+% 
+
+71 n<3orros 2arr>?c. Euiirb. Chron. p. 16. Syncellus. p. 61. I am obliged to 
+differ from what I have faid in a former treat ill*, p. 318. 
+
+71 AbtvctiO'j; a. 7 roix,QVs ^ccitoov. Diodor. L. 1. p. 24. 
+
+73 Leo Africanus. L. 8. 
+
+74 In the Arabic verfion, the land of Gofhen is rendered Sadir. 
+
+
+cording 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 259 
+
+cording to Eufebius, they amounted only to one 75 hundred 
+and three. I take therefore for granted, that the five hun¬ 
+dred and eleven years relate to the Ifraelitifh, as well as to 
+the Cuthite Shepherds ; and that the refidence of both peo¬ 
+ple is comprehended in that term: for the accounts of them 
+are certainly blended. And as the one did not fucceed to 
+the other immediately, that interval alfo is taken into the 
+computation. This eftimate upon examination will be found 
+to agree with all the circumftances of hiftory; and will 
+ferve for a clue to afeertain other events. The children of 
+Ifrael were two hundred and fifteen years in Egypt : and 
+Jofeph had been there 76 twenty-one years, when he intro¬ 
+duced his brethren into that country. Thefe amount toge¬ 
+ther to two hundred and thirty-fix years. The years of the 
+former Shepherds, according to Manethon and Syncellus, 
+were two hundred and fifty-nine: which, added to the 
+above, amount to four hundred and ninety-five years. 
+Thefe fall ftiort of five hundred and eleven juft fixteen 
+years ; which I imagine to have been the interval between 
+the departure of the Cuthites, and the arrival of 77 Jofeph. 
+
+7? Regnaverunt Paftores annis centum tribus. Eufeb. Chron. Verfio Lat. p. 12. 
+According to the old Chronicle, they reigned two hundred and feventeen years. 
+Syncellus. p. 51. 
+
+76 Jofeph was carried into Egypt, when he was feventeen years old. Genefis. c. 37. 
+v. 2. He was thirty years old, when he firft ftood before Pharaoh. Gen. c. 41. 
+v. 46. He faw feven years of plenty, and two of famine: fo that when he invited his 
+brethren into Egypt, he had refided 21 years complete. 
+
+Years. 
+
+7 The firft Shepherds refided — — — — — 259 
+
+Between their departure and the coming of Jofeph — — 16 
+
+Jofeph refided before the arrival of his brethren 21 years complete 21 
+
+The Ifraelitifh Shepherds were in Egypt — —- — 215 
+
+
+L 1 2 
+
+
+5 1 1 
+But 
+
+
+
+260 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+But if the numbers of 7 * Africanus be true, thofe added to 
+the years of the ffraelitifh Shepherds make four hundred 
+and ninety-nine, and leave an interval of twelve years only. 
+According to this computation, the Cuthites left the coun- 
+try after Jofeph had been in Egypt fome time, and only 
+twelve years before the arrival of his brethren. I fhould 
+think the former computation the neareft to the truth: 
+though we may either way account for the land of Gofhen 
+lying vacant; and for the city Avaris being 79 unoccupied. 
+Jofeph therefore tells his brethren, that they mull fay to 
+Pharaoh, that they were fhepherds ; becaufe he forefaw, 
+that they would then be entitled to the beft of the land of 
+Egypt. This was Gofhen, called from the late inhabitants 
+Tabir Cufhan ; and in aftertimes the Arabian nome. In 
+
+conformity to this the province is by Bar-Bahlul, the Syriac 
+
+# 
+
+Lexicographer, rendered Cufhatha, as having been the an¬ 
+cient Cuthite region. It lay in the region of Heliopolis, the 
+Zoan of the Scriptures, at the extreme part of Delta ; between 
+the mountain of Arabia to the eaft, and the plain of the 
+pyramids weftward. The city Avaris feems to have been 
+rebuilt, and to have been called Cufh-Aur, and Cer-Cufhaur - y 
+the Cercafora of 80 Mela, and Herodotus. Cer-Cufhora fig- 
+nifies the city of the Cufhan-Oritze. 
+
+73 284 The time of the firft Shepherds* according to Africanus. 
+
+215 The time of the Ifraelites. 
+
+* 
+
+499 This fubtrailed from 51r* leaves only twelve years. 
+
+By this eftimate the firft Shepherds left Egypt twelve years, before the others 
+arrived. 
+
+79 We find that it was converted to pafture ground* and poflefied merely by fome 
+herdfmen. Genefis, c. 47. v. 6. 
+
+,0 Nilus juxta Cercaforum oppidum triplex fcfie incipit. Mela. L. 1. 9. p. 51. 
+
+7 The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+261 
+
+
+The fbns of Chus feem to have come into Egypt imme¬ 
+diately after their difperfion from Babel. And as their ar- 
+
+and eleven years before the Exodus, 
+
+
+rival was five hundred and eleven years 
+this will carry us in computation as far back as to the time 
+
+
+Terah 
+
+
+fixth 
+
+
+of Abra 
+
+
+ham 
+
+
+About this time 
+
+
+imagine, was the confufion of 
+
+
+fpeech, and the difperfion abovementioned. If then we 
+recapitulate the great occurrences of the firft ages, as they 
+
+been tranfmitted to us both by facred and profane 
+ians : we fliall find that they happened in the follow- 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+manner, and order. When there was 
+
+
+mankind, it was thought 
+and retire to their feveral 
+
+
+that they fhould 
+
+
+artments 
+
+
+Their 
+
+
+was by divine appointment : and there was accordingly a 
+
+
+regular migration of 
+
+
+from Araratia in Armenia 
+
+
+The fons of Chus feem to have gone off in a diforderly 
+manner : and having for a long time roved eaftward, they at 
+laft changed their direction, and came to the plains of Shinar. 
+Here they feized upon the particular region, which had fallen 
+to the lot of Aflur. He was therefore obliged to retreat; 
+and to betake himfelf to the higher regions of Mefopotamia. 
+In procefs of time the Cuthites feem to have increafed 
+greatly in ftrength, and numbers; and to have formed apian 
+for a mighty empire. People of other families flocked in 
+unto them : and many of the line of Shem put themfelves 
+under their dominion. They were probably captivated with 
+
+
+thefr plaufible refinements in relig 
+
+
+and no lefs feduced 
+
+
+their ingenuity, and by the arts, which they introduced, 
+r they muft certainly be efteemed great in fcience, if we 
+
+confider 
+
+
+
+2*6 2 
+
+
+Thu A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+confider the times, in which they lived. The tower of Ba¬ 
+bel, which their imperious leader had erected. Teems to have 
+been both a temple, and landmark, from which they had 
+formed a refolution never to recede. It therefore feemed 
+good to divine Providence to put a flop to this growing con¬ 
+federacy : and, as they had refufed to retire regularly, to 
+force them by judgments to flee away, and to fcatter them 
+into different parts. The Ethnic writers, as I have before 
+mentioned, fpeak of many fearful events, which attended 
+the difperflon ; particularly of earthquakes, and hurricanes, 
+and fiery meteors, which the apoftates could not withftand. 
+Many of the facred writers, though they do not fpeak deter- 
+minately, yet feem to allude to fome violent, and preterna¬ 
+tural commotions, which happened at this feafon. What¬ 
+ever may have been the nature of the cataftrophe, it appears 
+to have been confined folely to the region of Babylonia. 
+
+Upon the difperflon, the country about Babel was intirely 
+evacuated. A very large body of the fugitives betook them- , 
+felves to Egypt, and are commemorated under the name of 
+the Shepherds. Some of them went no farther than 81 Shi- 
+nar ; a city, which lay between Nineve and Babylon, to the 
+north of the region, which they had quitted. Others came 
+into Syria, and Canaan ; and into the Arabian provinces, 
+which bordered upon thefe countries. Thofe, who fled to 
+Shinar, refided there fome time : but being in the vicinity 
+of Elam and Nineve, they raifed the jealoufy of the fons of 
+Afhur, and the Elamites ; who made a confederacy againfl: 
+them, and after a difpute of fome time drove them from 
+
+*’ It gave name to the whole region, of which Babylonia was only a part. 
+
+io their 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+their neighbourhood. And not contented with this, they 
+carried their arms ftill farther; and invaded all thofe of the 
+line of Ham weftward, as far as the confines of Egypt. 
+This was the firft part of the great Titanic war, in which 
+the king of Elam was principal. We are informed by Mo- 
+fes, that they ferved him twelve years; and in the thirteenth 
+they rebelled : and in the fourteenth year the king of Elam 
+attacked them, in conjunction with the kings of Aram, 
+Afhur, and Shinar : for Shinar was now regained, and in 
+the hands of the Shemites. 
+
+This invafion happened, when Abraham had refided fomc 
+time in Canaan ; in which he firft fojourned, when he was 
+feventy-five years old. It happened alfo after his return 
+from Egypt ; but was antecedent to the birth of Ifhmaef 
+who was born in the eighty-fixth year of Abraham’s life. 
+We may therefore venture to refer this event to the eightieth 
+year of the Patriarch’s age. And as the firft war is faid by 
+the Gentile writers to have lafted ten or 8x eleven years ; if 
+we add thefe to the fourteen mentioned by Mofes, which in¬ 
+tervened between that war, and the invafion made by the 
+confederates, it will be found to amount to twenty-four 
+years. And thefe being deducted from the eightieth year 
+of Abraham, will give us the fifty-fixth of his life, and 
+the firft year of the Titanian war. At this time, or near it, 
+
+I fhould imagine that it commenced*. I have fuppofed, that 
+the Cuthite Shepherds came into Egypt immediately upon 
+the difperfion : and it is very plain from Manethon, that 
+
+84 'Xvi'Sfye'kX S' 1 e[ acc^ovto. Sex#, -zrAeiws encLums* Hefiod, Xheog. v. .636. 
+
+%lcc.*£Ofj<.srtov Se ocvTM sviolutw Sexac $ tw tw w kw. Apollod. L- j. p. 4. 
+
+* 
+
+dieir 
+
+
+
+264 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+their coming was five hundred and eleven years before the 
+Exodus. The call of Si Abraham was only four hundred and 
+thirty, and his birth five hundred and five, years hefore that 
+aera: therefore the difperfion muff have been about fix years 
+prior to his birth. According to this computation, the firft 
+Titanian war was about fixty-two years after the difper¬ 
+fion. 8+ Abydenus, 85 Cedrenus, and other writers, who take 
+notice of the difperfion, mention this war as the next great 
+event. 
+
+As the Cuthite Shepherds were in pofleflion of Egypt at 
+the time of this war ; it may feem extraordinary, that they 
+did not take a fhare in it, and aflift thofe of their family, 
+who were invaded. There is an obfcure tradition of their 
+being folicited to interfere: but as they were not themfelves 
+attacked, nor injured, they did not liften to the propofals. 
+This is intimated in a hiftory given of Oceanus, who was 
+one of the 86 Titans. It is alfo a name of the Nile, which 
+was called both 87 Oceanus, and iEgyptus : and in this ac¬ 
+count, that country, and its inhabitants are alluded to. 
+The hiftory is, that, 88 when the Titans entered into a con- 
+
+Abraham was feventy-five years old, when he left Haran-, and eighty-fix at the 
+birth of Ifhmael. 
+
+84 Eufeb. Praep.Evang. L. 9. c. 15. Syncellus. p. 44. 
+
+85 P. 29. riverau <fg Kcti 6 Tirccveay 'erfos top Aicl rrtXepos. 
+
+86 Diodorus. L. 3. p. 195. 
+
+87 Ne/Aos Clx.ectyo$. NeiAos Ax>U7tto$. Ibid. p. 17. 
+
+88 T&jp aAA w Tnuvcov eis rvv year cl tb arpos eTr&vTwv lepevcav^ o Clyceavos cltcl- 
+yogevto re rergos rocs Mnrgos eirira^ei^ xai ev<Poia£ei nrept rct£eoo$. 
+
+Ep0* av Clxeavos per evt peyapoiaw eptprev^ 
+
+*Ogpatv*>v 9 r*rporepeace voov rpairoi^ xtA. 
+
+IloAAoc fe 'aropfupuv perev ipepos ev peyccpounr . 
+
+Proclus in Timaram Platonis. 4, p. 296. 
+
+(piracy 
+
+
+
+The Analysis oe Ancient Mythology. 265 
+
+{piracy againft their father, Oceanus withftood tlic felicita¬ 
+tions, which were made to him : though he was fome time 
+in doubt, whether he fhould not take a part in the commo¬ 
+tion. Proclus, who gives this account, has preferved fome 
+Orphic fragments to this purpofe. The fame is to be found 
+in Apoilodorus ; who mentions the Titans engaging in war, 
+and fays, that Oceanus would not join them. 89 Oi as ‘yocgis 
+
+Qzsctva £ 7 riTi@£VTcu. By Oceanus is meant in the language 
+of mythology the Oceanitas and Nilotce, the inhabitants of 
+
+I imagine, that the Canaanites had been in the fame ori¬ 
+ginal rebellion in Babylonia, as the fons of Chus ; and that 
+they were a part of the difperlion. It is therefore probable, 
+that they came into Canaan about the fame time that the 
+others betook themfelves to Egypt. This is certain, that 
+when Abraham traverfed the country, it is repeatedly faid, 
+that 90 the Canaanite was then in the land: from whence we 
+may infer, that they were but lately come. And the facred 
+writer, fpeaking of Hebron, a feat of the Anakim, or Titans, 
+fays, that it was built fevenyears before 91 Zoan in Egypt. By 
+this we may infer, that the two nations in fome degree cor- 
+refponded in their operations, and began building about the 
+fame time. All the while, that the Patriarch fojourned in 
+
+" 9 L. 1. p. 2. 
+
+90 Genefis. c. 12. v. 6. c. 13. v. 7. 
+
+91 Numbers, c. 13. v. 22. Some have thought, that Zoan was Tanis, towards 
+the bottom of Lower Egypt, and it is fo rendered in the Vulgate. But this part of 
+the country, called afterwards Delta, was not formed, when Hebron was built. The 
+lower region of Delta increafed gradually, and was the work of time# Zoan was 
+Heliopolis, one of the firft cities built by the Shepherds, and towards the apex of 
+Delta. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+
+M m 
+
+
+this 
+
+
+
+2 66 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+this country, we find it fo thinly peopled, that he could pafs 
+where he lifted, and pitch his tent, where he pleafed : and 
+yet he travelled with a large retinue, and with flocks and 
+herds in abundance. All this Teems to indicate a recent po¬ 
+pulation. Syria, and the coaft from Libanus upwards, had 
+been peopled by a different family before : and it is probable, 
+that thofe of the confederacy, who fettled there, had fome 
+battles with the natives. Eufebius accordingly mentions, 
+that in early times the Chaldeans , by whom are meant the Baby¬ 
+lonians, made war upon the people of Phenicia. 92 Xjztdouoi 
+
+kxtcc <2>oivik(£v B^XT£V<rctv. But the land, which the Canaanite 
+invaded, was in great meafure vacant, and had been fet apart 
+for another people. For the diftribution of the whole earth 
+was by divine appointment; and the land of Canaan was 
+particularly allotted to the fons of Ifrael. They according¬ 
+ly have this ftrongly inculcated to them, that in the divifion 
+of countries, 93 the Lord's portion is his people ; Jacob is the 
+lot of his i?iheritance. The Son of Sirach al Co informs us to 
+the fame purpofe ; that 94 in the divifon of the nations of the 
+whole earth , He (the Lord) fet a ruler over every people ; but 
+Ifrael is the Lord's portion. In conformity to this, the 
+Pfalmift introduces the Deity as telling Abraham, 95 Unto 
+thee will I give the land of Canaan , the lot y or line, of your 
+inheritance : which circumftance had been before recorded 
+by 96 Mofes. And yet even to him, and to his pofterity, it 
+
+
+9 l 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+9 + 
+
+
+95 
+
+96 
+
+
+Eufeb. Chron. p. 28. Syncellus. p. 153 
+Deuteron. c. 32. v. 9. 
+
+C. 17. v. 17. 
+
+Pfalm. 105, v. n. 
+
+Genefis. c. 13. v. 15. c. 15. v. iS. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 267 
+
+was rather a loan than a gift: for the Deity feems always to 
+have peculiarly referved the property of this country to him- 
+felf. The Ifraelite therefore had never a full command of 
+it: he only held it at will, and was fubje<ft to God as pro¬ 
+prietor. In fhort it was ever the Lord's portion. The peo¬ 
+ple therefore are told, when a permiftion is given to them in 
+fome degree to part with their inheritance, 97 7 he landJhall 
+not be fold for ever : for the land is mine : and ye are f rangers 
+and fojourners with me , faith the Lord. Indeed the whole 
+earth may juftly be called the Lord’s : but this was his par¬ 
+ticular portion. It was however invaded, as were other 
+places, in oppofition to the divine appointment. Eufebius, in 
+conformity to this tells us, that Noah explained to his fons 
+the will of the Deity ; and allotted to each their particular 
+place of retreat, 98 kcttcl §eiov $t)XovoTi 'ggY)<rpt.ov, having received 
+his infruSlions from Heaven. But the fons of Chus firft 
+ufurped the region allotted to Afhur; and afterwards tranf- 
+greffed ftill farther upon the property of their neighbours. 
+Of all others the tranfgreilion of Canaan was the moll 
+heinous; for he knowingly invaded God’s peculiar 99 portion; 
+and feized it to himfelf. The trefpafles of the fons of Ham 
+brought on the dilperlion ; and afterwards the war of the 
+confederates, as Syncellus juftly obferves. 100 'Oi vioi T& 
+
+97 Numbers, c. 25. v, 23. 
+
+9S Chron. p. 10. 
+
+99 TbTCl-V XV TUV X.A71PofoTnBsVTCOV 0 TtfX*/4 UIQ$ Xctl'CtetP) iStOV TtiV PSTgOS TOO A l£<XPU) 
+out Ct^xxQv T€ XCCt SVj.OpOS—'TVPCtl'l'lX.COS X.CC^7ip7TXG€P Ctt/Tttl', KOCt TX$ SK TX XtiJU 
+
+e^Aacrg* xcu xrco 'gto.ctoc w yn t vs e 7 rctyye?\.toc 9 Ttf Xecraav 'zzrgoanyopeuTocu Audlor 
+Anon. Johan. Malalje prasfixus. p. 16. 
+
+too u 
+
+X\ 90. 
+
+
+Mm2 
+
+
+ero 
+
+
+
+268 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+etc oXs yry clv 'zrgo; tz; viz; Xccy. 'GTsci tuv ogicav rr\; IT a?\0U?i9r,g. 
+The Jons of Shorn made war upon the fons of Ham about the 
+boundaries of P alafina. Eufebius mentions the particular 
+tranfgreffion of the Canaanite. 1 NsooTSgKTa.; 6 tz Xccy. vio; 
+
+Xa.va.ccv £7cdor t roi; o^ioi; tz Xr,y, you yccTwzrysv szsi, 'uragaJox; jr,v 
+
+svtoKy,v N us. Canaan, the fon of Ham, was guilty of innova¬ 
+tion, and trefpaffed upon the allotment of Shem ; and took up 
+his habitatio?i therem, contrary to the commandment of Noah. 
+BeEdcs the kings in the Afphaltite vale, the nations attacked 
+in this war were the 1 Rephaims, or Giants, in Afhteroth 
+Karnaim ; and the Zuzims, and Emims, who were equally 
+of the Titanic race : alfo the Amorites, and Amalekites, and 
+the Horim in Mount Seir. All thefe were upon forbidden- 
+ground ; and were therefore invaded. 
+
+Such is the hiftory of the Titanic war, and of the difper- 
+Eon, which preceded. Sanchoniathon fpeaking of the peo¬ 
+ple, who were thus diflipated, and of the great works, which 
+they performed concludes with this fhort, but remarkable 
+character of them, 3 'OyT oi koli AKrffou, kcci Titocvs; koAzvtou. 
+
+
+
+Euieb. Chron. p. 10. Eufebius lived in the country, of which he fpeaks: and 
+had opportunities of obtaining many curious hiftories from the original inhabitants. 
+See alfo Epiphanius adverf. Hasref. L,. i. c. 5. 
+
+a Geneiis. c. 14. v. 5. T'y$ YiyoLwoL* rusev A<ra^wO. So rendered by the Seventy,. 
+
+See Deuteron. c. 2. v. 10. 11. alfo v. 21, 22. 
+
+♦ 
+
+5 Sanchoniathon apud Eufeb. Praep. L. i.p. 35. 
+
+So Pelafgus aA?rr»s. Cadmus #Awt>/$* 
+
+Terah, and Nahor, and all the fons of Heber had feparated themfelves from the 
+ftock of their fathers, and dwelt in a forbidden land. Here they ferved other Gods. 
+But the faith of Abraham was at lafl: awakened ; to which perhaps nothing contri¬ 
+buted more than the demolition of the tower of Babel, and the difperfion of the fons 
+of Chus: and laftlv, the wonderful and tremendous interpofition of the Deity in- 
+
+producing 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 269 
+
+‘Theft are the people , 1 vho are defcribed as exiles and uoatiderers , 
+and at the fame time are called the Titans. This event Teems 
+to have been very happy in its confequences to thofe of the 
+family of the Patriarch Abraham: as it mull have facilitated 
+their converfion ; and given them an opening to retreat. 
+They lived in the land of Ur of the Chaldees ; which lay 
+upon the Tigris, to the fouth of Babel and Babylonia. There 
+was no paflage for them to get away, but through the above 
+country ; which was then poflefled by a people, who would 
+not have differed their defertion. Nor would they have 
+thought of migrating, fo long as they followed the religion 
+of their fathers. But when Terah and his family had feen 
+the tower fhakcn to its foundations, and the land made a 
+
+defert; it was natural for them to obey the firft call of Hea- 
+
+*•» 
+
+ven ; and to depart through the opening, which Providence 
+had made. They therefore acceded to the advice of Abraham; 
+and followed him to Haran in Mefopotamia, in his way to 
+Canaan. The rout, which the Patriarch took, was the true 
+way to the country, whither he was going : a circumiiance, 
+which has been little conlidered. 
+
+After the Cuthite Shepherds had been in pofleffion of 
+Egypt about two hundred and lixty, or eighty years, they 
+were obliged to retire. They had been defeated by Halif- 
+
+producing thefe effects. This event not only infpired them with an inclination to 
+get away, but alfo afforded them an opening for a retreat* 
+
+It is, I think, plain, that even the Chaldeans were not included in the people dif- 
+pcrfed ; as we find fuch a nation in the days of Abraham ; and not only in his time, 
+but in the days of his father and grandfather. Both Terah and Nahor dwelled in. 
+the land of Ur of the Chufdim : which could not have happened, if thofe Chufdim, 
+or Cuthites, had been fcattercd abroad.. 
+
+
+phragmutho/is 
+
+
+
+2 jo The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+phragmuthofis ; and were at laft beflcged in the diftridf of 
+
+Avaris, which they had previoufly fortified, by s Amofis, 
+the fon of the former king. Wearied out by the length and 
+ftraitnefs of the fiege, they at laft came to terms of compo- 
+fition ; and agreed to leave the country, if they might do it 
+unmolefted. They were permitted to depart; and accord¬ 
+ingly retired to the amount of two hundred and forty thou- 
+fand perfons. Amofis upon this deftroyed their fortifica¬ 
+tions, and laid their city in ruins. Manethon, who has 
+mixed their hiftory with that of the Ifraelites, fuppofes, that 
+they fettled at Jerufalem, and in the region round about. 
+This has led Jofephus to think, that the firft Shepherds 
+were his anceftors : whereas their hiftory is plainly alluded 
+to in that part, which is ftyled the return of the Shepherds: 
+where Ofarfiph is mentioned as their ruler ; and Mofes, as 
+their conductor upon their retreat. Moft of the fathers, 
+who treat of this fubjedt, have given into this miftake: and 
+as the Cuthites were expelled by Amofis, they have fuppofed, 
+that the Ifraelites departed in the reign of that king. This 
+was the 6 opinion of Tatianus, Clemens, Syncellus, and many 
+others: but it is certainly a miftake: for it was not till the 
+time of 7 Amenophis, fucceflor to this 8 prince, that they 
+
+entered 
+
+4 Jofephus contra Ap. L. i. p. 446. 
+
+5 By fome he is called Thummofis. 
+
+6 KctTtz Afj.MGiv AiyuirTH @oc<rite<x yeyonvcci tw Atyvimi •tstoobiccv. 
+
+Eufeb. Prasp. L. 10. p. 493* See Tatianus. p. 273. Clemens, Strom. L. 1. p. 379. 
+Judin. Martyr. Cohort, p. 13. He calls the king, Amafis. They have certainly 
+made fome alterations in the 18th dynafty, to make it accord to their notions. 
+
+7 He gave them the place called Avaris, which his grandfather had laid wade, 
+Jofeph. cont. Ap. L. 1. p. 460. 
+
+* The lid of the kings of this sera, as they give them, proves this. 
+
+
+A fJL6><n*9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+271 
+
+
+entered the country, which they did not quit till after two 
+
+And however Manethon may have confounded 
+
+
+centuries 
+
+
+the hiftory ; yet it is apparent from what he fays, even as 
+the Fathers quote him. For he tells us, that Amolis de- 
+ftroyed the feat of the former people ; and Amenophis gave 
+it to the 9 latter: fo that the hiftory thus far is certainly 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+plain. 
+
+
+As they were each a very large body of peo¬ 
+
+
+ple, and their hiftory of great confequence in the annals of 
+Etrypt ; their departure muft have been faithfully recorded. 
+But length of time has impaired the memorials : fo that the 
+hiftory is of a mixed nature; and it is not eafy to arrive at 
+precifton. And as many events were prior to the reigns of 
+any of their kings; they generally refer thofe to the times of 
+their Gods. Eufebius gives us a curious account of an event in 
+the time of Apis; ,T when a large body of men deferted Egypt , 
+and took up their abode in Palcefiina , upon the confines of Ara¬ 
+bia. The Ifraelites may poftibly be here alluded to : but I 
+fhould rather think, that the hiftory relates to the Caphto- 
+rim, who feem to have reftded between Mount Callus and 
+Pelullum ; but retired to Palseftina Propria, which was im¬ 
+mediately upon the bordefs of Arabia. There are however 
+
+
+A y.oo<ri$) 0 xcuTeQfjLCoa# 
+
+'X.eSgwv 
+
+A [A£l’Grtpfc 
+
+See Syncellusj Eufebius, &c. 
+
+9 Jofephus cont. Ap. L. i.p. 460,461. 
+
+10 Eufebius, whofe evidence Syncellus without reaibn rejects,,places the exit of the 
+latter Shepherds in the reign of another king, whom he calls Cencheres. Chron. 
+p. 16. Syncellus. p. 72. 
+
+11 Etti Airif te tb <Popoov€6os tb AiyvTrrtwv rgee to e%e7recev AiyuTrry, ot ev ry 
+
+ricc^cti^n’Yi ov Agcc€ia$cptturctv. Eufeb. Chron. p. 26. 
+
+other 
+
+
+
+2.7 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+other hiftories more precife, which manifeflly allude to the 
+departure of the Shepherds from Egypt; and point out the 
+places, to which they retired. There was a tradition of Ca- 
+ius and Bclus leading; one colony to Syria, which fettled 
+
+o * * 
+
+upon the Orontes. By Calus and Belus are undoubtedly 
+meant the Cuthites and Bcleidie or Babylonia, who fled from 
+Egypt ; and are faid by Manethon to have retired to thofe 
+parts. Some are fdd to have gone to 13 Jerufalem ; which 
+liiftory needs no explanation. Eufebius mentions, that 
+J+ Cadmus and Phomix refided in Egypt; but afterwards 
+palled over to the region about Tyre and Sidon, and were 
+for a time kings of that country. The moft plain and fa- 
+tisfactory account is that, which I have more than once 
+mentioned from Diodorus. He tells us, that there were 
+
+formerly in Egypt 
+expelled their country. One part of them went under the 
+
+conduct of Danaus and Cadmus to Greece : and the others 
+
+retired into the province called in after times Judea. But it 
+
+was not only to Syria, and to Greece, that people of this 
+
+family betook themfelves. I have ,6 Ihewn, that they were 
+
+to be found in various parts, widely feparated, as far as India 
+
+and the Ganges in the eaft ; and Mauritania weftward. 
+
+Diodorus mentions Ammon, by which is meant the Am- 
+
+monians, reigning in a part of 17 Libya : and fpeaks likewife 
+
+
+many 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+foreigners, whom the Egyptians 
+
+
+11 Eufebii Chron. p. 24. See Zonaras. p. 21. 
+
+,} Joleph. cont. Apion. L. 1. p. 460. 
+
+* 
+
+* 4 Chron. p. 27. 
+
+15 L. 40. apud Photium. p. 1151. 
+
+16 See Vol. II. of this work, and the treatife inferibed Cadmus : which is inti¬ 
+mately connefted with the whole of the prefent fubjedt. 
+
+17 J^tJLJJLQOVGt, f^>CCC TM? Diodot. L» 3* P* 201• 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 273 
+
+of the Titans of ,s Mauritania, whom he ftyles the fons of 
+Heaven. The Grecians fuppofed, that they were conducted 
+to this region by Kollos ctArjTns, Cadmus the great rover : 
+and Nonnus mentions : 
+
+
+>9 A yyivecpri vouanoig ctkrjfJLovog clzeol K 
+
+People, who dwelt amid the Atlantian cliffs, 
+In cities founded by the wandering chief. 
+
+
+They came alfo with the Curetes into Crete ; and fettled 
+particularly about Cnofius, where they were of the greateft 
+benefit to the natives ; and improved them in architecture, 
+and in various other arts. Diodorus fpeaks of the temple 
+of Rhea in thefe parts, which was built by the Titans, the 
+fons of Heaven ; whofe foundations were fhewn in his days : 
+and near it was a venerable grove of cyprefs, planted in early 
+times. He mentions the names of many of the Titans: and 
+fays, that there was not one, *° who had not been the author 
+of fome ufeful art to mankind. 
+
+
+The calamities, which this people experienced, were fo 
+fevere, and accumulated, that they were held in remembrance 
+for ages. The memorials of them made a principal part in 
+their facred * l rites ; and they preferved them allb in their 
+
+
+hymns. 
+
+
+Thefe were generally in a melancholy ftyle; and 
+
+
+their mufick was adapted to them. The chief fubjeCl was 
+
+
+18 L. 3. p. 19a. 
+
+Ty Dionuf. L. 13. p. 370. 
+
+I*. 5. p. 334 - tuv bta<rov T4vz>p IvpBTtiv to/s ecp'BgcoTross. 
+
+See Orph, Argonautica. v. 26. 31. &c. 
+
+Philoftratus, Vita Apollon. L. 3. c. 6. 
+
+Vo l. III. N n 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+274 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+the hiftory of the Titanic age, the fufferings of their Gods; 
+and above all the flight of Bacchus, and the fcattering of his 
+limbs over the plain of Nufa. To thefe were added the wan¬ 
+derings of Ills, or Damater ; who went over the world to 
+pick up the limbs of the fame Bacchus, under the character 
+of Oflris. The Egyptians fucceeded to the Cuthites in their 
+cities and temples ; and had been too early initiated in their 
+rites ever to forlake them. They had the like hymns ; and 
+commemorated the fame events : for they were a branch of 
+the fame family. Hence they recorded the labours of the 
+Titans, and all the calamities and wanderings, to which their 
+Deities had been expofed. The Grecians did the like: their 
+rites and myfteries related to the fame events. Linus, Or¬ 
+pheus, Pronapides, Thymoetes, are fuppofed to have written 
+upon this 21 lubject; fome in Pelafgic, and others in Phry¬ 
+gian characters. The ground-work of their hiftory is com- 
+prifed by Plutarch in a fmall compafs, 23 r<yam^a, kou Tmt- 
+Vixct.) — c pQoyyoi rs Aiovvvx, aou 'GtXolvou An[JLit)Tgcg : The labours 
+of the Giants and ‘Titans—the cries of Bacchus , and the wan¬ 
+derings of Damater. 
+
+Such is the hiftory of the Cuthites, who came from Baby¬ 
+lonia, and conquered Egypt. This people were no other 
+than the 'ZxvQa.i, Scuthte, or Scythians, as I have fhewn. It 
+is therefore no wonder, that the nation fo denominated fhould 
+be efteemed the nioft ancient of any upon earth. ** Scytharum 
+
+
+%z Diodorus. L. 3. p. 201. 
+
+** Plutarch. If. et Ofir. P. 360. 
+
+^liXafjLTroSct <pxci fJ&Teyxetv Aiy'jrsnu tcc Aioruau vojj.i^ojjl€vx TeAfi'rSa/ 
+Tcxpx to. 5 tiAA vjoriy v.xi Tx 'zzrept Kpov'-J fxit$QAoyvfj&yai 9 xxi t cc tzspi T'lTXVOfJ.x^/ixij 
+xat to rrvvoAov t mv weci tx # nra 0 >; TcuvQecov icfogictv. Diodor. L. i- p. 37 
+
+* 4 Juftin. L. 2. c. 1. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+-75 
+
+
+gens antiquiflima Temper habita.—iEgyptiis antiquiores Tem¬ 
+per vifi Scythse. The Scythic nation was at all times ejleetned 
+the mojl ancient.—The Scythcc were always looked tip on as 
+more ancient than the J.Egyptians . All this in its proper ac¬ 
+ceptation is true : Tor the Cuthites were the firft upon earth, 
+who were conTtituted into a large kingdom ; and reduced 
+under a regular government: while other nations confided 
+of little independent towns and villages. And as they paid 
+the higheft reverence to the memory oT their anceftors; they 
+preTerved evidences Tor their own antiquity, oT which other 
+
+nations were bereaved : To that they maintained this prero¬ 
+gative Tor ages. 
+
+
+N n 2 
+
+
+CON 
+
+
+
+( *77 ) 
+
+
+
+CONCERNING 
+
+UR of the CHALDEES; 
+
+AND OF 
+
+The Region, from whence it was thus diftinguifhed. 
+
+B EFORE I proceed, it may not be improper to obviate 
+
+an objection, which may be made to the place, and 
+region, where I have fuppofed Abraham to have been firft 
+converfant : as there are writers, who have imagined Ur of 
+Chaldea to have been in another part of the world. The 
+region in queftion is by Strabo plainly defined as a province 
+of Babylonia: and Arrian, Ptolemy, Dionyfius, Pliny, and 
+Marcellinus, all determine its fituation fo clearly, that I 
+fhould have thought no doubt could have arifen. It 
+appears however, that Bochart, Grotius, Le Clerc, Cel- 
+larius, with fome others, are diflatisfied with the com¬ 
+mon opinion; and cannot be perfuaded, that Abraham 
+came from this country. Bochart accordingly tells us, 
+that the Ur of the Scriptures was near Nifibis, in the 
+
+er regions of Aflyria; and bordered upon Armenia. 
+
+Ur 
+
+
+
+
+2 7 3 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 Ur Chaldreorum, ubi Abrahoe majores habitarunt, Gen. ti. 
+28. non procul erat a Corduena, in qua fubftiterat area No$. 
+Res patet ex Ammiani L. 5. Ibi enim Romani tranfmifTo 
+Tigri ad locum a Corduena centehmo lapide difparatum, via 
+fex dierum emenfu, ad Ur nomine Perficum venerc caftellum : 
+unde profeclis primo Thifalphata, deinde Nilibin iter fuit. 
+Itaque Ur circa Nib bin. This is furely too lightly deter¬ 
+mined. All that we learn from Marcellinus is 5 that they 
+paTed by a caftle called Ur : not a word is there mentioned 
+about a region called Chaldea ; nor of a people ftyled Chal¬ 
+deans : which was necefiary to be found. Yet the learned 
+writer fays, res patet, we may be ajjured y that here was the 
+birth of the Patriarch: and the original place of his refidence 
+was near Nilibis. In another part of his work, he mentions 
+a place called Ur, near Syria, upon the Euphrates; of which 
+notice.is taken by 1 Pliny: and he feems to think it not im¬ 
+probable, that here might have been the firft abode of 
+1 Abraham. From hence we may perceive, that he was not 
+very determinate in his opinion. Edeffa is faid to have been 
+.called Ur, and Ur hoe : on which account fome have been 
+induced to place the birth and refidence of the Patriarch 
+here. But who ever heard of Chaldeans in thefe parts; or 
+of a region named Chaldea? 
+
+
+If there be any thing certain in geography, we may be 
+
+
+aflured from a number of the beft writers, that the country, 
+
+
+* Gcogr. Sac. p. 38. 
+
+* Ita fertur (Euphrates) ufque Uram locum, in quo converfus ad orientem relin- 
+quitSyrue faimyrenas folitudines. Plin. JL. 5. c. 24. 
+
+* Sic Ur Chaldseorum erit Ura, de qua Plinius. JL. 5. c. 24.—quod fiquis malit 
+fcqui, non vehementer repugnabo. Geogr. £ac. p. 78. 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 279 
+
+of which we are treating, was in a different part of the 
+world. Chaldea lay to the fouth of Babylonia ; and was 
+originally bounded to the eaft and weft by the Tigris and 
+Euphrates : fo that it was an interamnian region. Hence 
+
+a tells the children of Ifrael, in fpeaking of the firft 
+refidence of their anceftors, that their 4 fathers dwelt on the 
+other fide ofi the flood , or river, in old time , even ‘Terah , the 
+father of Abraham. And St. Stephen, fpeaking of the call 
+of this Patriarch, fays, 5 The God of glory appeared unto our 
+father Abraham , when he was in Mefopotamia , before he dwelt 
+in Charran. The land of Chaldea was in thofe times a por¬ 
+tion of the great region called Mefopotamia: and, as I be¬ 
+fore faid, it was bounded to the weft by the Euphrates 
+which in its latter courfe ran nearly parallel with the Ti¬ 
+gris, and emptied itfelf into the fea below. But as this river 
+was apt every year, about the fummer folftice, to overflow 
+the low lands of 6 Chaldea, the natives diverted its courfe ; 
+and carried it, with many windings through a new channel 
+into the Tigris: which jumftion was made about ninety 
+miles below Seleucia. There were in reality three 7 ftreams,. 
+into which the Euphrates was divided. One of thefe was 
+the Nahar-Sares, called alfo the Marfyas. There was an¬ 
+other called the Nahar-Malcha, or Royal River; which 
+was made by 8 Nebuchadnezzar, and pafled into the Tigris- 
+near the city abovementioned. The third may be confldered 
+
+4 C. 24. v. 2. 
+
+5 Adts. c. 7. v. 2. 
+
+6 Srrabo. L. 16. p. 1075. 
+
+7 Plin. Li. 6. c. 26. 
+
+* Abydenus apud F.ufcb. P. E. L. 9. p- 457. 
+
+9 as 
+
+
+
+
+2'8o 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the original river, which 
+
+
+through Babyl 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+foon after diverted into a new channel ; and joined the 
+Tigris about ninety miles below the Nahar-Malcha and Se- 
+
+
+leucia. 
+
+
+eafdem terras et Marfes, et flumen 
+
+
+gium, et Euphrates, cundlis excellens, qui tripartitus navi- 
+gabilis per omnes eft rivos ; infulafque circumfluens, et arva 
+cultorum induftria diligenter rigans, vomeri, et gignendis 
+arbuftis, habilia facit. There were at the fame time many 
+filialler ftreams, formed by the natives from the Euphrates, 
+•both to moiften their grounds, and to take off the exuber¬ 
+ance of its waters. Thefe fecondary rivulets are often al¬ 
+luded to by the facred writers : and in the Pfalms, they are 
+fpoken of under the general name of the 10 waters of Babylon. 
+For Babylonia abounded with ftreams and pools; and was wa¬ 
+tered beyond any country in the world, except Egypt, which 
+in many refpedts it greatly refembled. Thofe, who performed 
+the great work of all, which confifted in turning the river 
+itfelf, were the people of Ur, called by " Ptolemy and Pliny 
+Orcheni. 11 Euphraten praeclufere Orcheni, et accolae, ripas 
+rigantes ; nec nili Pafttigri defertur ad mare. Before this it 
+ran down to the fea, and emptied itfelf into the Perfic Gulf, 
+near Teredon, about twenty-feven miles below the mouth of 
+the Tigris. By thefe means the old channel became dry : 
+and the region was now bounded to the weft hy the defert 
+
+
+9 Ammian. Mancellinus. L. 23. p. 287. Marfes is a miftake for Narfes ; and 
+that an abridgment for Naar-Sares^ 
+
+10 Plalm. 137. v. 1. 
+
+L. 5* c. 19* 
+
+11 L. 6. c. 27. 
+
+15 Plin. L. 6. c. 28. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+281 
+
+
+of Arabia, as Strabo and other writers obferve. In this 
+province was the Ur of the Scriptures, called Ur of the Chal¬ 
+deans : which was fo ftyled, in order to diftinguifh it from 
+every other place of the fame name. It was alfo expreflfed 
+Our, Ourhoe, Ourchoe; and the people were called Ourchani. 
+It was fometimes compounded Camour, and rendered Ca- 
+murine ; and it is thus mentioned by Eupolemus. The de- 
+feription of Chaldea given by Strabo is very precife. He 
+fpeaks much in favour of the natives : and fays, that they 
+inhabited a portion of ,s Babylonia, which bordered upon 
+Arabia and the Perfic Sea. He deferibes them as being de¬ 
+voted to philofophy; efpecially the Borfippeni, and the Or- 
+cheni. Thefe laft we may fuppofe to have been particularly 
+the inhabitants of the city, concerning which we are treat¬ 
+ing. For here, in the true land of Chaldea, we muft look 
+for Ur of the Chaldees. We accordingly find, that there 
+was fuch a place, called Oy^o»), Urchoe, by Ptolemy ; by 
+Jofephus, Ura, or Ure : j6 Ovgrj rm By Eufebius 
+
+it is rendered Ur: and it was undoubtedly the capital city of 
+the province. 11 Ovg 'UTohig nis fiarthsicts tuv XotAdouav . 
+Add to this the account given by Eupolemus ; who points 
+out plainly the place of the Patriarch’s birth, and abode. 
+
+Camarina of 
+
+14 V\a.}0L\tzirou tv epvfxoj A pa£ia,i XaAJ'a/a ^upec, Ptolemy. L. 5. c. 20. 
+
+15 L. 16. p. 1074. 
+
+16 Jofephus fay of Haran, the fon of Terah, zv XaX'Scaois ccTreOxver, sv thoXsi Oupv 
+
+^0 ofjL?*n tcov XaAf caw. He died among the Chaldeans , in the city called Ur of tie 
+Chaldeans . Ant. L. 1. c. 7. 
+
+17 Eufebius in locis Hebraicis, five facris. 
+
+18 Ev 'sroAer ms Ba£uA«wot$ K ecfxa^tvrfj fiv Tiroes Xeyeiv Ovpwv' uvou Sz 'j^zdsp/j.yjvzuo.ue - 
+w XccX^ouoov 'z&oXtv—yeitea-Qcu A€goeot/&. Eufeb. Prsep. L. 9. c. 17. p. 418. 
+
+Vol. IIL O o Babylonia , 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+He was born , fays this hiftorian, in the city 
+
+
+
+282 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Babylonia, which fome call Uria. By this is denoted a city oj 
+the Chaldeans . 
+
+As die hiftory is fo plain, why do we go To wide of the 
+mark, as to fuppofe this city to have been upon the confines 
+of Syria ? or, what is more extraordinary, to make it, as 
+fome do, an Alfyrian city: and to place it high in the north, 
+at the foot ot Mount Taurus, upon the borders of Media, 
+and Armenia; where the name of Chaldeans is not to be 
+found ? Yet to thefe parts does Grotius, as well as Bochart, 
+refer it: and mentioning Ur of the Chaldees, he adds, ’ 9 the 
+jiamc remained to the time of Marcellinus. But this learned 
+man is furely wrong in determining fo haftily, and with fuch 
+a latitude : for there was no Ur of the Chaldees, nor any 
+Chaldea in thefe parts. Lucian was born at Samofata: 
+and Marcellinus was thoroughly acquainted with this coun¬ 
+try. Yet neither from them, nor from Pliny, Ptolemy, 
+Mela, Solinus, nor from any writer, is there the leaft hint of 
+any Chaldeans being here. The place mentioned above was 
+an obfeure caftle ; of little 5,0 confequence, as we may infer, 
+from its never having been taken notice of by any other 
+writer. Grotius fays, manfit loco nomen: from whence one 
+might be led to imagine, that it had exifted in the days of 
+Abraham. But there is not the leaft reafon to fuppofe any 
+fuch thing. It is indeed idle to form any conjecture about 
+the antiquity of a place, which occurs but once in hiftory ; 
+and which is never mentioned before the fifth century. 
+
+19 Grotius in Genefin. c. 11. v. 31. Ur Chaldreorum : manfit loco nomen. See. 
+
+The whole hiftory of the place is comprifed in four words : Ur nomine Per- 
+ficum caftellum, Marcellinus. L. 25. p. 336. 
+
+Why 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 283 
+
+Why then have men of fuch extenlive learning fo induftri- 
+oufly deviated from the truth ; and gone contrary to the 
+common interpretation? The reafon given is this. We are 
+told by thefe writers, that 11 Abraham was ordered to leave 
+his father s houfe , and to betake himfelf to the land of Canaan. 
+IVow to go from Babylonia to Canaan by Haran , as it is laid 
+that Abraham did , is not the direSl road : for Hara?i lies out 
+of the way. But from the Ur of Marcellinus, or from the city 
+Rdejfa , 11 Haran lies in the very rout ; and the cou?fe is. very 
+direSl. But why mull all hiftorical certainty be fet afidc for 
+the fake of a more plaulible and compendious way of pro¬ 
+ceeding ? We frame to ourfelves, at this diftance of time, 
+notions about expediency and convenience ; which arifc 
+merely from our inexperience, and from thofe unneceffary 
+
+doubts, which are formed through ignorance. Where is it 
+
+* 
+
+mentioned in the Scriptures, that the Patriarch was reftrained 
+to the dired road ? After he had left Ur of the Chaldees, 
+he went with his father to Haran, and dwelt there. Some 
+make the term of his relidence to have been a year : others 
+imagine it to have been a great deal more. If he did not 
+proceed diredly in regard to time, why muft he be fuppofed 
+to have been limited in refped to place ? What matters it, 
+by which rout he went to Canaan, if the call was not fo co¬ 
+gent, but that he had permifllon to flay by the way ? 
+
+There is another queftion to be afked. As the rout fup¬ 
+pofed to be taken from Babylonia and the fouth towards 
+Haran is objeded to ; I Ihould be glad to know, which way 
+
+21 Genefis. c. 12. v. 1. 
+
+21 In Judream via refta eft per Carrhas. Bochart fupra. p. 78. 
+
+O o 2 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+2~Ga. 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the Patriarch fhould have directed his fteps. It is anfwered,. 
+
+
+that he 
+
+
+ought to 
+
+o 
+
+
+have gone to Canaan dh'eElly 13 wefward^ 
+
+
+ture. 
+
+
+through slrabia : which would have been ?iearly in a fir ait line, 
+if he had gone from the lower regions of Babylonia : but as he 
+proceeded i?i a circuity that could not be the place of his depar- 
+
+Now, from the beft accounts, we may be afTured, that 
+the rout, which we fuppofe him to have taken, was the true, 
+and only way : there was no other, by which people could 
+proceed. And we take off greatly from the purport and 
+precifton of the holy Scriptures, by thus arbitrarily changing 
+the feene of adtion, becaufe it does not accord with our pre¬ 
+judices. And thefe prejudices arife from our being accuf- 
+tomed to fcanty maps ; and not looking into the natural 
+hiftories of the countries, about which we are concerned. 
+The very beft accounts prove, that this was the rout ever 
+taken by people, who went from Babylonia, and its pro<- 
+vinces, to Palaeftina and Egypt : for the diredt way, as Gror- 
+tius terms it, and which Bochart recommends, could not be 
+purfued. From Babylonia and Chaldea weftward was a 
+I4 defert of great extent; which reached to Canaan, and ftill 
+farther to the Nile. Nor is there, I believe, upon record, 
+above one inftance of its having ever been 15 traverfed. All 
+armies, and all caravans of merchants, were obliged to go to 
+the north of the Euphrates, when they came from Babylonia 
+
+
+ZJ Via effet (e Babylonia) multo compendiofior per Arabian deferta. Ibid. 
+
+14 Met cl Se Tas aujuCoAass Eu<P£<xt» t€ kgli T kcctshtiv r\ Hat&vKwia, p-t%pi Sr*- 
+
+Aac-crtfs, JWix&rrepar e%f*<rct tuv EpnjJLQv. Agathemer. apud Geog. Vet. yol. 2. 
+P- 43' 
+
+15 It is faid by Berofus, that Nebuchadnezzar, hearing of his father’s death* made 
+his way in great hafte over this defert. Apud Jofephum contra Ap. L. i. c. 9. 
+
+
+p. 450. 
+
+
+
+
+I'n e Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+
+• 2e> 5 
+
+to Egypt ; or the reverfe, when they went from Egypt to Ba¬ 
+bylonia. Herodotus, when he is fpeaking of the march of 
+Cambyfes to Egypt, fays, that the only way into that coun¬ 
+try was downward from the Euphrates, by Syrophenicia, and 
+Palcftinc. * 6 Mavv/j Js tccvty] euri <pu.vsgca snrooAai sg AiyvxTcv. 
+There is no other apparent pajjage 171 to Ecrypt hat this . And 
+the reafon is plain : for the Arabian defert rendered it im¬ 
+practicable to proceed in a ftrait line. People were obliged 
+to go round by Carchemifh upon the Euphrates : and the 
+kings of Babylonia and Egypt fortified that place alternate¬ 
+ly, to fec.ure the paflage of the river. When Pharaoh.Necho,. 
+and the king of Babylon wanted to meet in battle, they 
+
+
+ged to come this 
+
+
+way to the * 7 encounter. The 
+
+
+army of Cambyfes, and 
+
+
+the armies of the Greeks 
+
+
+Romans 
+
+
+who ferved under 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+army of Alexander, Antiochus, Antouius, Traj 
+Julian, went to the north by the Euph 
+princes fet ol 
+circuit. It is 
+
+
+Some of thefe. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+t from Egypt, yet 
+remarkable, that CrafTus, in his rout towards 
+
+
+Babylonia went by Charrae v or. Haran: which was the 
+very fpot, where Abraham, in his way from Chaldea to Ca¬ 
+
+
+naan. refided 
+
+
+At 
+
+
+Roman general was met 
+
+
+by Surena, and flain. Alexander the Great went 
+the fame track : for though this was round about, 
+
+
+16 Herodotus. L. 3. c. .5. 
+
+I'he army of Pharaoh Necho—which was by the river Euphrates in Carchemifh, 
+which Nebuchadrezzar , king of Babylon^ fmote. Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 2. See 2 Kings, 
+c. 23. v. 29. 2 Chron. c. 35. v. 20. 
+
+1? Charrse is called Harrart by the Nubian geographer, p. 198. and by Nafiir Et- 
+tufcus. Geog. Vet. v. 3, p. 94. 
+
+by 
+
+
+
+286 ' The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+by many efteemed the beft road to Babylonia. The emperor 
+Julian alfo took his rout by Haran ; but from thence went 
+the lower way by Cercuflum and the Euphrates. For there 
+were two roads through Mefopotamia to Babylon, and Perfta; 
+and they both commenced at 39 Charrae or Haran. All thefe 
+circumftances afford great light to the Mofaic hiftory, and 
+abundantly witnefs its truth and precihon, even in the molt 
+minute particulars. It is therefore a great pity, that men of 
+learning are not fufficiently confiderate in their determina¬ 
+tions. We from this inftance fee, that they would fet afide 
+a plain and accepted interpretation, on account of a feeming 
+difficulty, to the prejudice of Scripture : which interpreta¬ 
+tion, upon inquiry, affords a wonderful evidence in its favour: 
+for it appears, upon the ftridteft examination, that things 
+muff have happened, as they are reprefented. 
+
+The inhabitants of Chaldea were Cuthites, of the fame 
+family, as thofe, by whom Babylon was founded. They are 
+in the Scriptures uniformly called Chafdim, or Chufdim. 
+This, I may be told, is contrary to the uffial mode of com- 
+pofition : for if they were the Tons of Chus, they ffiould re¬ 
+gularly have been rendered Chufim. How then came they to 
+be called Chufdim, contrary to all rule and analogy ? To 
+this I can fay little. I can give no reafon, why Chus was 
+called Cuth ; and the land of Cufhan, Cutha: much lefs can 
+I account for its being ftill further diverfified, and rendered 
+Scutha, and Scuthia. It is equally difficult to fay, why 
+thefe very Chafdim of the Scriptures are by the Ethnic 
+
+Mnrcellinus. L. 23. p. 273. Carras, antiquum oppidum unde duasducentes 
+PerfiJem vice r eg ire diflinguuntur. 
+
+a writers 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 287 
+
+writers continually ffyled Chaldsei; which is ffill a greater 
+variation. All I know is, that the fame names, at different 
+periods, will be differently expreffed : and fcarce any terms 
+are exhibited by thole, who are foreign to a country, as they 
+are pronounced by the natives. But we are not to go by 
+found and limilarity: nor does the hiffory of a family depend 
+merely upon their 30 name. Had the people, of whom wc 
+are treating, been in any degree natives of Aflyria, we fhould 
+certainly find fome traces of them in the Affvrian hiffory. 
+But we hear nothing of them till the reign of Salmanafier, 
+or Afuraddon : who, when they tranfplanted conquered na¬ 
+tions, and had removed Ifrael from Samaria, brought men of 
+v Babylon and Cutha in their room. From hence we may 
+judge, that the Cuthites and Babylonians, among whom the 
+Chaldeans are included, were in the fame intereft ; and had 
+been in confederacy againft the Aflyrians: confequently they 
+were not of their family. In a little time, the Babylonians 
+fhook off the Affyrian yoke, and in their turn formed a great 
+empire : and then v/e have continual accounts of the Chal¬ 
+deans. They were in a manner the fame as the Babylonians, 
+who were indifputably the fons of Chus: and the two names 
+are ufed by writers indifferently, as being nearly fynonymous. 
+Hence when the army of Nebuchadnezzar, king of Babylon, 
+furrounded Jerufalem, it is called the army of the Chaldees . 
+
+The Chaldees were againft the city round about: 33 And the 
+
+30 There was a Chaldea upon the Pontus Euxinus, to the call of Sinope, in the 
+country of the Chalybes : but nobody will fuppofc that Abraham came from hence. 
+
+31 2 Kings, c. 17. v. 24. of AlTur-Adon. See Ezra. c. 4. v. 2; 
+
+32 2 Kings, c. 25. v. 4. In like manner it is faid, that the army of the Chaldeans pur- 
+filed after the king , and overtook Zcdekiah . Jeremiah, c. 52. v. 8. 
+
+33 2 Kings, c. 25. v. 10. 
+
+
+army 
+
+
+
+288 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+army of the Chaldees—brake down the walls. Ifaiah fpeaks of 
+Babylon, as 3+ the beauty of the Chaldees excellence. And when 
+Darius the Mede obtained the throne of Babylon, he is faid 
+to have been 35 tnade king over the realm of the Chaldees. 
+Even Nebuchadnezzar abovementioned is diftinguifhed by 
+the title of 34 Nebuchadnezzar ^ the king of Babylon , the Chal¬ 
+dean. The reafon of all this, I think, is plain. It has been 
+mentioned, that, when Babel was ruined, it lay unoccupied 
+for ages : and the region of Babylonia feems to have been 
+but thinly inhabited. The city was at laft rebuilt : and 
+when it was taken in hand, the work was carried on by the 
+Chaldeans, under the infpedtion of Merodach Baladan, but 
+chiefly of his fon Nebuchadnezzar. He is expreflly faid to 
+have 37 built it, and to have been a Chaldean. Hence Baby¬ 
+lon is very truly reprefented, as the beauty of the Chaldeans 
+excellence : for that people raifed its towers ; and gave it an 
+extent and magnificence fuperior to Erech, Ur, Borfippa, and 
+every city of the nation. Indeed, if we may judge from the 
+accounts tranfmitted, there was not a city in the world, that 
+could equal it in 38 grandeur and beauty. For this reafon, 
+the Chaldeans and Babylonians are fpoken of as the fame 
+people ; for they were originally the fame family : and when 
+they came to refide in the fame province, there could be no 
+difference between them. There were however fome tribes, 
+which feem to the laft to have been diftinguifhed, and called, 
+
+34 Ifaiah. c. 13. v, 19. 
+
+35 Daniel, c. 9. v. 1. 
+
+36 Ezra. c. 5, v. 12. 
+
+37 Daniel, c. 4. v. 30. 
+
+38 Babylon , the glory of kingdoms , the beauty of the Chaldeans excellence . Ifaiah above. 
+
+by 
+
+
+
+T iie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 289 
+
+by way of eminence, Chaldeans. Such were thofe of Bor- 
+fippa and Ur, fo celebrated for philofophy and divination j 
+out of whom came the Magi, Arufpices, and Soothfayers. 
+Thofe of Ur were particularly ftyled Urchani, which may 
+either lignify Lords of Ur , or Priejis of Fire. Strabo {peaks 
+much of the Chaldeans, and of their great wifdom : and fays, 
+that from them, and from the Egyptians, the learning of 
+Greece was derived. Such is the hiftory of this city of the 
+Chaldees, and of the country, wherein it was fituated. 
+
+
+
+VOL* III. 
+
+
+
+[ 2 9 l 1 
+
+
+
+O i 
+
+EGYPT, 
+
+AND 
+
+ITS FIRST INHABITANTS} 
+
+AND OF 
+
+ITS KINGS, AND DYNASTIES. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+HE land of Egypt confifted of a narrow region, which 
+reached from Syene downwards to the upper point of 
+Delta, following the courfe of the Nile. It was above five 
+hundred miles in length ; and on each fide bounded by 
+mountains, which terminated exactly, where the region 
+ended. At this point the Nile divided, and the country 
+below for a great while was a morafs : but when it came to 
+have canals made, and to be properly drained, it turned out 
+the richeft, and at the fame time the moft beautiful, part of 
+
+
+Egypt. 
+
+
+It was called Delta, and divided into numberlefs 
+
+
+ifiands, which fwarmed with inhabitants. In confequence 
+of this it abounded with towns and cities beyond any coun¬ 
+try upon earth j fome of which feem to have been of great 
+
+
+P p 2 
+
+
+extent. 
+
+
+292 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+extent. Thefe i (lands were finely planted ; and the com¬ 
+munication between them was kept up in boats and barges. 
+In this manner they made their vilits to particular temples at 
+flated times : which voyages were attended- with mufick, 
+collations, and the higheft 1 feftivity. In the courfe of their 
+navigation, they palled by innumerable towns and villages, 
+fnrrounded with gardens well difpofed, and abounding with 
+trees of different forts, particularly with palms, and 1 peach- 
+trees, and groves of acacia. On the Libyan fide to the weft, 
+a large region feems to have been of old overflowed by the 
+waters of the Nile, which had no outlet to pafs freely, and 
+became ftagnant and unwholefome. An ancient king took 
+an opportunity, during the recefs of the Nile, to dig out the 
+wafte mud, and with it to form an head below: by which 
+means he prevented the exuberant waters from defeending 
+any more to the lower country. All that was above he 
+formed into a mighty lake, which comprehended a fpace of 
+above one hundred 3 miles fquare. In this were many iflands, 
+with temples and obeliiks : and clofe upon it was the Laby¬ 
+rinth, a ftupendous work ; alfo the city of the facred croco¬ 
+dile, held in great veneration. It was called the lake Mceris; 
+and was fuppofed to have had this name from the king, by 
+whom it was made. But Mceris fignifies a marifli, or marfli 
+and alludes to its priftine ftate, from whence it was deno¬ 
+minated. The later Egyptians did not know for certain the 
+name of any one prince, by whom their great works had been 
+
+
+‘ Herod. L. 2. c. 60. 61. 
+
+■* The Perfica, a tree moft acceptable to Ifis. Plutarch. If. et Ofir. p. 378. 
+
+* Herod. L. 2. c. 149. Mela. L. 1. c. 9. p. 56. Quingenta millia pafiuum in 
+
+
+circuitu patens. 
+
+IQ 
+
+
+performed 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+2 93 
+
+
+performed. They either fubftituted the title of fome Deity; 
+or out of the name of the place formed a perfonage, whom 
+they fuppofed to have been the chief agent. Lacus Moeris 
+hgnifies the marfh-lake; the piece of water made out of the 
+fen: and the region below, which was converted to dry 
+ground, was called 4 Scithiaca, alfo the fea without water. 
+That part of Delta, which exifted in the firft ages, was in like 
+mariner marfhy, as I have fhewn. It was likewife conti¬ 
+nually increafing towards its bails by the protruilon of foil 
+from the river. This was very coniiderable, when the 
+Nile overflowed ; fo that the lower region had every year an 
+additional barrier towards the fea : and oftentimes new 
+iilands arofe from the prevalence of the floods above. What 
+it was originally, may be feen from the natural trending of 
+the coaft, if we take in a large circuit, and carry the ter¬ 
+minating curve from Afcalon, Gaza, and Mount Callus on 
+one fide, to Alexandria and Parastonium on the other. This 
+line regularly produced, as in the annexed map, will fhew the 
+original extent of Delta : and what exceeds that termination, 
+will mark the increafe of foil, which the country has for 
+
+Of all this the natives availed them- 
+What was thus given them, they railed by art, and 
+further improved; and gained one third more of territory by 
+this increment from the Nile. 
+
+The Mizrai'm, who fettled in Egypt, were branched out 
+into 5 feven families. 
+
+who feem to have redded between Peluflum and Mount 
+
+
+ages been obtaining, 
+felves. 
+
+
+Of thefe the Caphtorim were one ; 
+
+
+4 Sx,iQiocx.v Ptolemy. L. 4. c. 5. p. 121 
+
+Lind of Macar. . 
+
+5 Genefis. c. to. v. 13. 
+
+
+Called alfo Macaria, or th 
+
+
+Callus,, 
+
+
+
+294- Tun; Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Callus, upon the fea-coaff. Pelufium was properly in Ara¬ 
+bia : but the Egyptians very early drew a vaft canal, which 
+reached near an hundred and fifty miles from Bubaftus to 
+the 6 fea. This was a barrier to the eaft ; and included Pe- 
+lulium within the precindls of Egypt. Caphtor, from 
+whence the people were denominated, fignifies a tower upon 
+a promontory ; and was probably the fame as Migdol, and 
+the original place of refidence of the Caphtorim. This-peo- 
+ple made an early migration into Canaan, where they were 
+called Paleftines, the Philiftim of the Hebrews ; and the 
+country, where they fettled, was named 7 Paheftina. Whe¬ 
+ther the whole of their family, or only a part, are included 
+in this migration, is uncertain. Be it as it may, they feem 
+to have come up by divine commiffion, and to have been en¬ 
+titled to immunities, which to the Canaanites were denied. 
+* Have not I (faith the Lord) brought up Ifrael out of the land 
+of Egypt? and the Philifines frotn Caphtor? In confequence 
+of this, upon the coming of the Ifraelites into Canaan, they 
+feem to have been unmolefted for years. They certainly 
+knew from the beginning, that tile land was deftined for the 
+Ifraelites, and that they only dwelt there by permiflion. 
+Hence when Abraham fojourned at Gerar, the king of the 
+
+courteous ; and offered him any 
+part of his demefnes to dwell in. 9 And Abimelech faid , 
+
+Diodor. Sic. I... i. p* 
+
+7 n«Aai<r«'* oi Greece. Pelufium was called PeleOin, and Peleftin : and the 
+people, who fettled in the part of Canaan, of which we are fpeaking, called it Pe- 
+lellina, in memorial of the region, from whence they came. 
+
+8 Amos. c. g. v. 7. Jeremiah fpeaks of the remnant of Caphtor, by which he 
+
+alludes to the Philiftines. c. 47. v. 4. See Deuteronomy, c. 2. v. 23. 
+
+9 Genefis. c. 20. v. 15. 
+
+7 
+
+
+country was particularly 
+
+
+Behold, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+295 
+
+Behold, my land is before thee : dwell where it pleafeth thee. 
+And when the Patriarch afterwards, being aggrieved, retired 
+to Beerfheba ; the king thought proper to go to him, at¬ 
+tended with Phichol, his chief captain, who was probably 
+one of the Anakim; and infilled upon a covenant and pro- 
+mife, which was to be in force for future generations. 
+
+Now therefore fwear unto me here by God , that thou wilt 
+not deal falfely with me, nor with my foil , nor with my fons 
+fon : but according to the kindnefs , that I have done unto thec x 
+thouJhalt do unto me, and to the land, wherein thou hajl 
+fojourned . Many years afterwards the fame thing happened 
+to Ifaac. He had refided at Gerar ; and was obliged to re¬ 
+tire to Beerfheba, where he pitched his tent. The herdfmen 
+of the king had ufed him ill: and the prince of the country 
+made a point to be reconciled to him ; and fet out with his 
+chief captain, and in the fame ftate as his ” predeceffor. 
+“ And Ifaac faid unto them, TVherefore come ye to me , feeing 
+ye hate me f — And they faid , JVe faw certainly that the Lord 
+was with thee : and we faid , Let there be now an oath betwixt 
+us, even betwixt us and thee ; and let us make a covenant with 
+thee', that thou wilt do us no hurt.. What hurt could be 
+feared either to them, or to their country, from an old man 
+of above an hundred years, who with his whole retinue had 
+been put to flight by fome herdfmen ? or what harm could 
+
+Genefis. c. 21. v. 23. 
+
+11 It was undoubtedly a different king of the country. Abimdech wa9 not a pro¬ 
+per name, but an hereditary title. Pihicb^ ftgnifies the mouth cf all * or the ptrihn p: 
+who gives o,ut orders : in other words, the commander in chief. . The meetingp£ 
+flaac and Abimelech was above an hundred years after the interview with Abraham. 
+
+** Gen. c. 2^5. v. 27. 
+
+fee 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+296 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+be dreaded from Abraham, who was equally advanced in 
+years, or from his attendants ? Yet a covenant was defired: 
+and nothing can more effectually fhew the reputed fanClity 
+of thefc Patriarchs, and the dignity of their character, than 
+the reverential regard, which was paid to them. Weak to 
+appearance, and unfettled, without the leaft portion of land, 
+which they could call their own, they are folicited by the 
+princes of the country; who cannot think themfelves fecure 
+without their benediction and favour. And the covenant 
+fued for by thefe perfons is not merely for their own time ; 
+but to extend to their fons, and fons fons, and to the land, 
+in which they dwelt. Accordingly when Jofhua conquered 
+the kingdoms of Canaan, we find no mention made of the 
+Philiftines being engaged in thofe wars ; nor of their having 
+entered into any confederacy with the kings of the country. 
+And though their cities were adjudged to the tribe of Judah, 
+yet they were not 13 fubdued: and feem to have enjoyed a 
+term of reft for above forty years. No mention is made oi 
+any hoftilities during the life of Jofhua : which, confidering 
+their fituation, is hard to be accounted for, except upon the 
+principles, upon which I have proceeded. It is probable, 
+that they afterwards forgot the covenant, which had been 
+formerly made ; and would not acknowledge any right of 
+property, or jurifdiClion in the Ifraelites : upon which they 
+were invaded by the fons of Judah, and fome of their cities 
+taken. Thefe hoftilities commenced in the time of Caleb, 
+above forty years after the Ifraelites had been in Canaan. 
+
+The other tribes of theMizraim fent out colonies to the weft; 
+
+
+? 3 Joflula. c. 13. v. 2. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+297 
+
+
+and occupied many regions in Africa ; to which part of the 
+world they feem to have confined themfelves. The children 
+alfo of Phut, the third of the fons of Ham, palled very deep 
+to the fouthward : and many of the black nations are de¬ 
+fended from them ; more, I believe, than from any other 
+
+
+family. 
+
+
+We are informed by 14 Jofephus, that Phut was the 
+
+
+founder of the nations in Libya ; and that the people were 
+from him called , Ooimx, Phuti. By Libya he understands, as 
+the Greeks did, Africa in general : for the country called 
+Libya Proper, was peopled by the Lubim, or Lehabim, one 
+
+
+of the branches from Mizrai’m. ,s Act&sip,, Fc, ov Ai£vsg. 
+From Lehabim came the Libyes , fays the author of the 
+Chronicon Pafchale. The fons of Phut fettled in Mau¬ 
+ritania ; where was a region called Phutia, as we learn from 
+
+16 Maurita- 
+: omnif- 
+
+
+Jerom ; and a river of the like denomination, 
+nias fluvius ufque ad przefens tempus Phut dicitur 
+
+
+que circa eum regio Phutenfis. 17 Jofephus alfo mentions 
+in this country a river fo called. Some of this family 
+fettled above Egypt near Ethiopia ; and were Styled Troglo- 
+dytse, as we learn from Syncellus. 18 OoytT, ov TgwyAoSvTctt. 
+Many of them pafled inland, and peopled the mediterranean 
+country. In procefs of time, the fons of Chus, after their 
+expulfion from Babylonia, and Egypt, made fettlements 
+upon the fea-coaft of Africa, and came into Mauritania. 
+We accordingly find traces of them in the names, which 
+
+
+»4 
+
+16 
+
+*7 
+
+i3 
+
+
+Antiq. L. i. c. 7. SeeBocfyart. Phaieg. p. 295 
+Chron, Pafch. p. 29. 
+
+Traditiones Hebr. 
+
+Antiq. JL. 1. c. 7. 
+
+Syncellus. p. 47. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+Q_q 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+29S 
+
+
+the coaft ; and a city 
+Mauritania. Flumen C 
+
+
+uch as Chuzis, Chufa 
+a, with a promontory 
+m alfo is mentioned b 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+be found lower down ; and the 
+
+
+by 19 Pliny, 
+lemorials of the Phu- 
+They are however to 
+
+
+the river Gambia is at this day called Phuta. Of 
+
+
+is not pohible at this 
+
+
+■y of Moles ] 
+difcriminate 
+
+
+ol onion. It 
+feveral calls 
+
+
+among the black nations. Many have thought, that all 
+
+
+were of the 
+
+
+thite, breed. 
+
+
+inferred from this diffe 
+
+
+of hair : for many of the Ethiopic race had Ilrait hair 
+
+
+we learn from 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+Herodotu 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+we are told bv Marcel 
+
+
+linus, that fome of the Egyptians had a tendency to wool. 
+From whence we may infer, that it was a circumftance 
+more or lefs to be obferved in all the branches of the line of 
+Flam; but univerfally among the Nigritze, of whatever 
+branch they may have been. 
+
+The learning and wifdom of the Egyptians have been 
+always greatly celebrated ; fo that there is no writer of con- 
+fequence, who treats of their hiftory, but fpeaks of them 
+with admiration. The Grecians had high notions of their 
+own antiquity and learning : yet notwithftanding all their 
+prejudices, they ever allow the fuperiority of the Egyptians. 
+Herodotus had vilited Egypt, and feen the temples and col¬ 
+leges of that country. In confequence of this, he had op¬ 
+portunities of gaining fome intelligence of the natives. 
+
+
+*9 
+
+
+I*. C. 1. 
+
+■ IGjt prjtss AiQiGTres. L. 7. c. 70* 
+
+
+* * 
+
+
+whom 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+whom he mentions with the higheft marks of honour. He 
+fays, that they were the 11 wifeft of all nations : and he ac¬ 
+knowledges, that they were never beholden for any thing to 
+the Grecians ; but on the contrary, that 11 Greece had bor¬ 
+rowed largely from Egypt. No nation appears to have en¬ 
+joyed a better eftablifhed polity. Their councils, fenate, and 
+tribunals feem to have been very 23 auguft, and highly re¬ 
+garded. Their community was compofed of 2+ feven different 
+orders. In moft of thefe there were degrees of honour, to 
+which particulars, upon their any ways excelling, were per¬ 
+mitted to rife. They were deeply Skilled in 25 aftronomy and 
+geometry ; alfo in chymiftry and phyfick. Indeed they feem 
+to have been acquainted with every branch of philofophy ; 
+which they are fuppofed of all nations to have cultivated the 
+26 firft. The natives of Thebes above all others were re¬ 
+
+
+nowned for their great wifdom ; and for their knowledge in 
+thefe "fciences. Their improvements in geometry are thought 
+to have been owing to the nature of their 28 country. For the 
+land of Egypt being annually overflowed, and all property 
+confounded; they were obliged, upon the retreat of the 
+
+'' JL. 2. C. X 21. c. 160. 
+
+
+21 I2. c. 49. See Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i, p. 361. 
+
+
+♦ * 
+
+
+JE 
+
+
+Lugd. Bat. anno 1706. 
+
+
+s+ Herodotus. L. 2. c. 163. 
+
+15 Diodorus. L. 1. p. 63. Clemens Alex. Strom. L. 5. p. 657. Herodot. L, 
+
+c. 129. The very term Chymiftry, Chemia, Xquia* fignifies the Egyptian art . 
+The country itielf was named Chemia, and Chamia, or the land of Cham. Another 
+i'cnfe of Chemia, and Al-Chemia is aprocefs by fire- 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+Tatianus Aflyrius. p. 243. Juft. Martyr. Cohort, p. 18. 
+
+
+TrOLVTCOV 
+
+
+9 I ru * 
+
+'zvpcoTois (piXoaroqnctv re eug 7 j<r 6 act f xoct rrtv tir acypaXoyiccv, xtA. Diodorus. 
+
+L. 1. p. 46. 
+
+18 Herodot. L. 2. c. 109. 
+
+
+Q_q 2 
+
+
+waters. 
+
+
+
+3°° 
+
+
+The Analysis ok Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+waters, to have recourfe to geometrical decifion, in order to 
+determine the limits of their pofieftions. All the beft ar¬ 
+chitecture of Greece may be traced to its original in 19 Egypt. 
+Here were the firft efforts of genius difclofed ; as may be 
+ftill feen about Luxorain, Ombus, Affouan, and Thebes. 
+In thefe parts refidcd the Artifts, who formed the ancient 
+cornice and architrave : and who invented the capital, and 
+fhaft, of which the firft pillar was compofed. And however 
+early thefe. fpecimens may have been, yet there are among 
+them fome, which witnefs no fmall elegance and beauty. 
+To them is attributed the invention of the 30 zodiac and 
+
+
+fphere : and they are 
+the folftitial points ; 
+Macrobius ftyles 
+
+
+
+faid to have firft obferved accurately 
+and to have determined the year. 
+the parent of 31 arts: and he fays, that 
+
+
+Jul ius Caefar, when he took in hand to correct the Roman 
+Calendar, effected it upon Egyptian principles ; 31 copying 
+
+
+thofe great mafers , who were the only proficients upon earth in 
+the noble and divine fciences . The works, which they eredted 
+
+
+were immenfe. 
+
+
+Both their obelifks and pyramids have been 
+
+
+looked up to with amazement: and it has been the ftudy 
+of the world to devife, by what mechanical powers they were 
+
+
+effected. Their ramparts, fluices, canals, and lakes, have 
+
+
+- n SeePocock’s Egypt, p. 216. and Norden. Plates 107. 127. and 144. 
+
+J ° Macrobius Somn. Scip. L. x. p. 75. 76. Herod. L. 2. c. 4. 
+
+Anni certus modus apud folos /Egyptios Temper fuit. Macrob. Saturn. JL. u. 
+
+p. 169. 
+
+31 j^Egyptus artium mater. Ibid. p. 180. 
+
+A ey»cri 'TOivuv AiyuTTTtoi Toacp ocutois tw ts tccv ypx.fj.fj.at.Ttov. hipecriv yeveaOcci, xxi 
+
+TtoV ctvpoov TcrotpctTM-natv’ -arpos J £ TBTClfS TOC T£ tJTBpl TilV yitofJ.tTplCCV 3’ticapnfj.atTcty XCil 
+
+Ttov tb^voov Tecs Ts^BiVccs &jp$¥ivoti, Diod. Sic* L. 1. p. 63. 
+
+31 C. Caelar—imitatus ./Egyptios, folos divinarum rerum omnium confcios. 
+
+Macrob. Sat. L. i.p. 178. 
+
+
+never 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+301 
+
+
+never been furpafled, either in number, or magnificence, by 
+any people in the world. Their fculptures, though exe¬ 
+cuted in fo early an age, are reprcfented in many inftances 
+as very curious and precife. Frederick HafTelquift, a learned 
+Swede, 33 allures us, that he could plainly diltinguifh every 
+bird, and the particular fpecics of every bird, upon the obe- 
+lilk at Matarea. 
+
+No wonder, that a people fo excellent fhould be beheld 
+with a degree of 34 veneration by the Grecians. On this ac¬ 
+count all thofe, who were zealous of making a proficiency 
+in philofophy, betook themfelves to 35 Egypt, which was the 
+academy of Greece- Among the foremoft of thefe were Py¬ 
+thagoras, Thales, Solon, 36 Eudoxus, 37 Plato ; who fludied 
+there a good while. In the days of the two laft, the coun¬ 
+try was more open to foreigners : and from that time it was 
+more generally, and more eagerly vifited. Yet the ./Egyp¬ 
+tians were then lowered, by having been fo often fubdued : 
+their hiftories had been greatly damaged, and their know¬ 
+ledge much impaired. Yet there was fufficient merit ftill 
+left to make even a Grecian admire. From hence we may 
+fairly judge of the primitive excellence of this people : for 
+
+
+33 Travels, p. 99. 
+
+34 ITlsAAa yotp toov 'ztrccAcuoor edyjv yevo/j.evoov zvetp* AiyvTTT.w & zsrctpx tc,l$ ey- 
+
+ytopiots oLTroS'o^y}^ aAAa xoct z zrapa t 01$ \EAA no-tv a eO^jy.ocaQyj. Diod.- 
+
+Sic. L. 1. p. 62. 
+
+35 Diodorus, ibid. Clemens Alex* Strom. L. 1. p. 356. 
+
+36 Eudoxus primus ab -Egypto motus (fiderum) in.Grasciam tranftulit.—Conon 
+poftea, diligens et iple inquificor, defedbiones quidem (forte quafdam) folis ab Egyp- 
+tiis fervatas collegit. Senecas Quasft. Nat. L. 7. c. 3. 
+
+57 tylacrobius mentions, that Plato in particular was an admirer of the Egyptians. 
+Plato Egyptios, omnium philofophiae difeiplinarum audlores, fecutus. Somn. 
+Scip. L. 1. p. 64-. 
+
+
+
+3 02 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+if fcience appeared fo lovely in ruins, what muft have been 
+its luftre, when in a date of perfection ? 
+
+O, quam te dicam bonam 
+Antehac fuifle, tales cum lint reliquia; ! 
+
+It is obfervable, that in the law of Mofes a deference is paid 
+to the Egyptians ; and the Ifraelites 
+upon them with an eve of favour : na 1 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+within 
+
+
+and enjoyed 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+culiarly fortunate both in the falubrity of their air, and in 
+the uncommon properties of the Nile. Their animals were 
+
+
+olific 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+d meafure fruitful ; and in moll places produced two 
+of corn in a year. They moreover enjoyed the good 
+; of the whole earth : for though they were themfelves 
+
+igation, yet they admitted merchants to Coptos, 
+places. From thefe they received balm, gold, 
+fpices, ivory, gems; and in return they gave their corn, flax, 
+and fine linen, and whatever was the product of Egypt. 
+
+
+other 
+
+
+The facred writers take notice 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+curious embroideries of 
+
+
+peopl 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+indeed there are re¬ 
+
+
+peated allufions in the Scriptures to their wonderful 39 fkill 
+and wifdom. Hence, when the prophet Ifaiah foretells the 
+ruin of the kingdom, he fpeaks of the fuperior underftanding 
+of the people, which nothing but a judicial blindnefs could 
+
+38 Deuteron. c. 23. v. 7. 8. 
+
+39 Ezekiel mentions the Tyrians trading for the fine linen , and embroidered work of 
+Egypt, c. 27. v. 7. The Egyptians, that work in fine flax . Ifaiah. c. 19. v. 9. 
+
+I o pervert. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+pervert. 40 The Lord hath mingled a perverfe fpirit in the 
+jnidjl (of Egypt.) 41 Surely the princes of Zoan are fools: the 
+coufifel of the wife counfellors of Pharaoh is become brutifj. 
+How fay ye unto Pharaoh , I am the fon of the wife ; the fon of 
+ancient kings P JHhere are they P JHhet'e are thy wife men P- 
+.—The princes of Zoan are become fools : the pri?sces of JVoph 
+are deceived. They have alfo feduced Egypt. The prophet 
+had before faid, 41 The fpirit of Egypt Jhall fail i?t the tniclfl 
+thereof ; and I will defroy the counfel thereof:—and the 
+Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord, and 
+a fierce king , &c. Hence we find, that nothing but infatua¬ 
+tion could be the ruin of this people. 
+
+Egypt of all countries feems to have been the moft fecurc. 
+It was to the north defended by the fea; and on every other 
+fide by deferts of great extent. It abounded with inhabi¬ 
+tants ; and had many cities of great ftrength : and as it en¬ 
+joyed every thing necefiary for life within itfelf, and was in 
+a manner fecluded from the world; it had little to fear from 
+any foreign power. We find however, that it was conquered 
+more than once; and after a feries of great calamities finally 
+brought to ruin. 
+
+The misfortunes of this people arofe from a repining dif- 
+contented fpirit, which produced inteftine animofities. They 
+often fet afide their rightful monarch; and fubftituted many 
+princes inftead of 43 one. At the invafion of Sabacon, the 
+Ethiopian, the Egyptians feem to have been difunited by 
+
+
+40 
+
+41 
+4t 
+
+43 
+
+
+C. 19. 14. 
+
+C. 19. v. 11. 12. 13. 
+
+V. 3.. 
+
+See Marfham’s Chron. Saec. 16. noPMxotgxvm* p. 443 * 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+factions. 
+
+
+
+302 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+if fcience appeared fo lovely in ruins, what muft have been 
+its luftre, when in a date of perfection ? 
+
+O, quam te dicam bonam 
+Antehac fuiffe, tales cum lint reliquioe ! 
+
+It is obfervable, that in the law of Mofes a deference is paid 
+to the Egyptians ; and the Ifraelites were ordered to look 
+upon them with an eye of favour : nay, they were permitted 
+to enter the fandtuary after the fecond 38 generation. 
+
+The Egyptians were very happily fituated ; and enjoyed 
+all the neceffaries of life within themfelves. They were pe¬ 
+culiarly fortunate both in the falubrity of their air, and in 
+the uncommon properties of the Nile. Their animals were 
+very prolific : and their foil, being continually renewed, was 
+beyond meafure fruitful ; and in moil places produced two 
+crops of corn in a year. They moreover enjoyed the good 
+things of the whole earth : for though they were themfelves 
+averfe to navigation, yet they admitted merchants to Coptos, 
+and to other places. From thefe they received balm, gold, 
+fpices, ivory, gems; and in return they gave their corn, flax, 
+and fine linen, and whatever was the product of Egypt. 
+The facred writers take notice of the rich garments, and 
+curious embroideries of this people : indeed there are re¬ 
+peated allufions in the Scriptures to their wonderful 39 fkill 
+and wifdom. Hence, when the prophet Ifaiah foretells the 
+ruin of the kingdom, he fpeaks of the fuperior underftanding 
+of the people, which nothing but a judicial blindnefs could 
+
+
+38 Deuteron. c. 23. v. 7. 8. 
+
+39 Ezekiel mentions the Tyrians trading for the fine linen , and embroidered work of 
+Egypt . c. 27. v. 7, The Egyptians, that work in fine flax. Ifaiah. c. 19. v. 9. 
+
+
+
+pervert. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 303 
+
+pervert. 40 The Lord hath mingled a perverfe fpirit in the 
+midji (of Egypt.) 4 ' Surely the princes of Zoan are fools: the 
+counfel of the wife counfellors of Pharaoh is become brut if. 
+How fay ye unto Pharaoh , I am the fon of the wife ; the fon of 
+ancient kings f TV here are they P TV here are thy wife men 
+—The princes of Zoan are become fools : the princes of IVoph 
+are deceived. They have alfo feduced Egypt. The prophet 
+had before faid, 41 The fpirit of Egypt fall fail in the midfl 
+thereof ; and I will defroy the coimfel thereof: — a?id the 
+Egyptians will I give over into the hand of a cruel lord , and 
+a fierce king , &c. Hence we find, that nothing but infatua¬ 
+tion could be the ruin of this people. 
+
+Egypt of all countries feems to have been the moft fecure. 
+It was to the north defended by the fea; and on every other 
+fide by deferts of great extent. It abounded with inhabi¬ 
+tants ; and had many cities of great ftrength : and as it en¬ 
+joyed every thing necefiary for life within itfelf, and was in 
+a manner fecluded from the world; it had little to fear from 
+any foreign power. We find however, that it was conquered 
+more than once; and after a feries of great calamities finally 
+brought to ruin. 
+
+The misfortunes of this people arofe from a repining dif- 
+contented fpirit, which produced inteftine animofities. They 
+often fet afide their rightful monarch; and fubftituted many 
+princes inftead of 43 one. At the invafion of Sabacon, the 
+Ethiopian, the Egyptians feem to have been difunited by 
+
+40 C. 19. 14. 
+
+41 C. 19. V. II. 12. 13. 
+
+4 * V. 3.. 
+
+43 See Marfham’s Chron. Ssec. 16. FIoAi/xo^am. p. 443 * 
+
+fa&ions. 
+
+
+
+304 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fa&ions, and under many petty 44 princes. And when the 
+Ethiopic government ceafed, they again lapfed into a ftate of 
+milrule; till at lad; twelve of the moft powerful in the nation 
+a/Turned regal dignity; and each feized to himfelf a portion of 
+the 45 kingdom. This was productive of dill greater confu/ion; 
+and of more bitter feuds. For though they are faid to have 
+agreed together for a while; yet they at laft quarrelled, and 
+hoftilities 46 commenced, till at laft the monarchy came to 
+Pfammitichus. Of tliefe commotions the prophet Ifaiali 
+fpeaks, when he is foretelling the deftruCtion of Egypt. 47 I 
+will fet the Egyptians , fays the Deity, againjl the Egyptians ; 
+and they fall fight every one againjl his brother, and every one 
+agahifi his neighbour ; city againjl city , a?id nome againjl nome. 
+Sind the fipirit of Egypt Jhall fail in the midjl thereof: and I 
+will defroy the counfel thereof. They were the wifeft people 
+upon earth ; but their good fenfe was at laft perverted : and 
+no nation ever co-operated more ftrongly to its own deftruc- 
+tion. Hence they were conquered byEfar-Adon the Aflyrian; 
+and by the king of Babylon Nebuchadnezzar, who took ad¬ 
+vantage of thefe internal commotions. Afterward they be¬ 
+came a more eafy prey to the Perftans, and Grecians, who 
+ruled over them in their turns. The conqueft of Egypt by 
+Nebuchadnezzar feems to have been attended with grievous 
+
+
+44 Sabacon iEthiops ^gyptum jam disjunftis viribns debilitatam occupat. Ibid. 
+Ssec. 16. p. 456. When afterwards Sennacherib invaded the land, the foldiers re- 
+fufed to fight. Herodot. L. 2.c. 141. 
+
+45 Toov c^A oov ft* Tctpa^cct kcci (povovs efJLtpvXtes Tpe 7 rofJL€voov, €7roir(rctvTO cvvc^piociav 01 
+
+fj.tyicEoi 7 oov r\yifxovoov S'oodex.cc, solvt&s (ZaatteiS. Diodorus. L. I. p. 59 - 
+
+See alfo Herod. L. 2. c. 147. 
+
+46 Diodorus. L. 1. p. 60. 
+
+47 C. 19. v. 2. 
+
+i\ 
+
+
+calamities, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 305 
+
+calamities, fuch as the nation had never before experienced. 
+The country, as I have mentioned, was fo happily fituated, 
+as to have little occalion to interfere with the politics of 
+other nations. But they were a mighty people, and could 
+not refrain themfelves from fhewing their power. Hence 
+they unneceflarily oppofed both the +8 Aflyrians and Babylo¬ 
+nians : and Pharaoh Necho went up 49 twice to Carchemilh 
+upon the Euphrates, to encounter thofe nations. He was 
+at laft 50 beaten ; and both by his march upwards, and by 
+his retreat, he pointed out the path to Egypt, and Ihewed, 
+how it might be affailed. In confequence of this it was at¬ 
+tacked by Nebuchadnezzar, and totally fubdued : and not 
+content with this, the vidtor feems to have carried his re- 
+fentment to a violent degree, fo as almoft to extirpate the 
+nation. What they fuffered may be known from what was 
+predicted j which contains a lad denunciation of evil. 51 There- 
+fore , thus faith the Lord God ; Behold I will bring a fword 
+upon thee \ and cut off man , and beajl out of thee. And the 
+land of Egypt fhall be defolate and wafe ; and they fhall know y> 
+that I am the Lord: becaufe he hath faid , The river is 
+mine, and I have made it. Behold , therefore I am againjl 
+thee , and againft thy rivers ; and I will make the land of 
+Egypt utterly wafte y and defolate , from the Tower Migdol to 
+Syene , and the border of Ethiopia. No foot of man fhall pafs 
+
+through ity nor foot of beaf fhall pafs through ity neither fhall 
+
+'it be inhabited forty years. And I will make the land of 
+
+* 
+
+4 * 2 Kings., c. 19. v. 9. andc. 23* v. 29. 2 Chron. c. 35. v, 20. 
+
+49 2 Chron. c. 35. v. 20. Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 2. 
+
+50 Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 2. 
+
+51 Ezekiel, c. 29. v. 8, 
+
+Vol. III. R r 
+
+* 
+
+
+Egypt 
+
+
+
+$o6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Egypt defolate in the midjl of the countries that are defolate ~ 
+and her cities , among the cities that are laid wafle , Jhallbe defo¬ 
+late forty years: and I will feat ter the Egyptians among the na-> 
+tionsy and will difperfe them through the countries. Yet thus faith 
+the Lord God , At the end of forty years will I gather the Egyp-. 
+tians from the people , whither they werefcattered. And I will bring 
+again the captivity of Egypt ; and will caufe them to return into the 
+land of PaphroSy into the land of their habit at ion y and they fhall be 
+there a bafe kingdom. In the fubfequent part of this prophecy 
+there are many beautiful allufions to the rites and idolatry 
+of this people : and the fame is to be obferved in Jeremiah. 
+51 Ohy thou daughtery dwelling i)i Egypt , furnijh thyfelf ta go 
+into captivity : for JVoph Jhall be wafe and defolate without an 
+inhabitant. Egypt is like a fair heifer ; but deflruElion cometh ; 
+it cotneth out of the north. -Alfo her hired me?i are in the midfi 
+of hevy like fatted bullocks ; for they alfo—are fled away toge¬ 
+ther ; they did not ft andy becaufe the day of their cal antity was 
+.come upon them —I The daughter of Egypt Jhall be confounded: 
+floe Jhall be delivered into the ha?id of the people of the north. 
+‘The Lord of Hoflsy the God of Ifraely faith ; Behold , I will pu- 
+nijh the multitude of Noy and Pharaohy and Egypt , with their 
+Godsy and their kings \ even Pharaohy and all them that truft in 
+him. And I will deliver them into the hand of thofey that feek 
+their lives ; and into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar , king of Ba- 
+bylony and into the hand of his fervants : arid afterwards it Jhall 
+-he inhabitedy as in the days of oldy faith the Lord. We fee., that 
+the defolation of the country is foretold by both prophets; 
+and likewife a refloration of tliofe, who were to be carried 
+
+
+Jeremiah, c. 46. v. 19. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+307 
+
+
+into captivity. This return of the people, according to 
+Ezekiel, was not to be effected till after forty years. The 
+accounts in the Egyptian hiftories concerning tliefe times are 
+very dark and in confident. So much we learn, that there 
+were great commotions and 53 migrations of people, when 
+Pharaoh Necho, and Pfammitichus are fuppofed to have 
+reigned. And both thefe, and the fubfequent kings, are re- 
+prefented as admitting the 54 Carians, and other nations into 
+Egypt; and hiring mercenaries for the defence of the coun¬ 
+try. All this is repugnant to their former 55 manners ; and 
+Ihews, that the country was become thin of inhabitants, and 
+wanted to be repeopled. Mod writers mention an interval 
+about this time, which is ftyled y^ovof c&curtXevTog : but they 
+fuppofe it to have been only 56 eleven years. Diodorus Sicu¬ 
+lus mentions about the lame time an interval of four 57 ages, 
+in which there was no king. The original hiftory was un¬ 
+doubtedly not four ages, but four decads of years; and 
+agrees very well with the prophecy of Ezekiel. The hillro- 
+rian places this interval between the reign of Pfammitichus 
+and Apries. But there is no trull; to be given to the polition 
+of the kings of Egypt about this time. Apries is by fome 
+exprefled 58 Vaphres ; and is with good reafon fuppofed to 
+
+* Plin. L. 6 . c. 30. Strabo* L. 16. p. 1115. 
+
+54 Diodorus. L. 1. p. 60. 61. Strabo. L. 17. p. 1153. 
+
+5? Flpooroi urot tv AlyvjTTw <rAA oy Awer vou Herod. L. 2. c. 154.. 
+
+56 Sir John Marfham thinks very truly, that thefe eleven years relate to the anarchy 
+
+brought on by Nebuchadnezzar. Hiatus ifte, five annorum undecim cum 
+
+calamitatibus JEgypto a Nabuchodonoforo illatis convenienter fc. haber. Chroiu 
+Srec. j 8. p.543. 
+
+i7 L. 1. p. 62. 
+
+-n * 
+
+Africanus apud Eufeb. et Syncellum. 
+
+Rr2 B© 
+
+
+
+go8 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+be the Pharaoh Hophra of the S9 Scriptures. He is the prince, 
+concerning whom Jeremiah prophefied ; and who by Eu- 
+febius is called 60 Ovxtp^g, Vaphres. He introduces him not 
+long after the captivity : and fays, that when Jerusalem was 
+ruined, many of the Jews fled to him for flielter. On this 
+account it was, that the prophet denounced God’s wrath 
+upon him, and upon thofe, who trufted in his afliftance. 
+
+61 Behold^ I will watch over them for evil , and not for good: 
+and all the men of Judah, that are in the land of Egypt, fall 
+he confumed by the fword, and by the famine, until there be an 
+C 7 id of them. 'Thus faith the Lord : Behold , I will give Pha¬ 
+raoh Hophra, king of Egypt, into the hand of his enemies , and 
+into the hand of them thatfeek his life : as I gave Zedekiah, king 
+of Judah, into the hand of Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon, 
+his enemy , and that fought his life. By whole hand he was 
+cut off, is not faid. We find, 61 that he lived foon after Je- 
+rufalem had been ruined by the Babylonians ; confequent- 
+ly before the defolation of Egypt : for this did not happen 
+till after the feven and twentieth year of the captivity. 63 And 
+it came to pafs in thefeven and twentieth year, in thefirf month, 
+in the frf day of the month, the word of the Lord came unto 
+me, faying : Son of man ; Nebuchadrezzar, king of Babylon, 
+caufed his army to ferve a great fervice agamft Tyrus : yet he 
+had no wages, nor his army, for the fervice that he ferved 
+againf it . Therefore thus faith the Lord God: Behold, 
+
+59 Jeremiah, c. 44. v. 30. Toy Cux<pp» ( 2 aaiMa. Seventy. 
+
+jQucMpfM xe, m 'tugc<re<puyor 9 aAat7»?s v7ro A ct tuv I ovS gum 
+
+e 7 TGhot 7 roi* Euieb. Chton. p. 17. 
+
+61 Jeremiah, c. 44. v. 27. 
+
+Ibid. v. 30. 
+
+* } Ezekiel, c. 29. v. 17. Jeremiah, c. 43. v. 10. and c. 44. v. 1. 
+
+6 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+I will 
+
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+An 
+
+
+of An 
+
+
+Mythology 
+
+
+°9 
+
+
+/ will give the land of Egypt unto Nebuchadrezzar , king of 
+Babylon : and he Jhall take her multitude , and take herfpoil ., 
+and it Jhall be the wages for his army. For I have given him 
+
+
+the land of Egypt for his labour. 
+
+
+6 + 
+
+
+From Migdol to Syene fall 
+
+
+they fall.— 65 And I willfeat ter the Egyptians among the 7: at ions, 
+and difperfe them among the countries. This defolation was to 
+be for forty years ; as the end of which period the Egyptians 
+were to be reftored. I have dwelt a good deal upon this 
+
+fubjeCt, becaufe it is an a^ra of great confequence. We find 
+
+% 
+
+from thefe accounts, that Pharaoh Hophra preceded thefe 
+
+calamities ; and fhould be placed prior to the four ages of 
+
+* 
+
+Diodorus. We may learn alfo from hence, why the hiftory 
+of Egypt in general, and efpecially about thefe times, is fo 
+defective. FromSabacon downwards to Apries there is great 
+66 uncertainty and confufion. All this was owing to the feuds 
+and commotions, and to the final difperfion of the people ; 
+which was attended with the ruin of their temples, and of 
+the colleges, where their priefts refided. Thefe were at Aven, 
+the fame as On; alfo at Taphanes, No-Ammon, Moph, Zoan, 
+and Pathros : which places, and regions, had been by name 
+fpecified as the objects of God’s wrath. When their femina- 
+ries were again opened, and their priefthood eftabliftied ; I 
+make no doubt, but that the Egyptians tried to retrieve their 
+loft annals, and to rectify what had been impaired. And in 
+refpeCt to aftronomy, and other parts of philofophy, they feem 
+to have fucceeded. But a great part of their hiftory had been 
+configned to pillars and obelifks; and deferibed in the facred 
+
+
+64. 
+
+
+C. 30. v. 6. 
+* 5 Ibid. v. 2 6. 
+
+
+-*6 
+
+
+See Marfham’s Chron. Sasc, 18. p. 542 
+
+
+characters. 
+
+
+
+3to The Analysis or Anctent Mythology, 
+
+characters, which confided of hieroglyphics. Thefe were 
+imperfeCt helps to oral tradition ; and never could from the 
+
+give a 
+
+which they were fuppofed to commemorate. They contained 
+the outlines of the hiftory : the reft was to be fupplied by 
+thofe, who undertook to explain them ; and who interpreted 
+as they had been traditionally inftruCted. But when this 
+traditional information ceafed, or was but imperfectly known, 
+thefe characters became in great meafure unintelligible : at 
+leaf! they could never be precifely decyphered. Hence has 
+arifen that uncertainty, which we experience both, in the hif¬ 
+tory, and mythology of this people* 
+
+
+beginning 
+
+
+precife account of thofe great events, 
+
+
+
+( 3 ** ) 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+EGYPTIAN KINGS, 
+
+AND 
+
+DYNAS TI ES. 
+
+i 
+
+4 
+
+P LUTARCH takes notice of the great difficulties, with 
+
+which the Egyptian hiftory is attended. He however 
+acknowledges, that fome helps are to be obtained; but thofe 
+inconfiderable, and very difcouraging. 1 Koutoi Kstctcu Tivsg 
+axoppoicu, mi ct[j.v^cti ty}<; cO^Qsiols svei<ri Tcag Alymrrim avfos- 
+<rvct£fJLStau p.vQo\oyicLig' aAAa lyprihona Ssiva fsonoti, mi [xsyaKct 
+fjuxgoig bKsiv $vvcL{JL£Vis. 'There are after all fome fight and ob- 
+fcure traces of true hifiary here and there to be founds as they lie, 
+fcattered tip a?id down in the attcient writings of Egypt. But it re¬ 
+quires aperfon of uncommon addrefs to find them out ; o?ie,who can- 
+deduce great truths from fcanty premifes. T his at fir ft is fuffi- 
+cient to deter a perfon from going on in a ftudy of this natures 
+But upon recolle< 5 tion, we find that we have helps, to which 
+
+the more early writers were ftrangers. We have for a long 
+
+•+ - 
+
+1 Plutarch. EpcoTixoc. p.-y6im 
+
+9 time 
+
+
+312 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+time had light opening upon us ; and begin now to avail 
+ourfelves of the blefiing. We talk indeed of ancient days, 
+and times of antiquity ; but that time is moft aged, which 
+has endured longeft : and thefe are the moft ancient days, 
+in which we are ourfelves converfant. We enjoy now an 
+age of accumulated experience : and we are to make ufe of 
+the helps, which have been tranfmitted, to difpel the mift, 
+which has preceded. ^ 
+
+Nothing has fo embarrafted the learned world, as the dy- 
+nafties of the kings of Egypt. We find, that there were 
+people very early in the Chriftian aera, who took pains to 
+collate and arrange them : and many of the beft chronolo- 
+gers in the laft and prefent century have been at much pains 
+to render them confident. But notwithftanding this has been 
+attempted by perfons of moft confummate learning; yet 
+their endeavours have hitherto been attended with little ad¬ 
+vantage. The principal of thofe of old, who have at all en¬ 
+gaged in this hiftory, are Theophilus, Tatianus, Clemens, 
+Africanus, Eufebius, and Syncellus. The three firft only 
+cafually touch upon it: but the others are more particular 
+and diffufe. Jofephus alfo of Judea, in his curious treatife 
+againft Apion, has a great deal to this purpofe. The chief 
+perfons, to whofe authority sboBfa. writers principally appeal, 
+are three. The firft is the anonymous author of the Old 
+Chronicle; which has been preferved by Syncellus, and 
+thought to be of very early date. To. this fucceed the dy- 
+nafties of Manethon of Sebennis ; who was an Egyptian 
+prieft in the time of Ptolemy Philadelphus ; and wrote what 
+
+he exhibited, at the requeft of that prince. The third is the 
+
+account 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 313 
+
+account given by Eratofthenes of Cyrene in the reign of Pto¬ 
+lemy Euergetes ; who has tranfmitted a curious account of 
+the Theban kings ; but of thofe folely, without taking any 
+notice of the princes in other parts of Egypt. From thefe 
+Egyptian writers the accounts given by Africanus and Eufe- 
+bius have been compiled; as well as thofe by Syncellus. 
+According to thefe chronologers the number of the dynafties 
+amounts to thirty and one : and they extend downwards to 
+the reign of Darius, who was conquered by Alexander. 
+Many moderns have gone deep in thefe inquiries : among 
+whom we ought to mention with particular refpeCt Petavius, 
+Scaliger, Perizonius, and the incomparable Sir John Marfham. 
+
+As there are different fpecimens tranfmitted by ancient 
+authors of the Egyptian hiftory; one would imagine, that 
+there could not be much difficulty in collating the reigns of 
+princes, and correcting any miftake, that may have happened 
+in the dynafties. But thefe writers often differ effentially 
+from each other : and as there is nothing fynchronical, to 
+which Yve can fafely apply; it is impoffible, when two 
+writers, or more, differ, to determine which is in the right. 
+Add to this, that thefe dynafties extend upwards, not only 
+beyond the deluge; but one thoufand three hundred and 
+thirty-fix years beyond the common sera of the creation. 
+Sir John Marffiam is very fanguine in favour of the fyftem, 
+which he has adopted ; yet is often obliged to complain of 
+having a moft barren field of inveftigation, where there are 
+nothing but names and numbers: and he acknowledges 
+how difficult it is to arrive at any certainty, when a fet of 
+unmeaning terms prefent themfelves without any collateral 
+Vol. III. S f hiftory. 
+
+
+
+S J 4 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+hiftory. There is one miftake common to all, who have 
+engaged in this dark fcrutiny. They proceed upon fome 
+preconceived notion, which they look upon as a certainty; 
+and to this teft every thing is brought. Such is the reign of 
+Inachus, the flood of Ogyges, the landing of Danaus in 
+
+. Such alfo is the fuppofed reign of a king, when 
+Jofeph went into Egypt ; and the reign of another, when 
+
+4 
+
+the Ifraelites departed. They fet out upon thefe fa6ls as 
+firfl principles; though they are the things, which want moft 
+to be canvafled : and when they have too inconfiderately 
+made thefe aflumptions, they put a force upon all other hif- 
+tory, that it may be brought to accord. In moft lifts of the 
+Egyptian kings, Menes is found firft. Many writers fuppofe 
+this perfonage to have been Mizraim : others think it was 
+Ham; others again that it was Noah. And as thefe lifts 
+go down as far as Alexander the Great; the dynafties are to 
+be dilated, or curtailed, according to their greater or lefs 
+diftance from the extreams. In one thing they feem to be 
+agreed, that the number of the dynafties was thirty and one. 
+
+Whether it be in the power of man to thoroughly regu¬ 
+late the Egyptian chronology, I will not pretend to fay. To 
+make fome advances towards a work of this confequence is 
+worth our attempting: and if it is not always poflible to de¬ 
+termine in thefe dynafties what is true, it may however be 
+of fervice to point out that which is falfe : for by abridging 
+hiftory of what is fpurious, our purfuit will be reduced into 
+narrower limits.. By thefe means thofe, who come after, will 
+be lefs liable to be bewildered ; as they will be confined to a 
+ftnaller circle, and canfequently brought nearer to the truth. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 315 
+
+The firft attempt towards rectifying the chronology of 
+Egypt muft confift in lopping off intirely the fixteen firft 
+dynafties from the thirty-one fpecified in Enfebius : for I 
+am perfuaded, that the original lift confifted of fifteen dy¬ 
+nafties only. The reft are abfolutely fpurious ; and have 
+been the chief caufe of that uncertainty, of which we have 
+been fo long complaining. This may appear too bold and 
+defperate a way of procedure : nor would I venture to fpeak 
+fo confidently, were I not allured, that they never really 
+exifted; but took their rife from a very common miftake of 
+the Grecians. This may be proved from that ancient Chro¬ 
+nicle, of which I took notice above. The Grecians had 
+this, and many other good evidences before them, as they 
+plainly fhew : but they did not underftand the writings, to 
+which they appealed ; nor the evidences which they have 
+transmitted. In the firft -place I much queftion, whether 
+any Grecian writer ever learned the language of Egypt. 
+Many negative proofs might be brought to fhew, that neither 
+Plato, nor Pythagoras, nor Strabo, were acquainted with 
+that tongue. If any of them had attempted the acquisition 
+of it, fuch was their finefle and delicacy, that the firft harfh 
+word would have fhocked them ; and they would imme¬ 
+diately have given up the purfuit. If they could not bring 
+themfelves to introduce an uncouth word in their writings, 
+how could they have endured to have uttered one, and to 
+have adopted it for common ufe ? I doubt whether any of 
+the Fathers were acquainted with the language of the coun¬ 
+try. Befides, the hiftories, of which we are fpeaking, were 
+written in the facred language and chara&er, which were 
+
+S f 2 grown 
+
+
+
+316 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+grown obfolete : and Manethon, Apion, and the other Hel¬ 
+lenic Egyptians, who borrowed from them, were not well 
+acquainted with their purport. Had thefe memorials been 
+underftood, we fhould not have been at a lofs to know who 
+built the pyramids, and formed the lakes and labyrinth, 
+which were the wonders of the world. In refpedt to the Fa¬ 
+thers, who got intelligence in Egypt, they obtained it by a 
+very uncertain mode of inquiry ; and were obliged to inter¬ 
+preters for their knowledge. The Grecians wrote from 
+left to right: but the more eaftern nations from * right to 
+left. This was a circumftance, which they either did not 
+know; or to which they did not always attend; and 
+were therefore guilty of great miftakes ; and thefe con- 
+lifted not only in a faulty arrangement of the elements, 
+of which the names are compofed ; but alfo in a wrong dis¬ 
+tribution of events. Hence an hiftorical feries is often in¬ 
+
+
+verted from want of knowledge in the true difpolition of the 
+
+
+fubjedt. 
+
+
+Something limilar to this has happened in refpeff 
+
+
+to the Old Chronicle, which has been preferved by Syncel- 
+lus. It contains an epitome of the Egyptian hiftory ; and 
+was undoubtedly obvious to every perfon in that country. 
+In fhort, it muft have been one of the chief fources, from 
+whence Manethon, and others, who came after him, drew. 
+Thofe of the Grecians, who copied the dynafties from the 
+original, were neceffarily told, that the true arrangement 
+here was different from that, which was in ufe in Greece: 
+
+
+that according to their way of reckoning, the lirft dynafty 
+was the fifteenth, or fixteenth, according to the point, from 
+
+
+* AtyV7TTiQi 
+
+
+(ygoKp&criv) cc7tq t ocv fe^toov em t at a/>/<r££<x. Herod. L. 2. c. 3 6 - 
+
+
+
+whence 
+
+
+
+The Analvsis of Ancient Mythology. 3*7 
+
+whence they counted. In confequence of this, they have 
+marked it the fifteenth, or fixteenth ; and then fancying, 
+that there was a long feries preceding, they have invented 
+
+wanting, 
+
+this feeming vacancy. This is not furmile : for we may fee 
+the very thing done by 3 Syncellus. He has tranfmitted to 
+to us an abridgment of the Egyptian hiftory from the Old 
+Chronicle ; containing the dynafties of their kings. And 
+as he was told, that the firft was the fifteenth according to 
+his way of numeration, he has actually marked it the fif¬ 
+teenth. In confequence of this, he fuppofes, contrary to the 
+authority of the hiftory, fourteen prior dynafties, which with 
+that of the Demigods make thirty in the whole. But what 
+he calls the fifteenth, was the firft of the Mizraim, who fuc- 
+ceeded the Auritae, or Demigods ; and this is plainly indi¬ 
+cated in the hiftory. It has been fhewn, that there was no 
+regal ftate in Egypt before the coming of the Shepherds, 
+ftyled Auritae : that with them commences the hiftory of 
+the country. Syncellus accordingly, having mentioned from 
+this Chronicle the imaginary reigns of the Gods, comes at 
+laft to thofe who really reigned ; and places them in this 
+order : 4 'GTgwTov pev tmv Avgnoov, hvregov <3e tuv M ergaiuv, 
+
+TgiTov <Jg A.iyv7mct)V. The firjl feries of princes was that of the 
+Auritce : the fecond was that of the Mefirceans , or Mizraim ; 
+the third of Egyptians. Thefe are the words of the Chronicle * 
+and, one would think, fufliciently clear and determinate, 
+had not the Greeks been infatuated through their precon¬ 
+ceived opinions. The author afterwards fubjoins the lift of 
+
+# 
+
+3 I mention Syncellus: but it may be the perfon from whom he borrowed, who 
+was guilty of this miftake. 
+
+4 5i* their 
+
+
+
+as many dynafties more, as they thought 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+318 
+
+their kings from the Chronicle, in which the Demigods 
+hand plainly firft : and there is not the leaft hint given of 
+any prior dynafties. Syncellus, not knowing, that the De¬ 
+migods were the Auritje, begins with the next feries as the 
+firft, and calls it the fifteenth. 
+
+5 The REIGNS of the GODS, 
+
+according to the Old Chronicle. 
+
+To Hephaiftus is aftigned no time, as he is uniformly appa¬ 
+rent both by night and day. 
+
+Helius, the fon of Hephaiftus, reigned three myriads of 
+years. 
+
+Then Cronus, and the other twelve Divinities reigned 3984. 
+
+
+Next in order are the Demigods (the Auritae), in number 
+eight, who reigned 217 years - - - - - - 217 
+
+After thefe are enumerated fifteen generations of the 
+Cunic circle, which take up 443 years - 443 
+
+16. The fixteenth dynafty is of the Tanites, eight 
+
+kings, which lafted 190 years ----- igo 
+
+17. The feventeenth of Memphites, four in defcent,— 
+
+103 years - - -- -- -- -- 103 
+
+1 8. The eighteenth of Memphites, fourteen in defcent, 
+
+—3 48 years - -- -- -- - - - 348 
+
+
+jg. The nineteenth of Diofpolites, five in defcent,— 
+
+194 years - - - 194 
+
+j20. The twentieth of Diofpolites, eight in defcent, — 
+
+.228 years - - -- -- -- -- 228 
+
+5 Ibid. 
+
+21. The 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+21. The twenty-firft of Tanites, {ix in defcent, 
+
+
+319 
+
+
+1 21 
+
+
+years 
+
+
+1 21 
+
+
+22. The tvventy-fecond of Tanites, three in defcent, 
+
+
+48 years 
+
+
+48 
+
+
+23. The twenty-third, Diofpolites, two in defcent. 
+
+
+19 years 
+
+
+19 
+
+
+24. The twenty-fourth, Saites, three in defcent, 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+years 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+25. The twenty-fifth, Ethiopians, three in defcent, 
+
+
+44 years 
+
+
+44 
+
+
+26. The twenty-fixth, Memphites, feven in defcent. 
+
+
+177 years 
+
+
+I 77 
+
+
+27. The twenty-feventh, Perfians, five in defcent, 
+
+
+124 years 
+
+
+124 
+
+
+28. The twenty-eighth, loft. 
+
+29. The twenty-ninth, uncertain who.— 39 years 
+
+30. The thirtieth, a Tanite,—18 years - 
+
+
+39 
+
+18 
+
+
+To the above fhould be added the thirty-firft dynafty, which 
+eonfifted of three 6 Perfians ; for with this every catalogue 
+7 concluded. The lifts tranfmitted to us by Africanus, and 
+Eufebius; and that of Manethon, from whom they borrowed, 
+clofes with this: and it was undoubtedly in the original 
+copy of Syncellus. We have in the above an epitome of the 
+regal fucceflion in Egypt, as it flood in the Ancient Chro¬ 
+nicle : and though fhort, it will prove to us of much confe- 
+
+6 Darius Ochus, Arfes, and Darius Codomannus, who was conquered by Alex- 
+
+ander. 
+
+N 
+
+7 T piatto^v 'zrpwTTi <fvvcc^e:cc ■ TUpcr&p' (Zxcnh&uv y k Eufeb. Chron. p. 17. Syn¬ 
+cellus. p* 7.7. p. 256. 
+
+6 
+
+
+quence 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+320 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+quence in our inquiries. We find here, that the Demigods, 
+or AuritsE, ftand firft: and with them the hiftory of the country 
+muft commence. Thefe are fucceeded by thofe of the Cunic, 
+or Royal, circle, the ancient Mizraim : and thofe again by 
+other dynafties in their order. As to Hephaiftus, Helius, 
+and the twelve other Gods, they were only fo many facred 
+titl es, which were either prefixed to the Egyptian calendar, 
+or to the months of the year, by way of diftindiion. The 
+numbers, with which they were accompanied, were aftrono- 
+mical computations ; and related to time, and its portions, 
+and not to the reigns of princes. From hence we may be 
+allured, that there were no kings prior to thofe abovemen- 
+tioned. But the Grecians having been told, that in their 
+retrograde way of computation, the fifteenth dynafty was 
+the firft, were led to think, that the converfe alfo was true; 
+and that the firft was the fifteenth. And thofe, who differ 
+in the pofition of the Shepherd dynafty, yet count from the 
+laft, This may be feen in the Chronicle, which I have exhi¬ 
+bited above : where the firft dynafty numbered is the Tanite, 
+which is marked the fixteenth : and this is the * fixteenth 
+from the bottom, if we include the laft of the Perfians. In 
+confequence of this, that of the Auritas muft have been the 
+fourteenth downwards, which would naturally induce us to 
+expert many prior kings. But it is manifeft from Egyptian 
+evidence, from the Chronicle itfelf, that there were no pre¬ 
+ceding dynafties : for the lift of the Deities was not taken 
+into confideration. Manethon counted it the fifteenth; and 
+
+* The reafon of their flopping at this in their computation upwards, was, becaufe 
+this was looked upon as the firft genuine Egyptian dynafty. This will be fhewn 
+hereafter. 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+321 
+
+it is accordingly fo exprefled by Africanus. Hence thefe 
+writers, and their followers, have been led to fuppofe, that 
+there were once fourteen dynafties antecedent. They ac¬ 
+cordingly prefixed them to the true lift ; and immediately 
+fet themfelves to work, in order to remedy an evil, which 
+did not exift. For when thirteen or 9 fourteen dynafties 
+had been thus imagined, it afforded matter of very much 
+ftudy to find out the perfons, of whom they were compofed. 
+There was a great vacuity; and the means were fcanty to¬ 
+wards fupplying what was demanded. Menes was at hand 
+to begin with; who is made the firft king by all: and to him 
+they fubjoined a lift of others, wherever they could obtain 
+them. Africanus in his lift mentions this perfon the firft ; 
+and fays, that he was a Thinite by birth, and deftroyed by 
+an hippopotamus. In this he is followed by others. But 
+Menes I have fhewn to have been the Lunar Deity, who was 
+probably worfhiped in fome Thinite temple. The hippo¬ 
+potamus was reprefented as an emblem of his prefervation ; 
+which they have perverted to an inftrument of his deftruc- 
+tion. Eufebius ftyles him a Thebinite, and Thebean. 
+
+10 FLguTos sScKTitevrsv Mrji/qs ©tjSmTrig, ©r^ouog' og egfJLWBvsTou 
+A loviog. The firft , who reigned , was Menes the Thebinite , the 
+Arkcean ; which is by interpretation the Ionian. This The¬ 
+binite, and Arkasan, was, we find, the fame perfon, of whom 
+the Ionah, or Dove, was an emblem; fo that of his true hif- 
+tory we cannot doubt. 
+
+At the beginning, next after Menes, they have got together 
+
+9 
+
+9 They amount to fixtcen in Eufebius ; and as many in Africanus. 
+
+Eufeb. Chron. p. 18. 1 . 13. 
+
+Vol. III. T t 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+
+322 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+fome of which belong 
+to Deities, and others feem to be borrowed from Eratofthe- 
+nes, and occur in later ages. Such is Sefollris, whom they 
+repeatedly introduce. They reprefent him as a gigantic 
+perfonage : and he is at times called IJ Sefolis, Sethoolis, Se- 
+foncholis, Gefon Gofes; and otherwise diverlilied. Diodo¬ 
+rus,. and others, tell us, how he conquered the whole earth; 
+
+9 
+
+{b that there was not a nation, which did not acknowledge 
+his power. Upon his return after his canquefts^ the firft 
+tiling, which he took in hand, was the making of a long 
+ditch upon the eaftern coaft of Egypt, to fecure himfelf 
+from his next neighbours. Strange 1 that the monarch of 
+the whole earth, whole army is laid to have been, above half 
+a million, fhould be afraid of a few clans upon the de~ 
+fert. He is mentioned as the lirft of the line of 13 Hams* 
+who reigned in Egypt ; and he is placed immediately after 
+1+ Orus. According to fome, he comes a degree lower* after 
+' s Thules : in which lituation he occurs im ,6 Eufebius. Yet 
+lie is again introduced by this author in the lecond dynafty 
+under the name of 17 Sefoeris : and the like hiftory is given, 
+of his height, and ftature, as is to be found in Herodotus, 
+and Diodorus. Again in the twelfth dynafty we meet with 
+18 Gefon Gofes, in our copies of Eufebius llyled 19 Sefonchorisi 
+
+
+an alfemblage of names, and titles ; 
+
+
+11 Newton’s Chron. p. 69. 
+
+Diodor. Sic. L. 1. p. 52. 
+
+Chron. Pafchale. p. 47. 
+
+,+ Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 272.. 
+
+45 Cedrcnus. p. 20. 
+
+16 Eufcb. Chron. p. 7. 1 . 43. 
+
+17 Ibid. p. 14. 
+
+18 Synccllus. p. 59. 
+
+19 Eufcb. Chron. p. 14. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+32 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+Syncellus 
+
+
+more 
+
+
+3 .© 
+
+
+Sefonchofis 
+
+
+and, 
+
+
+ftrange, next but one in the fame dynafty, we meet 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+Sefoftris. That we 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+fuppofe him 
+
+
+different perfon of the fame name, a fhort hiftory 
+and conquefts is annexed. 
+
+
+His height too 
+
+
+ture, are defcribed, juft as we find them reprefented by 1 
+authors. From hence we may be affured of the identi 
+this perfon, who is thus Tepeatedly introduced to make 
+
+
+deficiency 
+
+
+fhort they have adopted 
+
+
+of a name, and out of it formed a new king 
+
+
+manner writers 
+
+
+S 
+
+imaginary dynafties of the kings of Egypt 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+on begin to be tired : and we have many dynafties without 
+fingle name. The duration alfo of the reigns is often too 
+
+In the eighth dynafty, twenty-feven 
+
+
+fhort to be credited. 
+
+Memphites reign but 146 years 
+
+
+which is little more than 
+
+
+five 
+
+
+years 
+
+
+years 
+
+
+e. In the eleventh, fixteen Diofpolites 
+which amount not to three years apiece 
+
+
+In 
+
+
+thirteenth dynafty, fixty more Diofpolites are found, and 
+fum of their reigns is but 184 years; which are not 
+
+
+than three years and a few weeks 
+
+
+But, what is 
+
+
+the moft incredible, ir 
+*eign juft “ feventy day 
+
+
+the feventh dynafty feventy 
+
+
+From the above we may perceive into what difficulties 
+e chronologers were brought, who tried to fupply thefe 
+
+
+zo 
+
+
+z I 
+
+
+
+
+p - 73 ’ 
+
+Ibid. p. 59. 
+
+Quotdres, tot reges. Marfliam 
+
+
+Eufebius alters this 
+
+
+to fifteen davs aniecei uoon which Sir Tohn Marfham 
+
+
+xv 
+
+
+Ibid 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+fup 
+
+
+
+324 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fupernumeiary dynafties by fuch wretched means. They 
+fearched into every old regifter ; and laid their hands upon 
+every lift, which occurred, in order to fill up thefe vacancies. 
+Syncellus fuppofes 13 Menes to have been Mizraim : but I 
+have fhewn, that he was another perfon ; and the emblem of 
+the hippopotamus proves it. Befides, what reafon have we 
+to imagine, that Mizraim reigned in Egypt; or that he was 
+devoured by fuch an animal ? The kings, who are brought 
+in immediate fucceffion to him, are Athothis, Cercenes, 
+and Venephes. But thefe very kings occur in the fame order 
+elfewhere. They occupy the fifty-ninth, fixtieth, and fix- 
+ty-firft places in the catalogue of Syncellus. They confe- 
+quently lived above one thoufand years later. Who can put 
+up with thefe dynafties of Diofpolites, and others, whofe 
+reigns are fo uncommonly fhort ? And is it poflible to give 
+credit to the account of feventy kings, who reigned but fe- 
+venty days ? May we not be allured, that it was fome col¬ 
+lege hiftory ; and related to a fociety of priefts, whofe office 
+came in rotation ; and who attended once in that * s term ? 
+After all, that Africanus, or Manethon before him could do 
+to make up what was wanting, yet many dynafties have 
+fcarce a name inferted. The feventh, eighth, * 6 tenth, ele¬ 
+venth, thirteenth, and fourteenth, are quite anonymous: 
+
+Zi Syncellus. p. 91. 
+
+2 ‘ r Eufeb. Chron. p. 14. 
+
+** The Cunocephali were faid to die by piecemeal; and the whole body was ex¬ 
+tinct after feventy-two days. E 005 cf’ 5 <x* di IS^o/xmovroc xcti J'vo 'z*r?ivpcoQc*)crtv ifxepaty 
+tots oAos cc 7 To 6 v»(rxei. Horapollo. L.. v. c. 14. p. 29. They were undoubtedly an 
+order of priefts, who were in waiting at fome temple ; and their term was completed 
+in feventy-two, or rather in feventy, days. See of this work Vol. I. p. 335. note 14. 
+
+* 6 In the ninth, one name only out of nineteen fpeciiied. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 325 
+
+and in many places, where names have been inferted .by 
+Africanus, they are reje<£ted by Eufebius, who came after 
+him. 
+
+For thefe reafons, and from the authority of the Old 
+Chronicle, I entirely fet afide the reigns of all princes an¬ 
+tecedent to the Auritag, or Shepherds. They firft reigned 
+in Egypt, as the beft hiftories fhew. And however high the 
+later Egyptians may have carried their antiquity ; I cannot 
+
+admit of any dynafty prior to the fifteenth* counting back 
+
+% 
+
+from the laft. Indeed we may infer, that the fifteenth was 
+looked upon by all as the leading dynafty, before the true 
+fyftem was fpoiled. And even afterwards, there feems to 
+have been a tacit reference to it, as to a ftated point, by 
+which every thing elfe was to be determined.. Both Mane- 
+thon, and Africanus place the Auritae, or Shepherds, in the fif¬ 
+teenth dynafty; but count from the firft. Eufebius alfo places 
+them in the fifteenth* if we count from the 17 laft. From hence 
+we may perceive, that which way fo ever we may reckon; and 
+however the accounts may have been impaired, the fifteenth 
+was the object, by which they were originally determined. 
+The words of Africanus are very remarkable, when he fpeaks 
+of the kings of this dynafty. 18 HensbsmTr) Yloipcsv^v. H crxv 
+
+tie Qoivucsg %evoi / 3 a<nAsj£, r, 01 mi Mepcpiv slKov 61 mi ev rw 2s- 
+
+CgOlTY} VOfJUf TTO'AIV SKTHTOLV, xfi V\Q OfifJLWUSVOl AiyVTrCliSq S’gSl^OOOTXVTO. 
+
+The fifteenth is the dynafty of the Shepherds. Thefe were foreign 
+princes , Jlyled Phaenices. They firft built themfelves a city in 
+
+17 It is to be obferved, that Eufebius begins with what he ftyles the feventeenth, 
+and ends with the thirty-firfl:: but in the feries the twenty-fir It is fomehowomitted. 
+
+* 8 Syncellus. p. 61* 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+326 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology-. 
+
+
+tfy* Sethro'ite (or rather 2 ’ Sethite) region ; from whence they 
+made their invafion , aud conquered all Egypt. This author 
+having mentioned thefe Shepherds, whom he calls Phcenices, 
+adds a dynafly of thirty-two Hellenic Shepherds; and a 
+third of forty-three Shepherds, who reigned collaterally with 
+as many kings of Thebes. This is extraordinary, that they 
+fnould correfpond fo exactly in number; but what is more 
+
+0 
+
+ftrange, that they fhould reign the fame number of years. 
+30 'Opov 61 Yloifjisvsg kou 61 ®rj£xioi &ox<nXsvorxt bty\ pvx. The 
+Shepherd kings , and thofe of Thebes reigned the fame number of 
+years : which amount to one hundred and fifty one. We fee 
+here two dynafties at different places, commencing at the 
+fame time, which correfpond precifely in number of kings, 
+and in number of years. And the fum of thefe years allows 
+little more than three years and an half to the reign of each 
+prince. For there are forty-three in each place ; and reign 
+but one hundred and fifty-one years ; which is incredible. 
+Both the Phoenician, and Hellenic Shepherds were certainly 
+the fame as thofe, who made an inroad into Egypt, and took 
+Memphis; and afterwards conquered the whole country. 
+They are brought by Africanus in fucceflion after the for¬ 
+
+
+mer 
+
+
+but were certainly the fame, however diverfified 
+
+
+
+titles, and increafed in number. The years of their reigns 
+are apparently a forgery. We may, I think, be affured, 
+that Manethon and Africanus out of one dynafty have formed 
+three ; and have brought them in fucceflion to one another; 
+And this arofe from their not knowing the ancient titles of 
+the perlbns ; nor the hiftory with which it was attended. 
+
+
+20 
+
+
+- 3 
+
+
+It was the province of Seth, called alfo Sait, to which the author alludes. 
+
+
+Syncellus. p. 61. 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+Eufebius 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 327 
+
+Eufebius law this ; and therefore ftruck out two of thefe 
+dynafties; and brought the third downwards two degrees 
+lower. By thefe means the dynafty of the Shepherds is made 
+the fifteenth upwards ; which is the true place : and at this 
+commences the hiftory of Egypt. If then we take away 
+the two fuppofititious dynasties of Manethon, which are re- 
+je&ed by Eufebius, the Shepherd dynafty, marked by him 
+the fifteenth, will be the fifteenth from the bottom. And 
+it will be plain, that the feries, fronr the Shepherds to the 
+laft Perfic princes inclufive, confifted at firft of fifteen dy- 
+nafties only. The notion of any antecedent kings arofe from 
+a retrograde manner of counting among the Greeks ; and 
+from an error in confequence of it. In Eufebius the Shep¬ 
+herd dynafty is the fifteenth from the bottom : and if we 
+difeard the two fpurious dynafties, which he has fubftituted 
+in the room of the two infer ted by Manethon, it will be 
+found the fifteenth from the top, and accord every way. In 
+ftiort, it was, according to Manethon, the center dynafty of 
+twenty-nine. All from it inclufive downwards were ge¬ 
+nuine ; but the fourteeiufc- above fuppofititious. They 
+were fuperadded, as I before faid, from ait error in judgment, 
+and. a faulty way of computation.. 
+
+As the miftake began with Manethon and the Hellenic 
+Egyptians ; it may be worth while to give a lift of the dy¬ 
+nafties, as they flood before they were further corrupted by 
+the Grecians in other parts.. 
+
+
+THE 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+the 
+
+EGYPTIANS DYNASTIES 
+
+From the DELUGE, 
+
+As they are recorded by Manethon. 
+
+
+!The Firjl Dynafy. 
+
+Next after the Demigods was Menes the The- 
+einite, who was deftroyed by a crocodile. 
+Athothis. 
+
+Cencenes. 
+
+Venephes. 
+
+Ufaphaedus. 
+
+Miebidus. 
+
+Semcmpfis. 
+
+Bienaches. 
+
+
+The Second Dynajiy of Thinites. 
+
+Boethus. 
+
+Kaeachus. 
+
+Binothris. 
+
+Tlas. 
+
+Sethenes. 
+
+Choeres. 
+
+N ephercheres. 
+
+The Third Dynajiy of Memphites 
+Nechcrophes. 
+
+
+Toforthrus. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 329 
+
+Toforthrus. 
+
+Tyris. 
+
+Mefochris. 
+
+Soiphis. 
+
+Tofertafis. 
+
+Achis. 
+
+Siphouris. 
+
+Kerpheres. 
+
+The Fourth Dynafly of Memphites. 
+
+Soris. 
+
+Suphis. 
+
+Suphis the Second. 
+
+Mencheres. 
+
+Rataefes. 
+
+Bicheres. 
+
+Sebercheres. 
+
+Thamphthis. 
+
+fiefocris, who was five cubits high, and three 
+in circumference. 
+
+A ninth unknown. 
+
+
+The Fifth Dynafty of Rleph 
+
+Ufercheres. 
+
+Sephres. 
+
+Nephercheres. 
+
+Sifiris. 
+
+% 
+
+Cheres. 
+
+Rathuris. 
+
+V 
+
+Mercheres. 
+
+
+King 
+
+
+V OL» III* 
+
+
+U u 
+
+
+Tar cheres* 
+
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology.* 
+
+
+7 70 
+
+v O 
+
+Tarcheres. 
+
+Obnos. 
+
+The Sixth Dynajiy of Memphites. 
+
+Othoes. 
+
+Phius. 
+
+Methufuphis. 
+
+Phiops. 
+
+Mentefuphis. 
+
+Nitocris. 
+
+The Seventh Dynafly. 
+
+Seventy Memphites, who reign feventy days. 
+
+The Eighth Dynajiy. 
+
+Twenty -feven Memphites, who reign 146 
+years. 
+
+The Ninth Dynajiy confifs of nineteen Princes of Heraclea, 
+
+Othoes, killed by a crocodile. 
+
+The eighteeen others unknown.. 
+
+The Tenth Dynafy. 
+
+Nineteen Heraclotics, who reign 185 years: 
+their names and hiftory unknown. 
+
+The Eleventh Dynajiy . 
+
+Sixteen Diofpolites, who reign 43 years- 
+Of thefe Amemenenes only fpecified. 
+
+The 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 331 
+
+The Twelfth Dynaf.y : twelve Diofpolites. 
+
+3 ’ Sefonchoris, the Ton of Amanemes. 
+
+Sefoftris : the great monarch, who conquered 
+all the world: the next in order to 51 Ofiris : 
+his height was four cubits, three palms, and 
+two digits. 
+
+Lachares. 
+
+53 Ammeres. 
+
+Ammenemes. 
+
+Scemiophris. 
+
+The reft unknown. 
+
+
+The Thirteenth Dynajly. 
+
+Sixty Diofpolites, who reign 184 years. No 
+names nor hiftory mentioned. 
+
+The Fourteenth Dynajly. 
+
+No mention made of it. Eufebius however fupplies this vacan¬ 
+cy with a Dynafty of 76 Xoites, who reign collectively 184 
+years : which is but two 3+ years and five months apiece. 
+
+51 II.: is called Sefonchofis by Syncellus in another lift. He is laid to have 
+• "ii the fon of the former king. But all dynafties begin with kings of a new 
+
+V:»hr. 
+
+4 
+
+oi'ut; AtyvTTTiyn’ Ocipiv vo/jac^rn’cti . How then can he be a king in the 
+
+: h dynafty ? The account of his ftature is from Eufebius. 
+
+! h hefe three feem not to have been in Manethon : but are fupplied by Afri- 
+
+~ i S \ 
+
+• 1 \ : # 
+
+1 .‘V<- Syncellus. p. 49. Some make the number of years 484, which amounts 
+.*-bout iix years and le /en months apiece. Neither account feems credible. 
+
+
+U U 2 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+33 2 Tiie Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+"The Fifteenth 35 Dynafty is of the Shepherds . 
+
+Thefe were fix foreign princes, fly led Phcenices, who took 
+Memphis ; and built a city in the Sethroite nome ; from 
+whence they made an irruption, and conquered all Egypt 
+
+Saithes. 
+
+Beon. 
+
+Pachnan. 
+
+Staan. 
+
+Archies. 
+
+Aphobis. 
+
+At this period are introduced the two lpurious dynafties 
+by Manethon ; or at leafl by 36 Africanus. 
+
+The fir ft is of thirty-two Grecian Shepherd kings, who 
+reign 518 years. 
+
+The fecond of forty-three Shepherd kings, who reign col¬ 
+laterally with juft the fame number of Diofpolites : and alfo 
+reign precifely the fame number of years ; which amount 
+
+to 1 53- 
+
+Thefe dynafties I omit: and in confequence of it call the 
+next dynafty the fixteenth. 
+
+Fhe Sixteenth Dynafty of fix teen Diofpolites . 
+
+Amos. 
+
+Chebros. 
+
+Amenophthis.. 
+
+ss This is in reality the firft dynafty of Egyptian kings. 
+
+,6 It is not certain to whom this miftake is to be attributed ; but I Ihould judge, 
+that it was owing to Africanus. 
+
+
+A merits. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+333 
+
+
+Amerfis. 
+
+Mifaphris. 
+
+Mifphragmuthofis. 
+
+Tuthmofis. 
+
+Amenophis. 
+
+& 
+
+Orus. 
+
+Acherres. 
+
+Rathos. 
+
+Chebres. 
+
+Acherres. 
+
+Armefes. 
+
+Rammefles. 
+
+Ammenoph. 
+
+The Seventeenth Dynajly of Diofpolites, 
+
+Sethos. 
+
+Ammenephthes. 
+
+Ramefes. 
+
+Ammefemnes. 
+
+Thuoris. 
+
+Alcandrus. 
+
+The Eighteenth Dynajly of twelve Diofpolites. 
+
+No names nor hiftory is given. 
+
+The Nineteenth Dynafy of feven Tanites . 
+
+Smedes. 
+
+Phufenes. 
+
+Nephelcheres. 
+
+Amenophthis. 
+
+
+
+
+A ^ J 
+
+o ^ + 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+Amenophthis. 
+
+Ofocor. 
+
+Pinaches. 
+
+Sti fennes. 
+
+The Twentieth Dynafly of nine Bubafites. 
+
+Sefonchis. 
+
+Oforoth. 
+
+The three next arc not named. 
+Tacellothis. 
+
+The three next are not named. 
+
+The Twenty-firfl Dynafly of four Tanites - 
+
+Petubates. 
+
+Oforcho. 
+
+Plain mus. 
+
+Zeet. 
+
+The Twenty-feeond Dynafly. 
+
+Bochoris the Saite. 
+
+The Twenty-third Dytiafly of three Ethiopians. 
+
+Sabbacon. 
+
+Sevechus. 
+
+Tarchon. 
+
+* 
+
+The Twenty-fourth Dynafly of nine Suites. 
+
+Stephinates. 
+
+Nerepfos. 
+
+Nechao. 
+
+
+Plain- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+335 
+
+
+Pfammitichus. 
+
+Nechao the Second. 
+
+Pfammuthis. 
+
+Vaphris. 
+
+Amofis. 
+
+Pfammacherites. 
+
+The Twenty-fifth Dynafy of eight Perfans „ 
+
+Cambyfes. 
+
+Darius, the Son of Hyftafpes. 
+
+Xerxes. 
+
+Artabanus. 
+
+Artaxerxes. 
+
+Xerxes. 
+
+Sogdianus. 
+
+Darius. 
+
+The Twenty-fxth Dynafy. 
+
+Amyrteus the Saite. 
+
+The Twenty-feventh Dynafy of four Mendefans .. 
+
+Nepherites.. 
+
+Achoris. 
+
+Pfammuthis. 
+
+Nephorotes. 
+
+The Twenty-eighth Dynafy of three Sebennytes 
+
+Nedtanebes. 
+
+Teos. 
+
+Nedtanebes,. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+336 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The T\vc7ity-?iinth Dynafty of three Perfians. 
+
+
+Ochus. 
+
+Arfes. 
+
+Darius : the fame who was conquered by 
+Alexander. 
+
+
+Such was the ftate of tiie dynafties, before they had fuffer- 
+ed a fecond interpolation, by having two, which were fpu- 
+rious, inferred. Thefe confifted of no lefs than feventy 
+Grecian, and other, Shepherd kings, which are very juftly 
+fet afidc by Eufebius. T his learned writer had done well, 
+it he had flopped fhort, after that he had remedied the mif- 
+takc in Africanus. But he had no fufpicion, that the pre¬ 
+vious dynafties were all 
+the fifteenth. He was therefore fearful of making a gap in 
+the life; and has fupplied the place of thofe, which he ex¬ 
+punged, with fome Diofpolites, or 37 Thebans. But they 
+fhould be all alike cancelled : for with the Shepherds, thofe 
+Auritee, and Demigods, the chronology of Egypt began. 
+Therefore the feventeenth dynafty of Eufebius fhould have 
+been marked the firft ; for it certainly was fo efteemed 
+by the ancient Egyptians ; and we ought for the future to 
+read, El> wt») Avvctfsiciy Yloi^svsg Y)<ra.v Zjsvoi (SatnAgif, 61 koli M s(Jl- 
+
+<piv /ctA. The firft dynafty conftfts of the Shepherd kings , 
+
+
+fpurious ; I mean all thofe before 
+
+
+17 As the two dynafties of Manethon were brought after the Shepherds, Eufebius 
+varies his difpofition, and places his Diofpolites above them : for he faw plainly 
+that the place of the Shepherds was the fifteenth inclufive from the bottom. But 
+by this interpolation he made it the feventeenth from the top. Whereas it was the 
+center dynafty equally removed from the extremes. It flood between the fpu¬ 
+rious and the genuine dynafties ^ and belonged to the latter. 
+
+7 who 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 337 
+
+who were foreigners , a?id took Memphis, Sec. To the truth of 
+this the Old Chronicle bears witnefs: in which the firft 
+who reign are the Shepherds, under the title of Semidei and 
+Auritze. The number and titles of the dynafties do not 
+turn out fo precifely the 38 fame, as we find them in other 
+accounts ; for the Chronicle falls off towards the end ; being 
+moft defective, where we might expedt it to be mofl perfect. 
+It affords however, though very concife, the great outlines 
+of the Egyptian chronology ; and muff be efteemed as an 
+excellent guide, as far as it is capable of conducing us. I 
+would not therefore do any thing to difparage its merit : yet 
+it is probably nothing more than a part of a yearly calendar, 
+in which the celeftial motions were calculated. The months 
+and holy days fpecified, and the reigns of the kings prefixed. 
+Among many others, there were two Hermetic books, in 
+common ufe among the Egyptians. The 39 firft of thefe re¬ 
+lated to the energy of the heavens ; to the powers of the 
+planets, and the influence of the flars ; and was properly a 
+treatife concerning horofeopes, and aftrology ; and was full 
+of dark and myfterious learning. The other, which related 
+to the real operations of nature, was of more ufe, but in lefs 
+efteem ; being nothing more than a common almanack, and 
+fo denominated. 40 Tars sv roic AXfJLSViyyctxoig (forte A 'KpiBvia.- 
+
+xoig) (JLsgog ti CL'gyT cut 0v 'orzcieyei "tm 'Egfxuhocv foa,Tci%sojv’ mi 
+ret vregi ctg-egocv, (petersuv, rj Kgvfyswv, r\ ^Es 7 ^vr\g otv^sersoev, r\ [xsiu >- 
+irsoov,sv roig zorgctroig ziys Tty nr et£ Aiy vitriol g ctino^oyictv. What 
+
+33 It has in fome places been altered to ferve a purpofe * and probably by Syn- 
+cellus. 
+
+39 Jamblichus, Se£t. 8. c. 4. p. 160 . 
+
+40 Ibid. 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+X x 
+
+
+fays 
+
+
+
+33 ^ 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+fays Chreremon, is comprifed in the Egyptian almanacks, 
+contains but a fmall part of the Hermatc injiitutions. The 
+whole , that relates to the rif 7 ig and occultation of the fars , to 
+the increafe and decreafe of the moon , was held in the leaf fil¬ 
+tration. Porphyry likewife mentions the Egyptian Alma¬ 
+nacks ; and gives an account of their contents, which feem 
+to be very curious. They conlifted of a detail about the 
+phafes of the fun, and moon ; and of the riling, and fetting 
+of the liars for the year : alfo of the afpedts and influences of 
+the planets, and what was from them portended : +I aou §sgtx.~ 
+7 t£io.i 'GTa.bwv, there was alfo fame phyfical advice fubjoined. All 
+
+this, fays Porphyry, sv A^fxevr^ictnoic <p£££Ta/, is contained in 
+the Egyptian almanacks. According to Iamblichus, thefe 
+calendars were not held in fo high repute, as the other Her¬ 
+metic writings. Be this as it may, our Chronicle is proba¬ 
+bly of this fort: and though formerly of no great efteem on 
+account of its being cheap and obvious, yet not at all for that 
+reafon of lefs authority. It began, as I have fhewn, with the 
+fuppofed reign of Hephaillus, and of the Sun ; and after¬ 
+wards of Cronus, and twelve other Gods. Syncellus ima¬ 
+gines, that it milled Manethon by the immenfe number of 
+years, of which thefe reigns are faid to confill. The amount 
+of the whole was no lefs than 36525 years. There is fome- 
+thing particular in this number, to which we mull attend; 
+as it has milled not only Manethon, but Syncellus. For 
+they with many more have applied thefe numbers to the dy- 
+nalties of Egypt: by which means the annals of the country 
+have been carried to an unwarrantable height. Iamblichus, 
+
+
+4 * 
+
+
+Epiftola ad Anebonem. p. 7. 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+339 
+
+
+who had ftudied the Egyptian hiftory very clofely, takes no¬ 
+tice of the fame numbers, and applies them to the writings 
+of Hermes. He introduces Chseremon, who is fpeaking of 
+hrft principles and efiences : +i all which , fays he, Hermes 
+tranfmitted in twenty thoufand ‘volumes , according to Seleucus , 
+or rather , as Manethon has fhewn^ they were compleated in 
+thirty-fix thoufiand five hundred and thirty-five. We may 
+from hence perceive, how uncertain writers were about 
+a circumftance of this confequence. What fome applied 
+to the duration of their monarchy, others fuppofed to 
+be a number of books, the volumes written by Hermes. But 
+the numbers were mifapplied in both cafes. They related 
+indeed to volumes ; but to volumes of another nature ; to 
+the revolutions of the fun : and were an artificial calcula¬ 
+
+
+tion. One kind of Egyptian year confifted of three hun¬ 
+dred and fixty days ; with the five STtccyopiSvctiy which were 
+facred to five Deities, 43 Ofiris, Aroueris, Typhon, Ifis, and 
+
+Nephthe. Some Deity, or title of a Deity, was affixed to 
+every day in the calendar : hence they amounted to 365 in 
+number. Thefe were introduced into Greece, and, as was 
+fuppofed, by Orpheus. To this Theophilus alludes, when 
+
+
+fuppofed, by Orpheus. To this Theophilus alludes, when 
+he upbraids Orpheus with his polytheifm. 44 ti w<psXr}<rev — 
+
+Ogpsct 61 Tgictxomoi itjwovTct 'ursvre ®soi; TV hat advantage did 
+Orpheus ever find from his three hundred and fixty-five Gods f 
+This year of 365 days was termed the Sothic, from Sothis, 
+
+
+41 Ta$ [Jdcv ovv oAa$ 'E^tws ev Teas J^urpiupicus $/£Ao/s, ws 'Xefaux.os cc7r£ypoc^ocro* w ra/s 
+7 pierp(.vpicas re veat xoti 'zo-evTuxoaictts xcti eixotrt 'zbsvts, a's MareOws l<^cp?t y 
+
+TgAews a,vefei%e. Iamblich. Se£t. 8 . c. i. p. 157. 
+
+41 Plutarch. Ifis et Ofir. p. 355. 
+
+44 Theoph, ad Autol. L. 3. p. 381. 
+
+X x 2 the 
+
+
+# 
+
+
+
+34® 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+mence 
+
+
+:al riling it was fuppofed to com¬ 
+ber year in Upper Egypt, which 
+Theban. This conflfted more 
+
+
+fixty 
+
+
+days, and fix hour 
+
+
+45 Usns r,tJLsgctg kou jeragrov Toig Socfexx fjLti<riv £ 7 txyn<ri 
+‘They add , lays Diodorus, to the twelve mo?iths y jive days complete 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+one 
+
+
+qua? 
+
+
+ter. 
+
+
+was uled in many 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+the numbers fpoken of above, related to a period in calcu¬ 
+lation ; and was no hiftorical account. They were the 
+
+le hundred years : for if one 
+lixty-five days, and a fourth 
+
+to ;i6c2c, the 
+
+
+amount 
+
+
+conhfts 
+
+
+they in one hundred years will amount 
+
+
+number of which we 
+
+
+What therefore had belonged to 
+miftake been applied to hiftori- 
+
+years. This 
+
+
+cal computation : and days have been taken for 
+might well raife the Egyptian hiftory to an u: 
+height; and make it precede the creation by 
+
+
+many ages. 
+
+
+years 
+
+
+4-7 
+
+
+e this difficulty by fuppoffiig 
+uriviaioi svixvtoi, lunar and mo 
+
+
+4 ' Died. L. i. p. 46. 
+
+Cains Cadar—imitatus A^gyptios, folos divinarum rerum omnium confcios, ad 
+numerum lblis, qui diebus fingulis tricenis fexaginta quinque et quadrante curfum 
+conficit, annum dirigere contendit. Macrob. Sat. L. i. c. 14. p. 178. 
+
+The Thebans uhderftood mv ztt aya^go^oyiav. Diod. L. 1. p. 46. 
+(iEgyptii menfes) tricenum dierum omnes habent: eoque explicitis duodecim 
+menfibus, id eil > 360 diebus exaeflis, tunc inter Auguftum et Septembrem rellquos 
+quinque dies anno fuo reddunt; adneAentes, quarto quoque anno exa< 5 to, interca- 
+i irem, qui ex quadrantibus confit. Macrob. Sat. L. 1.C.15.P. 180. 
+
+46 Euleb. Chron. p. S. See Diodorus. L. 1. p. 22. xarcc rnvrw, 
+
+ayevOai rev evuz'jrov. 
+
+
+47 f 
+
+
+0 1 yap njotp avron rraXatoraroi'Xe^vatB; *(pxrTy.ov eivxi , w pLyivioaBi ras 
+
+Oi S's ptera rurus c Hjw.i0gci a>pov$ eyaP^ouv tsc evtaurvs. 
+
+
+ruiccov rpiayovra cwscroorac. 
+
+
+Syncellus. p. 40. Apud iEgyptios pro annis menfes haberi. Varro apud Ladtanr. 
+
+
+1.. 2. c. 12. p. 160. 
+
+
+years j 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 34 1 
+
+years ; which were in ufe in Tome parts of Egypt. Syncellus 
+tries to folve it another way ; by giving the dynaftics from 
+the lixteenth downward their proper number of years, and 
+allowing the overplus to the Gods, and Demigods. But we 
+have no occaiion to have recourfe to thefe helps : for the 
+numbers of the real dynafties had nothing to do with this 
+astronomical computation : and Iamblichus, who equally 
+mifapplies 48 them, fhews, that they who treated of them 
+differed in their opinions, and were by no means 49 confident. 
+
+The dynafty ot thofe kings, who immediately fucceeded 
+the Shepherds, is termed the Cynic cycle : and the ftar Si¬ 
+rius, and many other things of eminence among the Egyp¬ 
+tians, were ftyled Cynic ; and fuppofed to have fome refer¬ 
+ence to dogs. But the Cynic cycle, or more properly the 
+50 Cunic, was the Royal cycle, and related to a feries of 
+kings : and every thing fo denominated is to be taken in 
+that acceptation. Some of the books of Hermes are ftyled 
+Tsvikou kou 51 K vgcLviKou, Genic and Curanic ; and from them 
+it is faid, that Apion, Manethon, and Panodorus obtained 
+molt of their knowledge. Thefe feem to be both Egyptian 
+terms, diftorted by the Greeks ; but of the fame purport, as 
+that above. They were properly Chanic and Curanic 
+books ; and contained the hiftory of the priefts, and kings 
+
+4< * He fuppofes, that they related to the books of Hermes : but the books of Her¬ 
+mes were but forty-two. Clemens mentions them, and fpecifies the contents of 
+each. Strom. L. 6. p. 758. 
+
+49 We learn from him, that what Syncellus in aftertimes applied to Chronology, 
+was by Manethon thought to relate to the books of Hermes. Se£t. 8. p. 157. 
+
+50 Cun, Chon, Cohen, a King. See VoLI. Radicals. 
+
+51 By Syncellus exprefied Kugaweit. 'Q.v'Trfp ev rc&Tevixo&ru Eo/w, xai ev rat? Ky- 
+
+gcLvpiai f 3 i£*oi$ etpmatu p. 52. See Yol. I. of this work. Radicals. Keren, Rex. 
+Kuran, Heliacus. Hence xoigavos* 
+
+
+
+342 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+Grecian term, which 
+
+
+and its hiftory, is to be fufpedted. It is to be obferved, that 
+Mancthon, and his copier Africanus, mention, that after the 
+
+was a fucceftion of other per- 
+
+s * Msrct 
+
+rA. But 
+
+
+Ions 
+
+
+and he fpecifies thofe of the firft dynafty. 
+
+TQVg 'Hjt uQs&g 'UTPOOTY] ( 2 > 0 L<riK&l 0 l ZOLTCtfilOfJ. 
+
+
+what can we make of thefe terms ? Pojl manes Semideos 
+prima dynajlia , or pojl cadaver a Semideos prima dynajlia , See. 
+
+They cannot be made fenfe by any expofition. Eufebius faw, 
+that there was fome miftake ; and he has altered it by in¬ 
+ferring a copulative. 5i Mera vsvfcotg kou rag H pudsag nr^ur^v 
+$vvct?six,v zoLTUgiOpLHffi. But this does not feem to mend the 
+matter. Pojl manes , vel cadavera , et Semideos prima dynajlia 
+numeratur. In another place Syncellus, befides the 
+
+
+iWs 
+
+
+01 
+
+
+mention of s * © 
+
+
+H pud suv 
+
+
+SvyiTM : Deornm , et Semideorum , et cadaverum , et morta 
+
+
+Hum. 
+
+
+what fenfe can be obtained from hence ? 
+
+
+Is it 
+
+
+not manifeft, that there is fome miftake in terms ? I think, 
+we may be affured, that what the Grecians have rendered 
+vzKvg, a dead body , was Nechus, a King : and that by the 
+
+words MsTa vsxvctg 'Hfjuflsxg 'UTgwTY) fbounhsict, we are to under- 
+ftand, poft reges Semideos, after the reigns of the Demigods 
+
+
+The title of Nechus was 
+
+
+began the firft Egyptian dynajiy. 
+very ss ancient, and to be found in many nations. The king 
+
+
+51 Syncellus. p. 54. 
+
+SJ Eufeb. Chron. p. 14. Mbtu yexvas jta 1 tbs 'H/juS eas. Eufeb. apud Syncellum. 
+
+P* 55 • 
+
+s4 Syncellus. p. 40. 
+
+s* Itfeems to have beenexprefied Necho, Nechao, Nechus, Negus and was pro¬ 
+bably the fame as 133 , Nagud of the Hebrews, which fignifies a Prince. It occurs 
+in compofition * and we read of Necepfus, Necherophes, kings of Egypt. It was a 
+
+common title. t)i 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+343 
+
+
+of Abyffinia is called Neg 
+
+
+The purport of 
+
+
+the hiftory given will, I think, prove what I fay. Syncellus 
+mentions, that Afanethon borrowed what he wrote from 
+
+
+Hermes 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+work 
+
+
+an account of the Gods, and Demigods j which laft we 
+
+
+know were mortal men, and reigned in 16 Egyp 
+tainly were the firft, who had the title of Nech 
+
+
+Thefe cer- 
+: and it is 
+
+
+them 
+
+
+Eufebius indeed and Syncel- 
+them : and out of them would form 
+
+
+a different fc 
+miftake com 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+fuch 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+57 
+
+
+
+
+Tldf 
+
+
+( HfAlflsOig) VSKVUV 
+
+
+W £T EgtoV fioKTlXswV 'UT0X7ct,V KCCl (pT^VCigOV CWSlgiiTl 
+
+pvQoXoyutv. Bejides thefe Demigods , they have got together 
+
+
+a tedious 
+
+o 
+
+mortals , who reigned , 
+
+
+hi ft 
+
+
+*ry of dead perfons , and other 
+the whole of this is a miftake of 
+hiftory : and I am perfuaded from the pofttion of 
+
+
+the terms 
+
+
+what Eufebius alluded to fhould have 
+
+
+rendered N eyoov xou STSguv ficvriXzocv. And in the reading 
+above, {jlstol vszvctg 'HfJuOs&g fhould have been expreffed, ac¬ 
+
+
+cording to the 
+
+
+posTct N syovg 'H [juOsxs, poft 
+
+
+
+£D 
+
+
+Semideos, after the Demigod kings , the frf dyjiajly commenced. 
+But either the tranflators, or tranfcribers, did not know the 
+meaning of the title Nechus ; and have changed it to vszvg, 
+a dead body. The like is to be oblerved in the paffigc above 
+quoted from Syncellus ; where the three orders of princes 
+are mentioned, which occurred in the Egyptian lifts : ®socv, 
+
+
+56 'HfJuBeoi (2ctaitet-:—xou pier ctVTtit yereat le Kvpixu xux Ay. Eufcb. Chron. p. 7. 
+
+57 Syncellus. p. 40. 
+
+6 xca 
+
+
+
+344 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+y 
+
+
+
+
+HuuCsuv, you vexvwv, you 
+
+
+I make no doubt, but 
+
+
+* 
+
+H 
+
+
+O * ~ 
+
+Osm, you Nsywj/ Shrguv: Gods, and Demigods 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+‘were 
+
+
+hefe mortal kings are mentioned 
+
+
+Gods, and Demigods, though the latter 
+
+
+were equally 
+of beings. Ei 
+
+
+were ftill efteemed 
+
+
+forg 
+
+
+fome deg 
+
+zd 
+
+
+diflent from this very learned author. 
+
+
+For I believe, that 
+found far more 
+
+
+con¬ 
+
+
+fident, than is imagined, if 
+
+
+never been perverted by 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+The Grecians 
+
+
+fine 
+
+
+logy 
+
+
+m by blending what related to aftronomy wi 
+: and confounding theology with s * hiftory : 
+
+
+dif- 
+
+
+guifli 
+
+
+between Gods, and men ; between 
+
+
+reigns 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+kings, and revolutions in the heavens 
+had many names, 
+
+
+The kings of 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+toju Aiyv 7 TTiwv oi Ba <riKeig sv^vrcu 
+
+
+
+
+dill 
+
+
+01, you T glO 01 /V(JLOl 'GTOX- 
+
+The princes of the 
+often three names. The Deities 
+
+and I have before mentioned a 
+
+
+ftatue of Ifis, infcribed, 60 lfidi Myrionymae, to Ifis with a 
+
+
+thoufand 
+
+
+Thefe names and titles have been branched 
+and inferted in the lifts of the real monarchs. 
+
+
+Hence we find Menes, the Lunar God, with 
+mus ftand foremoft ; and Ofiris, and Orus ne 
+
+
+pofiti 
+
+
+have mentioned of Ofiris, that he was expofed 
+
+
+58 Both Eufebius and Syncellus 
+
+Grecian mythology. 
+
+59 Syncellus. p. 63. 
+
+60 Gruter. p. 83. n. 11. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+failed by trying to adapt foreign occurrences to 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+345 
+
+
+in an ark, and for a long time in a ftate of death. The like 
+is faid of Orus, whom 6i Ills found floating upon the waters: 
+alfo of Adonis, and Thamuz, who returned to light after the 
+expiration of a year. We have the fame hiftory concerning 
+Talus, or Tulus, who fucceeded Orus. He is by fome called 
+Thoulus ; and is faid to have had a renewal of life, and to 
+have recovered, when Cybele was in labour. 
+
+61 ’yv'x/i <T Big $B(jLotg qXQs to JsuTsgov, Bv^o^vyo) rs 
+
+oiOTTrfrr^i h^cng Ss^olivsto ■wvgrM — 
+
+Kcu KnfsA)! XS^OLgCOCTO VBYjTOKOg. 
+
+Laftly, it is faid of 6i Rhamefes, whom Herodotus calls 
+Rhampflnitus, that he defcended to the manfions of death ; 
+and after fome flay returned to light. The anniverfary of his 
+return was held facred, and obferved as a feftival by the 
+Egyptians. I mention thefe things to fliew, that the whole 
+is one and the fame hiftory: and that all thefe names are 
+titles of the fame perfon. They have however been other- 
+wife efteemed: and we find them accordingly inferted in the 
+lifts of kings; by which means the chronology of Egypt 
+
+has been embarrafled greatly. 
+
+Having mentioned Rhamefes, and his defcent to Hades, I 
+cannot help adding a fhort piece of hiftory concerning him in 
+
+
+fT 
+
+
+Za 
+
+
+Plutarch. Ifis et Ofir. p. 357. 
+
+61 Nonnus. L. 25. p. 674. TaA oo$' 0 #Ai 05 . Hefych. TaAouos* 0 z,eus €p 
+
+KpnTvi, Ibid. 
+
+61 EA eyov to tov top fictaXyct £goov xaTa^Vai xarw €$ top 01 EAA vves cctfov vofAi^acrt 
+eivcu. Herodotus. L. 2. c. 122. He is faid to have ruled over the whole earth, like 
+Zeuth, Ofiris, Orus, and others. Hermapion calls him Rhameftes, 
+Marcellinus. L. 17. p. 126. See Tacitus. Annal. L. 2. c. 60. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+346 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+that fituation ; in order to give another inftance of Grecian 
+fophiftry, and abufe of terms. It is well known, that under 
+the character of Damater the ancients alluded to the ark, 
+and to the fuppofed Genius, which prefided over it. This 
+Goddefs is faid to have received, and fheltered Rhame- 
+fes in the fhades below : and it is further mentioned, 
+H (rvyKvSsvsiv rt] that he played at dice with the God¬ 
+
+defs. The perfons in the ark were reprefented as in a ftate 
+of death : and the ark itfelt was looked upon as a bier or 
+coffin ; and as fucli commemorated in all the rites of Ofiris, 
+A coffin, or bier, feems by the Egyptians to have been ftyled 
+Cuban : which term the Greeks retained, and expreffed 
+Cubas. Hence KubW* <T 0 £ 0 £. Cubas, fays Hefychius, Jigni- 
+Jies a bier. A fhip alfo was called Cuba, and 6s Cubeia. 
+But at the fame time that Cubas, Cuba, and Cubea, had a 
+reference to an ark or fhip, K^oW, Cubus, fignified a die : 
+
+and Kvbeiat, Cubea, had alfo a relation to a game. In con- 
+fequence of this, the Grecians have taken the terms in a 
+wrong acceptation : and inftead of faying, that Rhameles, 
+during his ftate of confinement, was with Damater in Cuba, 
+a ftiip, or ark, they have turned the whole into paftime, and 
+made him play with her at dice. The like ftory is told by 
+65 Plutarch of Hermes: whence we may infer, that one of that 
+name, for there were feveral,was the fame perfon as Rhamefes. 
+
+64 Herod. L. 2. c. 122. 
+
+( ’ s KaCsics, T loL<f,tot. Hefych. It fhould be vesoe. Cubeam max imam, tri re- 
+mis inftar, pulcherrimam, atque ornatifiimam. Cicero, Verrina 5. 17. From hence 
+Apollo, the prophetic God, was called Cab&us. 
+
+O xioreus A?roAAcur, 0 K 0 y.ou Tis. ALfchylus apud Macrob. Sat. I.. 1. 
+c. 18, p. 200. 
+
+66 Ills et Ofiris. p. 355. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+347 
+
+It is then, I think, manifeft, that the Cuthite Shepherds 
+compofed the firft dynafty of kings in Egypt : and that the 
+Ifraelitifh Shepherds fucceedcd them not long after their de¬ 
+parture. Moft of the Fathers are milled by Jofephus ; who 
+fuppofes, in oppofition to the beft authority, that the whole 
+hiftory related to one body of people only, and that thofe 
+were his anceftors. But the purport of the hiftory given, 
+and the very dynafties, which they have tranfmitted, prove 
+the contrary. Yet they perftft ; and accordingly place the 
+Exodus in the reign of 67 Amos, or Amofis; which was many 
+years prior to the departure of the firft Shepherds, as will be 
+fhewn ; and confcquently contrary to the true order of hif¬ 
+tory. Of thefe Shepherds we have very circumftantial ac¬ 
+counts ; though their dynafty is tranfmitted to us by diffe¬ 
+rent writers in a very confufed manner. The perfons, who 
+have preferved it, are Manethon, Africanus, Eufebius, Syn- 
+cellus, and Theophilus of Antioch. There is to be found a 
+very great difference fubfifting between thefe writers, of 
+which at prefent I fhall fay nothing. Let it fuffice, that we 
+have from them tranfmitted to us a dynafty of the Shep¬ 
+herds ; the fifteenth of Africanus ; and the feventeenth of 
+Eufebius, which is likewife the fifteenth, if we reckon 
+from the bottom. The next, which is by them all intro¬ 
+duced as the eighteenth, begins in this manner : 
+
+6; Cxt« j tea Sex a. tv Svvcc^etoe. AioairoTtnuv (iotalAeoov cu v -za-paiTOi A y.co?, e<p ou 
+
+Mojavs £§«A 0 £y ef Atyv7TThi. Syncellus. p. 62. 
+
+
+Yy 2 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+34 * 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The Eighteenth Dynajly of Sixteen Diofpolite , orTh ebon* Kings. 
+
+Amofis. 
+
+Chebron. 
+
+Amenophis. 
+
+Amerfis. 
+
+Mephres. 
+
+Mifphragmuthofis. 
+
+69 Amofis or Tethmofis. 
+
+Amenophis. 
+
+Horus. 
+
+Acherres. 
+
+Rathos. 
+
+Chebres. 
+
+Acherres. 
+
+Armefes. 
+
+Rhamefes. 
+
+Amenophis. 
+
+The account given by Manethon, concerning the expul- 
+
+fion of the Shepherds, is this. After they had for many 
+
+years kept the Egyptians in fubjedion; the people of Upper 
+
+Egypt rofe againft them, and under the direction of their 
+
+kings carried on a long and bloody war. At laft Halifphrag- 
+
+muthofis, more generally called Mifphragmutho/is, furrounded 
+
+them in their diftri£t, named Avaris, which they had fortified. 
+
+Here they were belieged a long time : when they at laft came 
+
+After 
+
+
+terms with 70 Amofis, the fon of the former king 
+
+6a The names are in great meafure taken from Africanus in Syncellus. p. 72. 
+
+alfo Theoph. ad Autolyc. L. 3. p- 392. ... ... , — . 
+
+^ _11^,1 Animi and Ptolemv Mendefius : likewife by Tatiant 
+
+
+See 
+
+
+Martyr 
+
+
+fyrius,p. 273- J u ‘tin 
+See Eufeb. Praep. Evang. L. 10. p. 490. 493. 497 
+i° Tethmofis of Africanus. 
+
+
+Clemens Alex. Strom. L. 1. p. 37 s 
+
+
+fome 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+349 
+
+
+fome conferences, they agreed to intirely evacuate the coun¬ 
+try, if they might be permitted to go off unmolefted. He 
+accordingly gave them his promife, and they all departed. 
+When they were gone, he demolifhed the 71 fortification, 
+which they had raifed ; that it might not any more be a re¬ 
+ceptacle to difaffe&ed, or rebellious people. From this hif- 
+tory we learn, that Mifphragmuthofis, and his fon Amofis 
+reigned in the time of the firft Shepherds. Therefore the 
+reign of the former, and fome years of the latter, fhould be 
+placed in collateral order, as being plainly fynchronical. 
+The like is to be obferved of all the previous kings of that 
+dynafty. They were the princes who firft made head againft 
+the Shepherds ; and carried on the war mentioned above, 
+which was put an end to by Amofis. They were confe- 
+quently fynchronical. But by this not having been obferved, 
+they are brought after, and fome of them are funk above an 
+hundred years lower than they fhould be : and this in con¬ 
+tradiction to the very evidence by thefe writers produced. 
+For they allow, that Amofis ruined the place called Avaris, 
+into which his father Mifphragmuthofis had before driven 
+the Shepherds: and it is expreflly faid, that it was afterwards 
+given by Amenophis to the other Shepherds, who fucceeded. 
+Nothing can be more determinate than the words of Manc- 
+thon ; 72 TtiV T m Tloifxsvoov sgr)(/,U)dei(ro<.v 'uroXiv Avxgiv frvvsjstegyire. 
+He gave them the city Hvaris, which had been vacated by the 
+former Shepherds. We find that the hiftory lies within a 
+Ihort compafs. The only thing to be inquired into, is the 
+identity of the perfons fpoken of. As Mifphragmuthofis 
+
+
+tvv Avetoiv AfJLaxxts. Tatianus Aflyrius, from Ptolemy Mendefius. 
+
+
+p. 273 
+
+7* 
+
+
+See alio Clemens Alex. L. i. p. 378. and note 7 
+Manethon apud Jofephum contra Ap. L. 1. p. 460* 
+
+7 
+
+
+defeated 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+35° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+defeated the Shepherds, and drove them into Avaris ; do we 
+find a king of Egypt fo called? There is a king of that 
+name : and if we look into the lift, we find him the fixth in 
+the eighteenth 73 dvnafty, which confifts of Theban, or 
+
+
+Diofpolite kings. His fon Amofis is faid to have concluded 
+the whole affair, and finally to have expelled them. Does 
+any prince occur of the name of Amofis or Tethmofis, in 
+th is order ? A perfon of this name appears in the fame dy- 
+nafty ; and he is lucceffor to the former, in conformity to 
+the hiftory given. It is faid, that Amenophis gave the dif- 
+tridf, which the former Shepherds vacated, to the latter. As 
+thefe fucceeded the others very foon ; is there any kinp- of 
+
+
+the name of Amenophis, whofe reign coincides with thefe 
+circumftances ? Such a one very happily occurs : and he 
+comes the very next in fucceflion to the prince, who fent the 
+firft Shepherds away. Thefe things furely are very plain. 
+Why then are thefe kings brought fo much lower than the asra 
+allotted to the Ifraelites ? and why have the moft learned of 
+the Fathers adjudged the departure of that people to the time 
+of the firft king of this Theban dynafty ? This prince is faid 
+to have lived 7 * twenty-five years after they were retired. 
+From hence we may be affured, that this could not be the 
+perfon, with whom Mofes was concerned; for that king was 
+drowned in the Red Sea. Theophilus calls this king Ama- 
+jfis ; and fpeaking of thefe twenty-five years, fays, that he 
+reigned that term, 75 j agree ty\v sa^o^v Aag ; after he had 
+
+
+75 6. Mifphragmuthofis. 
+
+7. Amofis, five Tethmofis. 
+
+8 . Amenophis. 
+
+7 * Theoph. ad Autolyc. L, 3. p. 392. 
+
+75 Ibid. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 35 1 
+
+expelled the people fpoken of. This can never be made appli¬ 
+cable to the Ifraelites. It cannot with any propriety be faid 
+of them, that they were expelled. They were detained 
+
+a g 
+
+depart, the Egyptians purfued after them, in order to bring 
+them 76 back. The hiftory certainly relates to the Cuthite 
+Shepherds, who flood their ground, till they were actually 
+driven away. So far, I believe, is true ; that the Ifraelites 
+left the country in the reign of Amafis, who was more pro¬ 
+perly called Ramafes, and Ramafes the fon of Sethon : but 
+this was a long time after the reign of Amos, or Amofis, who 
+is placed at the head of the Theban dynafty. 
+
+If thefe great out-lines in hiftory are fo clear, as I prefume 
+them to be ; it may be afked, how it was poftible, for fuch 
+miftakes in chronology to have arifen ? What reafon can 
+be given for this wilful 
+
+that it was owing to an ill-grounded zeal in the Fathers. 
+They laid too much ftrefs upon the antiquity of Mofesj and 
+laboured much to make him prior to every thing in 77 Greece. 
+It had been unluckily faid by Apion, that the perfon, who 
+ruined Avaris, was contemporary with 78 Inachus of Argos. 
+If this perfon were before Mofes, then Inachus muft alfo 
+have been before him, which was not to be allowed. Hence 
+
+76 It may be faid, that the Egyptians prefled the Ifraelites to depart: And the 
+Egyptians were urgent upon the people , that they might fend them cut of the land , &c. 
+Exodus, c. 12. v. 33. But this does not come up to the real and hoftjle expulfion, 
+which is mentioned by the Egyptian hiftorians : fo that the people thus forcibly 
+expelled could not poflibly be the Ifraelites. 
+
+77 See Clemens, Tatianus, and the authors above quoted. Africanusapud Eufeb. 
+Pnep. L. 10. p. 490, Juftin. Martyr. Cohort, p. 13. Theophilus. E. 3. p. 393. 
+
+78 Syncellus. p. 62. p. 68. 
+
+
+inconfiftency ? I anfwer with regret, 
+
+
+ainft their will : and when they were fuffered at laft to 
+
+
+names 
+
+
+
+35 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+names have been changed, and hiftory has been perverted, 
+to prevent'this alarming circumftance. Accordingly Tatia- 
+nus having gone through a long feries of argument to this 
+purpofe, concludes with fome triumph : 79 O vjeow 'GT£<pr,V£ 
+
+Mu'vTi'jG, onto y£ Toov 'Grgosigry.Evccv, 'nrg£<rvVT£gos 'H-gvoov < ura.Kouixiv y 
+'nro?\£Wv, PcayoiW ^Therefore it is manifejl , from what has 
+bee?i faid-y that Mofes was prior to the heroes , to the cities , and 
+to the Deities (of Greece). But truth does not depend upon 
+priority : and the Fathers loft ftght of this blefling through 
+a wrong zeal to obtain it. They, to be fure, might plead 
+fome authority for their notions : but it was not of fuch 
+weight, as to have influenced men of their learning. Ma- 
+nethon does moft certainly fay, at leaft as he is quoted, that 
+the Shepherds, who were expelled, betook themfelves to 
+Jerufalem. 80 Msra to s%e\Qziv s% AlyvxTs top Aaor tup Uoi- 
+
+T£0[jloj<tis doctTthsvTs jUsra tclvtol ety] eixoti 'gtepte, kou [trims 
+TBcrvxgcis. lifter the Shepherds had departed from Egypt to 
+Jerufalem., Tethmofis y who drove them away y lived twenty-five 
+years and four rnonths. This one circumftance about Jeru¬ 
+falem has contributed beyond meafure to confirm the Fa¬ 
+thers in their miftakes. Jofephus, and thofe who have 
+blindly followed this authority, did not confider, that the 
+Ifraelites were not driven out; that they did not go to Je¬ 
+rufalem ; and that the king, in whofe reign they departed, 
+did not furvive the event : for he periftied, as has been faid 
+
+79 Tatianus. p. 274. See Juftin. Martyr. Cohort, p. 13. Theophilus fuppofes 
+the Exodus to have been a thoufand years before the war of Troy, L. 3. p. 393 * 
+
+80 Jofephus contra Ap. L. 1. p. 446. 
+
+
+Sts ’isgOCoXvyLOLy 0 SxJoCLhUP OLVTOVS fc, AiyvnTX ficttfiKsvs 
+
+
+before. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+353 
+
+
+before. Add to this, that the fame writer, Manethon, plainly 
+fhews, that the Ifraelites did not come into Egypt, till the 
+reign of *° Amenophis, who was many years later: fo that this 
+hiftory could not relate to them. He gave them the very 
+diftriCt, which the former Shepherds had deferted. The 
+whole account of the firft Shepherds is inconfiftent with the 
+hiftory of the latter. The Fathers often quote Apion, Pto¬ 
+lemy Mendeftus, and Manethon, to prove that the Ifraelites 
+were expelled Egypt by Amofis, or Amafts ; and fpeak of 
+Mofes as contemporary with that king, whom they place at 
+the head of the Theban dynafty. Thus Juftin Martyr ap¬ 
+peals to the firft of thofe writers for the truth of this aflertion. 
+81 Kara. lvccgov Agy&s ficuritea., Apourdoi AiyvTmm fiovrihsv- 
+
+ovroSy OLVOfWou IvJctixs, up riyeurQou Muv<rsoc, According to 
+Apion, in the time of Inachus of Argos , and in the reign of 
+Amafis of Egypt, the Ifraelites left that country under the 
+conduit of Mofes. He quotes for the fame purpofe Polemo, 
+and Ptolemy Mendeftus. But the hiftory could never be as 
+we find it here reprefented. We have a long account of the 
+Shepherds in Manethon ; who fays not a word of what is 
+here mentioned of the Ifraelites ; but contradicts it in every 
+point. Apion likewife exprefily tells us, that Amofis was 
+the perfon who ruined Avaris; which, we know, was after¬ 
+wards given to the later Shepherds. And fo far is he from 
+
+
+8 * Jofephus contra Ap. 5 i. p. 460. The coming of the Ifraelites is plainly de- 
+i’cribed under the return of the firft Shepherds. Many have fuppoled the two bodies 
+of people to have been one and the fame. They have therefore miftaken the arrival 
+of the latter for a return of the former; and have in confequence of it much con¬ 
+founded their hiftory: but the truth may be plainly difcerned. 
+
+81 Cohort, p. 13. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 54 
+
+referring the departure of this people to the reign of the firft 
+Diofpolite king in the eighteenth dynafty, that he fuppofes 
+the Exodus to have been in the 8i feventh Olympiad, which 
+was many centuries later. 
+
+The Fathers do not always quote precilely ; but often put 
+their own inferences for the words of their author. Ptolemy, 
+Apion, and others mention, that a people called Shepherds 
+were driven out of Egypt in the reign of Amolis. Thefe 
+Shepherds, fay Theophilus and Tatianus, were the Jews: 
+therefore the Jews left the country in the reign of that king : 
+and as they were conducted by Mofes, it is plain, lay they, 
+from Apion, that Mofes was contemporary with * 3 Amolis. 
+In like manner Jofephus tells us, that, according to Mane- 
+thon, the Jews were driven out of Egypt in the reign of 
+king 84 Tethmolis. Now the 
+preferved in his own works at Ss large: and not afyllable does 
+Manethon there fay about either Jew or Ifraelite. He gives 
+quite a different hiftory. And though his account is very 
+incorredt, yet fo much we may plainly learn from him, that 
+the Ifraelites came into Egypt in the time of Amenophis, the 
+
+* z Jofephus contra Ap. L. i. p. 469. 
+
+** The fame hiftory is quoted from different writers with a firriilarity of language, 
+■w hich is very iufpicious. Thus Ctefias is by Clemens made to give the lame account 
+as we have had from the writers of Egypt. 'H Mwcrews xcctw1 Afc vent tgv AtyuTmov, 
+kcu xutgc Ivol^gv icv Agy&oi’, A lyuirTa ictvw is. Strom. L. i. p. 379. It is very 
+extraordinary, that fo many foreign writers fliould uniformly refer Mofes to Inachus^ 
+as it is a point of little confequenee to any, but thofe, who wanted to enhance the an¬ 
+tiquity of the former. To the fame purpofe Apion, Polemo* and Ptolemy Mende- 
+fius are quoted. Yet I am perfuaded, that the ancient Egyptians knew nothing of 
+Argos •, nor of Inachus, the fuppofed king of it. See Juftin Martyr. Cohort, p. 13- 
+
+8 * Contra Ap. JL. i. p« 469. 
+
+* 5 Ibid. p. 444. 
+
+eighth 
+
+
+paflage, to which he alludes, is 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+355 
+
+
+eighth king of the Diofpolite dynafty; and they likewife left 
+the country in the reign of Amenophis, fometimes rendered 
+by miftake Amenophthes. This was not the fame prince, 
+but one long after, whofe fon was Seth on, called alfo Ra- 
+mafes Sethon, from Rampfes (the fame as Ramafes), the fa¬ 
+ther of 86 Amenophis. 
+
+If then we recapitulate the principal fadts, which relate to 
+the ancient hiftory of Egypt, we fhall find that they hap¬ 
+pened in the following order. After that the Mizraim had 
+been for fome time fettled in that country, they were in¬ 
+vaded by the Shepherds, thofe Cuthites of Babylonia. Thefe 
+
+held the region in fubje&ion ; and behaved with much cru- 
+
+& 
+
+elty to the natives. They were at laft oppofed ; and by 
+king Mifphragmuthofis reduced to great ftraits, and befieged 
+in their ftrong hold Avaris. His fon Amofis, the Tethmo- 
+fis of Africanus, prefled them fo clofely, that they were glad 
+to come to terms of compofition. He agreed to let them 
+
+
+go unmolefted, if they would immediately leave the coun¬ 
+try. Upon this the whole body retired, after having been 
+
+
+in pofleflion of Egypt 
+To Amofis fucceeded 
+
+
+above two hundred and fifty years. 
+Amenophis ; who is faid to have given 
+
+
+their deferted town and diftridt to the Ifraelitifh Shepherds. 
+
+
+Thefe came into the country from Canaan about thirty 
+
+
+years after the exit of the 87 former. They refided here two 
+hundred and fifteen years ; and then they too retired in the 
+
+
+86 Ibid. p. 461. i 
+
+87 This I have fhewn before. The Old Chronicle makes the refidence of the fir ft 
+
+Shepherds in Egypt to have been but 217 years: but I believe that it is a miftake for 
+271. This would make the interval 2 5 years between the departure of the firft, and 
+arrival of the fecond Shepherds. 
+
+Z z 2 . reign 
+
+
+
+
+Thk Analysis of .ANcrENT ^Mythology. 
+
+
+reign of Amenophis, the fon of Rampfes, and father of Ra- 
+mafesSethon. Such is the hiftory, which is given by* 9 Ma- 
+nethon, Apion, and other writers. That we may know in 
+what degree this accords with the 
+mitted by Africanus, Eufebius, and Syncellus, it will be pro¬ 
+per to lay before the reader a 'lift of the firft kings, as we 
+find it exhibited by thofe writers. I have fhewn, that the 
+firft dynafty confifted of the Demigods, or Auritae; called 
+alfo the Hellenic and Phoenician Shepherds, who took Mem¬ 
+phis. The next dynafty was of Diofpolite or Theban 
+princes, who were of the Mizraim race, and expelled the for- 
+
+
+dynafty of princes tranf- 
+
+
+mer. And as the perfon, who drove them away, was Amo- 
+fis, or Tethmofis, the fon of Mifphragmuthofis, that king, 
+and all above him, fhould be placed collateral with the Shep¬ 
+herd dynafty, as being fynchronical. Indeed there is reafon 
+
+
+think, that moft, if not all, of the five, which precede 
+
+
+f P 
+
+
+for the moft 
+
+
+the fame names placed 
+
+
+here by 90 anticipation ; and having the fame hiftory re¬ 
+
+
+peated. 
+
+
+fhall therefore begin with Mifphragmuthofis ; as 
+
+
+with him the true Egyptian hiftory commences ; but will 
+firft give the dynafty of the Shepherds. 
+
+
+89 A pud Jofephum cont. Ap. L. I. p. 461. 
+
+90 Halifphragmuthofis., Tethmofis,. Amenophis,. have been placed at the head of 
+the dynafty, to raife the antiquity of Mofes. The fame names occur again in the 
+fame lift, and nearly in the fame order, below. What was truly faid of the firft 
+Shepherds, and their expulfion under Tethmofis,. and Amofis, hast been anticipated, 
+and attributed to the Ifraelitilh Shepherds : and the name of the lame king has been* 
+repeated, and placed at the top of the lift.. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The Firfl Dynajly of Kings in Egypt j confifi. 
+
+
+and Phenician Shepherds 
+Memphis . 
+
+
+Foreig 
+
+
+357 
+
+if Hellenic 
+r. and took 
+
+
+
+
+Eufebius 
+
+
+Syncellus 
+
+
+
+
+Saites 
+
+Anon 
+
+
+*9 
+
+43 
+
+
+Aphophis 
+Anchles - 
+
+
+• 14 
+- 30 
+
+
+Silites 
+
+Bacon 
+
+Apachnas 
+
+Aph o P h is 
+Sethos 
+Kertus - 
+Afeth 
+
+
+106 
+
+
+
+Fbe 
+
+
+** Many of thefe miftakes^with which thefe lifts- abound, are owing to the igno¬ 
+rance of tranfcribers and editors: of which we have a flagrant inftance before us. 
+After Salatisj in three copies, we find the Shepherd king called Bason and Bnon. 
+
+- But 
+
+
+358 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+The Second Dynafly, confifting of Diofpolite , or Theban Kings. 
+
+
+According to 
+
+
+9 * 
+
+
+Jofeph 
+
+
+us 
+
+
+According to 95 Africanus 
+
+
+from Manethon. 
+
+
+in Syncellus. 
+
+
+Halifphragmuthofis 25 m. 10 j Mifphragmuthofis 
+
+
+Thmofis - 
+Amenophis - 
+Orus - - 
+Accncres 
+Rathotis - 
+Achencheres 
+Achencheres 
+Armais 
+Rhametfes 
+
+
+9 m. 8 Tethmofis - 
+30111.10 Amenophis 
+36 m. 5 Orus 
+
+Acherres - 
+
+
+12 m. 1 
+
+9 
+
+12 m. 5 
+
+
+Rathos 
+
+Chebres 
+
+
+12 m. 3 Acherres - 
+
+
+26 
+
+- 9 
+
+31 
+
+37 
+
+32 
+
+- 6 
+12 
+12 
+
+
+4m 
+
+
+Armefes 
+
+
+RhamefTes - - 1 m. 4 Rhammefes 
+
+Rhameffes Miamun 66m. 2 Amenoph 
+
+
+19 
+
+
+Amenophis - - 19m 
+
+93 Sethon iEgyptus 59 
+
+
+6 
+
+
+Third Dynajly 
+
+
+Rampfes - - 66 
+
+Amenophis - - 00 
+
+9+ Ramefles Sethon 00 
+
+
+00 
+
+
+Sethos 
+Rapfaces - 
+Ammenephthes 
+Rhamefes 
+
+
+5i 
+- 61 
+
+
+20 
+
+
+
+But this is a manifeft blunder. There was a fecond king in the dynafty ; but the 
+chronologers could not arrive at his name. They therefore put him down B. aw: 
+the fecond king is anonymous : and fo it occurs in Eufebius. But in the other lifts it 
+is altered to B mv % Becmy 9 Bw»; and has pafled for a proper name. See Marfliam’s 
+Chron. p. ioo. Themiftake is as old as Joiephus. 
+
+91 Contra Ap. L. i. p. 446. 
+
+fl Ibid. p. 460. 
+
+94 Ibid. p. 461. 
+
+95 Syncellus. p. 72. 
+
+
+According 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+359 
+
+
+» j- tt> r According to 97 Theophilus 
+
+According to 9 Eulebius. & * 
+
+Antiochenus. 
+
+
+Mi fphr agmu thofi s 
+
+26 
+
+Methrammuthoiis 
+
+20 m. 
+
+10 
+
+Tuthmofis - 
+
+9 
+
+Tythmofis 
+
+9 m. 
+
+8 
+
+Amenophis - 
+
+3 i 
+
+Damphenophis - 
+
+3 ° m. 
+
+10 
+
+Orus - 
+
+36 
+
+Orus - 
+
+35 ^. 
+
+5 
+
+Achencerfes - 
+
+1 2 
+
+Ori Filia - - 
+
+10 m. 
+
+3 
+
+Athoris - 
+
+39 
+
+Mercheres - 
+
+12 m. 
+
+3 
+
+Chencheres - 
+
+16 
+
+Armais - 
+
+3 °m. 
+
+1 
+
+Acherres - 
+
+8 
+
+MefTes - 
+
+6 m. 
+
+2 
+
+Cherres - - - - 
+
+15 
+
+Rhameffes 
+
+1 m. 
+
+4 
+
+Armais - 
+
+5 
+
+Amenophis 
+
+19 m. 
+
+6 
+
+Ammefes - 
+
+68 
+
+Thceflus et? 
+
+
+
+Menophis - 
+
+40 
+
+Rhameflus* 
+
+1 0 
+
+
+
+
+Sethos iEgyptus 
+
+
+
+Third Dynajly. 
+
+• 
+
+
+
+
+Sethos - 
+
+55 
+
+
+
+
+Rapfes - - 
+
+66 
+
+
+
+
+Ammenophthis 
+
+40 
+
+
+
+
+Ammenemmes 
+
+26 
+
+
+
+
+
+Some of thefe names by collating may be corrected ; and 
+each of the authors quoted will contribute towards it. At 
+
+Eufeb. Chron. p. 16. 
+
+97 Theophilus ad Autol. L. 3. p. 392* 
+
+7 
+
+
+
+369 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology*. 
+
+prefent each fpecimen abounds with miftakes. Tythmofis, 
+Tethmofts and Thmofts, feem to have been originally Tha- 
+mofis ; probably the fame as Thamus, and Thamuz. Me- 
+nophis, Amenephthes, and Amenophthes are undoubtedly 
+miftakes for 98 Amenophis, as it is rendered in Jofephus. 
+Rathos, and Rathotis, are for Rathor, and Rathoris : and 
+thofe again are for Athor and Athoris. Chebres of Africa- 
+nus fhould be altered to Cheres, the fame as Sol. The 
+whole lift is made up of divine titles. Cheres is fometimes 
+compounded Chan-Cheres; and exprefled Achancheres; 
+all of which are the fame title. Mefles, Ammefes, and Ar- 
+mefes, are all miftakes for Ramefes, either abridged, or 
+tranfpofed; as may be fhewn from Theophilus. Armais, 
+
+9 
+
+and Armes, feem to be the fame as Hermes. Raphaces, 
+and Rapfes are by Jofephus more correctly rendered Ramp- 
+fes. Thcefus in Theophilus is a tranfpofition, and variation 
+of Sethos, the fame as Sethon, whom he very properly, in 
+another place, ftyles Sethos Egyptus. As thefe names may, 
+I think, to a degree of certainty be amended, I fhall endea¬ 
+vour to give a more correct lift, as I have prefumed to form 
+it upon collation. 
+
+1. Mifphragmuthofis. 
+
+2. Thamofis ; Amofis of Clemens and others. 
+
+3. Amenophis. 
+
+4. Orus. 
+
+r To fay the truth, I believe that Menophis is the original name. It was a di¬ 
+vine title, like all the others ; and aflumed by kings. It was properly Menophis, 
+five Menes Pytho, vel Menes Ophion : and it originally was a tide given to the 
+perfon commemorated under the character of Noe Agathodaemon, changed by the 
+Greeks to Neo. See Vol, II. Plate VI. p. 336. 
+
+6 5. Chan- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+361 
+
+
+5. Chan-Cheres. 
+
+6. Athoris. 
+
+7. Chancheres 2. 
+
+8. Chancheres 3. 
+
+9. Armes, or Hermes. 
+
+10. Rhamefes. 
+
+11. Amenophis. 
+
+
+Dynafty the Third. 
+
+1. Sethos iEgyptus. 
+
+2. Rampfes, the fame as Rhamefes. 
+
+3. Amenophis. 
+
+4. Rhamafes Sethon. 
+
+
+4 
+
+But though this lift may be in fome degree corre<fted ; 
+yet we may ftill perceive a great difference fubfifting among 
+the writers above, and particularly in the numbers. The 
+only method of proceeding in thefe cafes, where we cannot 
+obtain the precifton, we could wifh, is to reft contented 
+with the evidence, which is afforded ; and to fee, if it be at 
+all material. We are told, that Mifphragmuthofis was the 
+perfon, who gave the Shepherds the firft notable defeat: and 
+we accordingly find him in the fubfequent dynafty to the 
+Shepherds. Next to him ftands his fon Themofis, who 
+drove them out of the country. The Ifraelites came foon 
+after, in the reign of Amenophis, who gave them a place 
+of habitation. In conformity to this, we find, that Ameno¬ 
+phis comes in the lift immediately after Themofis, or Teth- 
+mofis : all which is perfectly confonant to the hiftory before 
+
+This people refided in the country about two 
+
+
+given. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+A a a 
+
+
+hundred 
+
+
+
+3&2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+
+
+hundred and fifteen years ; and departed ip the reign of 
+Amenophis, the father of Ramefes 99 Sethon. We find, that 
+the eleventh king is Amenophis ; and he is fucceeded 
+Sethos : by which one might be induced to think, that this 
+was the perfon alluded to. But upon due examination, we 
+fhall find, that this could not be the king mentioned; for he 
+was not the father of the perfon, who fucceeded him. Wc 
+find in Eufebius, and Syncellus, that at Sethos iEgyptus, a 
+new dynafty commenced, which is properly the third. Jo- 
+fephus takes no notice of this circumftance : yet he gives a 
+true lift of the firft kings, who are 
+
+
+,OQ Sethon iEgyptus. 
+Rampfes. 
+Amenophis. 
+
+Ramafes Sethon. 
+
+
+The third of thefe is the Amenophis fpoken of by Mane- 
+
+thon, in whofe reign the Ifraelites left Egypt : for he is the 
+father of the Ramafes called Sethon. In refpedt to the 
+numbers annexed to each king’s name, they a.re fo varied by 
+different writers, that we cannot repofe any confidence in 
+
+and only confider 
+the numbers of the kings, who reigned from Amenophis the 
+
+99 Tov inov ^ZeOccit t ov y.ou 'VcLfj.S(T<jYiv oc.7ro tb 'nrargos (tb Afjt £va><f>to$) cova- 
+
+fijLourfAtvQv* Jofephus contra Ap. L. i. p. 460. Rhamefies fcems to. have reigned 
+with hifc father. He is called Rhameles, and Rhamafis ; and is undoubtedly the 
+perfon alluded to by Clemens,, and others, under the name, of AmaJ&s; in whofe 
+time they fuppofe the Exodus to have been. See Strom. L. 1. p. 378. Of Rha¬ 
+mafis, they formed Amafis, which they changed to Amofis, and thus raifcd the aera 
+of Mofes to an unwarrantable height. 
+
+Sethon ASgyptus. Coat. Ap. L. 1. c« 460* 
+
+firft 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+firft to Amenophis the father of Rhamafes. I find them to 
+amount to twelve inclufive. If then we allow twenty years 
+to each king, the reigns will amount to two hundred and 
+forty years. And as we do not know the year of the firft 
+Amenophis, in which the Ifraelites entered Egypt; nor the 
+year of the latter king, in which they departed ; if we make 
+proper allowance for this, the fum of the years will corref- 
+pond very well with the fojourning of the people in that 
+country ; which was two hundred and fifteen years. 
+
+Manethon tells us, as I have obferved before, that the 
+Amenophis, in whofe reign the Ifraelites left Egypt, pre¬ 
+ceded Rhamafes Sethon. In his reign they were led off, 
+under the 1 conduEi of Mofes. It is to be obferved, that Ma¬ 
+nethon ftyles this king the father of Sethon. This is the 
+reafon, why I do not think, that the former Amenophis was 
+the perfon fpoken of. Sethon Egyptus, who fucceeded that 
+Amenophis, was of another dynafty, confequently of another 
+family, and could not be his fon : for new dynafties com¬ 
+mence with new families. This, I imagine, was the prince, 
+who is alluded to in Scripture; where it is faid, that 1 there 
+arofe up a new king over Egypt , who knew not fofeph. He 
+was not acquainted with the merits of Jofeph, becaufe he 
+was the firft king of a new dynafty ; and of a different fa¬ 
+mily from thole, who had been under fuch immediate ob¬ 
+ligations to the Patriarch. In the ancient hiftories there is 
+
+
+Manethon has confounded the hiftorv of Jofeph, and Mofes 
+
+
+before taken notice. He allows, that a per 
+but fuppofes that this was a fecondary name. 
+Mevua»s. Ibid. 
+
+* Exodus, c. i. v. 8. 
+
+
+l called Mofes led 
+
+TUVOUM. 
+
+
+4X 
+
+
+rpo anyo(>eb% 
+
+
+dif- 
+
+
+A a a 2 
+
+
+
+364 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+a diftintftion made between the Mizraim and the Egyptians: 
+and the former were looked upon as prior in time. Thus 
+in the Old Chronicle, the reigns of the kings are divided 
+into three clafies : the firft of which is of the Auritie ; the 
+next of the Mizraim ; and the third of the Egyptians. Here 
+is a difference expreffed between the two latter > and it may 
+not be eafy to determine, wherein it confifted. Thofe, fo 
+particularly ftyled Egyptians, were probably of Lower 
+3 Egypt; and of a more mixed family, than thofe Mizraim, 
+who were of the fuperior region, called Sait. Of thefe the 
+Cunic, or Royal, Cycle confifted ; and the fupremacy was 
+in their family for fome generations. But a change of go¬ 
+vernment enfued ; and the chief rule came into the hands 
+of the A iyv7TTioi, Egyptians, of whom 4 Sethon, called 
+ff!gyptus, was the fxrft monarch. This new dynafty was 
+the third : but according to the common way of computa¬ 
+tion it was reputed the nineteenth. Hence in the Latin 
+verfion of the Eufebian Chronicle the author tells us very 
+truly, 5 JEgyptii per nonam decimam dynaftiam fuo impera- 
+tore uti cceperunt; quorum primus Sethos. We find, that 
+the genuine race of 
+
+before Sethon. He was of a different family from the 
+
+
+Egyptian monarchs did not commence 
+
+
+i The region of Delta feems to be particularly denoted under the name of A 2 gyp- 
+uis. The words 3'«Aac<7a y<xp w AiywrTO'* relate only to Lower Egypt. In like 
+manner Aiyv7TToc Sogcv tw Aiyvirro^ 'vjotuug^coo'to^ exprefiions ufed by 
+
+Herodotus, and Diodorus, have a like reference to the fame part of the country, 
+and to that only. 
+
+4 O f*€v Htbwais exaAsiTQ Aiyvinos* Jofephus cont. Ap. L. i. p. 447 * 
+
+AiyvTTTcs c?€ r, exA«6» olttq th Eao'/Afws to y&g <p<x.<iiv 5 AiyuTTTos 
+
+HGcteiTxt. Theophil. ad Autol. L. 3. p. 392. 
+
+'* Eufeb. Chron. I.at. p. 17. 
+
+
+S 
+
+former. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 6 5 
+
+
+former, and undoubtedly the perfon ftyled a new king ; who 
+was not acquainted with the merits of Jofeph ; and who 
+unjuftly enflaved the children of Ifrael. To him fucceeded 
+Rampfes ; and next after him came that Amenophis, in 
+whofe reign I have fhewn that the Exodus happened under 
+Mofes. 
+
+I wifh that I could proceed, and with any degree of ac¬ 
+curacy fettle the dynaflies downward; that the whole of the 
+Egyptian chronology might be eflablifhed. But as this is a 
+work which will require much time, and more fagacity, than 
+I can pretend to, I fhall leave it to be executed by others. I 
+flatter myfelf, that it may one day be effected ; though there 
+will certainly be great difficulty in the execution. The Exo¬ 
+dus is fuppofed to have happened 1494 years before the birth 
+of ChrifL As this event has been miftaken for the retreat of 
+the firft Shepherds, and adjudged to the reign of the firft 
+Amofis ; it has been carried upwards too high by two hun¬ 
+dred and fifty vears. In confeauence of this, the writers. 
+
+
+In confequence 
+
+
+have 
+
+
+remedy the miftake, which they found muft enfue in 
+
+
+nological computation 
+troducing a greater. 
+
+
+. But this was healing one evil by 
+They faw from their commencing 
+
+
+that the years downwards were too many for their pur 
+They have therefore, as we have reafon to fear 
+
+
+pofe. They have 
+omitted fome king 
+
+
+and altered the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+;r that the sera of Amofis may be brought within a pro- 
+
+diftance, and accord with the year of Chrift. By means 
+
+# 
+
+hefe changes, the kings of Africanus differ from thofe of 
+Eufebius; and the years of their reigns ftill vary more. 
+
+Syncellus 
+
+
+W 
+
+
+
+366 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Syncellus has formed a lift of his own: upon what authority 
+I know not; wherein there are ftill greater variations : fo 
+that there fometimes occur three or four princes in a fuite, 
+of which there are no traces in the foregoing writers. Thus 
+every one has endeavoured to adapt the chronology of Egypt 
+to his own prejudices ; which has introduced infinite con- 
+fufion. Of this Sir John Marlham very juftly complains. 
+
+6 His modis luculentiftimce JEgypti antiquitates, Kara, c rv?o'Kir\y 
+zai <Ji as-oA^y, Kara. 'urgoOeciv y.ai a<paig£criv mifere vexatae, fpifiis 
+involutae funt tenebris ; ab ipfis temporum interpretibus; 
+qui omnia fufque deque permifcuerunt. Upon Syncellus he 
+pafles a fevere cenfure. 7 Reges comminifcitur, qui neque 
+apud Eufebium funt, neque Africanum : annofque et fuc- 
+ceftiones mutilat, vel extendit, prout ipfi vifum eft, magna 
+nominum, maxima numerorum interpolatione. It muft be 
+confefted, that there is too much truth in this allegation; 
+though we are in other refpeCts greatly indebted to this 
+learned chronologer. The perfon, to whom we are moft 
+obliged, is Eufebius: for he went very deep in his refearches; 
+and has tranfmitted to us a noble collection of hiftorical re- 
+
+t 
+
+cords, which without him had been buried in oblivion. But 
+even Eufebius had his prejudices, and has tried to adapt the 
+hiftory of Egypt to fome preconceived opinions. Hence he 
+laboured to enhance the antiquity of Moles : and not confi- 
+dering that the Shepherd kings were the firft who reigned 
+in Egypt, he has made it His bufinefs to authenticate fixteen 
+antecedent dynafties, which never exifted. Hence the annals 
+
+‘ Marlham. Can. Chron. p. 7. 
+
+7 Ibid. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 6 7 
+
+
+of this country have been carried up higher than the aera of 
+
+
+creation 
+
+
+and have afforded embarraffment to men of the 
+
+
+greateft learning. They have like wife afforded handle to 
+ill difpofed perfons to arraign the credibility of the Mofaic 
+hiftory ; and to call in queftion the authenticity of the 
+Scriptures in general. Some have had fufpicions, that thefe 
+dynafties were not genuine; and would gladly have fet them 
+afi.dc. But fufpicions are not fufiicient to make void fuch a 
+portion of hiftory. It has been my endeavour to detedt the 
+fallacy, and to fhew manifeftly, that they are fpurious : and 
+I hope, that the authorities, to which I appeal, have fuffi- 
+ciently proved it. 
+
+
+Mencs 
+
+
+than 3835 years. 
+
+
+
+( 369 ) 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+PROGRESS of the IONIC WORSHIP; 
+
+AND OF THE 
+
+I ON AH - HELLENIC COLONIES. 
+
+
+I HAVE repeatedly taken notice, that the worfhip of the 
+Dove, and the circumstances of the Deluge, were very 
+early interwoven among the various rites, and ceremonies of 
+the eaftern world. This worlhip, and all other memorials 
+of that great event, were reprefented in hieroglyphical cha¬ 
+racters in Babylonia: and from thefe fymbolical marks ill 
+understood was that mythology framed, which through the 
+Greeks has been derived to us. The people, by whom thefe 
+rites were kept up, were Styled Semarim, Ionim, and Derce- 
+tidas ; according to the particular lymbol, which they vene¬ 
+rated : and fbme alluSions to thefe names will continually 
+occur in their hiStory, wherefoever they may have fettled. 
+
+The Capthorim brought thefe rites with them into Palef- 
+tine ; where they were kept up in Gaza, Afcalon, and Azo- 
+tus. They worfhiped Dagon ; and held the Dove in high 
+Vol. III. B b b vene- 
+
+
+
+37 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+veneration. Hence it was thought, that Semiramis was born 
+in thefe parts, and nourifhed by pigeons. Their coaft feems 
+to have been called the coaft of the Ionim: for the fea, with 
+which it was bounded, was named the Ionian fea quite to 
+
+the Nile. 1 A syacri S's Tins; you to oltto Toofyg (^s^ig Aiyv7rv<s 
+■ws?v.tyog IONION ?*sy£<&ca. Indeed Gaza was itfelf ftyled 
+
+: 2 Ion/) y&g r, Toluol skoKbito : which name Stephanus 
+
+
+Id 
+
+
+>nah 
+
+
+fuppofes it to have received from the flight of Id. 3 Pocc^iz 
+
+SKhrfii) cs y.ya IONH s/. Tr t g lag 'Grgo<nrKcvTourM> xcu fjos iv 0LTr,g 
+avT^g sksi. Ex?u:@j) hs you M ivooa. Euftathius takes notice of 
+the fame circumftance : 4 to clto Ect^rjg f^-s^ig AtyvTTis < GT£~ 
+Jvj.yog lovtov 7 \ey£&cu —olto rr,g lag—qroi Trig XsArivrig' loo yug jJ 
+XsXrjii] xc/.Tct Tr,v row Agysioov h'ltx.XsKTov. If the title of Ionian 
+
+came from Id, that name muft have been originally Ion or 
+
+% 
+
+Ionah : and fo it will hereafter appear. What one writer 
+terms Minoa, the other renders 2 s?ujmj ; which is a true in¬ 
+terpretation of 5 M)]r, the Moon, the name of the deified 
+perfon, Meen-Noah. I have mentioned, that the like terms, 
+and won'hip, and allufions to the fame hiftory, prevailed at 
+Sidon, and in Syria. The city Antioch upon the Orontes 
+
+called Ionah. 6 Iwnf areas bkolKbito r, Anio^sict, f) sm 
+Yi'j mkwclv Agyzioi. Who thefe Argeans were, that 
+
+
+v'a Q 
+
+
+A. 
+
+
+* + w 
+
+
+! 5 Aeph. Byzant, Ionov, 
+
+- Ibid. 
+
+t aiJ. Fa'C*- MonoYs oppidum juxta Gazam. Hieron. in locis Hebrasis. 
+
+* Scholia in Dions f. Pcrieg* v. 94. 
+
+
+i I jnee Id, ci Ionah, by being the reprefentative of Meen, came to be efteemcJ 
+the Moon. I^o 3 ::o r t kcctcc tv>v t oju Agyzioev Sto&AexTov. Scholia in Dionyi. 
+
+v. 04. A fxv^ixces to ovofj.ee I^eAwrws to ctirox^u^Qv Io) A ey&trir x 
+
+
+*<x>‘ UZTl. 
+o 
+
+
+Joan. Ant:jehenus. p. 31. S 
+
+
+ce Chron. Pnfch. p. 41. 
+
+
+Sr-.ph. Byzant. Ixni 
+
+2 
+
+
+founded 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 373 
+
+founded this city Ionah, needs not, I believe, any expla¬ 
+nation. 
+
+It was mentioned 7 above, that Id, among her various pe¬ 
+regrinations, arrived at la ft at Gaza in Paleftine, which from 
+her was called Ionah. Under the notion of the flight of Io, 
+as well as of Oftris, Damater, Aftarte, Rhea, Ifts, Dionufus, 
+the poets alluded to the journeying of mankind from Mount 
+Ararat; but more particularly the retreat of the Ionim, upon 
+their difperfton from the land of Shinar. The Greeks re- 
+prefented this perfon as a feminine, and made her the daugh¬ 
+ter of Inachus. They fuppofed her travels to commence 
+from 8 Argos ; and then deferibed her as proceeding in a re¬ 
+trograde direction towards the eaft. The line of her pro¬ 
+cedure may be feen in the Prometheus of JEfchylus : which 
+account, if we change the order of the rout, and collate it 
+with other hiftories, will be found in great meafure confo- 
+nant to the truth. It contains a defeription of the Ionim 
+abovementioned j who, at various times, and in different bo¬ 
+dies, betook themfelves very early to countries far remote. 
+One part of their travel is about Ararat and Caucafus ; and 
+what were afterwards called the Gordiasan mountains. In 
+thefe parts the ark refted : and here the expedition fhould 
+commence. The like ftory was told by the Syrians of Af¬ 
+tarte ; by the Egyptians of Ifts. They were all three one 
+and the fame- perfonage ; and their hiftories of the fame 
+purport. 9 Quas autem de Iftde ejufque erroribus iEgyptii, 
+
+7 Steph. Byzant. 
+
+8 By the travels of 16 from Argus is fignified the journeying of mankind from 
+the ark. 
+
+9 Marfhami Can. Chron. Sasc. i. p. 42. 
+
+B b b 2 
+
+
+eadem 
+
+
+
+372 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+eadem fere de Aftartc Phcenices, de lone Grasci fabulantnr. 
+The Greeks for the moll part, and particularly the Athe¬ 
+nians, pretended to be avr ov s g , the original inhabitants 
+of their country : but they had innumerable evidences to 
+contradict this notion ; and to ftiew, that they were by no 
+means the lirft, who were feized of thofe parts. Their beft 
+hiftorians ingenuoufty own, that the whole region, called 
+Hellas, was originally occupied by a people of another race, 
+whom they ftyled 10 Ba.gEa.goi : that their own anceftors came 
+under different denominations, which they took from their 
+mode of worlhip. Among others were the Ionim, called in 
+after times Ionians. They were fuppofed to have been led 
+by one Ion, the fon of Zeuth, ftyled by the Greeks Xuthus : 
+but what was alluded to under the notion of that perfon* 
+may be found from the hiftory given of him. Tatian ima¬ 
+gines, that he came into Greece about the time of Acriftus, 
+when Pelops alfo arrived : ” y.ara h Axgunov r\ IIsA onog awo 
+Qgvyiag OtaEatrig., nai loovog Big rag A 0 j wag a$i%ig. This arrival 
+cf Ion was a memorable xra among the Grecians ; and al- 
+ways efteemed fubfequent to the firft peopling of the 
+12 country. Ion in the play of Euripides is mentioned as 
+the fon of Xuthus, but claimed by Apollo, as his offspring. 
+In reality, both Xuthus and Apollo, as well as Dionufus and 
+
+
+10 "Xygefov cf g t/ xcci fi nvfj.TTct'joL *EAA«s xarotKix B ocpSapoov- 07 njp^e to waAa/c*'. 
+Strabo. L. 7. p. 494. VlxAcci yxp Ttjs yvv xccA#fiisms EAActcfo$ B x&Socgot txto-oAAx 
+ukvgtolv. Paufan. JL. i.p. 100. Apx.ccS'tctv Bxg€apoi ojxvo-xv. Schol. in ApoJloa. 
+Rhod. L. 4. v. 264. ‘H yv T)oiwTicc '-srpoTecou mv 07 to BxgGctgoav cuxetro* Strabo. 
+L. 9. p. 615. See further evidences in Vol. I. p. 150. of this work : andp. 181. 
+See aifo the treat ife inferibed Cadmus. Vol. II. p. 136. 
+
+
+1 v 
+
+
+Tatian. p. 274. 
+
+
+Clem. Alexandr. Strom. L. 1. p. 381. Herodot. L. 7. c. 94. 
+
+
+Qliris* 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+373 
+
+
+Ofiris, were titles of the fame perfon. Xuthus tells his fon, 
+that he flia.ll give him the name of Ion, or lone, from his 
+meeting him fortunately, as he came out of the temple of 
+
+the Deity : 
+
+
+r3 1m cl <T ovofjLctQa <rs T19 'urg£ 7 rov y 
+
+&V2K OL&VTOOV S^lQVTl fJLOt ®£& 
+
+l'XfOS C TVVYltyotS 'WgOOTOZ. 
+
+He likewife in another place mentions, that his fon was called 
+Ion from an aufpicious encounter : 
+
+
+,+ luv, £7I"2l7T£g 'GTfitoTOS 1)VTY\<rSV 'GTCLTgl. 
+
+
+It is true, the poet would fain make the name of Grecian 
+etymology, and deduce it from the word iovti , to which it 
+had no relation. The truth he fo far accedes to, as to own 
+that it had a reference to fomething aufpicious ; that it fig- 
+mfied an omen, or token of good fortune. There are fome 
+other remarkable circumftances, which are mentioned of this 
+Ion. He was expofed in an Ark ; and in the Ark faid to 
+have been crowned, not with laurel, as we might expedl the 
+reputed fon of Apollo to have been ornamented, but with 
+olive : 
+
+
+15 %T£iPCLVOV EAcmr CL{JL<psQriKCL croi TOTS. 
+
+
+From thefe two, Xuthus and his fon Ion,, the Dorians^, 
+Achaeans, and Ionians were faid to be defcended. Hence 
+
+
+13 Euripid; Ion. v. 661. 
+
+I+ Ibid. v. 802. 
+
+tf Ibid, v, 1434. 
+
+Apollo- 
+
+
+
+3 74 
+
+
+Tun Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+manner 
+
+
+of thefe 
+
+
+to come, addrelling himfelf to Creuia : 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+TS 
+
+
+h r 
+
+
+OVOfJL&TOS yctgiv 
+
+
+luvsg oiouourdei/Tss e^scri y.Kzog. 
+
+£s x.a.1 <roi yiyvBTou y.oivov ysvog’ 
+Aoegog fjLs i/, svQev A cagis vfJLvr,Qy\<rsTcu 
+1 lo?.ig, xxr’ cwxv fl £?* 07 nctv cT 6 Jsvrepog 
+
+
+A’vuiog. 
+
+
+A* 
+
+
+It lias been a prevailing notion, that the Ionians were of the 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+His fons certainly fettled in Greece 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+they were the original inhabitants : whereas the Dorian 
+and Ionians conf 
+
+
+ffedly fucceeded to a country, which had 
+
+
+oifeffion 
+
+
+They were therefore 
+
+
+fe 
+
+
+people, notwithstanding the fimilitude, which may 
+
+
+names 
+
+
+There is a remarkable 
+
+
+
+
+Chronicon Pafchale. which determines 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+brought by Ionan from Babylonia. This Ionan was one of 
+thofc, who had been engaged in the building of Babel, at the 
+time, when the language of mankind was confounded. 
+
+^luvzg <5g T 2 TUV ( EAAijMoy) ocgyriyoi ysysvriVTCti , oog 6 etKgiGw syei 
+
+
+yXo0<r<rcu $isu.Epi&rj 
+
+
+.vfyog roov rov TLvpy 
+
+
+k 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+Hellenes 
+
+
+^ * 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+from the olive. It is very certain, that fome of the Hellenes 
+
+
+16 Ibid. v. 1587. 
+t; Chron. Palch. p. 49 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+375 
+
+
+and efpecially the Athenians, were ftyled Saitae : not from 
+the city Sais, as is commonly fuppofed ; but from the pro¬ 
+vince of Sait, in 19 Upper Egypt, which is by interpretation 
+the Land of the Olive. 10 Oacn ms AQwouzs olwqimzs eivou 
+
+2 ,'duruv Twv £0 AiyvTtm. The building of Babel is in 11 Scrip¬ 
+ture attributed to Nimrod, the firft tyrant upon earth ; and 
+it was carried on by his aflbciates the Cuthite Ibnim. They 
+were the lirft innovators in religion ; and introduced idola¬ 
+try wherever they came. We accordingly find, that they 
+were the perfons, who fir ft infected Greece. 11 I mss cs 01 sk 
+
+t/is Twy 'EAA r\v(£v agyriyoi ysyovorss rois ^ootvois 'argocrsKWisv. 
+
+The Ionians , who were denominated from Ion (or Ionah ), and 
+who were the heads of the Hellenic families , were the firjl wor - 
+foipers of idols. I render the verb, 'Grgotrszvvow, the fijf wor- 
+foipers ; for fo much is certainly implied. The tower of 
+Babel was probably defigned for an obfervatory; and at the 
+fame time for a temple to the hoft of heaven. For it is faid 
+
+
+,8 The Athenians brought the rites of Damater from Egypt to Eleufis ; which 
+was pofiefied by a different race. Others fay, that they were introduced by Eu- 
+molpus. KccToixyirrcci £ e t m* E/\ ev envoi t<f*op&<ri 'zrgocTcv fxev t&s avTo^Uoras, htx Ocx- 
+xxs T'dg fJLtT HvfJLofcns tvxpu'} eve tt^os fiovibe mv bis toy Kaf Ecsp^Qesos 'Zz-oAe/j.sv. 
+Tn e? £e (pan xcu toy Ev/aoAttcv hcetv tj iv javvciv tvy avi’Tt?\.i j f/svvv zaf ew ctvrov eu 
+ILtevcnn £.}}fjLiiTf£ 3 cat K opr. Acufilaus apud Natal. Com. L. 5. c. 14. p. 279. The 
+Eumolpida: were originally from Egypt, and brought thefe rites from that country. 
+Diodorus Sic. L. 1. p. 25. 
+
+19 Of Sait in Upper Egypt, fee Obfervations and Inquiries relating to various 
+Parts, &c. p. 321. 
+
+
+z° 
+
+
+Diodor. Sic. L. 1. p. 24. TlXw r m* fj.ercncTi a a: rccv vcp'epov exzi 
+
+
+• I 
+
+
+saTCOV, XXI 
+
+xaroixraavToov tvu tvs EAA a£cs [avt potto ?ar AQ> raf, xxi txs G>vQcts. See EuJeb. 
+Chron. p. 12. See alio the account from Theopompus of the Athenians from 
+Egypt, in Eufcb. Prap. Evang. L. 10. c. 10. p. 491. 
+
+41 Gcnef. c. 10. v. S. &c. 
+
+Zl 
+
+
+Euleb. Chron. p. 13, 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+of Chus, that he was the firft obferver of the ftars : and his 
+defccndents the Chaldeans were famous in their day. Some 
+attribute the invention of it to Ham, ftyled 23 Ionichus. 
+
+Hie Ionichus accepit a Domino donum fapientiae, et invenit 
+aftronomiam. Hie Gigantem Nimrod decern cubitorum 
+proceritate, et nepotem Sem ad fe venientem erudivit, do- 
+cuitque quibus in locis regnare deberet. Multa etiam pree- 
+vidit et pra^dixit. The author of the 2S Fafciculus Tempo- 
+rum mentions Ionichus as the fon of Noah. Ifte Ionichus 
+fuit filius Noe (de quo Moyfes tacet) fapiens. Primb port 
+Diluvium aftronomiam invenit: et qusedam futura prsevidit; 
+maxime de ortu quatuor regnorum, et eorum occafu. Cum- 
+que pater dediflet ei munera, ivit in terram Etham ; et ha- 
+bitavit ibi, gentem conftituens. Hie fertur confilium de- 
+difle Nimroth, quomodo regnare poflit. 
+
+The fame hiftory is to be found in the 26 Nurenberg Chro¬ 
+nicle, printed in the year 1483 : the author of which fays, 
+that Ionichus went to the land of Etham, and founded there 
+a kingdom : and adds, hasc enim Eleliopolis, id eft, Solis 
+terra. This, if attended to, will appear a curious and pre- 
+cife hiftory. The ancients continual!}' give to one perfon, 
+what belonged to many. Under the character of Ionichus 
+are meant the Amonians; thofe fons of Ham, who came into 
+Egypt ; but particularly the Cuthites, the Ionim from 
+Chaldea. They came to the land of Etham, and built the 
+
+
+
+CentcTmo anno tertire chili?dis genuit Noe filium ad fimilitudinem fuam, 
+<cm appeliavit Ionichum. Ex Method. Martyre Comelt. Hilt. Schol. C. 37. 
+
+14 Method.us Martyr. 
+
+* s Fafciculus Temporum impreflf. A. D. 1474. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 377 
+
+city, named Heliopolis, in the province of Zoan. Etham is 
+mentioned by Mofes ; and was the firft place in the 18 defert, 
+at which the Ifraelites halted, after they had leftSuccoth. The 
+author of the Fafciculus fays, that lonichus was a fon of Noah , 
+of whom Mofes makes no mention . The truth is, it was only a 
+different name for a perfon often mentioned: for lonichus was 
+Ham: and as titles were not uniformly confined to one perfon, 
+it is probable that Chus alfo was included under this charadte- 
+riftic. lonichus feems to be a compound of Ion-Nechus; and 
+is undoubtedly a term, by which the head of the Ionim was 
+diftinguifhed. 
+
+From hence, I think, we may be affured, that the Ionians 
+were not of the race of Javan, as has been generally imagined. 
+The latter were the original inhabitants of Greece : and to 
+them the Ionians fucceeded; who were a colony from Baby¬ 
+lonia firft, and afterwards from Egypt, and Syria. There is 
+a paflage in Cedrenus, fimilar to that quoted above; Brew¬ 
+ing that the Ionim, the defcendents of Ionah, were the firft 
+idolaters upon earth ; and that they were upbraided by Plu¬ 
+tarch for their defection from the purer worfhip. ’ 9 loovEg ds, 
+01 ex Tr,g lag (it fhould be luvctg), oi<m<n (me^etoli 6 Xcaguvvcriog 
+riAgTa^o?, deg 'GTXoLvr i y ayuXpeocrwv nvuv ei<rctyis<n y rag holt 
+
+u^olvov <pod?vgccg $eo7toi}S[jlsvoi, tov 'HAiof xou TtjV The 
+
+Ionians are the defcendents of Iona ; and are the people , with 
+whom Plutarch of Cbceronea is fo offended , for being the firfl, 
+who feduced matt kind to idolatry, by introducing the fun and 
+moon , and all the fars of heaven , as deities. They were the 
+
+* 8 Ibid. c. 13. v. 20. 
+
+29 Cedren. vol. i. p. 46. See alfo Eufeb. Chron* p. 14. 
+
+Vol. III. C c c 
+
+
+authors 
+
+
+
+37 ^ 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+authors of that 
+
+
+before 
+
+
+idolatry* ftyled Hellenifmus. of 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+Thefe hiftories 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+many other evidences fhew, I think, manifeftly, that the 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+colony from 
+
+
+They feem 
+
+
+therefore to have been diftinguifhed from the fons of Javan 
+by being ftyled looveg, lones ; whereas the others were ftylei 
+
+
+I aovsg: though this diftindlion 
+
+
+niformly 
+
+
+kept up. The people of Boeotia in the time of Homer 
+
+
+lonim ; and th 
+a different race 
+
+
+feem bv that poet to be mentioned 
+
+
+30 E vQa B oujotoi nai laovsg eXx.B’fciTwveg. 
+
+And Attica is faid by Strabo to have been called both Ionia, 
+and las: 31 r\ yag Attiw to 'UTolKu.iov lcavicc aou lag bkocKsito. 
+We find from hence, that it had two names ; the latter of 
+which, I fhould imagine, was that by which the primitive 
+inhabitants were called. The Grecians continually changed 
+the v final into figma : whence fv, Ian, or Javan, has been 
+
+rendered las. It was originally expreffed, Iar, and laoev : 
+and this was the ancient name of Hellas, and the Hella- 
+dians ; as we may infer from its being fo called by people 
+of other countries : for foreigners abide long by ancient 
+terms. And according to the Scholiaft upon Ariftophanes, 
+the Grecians in every country but their own were ftyled 
+Iaones ; by which undoubtedly is meant the fons of Javan. 
+31 liavrag mg 'E KAqvag laovag 01 B otgSagoi skolKuv. The like 
+
+
+30 Homer. Iliad. N. v. 685. 
+3T Strabo. L. 9. p. 600. 
+
+11 Schol. in Acharn. v. 106. 
+
+
+evidence 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+379 
+
+
+evidence is to be found in Hefychius: 33 sTCieittoes 
+
+
+h 
+
+
+oi 
+
+
+Ba^a 
+
+
+got tbs 'EWwou; locnocs Xsyanv. All foreigners very juftly call 
+the Grecians Iannes. He had before mentioned, Iocvvcl 
+
+'EX Xr}ViKY), S7TBI locvvocs tbs 'EAA/^a? ’heyBffiv. Ianna is certainly 
+the land of Javan : and the purport of what this writer here 
+mentions is, that Hellas was of old called Ian> or Javan ; be - 
+caufe the natives were ejleemed Iannes , or Javanes ; being the 
+pofterity of the perfon fo named. Stephanus alfo mentions 
+lotooVy and Iyjup : etc tb locotv, lout. From the above it is 
+very plain, that by the Iaones were meant all the ancient 
+inhabitants of Greece ; all that were the offspring of Ian, or 
+
+
+Javan 
+
+
+But the Iones and Ionia related only to a part 
+
+
+u leaves* A dwcttoi* 61 I coves, our o I oovog. Enoi tcoci tbs Qgcucag, tcoci 
+
+A'Xjx.iBSy tcoci Boiwtbs, 'EAA was. The term Iones came from 
+Ion ; who was the reputed fon of Xuth, as I have before 
+fhewn ; and it was a name appropriated to fome few of the 
+Grecian families; and not uniformly bellowed upon all, 
+though by fome it was fo ufed. The Iaones, or fons of Ja¬ 
+van, were the firft, who peopled the country, and for a while 
+a diftin& race. But when the Ionians afterwards joined 
+them, and their families were mixed ; we muff not wonder, 
+if their names were confounded. They were however never 
+fo totally incorporated, but what fome feparate remains of 
+the original ftock were here and there to be perceived : and 
+35 Strabo fays, that this was to be obferved even in the age, 
+when he lived. 
+
+
+34 
+
+
+33 It is fo correfted by Heinfius. 
+
+Helych. 
+
+35 Kcci 7)7? BV Tu) 'Z&CLOQV'Tl EAAcc/oS Ol'CClTt^BK^COS WV* TYiV IStAAtfi' it YjX.pCd.COl 
+
+Strabo. JL. 7. p, 495. 
+
+
+C c c 2 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+380 
+
+There are home remarkable truths, which have been 
+gleaned up by Joannes Antiochenus : and we ffiall find them 
+to be worth our notice ; as they relate to the origin of thofe 
+people, who brought idolatry into Greece. It was, he fays, 
+introduced 36 olttq Tivog ovo{jlclti> via kou ccvra Tlrya 
+
+
+A/of, fxi tg'iKCL tivol uroianog oivSgog, ruv ev 'EAAa& KocToiKqrotnciov, 
+£K (pv 7 \r t g ovrog ra IctpsQ, via N us ra rgira. He has in fome 
+degree confounded the hiftory, in making the chief anceftor 
+of the Grecians of the line of Japhet. The name, which 
+milled him, and many others, was A.irvrog, and lctrsTog : of 
+which I have taken notice before. It was a title given to 
+the head of all families, who from hence were ftyled Iapeti 
+genus. But writers have not uniformly appropriated this 
+appellation : but have fometimes beftowed it upon other 
+perfonages ; fuch however as had no relation to the line of 
+Japhet. It may be difficult to determine, whom they moil 
+particularly meant : but thus much we are informed; 
+37 I cnrsTog, big ruv Titolvuv. Iapctus was one of the Titanic race. 
+
+
+
+was a 
+
+
+perfott 
+
+
+
+38 lotTTsrog OL^yuuog w, big roov Vi-yctnoov. 
+great antiquity , and of the Giant brood. Hence by the Iape- 
+tid as, the fons of Ham and Chus are undoubtedly alluded to: 
+and the Grecians were manifeftly of the fame race. The 
+author above proceeds afterwards more plainly to ffiew, who 
+were the perfons, that led thefe colonies into Greece; and 
+propagated there the various fpecies of ifreligion. 
+
+
+39 
+
+
+lung 
+
+
+?6 P. 66. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+Schol. in. Horn. Iliad. 0 . v. 479. Ia. 7 r€T 0 $ oco%yyos. Hefych 
+
+Lexicon inedit, apud Albert, in Hefych. 
+
+Joan. Antioch, p. 66. 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+cs oi ex TVS loo (the term I coves could not be formed from loo : 
+it fhould here, and in all places, be expreffed ex tvs II 2 NA 2 ) 
+txtocv ct^vyoi eyevovro' vtuv ya.g SiS'a.yhevTes ex tx II2ANEH2 
+yiyctvTos tx oixo^opcryavTOs <rvv tois ctlihois tqv Tlvgyov, oovtivoov 
+
+you yXoorcrou Sispoegh&vTOLV. The Iones , fo denominated from 
+Iona , were the leaders of thofe colonies : they had been infruSled 
+by Ioannes , one of the Giant race ; the fame perfon , who with 
+his affociates built the tower ; and who , together with them , was 
+punijhed by a co?ifufon of J'peech. 
+
+It may be here proper to obferve, in refpetfl to the hiftory 
+of the Ark and Deluge, as well as of the Tower abovemen- 
+tioned, that we are not fo much to confider, to whom thefe 
+circumftances could perhaps irt general relate; as who 
+
+were, that chofe to be diftinguifhed by thefe me¬ 
+morials ; and moil induftrioufly preferved them. They 
+were the offspring of one common father: and all might 
+equally have carried up their line, of de/cent to the fame 
+fource j and their hiftory to the fame period. But one fa¬ 
+mily more than all the reft of the Gentile world retained 
+the memory of thefe events. They built edifices, in order 
+to commemorate the great occurrences of ancient days: and- 
+they inftituted rites, to maintain a veneration for the means, 
+by which their anceftors had been preferved. Nothing ma¬ 
+terial was omitted r and when they branched out, and re¬ 
+tired to different climes; they took to themfelves names and 
+devices, which they borrowed from the circumftances of this 
+wonderful hiftory. Hence, when we meet with Iones, 
+Ionitge, Argei, Arcades, Inachidae, Semarim, Boeoti, Thebani, 
+and the like; we may be certified of their particular race : 
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+382 
+
+and in the 
+
+
+tranfmitted concerning them, there 
+
+
+found a continual feries of 
+r judgment. 
+
+The Grecians were, among 
+
+
+to determine 
+
+
+defcendents of Hellen 
+
+
+es, ftyled Hellenes, 
+The name of this 
+
+-O ~ X 
+
+perfonage is of great antiquity ; and the etymology foreign. 
+To whom the Greeks alluded, may be found from the 
+hiftories, which they have tranfmitted concerning him. 
+
+
+Tog. OV £K 
+
+
+Ss e/. Ylvppa; A£VjcxXimi 'urouct EAA r,v [jl£v 'urgu- 
+
+- §VyOL7/\g &£ Hg(i)TOy£V£ltX.. 
+
+Pyrrho. ; the el deft- of whom 
+
+
+
+
+Bxi 
+
+
+Deucalion had children by his wife Pyrrho ; 1 
+was Hellen , whom fome make the fon of Zeuth 
+
+
+■l/o 
+
+
+Protog, 
+
+
+which is Signified the frfl 
+
+
+
+women . 
+
+
+he was 
+
+
+0 
+
+of Prometheus, but by the fame mother 
+
+
+thefe 
+
+
+there is no inconftftency ; for I have fhewn, that Deucalion, 
+Prometheus, Xuth, and Zeuth were the fame perfon. The 
+hiftories are therefore of the fame amount; and relate to the 
+head of the Amonian family, who was one of the fons of the 
+perfon called Deucalion. He is made coaeval with the Deluge; 
+and reprefented as the brother to thefirft-born of mankind: by 
+which is meant the firft-born from that great event : for the 
+Deluge was always the ultimate, to which they referred. 
+The Hellenes were the fame as the Ionim, or +x Iwvsg: 
+
+whence Hefychius very properly mentions I&yotg, 'EhAwag. 
+The lonians and Hellenes are the fame family . The fame is 
+
+
+40 Apollodor. L. 1. p. 20. 
+
+** n^oy^sco9 k*i lluppacs EAAtfp. Schol. in Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 1085. 
+
+They were equally defcended from Ion, the fon of Zeuth, called alfb Xuth: 
+cctto lcovos tb Safe (puvres. Dicaearch. ap. Geogr. Vet, vol. 2. p. 21. 
+
+IO to 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 8 3 
+
+to be faid of the iEolians, and Dorians : they were all from 
+one fource, being defcended from the fame Arkite anceftors, 
+the Ionim of Babylonia and Syria ; as the Phoenician, women 
+in Euripides acknowledge : 
+
+43 K oivov difjLoc, koivol reaex 
+Tag xsga<r<pog 3 'ureQvx.sv lug. 
+
+The term Hellen was originally a facred title : and feerns to 
+have been confined to thofe priefts, who firft came from 
+Egypt; and introduced the rites of the Ark, and 44 Dove at 
+Dodona. They were called alfo Elli and Selli: under the 
+former of which titles they are mentioned by Hefychius ; 
+'EAAor 'EAA Yjvsg, oi ev AwJwwj, tcai oi ‘I £gsig. This country 
+was the firft 45 Hellas ; and here were the original Hellenes; 
+and from them the title was derived to all of the Grecian 
+name. Ariftotle affords evidence to this : and at the fame 
+time mentions their traditions about the Deluge, 6 KaTuspevog 
+
+V 7 T 0 AsvKaXiciovog ; which he thinks chiefly prevailed about 
+the country of the Hellenes in Dodona, and the other parts 
+of Epirus. 46 Kai yag xrog T/regi rov 'EKKiyuKov eyevsro ^ca- 
+
+41 PhoenilT. v. 2 5 6 . Iftiwa—•awo I eovoi re 4>at (ti Si Agt/*aA ioovos fxiv 'EAAtjyct 
+
+tivcu. Strabo. L. 8. p. 587. 
+
+44 Hence the Dove Dione was faid to lhare the honour with Zeuth in that country. 
+
+’X'jwccot to) Ai/ rsjpoacLiriSu^Y\ xcci fi Strabo. L. 7. p. 506. 
+
+45 EAAct (or 'EAAas) ^10$ tepor €v Aftx/W*. Hefych. f EAAas fxzv vv *5-7*, ooayreg 
+fjuxpu) 'zj-gorepov tipmtafjLiV', w o Am f £AA>jv exTicrey. Dicsearch. ap. Vet* Geogr. 
+vol. 2. p. 22. 
+
+The original name was c EAAaj\ 
+
+EAAot* a(p ‘EAAflros. Ibid. 
+
+The people in Theflaly had allb the name of Hellenes. 
+
+M vpfxiSoves cTg xaPievi »ro, xat *EAA vves. Horn. II. B. v. 684.* 
+
+Some fuppofe thefe to have been the firft of the name, n^anoi utcos e&syovro 01 
+iv ®eaaat\icz avBpooTrot . Breviorum Schol. Au<£tor. 
+
+46 Ariftot. Meteorol. L. 1. c. 14. p. 772. 
+
+
+Turn 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+382 
+
+and in the accounts tranfmitted concerning them, there will 
+be found a continual feries of evidence, to determine us in 
+
+our judgment. 
+
+The Grecians were, among other titles, ftyled Hellenes, 
+being the reputed defcendents of Hellen. The name of this 
+perfonage is of great antiquity ; and the etymology foreign. 
+To whom the Greeks alluded, may be found from the 
+hiftories, which they have tranfmitted concerning him. 
+40 Fivovrou Se ez Ylvppctg AsvkolXiwvi 'UToucbs' EA Xr,v fxsv 'nrgu- 
+
+70$, ov £/. A10$ yeyzvr\&xi A syari, — S-vyoir/ig Js nguroyemoL. 
+Deucalion had children by his wife Pyrrha ; the eldejl of whom 
+was Hellen, whom fo?ne make the fon of Zeuth : he had alfo a 
+daughter Protogeneia ; by which is Signified the frft~born of 
+women. By ** others he was fuppofed to have been the fon 
+of Prometheus, but by the fame mother. In thefe accounts 
+there is no inconftftency ; for I have fhewn, that Deucalion, 
+Prometheus, Xuth, and Zeuth were the fame perfon. The 
+hiftories are therefore of the fame amount; and relate to the 
+head of the Amonian family, who was one of the fons of the 
+perfon called Deucalion. He is made coaeval with the Deluge; 
+and reprefented as the brother to thefirft-born of mankind: by 
+which is meant the firft-born from that great event : for the 
+Deluge was always the ultimate, to which they referred. 
+The Hellenes were the fame as the Ionim, or ** Iwve$: 
+
+whence Hefychius very properly mentions I& :vct$, 'EAAijJ'a?. 
+The lonians and Hellenes are the fame family. The fame is 
+
+40 Apollodor. L. 1. p. 20. 
+
+** T 1 go kcu lluppots EAAjj v. Schol. in Apollon. Rhod. L. 3. v. 1085. 
+
+41 They were equally defcended from Ion, the fon of Zeuth, called alfo Xuth: 
+cctto leovos T8 <pvvrs$. Dicaearch. ap. Geogr. Vet, vol. 2. p. 21* 
+
+IO 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mytholocy. 
+
+
+383 
+
+to be faid of the ffLolians, and Dorians : they were all from 
+one fource, being defcended from the fame Arkite anceftors, 
+the lonim of Babylonia and Syria j as the Phoenician, women 
+in Euripides acknowledge : 
+
+43 Koivov oiipa., JtoivoL rexex 
+Tag xsga<r<poga / ure<pvxsv lag. 
+
+The term Hellen was originally a facred title : and feems to 
+have been confined to thofe priefts, who firft came from 
+Egypt; and introduced the rites of the Ark, and 44 Dove at 
+Dodona. They were called alfo Elli and Selli: under the 
+former of which titles they are mentioned by Hefychius ; 
+'EAA 01’ 'EAAjjrss, 01 bv A wSocvr), koli 61 'legeig. This country 
+was the firft 45 Hellas ; and here were the original Hellenes; 
+and from them the title was derived to all of the Grecian 
+name. Ariftotle affords evidence to this : and at the fame 
+time mentions their traditions about the Deluge, 6 koK apsvog 
+
+V7T0 AevzaXiuvog ; which he thinks chiefly prevailed about 
+the country of the Hellenes in Dodona, and the other parts 
+of Epirus. 46 Kut ya% arog tstb^i tov 'EAAj^oj' sysvsTo pa- 
+
+41 PhcenifT. v. 2 56. l 6 ovtcc—x 7 ro loovo* Tfc? Si /ieuxxAicoyos fxsv 'EAA wcc 
+
+area . Strabo. L. 8 . p. 587. 
+
+44 Hence the Dove Dione was faid to fliare the honour with Zeuth in that country. 
+’Xvpvatos tco /li) 'zvpo<jcL 7 reSs%Bn Y.OU fi ^Aioovy. Strabo. L. 7. p. 506. 
+
+4 * 'EAAct (or 'EAA oci) Atos lepor sv Hefych. EAAa$ /jl€u yv oo<T7r€g 
+
+fjuxpu 'STgorspov eipY)xct/j.€v > r\v o Aws 'EAA>?j/ sHTiaey. Dicasarch. ap. Vet. Geogr. 
+vol. 2. p. 22. 
+
+The original name was 'EAAar. 
+
+EAAas u<p 'EAA nvos. Ibid. 
+
+The people in ThefTaly had alfo the name of Hellenes. 
+
+M vppufoves kclXsv*to+ xat EAA we*. Horn. II. B. v. 684.' 
+
+Some fuppofe thefe to have been the firft: of the name. Tlgorroi «r as sAeyovro at 
+iv &€(Tax^.icL atvBpeonot. Breviorum Schol. Audtor. 
+
+46 Ariflot. Meteorol. L, i, c. 14. p. 772. 
+
+
+A l?* 
+
+
+
+384 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Ki?a. totov' kcci thtz tjts^i rr,v *EAAAA A Tty APXAIAN. A vtq 
+
+uokhv yctg 01 ZsK* 
+
+7.01 £VTavda., X.OLI 01 Kd7.f3fJ.Sm TOTS fJLSV rgOUKOly VVV S's 'E X7.tysg. 
+The Deluge prevailed greatly in the Hellenic region ; and parti¬ 
+cularly in that part called Hncient Hellas . This is the country , 
+•which lies about Dodona , and upon the river Acheloiis. It was in¬ 
+habited -by the Selli , who were then Jlyled Greed , but now Hellenes. 
+He exprefles himfelf, as if the name of Hellenes were of later 
+date than that of Gra^ci. But if the region was originally 
+called Hellas, the name of Hellenes, I fhould apprehend, was 
+coasval. The people, who refided here, the Aborigines, were 
+of another family ; and are therefore by Strabo ftyled Ba^- 
+
+Barbari. Thefe were the Dodanim, of the race of Ja¬ 
+van: but the temple was founded by people from Egypt and 
+Syria, the 47 Ellopians, Pelafgi, and 48 Hellenes. 
+
+* 7 Of the Ellopians fee Strabo. L. 7, 505. 
+
+E<r* Tig EAA ottiv) ttgAi/Awos, eutei/j-ooi ■ — 
+
+Ei'Ga. ts cavYim 
+
+From the pneyocXoti H oicci in Schol. Sophocl. Trachin. v. 1183. 
+
+** W.e meet with Hellenes in Syria. E<rz x** <xAA?j 'st^A is 'Supix s EAActs xq*A«s 
+^voices' t o£$*txov EAA>?r. Steph. Byzant, 
+
+
+v Bsriv 'eregi 7t)v AwfamiVy kou top A^eKooov 9 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+OF THE 
+
+
+DORIANS, PELASGI, CAUCONES, 
+MYRMIDONES, and ARCADIANS. 
+
+
+A S every colony, which went abroad, took to themfelves 
+
+fome facred title, from their particular mode of wor- 
+fhip; one family of the Hellenes ftyled themfelves accord¬ 
+ingly Dorians. They were fo named from the Deity Adorus, 
+who by a common aphasrefis was expreffed ’Dorus. The 
+country, when they arrived, was inhabited by a people of a 
+different race; whom they termed, as they did all nations in 
+contradiftindtion to themfelves, Ba^Sa^o/, Barbarians. 1 II«- 
+
+Aat yoig Tns vvv KOLhxfJLZvris *EAAa<To£ BoigSotgoi rot 'croAAa umwolv. 
+
+With thefe original inhabitants they had many conflicts ; of 
+which we may fee fome traces in the hiftory of the Heracli- 
+dse. For the Dorians were the fame as the Herculeans : and 
+did not fettle in Greece only; but in many parts of the world, 
+whither the Amonians in general betook themfelves. They 
+were taken notice of by Timagenes: who mentions that they 
+were widely fcattered; but that the chief places of their 
+
+* Paufan. L. i. p. 100. 
+
+D d d 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+refidence 
+
+
+
+Tiif Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+refidence were upon the fea-coaft of the Mediterranean. 
+Here they poffefled many good ports for navigation. * Alii 
+(ferunt) Dorienfes antiquiorem fecutos Herculem, oceani 
+locos inhabitafle confines. Paufanias imagines that the Do¬ 
+rians were comparatively of late date : yet he fhews, from 
+many evidences in different parts of his Antiquities, that they 
+were high in the mythic age : and informs us of one curious 
+particular, that all the ancient hymns of Greece in every 
+province were in the 3 dialed: of this people. From hence I 
+fhould infer, in oppofition to this learned antiquary, that 
+they were as ancient as any branch of their family j that 
+their language was the true Hellenic ; and that it was once 
+univerfally fpoken. Their hiftory is not to be confined to 
+Greece : for they were to be found in 4 Phenicia, 5 Caria, 
+f Crete, and 7 Hetruria. In Greece they fettled about Par- 
+naffus, called Tithorea j and afterwards in Pthiotis of Thef- 
+faly, the fuppofed country of Deucalion. They forced 
+
+
+* Marcellin. L. 15. c. 9. Plato de Leg. L. 3. p. 682. gives another hiftory of 
+the Dorians. Bochart excepts to this account from Marcellinus * but without any 
+good reafon. Geogr. Sacr. L. 1. c. 41. p. 659. 
+
+1 Kcu J'v xca tolutcc <poog<xaczi an TwJ'e, tcc army xcci oaac a /xeTcc fxer^B p*.ey.iyf*evx w 
+
+t 01$ iTreei) tx 'utolvtcc AfiPISTI € 7 re 7 roi)i 7 o . Paufan. L. 2. p. 199^ 
+
+4 Acoro^ 'wohis c ExaTaW5 3 —xxi btoos Icoav.Tros xvrvv xaAfi/j x«t.A. Steplu 
+
+Byzant. Called all'o Dora. 
+
+5 Eff*/ fe K apices Scopes 'Gjohic* x.t.A. Ibid.. 
+
+exocAavTo^ Ibid.. 
+
+/Icopieesrs Siql re Flz^acyoi. Horn. OdyfiT. T. v. 177 - 
+
+See Strabo. L. 10. p. 729. 
+
+7 Herodot. L. 1. c. 57. AoupiStf S' eiatu (oi r PaJ N h? 0 > wr 7 rtf> xat \AA ixxgvx<r<r€i$ 9 x<** 
+YLviftoi. Strabo. L. 14. p. 965. A city Dora in the Per fie Gulf. Another in Pa- 
+leftine, between Afcalon and Joppa. Uavcrc&viccs €u tv tm t*TXT piSos xv ts micrti 
+j&eogieis avTBS xaA ei, t hSe ypcc<pcov 9 T upiot, Ac’xceA&mTa^ Aw^gis *—xat A A €%xpS"po$ 
+
+
+K cu 01 
+
+
+A<r/w, 
+
+
+&copo$ t\ Ay%iaXo$ rr* y Io7rv 9 S _ ocAaTT>r. Steph. Byz. 
+
+
+them- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+3 8 7 
+
+
+themfelves into Laconia, and Mefienia: in the latter of which 
+provinces the Dorian language was retained in the greateft 
+s purity : and from their hiftory are to be obtained more an¬ 
+cient terms than can be elfewhere collected. 
+
+The Grecian writers, when they treat of the principal of 
+their anceftors, fuppofe Hellen to have been the fon of Deu¬ 
+calion, and Ion the fon of Xuthus. Doius is introduced a 
+degree later, and made the fon of Hellen. But in thefe points 
+fcarce any two authors are conliftent. In reality, Xuthus, 
+and Deucalion were the fame perfon : and Ion, Dorus, Hel¬ 
+len, were terms imported into Greece ; and related not to 
+
+ft 
+
+any particular. But though thefe genealogies are ground- 
+lefs, and thefe perfons ideal ; yet we may hereby plainly 
+difcover, to what the hiftory ultimately relates. And of this 
+we may be allured from almoft every writer upon the fub- 
+je£t; that the Dorians, like their brethren the Ionim, were 
+not the firft occupiers of the country. They were colonies 
+from Egypt: and Herodotus fpeaks of all the heads and 
+leaders of this people as coming dire&ly from thence. He 
+takes his epocha from the fuppofed arrival of Perfeus and 
+Danae : and lays, that all the principal perfons of the 
+Dorian family upwards were in a direcft line from Egypt. 
+9 Ajto h Aolvclyis Trig Axgiviz KctrcCKsyovri rag clvw oust gzrccTsgag 
+avr&m tpcuvoictTo olv soneg 61 toov Awgieoov fiyspovss Aiyvmioi 
+iQotyevesg. He proceeds to fay, that Perfeus was originally 
+from Aflyria, according to the traditions of the Perlians. 
+
+g $e 6 Hs§<rsuv hoyog Asysra/, ocvrog 6 II egffevg, sow Avtu- 
+
+
+9 
+
+*o 
+
+
+Paufan. L. 4. p. 346. 347 
+Herodot. JL, 6. c. 53. 
+
+
+- Ibid, c. 54- 
+
+
+D d d 2 
+
+
+gioe- 
+
+
+
+388 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+giog y sysvsTo 'EAAiif. The like is faid, and with great truth, 
+of the Heraclidas ; who are reprefented by Plato as of the 
+fame race, as the Achaimenidae of Perils. 1X To ie H^uz^sag 
+
+to ysvog zca to A yoapisvag Big II sgrsx. tov A log civoLtpsgBTou. 
+The Perfians therefore and the Grecians were in great mea- 
+fiire ot the fame family, being equally Cuthites from Chal¬ 
+dea : but the latter came laft from Egypt. This relation be¬ 
+tween the two families may be further proved from 13 Hero¬ 
+dotus. He indeed fpeaks of Perfeus becoming an Hellenian; 
+as if it were originally a term appropriated, and limited to a 
+country, and related to the foil: which notion occurs more 
+than once. But Hellen was the title of a family ; and, as I 
+have fhewn, of foreign derivation : and it was not Perfeus, 
+nor Ion, nor Dorus, who came into Greece : but a race of 
+people, flyled Ionians, Dorians, and Perehans. Thefe were 
+the A iyv7TTioi iQctysveeg ; but came originally from Babylonia 
+and Chaldea ; which countries in aftertimes were included 
+under the general name of Aflyria. The Perelians were 
+Arkites: whence it is faid of Perfeus, that after having been 
+expofed upon the waters, he came to Argos, and there upon 
+Mount Apefas firft facrificed to Jupiter. The fame flory is 
+told by Arrian of Deucalion ; who after his efcape from the 
+waters, facrificed in the fame place to Jupiter Aphehus. 
+14 Arrianus tamen in libro fecundo rerum Bithynicarum 
+Deucalionem in arcem, locumque eminentiorem tunc Argi 
+confugifle inquit ex eo diluvio : quare poll illam inundatio- 
+nem Jovi Aphejio , Liberatori fcilicet, aram erexiffe. 
+
+,a Plat. Alcibiad. v. 2. p. 120. See alio Pauian. L. 2. p. 151* 
+
+M Herodot. L. 7. c. 150. 
+
+14 Natal. Com. L. 8. c. 17. p. 466. 
+
+When 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 389 
+
+When thefe colonies fettled in Greece, they diftinguifhed 
+themfelves by various titles, which at different £eras more or 
+lefs prevailed. Some were called 15 Caucones. They relided 
+about Meffenia, near the river Minyas, and the city Aren ; 
+and betray their original in their name. Others were called 
+,6 Leleges, and were a people of great antiquity. They were 
+fuppofed to have been conduced by one Lelex, who by 
+Paufanias is mentioned as the firft king in Laconia, and faid 
+to have come from 17 Egypt. There was a remarkable paf- 
+fage in Heliod, which is taken notice of by Strabo, concern¬ 
+ing thefe Leleges. They were fome of that chofen family, 
+whom Jupiter is faid in his great wifdom to have preferved, 
+out of a particular regard to that man of the fea, Deucalion. 
+
+18 Tag pa rirore Kgovifag TLsvg, oupdiTct si£oog } 
+
+ASKTvg ex yoLiqg aAiw 'aroge A evxuMuvi. 
+
+The Ionim are fometimes fpoken of under the name of 
+Atlantians ; who were the defcendents of Atlas, the great 
+aftronomer, and general benefa<5lor. He was fuppofed to 
+have been a king in Arcadia ; alfo to have refided in Phry¬ 
+gia : but the more common opinion is, that he was an an¬ 
+cient prince in Mauritania upon the borders of the ocean. 
+The Grecians made a diftin<5tion between the Hcraclidae, 
+Atlantes, and Iones : but they were all of the fame family ; 
+all equally defcended from Ionan, the fame as Hellen, the 
+
+15 Strabo. L. 7. p. 519, and 531. A^kolShlov yevos. They were denominated from 
+their temple Cau-Con, ./Edes Herculis, five Domus Dei. 
+
+16 Pauian. Li. 3. p. 203. 
+
+17 AeAtyuy a<fn»co/j.€rov Aiyvirte* Paufan. L. 1. p. 95, 
+
+| g 
+
+Strabo. L, 7. p. 496. So the paiTage ihould be read. 
+
+fame 
+
+
+li 
+
+
+
+~<)0 1 > i Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+* > 
+
+fame alfo a - Pelias, the offspring of tlie Dove. Hence the 
+children oi Atlas were fly led Peleiadte, being no other than 
+the Iones ; of whofe hiflory and peregrinations I have before 
+given fomc account. Diodorus, and other writers fpeak or 
+the Peleiadre, as only the female branch of the family : but 
+all the children of Atlas had equal claim to the title. For 
+Atlas was Ion : and in the hiftory of the Atlantians, we 
+have an epitome of the whole Ionic hiftory; comprehending 
+their connexions, colonies, and fettlements in various parts 
+of the world. Diodorus accordingly tells us, *° that the At- 
+lantides gave birth to a moft noble race : fome of whom were 
+founders of nations ; and others the builders of cities ; infomuch 
+that moft of the more antient heroes , not only of thofe abroad , who 
+were efteemed Barbari; but even of the Helladians , claimed their 
+anceftry from them. In another place, fpeaking of the Pe- 
+leiadae, he 11 fays, Thefe daughters of Atlas , by their connexions 3 
+and marriages with the moft illuftrious heroes , and divinitiesy 
+may be looked up to as the heads of moft families upon earth. 
+This is a very curious hiftory; and fhews how many different 
+regions were occupied by this extraordinary people, of whom 
+I principally treat. 
+
+Some of them were ftyled Myrmidones; particularly thofe 
+who fettled in iEmonia, or Theffaly. They were the fame 
+as the Hellenes, and Achivi; and were indifferently called 
+by either of thofe appellations, as we learn from “ Pliny, and 
+Homer. 
+
+19 Vol. II. p. 387. 
+
+*° Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 194. 
+
+“ Ibid. 
+
+11 Pliny. L. 4. c. 7. p. 199. Philoftratus fays, that all the Thefialians were 
+called Myrmidons. Heroic, c. 11. p. 682. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+39 r 
+
+
+* 3 Mvg[jU$ovsg <Te kolKsvvto, /m.i ' EAAj ^ gs , #ai Aycuoi. 
+
+
+firft fettled 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+and Arene : and 
+
+
+they had a tradition of their being defcended from one 
+
+
+25 Myrmidon, a king of the c 
+only a proper name, but alfo 
+which ffave occafion to much f; 
+
+
+This term was 
+
+
+pifmi 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+Dorians exprefied 16 Murmedon. Now Mur, Mar 
+
+
+Mor 
+
+
+fignified 
+
+
+and Mur-Medon 
+
+
+denotes Maris Dominum, the great Lord of th 
+is a title, which relates to the perfon, who 
+firft conftru<£ted a fhip, and to have efcaped 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+fame as Deucalion, whom 
+
+
+ima 
+
+
+to have 
+
+
+refided in the fame parts, after he had been driven by a flood 
+to Mount JEta. The Myrmidons are fometimes reprefented 
+as the children of iEacus: and are faid to have firft inhabited 
+the ifland of iEgina. It is mentioned of this perfonage, that 
+having loft all his people by a public calamity, he requefted 
+of Jupiter, that the ants of the ifland might become 
+
+
+27 
+
+
+men 
+
+
+wifh was 
+
+
+Who 
+
+
+to under the name of Abacus, may be known from 
+tranfmitted concerning him. He is reprefented a 
+of great juftice ; and by the poets is fuppofed for 
+
+* 3 Iliad. B. v. 684. 
+
+*4 
+
+
+Fleer a, Sf Mup/xiSovcw re xA«r» r Iua>Jlxos 9 
+
+A pvn r\ yS' EA tx.v 3 Avtieicere overeat.. Heliod. Anris. v. 380. 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+Myrmidone 
+
+
+Jovis etEurymedufe filio. 
+
+
+Cohort 
+
+
+VEneid. 
+
+Tov 
+
+
+9 
+
+•Hugv/*€£wy juuyrjvca^ycai M upp-ftSovct yevvrurcu. 
+x6 TSivgfJwSove$ 9 oi /jLU6jju7x,e$ uto Awpieoov. Hefych. 
+
+^ Scholia in Lycoph. v. 176. Scholia in Iliad. L* A. v. 180* 
+
+
+\ - 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+39- 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+to have been made judge of the infernal world. He is faid 
+to have collected people together : 28 £%r}[A£gu)crou T £, kxi noy.Hg 
+Savon, non (TWTCL^iv 'SToKitu^v' alfo to have humanifedmankind\ 
+and to have oiaSled laws, and to have Jirfl ejlablijhed civil po¬ 
+lity. 
+
+
+This is precifely the fame charadler, as we have before 
+feen given to Uranus, Atlas, Oliris, Dionufus, Saturnus, 
+Phoroneus, Janus : all which are titles of the fame perfon, 
+by whom the world was renewed, and from whom law and 
+equity were derived. Both ^Tacus and Mur-Medon were 
+the fame as Deucalion : and all thefe characters are com- 
+prifed in that of the Patriarch, the great benefadtor, and juft 
+
+; who is alluded to in every inftance ; particularly in 
+the hiftory of the firft fhip. This circumftance is obfervable 
+in the account given of the Myrmidons, who are faid to have 
+firft: conftrudted 
+known to the w< 
+
+
+man 
+
+
+fhips, and from whom the art was made 
+>rld. The poet accordingly tells us. 
+
+
+* 9 ’Oi Sn toi mrguTov iev^xv vexg xfJupi£Ki<r<rxg. 
+Thefe firft compofed the manageable float 
+
+
+Upon this fuppofition they had the name of Mur-Medons, 
+or Sea-Captains. But it was properly derived to them from 
+their chief anceftor Mur-Medon ; who firft conftrudbed an 
+ark, and was efteemed the ruling Deity of the Sea. 
+
+The moft general appellation, under which thefe colonies 
+pafled, before the name of Ionians and Dorians, and that 
+ftill more univerfal of Hellenes, grew fo predominant, was 
+
+
+43 Scholia in Pind. Nem. Od. g. v. 21. 
+
+49 Hefiod. in Genealog. Heroic. See Scholia in Pindar. Nem. Od. 3. v. 21. 
+alfo Scholia in Lycoph. v. 176. 
+
+that 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+
+•The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 393 
+
+• hat of Pelafgi. They are reprefcntcd indeed as a different 
+people, and of another chara&er : but this difference was not 
+of perfons, but of times. They were very numerous ; and 
+fuppofed to have been for a long time in a wandering ftate. 
+Befides Hellas, they occupied many regions of great extent, 
+where their name was in repute for ages. There were na¬ 
+tions, called Leleges, Caucones, and Pelafgi in Afia Minor ; 
+who are mentioned by Homer among the allies of the 
+Trojans ; 
+
+10 K oli AeXeysg, mi KoLvmvag, £101 ts Ilahcccryoi. 
+
+Strabo fpeaks of thefe Pelafgi as a mighty people ; and fays, 
+31 that, according to Menecrates Eliiites, the whole coaft of 
+Ionia from Mycale, and all the neighbouring iflands were 
+once inhabited by them. They poffefled the whole region of 
+33 Hetruria: nor do we know the ultimate, to which they were 
+extended. 33 AAA a 61 (jlev (<pot<ri) TLa^cKtyag ski 'arAaifoc rr\g 
+
+oiy.apLSvrig 'Gr'kccvrtf evT&g, a.vQguiruiv ruv 'urXsifoov Kga.Tri<rou/Tctg, old- 
+
+t 0Q1 KctToixr l <rcLi. The Pelafgi , fays Plutarch, according to a?i~ 
+cie?it tradition , roved over the greatejl part of the world : and 
+having fubdued the inhabitants , took tip their refdence in the 
+countries , which they had conquered. Strabo fpeaks of their 
+
+
+30 Iliad. K, v. 429. 
+
+Jl Tvy 7T0tp0C?U0C'V VUV I COVtXVV 7T0C(7Ct\> J7T0 F7 yCt)V OtXSiaGxt 'Zcrporepoi'} V.QU 
+
+tccs *57A ruriou wavs, Strabo. L. 13. p.922. The fame is faid of the Carians, and 
+Leleges. % Hre vuv Iooytcc XiyQfAtvn Tvccacc Ctto Kccpccv uxeiTc* xcci AtXtywv. Strabo. 
+
+i- 7- p. 495- 
+
+31 Strabo. L. 5. p. 3 99. Xcpox/\r t s ev hec^f (pno-t? xca 01 Tvpcrnvoi ffeA cto-yoi. 
+Scholia in Apollon. L. 1. v. 580. See alfo Herod. L. 1. c. 57. 
+
+33 Plutarch, in Romulo. p. 17. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+E e e 
+
+
+great 
+
+
+
+394- 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+great antiquity; and fays, that they overran all Greece: 
+3V ti tpv'Kov Kara. tk)V 'EA^ada 'urcura.v zit bttoKchtb . 
+
+We may perceive from thefe accounts, that the Pelafgi were 
+to be found in various parts : and that it was only a more 
+general name for thofe colonies, which were of the difper- 
+lion, and fettled under the title of Iones, Hellenes, Leleges, 
+and Argivi. Hence it is wonderful, that writers fhould 
+efteem them as a different people. Herodotus has much 
+perplexed their hiftory; or elfe his account has been greatly 
+interpolated : yet he acknowledges, that they had their 
+rites and religion from Egypt ; and that from them they 
+were derived to the Hellenes : 35 'uragx h TlsKoicryojv 'E KKrivsg 
+
+e%e$e%OLno vgsgov. The perfon, from whom this people are 
+fuppofed to have been derived, and named, is by fome re- 
+prefented as the fon of Inachus ; by others as the fon of 
+
+36 Pofeidon and Lariffa. Staphylus Naucratites mentioned 
+him under the name of Pelafgus; and faid, that he was 
+
+37 A gysiov to ysvog ; which I fhould render, of slrkite extrac¬ 
+tion, Hence it is faid of his pofterity, the Argives ; 
+35 /.oa otv'Toi 01 Agyzioi SKaihavTO Hshouryor that the Sir gives 
+alfo were dcncitiinated Pelafgi. They fettled very early in 
+
+u L. 5. p. 337 . ' O / </e TleActayoi tow th^pi tyiv ‘EAAaLcc Suvcc^evaccv'wcou <xg , / yato- 
+
+tutoi. Ibid . L . 7. p. 504. Of their founding cities named Lariffa* fee ibid. L. 13. 
+p, 922. 
+
+35 L. 2.* c. 52. 
+
+36 Schol. in Apollon. Rhod. L. 1. v. 580. Tleheto-ys ts neo-eifwvos vis ytoti Act- 
+
+Some make him the father of Lariffa : tyiv J'e aitpoiroAiv Apyss) A a- 
+fiaaccv u*v kxAsgiv cctto t Tlehctays SruyctTgo*. Paufan. L. 2. p. 165* Pelafgus* 
+the fon of INiobe. Dionyf. Halicarn. L. i.c. 1. p. 9. Of Lariffa. p. 14. 
+
+37 Schol. in Apollon above. Ex Pelafgo Laris. Hygin. Fab. 145. p. 253. 
+
+18 Schol. in Apollon, above. 
+
+Theflaly; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+395 
+
+Theffaly ; to which they gave the name of Aeria; by Apol¬ 
+lonius Rhodius exprefled Eerie. 
+
+39 At itix.cc S H agin 'UToXvK^iog ouct TLsXot.<ryuv 
+
+A VETO. 
+
+This was the ancient name of Egypt, from whence this peo¬ 
+ple came. 40 A lyvTrrog exXqQ■/) Mvrctgct, y.ou H sgict. Egypt 
+was called both My far a and Keria. The part of Theflaly, 
+where they fettled, was the fuppofed country of Deucalion, 
+the fame as Inachus : fo that we need not wonder, when we 
+End Pelafgus reprefented as an 41 Argean or Arkite by birth. 
+They likewife, as I have mentioned, called the fame coun¬ 
+try Ai Monah, Regio Lunaris ; which the poets changed to 
+Aimonia. At no great diftance was a city Argos, and a na¬ 
+tion Oritas ; from whence we may judge of the natives, and 
+their origin. 
+
+41 E<Ta (JLSTCt TXTQV EICTIV O gSlTCtl KsyOfJLSVOt' 
+
+E it AfJipXoyot, Agyog t snocvQ’ to 
+
+AfJicpiKO^ClKOV. 
+
+I have fhewn, that all the country about Dodona was parti¬ 
+cularly ftyled Hellas; and it was at the fame time called 
+
+% 
+
+59 L. i. v. 580. 
+
+Steph. Byzant. See Schol. in Dionyf. Perieg. v. 239, 
+
+41 'Hy&yro cPe cnroixiecs A%oiio$ 9 xai 4>9/c5, xcu neAccuyofi ci AAPI22H2 * CU 
+nf! 2 EIAQN 02 Ji«*. Dionyf. Halicarn. L. 1. c. 17. p. 14. TleActayoi ex &io$xcu 
+
+tvs <t>ogtav 7 Uk#. Ibid. They are all mentioned as the fons of Tarifla, or of 
+Niobe j both which terms denote the children of the Ark . 
+
+4t Dicsearch. apud Geogr. Vet. vol. 2. v. 45. 
+
+E e e 2 
+
+
+Pelafgia. 
+
+
+
+396 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Pelafgia. The Oracle is faid by Scymnus Chius to have 
+been of Pclafgic original : 
+
+43 H ts A A log 
+
+M avrsLCiV, Bft <T av II shouryiKov. 
+
+The rites of the place were introduced from Egypt ; as we 
+are allured by Herodotus, and other writers : confequently 
+the people, who founded the temple, and inftituted thole 
+rites, were from the fame country. The Deity was there 
+worlhiped under the title of Zeuth, whom Homer ftyles 
+Pelafgic : 
+
+44 Z sv, Avx, Aw^'jcjous, TLeAxtryviS, Tr<Xo@i vuiocv, 
+
+AwJWs;? (J-sge'jj’j hxyj.itxsgis . 
+
+The priefteffes of the temple have been mentioned under the 
+character of two black Doves, which came from Theba in 
+Egypt. In fliort, the name of Pelafgi feems to have been 
+the mod: ancient and 45 general of any, which were affumed 
+by thofe foreigners, who came into the land of Javan. They 
+forced thcmfclvcs into 46 countries pre-occupied: and were fo 
+fuperior to the natives in ability and fcience, that they ealily 
+fecured themfelves in their fettlements. <Many have been the 
+
+41 Apud Geogr. Vet. vol. i. p. 26. v. 448. 
+
+rf, He Aacr ywv ef gctvr.y me*. Hefiod. apud Strab. L. 7. Pj 5 ^ 4 ’ 
+
+See alfo E. p.. 33 ^* 
+
+44 Iliad. U. v. 233. 
+
+45 All the Peloponnefus according to Ephorus was efteemed Pclafgic. Kai ?m* 
+TleAoTTonrnccv Tie Act cry ixv qmiv IZ(popos xA>?G wcti. Strab. L. 5. p. 338. 
+
+46 See this certified in the Pelafgi, who came to Italy. Dionyf. Halicarn. L. r. 
+
+c. 10. p. 9. & 14* ... 
+
+inquiries 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+397 
+
+
+inquiries about this ancient people, as well as concerning 
+their language. Even Herodotus is at a lofs to determine 
+whether they jfliould not be efteemed 47 Barbarians. Yet he 
+feems to folve the difficulty more than once; and this too in 
+a very fatisfadtory manner, by mentioning, among other in- 
+flances, 48 luvzg YIsXctTyoi 3 that the I or Ians were Pelafgic ; 
+w to A tti/uOv zQvos nsXtxryi/Cov ; the people of slttica were Pc- 
+lafgie. He likcwife fpeaks of the 50 Arcadians under this 
+denomination : and feems to include all the Dorians, the 
+whole of the s ‘ Peloponnefus, under the fame title. He 
+ffieaks alfo or the fEolians in the fame light: 52 A loT^ssg Jk 
+
+— to TJT a a a 1 zctXsopLzvoi YleXctTy 01 . From, hence we may be 
+allured, that by the Pelafgi arc meant the ancient Dores, 
+Jones, and Hellenes : in ffiort, all thofe Cuthite colonies, 
+and thofe of their collateral branches, which I include un¬ 
+der the name of Amonians. When therefore it is faid, that 
+Greece was firfl occupied by Pelafgi ; and afterwards by 
+
+47 He acknowledges his uncertainty about them. Oox t%co arpsxeco$ sittgiv. L. i » 
+
+c. 57 - 
+
+48 L. 7. c. 95. 
+
+49 T l C 
+
+50 Apxc*. 2 e< lleAatryc/t. L. f. c. 146. The tones of Achaia were called HeAxo-yoi 
+AiyiocAees. L. 7. c. 94. Pelafgi alfo in Crete, and in various regions. Scrab. L. 5. 
+
+P -338. 
+
+5 ‘ Herodot. L. 1. c. 56. He is fpeaking of the Dorians in the Peloponnefus, 
+and ofkhe Athenians ; which two families he ftyles, to ft ev rie^ccayixov^ to <Pe EA- 
+Xnuxov By this one would imagine, that he excluded the Athenians from 
+
+being Pelafgic. The paffage is very confufed. 
+
+51 L. 7. c. 95. All the coaft of Phrygia was peopled by them. They built the 
+cities Theba and Larifla in Troas. 
+
+'JVttgGoos S^ocys (pvAa, neAct&ycov €y%€(rtfj.cogtov 7 
+
+Tan', oi Aapiarcrocv epiSwAocxa, r oust ococexov. Horn. II. B. v. 840* 
+
+% 
+
+Leleges ; 
+
+
+
+39$ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Leleges ; and then by Hellenes, Dores, and Ionians ; it is 
+only a change of title, but no difference of people : for they 
+were all of the fame great -family, however branched out. 
+The fame is to be obferved in the hiftory of any particular 
+city, fuch as Athens. 
+
+53 'E a&w\ dg <pct<riv oiXET&g XaJosiv 
+
+To fxsv TleKxeyxg 'urgonov, sg dV) kou A oyog 
+Kgxvxxg Keyset ca, {jletoc oe tolvtcl Kexgo?nS'xg' 
+
+- v^egoiei <Jg ygovoig 
+
+A7ro rr±g Atr^vxg er\v 'nrpoer,yocia.v Ka&eiv. 
+
+All thefe were different names of the fame people. In like 
+manner the people of Argos, in a play of Euripides, are ad- 
+dreffed by Oreftes, as the fame race under different appel¬ 
+lations. 
+
+V 
+
+54 Q. yrjV Ivays xeKTr^evoiy 
+
+HqlKoli IleKxeyoi, AxvxiSxi h fievregov. 
+
+The like is to be obferved in a paffage from the Archelaus oi 
+the fame author. 
+
+55 A OLVXOgy 0 'UrSPTYlKOVTCL $VyO.TSgM TtTXT'l)g, 
+
+EA Quv eg Agyog ujcie’ hxyj£ 'srohiv* 
+
+YieKxeytwTctg <T oovo^xe^evag to 'urgw 
+Aara ag kxKshtQcu vo^ov etrize. 
+
+In refpedt to the Arcadians, they are faid to have been fo 
+
+•••■ Scymnus Chius apud. Geogr. Vet. vol. i. p. 32. v. 558. 
+
+Euripid. Orcft. v. 930. 
+
+•\r uc Fv.db. L,. 5. p. 339. 
+
+
+named 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+399 
+
+
+named from 56 Areas the fon of Zeuth, being before called 
+Pelafgians. But Pelafgus, who was prior, and the very 57 firft 
+man in the country, w'as called sS Areas : from which cir¬ 
+cumstance a Strange inconsistency arifes : for the country is 
+fuppofed to have been called Arcadia, before the birth of the 
+perfon, from whom the name was received. It is therefore 
+plain that the term Areas was a title ; and that by Pelafgus 
+Areas was meant Pelafgus the 59 Arkite. And when the 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Hetruria were faid to be 60 clvskolQsv 
+
+
+\py,u.$sg ; the true purport of the exprellion was, that they 
+
+
+were ab origine Arkites 
+
+
+Neither Argol 
+
+
+nor Arcadia, 
+
+
+could have Sufficed to have Sent out the colonies, which are 
+
+
+faid to have proceeded from them. They are fuppofed to 
+have filled regions, before they were constituted as a people. 
+The Grecians in their hiftories have been embarraSled and 
+
+
+confounded with variety of titles. They tried to feparate 
+them, and to form distinctions : by which means their my¬ 
+thology became more and more confufed. The only way is 
+to unite inftead of diversifying: and to Shew that thefe titles, 
+however varied, were but one in purport: that they all re¬ 
+lated nearly to the fame perfon, and to one event. By this 
+method of proceeding we Shall render the hiftory both obvious 
+
+
+Paufanias. L. 8. p. 604. 
+
+57 rie/icttryos —ey tw yy reevry •zv^gotqs. Ibid. L. 8. p. 598. 
+
+5 * nsAae-yv —to A pxotJcs. Ibid. L. 2. p. 143. Paufanias feems here to make 
+him the ion of Areas. Either way-it is inconfiftent. 
+
+
+59 Hera, the fame as Ionah, is ftyled Pelafgis. It is laid of Jafon, 
+
+S'e ctXeyi^ev. Apollon. Rhod. L. j. v. 14. 
+
+60 Dionyf. Halicarn. L. 1. c. 10. p. 9. Tlehctcryus arexctQiv Agx.ctJ'as. Strab. 
+L. 5. p. 337. and Schol. in Dionyf. Perieg. v. 347. 
+
+to and 
+
+
+
+400 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and true. 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+of which we 
+
+
+were adopted by the Grecians ; and as it were ingrafted 
+upon the hiftory of the country: and the principal terms, in 
+which they were deferibed. 
+
+
+were equally foreign and im 
+
+
+ported. I have mentioned, that by the appellation Areas 
+we are to underftand an 6 ' Arkite : and who is principally 
+alluded to under this character can only be known from the 
+hiftory, with which it is 
+deferibed in the fame 1 
+
+
+attended 
+
+
+We find 
+
+
+Dagon, Ifis, Dionufu 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+Ofiris, ftvled Orus, and Heliu 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+great 
+
+
+6x 
+
+
+mankind 
+
+
+unknown 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+them the ufe of 
+ture, which were 
+them in weaving, 
+
+
+cloath themfelves : and the whole manufadlu 
+
+
+of wool is attributed to him 
+
+
+His name 
+
+
+title of 
+
+
+chief Gentile Divinity, like Helius, Ofiris, and Dionufus 
+above : and he was worfhiped with the fame rites at Manti- 
+nea, near a temple of Juno : and in another of Zeuth the 
+Saviour, there flood an high place facred to Areas : which 
+in aftertimes was miftaken for his tomb. There feem to 
+have been more than one ; for they are lpoken of in the 
+plural: and what they really were may be known from their 
+
+for they were called 63 'HA/a the altars of th 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+Helius. Areas was fuppofed by his pofterity to have been 
+
+
+61 When it is faid by Hyginus, Arcades res divinas primi Diis fecerunt ; it only 
+means, that the Arkites, the ions of Ham, were the firft, who introduced polythelia. 
+Hygin. c. 274. p. 3 8 7 - 
+61 Paufan. L. 8. p. 604. 
+
+61 Ibid. L. 8. p. 616. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+buried 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+401 
+
+
+buried upon Mount Masnalus, which was 
+nominated from him. 
+
+
+undoubtedly 
+
+
+
+6+ Efi h MouvuKiri $vtr%ei(/£gos , evOccre kbitki 
+A^Kaf, oup ov Sq 'sra.vreg £7rixKxi<nv kclKzmtou. 
+
+Near the bleak Mount Masnalia lies entomb’d 
+
+/ 
+
+Areas, from whom the natives have their name. 
+
+Mamalia., or more properly Maenalus, is a compound of Meen 
+El: by which is fignified Lunus Deus, another tide of Ar¬ 
+eas, the Arkite God, who had been worshiped upon that 
+mountain. 
+
+From what has preceded, we may decipher the hiftory of 
+the Arcadians, who were the defeendents of Areas, and re- 
+prefented as prior to the 6s moon. They were ftyled 66 Mi- 
+nyze, Selenitze, and (Agysoucu) Archasi: and their antiquity is 
+alluded to by Apollonius, when he mentions, 
+
+67 AgxoL$84> ot xou 'Grgotr&s Eshr,vctirn vhovTott 
+Zwsiv. 
+
+
+Tti Arcadian tribes , who lived before the Moon. 
+
+This is the common interpretation; but properly by Selene, 
+and Selenaia, is meant the Ark, of which the Moon was only 
+
+
+64 Oracle of Apollo ; ibid. 
+
+65 Orta prior luna, de fe fi creditor ipfi, 
+
+A magno tellus Arcade nomen habet. Ovid. Fait. L. i. v. 469. 
+Luna gens prior iliafuit. Ibid. L. 2. v. 290. 
+
+Sidus poft veteres Arcadas editum. Senec. Hippol. A< 5 t. 2. v. 785. 
+
+66 Minyae Arcades. Strabo. L. 8. p. 519. 
+
+67 Apollon. Rhod. L. 4. v. 264. 
+
+
+VoL. III. 
+
+
+Fff 
+
+
+
+
+402 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+an emblem: and from hence the Arkites had the appellation 
+of Selenitai. Dionyfius Chalcidenfis takes notice, that this 
+name was preferved among the Arcadians. 68 E bvog Af/caJwy 
+XsXriviTctg. When therefore it is faid by the ancient writer 
+Mnafeas, that this people were under a regal government, 
+before the Moon appeared, 'urgo 69 2,shrivr)g AgKOL$a.$ fiouriXsvtTou’ 
+it only means, that their family originally exifted, and were 
+eftablifhed under a monarchy, before the Arkite rites pre¬ 
+vailed. This may be proved by determining the time, 
+when Selene is faid to have firft made its appearance. This 
+we find from Theodorus, and other writers, to have been a 
+little while before the war of the Giants. 70 ®eo£oogog Ss sv 
+
+A 
+
+stzogrc* sweat 0 ), ohiyu 'UTgoTsgov (pr)<ri t« 'sr^og TiyotvroLg'aro^sp.H 
+
+
+Tr,v ’ZsXr\vr,v <pouir\vou. kcu Agizotv 0 Xiog sv rcag $s<rs<ri y mi 
+A lovvcog 6 XoChmhvg sv urgooTM Kr itrsieg ret olvtol <prj<ri. Theodo¬ 
+ras the Chalcidian, in his twenty-ninth hook, tells us, that fome 
+little fpace antecedent to the war of the Giants, Selene firjl ap¬ 
+peared: and sir if on the Chian, in his Thefes , and Dionyfus of 
+Chalcis , in the firf book of his treatife upon the Creation, both 
+ajfert the fajne thing. I have already treated of the Giants 
+and Titanians ; and of the wars, which they carried on: 
+and it has been fhewn, that a little before thofe com¬ 
+motions the Arkite worfhip, and idolatry in general, be¬ 
+gan. When therefore it is faid, that the Arcades were 
+prior to the Moon, it means only, that they were conftituted 
+into a nation, before the worfhip of the Ark prevailed, and 
+before the firft war upon earth commenced. From hence 
+
+
+63 Scholia in Apollon, L 4. v. 264. 
+
+69 Scholia, ibid. 
+
+70 Ibid. 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+403 
+
+
+we may perceive, that the Grecians have referred to the pla¬ 
+net, what was merely fymbolical, and related to another 
+object. The Arcadians were a party from the difperfton ; 
+and forced their way into Hellas. Ariftotle mentions the 
+region, which they occupied ; and fays, that it was poffefted 
+by a people of a different family, whom the Arcades 71 drove 
+out. And he adds, that this happened , 72 'GTgo tu Z7 tiTSi?^a.i 
+
+rr,v ZsXww, Jio xctTovopourQnvou n~o<rsAiW before Selene ap¬ 
+peared\ 07 t which accou?it they were called Profelem ’. It was 
+
+not however from their fettling in Greece, but from their 
+worfhip, which was far prior, that they had this title. In¬ 
+deed they could go ftill higher : for, as they were both Ar¬ 
+cades and Selenitie, they could carry up their hiftory to Ar¬ 
+eas himfelf, and to times antecedent both to the Ark and 
+
+
+Deluge. 
+
+
+This might be another reafon, why they were 
+
+
+called, not only Minyas, Selenitse, and 73 Arcades, but alfo 
+
+
+TlgorsKrivoi 
+
+
+Profeleni ; as being of a family prior both to 
+
+
+the Ark, and Deluge. 
+
+
+But the later Grecians miftook this 
+
+
+hiftory, and referred it to a different objeeft: hence they have 
+fuppofed the Arcadians to have been older than the moon. 
+
+Similar to the character given of Areas, is that of Pelaf- 
+gus; but accompanied with many additional and remarka¬ 
+ble circumftances. He was equally a benefadfor to mankind; 
+
+
+71 B <xp€ctpoi tvv A px.eeftxv uxTjaoLV, ogives KyRyktolv ccttq tmv AcxasJW eTriQeutvsou 
+ccjTots. Scholia, ibidem. 
+
+Ibid, A.pxoc.S'ts tccu EA&mgjv ctp^cttoTccTot .— Ot Agxctf'et 8 ox.bg- i t/jsSsA 
+
+3 eyoveveu. Aupis S'e—Agx.a.S'tz (pnaiv Og%pfjLtvB vior—Apxccs 6 E v 5 v/lucov. evioi cfg 
+
+vtto tb Tvfcovos 9 v 7 ro 8 e ArAaPTos, Sivccyopai eipvxev. Ibid. 
+
+\cfpos 8 e (pyicr^&BfJu^Bg xau Aios Apx*$. Steph. Byz. See Paufan. L. 8. p. 604. 
+
+7i Scaliger gives a different folution. See Prolegom. ad Emend. Temp. p. 3. 
+See alfo Cenforinus de Die Natal, c. 19. p. 103. 
+
+F f f 2 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+4°4 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+and inftrudled them in many 74 arts. He taught them to 
+cloath themfelves; and to build haufes, that they might be 
+flickered lrom the inclemency of the weather. He likewife 
+improved them in their diet; and fhewed them what was 
+noxious and deadly. He is faid to have built the firfl tem¬ 
+ple to the Deity : 75 asdem Jovi Olympio primum fecit Pe- 
+lalgus. I have taken notice, that, as Noah was faid to have 
+been a.v$gW7ro$ yr]g, a man of the earthy this charadteriftic is 
+obfervable in every hiftory of thefe primitive perfons : and 
+they are reprefented as vo^xioiy ctygm, and y%ysvsi<;. Pelafgus 
+accordingly had this 76 title: and it is particularly men¬ 
+tioned of him, that he was the firfl; hufbandman. 77 O J$ 
+
+TleXotoyog -bet^wtos agyx KaJTa.<rnsvriv sfcsvgs : Pelafgus firfl found 
+out ally that is neceffary for the cultivation of the ground. 
+There is a curious fleetch of his hiftory given, by the poet 
+Afius; which is comprifed in two verfes, but points out very 
+plainly, who was meant by Pelafgus. It reprefents him as 
+
+I 
+
+a perfon of a noble character, who was wonderfully preferred 
+for the good of mankind. 
+
+7 * A niQsov $b Hs?.ix(ryov sv C^tiKOfioKTiv o^svvi 
+Taia jtxsAauf ccvb^ookzv y Iv a §vy\twv- ysvog sip. 
+
+1 have fhewn, that Faia, Gaia, in its original fenfe, fignified 
+
+74 Paufan. L. 8. p. 599. 
+
+I s Hygini Fab. 225. p. 346. 
+
+76 Ta yvyevcS yap eif* eyco 'Er<x.Aat%Qoro$ 
+
+I vii nePicccryy, iEfch. Suppl. v. 258. 
+
+Some read it Fle^aayo;. 
+
+77 Schol. in Euripid. Oreft, v. 930. 
+
+78 Paufan. L. 8. p. 599. 
+
+10 a facred 
+
+
+
+
+
+Tke Analysis or Ancient Mythology. 405 
+
+a facred cavern; a hollow in the earth; which from its 
+gloom was looked upon as an emblem of the Ark. Hence 
+Gaia, like Hefta, Rhoia, Cybele, is often represented as the 
+79 mother of mankind. It is here to be taken in that fenfe : 
+.and the paflage will be found remarkable, though concife. 
+
+On a high mountain’s brow 
+The gloomy cave gave back again to light 
+Godlike Pelafgus, that the race of man 
+Through him might be renewed. 
+
+In like manner Inachus is faid after the deluge to have been, 
+favedupon the top of a high mountain. Inachus, Pelafgus, 
+and Danaus, are titles of the fame perfon; though diverfified 
+by the Greeks, and made princes in fucceffion. The Scho- 
+liaft upon Euripides mentions, that 80 Inachus , the man of the 
+earth , was the firjl kmg of Sir gas \ Pelafgus was the fecond \ 
+and Danaus , the fon of Belus , the third. The fame writer 
+
+adds, 81 Mara tov itctx olkAvg^. av sv oge<riv oizavruv rccv Agysiow, 
+
+'ErgwTog cloths guv ip kkt eu ivcrgos. IB hen the Slrgivi , or slrkites > 
+aft er tke Deluge lived difperfed upon the mountains , Inachus 
+firfi brought them together , and formed them into communities . 
+
+Concerning the language of the Pelafgi, there have been 
+many elaborate difquifitions; and we find, that it was matter 
+of debate, even in the time of 81 Herodotus. Yet the quef- 
+tion, if rightly ftated, amounts only to this : What was the 
+
+79 F<tict ©eat, lAmzp Maxapar, S-vvtwo t etv^panrcov. Orph. Hymn. 25. 
+
+80 Ivocyos nxpcoTOi (3a.ariA.evf Alyas’ Seursoos TltAccayoi’ Torres Savctoi o 
+
+B»Ay. Scholia in Euripidis Oreft. v. 930. See Herod. L. 7. c. 94. 
+
+81 Ibid. 
+
+82 T 
+
+L. 1. c. 57. 
+
+
+language 
+
+
+
+4°6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+language of this varioufly denominated people, before it had 
+undergone thofe changes, which necefPariiy enfue from time? 
+In other words, how did the Hellenes difcourfe fome ten, or 
+twelve centuries before the birth of fEfchylus or Pindar? 
+As we have no written records, nor any monumental evi¬ 
+dences of that date, or near it; the queftion may at hrft feetn 
+not very ealy to be decided. Yet from the names of places, 
+and of men ; and from the terms uied in their rites and 
+worfhip ; but more efpecially from the hiftory of the peo¬ 
+ple themfelves, and of the country from whence they came; 
+we may be allured that it was the Cuthic of Chaldea. This 
+in a long feries of years underwent the fame changes, as all 
+languages undergo. And this alteration arofe partly from 
+words imported ; and partly from a mixture with thofe na¬ 
+tions, among whom the Hellenes were 83 incorporated. Ex- 
+clufive of thefe circumflances, there is no language but will 
+of itfelf infenfibly vary : though this variation may be in 
+fome degree retarded, where there is fome ftandard, by which 
+common fpeech may be determined and controuled. But 
+the Grecians had no fuch afUftance. Letters undoubtedly 
+came to them late ; and learning much later. There was 
+no hiftorian prior to Cadmus Milefius ; nor any public in- 
+feription, of which we can be certified, before the laws of 
+Draco. The firft Grecian, who attempted to write in profe, 
+
+Of old there were many nations and languages in Greece. Strabo. L. 7. p. 494. 
+495. Scymnus Chius lpeaks of the barbarous people, who lived nearDodona : 
+
+\iiai fjuyctfe$ B ctpCccpoi} 
+
+Cki$ xcct 'zcrpG&oixetv (pecal % i gv £ rvp iC * ) > 
+
+Apud Geogr. Vet. vol. 2. p. 26. 
+
+
+See alfo Herodot. L. 1. c. 146. 
+
+6 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+4 C 7 
+
+was Pherecydes the philofopher: and he lived as late as the 
+reign of Cyrus the Perfian. Hence there is no change in 
+their language, but fuch as we might expert from an interval 
+of this extent, and from a people thus circumftanced. 
+
+Such is the hiftory of the Hellenes and Ionim in their 
+various branches. Of thofe, who fettled in Hellas, I have 
+fpoken before ; and fhewn, that they were no other than 
+the Shepherds of Egypt, who came originally from Chaldea.. 
+They were expelled by the Egyptians a very few years be¬ 
+fore the Ifraelites got accefs to that country: and when they 
+came into Greece, they went under different denominations; 
+being ftyled Pelafgi, Leleges, Inachidae, Danaid®, Heracli- 
+die, and 8+ Cadmians. Of their expulflon there is an account 
+given in a curious fragment from Diodorus Siculus, preferved 
+by Photius : in which alfo notice is taken of the Ifraelites, 
+who migrated from the fame country. It is what I have 
+before * s quoted : but I efteem it of fuch confequence, that I 
+muft beg leave to introduce it again. 86 Upon this , as fome 
+writers tell us , the mojl eminent and e?tterprifng of thofe fo~ 
+reigjters , who were in Egypt , and obliged to leave the country , 
+betook themfelves to the coafl of Greece , and alfo to other regions ;, 
+
+* 4 They were alfo called Cuthi: but from a general title the later Greeks always 
+formed a perfonage, who was fuppofed to have been the leader of the colony. Hence 
+inftead of the Cuthites, and Herculeans, Plutarch fubflitutes a Cothus and Arclus ; 
+and fays that they fettled in Euboea. KoQot kcci ApAo?, oi ^b£)y 'ztrccif eseis EuSoiccvrixov 
+criOHTuvres. Cothus and Arclus , the two fons of Xuth, came and fettled in ILiibaa. Plu¬ 
+tarch. Quaeltiones Grsecre.p. 256. Thefe were the fame as thofe Arabians, who are 
+faid to have come with Cadmus. A putts, 61 KaJ'fj.yj ewf ixCavTSs. Strabo. L. 10. 
+p. 6S5. 
+
+8> Vol. II. p. 188. 
+
+86 ' Ex Diodori-L. 40; apud Photium. p. 1152. 
+
+
+
+
+4-0>S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+having put themfelves under t /ze command of proper leaders for 
+that peurpofe. Some vf them were conduEled by Danaus , and 
+'Cadmus 4 who were the mojl illuflrious of the whole. There 
+were befides thefe a large , but lefs noble body of people^ who re¬ 
+tired into the province^ called now Judea , which was not far 
+from Egypt , and in tbofe times uninhabited. Thefe emigrants 
+were led by Mofes , who was fuperior to all in wifdom andprouo- 
+efs.—He gave them laws ; and ordained that they fjould have 
+7 to images of the Gods ; becaufe there was only one Deity , 
+the Heaven , which furrounds all things , and is Eord of the 
+whole. I make no comment upon this curious extract: let 
+it fuffice, that rhis latter migration was an age or two after 
+the former ; though mentioned here, as if it were of the fame 
+date. Thofe, who came into Greece, brought with them 
+the fame arts, and the fame worfhip, which they had before 
+introduced in Egypt. Hence Zonaras very truly tells us, 
+
+* 7 E k XctK^cucav ycig XsysTcti tpoirrycu tqlvtol mgog Atywrioy, 
+
+% 
+
+xctfc&idsv 'GTgog 'E XXwa.g. Hll thefe things came frotn Chaldea 
+to Egypt ; and from thence were derived to the Greeks . 
+
+* 7 V. 1. p. 22. See Syncellus. p. 102. 
+
+
+2 n A P T O 1. 
+
+
+
+( 4®9 ) 
+
+
+
+2 n A P T O I. 
+
+OF THE 
+
+SPARTI of GREECE and COLCHIS} 
+
+AND OF THE 
+
+HEBREW SPARTONES. 
+
+
+T T is remarkable, that the Cadmians, and people of other 
+colonies, who came into Greece, were called Sjra^To/, 
+
+
+Sparti. 
+
+
+The natives of Bceotia had this appellation ; as had 
+
+
+thofe of Lacedaemon, which city was peculiarly named 
+Sparta. There were traditions of this fort in Attica, and 
+alfo at Colchis ; and a notion prevailed, that the people in 
+thofe parts took their rife from fomething which was lown. 
+Hence the twofold perfonage Cecrops is faid to have origi¬ 
+nally fprung from the teeth of a 1 ferpent fcattered in the 
+ground. Alexander Polyhiftor, fpeaking of the children of 
+Ifrael, and Edom, fays, that they were originally the fons 
+of Semiramis : but Claudius Iolaus derives them from one 
+
+
+' Ktxpo7rcc n>v tk S'oa.x.c.vros g^ovtwv e§eA Qei*. Scholia in Lycoph. 
+
+
+v. I I I. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+G gg 
+
+
+Sparton, 
+
+
+
+
+410 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Sparton, who came from Thebes with Dionufus. Tins 
+Sparton, by the Greeks, is mentioned, as the fon of 1 Phoro- 
+neus, the firft man who reigned. The terms Sparti, and 
+Sparton, were both foreign to Greece ; and manifeftly im¬ 
+ported. Hence the name of Sparta in Laconia was conferred, 
+3 Cairo rocp fJLSTOi Ka.£<JLX %7rotgToov, by the Sparti , who came into 
+that country with Cadmus. A iimilar hiftory of this place is 
+given by Timagoras y who informs us, 4 that it received its 
+name from people, who had wandered from their own coun¬ 
+try, and happened to light upon this, which from tliem- 
+felves they named Sparte. They are by fome reprefented 
+as the offspring of Ogyges, the fame as Inachus, and Deu¬ 
+calion. 
+
+I think, it is plain, that the people here mentioned were 
+of the family of the difperfed, who were fcattered over the 
+face of the earth. They were denominated Sparti from an 
+ancient word analogous to "ns, Parad, of the Hebrews, and 
+to 5 <nroL£a.TTu of the later Greeks ; by which was fignified, 
+to part, fever, and difperfe. Their feparation and flight 
+
+
+1 P 
+
+
+anfan. L. 2. p. 146. 
+
+
+Phoroneus, qui primus mortalium dicitur regnaite. Hyginus. Fab. 143.. 
+
+Sparta condita a Sparto filio Phoronei. Euieb. \ trfio Eat. p. 13. 
+
+3 Scholia in Horn. Odyffi A. utto toov fj.uQivoy.iMy ysra KaVya 1 ,-ra^ruv etvSptov. 
+
+See Suidas, Epaminondas. 
+
+4 rhft ci>v (^,7rct.PTOoy) Tiyayopas <pvait>, exTrUrovTas S'i auras its t»v A av.mvimv* 
+2*7r a.pToov a<p eauroov ovoyourcti. Steph. Eyzant. ' 2 . 7 rotprt>. Salmalius would alter 
+tyL7 riativ to eioTrt«<r. He fays, that he would do it, though every manufeript were 
+ao-ainft him. But this would certainly ruin the purport of the hiftonan; who 
+means that the Sparti had been deprived of one country, and lighted upon another. 
+
+’ r . - . « __.._I_ CaA . kmir^trpr cv_ 
+
+We 
+
+
+Trerriiv us certainly means to mifs of one thing, and to light upon another. 
+5 Hence partior, difpertior, partitio. 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+43 1 
+
+
+from Babel was continually commemorated under the notion 
+of the flight of Bacchus, and Oflris, and the fcattering 
+abroad their limbs. What feems to confirm my notion, 
+is a paflage from Androtion, quoted by the Scholiaft 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+phro 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+■P0t$S 
+
+
+people, who had been fcattered abroad. 6 A vfyoTioov $s 
+
+<T7rogci$wv nmv <pri<ri rov KotS'tiov Big SzEceg bxQbi 
+
+
+opiKog fierce 
+
+
+writer 
+
+
+them 
+
+
+asra 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+e fown ; for he 
+fable : but the 
+
+
+with fome people of the difpeif 
+
+
+came to 'Thebes in Bceo- 
+Thofe too, who gave 
+
+
+name to Sparta, are by another writer faid to have been a 
+difperfed and a wandering crew. 7 Tag 'GTgoorag <rvvoi/.n<ra.vTocg 
+
+7 W 'WoXtv AsXsyag AIESflAPMENOTS Big tclvtyiv vvvsxQsip. 
+
+The firjl who inhabited the city were the Leleges , a people who 
+
+
+if ter a difperfi 
+
+
+In their hiftory we 
+
+
+allufions to the flood ; and to their being diflipated after- 
+
+Lycophron ftyles them natives of Thebes 
+g Xsoog : the original purport of which is 
+
+
+wards. Hence 
+
+
+* flyvyov 27 nx.grcg Xsoeg : 
+
+merely this, that they were the defeendents of thofe ] 
+
+ige. And iEfchyl 
+
+
+were difoerfed after 
+
+
+Del 
+
+
+de- 
+
+
+feribes them in much the fame 
+
+
+9 X7T0Lgvm <T a.% avogw, wit Agyg spei<rccro. 
+
+6 Schol. in v. 1206. This is given more at large by Pindar’s Scholiaft: 
+
+tim cTg <fwi (puyovrec ex t m <t>Qivtxy$ top KccS^fAov fjLtTo. ix%vca» <r7ropoe,S'&v xczr&Qew €1$ 
+
+G>n€occ. h.t.A. Efth. Od. 7. p. 447. v. 18. 
+
+7 Euftathius in Horn. Iliad. B. 
+
+V. 1206. Og, Ogus, and Ogugus, fignify thefea, or ocean. From ogua came 
+
+
+aqua, water. 
+
+9 Septem thebana. v. 418. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+O g.g 2 
+
+
+
+4 12 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+They were the poferity of thofe people , whom the chance of war 
+had fpared\ but who were afterwards fcattered abroad . They 
+were the fame as the Titanians : hence the Cecropians, who 
+came into Attica, were ftyled ’° Tr^yevsti ; and their country 
+" Titanis. 
+
+I have taken notice, that the great objedt of the Cuthites 
+in eredting the Tower of Babel was that they might not be 
+difperfed. 11 Let us build us a city , and a tower^ — lefl we be 
+fcattered abroad. They were however wonderfully diftipated: 
+and this circumftance of their difperfion is to be found com¬ 
+memorated in all their hiftories. Hence, as I have before 
+obferved, we read of Perfeus, Cadmus, and other leaders of 
+colonies, ftyled A XriTOLt, Aletae, or wanderers. At Athens 
+they had a feftival called 11 Aletis : and there was a facred 
+
+14 hymn of the fame name ; the fubjedt of which was un¬ 
+doubtedly the wanderings of their anceftors; thofe anceftors, 
+
+15 oi y.ou AXrycti kou T iTooveg xtiAovrrcu : who were dijlinguifhed 
+by the name of the TV tenderers , and of the Titans. Pindar calls 
+the Corinthians the children of the ' 6 Aletes. Upon which 
+the Scholiaft obferves, that Aletes was the perfon, who led 
+the colony, which fettled in that city. But Aletes was not a 
+proper name: and the hiftory merely alludes to one of thofe 
+
+IO Lycophron calls the Athenians Tvytvus. Tvyzvus teyei t&s ASee v, 
+in. ad Scholia. This was a title of the Titans.. 
+
+11 TiTctviSct ymv. Etymolog. Mag. 
+
+Genefis. c. 11. v. 4. 
+
+13 AAjjtjs eopTfi AQnvrcriv 9 fi vuv Ai&gcc Atyoy&vy* Hefych; 
+
+14 A A ccaycc tccis cocoas 'wpoGctf'oy.evov. Jul. Pollux. 
+
+15 Sanchoniath. apud Eufeb. P. E. L. I. c. 10. p. 35. 
+
+16 ’T/Jtyuv sTe, -sracfss AAcctcl. Olymp. Od. 13. v. 17. 
+
+AA«t>I5 ycxo r,yiiacc.TQ t»s xwoixixs. Scholia ibid. 
+
+5 Aletse, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 413 
+
+Aletze, or people of the difperflon, who came into the Pelo- 
+ponnefus, and founded Corinth. By the Gentile accounts 
+given of this people, who were their anceftors, it appears, 
+that they were not only exiled, and difperfed ; but doomed 
+to wander for ages, before they could get a place of reft. 
+This is the hiftory given of the Leleges, and Pelafgi, and 
+other wandering tribes. The fame may be inferred con¬ 
+cerning thole of the family who fettled in Thrace. Orpheus 
+(by which character we are to underftand the Orphites of 
+that country) is introduced in the Argonautica, as giving 
+Jafon an account of his peregrinations. 
+
+17 Hdij yu% (J .01 ukig ku.ijlci.toov, uhig £7 tKsto foLoy^soov, 
+r £lv hcopur\v £7Ti yuiuv uxcugeTov, r\h 'GToXriug' 
+
+Kui fJL£ UMTSiriS T£ KUI £0 01^8 £<TUOOCT£ 
+
+Mrfrrig y)(jL£T£gr), kui eg S'oftov riyuyev uhKov. 
+
+I have for a long time , lays he, had enough of labour , and dif- 
+quietude : for I have wandered over a vaf traEl of country, 
+and over various cities. But my Goddefs Mother put a Jlop to 
+my roving , and healed me of that fatal 18 impulfe , by which I 
+was before driven ; and at laf gave me afettlement , in lieu of 
+
+that , which I lof. This is the purport of the words, which 
+
+% 
+
+cannot be explained but by a paraphrafe. Something limi- 
+lar is to be obferved in the hiftory of Saturn, and the de- 
+fcription of his flight into Italy. By this flight was flgnilied 
+the difperlion of a people, called Saturnians ; who,, after 
+
+17 Orphsei Argonaut, v. 98., 
+
+18 — fxccvicc^ €x.xocv<rt% Aucraa, (fdSos.. Hefych. 
+
+
+many 
+
+
+
+
+41 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+They were the poferity of thofe people , whom the chance of war 
+had fpared ; but who were afterwards fcattered abroad. They 
+were the fame as the Titanians : hence the Cecropians, who 
+came into Attica, were ftyled IO Triy&miy and their country 
+11 Titanis. 
+
+I have taken notice, that the great objedt of the Cuthites 
+in eredting the Tower of Babel was that they might not be 
+difperfed. 11 Let us build us a city , and a tower.,—lefl we be 
+fcattered abroad. They were however wonderfully diftipated: 
+and this circumftance of their difperlion is to be found com¬ 
+memorated in all their hiftories. Hence, as I have before 
+obferved, we read of Perfeus, Cadmus, and other leaders of 
+colonies, ftyled AAiyrctf, Aletae, or wanderers. At Athens 
+they had a feftival called ,s Aletis : and there was a facred 
+
+14 hymn of the fame name ; the fubjedt of which was un¬ 
+doubtedly the wanderings of their anceftors; thofe anceftors, 
+
+15 of /.cu AXryai scat Ttraveg atxihavvTcu : who were dijlinguifhed 
+
+by the ?iame 
+
+the Corinthians the children of the 16 Aletes. Upon which 
+the Scholiaft obferves, that Aletes was the perfon, who led 
+the colony, which fettled in that city. But Aletes was not a 
+proper name: and the hiftory merely alludes to one of thofe 
+
+
+of the Wander ersy and of the Titans. Pindar calls 
+
+
+IO Lycophron calls the Athenians Tmyivtis. Tnyeiw A eyet t«$ A Qnvouus. See v 
+hi. ad Scholia. This was a title of the Titans.. 
+
+11 TnctviSoc yw\ Etymolog. Mag. 
+
+* 2 Genefis. c. 11. v. 4. 
+
+13 A Ahtjs iopTW A.Qyvvio'iity vvv A.ict>^cc teyoyevn. Hefycli; 
+
+24 A Amt ctay.ee tccis cogetts , zcrpoo'qLS'oysvov, Jul. Pollux. 
+
+15 Sanchoniath. apud Euleb. P. E. L. 1. c. 10. p. 35. 
+
+16 'Ty yiv cfe, 'zz-aufts A Accra. Olymp. Od. 13. v. 17. 
+
+AAmtms yuo KyyaccTQ tk ct7roixioc$. Scholia ibid. 
+
+5 
+
+
+Aletae, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 413 
+
+Aletze, or people of the difperfton, who came into the Pelo- 
+ponnefus, and founded Corinth. By the Gentile accounts 
+given of this people, who were their anceftors, it appears, 
+that they were not only exiled, and difperfed ; but doomed 
+to wander for ages, before they could get a place of reft. 
+This is the hiftory given of the Leleges, and Pelafgi, and 
+other wandering tribes. The fame may be inferred con¬ 
+cerning thofe of the family who fettled in Thrace. Orpheus 
+(by which character we are to underftand the Orphites of 
+that country) is introduced in the Argonautica, as giving 
+Jafon an account of his peregrinations. 
+
+17 Hchj yOL£ [XOl aJhig KOtpciTOOV , d\l$ £7t\£TQ (JLO-gQwVy 
+
+'£lv ixofjLriv £7ci youctv ct7rcug£Tov, r)$s ’GJ'oXriois’ 
+
+Koci [xs a.XY)T£ir)s re mi ej oifga e<rcLW<T£ 
+
+M»]Ti ig Y)[A£T£gY), mi f £g $ofXov qyctyev clKKov. 
+
+I have for a long time , lays he, had enough of labour , and dif- 
+quietude : for I have wandered over a vafl tra& of country , 
+and over various cities. But my Goddefs Mother put a flop to 
+my roving , and healed jne of that fatal 18 impulfe , by which I 
+was before driven ; and at laf gave me afettlement , in lieu of 
+that , which I loft. This is the purport of the words, which 
+cannot be explained but by a paraphrafe. Something fimi- 
+lar is to be obferved in the hiftory of Saturn, and the de- 
+fcription of his flight into Italy. By this flight was fignified 
+the difperflon of a people, called Saturnians ; who,, after 
+
+17 Orphsei Argonaut, v. 98. > 
+
+18 O egf§i<rfj.Q$ — /xctvict} €Kx<zv<ri% Auer<7a, qoSos.. Hefych* 
+
+
+many 
+
+
+
+
+4 1 + 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+many wanderings, fettled in that country, and introduced 
+there the rites of this God. They were of the family of the 
+Aletaj, and Spartani: whence it is faid of Saturn, that in his 
+flight from Crete, he was concealed in Italy by a people of 
+this denomination. 19 Saturnus, ex Creta fugiens, in Italia a 
+Spartanis abfeonditur. We have been told above, that the 
+Titans, or Giants, were Aletie: and Athenagoras goes fo far 
+as to fuppofe, that even after their death they had no reft. 
+
+tuv ViyavTuv nJ, 'vgjzi, oi 'ursoi rov y.oa-pLov start 'afXa.vusu.svoi 
+Aa i[aovsg. He is fpeaking of the fouls of the Giants; which 
+Giants he fuppofes to be ? vandering Damons, that are ever 
+roving about the world. 
+
+Such is the hiftory of the Sparti, who were undoubtedly 
+of Titanian race; of that family, which was difperfed. They 
+were fuppofed to be Heliadae, or offspring of the Sun : and 
+at the fame time Ophitas, worfhiping that Deity under the 
+figure of a ferpent. Hence there was given to the Spartan 
+Menelaus a ferpent for a device upon his 21 fhield : the fame 
+alfo was depicted upon the fhield, and cuirafs of 12 Aga¬ 
+memnon. There was alfo a ferpent engraved upon the 
+tomb of 23 Epaminondas, and inclofed in the figure of a 
+fhield : all which, fays Paufanias, was done, that he might 
+be known to have been a Spartan (%7ragTog) by defeent. They 
+
+19 Tulius Firmicus. p. 27. 
+
+ao P. 3 ° 3 - 
+
+41 Paufan. L,. 10. p. 863* 
+
+ax Homer. Iliad. A. v. 26. a ferpent alfo upon his Ihidd. V. 39. Kvaveos eXe- 
+AlXTO S'gOCXCOP. 
+
+%i c O fJLtv cTg AgctKoov g 0 gA €i crvfjuzivetp yevus reap Hiragr eav x,oe?Wf*.€Pcap etvou E7 retp.i- 
+
+vmvS'ocv* Paufan. L*. 8. p* 622# ^ 
+
+worfhiped 
+
+
+
+Tits Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 41 5 
+
+vvorfhiped the Sun, their fuppofed progenitor, whom they 
+called Zan: and his images were fly led Zanes ; and were 
+peculiar to Sparta. He was of old called San, and Shan : 
+hence we meet with many places dedicated to him under this 
+title. One of thefe was Beth-San ; where flood the temple, 
+to which the Philiflines faftened the body of * s Saul, after he 
+had been flain upon Mount 16 Gilboa. The Greeks expreffed 
+it Bsj-rav, and 27 Br,$ -<rciv. It was built in early times by the 
+
+Cuthite Ophitae, or Hivites ; who were very numerous in the 
+upper regions of Canaan. Of this city I fhall take farther 
+notice. From the data above afforded, we may decypher the 
+fable about the ferpent’s teeth, from which the Sparti were 
+fuppofed to have been derived : and we may (hew the 
+grounds, from whence the miftake took its rife. I have 
+mentioned, that they were Heliadas, the fuppofed offspring 
+of the Sun ; whom they deferibed as a ferpent, and ftyled 
+San, and Shan. But * 8 Shan, \v> fignified alfo a tooth. 
+Hence the Grecians, inftead of faying, that the Sparti had 
+their origin from the Serpent Deity the Sun, made them 
+take their rife from the teeth of a ferpent. And as they 
+
+* + Paufan. L. 5. p. 430. KaAerrcc/ Ss vttq eTri^ocoiooy 'Zaire?. 
+
+45 ftP-IVa 1 Samuel, c. 31. v. 10. Jolhua. c. 17. v. 11. Judges, c. 1. v. 27. 
+
+46 I am forry, that I did not recolledt a miftake in my firft volume, p. 36. time 
+enough to have it corrected in my laft edition. I there mention Beth-San in the land 
+of the Philiftines, &c. &c. But the Beth-San of the Scriptures was a celebrated 
+place in the tribe of Manafies, upon the borders of Galilee. It was within a very 
+lew miles of Endor, and ftill nearer to Gilboa, where Saul was flain. We may 
+therefore be allured, that here was the temple, to which the Philiftines affixed his 
+body. See Eugefippus de Diftant. Loco rum Terrse Sandbar. 
+
+47 BtfSrei', f\ wv Jofeph. Ant. L. 6. c. 14. BeQactvnVj tjj* Tcct&ujAevw 
+
+vp 'EAAwwi/ 2x,u0o7roA/r. Jofeph. Antiq. L. 13. c. 6. 
+
+Dens. Taylor’s Hebrew Concordance. 197$. 
+
+Vol. Ill* Ggg4 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+4i6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+were Sporades, by which term is meant any thing, that is 
+either fcattered abroad, or Towed in the ground ; they took 
+it in the latter fenfe ; and fuppofed, that thele teeth had 
+been Towed in the earth, and produced an army of men 
+
+Of the S P A R TO-HEBR^I. 
+
+MANY things, which Teem inexplicable, may, with a 
+little attention be made out, if we proceed with a proper 
+clew : and many traditions, which we efteem as fables, will 
+appear to have been founded in truth. The mythology of 
+the ancients may be looked upon as To much lymbolical 
+writing : and we muft interpret it in the Tame manner as 
+one would decipher a colie&ion of hieroglyphics. What 
+can at firft light appear more ftrange, than the account given 
+of Judea by Alexander Polyhiftor j or that, which is Tub- 
+joined from Claudius Iolaus ? yet they will be both found 
+in great meafure confonant to truth. JO IaJa lot' AAs^ccvtigog 6 
+
+YLoTwigrceg ano 'uroubocv Xsy.i^cty.i^og y IaJoc koli I bayatcc' oog bs KA otv- 
+diog I oXctog oL7ro I isfouaSorct^Tocvog, sz ®r£r t g ysrct Aiopvtrz rga.TSVQ'srog. 
+
+‘The country of fueled , according to Alexander Poly hi for, was 
+fo named from Iuda and Idumea , two fons of Semir amis. But 
+according to Claudius Iolaus , it received its name from fudeus 
+Sparton ; who was one oj tkofe , who went from ‘Thebes upon an 
+expedition with Diomfus. We find in the fxrfl part, that the 
+children of Edcm and Judah are reprefented as the fons of 
+
+19 The learn;d Bochart gives a different fblution. 
+
+Stcphanus Bvzant. 
+
+7 
+
+
+Semiramis. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 417 
+
+\cmiratnis. Th is at frft may appear foreign to the truth : 
+
+\ et, upon my principles, this is very confonant to the hiftory 
+of thofe nations. For their forefathers were natives of Chal¬ 
+dea, and Babylonia: and Abraham came from thence to 
+Canaan. Hence they might eafily by the eaftern nations 
+he looked upon as of the race of the Semarim, or 31 Baby¬ 
+lonians. In confequcnce of which their pofterity are by this 
+writer fly led the fons of Semiramis. According to Claudius 
+[ohms they were defeended from Judaeus Sparton. By this 
+is meant, that tlicy were of the family ftyled Sparti ; from 
+among the people, who were difperfed. This naturally fol¬ 
+lows from their being efteemed of the line of the Semarim : 
+and we have reafon to think, that there is great truth in this 
+hiftory. For though Terah and Abraham, who refided in 
+Chaldea, were not of that number ; yet we may infer, that 
+many of the fons of Heber were. For they muft have been 
+pretty numerous at this time ; and feem to have been all ido¬ 
+laters j and to have refided upon forbidden ground in the 
+vicinity of Babel. It is added, that fudeeus Sparton went 
+with Dionufus from 'Thebes , a?id attended him in his warlike 
+expeditions. It is to be obferved, that thofe nations, who pre- 
+ferved any traditions of their 31 forefathers having been pre- 
+ferved in the Deluge, came in procefs of time to think, that 
+the hiftory related only to their family: at leaft they con- 
+
+51 Some of the Fathers go l'o far as to make them of Chaldean race. 
+
+,l Dionufus was the Patriarch, the head of all. By Bacchus is fometimes meant 
+Zeus Pachus, ftyled riwxosby the Ionian writers, who was C'hus. At other times, 
+the title relates to Nimrod; who, as Bochart very truly fuppoles, was named Bar- 
+Chus, the fon of the former. The names of two perfonages, from fimilitude, have 
+been blended into one. 
+
+
+VoL. III. 
+
+
+FI h h 
+
+
+fined 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+418 
+
+
+lined it to thofe, who had the beft memorials of this 
+Among thefe were the people of Judea, who were ef 
+a branch of the Semarim. Hence it is mentioned as 
+
+
+liarly charaCteriflic, that 
+
+
+by whom is meant the 
+
+
+£/£ 0 /]£) 
+the Sir 
+
+T h e fe 
+
+
+family, which was difperfed, came with Dionufu 
+
+
+but 
+
+
+out 
+
+
+
+two 
+
+
+fhould 
+
+
+died. The Grecians continually confounded Dionufus 
+
+
+them 
+
+
+But 
+
+
+diftinCt characters 
+
+
+: and the firft of thefe 
+o the one, and the latter to the other. 
+©jo&k) from the Ark relates to Dionufus : 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+warlike expedition to Bacchus, and to his fons the Cuthites. 
+If this allowance be made; and it be permitted me to take off 
+the falfe glofs, which the Grecian writers have put upon this 
+hifeory; I will venture to paraphrafe it in the following man¬ 
+ner, and by thefe means reduce it to its primitive Bate. Judea , 
+fays Alexander Polyhifor , wasfo denominatedfrom one Judah ; 
+whoy together with EdoWy was looked upon as of the ancient Jock 
+of the Semarim in Chaldea : for their ancefors came from that 
+
+coimtry. But according to 16laus the region had its name from 
+
+% 
+
+Judceusyfly led Spar ton : fo named , becaufe his ancefors were 
+
+
+thofe of the difperf 
+
+
+*They were of the 
+
+
+family of thofe who came (sx out of the Ark with Dionu 
+
+fus , and who were confederate with the fons of Chits in fome 
+their firf enterprifes. 
+
+In refoect to the Hebrews, and Ifraclites, whom Glaudi 
+
+
+deduces from Judaeus Sparton, they were 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+"the 
+
+
+
+419 
+
+
+
+A iN A LYSIS 
+
+
+of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+the Scriptural account, the fons of Heber ; and are men¬ 
+tioned as fuch by many of the 33 Fathers. This name is by 
+interpretation J+ 'Gregu.rrj ; by which is meant one, who pajfes 
+over. The names of the Patriarchs were moft of them pro¬ 
+phetically given ; and had a reference to fome future con¬ 
+tingency. Thus one of the fons of Noah was flyled Ham, 
+or Cham ; which was prognoftic both of the worfhip, and 
+the complexion of his po/lerity. Peleg fignified divifion : 
+and the earth was in his time divided. Sarah was called 
+Ifcha, or Ifchac, which denoted laughter: and the purport 
+of the name was manifefted by an involuntary fit of laugh¬ 
+ter upon a folemn 35 occafion. Her fon in confequence of it 
+was named Ifchac. Thus Heber had a name given him, 
+
+33 ‘ECepos, cep ov m; heS'au&i 'ECpxius a.o%-yjQgv exocAev' Jofephus. Ant. L. i. 
+c. 6. p. 25. 
+
+,+ Arro tv '<snp.ct.ivei Se tuto tov fist-re puvret. Eufeb. P. E. L. 9. p. 520. 
+
+i IgpxTixa yetp wet ippmevovrxi. Ibid. p. 309. 
+
+The wife of Abraham was called Sarai i which was changed to Sarah. Sarai 
+
+Ikmifies a .Lady, or Princefs ; and was only a Chaldaic title. The true name 
+uiven at her birth was Ifcha, or Ifchac; prophetically bellowed, and denoting 
+laughter. This feems to be not properly expreffed, being written « 13 D* • whereas 
+the name of Ifchac, or Ifaac, denominated from her, is fpelt pHX', from ridere. 
+Probably Sarah’s name is rendered according to the ancient Chaldaic pronuncia¬ 
+tion, when the name was firft given. Ifaac’s is exhibited, as it was pronounced, 
+afterwards, in the time of Mofes. They are certainly the fame words in different 
+dialedbs i and equally relate to the hiftory above given. The name Ifcha was pro¬ 
+phetic i and the purport of it was fulfilled not only in Sarah’s laughing, but in 
+Abraham’s. For Abraham fell upon bis face, and laughed. Genef. c. 17. v. 17. The 
+child in memorial of this event was named Ifchac •, or, as more commonly ex¬ 
+preffed, Ifaac, laughter. By this was further prefigured a token of joy and gladneis. 
+The child was to be an omen of happinefs to the world. Therefore God direds 
+Abraham to name him Ifaac, and fubjoins the reafon ; Thoujhalt call his name Tfaac ; 
+and I will eflablijh my covenant with him for an everlafting covenant. Genefis. c. 17. 
+v. 19. In Ifaac were all the nations upon earth to be bleffed. 
+
+H h h 2 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+420 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+which fignified 'ars^an^, and was equally prophetic. Mam- 
+have fuppofed, that it related to Abraham, who paded over 
+the Euphrates in his way to Canaan. Abraham was the 
+fixth in defeent from Heber, on which account the Tons of 
+Heber mud: have been very numerous in his time. They 
+may have amounted to Tome hundreds, and perhaps thou- 
+fands. It Teems therefore drange, that a general name fhouhl 
+be iinpofed upon a large body of people, becaufe in after- 
+times one of the family paffed a river. I have fhewn, that 
+mod of the prophetic names were given to denote fome ex¬ 
+traordinary occurrence; fuch as could not well be expected 
+in the common courfe of things. The pading of a river 
+could not be edeemed of this nature: efpecially when the 
+perfon fpoken of lived in an interamnian country ; and in a 
+part of it, which was clofe bounded by two dreams, the 
+Tigris and the Euphrates. Many deduce the name, not 
+from Heber, but from Abraham ; dill fuppofing, that it was 
+given from his pading of a river. In confequence of which 
+Abraham is made the head of the whole Hebrew family. 
+Hence Artapanus tells us, 36 KcthsurOai oLVisg 'Eo^a/a? clk 0 
+
+A^OLCtfJUS* that the Hebrews had their ?ta?ne fro?n Abraham, 
+And Charax to the fame purpofe : 37 'E© ’gcooi, xToog I adcaoi 
+CL 7 T 0 A^OLfjLUVog. This feems to have been the opinion of 
+many 38 eccledadical, as well as other writers ; who deduce 
+
+
+,s Eufeb. P. E. L. 9. p. 420. 
+
+,7 Apud Steph. Byzant. 
+
+* 8 'ECpaioi yctg oi 'zreoa.rou IpptweuovTcu, SixTipxo-aci’TCiTivippiXTm' A^gctx/ut.' x<xi 
+
+<W5 otovTcu t ivts, «7ro 'E €sp. Ex Eulebianis. See Seldeu de Diis Syris. Prolegom, 
+
+
+C. 2. p. 4 * 
+
+A €p<x}JL ‘TvegctTM. Hefych. In another place he comes nearer to the truth-, when 
+he fays, 'E€pato$i v.ou 6 ESpcuo^ 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 421 
+
+the name from Abraham, and not from Heber. Thus we 
+are told by Hefychius, Ab^oijU., / Grega.Tr 1 g‘ By .Abraham is Jig- 
+■uified one , who pajfes over. From hence we find, that they 
+imagined the name of Abraham to have been a compound of 
+Aber, to pafs over : than which notion there can be nothing 
+more idle. It is notorious, that Abraham is called the 
+59 Hebrew ; which would be unneceftary, and redundant, if 
+his original name had that fignification. He is not ftyled 
+Heber, but like his pofterity, an Hebrew. This fhews, that 
+he did not give, but receive the name. It was a patronymic - r 
+a name, by which his fathers had before him been diftin- 
+guifhed. The authors of the Greek verfion are therefore 
+guilty of a miftake in tranflating it 40 'GregOLTrie, inftead of 
+’E^gcciog. For they introduce it as referring to an uncertain 
+piece of hiftory, about the paflage of a river ; when it is in 
+reality an hereditary title, a Gentile mark of diftindlion. As 
+to thofe, who have imagined that the name of Abraham is a 
+compound of Aber, to pafs ; their notion is founded upon a 
+notorious miftake in etymology. The Patriarch had, two 
+names, which were both given prophetically, and were of 
+high confequence; relating to great events, which in the 
+fullnefs of time were to be accomplifhed. He was called 
+both Abram and Abraham; which names are faid to fignify 
+41 Pater illuftris, and Pater multitudinis. They were both 
+given before he had a child, and when there was little pro- 
+fpe<ft of his having fuch a progeny. 
+
+39 Genefis. c. 14. v. 12. 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+41 A CpcLfj.—'zzcLTspct fjceretogov. Euleb. P. E. "L. n. p. 518. A'b-Ram* Pater 
+magnus. See Genefis. c. 17. v. 5. concerning the name Abraham. 
+
+A braham 
+
+
+
+4-2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Abraham therefore could not have been the head of the 
+Hebrew family. The perfon alluded to under the name of 
+II sgctTvs was Heber : he was certainly the father of the He- 
+
+
+4 * 
+
+
+Mofe 
+
+
+;s. 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+line. 
+
+
+brews ; and they are fpoken of as his poflerity by 
+Syncellus alio makes him very truly the head of that 
+The name of Heber, like the names of mod of the Patri¬ 
+archs, was prophetically given ; and it did not relate to the 
+
+
+palling of a river, but to a * + trefpafs in his posterity. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+palled over from the flock of their fathers ; and dwelt upon 
+forbidden ground, among the fons of Ham, and Chus, in Shi- 
+nar, and Chaldea, where they ferved other Gods. I make no 
+doubt, but that the true meaning of the name Heber was not 
+fo much urs^oc.Ti)g, as < wcLPaJoOLTr i <; ; and related to this apoflafy 
+of his family. They were the defcendents of Shem ; but re- 
+llded among the enemies to the truth, to whom they had gone 
+over. From this land Abraham was called ; and brought 
+with him his father Terah, and others of his family, who re¬ 
+dded afterwards at Haran. Hence there was a great deal of 
+truth in the words of Achior the Ammonite, when he gave 
+an account of the Hebrews to the Aflyrian general Holopher- 
+
+This people are defcended of the Chaldeans ; and they 
+fojourned heretofore in Mefopotamia , becaufe they would not fol¬ 
+low the Gods of their fathers , which were in the land of Chal¬ 
+dea. 
+
+
+nes. 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+This in great meafure agrees with that which is faid 
+
+
+4t Numbers, c. 24. v. 24. They are fhewn to be lineally defcended from Hebtr. 
+Genefis. c. 10. v.25. 
+
+P. 87. Eulebius alfo fays, 'USpouoi oc 7 ro tb 'E€ep m 7 rgo 7 ronwp Se ra A Sgacccft ourcs 
+
+yv* Prasp. Evang. L. 9. p. 304. 
+
+44 nay, to tranfgrefs. 
+
+45 Judith, c. 5. v. 6 . 7. 
+
+
+by 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 423 
+
+by Joiliua, when he addreftes the children of Ifrael, and puts 
+them in mind of their idolatrous original. 46 Your fathers 
+dwelt on the other fide of the flood in old time , even Yerah , the 
+father of Abraham , and the father of IVahor ; and they ferved 
+other Gods. Thefe Gods they quitted, and came to Haran, 
+as Achior truly witnefled. As they had redded fo long in a 
+foreign land, the facred writer feems to have been apprehen- 
+live, that their true line might one day be miftaken ; and that 
+they might be adjudged to a wrong family. Hence he ftrongly 
+inculcates, that Shem was the 47 father of all the children of 
+Heber. And this caution was not unnecedary ; as we may 
+perceive from their being ftyled the fons of the Semarim, and 
+of the Chaldeans. And this is to be found, not only among 
+Pagan authors, but even among the eccledaftical writers, by 
+whom Abraham is reprefented, 48 to ysro?Xod\cTa<o?, a Chaldean , 
+not merely by ?tatio?i , but by race. 
+
+We read in theMofaic hiflory, that 49 unto Heber were born 
+two fons : the name of o?te was Peleg ; for in his days was the 
+earth divided: and his brother s name was Jo Sian . The fa¬ 
+cred writer then proceeds to give an account of the children 
+of Jodlan, who were very numerous ; and alfo of the region,, 
+to which they migrated. s ° And their dwelling was from Me- 
+Jha , as thou goefi unto Sephar , a mountain of the eafi.. But of 
+Peleg no fuch hiftory is given : no mention is made, where 
+his poffcerity redded ; nor are his fons enumerated.. We have 
+
++<s Jofhua. c. 24. v. 2.' 
+
+47 Gcnefis. c. 10. v. 21. 
+
+45 Eulebius. Chron. p. 20. See alfo Syncellus, 
+
+49 Genelis. c. xo. v. 25,. 
+
+s ° Genefis. c. xo. v. 30.. 
+
+
+
+424 
+
+
+The Analysis or Ancient Mytholgcy. 
+
+
+only a line of fingle perfons in defcent from him to Abraham. 
+Pelcg, we have been told, was fo named, becaufe in iiis time 
+there was a dividon of the earth : and there feems alfo to 
+have been a dividon of the church of God. If then we 
+compare all that has been faid upon this fubject, we may in¬ 
+fer, that the fons of Peleg, the Hebrews of his line, were 
+apoftates ; and dwelt with the fons of Chus in Babylonia and 
+Chaldea; while the fons of Jo6tan went to their proper place 
+of fettlemcnt. As the former mud: have increafed in number 
+greatly at the time of the difperiion ; we may fuppofe, that 
+many of them were involved in that calamity. Hence came 
+the notion of Claudius Iolaus, concerning the people of Ju¬ 
+dea ; that they were the fons of Sparton, £7rctgToov. This 
+fliould not be reprefented as a proper name : for by %7ra.gTWV 
+is meant and by the hiftory we are to underftand, 
+
+that they were reputed of the family of thofe perfons, who 
+were of old difperfed abroad. 
+
+Bochart thinks, that they were not all the fons of Heber, 
+who were Hebrews ; but only thofe who preferved the He¬ 
+brew language 51 pure. 51 Itaque majorum Abrahze h<ec fuit 
+prasrogativa, quod Hebrasum fermonem fervaverunt incorrup- 
+tum ; cum reliqui omnes, etiam in Heberi familia, aut ilium 
+prorfiis mutaverint, aut infecerint faltem czeterarum lingua- 
+rum quad contagione quadam. This is prima facie very 
+Arrange ; to be told, that any of the fons of Heber were not 
+
+51 Hebrasos voco pofteros Heberi non omnes ; fed eos duntaxst, qui primitive 
+linguae, hoc eft Hebraeae, ufum conftanter retinuerunt. Geogr. Sacra. L. 2* c- 14- 
+
+p. 92 . 93- 
+
+5% Ibid. 
+
+Hebrews. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 42^ 
+
+Hebrews. Not a lyllable to this purpofe can be inferred 
+from the Scripture : and the whole of what is advanced 
+arifes from prejudice. Bochart, and many others, have 
+thought, that there muft be fomething facred in the Hebrew 
+language ; becaule it has pleafed God to make it the means 
+of conveyance, by which his oracles have been tranfmitted. 
+From hence it has been fuppofed to be holy ; and likewife 
+the primitive, and original language of the world. There 
+are many things, which Bochart has advanced, that are ex¬ 
+ceptionable. Firft of all, the pofition, before taken notice 
+of, that all the fons of Heber were not Hebrews. The 
+Scriptures exprefly lay, without any limitation, that the He¬ 
+brews were from Heber. They fpecify Peleg, Reu, Serugh, 
+and all that were in a dire<ft line from him to 53 Abraham. 
+He fays, in the fecond place, that only thofe were Hebrews, 
+who retained the language pure. Here too the Scriptures 
+are Blent : not a lyllable can be produced to this purpofe : 
+nay it is contrary to the tenour of the facred writings. It 
+fuppofes the people to be named from their language ; 
+whereas the language was denominated from the people. 
+The anceftors of the Hebrews lived in Chaldea, and ferved 
+other Gods ; even Terah, and Abraham, from whom they 
+were fo immediately defeended. They were conlequently 
+far removed from the ftock of their fathers. Heber, by his 
+name, feems to have been the firft tranfgreflor : he feceded 
+with a large part of his family : and when he pafted over, 
+there was but one language in the world. In the days of 
+
+13 Genefis. c. 11. v. 17. See alfo Numbers, c. 24. v. 24* Ships from the ccajl of 
+Chittim Jhall—afftifit Heber . 
+
+VOL. in. 
+
+
+1 4 4 
+
+11 
+
+
+his 
+
+
+
+426 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+his Ton Peleg, the earth, as all agree, was of one language, 
+and fpeech. The language therefore of Heber was common to 
+all mankind, confequently there could be nothing particu¬ 
+larly holy in it. To fay the truth, for ages after, there was 
+but one language in the world. This in procefs of time 
+was difparted into dialedfs ; and thofe were again fubdivided. 
+To aik, which was the primitive language of thefe, is to in¬ 
+quire which of the feven ftreains of the Nile, or Danube, is 
+the original branch ; when they are collateral, all equally 
+deduced from one common fource. There is this difference 
+to be obferved in the comparifon : the parent ftream re¬ 
+mains ; but the maternal fource of languages is probably no 
+more. The principal of Heber’s pofterity flayed in Chaldea 
+after the migration of families, and the confufon at Babel. 
+They therefore fpake the language of the country, the 
+Chaldaic. No, it will be faid ; they were excepted in the 
+general confufion of tongues ; and had their language pre¬ 
+ferred. I do not admit, that the confulion was general: 
+but if it were, why fhould Terah, and his anceflors, who 
+were apoftates, and idolaters, have this prerogative granted 
+them ? The Scriptures fay not a word about it; and it 
+would be idle to infer it. The fons of Heber therefore fpake 
+the ancient Chaldaic : and the Hebrew was ever a dialed! 
+of that language. 
+
+
+M E R O P E S. 
+
+
+
+( 427 ) 
+
+
+M E R O P E S. 
+
+
+A NOTHER name given to thofe of the difperfion was 
+
+Meropes. 1 Ais<ni£$a<r£ yag (o ©sog) clvtuv Tag y7\oo<r- 
+
+c rag, xai atto [xiag sig iSfopwona £vo S'levsips, Kara tom tote 
+
+uvfyojv agidfJLQV svgsQsna’ oQev kou MsgoTsg ovroi kskXyivtou, 
+The learned Father, from whom I quote, fuppofes, that the 
+language of mankind at Babel was changed : and he accord¬ 
+ingly tells us, that the Deity feparated their tongues ; and 
+from one language formed feventy and two : for this was the 
+exaEl number of men , who at that time exijled : and from this 
+feparation , they were called Meropes. Many other * writers 
+have imagined, that there was at Babel, an univerfal change 
+of language ; and : that feventy-two new tongues arole, ac- 
+
+1 Epiphanius adverf. Hseref. L. i. p. 6. 
+
+1 By forne they are faid to have been ieventy-five. E v<pogo$ xou aAAo/ 'srcAAo* 
+roov l^opiTCOJVi xcci eQw xcci yAtoarcrocs 'zerevrs xcci eSSofioixotTct Azywiv eivott > £ 7 rccx^a'ayT€i 
+t yi$ M ocaecoS teyuoM. Haav cTe zxjccgoci cci -\uyyci t£;\ccxct& 'zzevre xcci IC^o/lcvxov tcc 9 
+
+cti ei$ Aiyu 7 TTov xcc TgA 0 yira/. Clemens Alexand. Strom. L. i. p. 404. By the author 
+himfelf there are fuppofed to have been only feventy-two. 
+
+The author of the Clementine Homilies mentions only feventy nations, and fe- 
+venty tongues. Horn. 18. c. 4. In the Recognitiones Clement, the earth is fup¬ 
+pofed to have been divided into feventy-two parts, for the reception of feventy-two 
+families of mankind. L. 2. c. 42. 
+
+
+♦ • • 
+
+111 2 
+
+
+cording 
+
+
+
+428 
+
+
+Tnr Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+cording to the number of mankind at that fealon. For this 
+notion they have no 3 authority : and it is certainly contrary 
+to the tenour of Scripture. We may however venture to 
+agree with them, when they tell us, that the people ftyled 
+Meropes were fo named from the difperfion. The author of 
+the Chronicon Pafchale more truly confines the change, of 
+which we are treating to found and utterance. He fays, that 
+the Meropes were the people originally concerned in the 
+conftru<5Hng of the Tower in Babylonia : and that they 
+were prevented in executing their purpofe through default 
+in fpeech: 4 diet y\v ccmotv non Megonsg 'tsroLVTBQ kskAwtou, hot 
+
+Trjv fJLsas^KT(XSvriV Tt\v podvr^v : On this account they had the ?iame 
+of Meropes , becaufe their fpeech was divided. Johannes An- 
+tiochenus fpeaks much to the fame 5 purpofe : and all wri¬ 
+ters, who take notice of this name, and its origin, fuppofe 
+that it related to the difperfion. 
+
+I have mentioned, that the apoftafy in Babylonia com¬ 
+menced under Nimrod, and his aflociates, the fons of Chus. 
+He was reprefented as a perfon of extraordinary ftature, the 
+
+3 There was however an ancient tradition, which prevailed among the Egyptians, 
+that the earth was originally divided into feventy-two portions. ^ESSoj^wovrot Svo 
+Ztvpcc? t as ap^cciccs (petal oixuptevvii eivca. Horapollo. L. i. c. 14, p. 28. 
+
+If there were but feventy-two perfons in the days of Peleg, how could there be 
+fuch confiderable kingdoms formed in the days of Abraham ? The Scripture men¬ 
+tions Elam, Canaan, Egypt, and feveral others * and there were undoubtedly many, 
+of which we have no account. 
+
+4 Chron. Pafch. p. 49. 
+
+5 'Oureo yiverai <Pictfj.epiafj.os, yroi (PioLcr7rogct roov vttov y.cu rtov €$; ccutgjv yevvib 
+
+OevToov’ frioirSQ xcti M ego7re$ ex.X^vcctv^ clito re rw f*.ey,egio'fjLSPM (pcovm. x.t.A. Joh. 
+Malala. p. 13. 
+
+Mff07T6S 9 CtvBpG07T0f JW TO fJL$fA€purp€W9V €^€lV rY\V 07TCt 9 TjyoUV <p6JV)JP* 9] GtTToMegOTOt 
+
+nr go to <p cteBovros Koo&* A eyovroti S'e Kc vot NIepo 7 re$. Hefych. 
+
+
+Bead 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 429 
+
+head of the Vriysvsig, or earth-born brood: and he was .ftyled 
+by the Grecians Nebros, and 6 Nebrodes ; and his people 
+N eSgrfott, Nebrida;. According to Berofus, he was the firll 
+who took upen himfelf the title of a 7 Shepherd king. Many 
+of this family came into Hellas, Myha, and Ionia, as I have 
+mentioned. They pofleffed fome of the beft iflands in the 
+iEgean Sea; particularly Lefbos, Lemnos, Samos, Chios, 
+Cos. The name of this laft ifland is often exprefled Coils. 
+By this is meant Xag, the Grecian name of Chus, and relates 
+to his family, who fettled here : for this ifland was particu¬ 
+larly occupied by the Cuthites, who preferved many memo¬ 
+rials of their original. We are accordingly told by Stepha- 
+nus, that it was the feat of the Meropes, Koog, 'uro'hig you 
+
+vryog — f] Megonig skoTsito ot7ro Msgoffog rriysvag. Asysrou 
+
+Kooocg S'lot $vo w, you K owg —A sysrou <Js Koog. Ovtoo h 
+
+n£ov 'l7T7ro)cgccTy)g, you EgourigrgoiTog, ictTgoi’ r,v h 'Imroygccrrig toqv 
+
+y.zAxtJLSVMV N s£gi$ot)V. Cos is both a city , and a?i ifland.—It was 
+formerly named Meropis from Merops , one of the earth-bor?z 
+giant brood. They fometimes exprefs it with two omegas , a?id 
+fometimes with one. It is alfo written Coils. Both Hippocra¬ 
+tes and 8 Erafflratus , the two famous phyficians , were of this 
+if and , and denominated Coans. Hippocrates was of the family 
+of the Nebridcs. Euftathius expreffes it Kooig> Cois; and 
+
+6 See Vol. I. Radicals. Nimrod, p, 8. 
+
+7 Eufebii Chron. p. 5. 
+
+It is not to my purpofe: yet it may be worth while to take notice, that Erafi- 
+ftratus was not of Coos, but of the ifland Ceos. 
+
+All Myfia is thought to have been peopled by Cuthites, and efpeoially by thole, 
+who were fuppofed to have been the defcendents of Nimrod. NeCfusT 6 xvrnyo; xat 
+2 lv Mvaoi. Chrom Pafeh. p. 28. 
+
+
+
+43° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fays, that the name Merope, and MeropeVs, was given to it, 
+" oltto eQvvg, n yevaiy from a people , or family , who fettled 
+here. Anilides fpeaks of the people as 10 Meropidae ; and 
+reprefents them as great in knowledge. The two principal 
+occurrences preferved by the Cuthites were the Deluge, 
+and Difperhon : and they ftyled themfelves both Ogugians, 
+and Meropians, from thefe circumflances. Hence Coiis 
+is chara&erized by the fame epithets : and Callimachus 
+fpeaking of the wanderings of Latona mentions her coming 
+
+tp this illand : 
+
+” f lyvyiriv cT wsn a Kouv M vr)<rov 
+
+'Ixsro. 
+
+The Meropidas were the fuppofed defeendents of Merope; 
+and likewife of Merops. Who is denoted by the latter, may 
+in fome degree be known by the character given of him. We 
+are told by Clemens of Alexandria, that this perfonage was by 
+fome looked upon as the author of ,s Daemon worlhip ; con- 
+fequently one of the firft, who introduced innovations in re¬ 
+ligion. Antoninus Liberalis gives a further account; and 
+fays, that the Meropidae were the fons of ,3 Eumelus (a Shep¬ 
+herd) whofe father was Merops: and he adds, that their off- 
+
+9 Euftath. in Iliad. B. p. 318. 
+
+‘° Koo t mv MecoTTiJ'cc ym ' 9 oix.&y.evm' cc 7 ro MegoTnJW. Oratio in AfclepiacL tom. I. 
+p. 77 . 79 . 
+
+11 Callim. H. in Delon, v. 160. 
+
+M/Aatcs t£* K ocos t£ 3 uro/us M eco 7 ra>v avQgcoTrcov. 
+
+Homer. Hymn, ad Apoll. v. 42. 
+
+Cohort, p. 3&. 
+
+u Eumelus fignifies a Shepherd. EcyattfAa t a M egoiros eyevovro 'awS'es u7rf(>ttipot.vot 
+x.oa i£pt<z*ou —koli ctJKu* K cor tw MffOT/J'a wow. Fab. 15. 
+
+6 fpring 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+fpring were people of great pride, and addicted to violence ; 
+and that they got pofiefiion of the ifiand Cous. They were 
+the fame as the Heraclida;, or Herculeans ; though Pindar 
+fuppofes them to have been conquered by Hercules, who 
+fubdued all the Meropians. But we muff confider, that 
+Hercules was the chief Deity of the firft ages : and in the 
+fubduing of the Meropes we have an ancient tradition tranf- 
+mitted, which the Coans had preferved. It related to their 
+difperfion, and to the Giant monarch, who was by way of 
+eminence ftyled Al-Cuon, or the great king. 
+
+
+IleQVSV <TVV KSLVU) Meg07TUV 
+T’ S&VSOLy KCLl TOV B uSoTCtV, Xgs'i KTOVj 
+
+tyXeygumv ivgocv, AA#yowj. 
+
+We find, that the Deity ruined the family of the Meropesy and 
+defroyed the Giant Shepherd Sll-Cuon at Phlegra ; who was 
+in Jize equal to a mountain . The war of the Giants was re¬ 
+corded in many parts of the world ; each of which was at 
+length thought to have been the fcene of adtion. It was 
+uniformly called Phlegra; which is only a tranfiation of the 
+true name; for Phlegra fignifies the land of fire, equivalent 
+to Ur in Chaldea. Pindar takes notice of the fame hiftory 
+in another place; where, if inftead of Hercules we fubftitute 
+divine vengeance, the purport of the tradition will be very 
+
+% 
+
+* 5 TlogQqrrs aou Msg 07 Tct$ (©so?), 
+
+
+
+Find. Ifth. Od. 6. v. 46. BaSoim is properly an herdfman : but in early time 
+
+% 
+
+the office of a ffiepherd, and herdfman was the lame. 
+
+* 5 Pind-Nem. Od. 4. v. 42. 
+
+
+Kcu 
+
+
+
+43- 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+K cci top [xsya.v , aroXe[JU5W 
+ILK7roLyXov AXkvovyi. 
+
+
+7 "he Deity ruined the Meropians , together with 
+
+
+warlike monarch , 
+
+
+jiupendous Sll 
+
+
+The poet, as I 
+
+
+have obferved, fuppofes Hercules to have invaded them : 
+but they were Heraclidas, and looked upon Hercules as one 
+
+nroeenitors. Wherefore, when Artaxerxes tranf- 
+
+
+their 
+
+
+them, and required, 
+
+
+Hippocrate 
+
+
+
+
+fhould be fent to him 
+
+
+anfwer was, .that they fhould 
+
+
+fhould do any thine unworthy of 
+
+
+mentioning TEfculap 
+
+
+rops. 1 hey feem, 
+of great ingenuity 
+
+
+Hercules, and 
+. to have been 
+
+
+■s6 
+
+
+Me 
+
+
+and there is a 
+
+
+Apollo men 
+
+
+tioned by Plutarch, which is faid to have been, 17 £gyov tup 
+n.c*Jd 'H oa.K'hzoL Msgonup, the work of the Meropes , who lived in 
+
+
+of He? 
+
+
+They were the fame as the Titanians 
+
+
+hence Euripides, fpeaking of a female of this family, 
+her, 18 Msgozos Tira.PiS'a xagqp, a Tiiatiian damfel , a dau 
+of Merops. They were alfo the fame as the Macares 
+
+
+Ahavaroi 
+
+
+Deities and Immortals 
+
+
+On 
+
+
+this account the ifland Cous, one of 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+Meroj 
+
+
+is 
+
+
+by the 
+
+
+Demoxenus 
+
+
+of Gods 
+
+
+yetp epouvetf v vyjtros psgsiv 
+
+
+Some feem to apply the term Merops to all mankind 
+
+
+16 See Spanheim’s Notes upon Callimach. H. in Delon, v. 160. 
+27 Plutarch de Mufica. p. 1136. 
+
+13 Eurip. Helena, v. 387. 
+
+Athenseus. L. i. p. 1 5* 
+
+9 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mytholooy. 
+
+
+433 
+
+
+and 30 Hefychius defines Meropes by OLvQgcd 7 roiy as of univ'erfal 
+fignification. But it is plain from what has been faid, that 
+they were a particular race : and Pindar above made men¬ 
+tion of 31 M eg07rcov sOvsct ; intimating, that there were feveral 
+families, and nations of them. Among thefe were the 
+Athenians, who mu ft have been Meropians by being 31 Ne- 
+bridze ; for thefe were titles, which related to the fame fami¬ 
+ly. They were alfo ftyled Eredtheidas, or the dependents of 
+Ereftheus: andMerope was fuppofed to have been his 33 daugh¬ 
+ter. Theopompus feems to have had an obfcure tradition 
+concerning a large body of this family fettling far in the 
+weft, and occupying a region, called M sgoziocx. This is 
+
+looked upon as an idle furmife by 3+ Strabo : but there feems 
+to be much truth in the tradition. By thefe Meropes are 
+meant the Atlantians, who fettled in Mauritania. They 
+were of the Titanian race, and the fuppofed offspring of At¬ 
+las. His daughters were the celebrated Peleiad* ; one of 
+whom was Merope, the reputed mother of the family, de¬ 
+nominated here Meropians. The like hiftory is given by 
+iTlian, who mentions in this country, 35 NLeg07T0Lg Ttvtxg isTcog 
+
+y.cO\>i^L£vsg ou/QgU)7Ti $$; a race of people called Meropians. If 
+we compare the account given by fElian with that, which 
+has been given above; and likewife collate it with thofe 
+
+
+30 M eeoTes ap&2oo7roi. Hefych. 
+u Pindar fupra. 
+
+31 Liber—Nebridarum familiam pellicula cohoneftavit Innnular. 
+1- 5 . p. 1 S 5 . 
+
+33 Plutarch in Theleo. p. 8. 
+
+34 Strabo. L. 7. p. 458. 
+
+3? Lilian. Var. Hift. L. 3. c. 18. p. 251. 
+
+Vol. III. K k k 
+
+
+JVrnobius. 
+
+
+
+
+43 + 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Hues in Hefiod, where he defcribes the place of retreat, to 
+which the Titans were conflgned ; we fhall find the whole 
+to relate to the Atlantians, and to the region in which they 
+dwelt. They were the fame as the Cuthite Erythreans ; 
+and the ocean, upon which they lived, was called the Ery- 
+threan Sea. Hefiod, as I have fhewn, defcribed it as a vail 
+pool, and an unfathomable abyfs. Strabo has preferved a 
+curious fragment from the Prometheus liberatus of fEfchy- 
+lus ; wherein there are allufions to all thefe circumftances: 
+and where the Atlantians are very truly defcribed under the 
+charad:er of Ethiopians, who lived upon the Erythrean Sea: 
+
+36 <&Qivixo7rz$'ov r E gvdgctg isgov 
+
+Xst^aa $aAa<r<nj£, 
+
+37 Xc&jcoxegavvov ts 'ura* £1%setup 
+
+A IfJLl’dV 38 'UrctVTOfgexpOQV AiQlOXWVy 
+
+‘if 0 'nrctvTS7ro7TTotg ris7\iog 
+
+A ISl CiCxvCtTOy, 
+
+Kotfj,otrou i-777rwv Ssgfjtoug 
+
+‘Tda Tog (jLctKuy.H 'urgoy/octig otvonrotvsi. 
+
+* 
+
+The learned Cafaubon thinks, from a paflage in Dionyfius 
+HalicarnafTeniis, that thefe verfes are a part of a fpeech ol 
+Hercules, who is informing Prometheus concerning fome 
+future events. This is very probable; and they feem, I 
+
+
+Strabo. L. i. p. 58. 
+
+37 What XaA/'cxffabror means, I know not. It may poffibly be a miftake for 
+
+Xa? Y.',Xp<zlQV. 
+
+3 55 So it occurs in fome MSS. for i utocvtot£g<pw. See Cafaubon’s learned notes 
+Vioon this palTafve in Strabo. 
+
+6 think, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+435 
+
+
+think, particularly to relate to the wanderings of the Tita- 
+nians, and Meropes, who fettled in Mauritania. The poet 
+here mentions The facred waves of the Erythrean Sea : arid 
+the vajl pool near the ocean , upon the borders of which the 
+
+
+38 wanderittg Ethiopians had taken up their refidence : where 
+the Sun , that all-feemg Deity , ufed to refrefe his immortal body , 
+and recruit his wearied horfes , in the tepid Jlreams of that falu- 
+tary water. The term Erythrean Sea has milled Strabo ; 
+who fuppofes, that the people fpoken of were to the fouth, 
+above Egypt. But how can it be laid, that the Sun relied 
+from his labours in the fouth, and retrefhed his horfes, when 
+he was in his meridian ? The waters, in which the poets 
+fuppofed him in the evening to fet, were thofe in the 
+weft, in the midfl of the great Atlantic. He was in like 
+manner reprefented as riling from an Erythrean Sea in 
+the eaft. Here lived the Indo-Cuthites, a people of the 
+fame family as the Meropes, and called Ethiopes, Mauri, and 
+
+
+Eryth 
+
+
+raei. 
+
+
+There is another fragment preferved in Strabo, 
+
+
+which is from the Phaethon of Euripides, and relates to this 
+people. The poet in this takes notice of the eaftern Indie 
+Ethiopians, and of the region, which they po Helled. 
+
+39 Sofavcu M £g07Ti Ttsf A vxzti ye,;' 
+
+'Hv stc t eOgiTnrcav dgpuxTm 'ury^Tty yQova. 
+
+'HA log a.VHT'gpM ’ggvvsct. fitxhAsi <pKoyi. 
+
+KaAac n <T a vtw ysnovsg fxs?\ct[u.^QTOi 
+
+
+■;8 
+
+
+riav7o<Tfo(po$ may fignify wife and artful. 
+
+
+19 Strabo, ibid. 
+
+
+4» 
+
+
+'Exg 
+
+
+K k k 2 
+
+
+
+43-6 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+40 'Ess <poLswriS, 'HAih ff i7nro?ouT£is, 
+
+The poet is (peaking of Clymene, who was the fuppofed 
+mother of Phaethon, and of the Heliades, his filters : and 
+he tells us, that the Gods befowed Clymene upon Merops , a 
+king of that country. This, fays he, is the region , which the 
+fm firf enlightens with his golden rays i?i the morning , when he 
+afeends his car , andfets out with hisfour horfes. On this account 
+it is called by all the black tribes in the vicinity , the place of repajl , 
+and fable , both of ^durora , and of the Sun. Thus we find, 
+that whether we inquire in Mauritania, or at the Indus, the 
+fame names occur : and in almofl all places, where the 
+Cuthites fettled, the titles of iEthiopes, Titanes, Mauri, 
+Erythrci, and alfo of Meropes will be found. From hence 
+we may learn the extent of the curfe at the difperfion ; and 
+how widely the Meropes were driven. That they came into 
+Greece has been fhewn : all the Helladians, as well as the 
+lonians, were Meropians. Hence the term occurs continually 
+in Homer. The Trojans alfo were of this family : and the 
+poet fpeaking of the foundation of Troy, mentions it as a 
+city of the Meropes. 
+
+41 A afeevov olv 'orgoorov ts/.sto vepshriysgsTci Zsvg, 
+
+Kr i<r<T£ os Actfuvirjv, sffsi sorca Ihios lgr\ 
+
+Ev 'urafow 'ur£7roAi?o, 'uro’Kis M egoftuv avOgomuiL, 
+
+A?X £$’ V7tUg£lOLS U )K£OV 'UToAVKlSoLKOS I<^£» 
+
+In the original the line is Eco (pctmw. Strabo fays, N up y.oi*:tz 'zvoietrca 
+
+iar;V'Tv«r«cw r » re H;/, v.cu ra> "HA up. This is not true, according to the prefent 
+reading. It fliould therefore be "Eys (pcczvim* or Hy>, that Imr^cLO-en may relateto 
+
+o 
+
+both *£yf, and HA/y. 
+
+41 Iliad. T. v. 215. 
+
+
+Offspring 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+43 7 
+
+
+Offspring of Jove, great Dardanus arofe, 
+
+And founded all Dardania. Troy’s high tow’rs. 
+
+The facred feat of the Meropian bands. 
+
+Grac’d not the plain. The fcatter’d tribes as yet 
+Dwelt at the foot of Ida’s fhady hill, 
+
+Amid the gufhing waters. 
+
+The Dardanians were Atlantians, being the reputed children 
+of Eleftra. Their hiftory is comprifed in that of Dardanus, 
+whom Virgil, in oppolition to Homer, makes the founder of 
+Ilium or Troy. 
+
+41 Dardanus, Iliacte primus pater urbis, et auctor, 
+Ele&xa, ut Graii perhibent, Atlantide cretus, 
+Advehitur Teucros. 
+
+The common opinion is, that the city was built by Ilus, the 
+fon of Dardanus ; who muft confequently have been of the 
+fame family, a Merop-Atlantian. On this account the poet 
+fpeaking above of Troy ftyles it 'uroXig Msgoftocu OLV$ouxm t 
+or a city of the Difperfed. 
+
+The Trojans, and 41 Myfians were of a different family 
+from the native Phrygians ; being of the fame lineage, as- 
+the people of Hellas and Ionia. The Phrygians were the 
+defeendents of Japhet, and Javan ; and poffeffed the whole 
+country* except fome diftridts upon the fea-coaft. It is laid 
+indeed by Homer, that there had been a dynafty of feven 
+kings, at Troy ; who are mentioned as refpectable princes : 
+and Virgil ftyles Priam, fuperbum regnatorem Alite. Yet 
+
+41 ^neid. L. 8. v . 134. 
+
+0 Mi/cro/. Chron. Pafch. p. 28. 
+
+die 
+
+
+
+The An\lysis or Anciem - Mythology. 
+
+
+43 8 
+
+
+the region ofTroas was comparatively 44 fmall ; and the in- 
+
+
+mber 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+i he hitter, as they were of a different race, fo they had a 
+
+of Troas. They 
+
+
+language or their own 
+were 
+
+
+difdimft from 
+
+
+likcwife in fubjeflion to a king, who is reprefented as 
+monarch of the whole country. All this is to be obtained 
+from the evidence of Homer hitnfelf; who mentions this 
+prince, and his people, and /peaks of their language, as dif¬ 
+ferent from that of the Trojans. This piece of hiftory is to 
+
+
+ption of that interview, which 
+with Anchifes upon Mount I 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+it is introduced in the Hymn to that Goddefs. Upon en¬ 
+tering the cave of Anchifes, among other things, Venus tells 
+him, upon his according her as a Deity, that foe is no 
+defs ; and wonders, that he Jhould take her for fuch a pe7~fo 
+'The mother, fays foe, who bore me, was a woman ; 
+
+
+God¬ 
+
+
+ard I a7n a 
+
+
+mere mortal. My father mdeed is of 
+
+
+and is no lefs 
+
+
+7 nonarch Otreus, of whom you cannot but have heard : fc 
+
+
+which fo 
+
+
+
+
+nation. 
+
+
+el fit' ti f veerrj 
+
+
+y,car olQvyiTy\ re, yvvr\ $e fie yeivouro (/.ryrip 
+
+
+Orgevg <T e?i , urcnr)° ovofjLx 
+
+
+ei7ru ctaaeig. 
+
+
+‘ H If any credit may be given to the Trojan hiftory, as related by Homer, the very 
+cities of Troas were not fubject to Priam. Lyrneflus, like Troy, was fituated ar the 
+toot of Mount Ida, at the diitance of a very few miles from the latter city ; yet was 
+fubjedt to its own king. Iliad. T. v. 295. Strabo. L. 13. p. 9x0. The fame cir- 
+cumitance is to be obferved in refpedt to Thebes, and other neighbouring cities. 
+
+JJvmn to Venus, v. 109. 
+
+■Og 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+439 
+
+
+'O? 'urxc'ys ®gvyins evrst^roto clvoutttsi. 
+
+TA 00<T(Ta.V S' ViJL£T£gr,V T£, KXl ifJLSTEgW PCt^CL OlSx. 
+
+Thus we find, that the language of the Trojans, and of 
+the native Phrygians was different; for they were not 
+of the fame race. But the Grecians and the Trojans 
+were of the fame family, however they may be repre¬ 
+fen ted, as in a ftate of warfare : and they are introduced as 
+fpeaking the fame language. Priam’s people could converfe 
+with their enemies : but their allies differed from them in 
+fpeech, and indeed from one another. The Carians were 
+a large and powerful nation : and Homer reprefents them 
+particularly, as barbarous in refpcdt to language. 
+
+
+46 Nas-ijs ctv K atm SyrpcLTQ 
+
+Polydamas therefore advifes Hector to arrange the troops in 
+their encampment according to their tribes, and dialcCts ; 
+that there might be no confufion. As the Trojans were Mc- 
+ropes and Titanians, they were confequently A OctvaTOi, or of 
+the race of the Immortals. Their language accordingly is 
+characterized by Homer as the language of the Gods. It was 
+the Amonian, or Titanian tongue ; and wc often find it op- 
+pofed to that of men, which was the language of Japhet and 
+
+
+Javan. 
+
+
+Homer makes a diftinction of this nature, when lie 
+
+
+is fpeaking of Briareus. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+ixcLToyy/sigoi/ natterauf sc {jlolxcov OA v[a.7tqv, 
+
+e O-j B 'petgeup KoCAsa<n ©sot, c/.vS^sg Ss rs urcf.nsg 
+A tyottcavcc. 
+
+
+46 Iliad. B. v. 867 . 
+
+47 Iliad. A. v. 402 . 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+44° The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+The like occurs, when he is fpeaking of the tomb ofMyrin- 
+na the Amazon. 
+
+4 * E g-i Ss Tig 'GT£07TCLgoi6& 'UXoKsoo; oli7TBisl KoAcon), 
+
+Er 'srechw 0L7rctv&v$£ y 'Gregrfgof/.og evQct you bvQcl' 
+r Yr t v y)Tqi oLuSgeg Bctneictv KiK.\Yi<ry.x<Tiv y 
+AOolvcctqi $s tb crrifjLct 'Gro'hvtrxccgQy.oio 
+
+There is a third inftance, when he is fpeaking of the bird 
+Chalcis. 
+
+49 E,0* r,<? o£oi<nv 'srs7rvftcur[Asvog sfacawoi<nv y 
+
+O gviQi 7\iyvgr\ evoCKiyxiog, y\vt ev og£(r<ri 
+XctKxiJx xiy.Kr}rK2<ri ®£oi, uvSg£g <Jg K vfjuvhv. 
+
+A fourth, when he introduces the river Xanthus. 
+
+50 A me <T eng 'H <poug-oio {JLByctg 'urorotfJLog , /3 ctQvhvrig, 
+
+‘Ov ZolvQqv m\£is<ri ©so;, ou/$g£$ Js XxotfJLuvdgov. 
+
+In fpeaking of the herb Moly in the OdylTey, Homer again 
+mentions the language of the Gods ; but without putting it 
+in oppohtion to that of men. 
+
+s ‘ *P [JL£V fJLS’ha.v £<ry,s, yxXoum $e bikbKov oLV$og * 
+
+McoAy $£ fjuv KaXesun ®£0i. 
+
+In the fame manner, he takes notice of the famous rocks 
+Symplegades : 
+
+48 Iliad. B. v. 811. 
+
+49 Iliad. S. v. 289. 
+s ° Iliad. T. v. 73. 
+
+51 Odyffi K. v. 304. 
+
+
+IlAay^ra; 
+
+
+
+The Analyses of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+44 * 
+
+
+5 * YTKcnynr ots ^ roi rotrys ©soi Molkol^bs kclKbh<ti» 
+
+In the Scholia upon Theocritus, the fame rocks are faid to 
+be differently denominated by Gods and by mortals, accord¬ 
+ing to Caryftius Pergamenus. 53 Kctgvg-tos 6 UegyotfJLrivos (priori, 
+
+K votveotg [xev vro a,v&gu7rc*)v, vtto $s ®eocv Ogzz Ylvhots xsn^trdcti. 
+Proclus quotes fome poet, who fpeaks of the Moon, as dif¬ 
+ferently named by thefe two parties. 
+
+5+ ry re XeXryry 
+
+AQclvoltoi K7\r,Qi<riv, sziy^ovioi <Jk re M ryr\v. 
+
+
+Mefiod mentions the language of men ; but of men only: 
+and fays, that they had a particular name for a pigeon. 
+
+
+55 Tots Ss fyoroi KCLhextri HeXsiot^otg. 
+
+
+Probably there was a 
+
+
+reference to the Gods in that part of the paffage, which is 
+
+
+loft, and to the Ionah. 
+
+
+Thefe are the only inltances of this 
+
+
+nature, that I am able to recollect. 
+
+Hence we find, that there were two languages alluded to 
+by the Grecian writers : one of which was the Meropian, or 
+that of the Difperfed ; the other was the language of Javan. 
+
+
+s * Odyff. M. v. 6 s. 
+
+SJ Scholia in Theoc. Idyl. 13. v. 22. 
+
+54 Proclus in Timseum Plat, fi.i.y- p. 154. 
+E Fragments Hefiodi. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+Ll 1 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+( 443 ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+OTHER CUTHITE COLONIES 
+
+In SYRIA, and in COLCHIS; 
+
+AND OF 
+
+THOSE IN THE WEST. 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+there are many circumftances to the purpofe above 
+here and there fcattered in the courfe 
+
+
+courfe of the former 
+
+treatifes, I mull beg leave in fome degree to recapitulate 
+thefe evidences, and to place them in one view before the eye 
+of the reader. For this is a very interefting fubje<a, which 
+has been ftrangely overlooked, and negle&ed : though it will 
+appear upon enquiry to be the balls of all Gentile hiftory. 
+Of the fons of Chus, who upon the difperlion betook them- 
+
+
+eaftward to the Indus and Gang 
+
+
+have fpoken 
+
+
+large: alfo of thofe who pafled into Egypt. When they 
+were ejected from this country, they retired to many parts : 
+
+
+to the coaft of Syria; wh 
+of Belidae, Cadmians, and 
+
+
+they occupied 
+enices. From 
+
+
+hence they went to Hellas, as I have Ihewn, likewife to He 
+
+
+L 11 2 
+
+
+truria. 
+
+
+
+444 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+truria, and Iberia ; and the coaft of the great 1 Atlantic. A 
+colony alfo fettled at Colchis, and upon different parts of 
+the Pontic region. Wherever they came, they were in every 
+relpedt fuperior to the natives : and as their fettlements were 
+made very early, the annals of each nation begin with their 
+hiftory; and with the hiftory of their forefathers, which 
+was ingrafted upon it. They were very fkilful in phyffc: 
+and generally carried with them vulnerary herbs, and plants of 
+ufeful and falutary properties ; which they adapted to the 
+foil of the countries, whither they came. They particularly 
+cultivated the vine : and almoft every region, where they fet¬ 
+tled, will be found famous for the grape. They introduced 
+Zuth, or ferment; and taught the compofition of many liquors. 
+As the earth in the firft ages had been overgrown with woods 
+and forefts; and was in many places obftrudted by lakes, and 
+morafies : they opened roads, and formed caufeways ; and 
+drained the ftagnant waters. Specimens of thefe extraordi¬ 
+nary performances were exhibited in various parts : but all, 
+that they performed at different times, has been attributed to 
+fome one hero, either Offris, Hercules, or Bacchus. In the 
+peregrinations of the laft perfonage may be particularly feen 
+the hiftory of this people, and of the benefits, which they 
+conferred upon the world. There was no nation upon earth t 
+fays * Diodorus, neither Grecian , nor foreign , but what was 
+indebted to this Deity for fo?ne mark of his munificejtce> and 
+
+1 See Diodorus Sic. L. i. p. 24. and 26. They feem to have been the firft, who 
+peopled the ifland Sicily. 
+
+4 O’jQcrct yapy oifQ' EAAw’&jv, ovre BagCxgwr. scftoipov eivca t?j$ t-oth foopexs, kou 
+ycLpiTos. Diodor. Sic. L. 3. p, 207. 
+
+
+favour\ 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 445 
+
+favour. — He taught people to plant the 3 vine, and to preferve 
+the juice of the grape: and to lay up the fruits of the earth in pro¬ 
+per repoftories.—Thofe who pojfejfed an harfh , and ungenial foil , 
+not adapted to the cultivation of the vine , were fhevim the art of 
+making a drink from barley , not lefs grateful than that , which 
+proceeded from the grape. The 4 perfon , from whom thefe blef- 
+fngs were derived , is reprefented , as of the highef antiquity ; 
+and the g r latefl benefaSlor, that ever mankind experienced\ 
+The like hiftory is given of 5 Ofiris, under which character 
+we are to underftand a people, who went forth, and per¬ 
+formed all that has been mentioned. Their religion conlifted 
+in the worfhip of the Sun under various titles. To this were 
+added divine honours, paid to their anceftors, the Baalim of 
+the firft ages : all which was attended with particular myf- 
+terious rites. In thefe were commemorated the circum- 
+ftances of the Deluge ; and the hiftory of the great Patri¬ 
+arch, through whom mankind was preferved. 
+
+Among the many titles, under which this people pafled, 
+they particularly preferved thofe which were molt eflential, 
+and charadteriftic. Hence they are continually in the more 
+ancient hiftories reprefented as T iTctvsg x.ou T^yeveig, Titanian 
+and Earthborn. They were alfo fly led Arabians, Ethiopians, 
+Saites, Sethites, Sithonians, Zones, Zoanes, Azones, Ama- 
+zones, and Arkites. This laft was by the Grecians rendered. 
+
+
+3 T wre tws a/x7reXy <pvr€tau 9 xcu ryv ypv(nv % xcu rnv 'z&ctpctQecrip rsre oiv& y xas roop 
+n.etooS'groovy xoci Tivoov aAA&tf' xctpiroov . Ibid. 
+
+4 HaAa/oy eivcct afpoffct tutqv v xou /j.eyi<r'ccis evegyeaicus xuTccredecBai tw y$p$i rwr 
+av^co 7 rooy. Diodorus Sic. L. 4. p. 210. 
+
+5 See the treatife infcribed Ofiris. vol. 2. p. 58. The fame things are mentioned 
+of Ouranus. Diodor. L- 3*p* 189. alfb of Cronus. L. 5. p. 384. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology* 
+
+
+
+A ox.u£eg tcca Agysioi, Arcadians and Argeans. But above all 
+they retained their family name of Cutas, Cutha;, and Cu- 
+theans ; which I have Ihewn to have been almofi: univerfally 
+exprefied ZkvQcu, Scutha;, or Scythians. 
+
+Thofe, who fettled in 6 Syria, built the city Antioch upon 
+the Orontes : and Zonaras, who fpeaks of them colle&ively, 
+as the fons of Ham, mentions, that they got pofieffion of all 
+the country about Libanus quite up to the farther part of 
+7 Syria. As Phoenicia was imagined to have had its name 
+from a hero, Phoenix : fo Syria is faid to have been denomi¬ 
+nated from a like perfonage Syrus ; who was fuppofed to 
+
+
+have come there in the firft ages. T aroig roig ygovoig Xvgog 
+
+igrogeircti ysyovsvou ov S7tmvfJLog fj Xv^ict. In thofe times 
+
+it is reported , that Syrus livedo one of the earthborn people : 
+and from him the country received its na?ne. But the term 
+Sur, and Sour, from whence was formed £vgog> fignified the 
+Sun . It was the fame as Sehor of Egypt, exprefied Zeigiog, 
+Seiriusj by the Greeks. Hence we are told, 9 Xeipog 6 'H Kiog, 
+By Seirius is meant the great luminary . In confequence of 
+this we find places, where the God of light was w'orfhiped 
+■under the name of Sehor, and Sur, called IO B Bethfur , 
+and Bethfoura. The city Ur in Chaldea was fome- 
+
+times exprefied Sur. Syncellus fays that Abraham was born 
+
+
+6 O i Si ~Xx/x e -sraiJ'es Tr»i> xi to l>vftxs, sc xi ACary xxi AiZxvu rxv ofoov ynv xxt e<r%c*' 
+
+Jofeph. Antiq. L. i* c. io. p. 22. SeeEuleb. Chron. p. 12. 
+
+7 P. 21. See alfo Syncellus. p. 126. 
+
+8 Syncellus. p. 150. 
+
+9 Hefych. 
+
+10 Beth-Sur. JoJhua. c. 15. v. 28. B eBavpx. Jofephus. Antiq. L* 12. c. 7. 
+£» 0 avp. Ibid. L. 8. c. 10. LctiQa&g*. 1 Machab. c. 4. v. 29. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+447 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+sv Tr i to/T Xo&Jc/.uov, bv Soys r>) 'gtoXsi : ?>z land of 
+
+
+the Chaldeans , and in the citv Sar. 
+
+
+Xvgov KOlVOl/ QVOfJLOL 'UXoKKtoV 
+
+
+T'jTtot'J : Sur , fays Stcphanus, /j name common to ma?ty places. 
+
+The Perhans called their chief Deity Sura : 11 Perfae Sy^»j 
+Deum vocant: and we know, that they particularly adored 
+tlie Sun. Eufebius fpeaking of Ofiris, the fame as Helius, 
+tells us, * 5 'FA lays; A toivorov ur^ocxyofisvafn, kou Xvgiov / urxgo)~ 
+•yjtJL'j:;. The Grecians call him indijfere?itly Dionufus , or Sa¬ 
+rins, as being Jynonymous . Plutarch alfo mentions 1+ 
+
+
+Zsigtov, 
+
+
+,+ Omgiv 
+
+Ofiris Sirius : which is the fame name differently- 
+exhibited. From this perfonage the region had its name. 
+
+Sy^/a is ct7T0 Sy^a ustthryxi. Syria had its name from Syrus : 
+which was the fame as Helius, and Apollo. It is by Maun- 
+
+
+deville in his travels uniformly exprefled 16 Surrye : which 
+we may imagine to have been the true name, as it was in his 
+time rendered by the natives. 
+
+I have dwelt upon this circuinftance, becaufe many have 
+fuppofed Syria to have been named from the city Tyre, ex- 
+preffed Tfor : which is a notion void of all truth. Tyre did 
+not belong to that country. It was feparated from Syria by 
+the whole ridge of mountains called Libanus, and Anti-Li- 
+banus. It did not fo much as give name to the little diftridt, 
+where it flood. We never read of Tyria; no more than we 
+
+
+" P. 95* 
+
+11 Lilius Gyraldus. Syntag. L. i. p. 5, 
+
+11 Prsep. Evang. L. 1. p. 27. 
+
+If. et.QGr. p. 372. 
+
+,J Scholia in Dionyf. v. 49S. He is lometimes mentioned as*the fon of Apollo. 
+'Sjjpict. ctiro '£xjg& yeyovoro* ru ATroAA&jros. Ibid. v. 775. 
+
+16 The Voiage and Travaile of Sir John Maundevile, Knt. anno 1322. 
+
+TO do 
+
+
+
+448 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+do of Sidonia. In fhort, thofe, who have given into this 
+opinion, have erred for want of geographical precifion. 
+Tyre was not a city of Syria ; but of Canaan : and fo was 
+Sidon, which flood ftill higher, about four and twenty miles 
+above it. They were both included in the land of Ifrael ; 
+and belonged to the tribe of Afher. It is accordingly dif- 
+tinguifhed by the author of the book of 17 Judith: who 
+mentions the people of Tyre and Sidon, and thofe who 
+dwell in Sur : T ovg onus zv XifoM xui zv Tvgw, zui rovs hoc- 
+toikovvtus Xovg. 
+
+Some of this family fettled in that part of Canaan, called 
+Galilee ; which feems always to have confifled of mixed in¬ 
+habitants ; and from hence was ftyled Galilee of Nations. 
+Here they founded a city, which was in aftertimes called 
+Scythopolis; but originally ,s Beth-San, from the worfhip of 
+the Sun. It had alfo the name of Nufa; and there was a 
+
+in memory 
+
+of his 19 nurfe. It feems to have been a Typhonian city: 
+for there was a hiftory of a virgin having been there facri- 
+
+17 C. 2. V. 28. 
+
+,l Scythopolis civitas, Galilean metropolis, quae et Bethfan, id eft Domus Solis. 
+Eugefippus de Diftantiis Locorum in Terra San£ta. 
+
+* 9 N u<r<niy n<xAa/<rf*>7$ 'zsroA/s, TSTgoT^ov A eyopevn B<xB<rctV' Stephanus 
+
+Byzant. fo corre< 5 ted. 
+
+Scythopolin, antea Nyfam, a Libero Patre, fepulta nutrice, Scythis dedticftis. 
+Pliny. L. 5. p. 262. The Nufa in India was alfo built in memory of the nurfe of 
+Dionufus. 
+
+Ttiv B eGctKxiaofAEvw 
+
+Bporotai xA etvnv 'Nvaaocv^ yip o Buxegoos 
+IctK%& CtUTW MAIAN VSfAtl. 
+
+Strabo. L. 15. p. 1008. from Sophocles. 
+
+In all thefe hiftories there is a ftri£t analogy. 
+
+Bcedj 
+
+
+tradition, that it had been founded by Dionufus, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+449 
+
+
+heed, whom they called Nufa : and the offering is faid to 
+
+’ 1 - iz-fi mac j e L - - 10 * — ■ ... 
+
+
+Arg 
+
+
+they built upon the Or< 
+phonian. Hence the river was 
+
+
+The city alfo, which 
+
+Ty 
+
+
+the ftream of 
+
+
+T} 
+
+
+upon 
+
+
+its 
+
+
+22 
+
+
+banks. 
+
+
+named Typho 
+
+
+was a tradition of Typhon being buried 
+This was owing to a Taphos, or high altar, 
+upon which they offered human victims. 
+
+
+The name of Orontes was laid to have been given to the river 
+by one Orontes, an * 3 Indian. From hence we may learn, that 
+they were Babylonian and Chaldaic perfons, by whom it 
+was conferred ; a colony of people from the Tigris. Hard 
+by was the fine grove of Daphne, denominated from Taphanes 
+in Egypt. The natives of this region were ftyled both Ionim 
+and i4 Argeans : and retained many memorials of the Deluge, 
+and of the difperfion afterwards. Many of this 
+tended themfelves quite to the Euphrates ; and 
+into Aram-Naharaim : for we read verv earlv ol 
+
+
+family ex- 
+ftill farther 
+
+
+named 15 Cufhan-Rilhatha 
+
+
+to whom the If- 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+This is certainly the colony alluded 
+
+
+Diodorus Siculus, when he 
+
+
+26 
+
+
+that Belus led a 
+
+
+body of people from Egypt to the Euphrates, and there infti 
+tilted the Chaldaic worfhip. 
+
+
+Cedrenus. p. 135. 
+
+11 Strabo. L. 16. p. 1090. 
+
+” Ibid. 
+
+13 Qgoviw €tvcu 9 yei'GW S eivxi ctvrov I rScov. Paufan. L. 8, p. 661. 
+
+** Chron. Pafchale. p. 40. 
+
+Judges, c. 3. v. 8. 
+
+L. 1. p. 24. He luppofes, that they went to Babylon : but no colony ever 
+lettled there ; nor was Babylon inhabited for ages. 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+M m m 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+450 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+THE region called Colchis was Etuated at the foot of 
+Mount Caucafus upon the Pontus Euxinus : and was one of 
+the moft ancient colonies of the Cuthites. It is faid to have 
+exifted many ages before the tera of the Argonauts : nay, ac¬ 
+cording to the poet, many of the conftellations were not form¬ 
+ed in the heavens at the time, when this colony was 27 founded. 
+One of the principal cities was called Cuta, and Cutaia: 
+hence we read, iS Kvru 'nroKig KoX-gint], 'urargig M yi$sicl$. Cuta 
+was a city of Colchis , in which Medea was born. * 9 K VTcua, 
+
+'nroh.ig K oTy/iSos' alfo Cutaia was a city of the fame region. 
+The country was called 30 Cutci’s, and Cutai’s, from the 
+Cuthite inhabitants. Herodotus mentions many particulars, 
+wherein this people refembled the 31 Egyptians. ’They had 
+the like tendcjicy to woolly hair \ and were of the fame dark com¬ 
+plexion. 'There was a great fmilitude i?i their inanufaElures ; 
+particularly in their linejt : for they abointded in fax , which 
+they wrought up to a high perfeSlio7t after the Egyptian method. 
+
+17 Oi/7T<w Tiipzx 'zcat'Tx, tcct’ o'Jgavyj g/A'<r<7Si'Ta<* ■ 1 ■ — w'd?wi yap cc.t'iiv iTiv.]vov&v 
+ctiuv. Apollon. Argon. L,. 4. v. 267. v. 276. 
+
+Steph. Byzant. 
+
+* 9 Scholia in Apollon. L. 4. v. 401. 
+
+Tcaa Kut m. Orph. Argonaut, v. SiS. 
+
+31 MeAay^oss zun, xat ouXarpi^es. —Ansi' Htqi t t xai Ai) Wrnoi egyx^cr- 
+
+'ieu. L. 2. c. 104. 105. 
+
+
+
+The A NALYSIS OF A ncient Mythology. 451 
+
+s’- Kca k '&cc<rx y xca r\ yA&c'cra, sypegts ssriv afar^ounp. 
+
+In floort their whole way of life , and their language had a 
+great refemblance. From hence we may perceive, though 
+they were not, as the hiftorian fuppofes, of the real Miz- 
+raim race, yet that they came from a collateral branch, and 
+were a colony from Egypt. They retained a great reverence 
+for the memory of their anceftor Chus : and the vaft moun¬ 
+tain, or rather ridge of mountains, which ran through their 
+country, was from him denominated Caucafus 5 or more 
+truly, according to the idiom of the natives, 33 Co-Cufus. 
+There was alfo a city of the fame 34 name. It fignifics the 
+place or temple of Chus, who was called both Cafus, and 
+Cufus. Apollonius mentions an ancient Typhonian Petra 
+in the hollows of the mountain ; where we may fuppofe the 
+fame rites to have been pra&ifed, as in the Typhonian cities 
+of Egypt. It was an Ophite temple, where the Deity was 
+probably worfhiped under the figure of a ferpent. Hence 
+the poet fuppofes the ferpent, with which Jafon engaged, to 
+have been produced in thefe parts : 
+
+35 'Ov otvTY) Taf avstpvo'sv 
+Kawiac m sv zvriyom T vqoloviy} on IIsTga. 
+
+I have mentioned, that Egypt was called Ai-Ait, by the 
+
+31 Ibid. 
+
+33 It is called Co-cas by Hatho the Armenian. Purchafl*. vol. 3. p. 109. 
+
+34 Iter a Sebaftia Co-cufo per Melitenem. Antonin. Itin. p. 176. See alfo p. 
+178. This city flood at the foot of the mountain in Armenia : and by Johan. 
+Chryfoftome it is called Cucufus. 
+
+33 Apollon. L. 2. v. 1213. 
+
+
+M m m 2 
+
+
+Grecians 
+
+
+
+45 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Grecians expreiled Aetia. 36 E z?\r,0r, Js fiou Asticc, v.ito hfu 
+
+
+Tivog Astx. It icas named Aetia from o?te Alettes of I?ulic ex- 
+
+iratdion . Ai-Aet anfwers to Aici A&ra of the Greeks ; and 
+lignilies the land of the Ragle : a name given to Egypt from 
+the hieroglyphic, by which it was denoted. For both an 
+eagle and a vulture were fymbols of that 37 country. The 
+people, who fettled in Colchis gave this name to the 38 coun¬ 
+try: whence the king had the title of Aiates ; by thelonians 
+expreiled A iryrg, Aietes. We are told above, that it was 
+
+originally an Indie name, oltto Tivog INAOT Asts. Hence the 
+Colchians, who were of that family, which ftrft introduced 
+it, were looked upon as an Indie people, being by defeent 
+Cuthites of Babylonia. 39 ' 0 < <Jg Ko’X'goi lAuoi 'EkvQou sktiv. 
+The Colchians , fays the Scholiaft upon Lycophron, are no other 
+tha?i the Indie Scythce : the purport of which terms I have 
+before explained. The Scholiaft upon Pindar calls them 
+Scythas ; and under this title gives the fame hiftory of them, 
+as has been previouily given by Herodotus. 40 A iyv7TTiocu 
+avoutoi sktiv oi XxvOca' Jhx. tbto kou {j.s7\a.voygoct.g a.vrag sivoa As- 
+yucni/. zygau Js kcu 7\ii/2gY&<n Tt\v Ka.Ka.y,r ^, A iyv7TTioi* 
+
+
+3> Steph. Byzant. Atyvirro*. 
+
+17 It was called Ai-Air, and Ai-Gupt. 
+
+Apollonius ufes it out of compofition, and calls the country Aia. 
+
+Eg Aw eviovTo 'z&oto Amrcto Kvtcciu. L. 2 . V. IO95. 
+
+But the original name feems to have been Ai-Aet, or Ai-Ait, though in aftertimes 
+exprefled A<a, Aia. Seep. 206. of this volume. 
+
+Schol. in Lycoph. v. 174.. See p. 214. of this volume. 
+
+40 Find. Pyth. Od. 4. v. 376. The poet had previouily mentioned the com¬ 
+plexion of the Colchians. 
+
+E i'Bcc xeAcLivco7re(Tcri KoA^otm (2iccv 
+
+M t^av Aim a, <GJOLp oivTto. Ibid. 
+
+10 ‘The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+453 
+
+
+The Scythes^ or Cuthcea7is , of Colchis , are a colo?iy from Egypt, 
+pierce they are 7'cprefented as of a very dark complexion. They 
+deal in fax , of which they make linen after the manner of the 
+Egyptians. Under the name of Indi they are fpoken of by 
+Socrates ; who feeins to allude to more nations than one of 
+this denomination. 41 T wixccvtcl ycto Iv£wv rz toov zvootz^k, kou 
+Io *rguv £@vn. Some of them were called Sindi, and Sindones; 
+and they had an harbour named 4 * Sindicus Portus. Of their 
+ingenuity and extenlive knowledge I have fpoken before : 
+alfo of the obelilks, which they eredled, fimilar to thofe at 
+Thebes, and in other places of Egypt. Some traces of thefe 
+things were to be obferv r ed in after ages : and one vaft Hone 
+is particularly commemorated, which was fuppofed to have 
+been the anchor of the 43 Argo. 
+
+Some of thefe fugitives from Egypt came from Heliopolis, 
+the capital of the region called Zoan. Hence they particu¬ 
+larly reverenced the Sun; and from this worfhip were named 
+• 4 Soani. Pliny calls them Suani ; and they are fpoken of 
+as a powerful people, and of great natural Erength. Their 
+neighbours, the Iberians, were of the fame race, and like all 
+the Cuthite families, followed the Dionufiaca, or rites of 
+Dionufus. This people are faid to have come from Pyrene.. 
+
+4S T« <T £7nvcasTctii<np eoiQmv zQvog Vorigwv 5 
+
+41 Hift. Ecclefiaft. L. i. c. 19. p. 49. 
+
+41 Strabo. JL. 11. p. 753• 757- 
+
+^ivcPoi egn/mctiov 'z&sS'tov fJLtyct vacf£TccovT£$* Apollon. L. 4* v. 3 22 * 
+
+45 A tBirns (Pe rivos Srgccva-puzTct eS'encvuro 'gtclXo.icl m — cix.ct(rcti txeivcc uveu 
+
+toc Asi ■4-ctx'ct TYit GLyytugot* Agyvs, Arriani Periolus .Maris Euxini* d. q.. 
+
+
+45 
+
+
+TlAwtov <Se ‘kcci at TZoctvesy xpocri^oi kcc,t aAxuK. Strabo, L. 11. p. 763, 
+Dionyf, ttpmyw* v. 695, 
+
+
+Ot 
+
+
+
+454 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+'Oi 'UTots live far,Q&v stt cmroXiry oupiKovro. 
+
+"The poet fuppofes, that they came eaftward from Pyrene in 
+Spain : hut in thefe early times colonies did not come from 
+the weft ; but went lor the moft part in a quite contrary di¬ 
+rection. The Pyrene, from whence the Iberi came, 
+
+was Ur, the land of fire ; in other words, Babylonia and 
+Chaldea. Next to them was the nation of the Camaritae, 
+who fhew their original in their name. They are reprefen ted 
+as a large and powerful tribe : and are faid to have enter¬ 
+tained Bacchus, after the Indie war in which he had been 
+put to flight. This flight was (Ylvpfan&sv) from the land of 
+fire-) the Chaldaic Ur: and from the banks of the Tigris, the 
+original Indus. From hence the Camaritae, thofe priefts and 
+votaries of Cham fled, together with the Iberi, and brought 
+the rites of Bacchus into the neighbourhood of Colchis and 
+Caucafus: and eflablifhed them, where they fettled ; which 
+is called the entertaining of the fugitive Deity. Of this 
+people the poet Dionyfius gives a fine account immediately 
+fubfequent to the former. 
+
+4S Kxt Ka(jLOLgiTa.c£v $vhov {jisya, roi 'Wore Bolk^qv 
+
+lv$odv 'urohspoio S'sd'eyfjism s%sivi<r<roVy 
+K ai y.Brcx. At.vouuv isgov y( 0 gQV B?ri<TOLvro, 
+
+Zwttara, y.ou vsfatiou; &?n fy)0s<r<n fioCXovTss, 
+
+E voi, Bctxyss, teyovTsg' o h <pgs<n <p<?vaTo Acti^up 
+Ksivuv otv&gu) 7 rctiv yevsyns , mi qfact, ycuYsg. 
+
+It is obfervable of the 46 Iberians, that they were divided 
+
+45 V. 700. 
+
+« 
+
+Strabo. L. 11. p. 765. 
+
+9 
+
+
+into 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+455 
+
+
+into different calls : each of which had its proper funclion. 
+The rank and office of every tribe were hereditary and un¬ 
+changeable. This rule of invariable diftindlioii prevailed 
+no where elfe, except in 47 India, and 48 Egypt. 
+
+That the Colchians were from the latter country, is mani- 
+feft from the evidence already produced. And wc may not 
+only perceive, from whence they came ; there are fufficient 
+proofs to afeertain alfo who they were. We may be affured, 
+that they were a part of that body, w ho by the Egyptians 
+were ftyled the Hellenic and Phenician Shepherds. They 
+quitted Egypt, and were fucceeded by the Ifraelites, called 
+afterwards the Jews. Thefe alfo retired, and fettled in 
+Canaan, between Arabia and Syria. Of this migration, and. 
+of that previous to Colchis, Diodorus affords the following 
+extraordinary evidence. 48 To 7S 7uv KoA^wy bOvo; BV 7Ca)TLoV- 
+
+7(A), KCLl 70 7(A)V Ix$CUCaJV OLVOL fJL£(T0V AgOitlXS /.OU XvglCLS, OUtycU 
+
+7iva.s 6gy*r)@sv7CLg 'STot§ bowtuv (A lyvirnm). The hiftorian had 
+been lpeaking of various colonies from this country, and 
+particularly of that colony fuppofed to be led by Danaus to 
+Argos ; and of others to different places : and then adds, 
+that the Colchic nation upon the Pontus Euxinus r as well as that 
+of the Jews , who fettled (m Canaan) between Syria a?id rdra- 
+bia , were both founded by people, who went forth in early times 
+from Egypt. As they enriched this country with many ufe- 
+ful arts, we may well expedt that they retained to. the laft 
+
+
+47 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1029. 
+
+48 Herodotus. L, 2. c. 1 64+ The Egyptians and Indi were divided into feven 
+carts •, the Iberi only into tour. 
+
+49 L. 2, p. 24, 
+
+4 
+
+fo m e 
+
+
+
+456 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fome of their original excellence. We accordingly find, 
+that writers fpeak greatly of their 50 advances in fcience, 
+though it muft have been much impaired, before the Gre¬ 
+cians were acquainted with their coaft. They however car¬ 
+ried on for a long time an extenfive commerce: and we have 
+from Strabo a very good defcription of their country ; the 
+nature of which we may prefume to have been always the 
+fame. He fays, that the whole region abounded with 
+fruits of every kind ; and with every material, that was re- 
+quifite for navigation. The only product of the country at 
+all exceptionable was the honey, which had a bitter tafte. 
+Timber was in great plenty : and there were many rivers for 
+its conveyance downwards. They had alfo abundance of 
+flax and hemp : together with wax and pitch. The linen 
+manufactured by the natives was in high repute. Some of it 
+was curioufly painted with figures of animals and flowers ; 
+and afterwards dyed, like the linen of the Indians. And 
+5 * Herodotus tells us, that the whole was fo deeply tinctured, 
+that no vvafliing could efface the colours. They accordingly 
+exported it to various marts, as it was every where greatly 
+fought after. Strabo fays, that many people, who thought 
+that they faw a fimilitude between the natives of Colchis and 
+of Egypt, particularly in their cuftoms, made ufe of this cir- 
+cumftance to prove the refemblance. He adds, that the high 
+reputation and fplendor, which they once maintained, may 
+be known by the repeated evidences, that writers have tranf- 
+mitted concerning them. 
+
+s ° Oam £7 r tpxmctv eo-%ev v Sr.teoiv 01 /jlvQoi. Strabo. L. x 1. p. 7 62. 
+
+51 Ibid. 
+
+s * Hferod. L. 1. c. 203. 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+457 
+
+
+Of the AMAZONS. 
+
+
+AS the Cuthites of Colchis were fo very enterprilmg; and 
+carried on fuch an extend ve commerce; they in coniequence 
+of it made many fettlements; fo that the coaft of the Euxine, 
+upon which they lived, was in many places peopled from 
+them. One of their chief colonies feems to have been of that 
+celebrated people, who were called Amazons; and whom the 
+Grecians have reprefented as a nation of women. They are 
+fuppofed to have been of a very warlike turn ; and to have 
+made expeditions into countries at a great diftance. To keep 
+up their community, they permitted men at dated times to 
+come among them : but after that they had enjoyed a fuffi- 
+cient commerce with them, they put them to death. Hence 
+they are faid to have been called 53 Aorpata, or murderers of 
+their hufbands. Of the children, which were born to them, 
+they flew all the males: but nurfed the females; and trained 
+them up to war. And that they might in time ufe their arms 
+more readily, they feared up the right 54 bread: in their infancy, 
+to prevent its growth: imagining, that otherwife there would 
+be fome impediment in their management of the bow. They 
+
+
+He rod. L. 4. c. no, 
+
+54 A 7rcttrot$ cPe €7rixexcLV€rBcLi rov fe^tov 
+
+Pf>ctfatQv$ rargos ixa.f'nv fajpeiccv . 
+
+mentioned 
+
+
+Strabo. L. 11. p. 769. 
+
+
+^ -V 
+
+Penthililea in Virgil is 
+
+
+Aurea fubneftens exeitae cingula mammaer 
+
+
+iEneid 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+N n n 
+
+
+redded 
+
+
+
+45S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+reflded chiefly upon the river 5; Thermodon, and the coaft of 
+Cappadocia; where they held the cities 56 Cutora, Amifa, 
+Comana, Themifcura, Cadifla, Lucaftia, and Sinope. They 
+alfo pofleflld a large trad: of territory in Armenia. They 
+overran divers countries ; and many cities are faid to have been 
+founded by them ; which cities were of the higheft antiquity. 
+This is the hiftory which has been tranfmitted concerning the 
+Amazons: but is it poflible, that fuch a nation could have ex- 
+ifled ? or could fuch mighty operations have been carried on 
+by a band of women ? Every circumflance, as it is related, 
+is incredible : yet there have been at all times 57 perfons, who 
+have efpoufed this notion ; and made ufe of all their learning 
+and ingenuity to fhew, that fuch a community of women did 
+exift. In confequence of this, they have been forced to 
+maintain the whole feries of grofs abfurdities, with which 
+the notion is attended. 
+
+Many try in fome degree to extenuate the cruelty men¬ 
+tioned in the above hiftory, in order to make it more corre- 
+fpondent to reafon. They tell us, that the Amazons did not 
+kill their male children ; but only 58 lamed them, that they 
+might flay at home, and be more fubfervient to their com^ 
+mands. In refpe<ft to their fearing the right breafts of the 
+
+55 Quales Threicise cum frumina Therrnodontis 
+
+Pulfant, et piftis bellantur Amazones armis. Ibid. L. u. v. 659. 
+
+56 Strabo. L. 12. p. 823. 825. 
+
+Ozunrjxvpa^—tv t) t a. tmv AfAot^ovw v7rw%e m Diodor. Sic. L. 4, p. 224. 
+
+57 See particularly Petri Petiti, Philofophi et Medici, de Amizonibus Differtatio. 
+Lutctise Parifior. 1685. 
+
+sS ——ToovSe yevofJL€v&)v jugv apaevets tirYioovv rot re crx.e?Wy kcu f3pa%tQi’ot‘ 9 
+
+&XPVTS** 7C06TCLCX.eux£ l 0V7e$ 'Vrpos TO.S 'GTOtejUUXctS X^ lCtS ' Ta,V ^ S'tfAt/T epcav toy ¥ 
+
+holCqv emKccieiy. Diodor. Sic. L. 2. p. 12S. 
+
+females, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythoiogy, 
+
+
+4 59 
+
+
+females, both Hippocrates and Galen allow, that it was fo 
+reported : but they fay, that it was not done on account ot 
+any impediment, which might have accrued in the manage¬ 
+ment of the bow ; but to render the right arm ftronger by 
+an addition of 59 aliment. For what would have gone to the 
+bread, would now be expended on the neighbouring mem 
+ber. This is a notable refinement. Thefe learned men 
+fhould have been fure of the fadf, before they gave a reafon 
+for the procefs. To me it appears to be a mod idle fable : 
+and notwithdanding the high authority of thefe truly great 
+phyficians, I appeal to any anatomid to determine, whether 
+it be poflible, by any cauterizing in the date of infancy to 
+prevent the future bread from rifing : and were it podible, 
+whether it could be performed by any means, which would 
+not equally affedt the life. But fetting this afide, the ad¬ 
+vantage is too ideal: and the whole is fo remote a confide- 
+ration, that it never could have been thought of by a parent. 
+Or if it had, fuch a theory could never have been reduced to 
+pradtice, and adopted by a nation. It is not to be believed, 
+that a mother could be devoted to fuch an infernal policy, as 
+*o fear the bofom of her daughter with a red-hot 40 iron : or 
+
+to 
+
+
+59 Galen of Hippocrates. Tas youv Aju.ct£ovt<P<z$ etvros (p>:<riv STrtxcuew t cv S'efyov 
+titBov 9 ivcc eis tw tstAwiqv stfipot 'Z&Xeiovog Tpcfyys ct(pfixvo\)f^.evAS euccoq^ioc tis ccvry 'zzrgco-- 
+yzvmou' cos t rnpuerei ye xcti tccvtvs V 7 r<xg%yans acrSfra*. Comment, in Aphorifm. 43 . 
+fed:., 7. 
+
+NIvQoAoyycn (?€ Tiv&y on oh AjuLcc^ovtfes to ctgcrsv yevos to scout ojv, eamxat vmriov ot\ 
+e^ocpQptyaw' ai fJLtv x<tTot yyvcLTct) cci Se Kura, tcc ta%ia y cos StyQev yevoiTOy xxi 
+
+pw e7ri€yAsvoi to appev yevos tco ffrnAet. — et /j.ev yy ccArSeu r raurcc eq~'a' 9 eyco ovx. oi£cc . 
+
+Hippocrates 'sregt ctp&gooy. c. 58. vol. 2. p, 814. 
+
+60 Hippocrates fays, that they ufed ^ocAxeov reT^vyy.evov 9 an implement of brafs, 
+
+which they heated for that purpofe ; and then urges tov T&ectcn rov Senior, 
+
+
+N n n 2 
+
+
+
+
+
+460 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 
+
+to break the legs, or disjoint the knees of her fon ; or to ren¬ 
+der him incurably lame in the hips and thighs by luxation, 
+as Hippocrates and Galen afl'ert : and this that he might be 
+more eaiily reduced to a ftate of dependence and flavery. 
+
+The whole of this ftrange hiftory has been owing to a 
+wrong etymology. The Greeks, who would fain deduce 
+every thing from their own language, imagined, that by the 
+term Amazon was ftgnified a perlon without a 6 ‘ breaft. This 
+perlon they inferred to be a female : and in confequence of it, 
+as the Amazons were a powerful people, they formed a no¬ 
+tion, that they were a community of 62 women, who fubfifted 
+by themlelves and every abfurdity, with which this hiftory 
+is attended, took its rife from the mifconception above. They 
+did not confider, that there were many nations of Amazons 
+widely feparated from each other : nor did they know, that 
+they were theirfelves of Amazonian race. There may be 
+found however fome few, who faw the improbability of the 
+ftory, and treated it with fuitable contempt. Palaepbatus, 
+a man juftly complimented for his good 63 fenfe, gave it no 
+6+ credit. Strabo was born at Amaftris in Cappadocia, an 
+Amazonian region and yet could obtain no evidence tjp 
+
+xoci tTrixatSTcci^ ttju ccv^mu (pQtifeaQcci, es <? € t ov fe£;iov o.'/utov xcci (Zpoc^novac 'urcccrav 
+
+tvv icryvv xcu to exSiSoicci. Hippocrates dt Aquis, Locis* Acre. c. 42. vol. 
+
+2. p. 552. 
+
+61 was fuppofcrd to be a compound of a and 
+
+6 * 'A 1 Je A [/.octaves t&clgcu ocvS'gots bx «AA* ds ret ocXoyoc dyroc^ tb 
+
+ztgvs Tc-tpi tyiv eagivnv ianfj.epuz>t' v TregGcuv&acti tbs opus xoivgov&m to is T*rAwio%&- 
+pci?) lopTVV tivol TauTvv iyovjuev01$ # Bardefancs apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 7. p. 277. 
+
+naXat(pccTOS 0 <ro<£ 60 TciTQ$. 
+
+64 ^ZpocTBiav cTg yvyocixoov bS^ttois eixos yevs<r$ccr ovSe yap vuv a Solum. Paloephatus. 
+p. 84. 
+
+
+counte- 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Anctent Mythology. 461 
+
+countenance the hiftory. He fays, 65 that many legendary 
+Jlories have a mixture of truth ; and mojl accounts admit 
+of fome variation. But the hifory of the yl'maxons has 
+beeti uniformly the fame ; the whole a monflrous and abjurd 
+detail , without the leaf few of probability. For who can 
+be perfuaded , that a community of women , either as a?t army , 
+or a city , or a fate , could fubff without men f and not 
+only fubff , but make expeditions , i?ito other countries , a?id gain 
+the fovereignty over kingdoms : not merely over the Ionians and 
+thofe , who were in their neighbottrhood ; but to pafs the feat, and 
+to carry their ar?ns into Fur ope? 7 "0 accede to this were to fup- 
+pofe , that nature varied from her fixed principles ; and that in 
+thofe days women were men y and men 66 women. This is very 
+fenlibly urged: and if it be incredible, that fuch an eftablifh- 
+ment fhould fubftft in one place, as Strabo fuppofes ; it mull 
+be ftill more improbable, that there fhould be nations of wo¬ 
+men widely feparated, and all living independent of'men. 
+This has not been attended to by thofe, who would counte¬ 
+nance the fable. The moll confiderable body, that went 
+under the name of Amazons, fettled upon the Atlantic in 
+Africa,, at the extreme verge of that region. Of their exploits 
+and expeditions a 
+
+6; rjegt S'i To v Av.adpvoiv tcc ecjTci As^ er«i j tcct v-jv, xcti ivaAai, repecTa’Sy t ct'Ta, 
+
+xa.i tiriq-soji 'zuoppu. >ctA. Strabo. !_«. II. p. 77 °- 
+
+66 Touto ya.o opt-otov^ a.vu r.s A eyai Ta; /u.ev uvfpas •) vntixas yiyvcp/.ei as rss t sre, 
+
+Ta.iS'i ywa.iy.cn ctvSpa.;. Ibid. 
+
+If fuch a people had really exifted, fome traces of them would have been found, 
+
+either in Iberia, and Albania ; or in the country upon the Thermodon, where they 
+are fuppofed chiefly to have refided. But Procopius fays, that there was no mark, 
+
+no tradition to be obtained concerning them. De Bello Goth. L. 4. c. 3. p. 570. 
+
+Myrina.. 
+
+
+long account is given in the hiftory of 
+
+
+
+462 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+07 Myrina. She is fuppofed to have lived in the time of Orus, 
+the fon of Ihs, and to have conquered Africa, and the greater 
+part of Aha ; but was at laft flain in Thrace. There were 
+Amazons in Mount Caucafus, near Colchis and 68 Albania, 
+and likewife near the Palus 69 Maeotis. Polyaenus fpeaks of 
+Amazons in 73 India ; and they are alfo mentioned by Non- 
+nus. They likewife occur in 71 Ethiopia. They at one time 
+pofTcfTed all 71 Ionia: and there were traditions of their beino; 
+at 7i Samos, and in 74 Italy. Even the Athenians and Boeo¬ 
+tians were of the fame family : hence it is laid, that Cad¬ 
+mus had an 75 Amazonian wife, when he went to Thebes; 
+and that her name was Sphinx. It will be found, that the 
+Colchians and Iberians, as well as the Cimmerians and Maeo- 
+
+0 
+
+tae, were Amazonians. So were all the Ionians ; and the At- 
+lantians of Mauritania. They were in general Cuthite colo¬ 
+nies from Egypt and Syria: and as they worfhiped the Sun, 
+
+67 Diodor. Sic. 1 ,. 3. p. iSS. and p. 1S5. 
+
+4 \ic\vaioi ev Sevrepcc y.ccroc AtCvnv cevras wx-vx-Sixi (pno n\ m ■ — t€ ccvtccis to 
+AtAgcvtixgv b^vo?. Scholia in Apollon. L,. 2. v. 966. 
+
+6 Yttbo rm AA Sctvias opect x,xitx$ or/.tiv <poe.cn. Strabo. L. 11. p. 769. 
+
+69 Toot 7 l\rxixoxpctT'jy^i'tov €%pvrou M ouootcu* Scylacis Pcriplus apud Gcogr. 
+Vet. vol. 2. p. 31. 
+
+70 Auioe^ouui xcu h^vs. L. 1. p. 11. 
+
+71 SZevoQey-is <$£ ccutozs <pr,oiv xxmtvxi bv A&iqtucl. Scholia in Apollon. L. 2. v. 
+966. 
+
+71 A fJccc^Gveiov &t cos exccXiiTo x.aj i) Ku]tA.ti. Steph. Bvzant. There were Amazons 
+upon the Danube,, according to Philoftratus in Heroicis. 
+
+73 Plutarch. Quseft. Greece, vol. 1. p. 303. 
+
+74 A fjLa^oves U7ri<?p*‘\a.v xuBis eis lrcc?ucci\ Schol. in Lycoph. v. 1332. alfo v. 995# 
+There was a town in MeiTapia, towards the lower part of Italy, named Amazonia. 
+Steph. Byzant. 
+
+75 K ccf/xos 6%cov ywcuK* A px^onS'ccj v ovof4cc'£<piy% > nA$ev sis ®v£ots* Palsephatus. 
+p. 26. He went firft to Attica. 
+
+they 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+463 
+
+they were called Azones, Amazones, Alazones ; which are 
+names of the fame purport; and have equally a reference to 
+the national object of 75 worfhip. The mofi: noted were thofe 
+who fettled near the river Thermodon, in the region ofPon- 
+tus. 1 hey were alfo called Chalybes, and Alybes; and oc¬ 
+cupied part both of Cappadocia, and Armenia. The poet 
+Dionyfius takes notice of their fettlements in thefe parts, 
+and flyles the region Aflyria. 
+
+77 T m <$s (ast A<r<rvgir t g 'Wgcyyori; yQovog sktstolvvzou 
+E vQsv AfJLot.£pvi£s<7<nv our agsoq A^snoio 
+Aevxov vSojg TirgoiriTiv HvvclAios ®sg(ju*)£ui/. 
+
+It is fpoken of in the fame manner by the 78 poet Apollonius. 
+There were more regions than one called Aflyria : but the 
+principal was that about 79 Nineve. This was denominated 
+from Aflur the fon of Shem. There were others, which were 
+fo called on another account, and of a different etymology. 
+They were properly expreffed Ai-Sur, from the Sun, to whom 
+they were facred. For as Ai-Mon, and Ai-monia, fignified 
+Lunaris Regio ; fo by Ai-Sur, and Aifuria, w’as denoted Re- 
+gio Solaris. Syria, as I have fhewn, was denominated from 
+
+
+76 Paufanias mentions Apollo Amazonius, who was worfhipped in Laconia. 
+L. 3. p. 274. 
+
+77 V. 773 . 
+
+78 Apollonius fpeaks to the fame purpofe. 
+
+Ashtlv S' uy^ippoov IgiVy 
+
+
+HS"£ XCCi A CrGVglTJS •UTgOpxyGlV % 0 ovo < 9 VfJLCCTl S'* UUTlA 
+
+
+CovtS oov 
+
+
+L. 2. V. 966. 
+
+
+79 The original Aflyria was undoubtedly the land of Babylonia : but it feems to 
+
+
+have loft that name. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Sur, 
+
+
+
+4 6 4 T he Analysis of A ncient Mythology. 
+
+Sur, Sol : and it was often called 80 Affuria. Ur in Chaldea 
+was fometimes expreffed Sl Sur, as has been obferved before. 
+On this account the region of Syria above mentioned, as well 
+as that in Pontus, ought to have been differently rendered, 
+and diftinguifhed from the land of 8a Affur : but the Grecians 
+from a fimilitude in found were led to exprefs them alike. 
+As the land of Chaldea was fometimes called Sur; fo the 
+Pontic Suria had the name of Chaldea; and the people were 
+flyled Chaldeans. They were the fame as the Alybes, and 
+Chalybes ; who were fituated near 83 Sinope ; and extended 
+towards 8+ Colchis. They are mentioned by Homer among 
+the allies of the Trojans ; and came under the conduct of 
+Odius and Epiltrophus. 
+
+AvTctf AA igwvuv Ohog koli Effirgopos ri^X 0V 
+TriKoCsv £$ AAt/fijj. 
+
+This paflage has been quoted by Ephorus, and it is obferva- 
+ble, that for Alizonians he read Amazonians : which un¬ 
+doubtedly arofe from the two words being fynonymous. 
+Pie calls the place Alope. 
+
+86 AtJTOlg A{JLOL^MWV OKOLl V%X° V 
+
+E im Se erepoi (Ac raugic*) Tzrctpct rus Steph. Byzant. 
+
+** Abraham was born tv th ^ooocl too* XaA<I cacoy er "Soup t>i 'zxro'Xei, Syncellus. 
+
+P -9 5 - 
+
+The two names fhould have been written Aflliria and Aifuria * which would 
+Jiave prevented ail miftakes. 
+
+8j Pomponius Mela. L. i.c. 19. p. 102. 
+
+8 * YLcctJctioi KoA^JW. Strabo. L. 12. p. 833. XaAcfa/e$ fA€%pi rw 
+AptAtviois. Ibid. p. 832. 
+
+** Iliad. B. v. 856. 
+
+86 Strabo. JL. 12. p. 827. 
+
+
+EA^ojt 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+465 
+
+
+EA Qoyr AA onr.s. 
+
+
+Strabo fays, that the name of Chaldeans given to this people 
+was not fo old, as that of Alybes and 87 Chalybes. It is of 
+little moment, when the name came into common ufe among 
+the Grecians: it is fufficient, that the people were fo called. 
+Two of their principal cities were Sinope and Amifon. 
+88 Chalybes proximi urbium clariffimas habent Amifon et 
+Sinopen. The latter city by Pliny is more truly exprefled 
+Amazon: and he mentions a mountain near it of the fame 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+The people of t 
+ftyled Amazoni 
+
+
+That this Aflyria had no relation to Aflur, but was a 
+
+
+of Ai-Sur, may, I think 
+
+
+from 
+
+
+found out of compolition ; and from the 
+
+
+often called Xvp 
+
+
+Zvp 
+
+
+Syrij and 
+
+
+he Scholiaft upon Dionyfius mentions them by this m 
+
+XvglOl, 01 'UTCLQCL &Sg[JLOC$GVTCl 'UTOTCifJLOV. The peopley who 
+
+
+upon the Thermodon , (by whom 
+are Syrians. Elerodotus lays 1 
+
+
+are meant th�� 
+he fame of the 
+
+$$ KuTTrot^oKctt vp 'EAA rivcav Xvpioi ovoux^c 
+
+
+Amazonians) 
+
+
+padocia?is are by the Greeks called Syria ; 
+the people mull in confequence of this 
+of Syria, and alfo AiSvgiZy Ai-Suria; 
+
+
+non. "The Cap- 
+
+The country of 
+: had the name 
+
+
+by miftake 
+
+
+87 Ol Si tw XaAcLuo; XceAufes to -zzra.Aa.i9v eovoy.a^ovro. Ibid. p. 826. 
+
+f9 Pompon. Mela. L. i. c. 19. 
+
+* 9 Mons Amazonium et oppidum. L. 6. p. 505. 
+
+90 V. 772. "Ol ^£,VgQl U7T0 risp<TGt)V X.CtABVTCZ.1 K X7T7TOCJ'CX.Ctl, Ibid. p. I37. 
+
+91 L. i.c. 72. See Strabo. L. 12. p. 832. 
+
+
+VoL# III. 
+
+
+O o o 
+
+
+A ffy r i a. 
+
+
+
+466 
+
+
+T iiL Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Aflyria. The inhabitants were alio called 52 A GVJC0-2vfici t 
+Luco-Syri, from Aanil Xovg, two names of the Deity, 
+whom they worshiped. Stephanus Byzantinus having men¬ 
+tioned, that there were Chaldeans near Colchis, Xa/.cTa/o; 
+
+eQvog f ur?\r l <riov rr,s quotes a fragment out of Sopho¬ 
+
+cles, wherein thefe peculiar names ol the Pontic Amazonians 
+arc mentioned. 
+
+92 K oXyog tb, XaX£ziog tb , kcli Xvgocv sGvog. 
+
+They had alfo the name of Mauri, or Moors ; fimilar to 
+thofe of their family in India, and Mauritania. Under this 
+appellation they are mentioned by the author of the Or¬ 
+phic Argonautica. 
+
+9+ A CLIOL cT S7ri7r7\M<TCiVTSS SZSXcrCi[JLSV OLiyirClXoiOriVy 
+
+'H rs Mavgoi screw , Magicu$2goi<rii/ ofxngoi. 
+
+Every circumftance fhews plainly their original. 
+
+As this people had different titles in the countries where 
+they fettled ; and often in the fame region ; their hi/lory 
+by thefe means has been confounded. We End, that they 
+were called not only Amazonians, but Syri, Affyrii, Chaldsei, 
+Mauri, Chalybes : and were flill further diverfiiied. They 
+were the fame as the lonim ; and in confequence of it they 
+are faid to have founded the chief and molt ancient cities in 
+Ionia, and its neighbourhood. Among thefe are to be 
+
+91 Strabo. L. 16. p. 107 r. Avxos, Sol. Macrcb. Saturn. JL. 1. p. 134. Hence 
+Lux, and Luceo. 
+
+9J TvfJLTTOLVt^ai* 
+
+^ V. 741, 
+
+reckoned 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+467 
+
+
+reckoned 95 Ephefus, Smyrna, Cuma, Myrina, Latorea, Anaja, 
+El iea, Myrlea, Paphos, Cuna ; belides many others, which 
+further witnefs their original, by the devices on their coins. 
+For the money of the cities in Aha Minor, and particularly 
+of thofe in Phrygia, Ionia, and Myna, has often an Amazon 
+for its device. At other times there is a reprefentation of 
+Rhea, or Cybele, crowned with a tower, to denote the reli¬ 
+
+
+gion of the place. 
+
+
+And 
+
+
+the Deity 
+
+
+c* 
+
+
+rfhiped 
+
+
+known under difrereut titles ; the names of thefc cities will 
+be found to have a reference to them. And not only the cities, 
+but the rivers and fountains being held facred, will appear 
+to be denominated in the fame manner : and from hence the 
+original of the people may be known. 96 On Je di Afj,a^ovsg 
+'UjoKhovg bv Ana. mTB<r r gov Toorovg 'UTotb, JfAatn mi xgwou nvsg 
+Auci£qmv 6[MjJM(jlqi, aai (jut)v mi 'nroXsig, oiov avv/i fi E$s<rog, r\ 
+
+M vgivr) y\ Aio’hix.Y], That the Amazons held many places in AJia , 
+tnay be fee?i from their names having been given to fountains , as 
+
+
+95 Ktiosis ycvv 'zmoAecou yccu STroowfJuai A eyovTcct^ x-xQxTsg Eepecru, xcct xai 
+
+KvfJLW; xcci M upiVYi? y xxi ricctpou , xxi ceAAa v ttg pevy jjlclt cc. Strabo. L. 11. p* 77 1 * Sec 
+Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 1 88. 
+
+2 Zy.vpra —a jo Steph. Byzant. 
+
+Kv,Un - ToSB CVOfJLCL CC 7 T 0 A UCZ^Cl'OS, Xa.bot7T$g XXI /7 l^IvOLWI. Stl*abo. L. I I . p, / 7 1 * 
+
+Kv/loi AioAoa;—cerro K vum ASteph. 
+
+Latorea— xiro Awa^rs?. Athen*cus. L. i.p. ^r. 
+
+A vaiet—ccTTQ Avxicts A fs.aC^ovA. Steph. 
+
+EA aux .— x7to EAa/cts Aiicit^ovo?. Sc hoi. in Rionyl. v. S2S. 
+
+K vri'cc — xi to fJLixi tmv Steph. Byzant. 
+
+Kccl € 7 rct 3 yv/j.c f J 5 (r cou A ya^voov) 'sroAexs rivets suxi (pacri-y text yap E (pe<T&’, xai 2 /xb-p- 
+m, xcu K v/j.nv 9 xai Mup?\€tsci\ Strabo. L. 12. p. 827. 
+
+Scholia in Dionyf. v. 828. 
+
+
+O O O 2 
+
+
+well 
+
+
+
+4 68 
+
+
+Thf. Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+’well as to cities : which names are Jlill 97 retained. "This is ap¬ 
+parent in the ?ianie of Ephcjus , Slncca^ and of Myriria in JRolia. 
+They were no other than the Ionim, of whom I have treated 
+at large: and though the Helladians would*perfuade us, that 
+this part of the world was peopled from Attica ; and from 
+other little diftridls in Greece; yet it is all a miftake. They 
+gave out, that 9 * Neileus, Athamas, iEgyptus, and Canopus 
+an Erythrean, went at different times from Hellas, and founded 
+the chief places in Ionia. They were without doubt founded 
+by Nileidae, and people of Egypt: by Canopians and Ery- 
+threans : but they did not come from Greece. The moft 
+memorable, and one of the moft ancient events in the annals 
+of this country was I wvog oLpifys, the arrival of Ion the fon of 
+Xuth. He was fuppofed to have come in the reign of 99 Erec- 
+theus, and to have fettled in Attica, at the very time, that 
+Hellen the fon of Deucalion betook himfelf to Ai-mon, 
+AifXoovicCj the fame as Theflaly. We are allured by 100 Tim¬ 
+es, and by other good writers, that Greece was for 
+many ages after this in an unfettled ftate, and thinly peopled. 
+And the natives of Attica for a long time lived 1 difperfed : 
+
+57 Thole ancient terms, which he looks upon as the names of Amazons, were 
+fhcred titles ; and all related to the religion of the people. Elrea was the city of 
+the Olive : Cuma the city of the Sun : China the Royal city. 
+
+* s AiyvTTTzi' N ei/'.e&i* Paufan. JL. 7* p. 5Z6. 
+
+Nf/Ac’j:—es Paufan. E. 7. p. 524, EpuhpasSe Kcliwxg $ 9 or as Cafaubon 
+
+reads, Kvwtc?. Strabo. E. 14. 939. 
+
+rifAoTror racnx'y y-cli Adwat&v eti Agixv Icow«s ceKt&tv 
+
+ftssohsis. Eufeb. Chron. p. 36. 
+
+* 9 Strabo. L. S. p. 587- Tatianus Afiyrius. p. 274. 
+
+,co L. 1 * c. 3. 
+
+* Plutarch, in Thefeo. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+
+T hi; Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 469 
+
+and were not formed into any kind of community, till the 
+time of Thefeus. Yet there are faid to have been many 
+colonies fent out before his ara. Nay the very perfon, 
+Ion, the foil of Xuth, who is fuppofed to have come 
+in the moft early times, led out, before he could be 
+well iixed, no lefs than thirteen colonies to Ionia. 2 Athe- 
+nienfes ex refponfts Apollinis Delpliici communi conli- 
+lio totius Hellados trededw colonias uno tempore in Adam 
+deduxerunt : ducefque in lingulis coloniis conftituerunt; et 
+fummarn imperii partem Ton /, Xeuthi et Creufas blio dede- 
+runt. The Athenians /Vz obedience to fome oracles of dip olio at 
+Delphi , by the joint cjnfent of the whole Hellenic fate , fent out 
+at the fame time thirteett colotiies into Afa^ and appomted a 
+leader to each. But the chief command of the whole they in- 
+trufed to Ion , the foji of Xeuth and Creitfa. 
+
+Under the hiftory of Ion and Hellen is dignified the arri¬ 
+val of the Iones and Hellenes ; who came into Attica and 
+Theffaly. In thele times there was no Hellenic body : nor 
+was the name of Hellas as yet in general acceptation : fo 
+that the above hiftory is all a fable. How is it poffible to 
+conceive, that a country fhould be able to fend out thirteen 
+bodies of men fo early : or that people fhould migrate, be¬ 
+fore they could be well fettled ? It was, it feems, effedled 
+by the joint advice of all the Grecian ftates. But there was 
+at thefe times neither Hellenic ftate, nor kingdom ; nor were 
+any of the great communities formed. Beftdes the above- 
+mentioned, there were other colonies fent out in a long fuc- 
+
+* Vitruvius. L. 4. c. 1. 
+
+Iones, duce lone, profe£ti Athenis nobiliffimam partem regionis maritime occu- 
+
+« 
+
+paverunt, Velleius Paterculus. L. i« c. 4. 
+
+ceflion : 
+
+
+
+47° 
+
+
+Tiie Analysis of Ancient Mytholocy. 
+
+
+cefhon : and the i e To numerous, that one would imagine that 
+the country quite up to Thrace muft have been exhaufted. 
+One of thefe was led by 3 Iolaus from Attica and Thefpis: 
+and not long after there were migrations under + Phorbus to 
+Rhodes ; and under Tleptolemus of 5 Argos to the fame 
+place : under Triopas to s Caria ; and under others to Crete. 
+Under Penthilus the ion of Oreftes to Thrace : under Ar- 
+
+
+clielaus to Cyzicus and Bith^nia. The Athenians pretended 
+to have founded Erythira; and to have built Cuina, Ephefuc, 
+
+
+and the twelve cities of Ionia : and moil ol the iilan 
+
+
+ds we 
+
+
+ere 
+
+
+peopled from tlie fame 7 quarter. The Amazonian city Elaia 
+was according to them built by 8 MneEheus, who lived at 
+tlie fuppofed aira of Troy : all which is inconiiilent and un¬ 
+
+
+true. 
+
+
+Some fugitives from Hellas may at times have croffed 
+the feas : but the celebrated cities of Ionia were coeval with 
+Greece itfelf, and built by people of the fame family, the 
+Ionim, who at other times were ilyled Amazons. Their hif- 
+tory was obfolete ; and has been greatly mifreprefented ; yet 
+there are evidences frill remaining to fhew w r ho they were : 
+and the Grecians, however inconiiilent it mtty appear, con- 
+lefs, that thefe cities were of 9 
+
+
+Amazonian orig 
+
+
+inal. 
+
+
+The Amazons were 10 Arkites, wTo came from Egypt; 
+
+3 P a u Tanias. L. y. p. 524. He gives an account of many colonies. 
+
+4 Eufeb. Chron. p. 13. Veriionis Lat. 
+
+5 This was before the war of Troy. 
+
+E/c Pj Jcr o:A cc/j.tvo* uP't.yztx 'ujcio'^mv (7 Iliad. B. v . 667. 
+
+6 See Marfhanfs Chron. p. 340. Gnecorum Colonics. 
+
+7 Strabo. L. 14. p. 939. See Marmora Arundeliana. 
+
+8 EA once fileveatisct'S X7tafj.cc, xcu 
+IA tor. Strabo. L. 13. p. 923. 
+
+9 See backward the quotations from Strabo, Diodorus, Stephanus, Atheneus, and 
+the Scholiafbs, p. 467. 
+
+*° One of their chief cities was called Archax>polis. Procop. de B. G. L. 4.C. 13. 
+
+10 and 
+
+
+aw clv Tw A 6 w'cttooy tgov auq"pccTSvaccvTCov siri 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+and vvorfniped the Sun, and Selene, the chid deities of the 
+country, from whence they came. Herodotus Ityles them 
+/Eorpata, and fays, that they had thus name from killing 
+their hufbands. But granting that they were women, I never 
+found that they ever had hulbands ; unlefs an accidental 
+commerce with any man they met, and fuch as they are here 
+feppofed immediately to kill, can entitle him to be called 
+an hufband. fEorpata is a name taken from their worfhip ; 
+which was given to their priefts. It lignihes a prieft of tin, 
+or Orus, analogous to Pataneit, Patazithes, Atropata, Afam- 
+nata, of Egypt, and other countries. Thcfe priefts ufed to 
+facrifice ftrangers, who by chance came upon tlieir coaft; 
+and from thence were ftyled (A v^oxtovoi) murderers. 
+
+It is well known, that the Egyptians admitted the lilt rum 
+
+among their military inftruments of mu lick ; and made ufe 
+
+
+r 
+
+or 
+
+
+it, when they went to war. Hence Virgil fays of 
+
+
+patra 
+
+
+barbarous 
+
+
+io \ r ocat agmina fiftro. And the fame princefs 
+by another poet for prefuming to bring this 
+trument in oppofition to the Roman trumpet 
+
+
+” Romanamque tubam crepitanti pellere fiftro. 
+
+
+amomr the A 
+
+
+um 
+
+
+fhiped the Ids of Egypt, and made ufe of her Eft: 
+they engaged in battle .— 13 Apud Amazonas fiftro ad beilum 
+
+
+feminaruin exercitus vocabatur. 
+dorus. who 
+
+
+the wo 
+
+
+C> 
+
+
+11 Virgil. JEntls. L. 8. v. 696. 
+
+,a Propertius. L. 3. Elcg. 9. v. 43. 
+r? Ificiorus. Oria. L. 2. c. 21* 
+
+
+women; 
+
+
+
+47 2 The Anal vs is of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+women ; but affords us this material circumftance in their 
+hiftory. In another place he ipeaks to the fame purpofe. 
+
+Apud Amazonas autem non tuba, ficut a regibus, fed a 
+regina fiftro voeabatur feeminarum exercitus. 
+
+The Amazonians of Colchis and Armenia were not far re¬ 
+moved from the Minyie near Mount Ararat: and were un¬ 
+doubtedly of the fame family. They were Arkites, as we 
+may learn from the people of Pontic Theba; and followed 
+the rites of the Ark, under the name of Meen, Baris, and 
+Iona. Hence it is, that they have ever been reprefen ted with 
+lunar fhields. Many have thought, that they were of a lunar 
+fhape : but this is a mifiake, for moll of the Afiatic coins 
+reprefent them otherwife. The lunette was a device taken 
+from their worfliip. It was the national enfign, which was 
+painted upon their fhields: whence it is faid of them: pidfis 
+bellantur Amazones armis. And in another place: ducit 
+Amazonidas lunatis agmina peltis Penthifelea furens. The 
+Amazonian fhield approached nearly to the fhape of a leaf, as 
+did the fhields of the Gothic nations. Pliny fays of the In¬ 
+dian fig : ,s Foliorum latitudo pelt® effigiem Amazoni® 
+habet. Upon thefe fhields they had more lunettes than one: 
+and from them the cuftom was derived to the Turks, and 
+other Tartar nations. 
+
+A large body of this family fettled upon the Borifthenes; 
+alfo in the Tauric Cherfonefe, and in the 16 regions adjacent. 
+
+In 
+
+16 Ifidorus. Orig. L. 18. c. 4. 
+
+17 Pliny. Hill. Nat. L. 12. c. 5. p. 657. 
+
+18 Efpecially upon the Tanais. 
+
+Totraoi puev ro-oretpiov Tctvaiv -z&egn'ctieTcty&i, 
+
+'XwJ'oiy K ifJLfxeptoi re* Dionyf. Tlepiny. v. 678. 
+
+
+Here 
+
+
+
+The An alvsis of Ancient Mythology'. 
+
+
+473 
+
+
+In thefe places they were ftyled Amazons, and alfo 17 Cim¬ 
+merians. Some writers have thought, that the colony of the 
+
+o * « 
+
+Colchians was from hence : but others more truly fuppofe, 
+that this people came from Colchis. They were once a very 
+powerful lS nation, and made a confiderable figure : and 
+though their hiftory, on account of their antiquity, is fome- 
+what dark, yet we have fufficient evidences of their greatnefs. 
+They are faid to have overran the coafl of Pontus and Bithy- 
+nia ; and to have feized upon all Ionia. But as the times 
+of thefe inroads are varioully reprefented, there is reafon to 
+think, that thefe liiftories relate to their firft fettling in thole- 
+parts. For though it is not impofiible, but that one part of 
+a family may make war upon another, yet it is not in this 
+inftance probable. We know that moft of the migrations 
+of old were by the Greeks reprefented as warlike expedi¬ 
+tions. And there is room to think, that this has been mifi- 
+reprefented in the fame manner. However both 19 Herodo¬ 
+tus and Strabo mention thefe invafionsj and the latter fpeaks 
+
+
+Here was a river Phafis, fimilar to that at Colchis. E<r* y&f sre go; <7 i;) E 
+
+7T*/?', 'mXyerM tvs RIcttcoTtf os Az/zr/tf, ✓ c<xi Td TccrcaJo? 'zroT<x/Ad> Scholia in Pind. 
+Pyth. Od. v. 4. 376. 
+
+17 Some fpeak of the Amazons and Cimmerians as only confederates : but they 
+were certainly the fame people. When Seneca mentions the Amazons invading 
+Attica, he brings them from the Tanais and Maoris. 
+
+Qualis reliftis frigidi Ponti plagis 
+
+Egit catervas Atticum pulfans folum 
+
+Tanaitis autMaeotis—— Hippolytus. A< 5 t. 2. v. 399. 
+
+But they are generally fuppofed to have come from the Thermodon. 
+
+
+18 
+
+
+ExexTVVTo S’ 61 pLSycthnv 'wore tv toj Do<T7Tocu fvvccpuv* S'lo'rrtc xou Kip c- 
+
+
+fAtplXOi Bccvrcpos MVGjUtOtafau Strabo. L, II. p. 756. 
+
+
+19 E. I. c. 6. 1 
+
+
+• 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+P p p 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+474 
+
+
+Tin: Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of the Cimmerians as being likevvife called 20 Tgr,guyg£, 7 re- 
+rones. II c lays, that they often made inroads upon the 
+
+fouthem coafl oi Pontus, and all the neighbouring pro¬ 
+vinces ; fometimes invading the Paphlagonians, and at other 
+times the Phrygians and Ionians. This is extraordinary : 
+for they were certainly of the fame family as the Ionim, who 
+were denominated from Ionah, the Dove. The word 
+Treron, is a trandation of the original name ; and is pre- 
+cifcly of the fame purport. Hence we read in Homer more 
+tlian once of 11 Tgr,gu'va 'ursAsictv and of Mycene, the city of 
+
+Iuno, being ftylcd 12 'UToXvTgriguvcL M vky\vyiV. It has been fhewn, 
+that the Cimmerians worfhiped Ofiris, and the emblematical 
+Deity Taur-Ione : fo that we may be certified of their ori¬ 
+ginal. The people, whom they invaded upon the coaft of 
+Pontus, were both Cimmerians and Amazonians. They 
+lived near the lake Acherufia, upon the river Sagar; or as 
+the Greeks exprefied it 23 X ay yagio; : and one of their chief 
+
+cities was * + Heraclea. What is moil extraordinary, while 
+they are carrying on thefe adts of hoftility, they are joined 
+
+
+20 c Ot f 'ty.uipui, sviTc, y-xi ’TgnpoovGLS ovopxa.ifdon't » tx.en'uy ti tvvos, t&qKAx'ki? 
+
+ejriipxy.iv tx $[xtp* t a I 1gvtc> > xxi t<x (rurijtfi ctvroiS^ ktA, Scrabo. L. i. p. 106. 
+
+“ Iliad. X. v. 2qS. ' 4 . v. S53. 
+
+Iliad. B. v. 502. and v. 5S2. They were alfo Amazonians: their chief river 
+the Tanais was ftyled Amazonius. exocAs.to S'e zergorepov Auftor detlu- 
+
+minibus. Geogr. Vet. v. 2. p. 27. 
+
+They were of the Titanic race, and are laid to have retreated hither after their de¬ 
+feat, and to have been fheltered in a ftrong hold called Keira. Dion. Caflius. 
+
+11 Sagar is the fame as Sachor, the name of the Nile, which has been given to a 
+
+river in Pontus. Acherufia is from the fame quarter. In thefe parts was a river 
+
+Indus. Amnis Indus in Cibyritarum jugis ortus. Pliny. L. 5. p. 275. 
+
+14 rioPin 'HfaxAeiec —ottu Ktfxfxepioi. Scholia in Dionyf. v. 790. 
+
+'RpxxAsixr^'zaept w A%spya’i<x.'X.eppo»)urss. Ibid. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 475 
+
+by the very people, the Amazonians, upon whom they are 
+making war. 15 Afxct^ovsg ry A<rict £7rrih0ov ctfj.cc KiufiBgioig. 
+
+ctvTcti kcu to sv Ejstui tzgov 'U?goo'£V£7rgi] i 7Ctv. The si masons 
+overrent slfia in conjunction with the Cimmerians : they like wife 
+burnt t,he temple at Rphefus. This too is very extraordinary: 
+for it was a noble ftrudture ; which they had creeled with 
+their own hands ; and which they mu ft have particularly 
+reverenced. The city Ephcfus was the chief feat of the 
+Amazonian Ionim. 
+
+
+z6 
+
+
+Ylct^aXirjV E ££Cov, ^yctTey) TSTdlav loyBotigot;, 
+Evtfct $■£}] TiTOTS vr)ov ApLotfoviSsg T£Tvyono. 
+
+
+like is mentioned bv Mel 
+
+
+27 
+
+
+D 
+
+
+riftimum t 
+traduntur. 
+
+
+n, quod Amazones Afta potentes facrafte 
+nk it is fcarcely poflible for thefe accounts 
+
+
+to be precifely true. We may be aflured, according to the 
+generally received opinion concerning the Ionians, that they 
+were the fame as the Amazonians; and their cities were 
+
+nal. The beft hiftories are to this pur- 
+of almoft every city further prove it. 
+
+
+Amazonian orig 
+
+
+pofe 
+
+The Grecians indeed, though they continually contradidl 
+
+4 
+
+themfelves, claim the honour of having peopled thefe re¬ 
+gions 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+forced to carry the sera of their 
+totally difagree with their ftate 
+
+
+In confe- 
+
+
+45 Eufeb. Chron. p. 35. Syncellus. p. 178. 
+
+16 Dionyfius. v. 827. See alfo Paufanias. L,. 4. p. 357. 
+47 Mela. L. 1. c. 17. p. 87. 
+
+
+p P p 2 
+
+
+quence 
+
+
+
+476 The Analysis of Ancient Myti-iolocw 
+
+quence of this, they are reprefented as making power) : i ivt- 
+tlements abroad, before they could maintain thcmfclw at 
+home : at a time when their country was poorly inhabited : 
+and mu ft have been exhaufted by fuch draughts. Strabo, 
+who had enquired into thefe hiftorics diligently, laments the 
+uncertainty, with which they are attended. He gives into 
+the common notion, that Rhodes, and other Afiatic places, 
+were peopled from Greece before the war of Troy : yet 
+feems to be diffident; and confeffies, that the accounts given 
+of thefe places and countries arc very obfeure and uncertain. 
+* This obfeurity , fays Strabo, has arifen not only froi/i the 
+changes and revolutions , which have happened in thefe provinces ; 
+but alfo from the difagreement to be fou?id in writers , who never 
+deferibe the fame faSl in the fame manner. The inroads of the 
+Cimmerians and Amazonians are equally obfeure and un¬ 
+certain. 
+
+It is mentioned by Apollonius Rhodius, that, when Or¬ 
+pheus played upon the lyre, the trees of Pieria came down 
+from the hills to the Thracian coaft, and ranged themfelves 
+in due order at 29 Zona. As the people, of whom I have been 
+treating, worffiiped the Sun, whom they ftyledZon, there were 
+in confequence of it many places, which they occupied, called 
+Zona. One of thefe, we find, was in Thrace, near the Hebrus. 
+It was undoubtedly a city built by the Orphite priefts, and 
+denominated from the luminary, which they adored. There 
+
+28 Feycre ji ccaccpetx cu S'ict tccs pceTccCoXccs juiorov , aAAat xoci Fict xas tgov wlygcc- 
+<p€o:v ctvcfj.Q^oyixti / zc€pt toou clut&v qu toc, clvtoc, A eyovToov. Strabo. L. 12. p. 859. 
+
+* 9 Argonaut. L. i. v. 29. 
+
+Serrium, et, quo canentem Orphea fecuta narrantur nemora. Zone. Mela. L.2. 
+c. 2. p. 140. See Herod. L. 7. c. 59. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+477 
+
+
+was a city Zona in Africa, faid to have been taken by the 
+Roman 3a general Seftius ; which we may fuppofe to have 
+been named from the fame object. I mention thefe things, 
+becaufe there was likewife a city 31 Zona of the Amazons 
+in Cappadocia, which led the Greeks into a ftrange miftake. 
+For when, in their legendary hiftorics, they fuppofe Hercu¬ 
+les to march to Zona, and to take it; they mifeonftrue the 
+name, and imagine, that it was 5 , a bandage. Hence in- 
+flead of a city, they uniformly render it and make the 
+
+grounds of the Amazonian war to have been a woman’s 
+girdle. 
+
+The term Zon, the Sun, was oftentimes varied to Zan, 
+Zaon, and Zoan : and people and places were accordingly 
+denominated. I have taken notice of the 31 Suanes and Soanes 
+of Colchis ; who were fometimes called 33 Zani. Mention 
+is made of a temple in Thrace named Sctor, Saon ; which is 
+a variation of the fame term, as is mentioned above. It was 
+iituated near a cavern: and is faid to have been built by the 
+Corybantes, and to have alfo had the name of Zerynthus. 
+35 Lycophron accordingly ftyles it, 'ZyjgvvOov owgov — £gv[/.vop 
+
+XTKTfJLOi K VgSoU/TM 2ciOV+ 
+
+
+30 
+
+
+Dionyf. Hift. Rom. L. 48. 
+
+31 It is called Zoana by Antoninus, p. 1S2. who places it in Armenia Minor * 
+which was an Amazonian province, and often aferibed to Cappadocia. 
+
+
+JZ 
+
+
+Pliny. L. 6. c. 4. 
+
+
+3i They were called Zani, Zaini, and Zani tse : alfo Sanitre. Agathias. L. 5. p. 
+143. T&ctivoi, Tfaini. The author of the Chronicon Pafchale calls them Salli and 
+Sanitse, tcou 'Xoc.vitco — Q7rov eq^tv n A^ccpos. p. 34. Both terms 
+
+relate to the Sun, ftyled Sal, and Sol; Zan, and Zon. The Amazons lived between, 
+the Thermodon and the river Apfarus. 
+
+44 Lycoph. v. 77. 
+
+
+2 
+
+
+One 
+
+
+
+478 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+One of the mo ft extraordinary circumftances in the hiftory 
+of the Amazons is their invafton of Attica. They are re- 
+prefented as women, who came from the river Thermodon, 
+in revenge for the infnlt offered to them by Hercules, who 
+had plundered their country. Their attack is defcribed as 
+very violent ; and the conflict for a long time doubtful. At 
+laft, having loft many of their companions, they were ob¬ 
+liged to retreat, and intirely leave the country. The Athe¬ 
+nians pretended to have many evidences of this invafton : 
+they pointed out the place of engagement : the very fpot, 
+where they afterwards entered into a truce : and they could 
+fhew the tombs of thofe Amazons, who fell in the difpute. 
+The place was named Amazoneum: and there was an ancient 
+pillar near it, faid to have been erecfted by this people. The 
+hiftory given is circumftantial, yet abounds with inconftften- 
+cies ; and is by no writer uniformly related. Such a people 
+as the Amazonians had certainly been in Attica : the Athe¬ 
+nians, as well as the Boeotians, were in great meafure de- 
+fcended from them. Plutarch from the names of places, 
+which had a reference to the Amazonian hiftory, tries to 
+fhew the certainty of this invafton, and of the circumftances, 
+with which it was faid to have been attended. For there 
+was a building named 55 Horcomoftum, which he fuppofes to 
+have been the place of truce : and he mentions facrifices, 
+
+35 A^ Act T TCU 'ZcT f/.OV ei$ fjTTOl'S' CCS T^XB'JTYKTCLl fJLCtpTDplOV VT6 T8 TQ7T3 Y,?K’A- 
+
+cs to 'zzraccc to ov Tcrep O^y.ocfAOfjtoi' x.ccA&g'H', ysiouen) thjccXcci Srutrtoc Tots 
+
+Afj-o^ocn 'zz-po tw Ocasio'*. Theicus. vol. i. p. 13. Orchom-ous, like Alterous, 
+Ampelous* Maurous, Amathous, Achorous, lignifies a place facred to Or-Chom. 
+He was the Orchamus of the ealt: and the fame perfonage fiom whom the cities 
+called Orchomenos had their name. 
+
+6 
+
+
+which 
+
+
+
+i hr Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+479 
+
+
+which ufcd there to be offered to the Amazons. But there 
+is nothing in thefe arguments, which proves the point in 
+queftion. The name of the place, if it be genuine, may re¬ 
+late to an oath : but it does not neccfiarily follow, that the 
+Amazons here entered into a treaty ; nor do the rites eftab- 
+
+lifned at all fhew, that they were in a ftatc of hofcility with 
+
+• ✓ 
+
+the 5+ Athenians. The rites confided originally in offerings 
+made to the Deity, from whom the Amazons received their 
+name. He was called Azon, and Amazon, the fame as Ares, 
+the Sun. They worfhiped both Ares and Harmon : which 
+the Grecians changed to a feminine Harmonia: and the Am¬ 
+azons, in confequence of this worfhip, were faid to be the 
+offspring of thofe Deities. 
+
+
+55 Ar) yug kcu yevzY\v e<rav A geo; 'A^ uoviyj; ts. 
+
+$ 
+
+By yevsi] Agsog xou Ag(JL0»iY,g is meant the children of the Sun 
+and Moon. Hence it is, that the wife of Cadmus was faid to 
+be Harmonia; for the Cadmians were certainly Amazonians. 
+
+After the Grecians had fuppofed, that thefe female warriors 
+invaded their country, and were repulfed, they were at a lofs 
+to account whither they afterwards withdrew. Some have 
+
+
+54 By Plato they are faid to have been condufted by Eumolpus. Vaj^oX 7 tu yey 
+Ct'jv x.cz.1 A y.cL^oroav eTn^cccrivcroivroov e 7 ri rvv r^cocoev. Mencxenus, vol. 2. p. 239, 
+He introduced hymns, and facrifices,. and the mylteries at Eleufis. This could not 
+be the work of an enemy in a ftate of war. 
+
+55 Apollon. Argonaut. L. 2. v. 992. 
+
+Har-Mon is Dominus Lunus. HaraMona, from whence came ‘A^tcr/Xj.Domi- 
+naLuna. The Cadmians were certainly Amazonians j but their ancient name by 
+length of time was effaced. 
+
+
+given 
+
+
+
+4&o 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+given out, that they retreated into Magna ' 6 Grascia, where 
+they founded the city 57 Cleite : and Ifocrates fo far agrees, 
+as to acknowledge, that none of them returned to their own 
+58 country. But Lyhas goes farther, and fays, 59 that their 
+nation was wholly ruined by this expedition : that they 
+loft their territories, and were never more heard of. Upon 
+all which 60 Plutarch obferves, that we mujl 7iot wonder , when 
+ira) faclio72s are of fuch atitiquity^ f hijlory floouldprove C077tra- 
+ditdory and obfci/re. The Amazons were fuppofed to have 
+always fought on horfeback ; and they were thus deferibed 
+by Micon in the Poicile at 61 Athens. Yet it is certain, that 
+the ufc of cavalry in war was not known in Greece till long 
+after this sera : and, if we may credit Homer, the Afiatic 
+nations at the liege of Troy were equally unacquainted with 
+this advantage. The ftrongeft argument for this invafion 
+of the Amazons, and their defeat, was the tombs of thofe, 
+who were ilain. Thefe are mentioned by many writers. But 
+the Grecians had likewife the tomb of Dionufus, of Deuca¬ 
+lion, of Orion •, and the tombs of other perfons, who never 
+exifted : all which were in reality high altars, raifed in an- 
+
+J]'Tt~pzT£V(7ctv S'e ctvTctt tv At Tixy, xxi rtx,vQei<rcu U7re^e^pxp e;$ I rccAtctv. 
+Scholia in Lycoph. v. 1332. 
+
+>7 KAf/T/;.— /J.I& 'TCt.r Afj.ct^ovojv 'ztoAlv €x.nae, Etymolog. Mag. 
+
+A:') CCL tJ.SV O'JV TCn'V AfJLCt^Ql'OOV) teS T OOV fXBv sA^ZGCOV tofeyiCC 'GTxAlU C67TV 
+
+*Ai oe v ?rc?^i(f ie>cr<xi 6 toe tvv Evhcc<Pe GVfx(poP<xv ex. tvs ccc^vs g£s£A/;6War. In 
+Pam-gyr. p. 93 - 
+
+59 lixsivxi rj.tv CUV TVS <Z/\AoTgl<XS X$lXtoS E 7 rSjfJ.V(rOCGXi TVV CCVTCOV S.XCtiCOS CLTccKe(TCtv t 
+
+Tm Ixvtx'v TnccT'fOx Six t v v erbocSs avycpo^ccv ctvoovuyov xcc T€fv<r<x.v • Lyfias. Funeb. 
+Orat. tols I Lopti’bicoif Tjovbois. 
+
+60 Oxvy.cccfov &x Ef*iv eyri th pxyy.eeaiv btco tcxXxiois 'ZzrActvataQctt tvv l<fopixv, 
+Plutarch in Theieo. p. 13. 
+
+61 T ols S'e Ayx^ovxs axoTrei^ cz$ M/scw? eypa^ev e7ni7r7rcov y,oc%oy.evct$, Ariftophanis 
+
+JLvIi-ftrata, v. 680 . cicnt 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 4.81 
+
+cicnt days. The whole of this hiftory relates to old rites 
+and cuftoms, and not to any warlike expedition. They like- 
+wife fhewed a pillar, called Amazoneum, which was fuppofed 
+to have been denominated from this 61 people. But we can 
+only infer from it, that fuch people were once in the country, 
+and probably eredted it. This was the exprefs objedt to which 
+
+the Amazonians paid their adoration ; as they lived in an 
+age, when ftatues were not known. Such a one the Argo¬ 
+nauts are faid to have found in the temple of Arez, when 
+they landed upon the coaft of Pontus ; and made their offer¬ 
+ings to the Deity. 
+
+6} Tloca'criiJ'iri S’ nzsiTct mov fxsTct vqov A gw; 
+
+lsg£v<ra.<JL£voi, 'nrsgi S’ str^ct^rj sfrjtrano 
+
+E<r<rv[jL£vcjos J rt r szrog avrigetpeos 'urshs rija 
+Zt 10LWV' £1<TW Ss {JL£\CL$ AI0O2 YjgYlgSlfO 
+'Isgog, w 'utots 'gtchtou AMAZONES sv^sTowno. 
+
+Now to the grove of Arez they repair, 
+
+And while the vidtims bleed, they take their ftand 
+Around the glowing altar, full in front 
+Of a fair temple. Here of ebon hue 
+Rifes in air a lofty antique ftone. 
+
+Before it all of Amazonian name 
+Bow low, and make their vows. 
+
+That the tombs fpoken of were high altars is evident from 
+their fituation : for how could they otherwife be found in 
+
+tz riAi uxiov ooicii too* "BTuAwy 'srgos t*i A.fAu^oyiS'i i. Plato in Axiocho. vol. 3. 
+
+P- 365- 
+
+63 Apollon. Argon. L. 2. v. 1174. 
+
+Vol. III. Q^q q 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+482 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+the middle of the 63 city : and in fo many different places. 
+There was an Amazonian monument at 64 Megara : and 
+tombs of Amazons near 6s Chasronea upon a river named 
+Thermodon. The like were fhewn in Theflaly near 66 Sco- 
+tufliea, and Cunofcephale : all which were fuppofed to have 
+been places of burials, where Amazons had been flain. To 
+thefc mio;ht be added monuments of the fame nature in 
+
+O 
+
+67 Ionia : and others in 6,5 Mauritania ; all mifconftrued, and 
+fuppofed to have been tombs of female warriors. In refjpedt 
+to thofe at Athens, the place where they were erecfled (sv ct?si y 
+withm the walls of the* 9 city,) and the facrifices there offered, 
+fhew, that they could not relate to enemies : but were the 
+work of people, who had there 70 fettled. The river Ther¬ 
+modon, which was alfo called 'A i(JLocv y in Theflaly, could not 
+have received its name from a tranflent mitrch of Amazons ; 
+but mull have been fo called from people of that family, 
+who reflded in thofe parts. Every circumflance of this fup¬ 
+pofed invaflon is attended with fome abfurdity. It was 
+owing, we are told, to the irijuftice of Hercules, who ftole 
+the girdle of Hippolyte ; arid attacked the nation, of which 
+
+65 Plutarch in Theleo. p. 13. Ev a^ei KaLTe<^go 7 refeuacir. p. 12. Ev TymoXeu 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+64 Ibid. p. 13. 
+
+65 Ibid. 
+
+66 Ibid. Called by Plutarch 'XxoTovaactict. By fonie it is exprelTed Scotufla. 
+
+67 Mvpiv»i-. Homer. Iliad. B. v. 813. 
+
+63 Diodorus Sic. L. 3. p. 1S8.' 
+
+69 They were, according to Plutarch, - fuppofed to TiaVfc foUg ht megL Tyv YlrOitfr' 
+kcli to Nl&aeiov. The place called Thut; was clofe to the Acropolis. JTbvi; y* 
+
+me pi TW A^ipoiroAiv. JuK Pollux; L. 8. c. 10. p. 957.- 
+
+70 Plutarch in Thefeo. p, 13. 
+
+
+(he 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 483 
+
+{he was queen, fo as to quite 71 ruin it. The Amazons having 
+been thus cruelly defeated and weakened ; and not being 
+able to v/ithfhand their next 71 neighbours, refolved to wage 
+war with the Greeks, and particularly with Thefeus of 
+Athens. They accordingly began their march, being fully 
+determined to make reprifals. In this difpofition of mind, 
+one would imagine, that they took the diredt way to Greece : 
+but it was far otherwife. The rout, by which they are fup- 
+pofed to have gone, was quite the reverfe of the path, which 
+led to Greece. Every ftep was in a contrary direction. To 
+arrive at the fouthr-weft they palled north-eaft ; and ranging 
+round the whole Euxine Sea, by Mount Caucafus and Col¬ 
+chis, to the 73 Cimmerian Bofporus; and having paffed many 
+hills and many rivers ; among which were the Phafis, the 
+Tanais, the Borifthenes, the 7+ Ifter, the Hebrus, they at laft 
+arrive at Athens. Here they pitch their camp, ev a?si 3 
+within the precindts of the city, and clofe to the Acropolis. 
+They then fight a fevere battle, and are obliged to retire : 
+and not being able to return home, they are difiipated, and 
+dwindle to nothing. Lyfias fays, 75 Tt)V ixvroov 'GrocTgfct, b'let 
+rr,v <rvfJL<pogoiv cuminifJLQV BTtoi^trcLV. ’They by this tntfearriage ruined 
+their country : fo that their very natne became extinfd. Here 
+
+
+71 To eGros t arc? renews cvvTgi^cti. Diodor. Sic. L. 2. p. 129. 
+
+‘S 107T&P T&5 'ZJ-e^tOl’X.hiVTOLi /SatoSccp^S 7VS y.6l f CCaOerei<X$ CtVTCOV XOCTCCq'pZl'VG’Ctl'TCCi 
+
+xA. Diod. L. 4. p. 229. He mentions •zza.v 7 e?\.cos tc eSros avreou owt piQmcu. 
+
+73 EAA clvolos Se 0 AeoGtos <ptj<ny 9 c 74 'z&cc.yevTos tb KvyyeotXB Bo(T 7 to;b SueCfirx* 
+ctvT.Qv (at A yoci^om) x.anj?i6or Att/xwj'. Scholia in Lycophron. v. 1332. 
+
+74 
+
+
+IT [qivols a0gAttTfctf ctfTTctyffl SiQiytvcu 
+‘TTrep xe^cuvovlc^gov yhacrav IZitvBct $ 
+'iirirBS. Lycoph. v. 1336. 
+
+75 OraL Funeb. 701s KogjyBicw EoiSots. 
+
+Q^qq 2 
+
+
+then 
+
+
+
+ft 
+
+484 T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+then one would imagine, that this female hiftory would con¬ 
+clude. Ko : they are introduced again by the 74 poets at the 
+liege of Troy : and are to be met with in the wars of 77 Cy¬ 
+rus. Some rajes after, in the time of Alexander an interview 
+
+o * 
+
+is yS mentioned to have palled, wherein the queen of the 
+Amazons makes propofals to that monarch about fharing for 
+a night or two his bed. And even in the time of Pompeius 
+Magnus, during the Mithridatic war, they are fuppofed to 
+exift : for after a victory gained by that general, the Roman 
+foldiers are faid to have found many boots and bulkins, which 
+Dion Callius thinks were undoubtedly 79 Amazonian. 
+
+Such was the credulity of the ancients about one of the 
+moft improbable ftories, that was ever feigned. Strabo had 
+the fenfe to give it up : and Plutarch, after all the evidence 
+collected, and a vilible prepolTellion in favour of the legend; 
+nay, after a full alTent given, is obliged in a manner to fore¬ 
+go it, and to allow it to be a forgery. For he at laft con- 
+felles, that 80 the whole , which the author of the ‘Thefeis wrote , 
+about the invafoti of the A?na%o?ts^ and of slntiope's attack 
+upo?i \Tbefeus , who had carried off Phcedra^ and of her affociates 
+fupporting her alfo of thofe Hma%on%^ whom Hercules few , 
+feemed snanifejlly a romance a?id fSI ion. 
+
+From what has been faid, I think it is plain, that the 
+
+Homer, Virgil, Quintus Calaber, &c. 
+
+77 Diodorus. L. 2. p. 128. Polycenus Strateg. L. 8. p. 619. 
+
+7 ' Cleitarchus apud Strabonem. L. 11. p. 771. See alfo Diodorus Sic. L. 17. 
+p. 549. Alexander is laid to have had Ibme of them in his pay. Arrian. L. 7. 
+p. 292. 
+
+79 In Bello Mithridatico. 
+
+10 Plutarch in Theleo. p. 13, t z?€pi(poiVQ0$ eo/fce ftvBzj xcci zrtictcrfJLCLTu 
+
+Amazonians 
+
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+485 
+
+
+Amazonians were a manifold people, and denominated from 
+their worfhip. They were fome of the Titanic race, who 
+fettled in Colchis, Ionia, Hellas, and upon the Atlantic 
+in Mauritania. They were alfo to be found in other parts, 
+and their family charadteriftic may in all places be feen. 
+They were the fame as the Cadmians ; and the flrudtures, 
+which bore their name, were not eredled to them, but were 
+the work of their own hands. Such was the building called 
+Amazoneum. 81 Auoi^ovsiov' SisiXsktou ev 'Wgog A 10 - 
+
+yShsoL 'ursgi toov Afjux^ovoov a.<piegod<rzu>g A0r t yri<nv" e$i Hz iegov, 6 A (/.%- 
+£pvzg ifyvcrotvTQ. They are the words of Harpocration. C071- 
+cerning the place called AmazoJteum , Ifceus fays a great deal in 
+his treatife to Diocles about the confecration of the Amazons at 
+
+which of old was built 
+
+
+Athens. It was a temple y 
+
+
+
+Amazons. 
+
+I have before taken notice of a pafTage in 8z Plato, where¬ 
+in that writer mentions, that Eumolpus led the Amazons, 
+when they invaded Attica. This perfon is reprefented both 
+as a Thracian, and as an Athenian ; and fometimes as a fo¬ 
+reigner from Egypt. Clemens of Alexandria fpeaks of his 
+coming with the Eumolpidas into Attica; and flyles him the 
+83 Shepherd Eumolpus. He is fuppofed to have been the 
+principal perfon, who introduced the rites and myfleries, 
+which were obferved by the Athenians. His fons were the 
+
+
+Sl Harpocration. The original Amazons were deities ; and the people fo called 
+were their priefls and votaries. Hence Svaict tqis A/*«£cc ti in Plutarch. See The- 
+feus. p. 13. 
+
+84 Menexenus. vol. 2. p. 239. 
+
+9i Uvfjt.oX 7 ro$ 'BrotfjLijv. Cohort, p. 17. 
+
+Eumolpus, Neptuni filius. Hyginus. Fab. 46.. 
+
+
+priefls, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mytholocy. 
+
+
+
+priefls, \v]io officiated at the temple of Ceres in Eleufis. 
+The Eleuflnian myfleries came from Egypt; and the perfons, 
+who brought them mud; have been of that 8+ country. All 
+thefe things prove, that what has been reprefented as a war¬ 
+like expedition was merely the fettling of a colony : and 
+thofe, who had the conduct o! it, were Amazonians, who 
+
+
+have been reprefented as women. 
+
+
+And fo far is probable, 
+
+
+that there were women among them, who officiated at the reli- 
+
+O 7 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+Something of this 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+Theocr 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+ffiort but curious account of the £ 
+
+
+Amazonian 
+
+
+priefleffes. * 5 <£»]<n, t y\; Bx<nhiG'G'Y}$ toov A[j.oigovuv 
+
+YjcrcLV SvyoLTsgss' di Us7\siol$£s 'Wgocrr)yog£vCr 1 <ra.v. Tlgurcti cTs ctvTou 
+
+•go^iciv xou 'ortmwyiScc <rvv£?y)<ra.vTo. TVe learn from Callima- 
+chusy that the quee?i of the .Amazons had daughters , who were 
+called Peleiades. "Thefe were they , by whom the facred dance , 
+and the night vigils were firf infituted. It has been before 
+ffiewn, that the Peleiades, or Doves, were the female* branch 
+of the Ibnim, by whom idolatry was firft 86 introduced. And 
+as they were at the fame time Amazonians, it proves, that 
+they were all the fame people, under different 87 denomina¬ 
+tions ; who chiefly came from Egypt, and were widely fcat- 
+tered over the face of the earth. 
+
+
+* + Ta 5 fj.ev yap Y.vLLo/\7riS<x.i euro rvv Kara A tywrov 'Itpeav y.travnvep^x'. 
+Diodorus. L. x. p. 25. 
+
+* s Idyl. 13. v. 25. 
+
+85 laves — tuv EAA.jjrwi' upyyyoi •} eyovores tcis ^carets 'srpoaeKvyouv- Eu!cb. 
+Chron. p. 13. 
+
+87 Titanians, Atlantians, Ionim, Amazonians, &c. 
+
+
+Of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 487 
+
+
+Of the HYPERBOREANS. 
+
+
+ANOTHER name, by which the ancients diftinguilhed 
+this people, was that of Hyperboreans. Under this appella¬ 
+tion, we may obtain a farther infight into their hiftory. 
+They are placed, as many of the Cimmerians and Amazo- 
+nians were upon the Palus Masotis, and Taniiis; and in thofe 
+regions, which lay near the Borifthenes, and Ifter. But from 
+a notion, that their name had a relation to the north, they 
+have been extended upwards almoft to the Cronian Sea. 
+They were of the Titanic race, and called Sindi; a name, as 
+I have fhewn, common among the Cuthites. ss Tag 'Tneg- 
+
+Eogeag TiS Tiravixa yevag fysgevucog <pt)(nv sivou. TVe learn from 
+Pherenicus , that the Hyperboreans were of Titanic original. 
+89 Tm M OLiocTocv <T avroi rs 61 Xivb'oi. The Sindi are one fa¬ 
+mily of thofe j who live upon the Mceotis. Strabo lpeaks of 
+them as called among other names Sauromatas. 90 Tag p.sv 
+
+V7T£g T3 EV%StV8 t JCCtt KOU AfylH, HCtTOlJCOVVfCt? TSgSogeu’g 
+
+sAsyov, mi 2 a.vgoiJux.Tctg, mi Agipa<T7rzg. Thofe , who live above 
+
+
+83 Scholia in Pind. Olymp. Od. 3. v. 28. 
+
+8 * Stfab'b JL. 1 p, 757. EV <f"e V>) Xipfixy 
+
+
+to B’Xtr/^.eTov 1 rocv 
+
+
+'XivS'cav 
+
+
+tzXyicjigy 
+
+
+SrccAcLTO-'flS. 
+
+
+
+Toaaot fxsv TuroTctpLOV Taictiv TripsvaiSTaWi* 
+
+^av^dfxocTus S'* e7ri;%H(riv e'jrour&VTepoi yeyctotTes 
+
+'Xtvdoi, K ifxjjJsQxOi t € 9 xoct oi TniAas TSjj^ssvoio 
+Kegxer 101 t\ Opercti xai cchxwvTis Axjziot* 
+
+Dionyf. Tlepiny, v. 680 . 
+
+Strabo. L. 1 j. p. 774. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+
+
+An-m.vsis or Ancitn't Mythology. 
+
+
+4 S 8 
+
+
+J ’ ]! ! 
+
+
+stitriafir, "srerc formerly called Hyper 
+
+
+rp 
+
+
+The fame 
+
+
+
+Herodotus are reckoned amont; the 91 Amazonians. 
+
+o 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+y 
+
+
+worfhiped the Sun, whom they held in high honour; and 
+
+
+thev had PruLancia, which 
+
+
+A lOfiioc, Aith 
+
+
+where tliey prclerved a perpetual lire. Like the people of 
+Colchis, they carried on in early times a great trade ; and 
+the pafiage oi tlie Thracian Bofporus, as well as of the Hel- 
+lefpont, being poiicileti by people of their family, gave them 
+opportunities oi: profecuting their navigation to a great 
+
+
+difta 
+
+
+nee. 
+
+
+When the H 
+
+
+mariners have laid hands 
+
+
+him 
+
+
+mailer of the fhip mentions 
+
+
+Egypt, and the country of the Hyperboreans, as the bell 
+marts in thofe days. 
+
+p' 
+
+5,3 EA^o^at, Y] Aiyvmov x<pi%eTcci, n oys K virgov, 
+
+H sg tr T7r£^o^eag. 
+
+
+The people of Cyprus were of the fame race, as the other 
+nations, of which I have been fpeaking. 9 * E/cn Ps koli oi 
+
+K.V7T^10L £Z TOOV KlTTlOUWV, KCLl 01 £V TW / 3 Ogga. 0[j(,0!pvX0l TOOV UVTUV 
+
+~Kittiouuv. The meaning of this is, that the people of Cy¬ 
+prus were of Cuthean original, as were the people of the 
+north, the Hyperboreans: they were all of the fame race. 
+
+
+91 L. 4. c- 10. 
+
+91 Kooltivcv ev icttnv % r< Y 7 reg£oge&$ A$fict ti/agovtccs <r€(pyi. Hefych. A iBpioc* 
+They were alfo Atlantians: for we read of Atlas Hyperboreus. Apollodorus. 
+L. 2. p. 102. 
+
+95 ^uovucros wAv. 28. 
+
+94 Eufeb. Chron. p. 12. 1 . 38. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+all 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 489 
+
+all equally Cutheans. A colony of them fettled in. Crete, 
+whofe prielfs were the ancient Curetes, fo denominated from 
+their 95 temple, and fervice ; and who were acknowledged to 
+have been of Titanian race. The Cretans > fays 96 Diodorus, 
+have traditions , that the Titanians came to their ijland in the 
+time of the Curetes’, a?id took pojfejjion of that part , which lay 
+about Cnojfus. Here to this day , they few the ruins of the 
+temple , where Rhea is fuppofed to have refded: and there is 
+alfo a grove of Cyprus trees , which were planted in ancient times . 
+By the fame rout they came to Euboea, and other parts of 
+Greece; and were fuppofed to have been conducted by 
+97 Cothus and Archlus, the fons of Xuth ; and by Ion and 
+Hellen, fons of the fame perfonage. They alfo palled up to 
+Thrace, and to Phrygia : hence Anchifes tells iEneas, that 
+the Trojans were originally from Crete. 
+
+93 Creta Jovis magni medio jacet infula ponto, 
+
+Mons Idaeus ubi, et gentis cunabula noftra;. 
+
+The Hyperboreans upon the Euxine at one time feem to 
+have kept up a correfpondence with thofe of the Titanian 
+race in moll countries. But of all others, they feem to have 
+refpe<£ted moll the people of Delos. To this illand they 
+ufed to fend continually myllic prefents, which were greatly 
+reverenced. In confequence of this the Delians knew more 
+
+
+Kir-Ait, Templum Solis. Cfiris was called Ait-Ofiris. Herodotus. L. 4. 
+c * 59* 
+
+96 Diodorus Sic. L. 5, p. 334. 
+
+97 KoQos x.cu 01 Tzcuf'es Ev(2otccv nx.ov qiwhtqv res. Plut. Quajftion. 
+
+Grafc^E. p. 296. 
+
+s * iEneid. L. 3. v. 104. 
+
+
+VOL« III. 
+
+
+Rrr 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+490 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of their hiftory than any other community of 99 Greece. Calli¬ 
+machus, in his hymn to Delos, takes notice both of the Hy¬ 
+perboreans, and their offerings ; and fpeaks of them as a 
+people of high antiquity. 
+
+100 —Kca 01 y.ctduTTSgQe Bogsiris 
+
+Oiy.ict §ivo; syxtri, 'UToTw’^oviootoltov clifjLct. 
+
+Oi fjLsvroi y.ahtt(JLr,v rs, you Isgcc J'gccyfjLUToi 'urgooTot 
+
+KscLyym (pogsun. 
+
+Plutarch likewife mentions, that they ufed to come to Delos 
+with flutes, and harps, and other inftruments of mufic ; and 
+in this manner prefent their 1 offerings. Their gifts were 
+emblematical; and confifted of large handfuls of corn in 
+the ear, called a^aAAa/, which were received with much 
+reverence. Porphyry fays, that no offerings were looked 
+upon with greater veneration than thefe of the Hyperboreans. 
+He flyles them prefents, and 1 V7ro j uvr i fA.otroc i memorials ; for 
+they were fymbolical, and confifted of various things, which 
+were inclofed in fheaves, or handfuls of 3 corn. This people 
+were efteemed very facred: and it is faid, that Apollo, when 
+he was exiled from heaven, and had feen his offspring ftain, 
+retired to their country. It feems, he wept; and there was 
+a tradition, that every tear was amber. 
+
+Sn r sr?.u^ac -arepi ctvTtuv Xeyvaiv. Herod. L. 4. c. 33. 
+
+'°° V. 281. 
+
+1 K at toc £§ TTrtgGo^etov It pot /xet’ ctuXcov x,ca avpiyyav, xxi xSctpctf tie t nv Z\»Xov 
+<pac( 7 i to '57 <x.?\aiov ij-eAAe< 7 $a/. Plutarch de Mufica. vol. 2. p. 11 .36. 
+
+1 'Xtp/.vct J'e w t uv Tz-ptv viro/uynpcatTct tv A»A co e£ YTrtpSoptwv Aptct/\?io(po^oov. 
+Porph. de Abftinentia. L. 2. p. 154. 
+
+3 Iga. tvS'ef'tfAtva. tv x«A«y(4>i Ts-vpwv. Herod. L. 4. c. 33. 
+
+
+KsAro; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 491 
+
+4 KgAroi <T £37 sGsno, 
+
+'£lg ctg AxoT^hoavog ra.S's $out*voc A^roi’Jao 
+E fjL<peg£Tou $ivoug y xts fivgict '/sve 'GrctfiOi$£v t 
+IrifjLo; 'T nsgSogsuv isgov yevog I’Toctpixxvsv 
+Ovgxvov xyKrjSVTx Xittoov. 
+
+The Celtic fages a tradition hold. 
+
+That every drop of amber was a tear. 
+
+Shed by Apollo, when he fled from heaven. 
+
+For forely did he weep ; and forrowing pafs’d 
+Through many a doleful region, till he reach’d 
+The facred Hyperboreans. 
+
+In like manner it is faid of Perfeus, that he went to the 
+5 Hyperboreans: and Hercules alfo made a vilit to this people : 
+
+6 Axfjiov 'T wsgSogsuv 'UTEi<rctg y AjroA- 
+
+Kuvog $egci7ronoi. 
+
+His purpofe was to obtain a branch of the wild olive, which 
+grew in the grove of the Deity. They are fometimes repre- 
+fented as 7 Arimafpians ; and their chief prieftefles were 
+named 8 Oupis, Loxo, and Hecaerge; by whom the Hyper- 
+
+4 Apollon. Argonaut. L. 4. v. 61 1. Tertius (Apollo) Jove tertio natus et La- 
+tona, quem ex Hyperborei's Delphos ferunt advenifle. Cicero de Nat. Deor. L. 3. 
+
+5 Pind. Pyth. Od. 10. v. 47. 
+
+6 Pind. Olyinp. Od. 3. v. 28. 
+
+7 AoifjuxtjTToi eQvos ' f T7rep£opetov* Steph. Byz. 
+
+8 npGOTOU TOl T Gt<P’ eveixccv 0C7T0 ^CCV^OOV ApifJLOCGTWV 
+
+Owns ts, Ao^co t£, xcti €u<xia)» 'Ex.cc.epyn> 
+
+&uyccrepes Bopecto—x r A. Callim. Hymn, in Delon, v# 291. 
+
+See Paufanias. L. 5. p. 392. Quidam dicunt Opin et Hecaergen primas ex Hyper- 
+boreis facra in infulam Delon occultata in fafcibus mergitum pertuliile. Servius 
+in Virg. iEneid. L. 11. v. 522. See Pliny. L. 4. c. 12. 
+
+R r r 2 
+
+
+borean 
+
+
+
+492 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+borean rites are faid to have been brought to Delos, 
+never returned, but took up their refidence, and officiated 
+in the ifiand. People from the fame quarter are faid to 
+have come to Delphi in Phocis ; and to have found out the 
+oracular feat of Apollo. Paufanias produces for this the evi¬ 
+dence of the ancient prieftefs Bxo. She makes mention of 
+Olen the Hyperborean, as the firft prophet of Delphi : and 
+further fays, that the fir ft temple of the Deity was founded 
+by him in conjunction with Pagafus and Agyieus. 
+
+9 E vQcl TCI eVfJLVr&OP sztsXstolpto 
+
+n cahg 'YTrsgSogeoov IlctyxTog zou hoc Ayvisvg, 
+
+E7TI TSXeVTf) TU VfJLPOV TCP O,Xr t P0L OPOflCCTBP. 
+
+OA y]p <T eg ysPETo 'UTowTog G?oi£qio 
+
+UgrtTOg <T Ct^CUOCV S7TS0CP TSZTYjPXT OLOlticLP . 
+
+By other writers Olen is faid to have been from Lycia. 
+IO QJKr\P rag 'UTaAcLixg vfzpag &toiy\tbp, sz Avztrig sT^doop, Tag ctstJo- 
+
+fJLSPUg SP A/]Aw. Olen , who came from Lycia , was the author 
+of thofe ancie?it hymns , which are fung at Delos. The word 
+Olen, was properly an Egyptian facred term; and exprefied 
+Olen, Olenus, Ailinus, and Linus: but is of unknown 
+meaning. We read of Oienium Sidusj Olenia Capella, and 
+the like. 
+
+*’ £IXspiy\p $e [zip cayct Atog zaAsaf vto^tou. 
+
+If 
+
+9 Paufanias. L. 10. p. 8og. 
+
+,w ' Herod. L. 4. c. 35. He is by Paufanias himfelf mentioned as a Lycian. 
+At>xics <& QAwr, os xca rus vy.vas rovs ctgxcuoTccTous B 7 roo]aey EAA tiny. L. g. p. 762. 
+
+* l A rati Plicenom. v. 164. 
+
+
+
+Nafcitur 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+493 
+
+
+If then this Olen, ftyled an Hyperborean, came from 11 Lycia 
+and Egypt, it makes me perfuaded, of what I have often 
+fufpedled, that the term Hyperborea 7 i is not of that purport, 
+which the Grecians have affigned to it. There were people 
+of this family in the north; and the name has been diftorted 
+and adapted folely to people of thofe parts. But there were 
+Hyperboreans from the eaft, as wc find in the hiftory of 
+Olen. And when it is faid of Delos, that the firft rites were 
+there inftituted by this people ; and that they founded the 
+temple at Delphi : we mu ft not fuppofe, that thefe things 
+were performed by natives from the Tanais, and the Riphean 
+hills ; much lefs from the Cronian feas, upon whofe fhores 
+fome people would place them. People of this name and 
+family not only came to Greece, but to Italy : and extended 
+even to the 13 Alps. The Mons Palatinus at Rome was fup- 
+pofed to have been occupied by Elyperboreans; and the 
+ancient Latines were defcended from them. Dionyfius Ha- 
+licarnafienfis tells us, I+ that Latinus was the fo7i of Hercules 
+by a7i Hyperborea7i woman . By this is meant, that the people 
+
+Nafcitur Olenin fidus pluviale Capellae. Ovid. Fa ft. L. 5. v. 1 j 3;. 
+
+A i acred frone in Elis was called Petra Olenia. Paul an. L. 6. p. 504. 
+
+lt PlA ccnio A vxios. Herod. L. 4. c. 35. 
+
+ilAwv A vy.iq$. Pauian. L. 5* P* 39 2 - 
+
+ilAv.v 'Y 7 r?f€opsos. Ibid. L. 10. p. 810. 
+
+1J ,r T7repSope^ once tv •zxrepi rocs A Air ex tvs ItccXixs. Scholia in Apollon. Argonaut. 
+L. 2. v. 677. Here were fome remarkable Cuthean fettlements. T&rcov xai 
+
+i Ifsovirs A eyofjievn v K^TTi«. Strabo. L. 4. p. 312. 
+
+14 AatTiYov S' ex rivos f< T 7 rec€opif'cs xopxs. L. 1. p. 34. 
+
+Eufebius makes the Citeans of Cyprus, and the Romans equally of Hyperborean 
+original. E nrt Se y.oci a1 Kvirgioi ex, rcov Kittkxmv, x,cti 01 ev (Soopcc c^oifvAoi rwv 
+O.U 760 V KlTTlCCiOOV r xctl T 6 )V P&ftGUM* ChfOn. p# 12 . 1 . 38- 
+
+
+
+494 
+
+
+T he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of Latium were an Herculean and Hyperborean colony. 
+Thole, who occupied the Mons ’ 5 Palatinus, are fuppofed to 
+have been alfo Atlantians, and ' 6 Arcadians ; by the latter 
+term is denoted people, whom I have diftinguifhed by the 
+name of Arkites. The Hyperboreans, who came to Delos, 
+were devoted to this worfhip. Herodotus mentions two of 
+
+
+their 57 prieftefles, whom he calls Opis and 
+
+
+Arge. 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+built the chief temple in that illand, and planted the olive. 
+They alfo conftrutfted a facred §r\zr h or cheft, on account of 
+
+oo/.VToxa, a fpeedy delivery. As they were virgins, this cir- 
+cumftance did not relate to themfelves, but to a myfterious 
+,s rite. In the celebrating of the myfteries, they held hand¬ 
+fuls of corn ; and had their heads fhorn after the manner of 
+the Egyptians. The like rites were pradlifed by the Paso- 
+nians and people of 19 Thrace. 
+
+It would be unnatural to fuppofe, that thefe rites, and 
+thefe colonies came all from the north : as it is contrary to 
+the progrefs of nations, and repugnant to the hiftory of the 
+firft ages. A correfpondence was kept up, and an inter- 
+
+
+1 It had its name a Palanto Hyperborei filia. Feftus apud Audtores Ling. Lat. 
+
+P rs r* 
+
+• 332 * 
+
+16 They were fuppofed to have come with Evander. 
+
+Turn rex Evander Romans conditcr arcis. 
+
+Virg. ^Eneid. L. S. v. 313. 
+
+Vobis Mercurius pater eft, quern Candida Maia 
+Cyllenes gelido conceptum vertice fudit: 
+
+At Maiam, auditis fi quicquam credimus. Atlas, 
+
+Idem Atlas generat, Cedi qui fidera tollit. 
+
+Virg. iEneid. L. 8. v. 138. 
+
+17 L. 4. c. 34. and 35. 
+
+* 
+
+,s By the name Arge is fignified 7 , a facred cheft , or ark . 
+
+19 Herodot. c. 33. 
+
+9 
+
+
+courfe 
+
+
+
+The Analysts of Ancient Mythology. 495 
+
+courfe maintained between thefc nations : but they came 
+from Egypt and the eaft. There muft have been fomething 
+myfterious in the term Hyperborean : it muft have had a 
+latent meaning, which related to the fcience and religion of 
+the people fo called. Pythagoras, who had been in Egypt, 
+and Chaldea, and who afterwards fettled at Croton, was by 
+the natives ftyled the 21 Hyperborean Apollo. And though 
+fome of this name were of the north, yet there were others in 
+different parts of the world, who had no relation to that 
+clime. Pindar manifeftly makes them the fame as the At- 
+lantians, and Amazonians of Afric : for he places them near 
+the Iflands of the Bleft, which were fuppofed to have been 
+oppofite to Mauritania. He fpeaks of them, as a divine race; 
+and fays, that Perfeus made them a vifit, after that he had 
+flain the Gorgon. At the fame time he celebrates their rites, 
+and way of life, together with their hymns and dances, and 
+variety of mufic : all which he deferibes in a meafure ex- 
+quifitely fine. 
+
+22 Moirct <T ax azofiafasi 
+Tgonoig ski <r(paramouri' '&av- 
+ra h yo^oi II ctgdemv, 
+
+Avgav rs fioxi, Kavxyai $’ avhm tiovaonou. 
+
+A acpva Je ygvrsx kq- 
+fxag avxh-jtravTsg, eiXx- 
+zivanv evtpgovoog. 
+
+10 Herodotus fuppofes people to have had this name ois o Bopecct « 'mvu. 
+
+Writers give different reafons for the name, all equally unfatisfa< 5 tory. 
+
+11 Apur'QTeXns 7\.€yti 9 70 * TlifQtxyogccv wro 'toov KgQTCoytaiT&v top AttoAAomx Y7rep€o- 
+
+peiop 'z&gocccycpeuearQGLt. ^Elian. Var. Hift. L. 2. c. 26. 
+
+ax Pindar. Pyth.Od. 10. v. 57* 
+
+
+N 0<T0l 
+
+
+
+496 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+N o<tqi <T, ad's yrigxg ov’Ko^lbvov 
+K.sxgctTxi hgx ysvsct’ 'srovoov 
+
+
+
+
+i 
+
+
+Sy KOLl l^OLyOLVy OrtSg 
+
+
+Ouceoun, cpvyovrsg 
+
+r T 7T£g$lKOV N SfJLSriV. 
+
+
+Pleas’d with the blamelefs tenor of their lives, 
+The Mufe here fix’d her ftation. 
+
+Hence all around appears 
+A lovely fcene of virgin choirs. 
+
+In every grove 
+
+The lyre is heard refponfive to the lyre ; 
+
+While the fhrill pipe confpires 
+In a pleafing din of harmony. 
+
+The natives revel in delight, 
+
+Their heads bedeck’d with laurel; and their hair 
+Braided with gold. 
+
+They feel not age, nor anguifh : 
+
+But are free from pain ; 
+
+Free too from toil, 
+
+And from every evil, that enfues from war. 
+
+The frowns of Nemefis reach not here : 
+
+But joy abounds, 
+
+Joy pure, and unimpaired, 
+
+In a continual round. 
+
+
+The northern Hyperboreans, who were the fame as the Cim¬ 
+merians, were once held in great repute for their knowledge. 
+Anacharfis was of this family; who came into Greece, and 
+was much admired for his philofophy. There was alfo an 
+
+i o Hyperborean 
+
+
+
+497 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Hyperborean of great fame, called Abaris, who is men¬ 
+
+
+tioned 
+
+
+Herodotus 
+
+
+He was 
+
+
+foil of Zeuth, ftyled 
+
+
+Seuthes : and is reprefented as very knowing in 
+
+divination, and gifted with fupernatural powers. Apollo 
+faid to have lent him a golden arrow, 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+which he was 
+
+
+wafted through the air, and viiited all the regions in the 
+" + world. He neither eat, nor drank ; but went over the 
+earth, uttering oracles, and prefaging to nations, what was 
+to come. This feems to be an imaginary character ; and 
+probably relates to the various migrations of the fons of 
+Chus, and the introduction of their religion into different 
+parts of the world. All the Ethiopic race were great archers. 
+Their name was fometimes exprefled Cufhitas ; and the an¬ 
+cient name of a bow was Cufhet; which it probably obtained 
+from this people, by whom it was invented. There is rea- 
+fon to think, that by their Ikill in this weapon they eftab- 
+lifhed themfelves in many parts, where they fettled. This 
+may poffibly be alluded to in the arrow of Abaris , the im¬ 
+plement of * 5 pajfage \ by which he made his way through 
+the world. 
+
+They were people of the fame family, who fettled in 
+Thrace under the name of Scythas; alfo of Sithones, Pseo- 
+nians, Pierians, and Edonians. They particularly worfhiped 
+the firft planter of the vine under the known title of Dio- 
+
+
+See Eufeb. Chron. Verfio Lat. p. 32. Strabo. L. 7. p. 461. 
+
+1 ,. 4. c. 36. Strabo. L. 7. p. 461. 
+
+** In like manner Mufasus of Thrace is faid to have had the art of flying; which 
+was B optH^odcov, Paufan. L. 1. p. 53. 
+
+may n»p. may rva 
+
+* 
+
+* 
+
+Vol. III. S f f nufus. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+of Zeu 
+
+
+They had alfo rites, which 
+
+
+they called Cotyttia from the Deity 16 Cotys; and others named 
+Metroa, and Sabazia, which were celebrated in a moft frantic 
+manner by theEdoni uponMountHmus. The Deity was alfo 
+called 17 Sabos, which term, as w'ell as the title Sabazius, was 
+derived from nsd, Saba, wine. Hence amid all their exclama¬ 
+tions the words, Evot Sctzoi, Evoe Sab®, were to be particularly 
+diftinguifhed. He was worfhiped in the 
+
+
+manner 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+*8 
+
+
+Phrygians, who carried on the fame rites and with 
+
+
+the like fhouting and wild geftures upon Mount Ida. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+prevailed 
+
+
+were called Sabi ; and this name 
+
+Phrvsria and in 30 Thrace. 
+
+
+ia 
+
+
+Some of this family are to be found in Theflaly, particu¬ 
+
+
+larly in Magnelia and Pthiotis. 
+
+
+A laree body came 
+
+
+fome of whom occupied the fine region of Camp 
+
+
+and went under the name of 31 Cimmerians 
+
+
+has been the 
+
+
+of learned 
+
+
+that they were fo called from 
+
+
+Cimmer, Darknefs. This may poflibly have been the ety¬ 
+mology of their name : though moft nations, as far as I have 
+been able to get any infight, feem to have been denominated 
+from their worfhip and Gods. Thus much however is cer- 
+
+
+16 T??s u&v Kotuos tvs tv toi$ H icovotts AivyiJ^ os [avdtcci. Strabo. L. 10. p. 721* 
+
+'X&(jlvcl Kotvs but oh H S'oovois. iEfch. ibid. 
+
+Hvoi Xcc€qi 9 'Tm Anns kcci Arms 'Tns. Tclutcl yao XctCu^ioc, xai MriTgua* 
+Ibid. p. 723. 
+
+27 XccGot'CtO^ BTTtoVVrJLQV &IOVVOB' XOU ^CtCoV tVlQTt Y.Q&M<JLV GCVT*r. Hefy.ch.. 
+
+28 K cci 6 HctQcc^ics Se TMv <f>gvyiaxct)v sq~t. Strabo. L. 10. p. 721. 
+
+29 0/, eBros <&guytct$' Aeyzvrsci xou am ru B olx.%oi "XccCot. Steph. Byz. 
+
+30 ^ccCu^iov roy Aioruaov w xaA 807 , Xact tbs 'TegtJS oiUT&, Schol. 
+
+in Ariftoph. Vefp. v. 9. 
+
+J * Strabo L. 5. p. 374. 
+
+6 tain. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 499 
+
+tain, that this people had in many places fubterranean apart¬ 
+ments, where their priefts and reclufes dwelt; and were fup- 
+pofed to be conftgned to darknefs ; all which favours the 
+opinion abovementioned. Ulyfles, in Homer, fpeaks of his 
+arrival in the country of the Cimmerians, whom he defcribes 
+as in a moft uncomfortable fituation, and places at the ex¬ 
+tremities of the ocean. 
+
+31 H <T eg 'areigtt.Q’ imve fixQvppoa wxexvoio. (fc. vxvg) 
+
+E vOx <Js K ifjifjLSgioov xvfywv fapog re, nroKig re, 
+
+H egi y.xi v£<peXy x£xx?.vfAfjL£vri, ale <uror xvnsg 
+H eXiog <Px£$wv £7ri$£gx£rxi xxrivemv. 
+
+Ov$' Q7T0T XV <n T/Tgog OVgXVOV Xg-£gQ£VTX, 
+
+<W’ orxv a\J/ em youxv xtc ovgxvofav 'urgQTgx7rrfrxi > 
+
+AAA’ £7ri vv% oAojj rerxrxi $£iXoi<ri figorom. 
+
+Now the dark bounds of ocean we explore, 
+
+And reach at length a melancholy fhore: 
+
+Where loft in cloud, and ever-during fhade. 
+
+His feat of old the fad Cimmerian made. 
+
+The Sun may rife, or downward feek the main ; 
+
+His courfe of glory varying ; but in vain : 
+
+No plealing change does morn, or evening, bring; 
+Here Night for ever broods, and fpreads her fable 
+wing. 
+
+1 imagine, that many temples of old, and efpeciaHy the cele¬ 
+brated Labyrinths, were conftru&ed in this manner. Four 
+
+* 
+
+
+,m Odyff. A. v. 13. 
+
+s f r 2 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+500 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of thefe are mentioned by 33 Pliny : of which the moil 
+famous was in Egypt, and from this the others were copied. 
+That in Crete is defcribed by 34 Euilathius, as a deep cavern, 
+which went far under ground, and had innumerable wind¬ 
+ings. Virgil ipeaks of it as a fine piece of architecture, and 
+executed with great {kill. 
+
+35 Ut quondam Creta fertur Labyrinthus in alta 
+Parietibus textual ca?cis iter, ancipitemque 
+Alille viis habuifie dolum, quo figna fequendi 
+Falleret indeprenfus, et irremeabilis error. 
+
+
+About Caieta, were fome vail caverns near the fuinmit of the 
+promontory. Here , fays 36 Strabo, are to befeen huge apertures 
+in the rock ; fo large , as to be able to afford room for noble a7td 
+extenfve habitations. Several apartments of this kind were about 
+Cuma, and Parthenope, and near the lake Acherufiain Cam¬ 
+pania. The fame author fpeaks of this part of Italy, and 
+fays, that it was inclofed with vaft woods, held of old in great 
+veneration ; becaufe in thofe they facrificed to the manes. 
+According to Ephorus, the Cimmerians dwelt here, and re- 
+fided in fubterranean apartments, called 37 Argilla, which 
+had a communication with one another. Thofe, who applied 
+to the oracle of the cavern, were led by thefe dark paifages 
+to the place of confultation. Within the precinCts were to- 
+
+31 L. 5. c. 9. p. 258. L. 36. c. 1 3. p. 739. 
+
+34 A cc&jpii/Qot't cTT'nAa.iov Kpvrixcv, uTroysioy, wcAyeA/scrop. In Odyff. A. v. 14. 
+
+55 Aineid. L. 5. v. 588. 
+
+3 Strabo. 3. p. 357 * P- .374* Pliny. L. 3• c. 5. p. 153- 
+
+37 We may perceive, that the rites in all thefe places had a reference to the fame 
+
+objeft of veneration, the Argo. 
+
+c be 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 501 
+
+be found all the requilites for an oracle : dark groves, foul 
+
+ftreams, and foetid exhalations : and above all a vaft and 
+
+* 
+
+dreary cave. It was properly a temple, and formed by the 
+Cimmerians, and Herculeans, who fettled in thefe 58 parts. 
+Here was faid to have been the habitation of 39 the Erythrean 
+Sibyl, who came from Babylonia. Places of this nature were 
+generally fituated near the fea, that they might more ealily 
+be conlulted by mariners, whom chance brought upon the 
+coaft. On this account Virgil makes his hero apply to the 
+prieftefs of Cuma for advice. 
+
+40 At pius iEneas arces, quibus altus Apollo 
+Praefidet, horrendaeque procul fecreta Sibyllae 
+Antrum immane petit. 
+
+There was a temple near it, built as was faid by Daedalus; 
+with a defeription in carved work upon the entablature, 
+reprefenting the Labyrinth in Crete, and the ftory of 
+
+Pafiphae. 
+
+Hie labor ille domus, et inextricabilis error. 
+
+Magnum reginae fed enim miferatus amorem 
+
+
+** Lycophron enumerates moft of thofe ancient places upon the coaft of Italy 
+
+Tupmv fJutx,e<PvoLS ctpupi K ipx.ouu ya7ras 9 
+Agyvs re xA eivov ogpov, Awrvv peyavy 
+Aifcm re *$>op x»s, M cLgo’tcovsS'os rtroruy 
+
+Tirooviov re %evf/.ac 9 tb xocrcc %Qopo$ 
+
+Avvovros €t$ affavret xeuftpioovos 
+Zcoq'ypiu re xAirur, evQct nrag6ey& 
+
+Srvyyoy 2 i£t/AAw£ e<?i* otXTirvptov. V. 1273.. 
+
+Juftin. Mart. Cohort, p. 33. 
+
+./Eneid. L. 6. v* g* 
+
+Ibid. v. 37- 
+
+
+39 
+
+4° 
+
+
+Daedalus 
+
+
+
+502 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Daedalus, ipfe dolos tedli, ambagefque refolvit; 
+
+Caeca regens filo vedigia. 
+
+'This defcription relates to the temple above ground ; but 
+the oracle vtes in a cavern beneath, which had been formed 
+by the Cimmerians into numberlefs apartments. 
+
+41 Excifum Euboicae latus ingens rupis in antrum. 
+
+Quo lati ducunt aditus centum, odia centum. 
+
+Unde ruunt totidem voces, refjponfa Sibyllae. 
+
+The poet has ufed fome embellishments ; but the hidory was 
+founded in truth. A place of this nature upon the fame coad, 
+and at no great didance from Tarracine, remained in the time 
+of the emperour Tiberius. It was for its elegance dy led Spe- 
+
+lunca Villa: and was Situated in fuch a manner as to have a 
+
+% 
+
+fine view of the fea. Tiberius had upon a time retired to this 
+place, and was taking a repaid; when part of the rock fell in, 
+and killed fome of his attendants. But the emperour efcaped 
+through the vigilance of his favourite Sejanus: who ran under 
+the part, which was tumbling; and at the hazard of his life 
+Supported it, till he Saw his friend 43 fecure. The 44 Syringes 
+near Thebes in Upper Egypt were a work of great antiquity, 
+and confided of many padages, which branched out, and led 
+to variety of apartments. Some of them dill remain, and 
+travellers, who have vifited them, fay, that they are painted 
+
+” Ibid. v. 42. 
+
+4 * Vciccrbatur in Villa, cui nomen Speluncas, mare Amuclanum inter, Fundanof- 
+que monies, narivo in fpeou. Ejus os, lapfis repenteiaxis, obruic quofdam miniftros, 
+bcc. Taciri Annalium L. 4. p. 509. 
+
+4+ Marcellinus. L. 22. p. 263. There are many fuch to be ftill feen in Upper 
+Egypt. 
+
+throughou t 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 503 
+
+throughout with the mofl curious hieroglyphics, ftained in 
+theftone: and though they have been executed fo many ages, 
+yet the colours are ftill as ftrong and vivid, as if they had been 
+but juft tin&ured. Jofephus mentions vaft fubterranes in fome 
+of the hills in the part of Canaan called Galilee, and in Tra- 
+chonitis ; and fays, that they extended far underground, and 
+conftfted of wonderful apartments. They were formed in due 
+proportion, and not arched at the top, but vaulted with flat 
+ftones; and the ftdes were lined in the fame manner: and by 
+his account they could contain a great number of people. 
+Such were the caverns at Gadara, Pteleon, and the 45 Spelunca 
+Arbelorum. They at laft became the receptacles of outlaws 
+and banditti, who in large bodies ufed to fhelter themfelves 
+within; on which account they were demolifhed. Mention 
+has been made of large caverns and labyrinths near 46 Nauplia, 
+and Hermione in Greece, faid to have been the work of Cy- 
+
+ians. They were probably in part natural, both here, and 
+in the places taken notice of above: but they were enlarged 
+by art; and undoubtedly defigned for a religious purpofe. 
+They all related to the hiftory of that perfon, who was prin¬ 
+cipally commemorated under the title of Cronus. He is faid 
+to have had three 47 fons; and in a time of danger he formed 
+
+45 See Jofephus. Antiq. L. 14. c. 15. and L. 15. c. 10. 
+
+46 S'i. Nai>7rA/<x t a o- 7 n?Aa*a 5 01 eu cturci $ o:Kof Gfjwroi A<z€vgtr&ot m 
+
+Ki>fcAfit)7r#a ovofjuxQurw* Strabo. L. 8. p. 567. 
+
+47 EyewuQiHrav—Kpov&Tpus'&ouJeS' -Sanction, apud Eufeb. P. E. L. 1. c. 10. 
+
+P.37. r 
+
+'Outo* xca 0 K govostv tw wxe*v&> ocvrcp avrpov xoLTta-y.ivcL^i^ xax.pu7rru tousbolvtb 
+‘ manias. Porph. de Nymphar. Antro. p. 109. 
+
+'CIgclvim Teat tv ccPTpM rpepei tw Kogyv. Ibid. 
+
+3 Styt€oAov K oar [am ret tnrfiAcuoc. Ibid. 
+
+Vol. III. S f f 4 
+
+
+
+a large 
+
+
+
+504 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+a large cavern in the ocean : and in this he fhut himfelf up 
+together with thefe Tons, and thus efcaped the danger. The 
+temple at Keira upon the Masotis, whither the Titans retired, 
+was a 40 cavern of the fame nature, as thofe above. It was pro¬ 
+bably in that grove, where flood the temple oF Apollo : under 
+which Pherenicus mentions, that the Hyperboreans refided : 
+thofe Hyperboreans, who, he fays, were of Titanic original. 
+
+49 A•&’ 'YiregEogsM, 01 t st^oltcc veuercusrt 
+
+N«OJ V7T ATTOKhtiVOS) CL 7 rSlgry 0 l <sroAs fJLO10 . 
+
+Tag fjisv aga 'WgoTsguv sj oupLaTog VfjLvigan 
+Tirctvocv / 3 a agronag vko fyopiov xidgrisnct 
+
+Nacrcracr^ai Bo^sao yovr\v AgipLCL<T 7 rov avoMTot. 
+
+He fang alfo of the Hyperboreans , who live at the extremities of 
+the world ', under the temple of Apollo , far removed from the din 
+of war. "They are celebrated as being of the ancient blood of the 
+!Titans : and were a colony placed in this wintry 50 climate by the 
+Hrimafpian monarchy the fan of Boreas. One tribe of them is 
+taken notice of by Pliny under the name of 51 Arimpheans. They 
+
+
+Em 70 o-Tni^ccicv rr,v Keipnv e^pctrevo-ctro (Kpctaaos). T&to ycto 
+
+Ti ay.ee Tcctt o^voootcctov re utcos cr 5 co$x.cti ras I navots e$ ettrro y€Tcc Tnv 7 itt<xv 
+
+'ty.v 67 ro 70 )v ©fa>/> apitn y€vofA.avtjv avyKccrccpuys/v juvBavecGut. Dion. Caflius. Hill. 
+
+
+L. 5 * • p • 313*. 
+
+49 Scholia in Pind. Olymp. Od. 3. v. 28. 
+
+s ° So I render J'pofxog ociBpveiri curfus gelidus (fcil. Boreas), from frigus, 
+
+51 Ibique Arimphrcos quofdam accepimus, haud diflimilem Hyperborei’s gentem. 
+Secies illis nemora, alimenca baccse : capillus juxta foeminis virifque in probroex- 
+iftimatur. ritus clementes. iraque facros haberi narrant, inviolatofque efle etiam 
+feris accolarum populis. Pliny. Hift. Nat. L. 6. p. 310. 
+
+
+
+2 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5^5 
+
+ieem to have been reclules, who retired to woods and wilds, 
+that they might more ftridtly devote themfelves to religion. 
+They wore their hair very Ihort, both men and women; and 
+are reprefented as very harmlefs ; fo that they lived unmo¬ 
+lested in the midSt of many barbarous nations. They were 
+addicted to great abstinence, feeding upon the fruits of the 
+foreft. In many ot thefe circumStances they refembled the 
+people, from whence they came. The fame monaStic way 
+of life prevailed in 51 India among the Sarmanes and Allobii. 
+
+Thofe who fettled in Sicily feem to have been a very 
+powerful and knowing people : but thofe of Hetruria were 
+Still far Superior. At the time when they flourished, Europe 
+was in great meafure barbarous : and their government was 
+in a State of ruin, before learning had dawned in Greece ; 
+and long before the Romans had diverted themfelves of their 
+natural ferity. Hence we can never have an hiStory of this 
+people, which will be found adequate to their merits. There 
+is however a noble field, though not very obvious, to be 
+traverfed ; which would afford ample room for a diligent 
+enquirer to expatiate ; and from whence he might colled: 
+evidence of great moment. In refpedt to Sicily, their coins 
+alone are fufficient to Shew how early they were acquainted 
+with the arts; and from the fame we may fairly judge of 
+their great elegance and tafte. 
+
+The two moft diftant colonies of this family weftward 
+were upon the Atlantic Ocean : the one in Europe to the 
+north ; the other oppofite at the extreme part of Africa. 
+
+
+
+Clemens Alex. Strom. L. i.p. 359. 
+
+
+T t t 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+!jo6 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+The country of the latter was Mauritania; whofe inhabitants 
+were the 53 Atlantic Ethiopians. They looked upon them- 
+felves, as of the fame family as the 5 * Gods : and they were 
+certainly defcended from fome of the firfl deified mortals. 
+Thofe who occupied the provinces of Iberia and Bsetica, on 
+the other fide, went under the fame 55 titles, and preferved 
+the fame hiftories, as thofe who have been mentioned before. 
+I have fhewn, that they were of Erythraean and Ethiopic 
+race : and they gave name to the ifland 56 Erythra,, which 
+they occupied for the fake of trade. Here flood the city 
+Gadara, faid to be of high antiquity, and fuppofed to have 
+been built by Arcaleus of Tyre. 57 KA otvSiog IaA log zu roug 
+Qomitris feogioug (<£J3<n,) qti P^yoCKzvg vug Q>oivucog kti< r<xg rtjv 
+<sroAa», uvofJLcurs Tt] ygoupy TaJo^. In the temple 
+
+
+53 Diod. Sic. L. 3. p. 187. 188. 
+
+Pritnaejus (Maris Atlantici) Althiopes tenent. P. Mela. L. 3. c. 10. 
+
+s+ 'Oi Toiivv AtAk^t/sj— T»f yeveeriv tcov ®ewv 'sretp’ avTots yevetrQoii tpacrtv. Ibid* 
+p. 189. 
+
+VIpos Sue-iv ths NlavpHcnas a.) Kut&s teyofjLtvau. Places called Cotis. Strabo., 
+L. 17. p. 1181. 
+
+See p. 184. of this volume.. 
+
+55 In univerfam Hifpaniam Marcus Varro Iberos, et Perfas, et Phoenicas,.Celtaf- 
+que,et Poenos, pervenifle tradit. Pliny. L. 3. c. 1. p. 137. 
+
+56 Scymnus Chius gives the following hiftory of the ifland Erythia, or Ery- 
+threia •, and of Gadara, or Gades. 
+
+npocrec7ripi3g J'’ AiQi07rcts oix>itocs %£<*' 
+
+Asyuariv aiirm, yivopnumi xiroitaxi. 
+
+Tetu t»v crweyyvs inroAocCaa-x ’ivy'xjxvii. 
+
+Tvgicav ■mtx.Xa.wv epn.7ropaov XTroiKiac 
+
+
+rx^etpa.. Geog. Vet. Gr. vol. 2. p. 9. v. 156. 
+
+
+s-r 
+
+
+Etyniolog. Mag. 
+
+
+sS So it fhould be read not r«<JV. Gador is the fame as •na, and fignifies am 
+inclofed and fortified place. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+T. he Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 5°7 
+
+was neither ftatue, nor pillar, nor ftone, by way of adoration, 
+which fhews, that it was built in very early times. The 
+ifland was originally called Cotinufa, which name was after 
+changed to Gadeira. 
+
+
+59 K co Tw vxsT^sg otzo 'UTgoTBPM xv0goo7rwv 
+
+KAlJ KOTIVOVCTOLV £$Yj[Al%0Ll/T0 TolSbi^x. 
+
+
+Though it may have been fome time, before they lapfed into 
+the more grofs idolatry, yet they feem to have been very 
+early addided to the rites of the Ark. Lycophron mentions 
+people coming to this coaft, whom he ftyles, 60 A gvqg 'ura- 
+
+A cciag ysvvx y the offsprmg of ancient slrne : but he fuppofes, 
+that they were Boeotians, and came from the vicinity of 
+Theba in Greece. They were indeed Thebaeans and Boeoti: 
+but came from a different part of the world. Who was meant 
+by Arne, may be known from the account given by the 
+Scholiaft : 60 Agvtj Tloarsi^cevog r goepog. Arne was the fame as 
+Arene, and we find, that fhe was efteemed the fojiermothcr of 
+Pofeidon. She was at times ftyled Maia ©saw, M oua. Aiovvcrov , 
+
+Tlorerfupos Tgocpog, alfo T Tonog, and ©sow. Ar- 
+
+cles, Arclus, and Arcalus, by which the Deity of the place 
+was called, are all compounded of the fame terms, Arca-El, 
+five Area Dei. From hence the Grecians and Romans de¬ 
+nominated a perfonage, whom they ftyled Heracles, and Her¬ 
+cules. But the original was 61 Arclus, and Arcalus ; and 
+
+
+59 Dionyf. riepwy. v. 455. 
+
+60 Koct TOi tJLiV CLTtTCtS e/L/.CccTVC-OVTCCl Air7 TfGL- z 
+]SapoSoo-KbSy oiyx 1 TafTHO’fl'a 'sry/.J??, 
+
+Apvns 'zna.Aa.iotS yiv/cc. V. 642. 
+
+61 This is the fame perfon, who is joined with Cothus by Plutarch. KcSos xat 
+Apx,?io$i Qi SuQv 'ZffcuS'is. See alfo Strabo, L. 10. p. 495, 
+
+T t t 2 
+
+
+ftill 
+
+
+
+5 oS The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+ftill more truly, without the termination, Arca-El. It was 
+not a name, but a title : and was given by the Sidonians, 
+and other people in the eaft, to the principal perfon preferved 
+in the Deluge: and it fignified the great Arcalean, or Arkite. 
+Arcalus is the perfon, who was fuppofed to have been pre¬ 
+ferved in the body of a Cetus ; and to have traverfed the 
+ocean in a golden Scyphus, which was given to him by 
+Apollo. 
+
+
+Ci 
+
+
+Gea — fc/jczcv Se?rsc? 9 ev £ wk€ccvov SLi?r^Poc<jt. Apollodorus. L. 2 
+
+
+p. ioo. 
+
+
+O F 
+
+
+
+( 5 ° 9 ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+Their KNOWLEDGE and INGENUITY. 
+
+
+F ROM what has preceded, we may perceive, that there 
+
+once exifted a great refemblance between thefe nume¬ 
+rous colonies of the fame family : and that it lafted for ages. 
+I have mentioned, that they were famous at the woof; and 
+carried the art of weaving to a great degree of excellence. 
+This art was firft praCtifed at 1 Arach in Babylonia, and from 
+thence carried to * other neighbouring cities ; and in pro- 
+cefs of time to the moft remote parts of the world. The 
+people of Egypt were famous for this manufacture. It is 
+faid of king Solomon, that he had his fine flax from this 
+3 country. The prophet Ezekiel alfo mentions * fine linen 
+with embroidered work from Egypt: and the fame is alluded 
+to in 5 Ifaiah. The linen of Colchis was called 6 Sardonic, 
+
+
+* See volume the fecond. p. 526. 527. 
+a Strabo. L. 16. p. 1074. 
+
+3 1 Kings, c. 10. v. 28. 
+
+4 C. 27. v. 7. 
+
+5 C. 19. v. 9. Pliny. L. 19. p. 156, 
+
+6 Herod. L. 2. c. 105. Awov KoA^ixov vvro EAAw-wi ’XapSovixov 
+See alfo L. 1. c. 203. Strabo. L. 11. p. 762. 
+
+V OLt III. T t t 3 juft 
+
+
+51o The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+juft ns the purple of Tyre was ftyled Sarra, and Sarrana : 
+which terms alike betoken fomething noble and royal. It 
+was alfo called Sindon, from the Sindi, and Sindones of the 
+lame country. The flax of 7 8 9 10 Campania, which had been in¬ 
+troduced by the ancient Herculeans and Cimmerians, was in 
+equal repute: and the like is to be obferved in Bastica, and 
+other parts of Spain : where this commodity was particu¬ 
+larly worn. The Indi were vefted in the fame manner, and 
+were noted for this manufacture. Hence the poet Dionyflus 
+mentions % Agcc)(pJT&s, the people of Arc hot with 
+
+their li?ieji rohes. Nor was it only the original texture, which 
+was found out by people of this family ; the dying, and alio 
+imprinting thefe commodities with a variety of colours and 
+9 figures, mu ft alfo be attributed to the fame. That wonder* 
+ful art of managing filk, and likewife of working up cotton, 
+was undoubtedly found out by the 16 Indo-Cuthites ; and 
+from them it was carried to the Seres. To them alfo is 
+attributed the moft rational and amufing game, called chefs : 
+and the names of the leveral pieces prove, that we received it 
+from them. We are moreover indebted to them for the ufe 
+of thofe cyphers, or figures, commonly termed Arabian : an 
+invention of great confequence, by which the art of nume¬ 
+ration has been wonderfully expedited, and improved. They 
+
+7 Pliny, vol. 2. L. 19. p. 155. 
+
+8 riepwynv. v. 1096. (Indorum) alii lino veftiuntur, aut lanis.-—Lanas lylvas 
+ferunt. P. Mela. L. 3. c. 7. We may perceive, that by lanae the author means 
+iilk. 
+
+9 Herod. L. 1. c. 203. 
+
+10 See Mela above, and Strabo. L. 15. p. 1044. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+are faid 
+
+
+have written letters ” ev 
+
+
+hether by 
+
+
+was meant 
+
+
+kind of paper manufactured from it. 
+was a composition from macerated 
+
+
+Probably 
+for paper of this 
+
+
+kind was of old in ufe among them; and the art was adopted 
+by other nations. It is 
+
+
+however certain, that neoDle fome 
+
+
+times did write 
+
+
+filk itfelf. 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+12 
+
+
+voluminibus, Ach^menio more 
+
+
+takes notice 
+
+°f 
+
+
+letters heitig Jlained tip on Jtlk> after the maniter of the Per ft at 
+
+But this, I imagine, was only done by the Achaemenidae, the 
+princes of the country. 
+
+Thofe who cultivated the grape brought it in many parts 
+to the higheft degree of perfection. The Mareotic wine is 
+well known, which was produced in Scythia JEgyptiaca; and 
+is reprefented as very powerful. 
+
+* 3 Haec ilia eft, Pharios quae fregit noxia reges, 
+
+Dum fervata cavis potant Mareotica gemmis. 
+
+All the Ionian coaft about Gaza in Paleftine was famous for 
+this commodity : as was the region near Sarepta, at the foot 
+of Libanus. The wines of thefe parts are fpoken of by Si- 
+donius Apollinaris, and ranked with the beft of Italian and 
+Grecian growth* 
+
+J+ Vina mihi non funt Gazetica, Chia, Falerna, 
+
+Quaeque Sareptano palmite mifta bibas. 
+
+” Strabo, ibid. 
+
+
+12 
+
+
+*s 
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+L. 4. Epift. 34. 
+
+Gfatii Cuneget. v, 312 
+
+Carm. 17 . v. 15 . 
+
+
+Above 
+
+
+
+512 
+
+
+The Analysis ok Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+Above all the wine of Chalybon in Syria is mentioned as of the 
+highefi: repute. We learn from Strabo, that at one time it was 
+entirely fet apart for the ufe of the kings of 15 Perfia. It is 
+taken notice of bv the prophet Ezekiel, when he is fjpeaking 
+of the wealth of Tyre. 16 DamaJ'cus was thy merchant i?z the 
+multitude of the wares of thy making ; in the multitude of all 
+riches , in the wine of Chelbon, azzd white wool. Cyprus, 
+Crete, Cos, Chios, and Lefbos, called fEthiope, were famous 
+on the fame account. There was alfo fine wine very early 
+in Sicily about Tauromenium, in the country of the Lseftry- 
+gons and Cyclopians. 
+
+17 K ou yctg Kvx?\oo7rs<r<Ti tpsgsi £ei$(dgog ugxgcx. 
+
+Omv EvTcapvXop. 
+
+In Thrace were the Maronian wines, which grew upon 
+Mount Ifmarus, and are celebrated by 18 Homer, and by 
+19 Pliny. But no place was in more repute than Campania, 
+where were the Formian and Falernian grapes. Some of 
+very noble growth were to be found in Iberia and Mauritania. 
+In the latter writers mention vines fo ample, that they equalled 
+the trees of the foreft. 20 Strabo fays, that their trunks could 
+hardly be fathomed by two men : and that the clutters were a 
+foot and a half in length. There was wine among the Indie 
+
+t5 L. 15. p. 1068. 
+
+16 C. 27. v. 18. 
+
+17 Homer. OdyfT. I. v. 357. 
+
+18 Ibid. v. 196. 
+
+* 9 L. 14. c. 16. p. 714. 
+
+40 A jJL 7 reAos (puercci S'ucriv ccrS'pccaip to 'zrct%o$ 2uaTBothv7rTO$ 9 fiorguy Txrn^yxtov vorax 
+
+uttq £ i 5 ' wk * L. 17* p« 1182, 
+
+Ethiopians, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology 
+
+
+5 T 3 
+
+
+Ethiopians, particularly in the country of the 2, Oxydracae,\vho 
+were fuppofed to be the defcendents of Bacchus. They had alfb 
+a ftrong drink made of 11 rice; which was particularly ufed at 
+their facrihces. In like manner the people of Lulitania and 
+Bcetica made a fermented liquor called Zuth; the knowledge 
+of which was borrowed from 21 Egypt. Hence they were 
+fuppofed to have been inftructed by Oiiris. Hefychius calls 
+it 2+ wine, and fays, that it was made of barley. It is alfo 
+mentioned by Strabo. 25 Xgwncu <Ts kou oivce h trnoLH- 
+
+ZpvrcLi' ctvr sKcus <Js fixrvgcf •^gcevTcti. 'They have barley wine 
+injlead of the juice of the grape , which is J'carce : and in the 
+room of oil they ufe (bouturus) butter. 
+
+The knowledge of this people was very great, and in all 
+parts defervedly celebrated. Hence Antiphanes, fpeaking of 
+them collectively, tells us, Xotpoi sttriv oi XkvQoli <r<po$gcL. 
+By this is meant, that all of the Cuthite family were renowned 
+for their wifdom. The natives of Colchis and Pontus were 
+much fkilled in Bmples. Their country abounded with 
+medicinal herbs, of which they made ufe both to good and 
+to bad purpofes. In the fable of Medea we may read the 
+character of the people: for that princefs is reprefented as 
+very knowing in all the productions of nature, and as gifted 
+with lupernatural powers. The region of Iberia in the 
+
+** Strabo. L. 15. p. 1008. 
+
+Ibid. p. 1035. 
+
+13 Oivct) ex. xptOecov 7 sre 7 roni/j.evoj (Piccjcgecovrcu (01 Atyv 7 TTtot), Herod. L. 2. c. 77. 
+
+ZuBo$, 01VQSCL7T0 yiVOfJLBVQS. 
+
+±s Strabo. L. 3. p. 233. 
+
+16 Apud Athenasum. L. 6 . p. 226. 
+
+Vol. III. U u u 
+
+
+vicinity 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+' 5 T 4 
+
+# 
+
+vicinity of Colchis was alfo noted for its falutary and noxious 
+
+plants ; of which the poet Horace takes notice. 
+
+# « 
+
+* 7 Herbafque quas et Colchis, atque Iberia 
+Mittit venenorum ferax. 
+
+
+I have mentioned, that the natives were of the Cuthiterace; 
+and as they were devoted to magic, and had their nightly 
+orgies in honour of the Moon, thefe circumftances are often 
+alluded to by the poets. Hence Propertius takes notice of 
+Cutsean charms. 
+
+
+28 
+
+
+Tunc ego crediderim vobis et fidera, et amnes, 
+Pofle Cutafmis ducere carminibus. 
+
+
+In another place he alludes to the efficacy of their herbs. 
+
+19 Non hie herba valet, non hie nodturna Cutaeis. 
+
+m 
+
+Virgil alfo fpeaks to the fame purpofe. 
+
+30 Has herbas, atque haec Ponto mihi ledla venena. 
+
+Ipfe dedit Moeris : nafeuntur plurima Ponto. 
+
+Strabo fays, that the Soanes were fkilled in poifons, and that 
+their arrows were tinged with a deadly 3T juice. The natives 
+of Theba, called Tibareni, were fuppofed to kill by their very 
+
+
+17 Epod. Od. 5. v. 21. Dionyfius fays of the Colchians* 
+
+- eicre ti vvv 'GroXvCpccpfj.otTCQi avS'peseocai. V. 1029. 
+
+18 Propertius. L. 1. Eleg. j. v. 23. 
+
+* 9 Ibid, L. 2. Eleg. 1. v. 73. 
+
+30 Eclog. 8. v. 95. 
+
+31 L. 11. p. 763* 
+
+
+effluvia ; 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 515 
+
+31 effluvia ; and at a very great diftance : and it was faid of 
+the Hyperboreans, that they could change themfelves into 
+birds. 
+
+33 Efle viros fama eft in Hyperborea Pallene, 
+
+Queis foleant levibus velari corpora plumis. 
+
+The like faculty was attributed to the Theflalians. The 
+notion arole from a fuperiority in the people ; who were 
+fuppofed to be endowed with extraordinary powers. 
+
+Mount 34 Caucafus, Mount 35 Pangasus in Thrace, and the 
+36 Circean promontory in Italy were famous for uncommon 
+plants. The like is faid of Mount Pelion in Theflaly : of 
+which there is extant a very curious 37 defcription. The 
+
+herbs were fuppofed to have been firft planted here by Chi- 
+
+# 
+
+ron the Centaur. Circe and Calypfo are like Medea repre- 
+fented, as very experienced in pharmacy, and ftmples. Under 
+thefe characters we have the hiftory of Cuthite prieftefles, 
+who preftded in particular temples near the fea coaft ; and 
+whofe charms and incantations were thought to have a won¬ 
+derful influence. The nymphs, who attended them, were a 
+lower order in thofe facred colleges ; and they were in- 
+ftruCted by their fuperiours in their arts, and myfteries. 
+
+KaiTOt Tovtye 'urept r ou flovrov OvStx '5rfotT<x,yo0Sito l uSr'JS i~cgei 4 >i^ctg%p; & 
+izctiiiQis fAfvovj aAAct xcci TgA eiots oAeO^s eiucct. Plutarch. Sympof. L. 5. c. 7. p. 
+600. Thefe were the people, who were efteemed not capable of being drowned. 
+
+31 Ovid. Mctamorph. T. 15. v. 356. 
+n Audor de fluniinibus. Phafis. 
+
+35 Ibid. Hebrus. 
+
+16 Opr* Ktpxaiou 'zvo\\jycLc\AcLxov. Scholia in Apollon. Argonaut. L. 3. v. 311. 
+Thcophraftus de Plantis. L.8. c. 15. 
+
+37 Apud Dicasarchuin. Geog. Gr. Minor, vol. 2. p. 27. 
+
+U u u 2 
+
+
+Ovid 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+Ovid gives a beautiful defcription of Calypfo, and her at¬ 
+tendants, who are engaged in thcfe occupations. 
+
+4 
+
+38 Nereides, Nymphaeque fimul, quas vellera motis 
+Nulla trahunt digitis, nec fila fequentia ducunt, 
+Gramina difponunt, fparfofque fine ordine flores 
+Secernunt calathis, variafque coloribus herbas. • 
+
+Ipfa, quod hx faciunt, opus exigit: ipfa quid ufus 
+Quoque fit in folio; qua fit concordia miftis, 
+
+Novit, et advertens penfas examinat herbas. 
+
+From the knowledge of this people in herbs, we may 
+juftly infer a great excellence in phyfic. Egypt, the nurfe 
+of arts, was much celebrated for botany. 
+
+59 Atyu7rm> rn -sroAAa cpsgei %ei$wgos ugagct 
+<Pxg[jLcuici, -sroAAa [jlsp scrQhot ^s^iy^BvcCy tzroAAa A vyga.. 
+
+
+To the Titanians was attributed the invention of chemiftry. 
+Hence it is faid by Syncellus, 40 Xr\fjux TryoLVTM svgrifJLa.. 
+The Pceonians of Thrace were fo knowing in pharmacy, that 
+the art was diftinguifhed by an epithet taken from their name. 
+
+
+They 
+
+region 
+
+
+the Hebrus : and all the 
+
+
+pie of 
+
+
+were at one time 
+
+
+in 41 fcience. The Grecians 
+
+
+always acknowledged, that they were deeply indebted to 
+
+
+them 
+
+parts. 
+
+
+and the Mufes we 
+Here was the fpot 
+
+
+faid to have come from- thofe 
+
+
+38 Metamorph. L. 14. v. 264. 
+
+39 Homer. OdyfT. v. 229. 
+
+40 P. 14. 
+
+41 See Yol. II. p. 130* of this work- 
+
+7 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 517 
+
+In quo tonanti fandta Mnemofyne Jovi, 
+
+Fcecunda novies artium peperit chorum. 
+
+The Pierians were as famed for poetry and mufic, as the 
+Paeonians were for phyfic. Thamyras, Eumolpus, Linus, 
+Thymastes, and Mufeus, were fuppofed to have been of this 
+country. Orpheus alfo is afcribed to Thrace; who is faid 
+to have foothed the favage rage ; and to have animated the 
+very rocks with his harmony. 
+
+43 A VTUg T OVy SVS7TBCTIV OLT£l^£Ctg %££<Tl 'GTSTgac 
+
+©sA^ai ccoidoLocv si/onr], 'uroToifJLuv rs pssdgct. 
+
+®riyoi t a.ygict$£g, jceivqg eti CYipuTci /LtoA5r»]£, 
+
+A xTtis ®gtyjar)g Z wvrig em Trfedoccarcu, 
+
+'Eyeing ziyowfiv E7trfrgipoi , dig dy S7ri 'sr^o 
+
+®£Kyofji£va.g <pogfjuyyi Kctrnyciys HiEgiqdsy. 
+
+Of him they tell, that with his tuneful lyre, 
+
+He foft’ned rocks upon the rugged hills, 
+
+And made the torrent ftay. E’en now the trees 
+Stand in due order near the Thracian fhore. 
+
+Proof of his wondrous Ikill; by mufic’s pow’r 
+Brought from Pieria down to Zona’s plain. 
+
+Thefe delcriptions, though carried to an excels according to 
+the licentioufnefs of the poets, yet plainly fhew, what excellent 
+mulicians the Pierians were for the times in which they lived, 
+and how much efteemed by other nations. And in latter 
+times we find people in thefe parts, who difplayed no fmall 
+
+41 Diodorus. L. 3. p. 201. 
+
+41 Apollon. Rhod. L. 1. v. 25. 
+
+fhew 
+
+
+
+518 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+fhew of genius; and were much addi<5led to letters. Taci¬ 
+tus, fpeaking of Cotys, a king of this country, defcribes him 
+as of a gentle and elegant turn of mind : 44 Ingenium mite et 
+amzenum. But this does not quite come up to his character ; 
+for he was a prince devoted to fcience, who took a great de¬ 
+light in poetry, and was efleemed a good compofer. There 
+is an affecting epiftle, written by Ovid in his banifhment, 
+wherein he addrefles Cotys on this head, and conjures him 
+to fhew fome pity, as he was a partner in the fame ftudies. 
+
+45 Ad vatem vates orantia brachia tendo. 
+
+The Hyperboreans feem to have been equally celebrated. 
+They worfhiped the Sun, and had peculiar myfteries, which 
+were attended with hymns. I have mentioned their coming 
+with flutes, and harps, and other inftruments to Delos, and 
+chanting before the altar, which was efteemed the moll an¬ 
+cient in the world. I have alfo taken notice of the mufic 
+of the Egyptians and Canaanites, which was very affe<Sting. 
+An Amazonian tribe, the Marianduni, were noted for the 
+mofl melancholy 4<s airs. The Iberians of Baetica feem in like 
+manner to have delighted in a kind of dirges, and funereal 
+mufic. Hence they are faid by Philoftratus to have been the 
+only people in the world, who celebrated the triumphs of 
+death. 47 Tov ®clvcltqv [jlovoi cl vQgomoov 'UTcliolviZovtcli. The 
+
+•> 
+
+44 Annal. 2. c. 64. 
+
+43 De Ponco. L. 2. Eleg. 9. v. 65. 
+
+46 Kcti Mafiap/wst!!' leocv Dionyf. v. 788. 
+
+*I<T€ov J's* on e 7 ri^oipLa(^^v tq\W loLgi'zvfvvoi* S-pnvcov ayA>;Ta/.*— S'fW'iiTixoi ft xaiot 
+Kap €$ 9 cctp cov tcou K ocpiKcc atvA^fxcrroc . Scholia, ibid. 
+
+47 Philoftratus in Vita Apollon, p. 211. 
+
+IO 
+
+
+mufic 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5i9 
+
+
+mufic in thefe 
+rites of the n; 
+The ancients 
+
+
+well adapted to the melancholy 
+
+
+but it was 
+
+
+fame 
+
+
+fpeak of the Dorian and +8 Phrygian meafures 
+
+
+more animated and ma 
+
+
+Thofe of Lefbos and iEolia 
+
+
+were particularlyfweet, and pleafing, nor was it only harmony 
+
+
+efteemed a requifite 
+politories of all know 
+
+
+they were 
+
+
+of their anceftors, and of their Deities: and the annals of 
+
+
+paft ages. 
+
+
+l were the hymns at Delphi, and at Delos 
+of Hellas. This is alluded to bv 
+
+
+Homer 
+
+
+hiftory of the Sirens 
+as wonderfully takin 
+harmony. But this w 
+ledge was Bill more 
+
+
+fo that nothing could withftand their 
+lot their chief excellence: their know- 
+itivating ; and of this they made a 
+
+
+difplay to Ulyfles, that they might allure him to their fhores 
+
+
++9 
+
+
+svg cty iwv 'uro7wct.iv Oc h<rsv, fjLsyoc. xvfog Ayctuav 
+Nna Kccrctg-ricrov , hot vmrspp otf ctxarpg. 
+
+On yctg 'urea rig rph 'urct^Xcttrs vy\i psKccivri, 
+
+Ilgiv y [/.sKiyifigvv taro ?o {jloltoov 07 t ctxmrctr 
+
+AAA’ oye Ts^oifJLSVog vsncti, xcti 'urXsiovct edocg. 
+itifJLev yctg r 01 'urctvtf or m Tgoip svgsip 
+A^ysioi Tgoosg ts 9 swv lqtytti fjooyrjcrctv . 
+
+Ifasv <T’ or ret yevrpau btu yflovi 7rx\v£oTsigp. 
+
+'Q,g cpctrctv Uircti oirct xctKKipov 
+
+
+Pride of all Greece, renown’d UlylTes, flay. 
+
+And for a moment liften to our fong. 
+
+4t See Ariftotlede Repub. L. 8. c. 7. p. 613. They were however in fome de- 
+gree plaintive. See Scholia in Dionyf. riepoiyw* v. 788* 
+
+49 Odyff. M. v. 184 , For 
+
+
+
+J20 The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+1 or ne’er did mortal yet this lovely ifte 
+PaTs unregarded ; but his courfe withheld 
+To hear our Toothing lays : he then retired, 
+
+His foul all raptures, and his mind improv’d. 
+
+We know the Tad afte&ing tale of Troy, 
+
+The godlike heroes, and the ten years toil ; 
+
+Oh, ft ay, and Jiften to us : we’ll unTold 
+
+All, that time treaTures, and the world contains. 
+
+So Tang th’ alluring Sirens, pouring Torth 
+A moft melodious ftrain. 
+
+Thus have I attempted to fhew, how Tuperiour in Tcience 
+this great Tamily appeared, wherever they Tettled. And 
+though they degenerated by degrees ; and were oftentimes 
+overpowered by a barbarous enemy, which reduced them to 
+a ftate oT obTcurity ; yet Tome traces oT their original Tupe- 
+riority were in moft places to be Tound. Thus the Turde- 
+tani, one of thoTe Iberian nations upon the great weftern 
+ocean, are to the laft repreTented as a moft intelligent people. 
+
+!They are well acquainted , Tays s ° Strabo, with grammar , and 
+have many written records of high antiquity. They have alfo 
+large colleSlions of poetry : and eveji their laws are deferibed in 
+verfe , which , theyfay , are offix thoufa7idyearsfunding. Though 
+their laws and annals may have fallen Tar ftiort oT that date, 
+yet they were undoubtedly very curious ; and we muft ne- 
+ceflarily lament the want oT curiofity in the Romans, who 
+have not tranfmitted to us the leaft Tample of theTe valuable 
+
+5 * '^ZotpwTccTot S' e^srcc^oyrai rcov I Snf.coi' qutoi , xaci ygotfjLfj.oLTtx,y y£(wvT<zi) xou 
+
+Ttt* '&<Z?ICCICC 9 fJLVflfJUis TOC CTVyygOLfJLfAaTOty X.GU 'ZVQWfAGtTX 9 XQC* 
+
+e^ctxicr^ihicoy ercov, a# (pciat. L. jj.p. 204. 
+
+
+remains. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 521 
+
+remains. In Tatianus Afiyrius, and more elpecially in 
+Clemens of 54 Alexandria, we have an account of thofe per- 
+fons, who were fuppofed to have bleffed the world with fome 
+invention : and upon examination almoft all of them will be 
+found to have been of Cuthite original. 
+
+51 C. 1. p. 243. 
+
+51 Stromat. L. i. p. 364, See alfo Pliny and Hyginus, 
+
+
+VOL. Ill 
+
+
+Xxx 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+( 523 ) 
+
+
+
+O F 
+
+Their BUILDINGS, and other great 
+
+Operations. 
+
+
+
+T would be unpardonable, if I were to pafs over in filence 
+the mighty works, which this people carried on, and the 
+edifices, which they eredted in the different parts, where they 
+fettled. All thofe mounds and caufeways, the high roads, 
+and ftately ftrudtures, which have been attributed to Semira- 
+mis of Babylonia, were the works of the ancient Semarim of 
+that country. They formed vaft lakes, and carried on canals 
+at a great expence : and opened roads over hills, and through 
+forefts, which were before impaffable. Strabo fays, that Ba¬ 
+bylonia was full of works of this 1 nature ; and befdes what was 
+
+
+done in thefc parts , there were monuments of Babylonian induf- 
+try all over slfa. He mentions , ho<poi, high altars of raifed 
+earthy a?td frong walls , and battlements of various cities , toge- 
+
+
+1 He attributes the whole to Semiramis. Kai t ;;? 'Xsy.iPay.iS^, rco> ' iv 
+
+BaCuA&j'j €pyct)i’ 7 'ZcroAAa. you ocAAcc yctToc 3 x? cy.eSov oeiy.vjTcti % ocnj tvs 
+
+bfareipj tccvtvs tcctb a. S v xaAtfc - / ^ixiptx.txiSoc^ 3 ecu Ttip^v^ yea 
+
+t cov ycLTctcyevcLt^ you avPiyycov t gov tv ccutois^ y t A* L. 16. p. 107L 
+
+£epupctjuiSo$, Ibid. L. 11. p. 802. 
+
+Tyana near Comana in Pontus. 'Xepupctpf.iSos. Ibid. L. 12. p. 811. 
+
+SeealfoL. 2.p. 134. 
+
+X x x 2 thery 
+
+
+
+
+5 24 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+thcr with fubterraneous pajfages of communication. udlfo aque- 
+duSls for the co7ivcyance of water under ground : and pajfages of 
+great length upwards by flairs. To thefe were added beds , 
+formed for the pafjage of rivers , and for lakes : together with 
+bridges , and highways. Thofc, who were driven to Egypt, 
+and took up their refidence in that country, carried on the 
+like works ; many of which- remain to this day, and are the 
+wonder of all, who view them. Befides clearing the river, 
+and gaining a moft valuable territory, they enriched the 
+upper region with numberlefs conveniences. The canal, 
+which they carried on from the upper point of Delta to the 
+Red Sea, was an immenfe operation. They undertook it : 
+and, however people may difpute the point, it was finifhed. 
+This is evident from the abutments of the floodgates, which 
+are ftill exifting between the * hills, through which it pafled. 
+For they took advantage in conducting it, of an hollow in 
+the Arabian 3 mountain ; and led it through this natural chan¬ 
+nel. Don John de Caftro 4 fays, that though the ancient paf- 
+fage is in great meafure filled with fand, yet traces of it are. 
+ftill to be feen in the way to Suez. The ftones, of which 
+they made ufe for the conftruction of their obelilks, and py¬ 
+ramids, were hewn out of the mountain of Arabia : and 
+fome were brought from the quarries in the Thebais. Moft 
+of thefe are fo large and ponderous, that it has been the 
+wonder of the beft artifts, how they could be carried to that 
+
+* Something of this nature was obferved by Pocock. See Egypt, vol. i. p. 132. 
+The canal was again opened by Ptolemy, called by Diodorus fl roM^aios 6 Sevrepos.. 
+
+JL. 1. p. 30. 
+
+The fame as Phi Hiroth of the Scriptures. Exodus, c. 14. v,. 2• 
+
+4 Travels, c. 7. See Aftley’s Collection, vol. 1. p. 126. 
+
+degree 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 525 
+
+degree of elevation, at which they are Teen at this day. The 
+obelilks confifl of one Hone, and are of a great length. Two 
+of them have been brought from Alexandria to Rome : and 
+treadles have been written to fhow the manner of their s con¬ 
+veyance : and others to defcribe the means, by which they 
+were afterwards raifed. What mull have been the original 
+labour, when they were hewn from the rock; and when 
+they were firfl erected ! The principal pyramid feems at 
+firfl to have been five hundred feet in perpendicular height, 
+though by the accumulation of fand, it may fall fomething 
+fhort of that extent at this 6 day. The vertex was crowned 
+with thirteen great Hones, two of which do not now appear. 
+Within are rooms, which are formed of Hones equally large. 
+Thevenot fpeaks of a 7 hall, thirty feet in length, nineteen 
+in height, and fixteen in breadth. He fays, that the roof is 
+flat, and covered with nine Hones, of which feven in the 
+middle are fixteen feet in length. Sandys alfo fpeaks ol 
+a chamber forty feet in length, and ol a great height. 
+The Hones were fo large, that eight floored it; eight 
+roofed it ; eight flagged the ends ; and fixteen the fides ; 
+all of well-wrought Theban marble. The chamber, to which 
+he alludes, is certainly the center room : but he is miflaken 
+in his menfuration. We have it more accurately deferibed 
+
+Marcellinus. L. 17. p. 124. 
+
+6 It is four hundred and ninety-nine feet high, according to Greaves. Vo!. 1. 
+
+p. 94. 
+
+Gemelli makes it five hundred and twenty feet. Churchill’s Voyages, vol. 4. 
+P- 27 - 
+
+7 Part Second, p. 132. 
+
+
+
+C26 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+8 
+
+
+Greaves 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+as a i 
+
+
+*ich 
+
+
+fpacious chamber of mof curious worktnanfhip 
+
+
+*Tbe flones , fays he, which cover this place , are of a Jl, 
+/}upendous length , like fo many huge beams lying flat , 
+
+
+ft, 
+
+
+tv 
+
+
+of the py ramie 
+he roof. He 
+
+
+ithal fupporting that infinite mafs 
+
+
+l above. Of thefe 
+makes the room 
+
+
+nine , which 
+
+
+pofed to be by Thevenot ; 
+
+
+he 
+
+
+gliih 
+
+
+more than thirty 
+
+
+feventeen feet 
+
+
+19 0 
+~'CT cT O 
+
+
+in breadth : 
+
+
+and nineteen and an half in height. Pocock takes notice of 
+fome prodigious ftones, which he met with in thefe parts. 
+One was found to be tw r enty-one feet in length, eight broad, 
+and four in depth. Another was thirty-three feet long, and 
+five broad. 
+
+Many have been the furmifes about the people, by whom 
+thefe ftately ftru< 5 tures w*ere eredled. I have mentioned, that 
+they were the work of the Cuthites ; thofe Arab Shepherds, 
+who built IO Heliopolis, who were the r qysveig, the Giants 
+and Titans of the firft ages. The curious traveller Norden 
+
+
+1 l 
+
+
+informs us, that there is a tradition ftill current among the 
+people of Egypt, that there were once Giants in that coun¬ 
+try : and that by them thefe ftru&ures were raifed, which 
+have been the aftonifhment of the world. According to He¬ 
+rodotus, they were built by the ” Shepherd Philitis ; and by 
+a people held in abomination by the Egyptians. 
+
+9 Greaves, vol. 1. p. 126. 
+
+10 J uba aiiclor eft-’—Solis quoque oppidum, quod non procul Memphi in JEgyp 
+fitu diximus Arabas conditores habere. Pliny. L. 6. p. 343. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+l v 
+
+
+75 - 
+
+
+Vol, 1. p. 
+n L. 2. c. 12S. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+S 2 7 
+
+
+The ancient temple at Heliopolis in Syria was in great re¬ 
+pute, long before it was rebuilt after the mode of the Gre¬ 
+cians. It is generally called Balbec, which feems to be a 
+variation for Bal-beth ; as we may infer from 13 Gulielmus 
+Tyrius. Of the original building we may form fome judg¬ 
+ment, from a part of the ancient wall, which Bill remains. 
+Dr. Pocock, having fpoken of the temple, which now lies 
+in ruins, adds, ,+ but what is very furprifing , in the wall to 
+the weft of the temple , there are three ftones, near twenty feet 
+above the ground ; each of which is ftxty feet long : the largeft 
+of them is about ftxty- two feet nine inches in lengt h. On the north 
+fide are likewife feven very large ftones ; but not of fo great a 
+fize : the thicknefs was about twelve feet. The fame were ob- 
+ferved by the late learned and curious Mr. Wood; whole 
+account feems to have been more precile. IF'e could not, 
+fays he, get to meafure the height atid breadth of the ftones, 
+which compofe the fecond ftratum . But we found the length of 
+three of them to make together above an hujidred aiid ninety 
+feet ; and feparately fexty-three feet eight ijtches , fexty-f our feet, 
+and fixty-three feet. And that thefe ponderous maffes were 
+not, as fome have idly furmifed, factitious, may be proved 
+from the places, whence they were manifeftly taken. There 
+is one ftone of an immenfe fize; which has been fafhioncd, 
+but never entirely feparated from the quarry, where it was 
+firft formed. It Bands in the vicinity of thofe abovemen- 
+
+
+15 Heliopolim Gr^ce videlicet, quas hodie Malbec (lege Balbec) dicirur, Ara- 
+
+
+bice didtam Balbeth. Gulielm. Tyrius. L- 21. p. 1000* 
+Iky, Bee and Beth are fynonimous. 
+
+14 VoL 2. p. no. 
+
+
+According to Jabloa- 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+tioned 
+
+
+
+An.-yi. vsis or Axcir.NT Mythology. 
+
+
+::S 
+
+
+l 
+
+
+t r t 
+* * » 
+
+
+tinned ; and is taken notice of both by Dr. Pocock, and 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+\\ 
+
+
+f \r I 
+
+\ ' v / \ • • 
+
+
+d i 
+
+
+ic account mven 
+
+
+
+the latter is 
+
+
+very 
+
+
+re- 
+
+
+• Kirk.ibie. ’ - In the fir/l quarry there are fill remaining fome 
+re/I /lores, cut andfij aped for uje. That upon which this letter 
+I f-.i the fecerd plate) is marked, appears from its fhape and 
+
+to have been intended for the fame purpofe, as the three 
+
+It is not intirely detached from the 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+ft' P 
+
+
+/lotus mentioned Plate 3 . 
+
+
+a:tarry at the bottom. IPe 7tieafured it feparately , and allow- 
+in o~ for a little difagreement hi our accounts, owing, we think, to 
+its not being exa&ly fjaped into a perfectly regtdar body, we 
+found, it feventy feet long, fourteeii broad, and fourteen feetfive 
+inches deep. The fione according to thefe dimenfions contains 
+fourteen thoufand one hundred and twenty-eight cubic feet: and 
+fijould weigh, were it Portland fione, about two millions two 
+hundred and feventy thoufand pounds avoirdupoife ; or one 
+thoufand one hundred and thirty-five tons. From thefe ac¬ 
+counts, we learn two things: firft, that the people, by whom 
+thefe operations were carried on, were perfons of great in- 
+duftry and labour : and in the next place, that they muft 
+have been very ingenious, and deeply fkilled in mechanical 
+powers. For even in thefe days, among the moft knowing, 
+it is matter of difficulty to conceive how thefe mighty works 
+
+occur in our own illand large 
+
+
+could be effected. 
+
+
+There 
+
+
+ftones, which were probably firft raifed on a religious ac- 
+
+It has been a fubjedt of much inquiry, to find out 
+
+
+count. 
+
+
+in what manner they were brought, and by what means 
+eredted, where they ftand. But in the countries, of which I 
+
+,s Account of Balbec. p. 18. See alfo the Travels of Van Egmont. vol. 2. p. 
+275. and MaimdrePs Jpurney to Aleppo, p. 138. 
+
+have 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 529 
+
+have been Ipeaking, we fee mafies of rock of far fuperior fize 
+not refting upon the earth, but carried aloft; fome to an 
+hundred, others to five hundred feet, perpendicular. 
+
+Many have looked upon thefe ancient buildings, efpecially 
+the pyramids in Egypt, with an air of contempt, as being vaft 
+piles without any great fymmetry: and have thought the labour 
+idle, and the expence unnecefiary. But it muft be confidered, 
+that they were deligned for high altars and temples; and were 
+conftrudted in honour of the Deity. Though they are rude, 
+and entirely void of every ornament, which more refined ages 
+have introduced; yet the work is ftupendous, and the exe¬ 
+cution amazing: and cannot be viewed without marks 
+of aflonifhment. And if we once come to think, that all 
+coft, which does not feem quite neceffary, is culpable ; I 
+know not, where we fhall flop : for our own churches, and 
+other edifices, though more diverfified and embellifhed, are 
+liable to the fame objection. Though they fall far fhort of 
+the folidity, and extent of the buildings abovementioned, yet 
+lefs cofi: might certainly have been applied; and lefs labour 
+expended. One great purpofe in all eminent and expenfive 
+ftrudtures is to pleafe the ftranger and traveller, and to win 
+their admiration. This is effected fometimes by a mixture 
+of magnificence and beauty : at other times folely by im- 
+menfity and grandeur. The latter feems to have been the 
+objedt in the eredting of thofe celebrated buildings in Egypt: 
+and they certainly have anfwered the defign. For not only 
+the vaftnefs of their ftrudture, and the area, which they oc¬ 
+cupy, but the ages they have endured, and the very uncer¬ 
+tainty of their hiftory, which runs io far back into the 
+Vol. III. Yy y depths 
+
+
+
+53^ The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+depths of antiquity, produce altogether a wonderful venera¬ 
+tion ; to which buildings more exquifite and embelliffied 
+are feldom entitled. Many have fuppofed, that they were 
+defigned for places of fepulture : and it has been affirmed 
+by 16 Herodotus, and other ancient writers. But they fpoke 
+by guefs : and I have fhewn by many inftances, how ufual 
+it was for the Grecians to miftake temples for tombs. If the 
+chief pyramid were deiigned for a place of burial, what oc- 
+cafion was there for a 17 well, and for paffages of communi¬ 
+cation, which led to other buildings ? Near the pyramids 
+are apartments of a wonderful fabric, which extend in length 
+one thoufand four hundred feet, and about thirty in depth. 
+They have been cut out of the hard ,s rock, and brought to 
+a perpendicular by the artifts chizel; and through dint of 
+labour faffiioned as they now appear. They were un¬ 
+doubtedly defigned for the reception of priefts ; and confe- 
+quently were not appendages to a tomb, but to a temple of 
+the Deity. It is indeed faid, that a ftone coffin is ftill to be 
+feen in the center room of the chief pyramid : and its fhape 
+and dimenfions have been accurately taken. It is eafy to 
+give a name, and affign a ufe, to any thing, which comes 
+under our infpedtion : but the truth is not determined by 
+our furmifes. There is not an inflance, I believe, upon re¬ 
+cord, of any Egyptian being entombed in this manner. The 
+whole practice of the country feems to have been intirely 
+19 different. I make no doubt but this ftone trough was a 
+
+16 L. 2. c. 127. 
+
+17 See Pocock, Norden, and others. 
+
+18 Greaves of the Pyramids, vol. i. p. 141. 
+
+,’ 9 See Shaw’s Travels, p. 41 g. 
+
+9 
+
+W 
+
+
+refervoir 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+53 1 
+
+
+rcTcrvoir for water, which, by means of the well, they drew 
+from the Nile. The priefts of Egypt delighted in obfeurity; 
+and they probably came by the fubterraneous paffages of the 
+building to the dark chambers within; where they performed 
+their luftrations and other nocturnal rites. Many of the an¬ 
+cient temples in this country were caverns in the rock, en¬ 
+larged by art, and cut out into numberlefs dreary apartments: 
+for no nation upon earth was fo addicted to gloom and me¬ 
+lancholy as the Egyptians. From the top of the pyramids, 
+they obferved the heavens, and marked the conftellations: 
+and upon the fame eminence it is probable, that they offered 
+up vows and oblations. 
+
+As the whole of Upper Egypt was clofely bounded on 
+each fide by mountains, all the floods which defeended from 
+the higher region, and from Abyflinia, mu ft have come with 
+uncommon violence. The whole face of the country affords 
+evidence of their impetuofity in the firft ages, before they had 
+borne down thofe obftacles, by which their defeent was im¬ 
+peded. As the foil was by degrees wafhed away, many rocks 
+were left bare ; and may ftill be feen rough and rude in a 
+variety of dire<ftions. Some ftand up fingle : others of im~ 
+menfe fize lie tranfverfe, and incumbent upon thofe below : 
+and feem to fhew, that they are not in their natural fitua- 
+
+; but have been fhattered and overturned by fome great 
+convulfion of nature. The Egyptians looked upon thefe 
+with a degree of veneration : and fome of them they left, as 
+they found 10 them, with perhaps only an hieroglyphic. 
+Others they fhaped with tools, and formed into various 
+
+
+tion 
+
+
+*0 
+
+
+SeeNorden, Plate 122. 123 
+
+
+Y y y 2 
+
+
+devices. 
+
+
+
+53 2 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+devices. The Sphinx feems to have been originally a vaft 
+rock of different ftrata: which from a fhapelefs mafs the 
+Egyptians fafliioned into an objedt of beauty and veneration. 
+I fhould imagine, that the pyramids were conftrudled in the 
+fame manner; at leaf; thofe, which are the principal, and 
+Hand oppofite to Cairo. They were probably immenfe 
+rocks, which ftood upon the brow of the mountain. The 
+Egyptians availed themfelves of what chance offered ; and 
+cafed them over with large ftones ; and brought them by 
+thefe means to a degree of fymmetry and proportion. At 
+the fame time, they filled up the unneceffary interftices with 
+rubbifii and mortar ; and made chambers and apartments* 
+according as the intervals in the rock permitted ; being ob¬ 
+liged to humour the indirect turns and openings in the ori¬ 
+ginal mafs to execute what they purpofed. This, I think, 
+may be inferred from the narrownefs, and unneceffary Hoping 
+of the paffages, which are oftentimes very clofe and fteep : 
+and alfo from the fewnefs of the rooms in a work of fo im¬ 
+menfe a ftrudlure. 
+
+I have mentioned, that they fiiewed a reverential regard to 
+fragments of rock, which were particularly uncouth and hor¬ 
+rid : and this practice feems to have prevailed in many other 
+countries. It was ufual with much labour to place one vaft 
+ftone upon another for a religious memorial. The ftones 
+thus placed, they oftentimes poized fo equably, that they 
+were affedfced with the leaft external force : nay a breath of 
+wind would fometimes make them vibrate. We have many 
+inftances of this nature in our own country; and they are to- 
+be found in other parts of the world ; and wherever they 
+
+
+occur 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+533 
+
+
+occur we may efteem them of the higheft antiquity. All fuch 
+works we generally refer to the Celts, and to the Druids ; 
+under the fandtion of which names we fhelter ourfelves, 
+whenever we are ignorant, and bewildered. But they were 
+the operations of a very remote age ; probably before the 
+time, when the Druids, or Celtas, were firft known. I quef- 
+tion, whether there be in the world a monument, which is 
+much prior to the celebrated Stone-Henge. There is reafon 
+to think, that it was eredtcd by a foreign colony ; one of 
+the firft, which came into the illand. Here is extant at this 
+day, one of thofe rocking ftones, of which I have been fpeak- 
+ing above. The ancients diftinguilhed ftones eredted with a 
+religious view by the name of amber: by which was ligni- 
+fied any thing folar and divine. The Grecians called them 
+SI risr^ai Aj u&go<rtou, Petrse 11 Ambroftaj; and there are repre- 
+fentations of fuch upon coins. Horapollo fpeaks of a facred 
+book in Egypt ftyled 13 Ambres ; which was fo called from 
+its fandlity; being a medicinal book of Hermes, and intrufted 
+folely to the care of the facred fcribes. Stonehenge is com- 
+
+
+of thefe amber 
+
+
+hence the next town is deno¬ 
+
+
+minated Ambrolbury : not from a Roman Ambrofius ; for 
+
+; but from the Ambroftte Petras, in 
+
+
+exifted 
+
+
+whole 
+
+
+Some of 
+
+
+eking ftones : and there was a wonderful monu 
+
+
+*' Vaillant de nummis Colon, vol. 2. p. 69. 148. 2.1 S. 
+xz Aju.££o<ricc> freiac.. —A ju.€^oenou y &eisv. Hefych.. 
+Afj&gt&iu Sregct7revetv ax rois ispqis . Ibid. 
+
+Zi E<r* 'zsaoot, Tcis'lepoypxjj.fjLcc.Tevo’i Ttcct (2i€Ao$ i$goc>. 
+
+c. 38. p. 52. 
+
+?? See Stukeley’s Stonehenge, p. 49. 50. 
+
+
+L. 1. 
+
+
+11 
+
+
+ent 
+
+
+
+The Analysis ok Ancient Mytholocy. 
+
+
+53 + 
+
+ment of this fort near Penzance in Cornwall, though, I be¬ 
+lieve, it is now in great meafure ruined. It ftill retains the 
+name of " s Main-Amber, by which is figmhed the facrccl 
+ftor.es. We find it deferibed by the Englifh antiquary Nor- 
+den, who 26 fays, that it confided of certayne huge fto?ics, /; 
+fett, and fubtillye combyned, not by art, as I take it, but by 
+27 nature, as a child may move the upper (lone, being of a hit re 
+bignes, with one finger ; fio equallie ballanccd it is : and the 
+forces of manie ftrong men conjoined can doe no more in moving it. 
+He mentions another of the fame fort called 28 Pcndre Stone. 
+It is, he fays, a rock upon the topp of a hill near Blifton, on 
+which ftandeth a beacon ; and on the topp of the rock lyeth a ft otic, 
+which is three yardes and a haulfe longe, four foote broad, and 
+two and a haulfe thick ; and it is equally balanced, that the 
+winde will move it, whereof I have had true experience. Bind 
+a man with his little finger will eaftly ftirr it, and the ftrength 
+of many cannot remove it. Such a one is mentioned by Apol¬ 
+lonius Rhodius, which was fuppofed to have been raifed in 
+the time of the Argonauts:. It flood in the ifland Tenos, 
+and was the monument of Calais and Zetes, the two winged 
+fons of Boreas. They are faid to have been flam by Hercules; 
+
+x5 Main, from whence came mcenia, fignified, in the primitive language* a ftone, 
+or ftones, and alfo a building. By amber was meant any thing facred. Chil-Mi- 
+nar, by which name the celebrated ruins in Perfia are diftinguiihed, feems to fignify 
+Collis Petrce. The word Minaret is of the fame etymology, from Meen and Main, 
+a ftone. 
+
+7,6 Norden’s Cornwall, p. 48. The upper ftone was eleven feet long, fix feet 
+wide, and five in thicknefs. 
+
+%7 Thefe are works are of too much nicety, and too often repeated, to beeffe&ed 
+by chance. 
+
+48 P. 74. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+535 
+
+
+and though the hiftory be a fable, yet fuch a monu¬ 
+ment, I make no doubt, exifted in that ifland, as the poet 
+defcribes. 
+
+-- gvysgri ring sttAst 07ci<r<roa 
+
+Xsgcriv VQ 'Wc0Ul7.Y t 0q. -- 
+
+y&g IIsA/ao S's^uToTog a*^/ ccviovTotg 
+Trivet ev apQigvTYi '&rs<pv£v y koli ay^Tccro youcLV 
+AfJ-p ccvToig , sT;Aas < 3 s S'voo xa,Qv7re§Qsv sTsv^ev' 
+
+£Lv sTsgY), &tt[Avog Tj?£gioc<nov oaSgcm 7 \sv<r<reiv y 
+Kivvtou riyysnog two TJTvoiri Bo^sao. 
+
+Thefe haplefs heroes, as they bent their way 
+From the fad rites of Pelias, lately dead, 
+
+Alcides flew in Tenos. He then rais’d 
+An ample mound in memory of the flain, 
+
+And on it plac’d two ftones. One ftill remains 
+Firm on its bafe : the other, lightly poiz’d, 
+
+Is viewed by many a wondering eye, and moves 
+At the flight impulfe of the northern breeze. 
+
+Ptolemy a9 Hephaeftion mentions a large {tone upon the bor¬ 
+ders of the ocean, probably near Gades in Baetica, which he 
+calls Petra Gigonia : and fays, that it could be moved with 
+a 50 blade of grafs. Fiyuv, Gigon, from whence came the 
+term Gigonia,. was, according to Hefychius, a name of the 
+Egyptian 31 Hercules. From hence we may infer, that 
+both the ftone here, and that alfo in Tenos, was facred to 
+
+19 Apud Photium. p. 475* 
+
+50 Acf ofeXa). The author fuppofes, that nothing elfe could move the ftone. 
+
+** Tiyoou 9 riccrouxcs' 61 rov Atyv 7 mov'llp*)ttecc> 
+
+this 
+
+
+
+536 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+this Deity, who was called 5 * Archal, and Arcalus, by the 
+Egyptians, Tyrians, and other nations. By Petra Gigonia 
+was lignihed an Herculean monument, not raifed by him, 
+but to his honour: and it was undoubtedly erected by people 
+of thole colonies, who came both from Tyre and Egypt. 
+
+1 once made mention of thefe moving Hones to a gentle¬ 
+man who had been in China : and he told me, that there 
+
+
+was one of this fort in the iiland Amoy, which belongs 
+
+
+to that empire. 
+
+
+As he had not taken particular notice of it 
+
+
+himfelf, he applied to a friend, who had been upon the fpot, 
+
+
+and who fent him the following account. 
+
+
+As to the moving 
+
+6 
+
+
+JJone at Amoy , I have only my memory , to which I ca?i recur. It 
+is of an immenfe fixe ; and it would have been difficult to have 
+meafured it , as the longefi , though the fnallef , part hu?ig over 
+a precipice ; and the extremity of it could not be reached. It 
+was in great meafure of a ffrait oblong form : a 7 id tmder the 
+ffortef , which was however the biggef , part, we could walk for 
+fome paces. By preffing againf it with my cane upwards , and 
+theji withdrawing my ar?n y I could perceive a fenfble vibration. 
+W'e judged it by efimation , to be forty feet in length : and be¬ 
+tween forty and fifty in circumference at the larger end. ‘The 
+
+
+tween forty and fifty in circumference at the larger end. The 
+fione did not lie quite horizontal , but fianting. I had nobody to 
+apply to for information about it , except one perfon ; who, though 
+a native of Fokein , could afford me no intelligence. In the vi¬ 
+cinity of this were feveral other fiones of an enormous fize ; and 
+at the fame time as round and fmooth , as any pebbles in the 
+high way. Three of thefe , which were remarkably large , lay in 
+contact with one another : and on the top of thefe was a fourth . 
+One would not think it poffble for any human force to have placed 
+
+
+51 The name was fometimes exprefied Orchal, and Ourchol. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+
+the uppermost in this pofition. Might they not have been fettled 
+in this manner at the Deluge? I agree with this curious gen¬ 
+tleman, that at the Deluge many of thefe vaft ftones w ere left 
+bare upon the retreat of the waters. But thofe, which are fo 
+equally poifed, and fo regularly placed upon others, mull 
+have been thus adapted by the contrivance and induftry of 
+man. For, as I before faid, their fituation is too nice and 
+
+
+critical, and they occur too 31 often, to be the effect of chance. 
+
+There are probably many inftances in China of ftones fo 
+conftituted as to be affe&ed by a ftrong motion of the air. 
+Two fueh are mentioned by Kircher : and one of them was 
+in the fame province, as that taken notice of above. 33 Ad- 
+miratione dignum eft, quod de Monte Cio referunt Oriofcopi 
+Sinenfes, efle in ejus vertice lapidem quinque perticarum al- 
+titudinis, et in regno Fokienft alterum, qui quoties tempeftas 
+imminet, omnino titubat, et hinc inde, ad inftar Cuprefli 
+
+
+vento agitatae, moveatur. 
+
+
+Kircher, who loves the marvel¬ 
+
+
+lous, would perfuade us, that thefe ftones afforded a prog- 
+
+
+noftic of the weather. 
+
+
+But this is an idle furmife. 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+fuftieient, that there are in thofe regions immenfe ftones, fo 
+difpofed, as to be made to vibrate by the wind. 
+
+When the Cuthites began their migrations to the feveral 
+parts, where they fettled ; the earth was overgrown with 
+forefts : and when they had in any region taken up their 
+abode, it was fome time before they could open a commu¬ 
+nication between the . places, w'hich they occupied. It is 
+particularly faid of 3 * Cyprus, when it received its firft inha¬ 
+bitants, that it was overgrown with impaffable forefts. They 
+
+
+31 See Stukeley’s Stonehenge, p. 49. 
+
+33 China I Hurt. p. 270. 
+
+Strabo. L. 4. p. 1003. 
+
+Vol. III. Z z z 
+
+
+however 
+
+
+
+53S The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+however in their different journeyings, felled the trees, which 
+intercepted their courfe ; and formed caufeways and high 
+roads, through the marfhes and fwamps, that intervened. 
+Some of thefe were of great extent, and afford wonderful 
+evidence of their ingenuity and labour. One of thefe was in 
+India; and ftyled the way of Nufa: being the fame by which 
+Dionufus was fuppofed to have paffed, when he fled eaftward: 
+35 Txvsxct Nv<r<roLi/)v (xtv stprifjLi^oLVTo aeXevQov. In Campania was 
+
+an ancient ftratum, fuppofed to have been made by 36 Her¬ 
+cules, and called Via Herculanea: and there was a city of the 
+fame name. The paflage through the Alpes Cottiae, or Cu- 
+thean Alps, feems to have been a great performance ; and 
+was attributed to the fame Hercules. There was a third 
+Herculean way in Iberia, which is mentioned by Feftus Ru¬ 
+fus Avienus. 
+
+37 Aliique rurfus Herculis dicunt viam. 
+
+Stravifle quippe maria fertur Hercules, 
+
+Iter ut pateret facile captivo gregi. 
+
+Thefe noble works were always dedicated to fome Deity, and 
+called by a facred title : by which means the perfonage in 
+aftertimes was fuppofed to have been the chief performer. 
+The 38 Via Elora, called alfo Elorina, in Sicily, was one 
+
+35 Dionyf. Uepivyntr. v. 1159. 
+
+36 Qua jacet et Trojce tubicen Mifenus arena, 
+
+Et fonat Hereuleo ftru< 5 ta labore via. Propert. Eleg. L* 3. 16. v. 3. 
+
+It was alfo called Via Puteolana. 
+
+r O (poidiv HfaxAga S'ia,%ctiva ci.. Strabo. L. 5. p. 375 - 
+17 Ora Maritima. v. 326.. 
+
+J * 'Qi'ov EAwpi vw. Thucydid. L. 7. p. 500. 
+
+Hinc Syracufas ufque via erat antiquitus piano lapide ftrata,. quam Elorinam 
+appellabant. Fazellus. Decad. i. L. 4, c. 2. 
+
+7 of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+539 
+
+
+of thefe ancient roads: as was the Via 39 Fgnatia in Thrace; 
+which reached from Dyrrhachium to the Pontus Euxinus. 
+They often raifed vaft ramparts to fecure themfelves from 
+the nations, which were in their vicinity. Some of thofe, 
+erected by the Semarim in Aha, have been mentioned. In 
+Albania, one of the Amazonian regions, was a fortification, 
+which extended fifty leagues in length, to guard the pafs 
+between Mount Caucafus and the Cafpian Sea. The Nubian 
+geographer fpeaks of it, and ftyles it— 40 Aggerem a Bicorni 
+extru<£him inter nos, et Iagog, et Magog. Near it was the 
+city Bachu. In the terms Bachu and Iagog, we may plainly 
+fee a reference to Iacchus and Bacchus, the hero here de- 
+fcribed with two horns; by whofe votaries, the ancient 
+Amazonians, this work was conftrudted. The remains of 
+it are Bill to be feen, and have been vifited by modern tra¬ 
+vellers. Olearius had the curiofity to take a view of it: and 
+he tells us, that it paffes near the city Derbent. 41 There is 
+a mountain above the city , covered with wood ; where there may 
+be /till feen the ruins of a wall about fifty leagues in length : 
+which , we were told , had fometimes ferved for a communicatio?i 
+between the JLuxine and Cafpian feas. In fome places it was 
+five or fix feet high : in others but two : and in fome places 
+there was no trace at all. The natives fuppofe the city to 
+have been built by Alexander the Great ; and from thence 
+to have been called 41 Scaher lunan. But there is no reafon 
+to think, that Alexander was ever in thefe parts ; much lefs, 
+
+w It was five hundred miles in length. See Strabo. L. 7. p. 496. alfo Antoninus, 
+p. 317. and the notes ofHieron. Surrita. 
+
+40 Climat. Sext. pars nona. p. 267. 
+
+41 Olearius. L. 7. p. 403. 
+
+41 Struys Travels, c. 20. p. 222. 
+
+
+Z z z 2 
+
+
+that 
+
+
+
+540 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+to a 
+
+
+gigantic 
+
+O O 
+
+
+that he built here a city : and the terms Scalier, or rather 
+Caher Iiinan relate to a hiflory far prior to that prince. I 
+have in many places taken notice of a perfon named Ion,Ioni- 
+chus, and Iuna-Hellen, who was fuppofed to have been the 
+author of the Zabian worfhip ; and from whom the ancient 
+Ibnim were defcended. Caher 43 Iiinan was certainly a city 
+built by fonie of this family, and named from their common 
+anceftor. Near this place, they fhew a tomb, faid to belong 
+
+hero of ancient days, named Tzamzuma. 
+Many dories are told of him, efpecially by the eaftern poets. 
+But by the name is plainly indicated the family of the perfon, 
+of whom this memorial remains. It fignifies, that he was 
+of the Anakim and Titanian race : for people of extraordi¬ 
+nary ftature were of old called 44 Zanzummim. 
+
+The buildings, which the Cuthites eredted, were in many 
+places ftyled Cyclopian, from a title given to the architedls. 
+Many ancient edifices in Sicily were of their conftrudfion : 
+for, though they fucceeded to other nations in many pa^.ts, 
+they feem to have been the 45 firft inhabitants of this iflanch 
+They were alfo called LasftrygQns, and Lamii ; and refided 
+chiefly in the Leontine plains, and in the regions near ZEtna* 
+They eredfed many temples ; and likewife high towers upon 
+the fea-coaft : and founded many cities. The ruins of fome 
+of them are ftill extant ; and have been taken notice of by 
+
+
+45 See p. 159. of this volume. 
+
+
+land 
+
+
+and the Ammonites call them Zanzummim : a people great and many ; and tali 
+
+
+as the Anakim* Deuteron. c. 2. v. 20. 
+
+
+KwcA wire 
+
+
+ciycnarai. Thucyd. L. 6. c. 2. 
+
+tbs Kt/x,A w7rcts AeovTivus at v^epov Euftath. in Hprperuto. OdyiT 
+
+L ’ 9 ’ Fazellus, 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+54i 
+
+
+of them as exhibiting a moft 
+appearance. They confift of Hones, which are of great fize: 
+fuch as are continually to be found in the flru<£turcs ercdted 
+by this people. Fazellus, fpeaking of the bay near Segefta, 
+and of an hill, which overlooked the bay, 46 mentions won¬ 
+derful ruins upon its fummit, and gives an ample defcription 
+ol their extent and appearance. Mons arduus,—in cujus 
+vertice planicies eft mille ferine pafluimi : cujus totum am- 
+bitum ingentis magnae urbis, et proftratarum JEdium ruinae; 
+lapides immenfi, teguls latericias, inauditae craflitudinis; vafa 
+fibtilia antiquiflimae inufitataeque formas : ac pro lingulis li- 
+minibus, lingulae fere cifternae ; quales et in Eryce et in Se¬ 
+gefta urbibus notavimus, fparfim et confufe occupant. Ad 
+angulum urbis, q.ui mari et Zephyri flatibus prominet, magnae 
+arcis dirutae, cifternarum, aediumque, ac murorum ingentium 
+vafta cernuntur monumenta. Ingreflum quoque ejus, mce- 
+nium, ampliffima quondam murorum compagine, lapidum- 
+que quadratorum fabrica, infurgentium, magna fragmenta 
+
+47 impediunt. The Cyclopians were the fame as the Minyae, 
+who built the treafury at Orchomenus. This building is by 
+
+48 Paufanias joined with the walls of Tiryns for magnificence y 
+
+46 Decad. 1. L. 7. c. 5. See Cluverii Sicilia. L. 2. c. 2. p. 270. There are 
+Similar ruins at Agrigentum. 
+
+47 The city Cirta in Numidiafeems to have been built in the fame manner. It 
+was by the Romans called Conftantina : and is thus defcribed by Gulielmus Cu- 
+perus in his notes upon La&antius. Conftantina montis prope inaccelTi v-ertici 
+impofita, qui munitur infuper lapidibus decern vel duodecim pedes longis, quatuor 
+vel quinque lath ; rotunda, et ejufdem fere ac Roterodamum magnitudinis eft. 
+^Edificia pro gentis more, et genio, parvi momenti funt •, fed rudera, ac columnar* 
+marmoreal quse paffim afodientibus terram eruuntur, certiflima indicia funt, dim 
+ilia fplendida ac magnifica fuifle. Vide notas in Lattantium. vol. 2. p. 498. Leo 
+Africanus. p. 240. 
+
+43 L. 9. p. 783, 
+
+
+
+Fazellus, who fpealcs 
+
+
+
+'1 in. Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+54 * 
+
+and lie fpeaks of them as equal in workmanfhip to the pyra¬ 
+mids of Egypt. The walls of Mycene were faid to have 
+been erected by the fame 49 perfons: and they were fo Hrong, 
+that when the people of Argos made ufe of every power tg 
+take the place, they could not s ° effect it. In the time of 
+the above writer, nothing remained of Tiryns but the 51 ruins 
+before mentioned. They confifted of rougli Hones ; which 
+were of fuch a magnitude, that the leafl of them could not, 
+he fays, have been at all moved upon the ground by a yoke 
+of mules. There were fmaller Hones inferted, and fo happily 
+adapted, as to exactly fill up the interHices between thofe, 
+which were fo large. 
+
+Such were the mighty works of old, which promifed to 
+lafl for ever: but have been long fince fubverted ; and their 
+name and hiHory oftentimes forgotten. It is a melancholy 
+confederation, that not only in Sicily, and Greece, but in all 
+the celebrated regions of the eaH, the hiHory of the pilgrim 
+and traveller confiHs chiefly in his palling through a feries of 
+dilapidations j a procefs from ruin to ruin. What hand was 
+it, that could fubvert fuch powerful Hates, and lay thefe cities 
+in the duH ? and for what caufe were they reduced to this 
+Hate of irretrievable demolition j and referved as melancholy 
+memorials to future generations ? a fpedtacle both to the 
+native, and fojourner, of the utmofl wonder and aHonilh- 
+ment ? 51 Come behold the works of the Lord; what defola- 
+
+49 EreT£i%“r° y a P nonet to; tv T igvyQt utto tuv KuxA&>7 rcav x«A»/*£v«r. 
+
+Paufan. L. 7. p. 589. 
+
+See Vol. I. p. 502. of this work. 
+
+*° Ibid. 
+
+s ‘ Toft Ttiyos, 0 Sri ptovov rrtuv tpenruov /\Bi7TtTcti, Kux?^u7ruv f*Sv tq~tv tpyov' •zveTrom- 
+TCti St txqyoov AtSaoi', utyefcos e%cov inug-os ?u9o s, cog ot/ir avrcov pin S’ civ ctg%yv xiv»6»vxi 
+tov. fjuxpoTtx.'rov V 7 to Qtuyovs tipuovuv, X T A. Ibid. L. 2 . p. 169. 
+
+** Pfalm. 46. v. 8. 
+
+
+tions 
+
+
+
+The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+543 
+
+
+tions he hath made in the earth . He maketh wars to ceafe 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+th ft 
+
+
+and cutteth the 
+■e. Be ft ill., and 
+
+
+God 
+
+
+I will be exalted among the heathen 
+
+6 
+
+
+the ends of the wot 
+fpear afunder : he 
+JinoWy that I am 
+I will be exalted in the earth. 
+
+Thefe evidences I thought proper to collect, in order that 
+I might fhew the great fuperiority, which this people once 
+maintained above others in their works and enterpriles ; and 
+in every branch of fcience. In confequence of this, they 
+were looked upon as general benefactors to mankind. But 
+this noble character was greatly tarnifhed by their cruelty ; 
+for which they leem to have been infamous in all parts. And 
+this not merely through degeneracy in later times ; though 
+they did fall off from their original merit: but from their 
+rites and religion; which had always a tendency to blood. 
+I have before fpoken of the Lamii in Sicily : and of thofe alfo, 
+who refided in Italy, at Phormiae, and Cumae. There were 
+people of this name, and the like cruelties were pra&ifed near 
+Amifa, and in other parts ofPontus. The Cuthae upon the 
+Maeotis, and in the Tauric Cherfonefus, are defcribed as very 
+inhofpitable : and all thole in their vicinity were of a fivag^e 
+caft, and guilty of great barbarity. 
+
+ST E i<nv Jg rots o^foig fxsv oi Ta vgoi orvyvoi' 
+
+Btoy <T svogioVy vopxtioLT s&hooxoTsg' 
+
+Trjp <T w^torr^Ta (3ctg£agoi rs, kxi (povsig, 
+
+IhOitrfJLSVCl TOL &S101 Toig a<T£o»]//.atn. 
+
+
+54 - 
+
+
+r wv Kvtm 
+
+
+HxVTCtl KCLTOlMHn. 
+
+
+51 Scymnus Chius apud Geog. Gr. minores. vol. 2. v. 85. 90. 99. Vide Fragments. 
+
+Avoo 
+
+
+*+ The KuTcti and 2 xu 0 a/ were the fame. 
+
+
+
+544 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+A via $£ TBTOCV £?l SxvfllJO) {3ctf£tzg0{. 
+
+'Tffsg cTs r«T«y eQvog cLv$g&payw> 2 kvQu,v. 
+
+It is faid of the Amazonians, that they were by no means of 
+a gentle turn; nor did they regard juftice ; or hofpitality :• 
+but were devoted to war and rapine. 
+
+i+ Ov yctg A[£ct£ovt$££ |UaA’ £7trft££g, ovh Seuis’ug 
+
+T lUO’Ctl, '&£$10V A OIOLVUOV apLpBV£ULOVTQ' 
+
+AAA’ v£gig 5’ovo£<ra'ct i xcu Ag£og Bgycc jUs^Ae. 
+
+A )5 yctg kou yBvew sera* A geog y 'Ag[xovir}g re, 
+
+Strabo, who lived in Pontus, fpeaks of the nations upon that 
+coaft, as being given to horrid cuftoms. I am fenfible, that 
+many people cannot be brought to believe what is reported, 
+of thefe nations. They think, that the difpofition of man 
+can never be fo depraved, as to turn to its own fpecies, and 
+indulge in human carnage. I (hall make no anfwer myfelf: 
+but only place before the reader fome few attellations out of 
+many, which might be produced, of this unnatural gratifi¬ 
+cation. The writer before appealed to, fpeaks of his neigh¬ 
+bours the Scythians, as very cruel. 55 Tag (jlsv yag emu 
+As 7rag, tog's %cti av@g(jQ7ro<pa.y£tv. Some of them were fo brutal , 
+as to feed upon their own fpecies. Pliny mentions the fame 
+circumftance. 56 Anthropophagi Scythae—humanis corpo- 
+ribus vefeuntur. The fame is in another place repeated. 
+57 Efle Scytharum genera, et plurima, quae corporibus hu¬ 
+manis vefeerentur, indicavimus. The Scythae Androphagi 
+
+Apollon. Argonaut. L. 2. v. 989. 
+
+ss Strabo. L. 7. p. 463. He takes notice in more places than one* £xu 8 a>v £evo- 
+Suj'outm^ xou aoipKG(potyGvvTO£¥ m See L. 7* p« 458. 
+
+56 Pliny. L.. 6. p. 315. 
+
+C7 Ibid. L. 7. p.370. 
+
+
+are 
+
+
+
+545 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+are alfo fpoken of by s * Herodotus. The Sacae, Indi, and 
+Indo-Scythae, were of the fame family, as thofe above ; and 
+they are reprefented by Mela, as indulging in thefe horrid re- 
+pafts. 59 Scythae funt 'Androphagi et Sacae.—Indorum qui- 
+dam nullum animal occidere, nulla carne vefci, optimum 
+exiftimant.—quidam proximos, parentefque, priufquam annis 
+et aegritudine in maciem eant, velut hoftias caedunt ; caefo- 
+rumque vifceribus epulari fas, et maxime pium eft. The 
+Scythce are Cannibals , and fo are the Sacce.—Some of the Indi 
+<3 will not kill any animal ’, nor feed at all upon flejh.—Others make 
+it a rule , before their friends are emaciated either by years , or 
+illnefs , to put them to death , like fo many victims : and they 
+think it not only a lawful things but a ?natter of duty and affec¬ 
+tion to feed upon their inward parts. The moft reputable 
+people of the Indi were fuppofed to have been the Nyfaeans: 
+and they are particularly accufed of this crime. 60 <3>a<n— 
+
+t as to Nycnraioj/ ogog thto oixavrctg (Ivhxg) olvQ gumcxpcLyzg 
+
+siva. 1 . Tertullian gives the fame account of the Cimmerian 
+Scythae, as has been exhibited of the Indie by Mela. 61 Pa- 
+rentum cadavera cum pecudibus caefa convivio convorant. 
+Several nations devoted to the fame practice are enumerated 
+by Ariftotle. IIoAAa $’ e?i tocv eQvcav, a 'Brgog to ktsivsiv, xcu 
+T tr^og tw avdg(d 7 ro<pa.yioLv ew^sgoog xcc$a7tsg toov 'uregi r ov 
+
+IT ovtov AypLioi ts } kcu Hi Kou r}7rsigooTiKoov eQvoov sTsgoi. There 
+
+
+5 * L. 4. c. 118. alfo c. 106. He mentions one nation only. See Lucian. Toxaris. 
+
+Ivfkts ctvQgo 7 ro<pGcyo’j$. Schol. in Dionyf. v. 626. See 
+
+
+Mela 
+
+
+Criger. cone. Celf. L.3. c. 41 Concerning this cuftom in different places, fee Strabo. 
+L. 4. p. 307. L. n. p- 787. 
+
+
+60 
+
+
+61 
+
+
+Scholia in Dionyf, v. 6 24. p. 116. 
+Contra Manich. L. 1. p. z6z. 
+
+
+VoL 
+
+
+A 
+
+
+are 
+
+
+
+54 $ The Analysis op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+are many nations , who do not fcruple to kill men r and afterwards 
+to feed upon their flejh . Among thefe we may recko?i the nations 
+of Pontus ; fuch as the Achceans , and the Heniochi ; as well as 
+other people upon that coaft . One province in thefe parts, 
+was that of the Chabareni, who lived near Colchis, and were 
+denominated from their 6 * worfhip. They ufed to behave very 
+inhumanly to all ftrangers, whom chance brought upon their 
+coaft j and feem to have been very refined in their cruelty. 
+
+<J *Oi tocv ^svixcev ywcautm dv ysvocvTcti xvgioi, titQxs cqu.a? 
+
+scr^acr/, tccJb 'urouS'ict. HXTevorgun. They were probably the 
+fame, as the Thebeans, called 64 Tibareni, as we may judge 
+both from the names, by which they were diftinguifhed, and 
+from their fituation. Some of the Ethiopians are accufed of 
+thefe fad practices, and are accordingly ranked by Agathe- 
+merus among the 65 Cannibals. To fay the truth, all thofe,. 
+among whom thefe cuftoms prevailed, may be efteemed 
+Ethiopians. They were all of the Cuthite race ; and confe- 
+quently of Ethiopic original. A fociety of priefts refided in 
+Africa, near a cavern, where they fabled, that the queen of 
+the Lamii was born. The place was fituated in a valley, 
+and furrounded with ivy and yew trees, being of an appear¬ 
+ance very gloomy ; and not ill adapted to the rites, which. 
+
+
+61 The Chabareni werefo called fromCha-baren, Domus Areas : which was un¬ 
+doubtedly the name of their chief* place of refidence. 
+
+63 Steph. Byzant. Xa£apn'$i. See Ariftotle: Ethicorum L. 7. c. 6. p. ci8. 
+
+64 Thebsei, Tibareni, Chabareni, have all a reference to the fame worfhip of 
+Theba, and Arene. 
+
+Ai0*o7T6$ A*Qp*) 7 rc$*yoi.. Geogr* Vet. Gr. vol. 2. p. 41. 
+
+66 Avr gov xittw xai c/JuActxt awnfzqisu Diod. Sic. L. 20. p. 77$. 
+
+See Vol. II. p. 12. of this work. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+547 
+
+
+were pradtifed by the Lamian priefts. There is an account 
+of another temple in the fame country, which could never 
+be feen twice. The reafon undoubtedly was, that whoever 
+came within the purlieus of it, was feized upon and flaugh- 
+tered. The dread, that thefe practices caufed among thofe, 
+who lived within the verge of danger, has been the reafon, 
+
+s 
+
+why the accounts have been exaggerated: yet we may be well 
+
+« ► 
+
+allured, that there were in general too good grounds for this 
+imputation of cruelty. And however the great family, of 
+which I have been treating, may in other refpedts appear be¬ 
+neficial and fuperiour ; they were in their rites and religion 
+barbarous to the laft degree. 
+
+It is true, that there are fome accounts in their favour: at 
+ieaft fome tribes of this family are reprefented to more 
+advantage. The poet Chaerilus has given a curious hiftory of 
+the Sacasan Cuthites ; of whofe anceftry he fpeaks with great 
+honour, when he is defcribing the expedition of Alexander 
+the Great. 
+
+
+68 M r]Xovo[JLoi re Xcocoti, ysvsa. SkvOoli, avrctg evxiov 
+Aorda 'GrvgoQogov' NojtwuJW ye pev r,rxv xrouoi, 
+AvOgowruv vofjupW 
+
+
+Next march’d the Sacae, fond of paftoral life. 
+Sprung from the Cuthite Nomades, who liv’d 
+Amid the plains of Afia, rich in grain. 
+
+
+67 Ev Se t>i A£uri Aiovvaov •moAiv eivcct, tocvtw Se ux Sa rov clutgv e£- 
+
+*vpeiv. Strabo. L. 7-p. 459. 
+
+68 Apud Strabonem. L. 7. p. 464. Anacharfis was fuppofed to have been of this 
+family. K at t ov A vct%ctg<rw Se avBpco 7 rov <ro<pov xaA wv 0 Etpopos tbt a ipnvw etrat tu 
+
+Ibid. 
+
+
+4 A 2 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+
+54 » 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+They from the Shepherd race derived their fource, - 
+Thole Shepherds, who in ancient times were deem’d 
+The jufteft of mankind. 
+
+Yet we find, that thefe Sacze by Ibme have been reprefented 
+as Cannibals : from whence we may perceive, that people of 
+the fame family often differed from one another. Of this 
+Ephorus very juftly took notice, as we learn from 69 Strabo. 
+When thefe colonies came in aftertimes to be fo degenerate, 
+there were ftill fome remains of their original fenfe and in¬ 
+genuity here and there to be found. This was to be obferved 
+in the people of Baetica, as I have fhewn from Strabo : and 
+in the character exhibited of Cotys, king of Thrace. The 
+like is taken notice of by Curtius in lpeaking of the Pontic 
+Scythas. 70 Scythis non, ut caeteris Barbaris, rudis et incon- 
+ditus fenfus eft. Quidam eorum fapientiam capere dicuntur, 
+quantumcunque gens capit lemper armata. 
+
+There was another cuftom, by which they rendered them- 
+felves infamous, though in early times it was looked upon in 
+a different light. They contracted an uniform habit of 
+robbery and plunder : fo that they lived in a> ftate of piracy, 
+making continual depredations. This was fo common in the 
+firft ages, that it was looked upon with an eye of indifference, 
+as if it were attended with no immorality and difgrace. 
+Hence nothing was more common in thofe days, when a 
+ftranger claimed the rites of hofpitality, than to alk him 
+
+69 E<£o/>os-—£*7ri *r 6 Aft (frMriV) ft mi roav re jcAAcuV xai reov 'SiavpofJLdToov rue 
+
+avo/uLottis, ftev yag en'oci ^ccAems^ a><re xai arQpco7rofccyeiy* ms S'e xcu reap 
+
+iitAAfloy £o)0)p a 7 re%eaQxi* Strabo. L. 7. p. 463. 
+
+70 L. 7. c. 8. 
+
+with* 
+
+
+
+549 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+with great indifference, whether he was a pirate or a mer¬ 
+chant. Oftentimes both characters were included in the 
+fame perfon. This is the queftion, which Neftor puts to 
+Telemachus and Mentor, after he had afforded them a noble 
+repaft at Pylos. 7 * It is now, fays the aged prince, time to 
+ajk our guefs, who they be, as they have jinijhed their meaL 
+Pray, firs, whence come you, and what bujinefs has brought you 
+over the feas f Sire you merchants defined to any port f or 
+are you mere adventurers, and pirates , who roam the feas with¬ 
+out any place of defination ; and live by rapine and ruin f 
+The fame queftion is alked by other perfons in different 
+places ; and as the word in the original is Arji^Si, which 
+fignifies robbers or pirates , the Scholiaft obferves, that there 
+was nothing opprobrious in that term, or culpable in the 
+profeflion. On the contrary, piracy and plunder of old 
+were efteemed very honourable. Thucydides fpeaks of 
+Greece as devoted to this 71 practice in its early ftate. He 
+fays, that there was no fecurity among the little principali¬ 
+ties; and confequently no polity : as the natives were con** 
+tinually obliged to ftiift their habitations through the inroads 
+of fome powerful enemy. But this account of Thucydides 
+relates to hoftilities hy land, between one clan and another, 
+before the little provinces were in a fettled ftate. But the 
+depredations, of which I principally fpeak, were effected by 
+rovers at fea, who continually landed, and laid people under 
+contribution upon the coaft. Many migrations were made 
+by perfons, who were obliged to fly, and leave their wives, 
+
+7 ' Homer. Odyik I\ v. 69. 
+
+’* L. 1. p. 2. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+550 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+and effecfts behind them. Such Ioffes were to be repaired, 
+as Toon as they gained a fettlement. Hence, when they in- 
+fefted any country, and made their levies upon the natives, 
+one of their principal demands was women : and of thefe the 
+moft noble and fair. Diodorus Siculus makes mention of 
+one Butes in early times, who having been driven from his 
+own country, feized upon one of the Cyclades, and reftded 
+there with his companions. 73 Kon sv TXVTrj XXTOIKOWTX Xty- 
+
+£s<tQsli 'WoKhag rcev 'btx^xttKbovt cav. <nrxvi£onxg <Je yvvxucav 'ars- 
+gnrXeovTxg xgzx^siv xito rr t g yp^x.g yvvxuxg . Here he took up 
+
+his habitation, and robbed many of the people, who failed by that 
+ifla?id. A?id as there was a great want of women ajnong his 
+affociates, they ufed to pafs over to the continent, and recruit 
+themfelves from thence. Thefe depredations gave rife to the 
+hiftories of princeffes being carried away by banditti; and of 
+kings daughters being expofed to fea-monfters. The mon- 
+fters alluded to were nothing more than mariners and pirates, 
+ftyled Cetei, Ceteni, and Cetones, from Cetus ; which figni- 
+fied a fea-monfter, or whale ; and alfo a large fhip. YLr\rog, 
+
+BiSog vswg’ KriTtvt) 'GThoiov fxsyx dg K ryog. By Cotas, fays Hefy- 
+chius, is fgnified a kind of floip. Cetine is a huge float, in bulk 
+like a whale. Andromeda, whom fome mention, as having 
+been expofed to a fea-monfter, is faid by 74 others to have 
+been carried away in a Cetus, or fhip. The hiftory of He- 
+fione is of the fame purport: who was like Andromeda fup- 
+
+7! L. 5. p. 432- . 
+
+74 Conon apud Photium. c. 40. p. 447. The term Kjjtos was by the Dorians 
+
+exprefied Karos, Catus. Among us, there are large unwieldy velTels called Cats, 
+
+particularly in the north. Cat-water, near Plymouth, fignifies a place for velTels 
+
+to anchor •, a harbour for Karoi, or fhips. 
+
+5 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+55i 
+
+
+pofed to have been given up as a prey to a 75 Cetus. Palae- 
+phatus takes notice of the legend, and tries to give a folution. 
+According to the original flory, 76 there was a fea-monjier Ce¬ 
+tus ,who ufed to frequent the Trojan coajl : and if the natives 
+made him a prefent of young women , he peaceably retired: other- 
+wife he laid the country wafle. He imagines, that this Cetus 
+was a king of the country, to whom this tribute was paid. 
+But thefe demands were generally made; and this tribute 
+levied by people of the fea. They landed, and exadted thefe 
+contributions, as the hiftory exprefly tells us. In fhort, 
+thefe fea-monfters were not fo much the Ceti, as the Ce- 
+tcans, and Cetonians, thofe men of honour, the pirates, of 
+whofe profeflion and repute we have made mention before. 
+Some of them fettled in Phrygia, and Myfia, where they 
+continued the like practices, and made the fame demands. 
+KflTsioi, ysvog Mycrooy. The Ceteans , fays Hefychius, are the 
+fame people , as the Myfaits. Their hiftory is undoubtedly 
+alluded to by Homer in a pafiage, which Strabo looked upon 
+as an enigma ; and fuch a one as could hardly be 77 folved. 
+The poet is fpeaking of Neoptolemus, whofe great exploits 
+are related by Ulyffes to the fhade of Achilles in the regions 
+below. Among other things he feems to refer to fome ex¬ 
+pedition made againft the Myfians, who were allies of the 
+Trojans, and their neighbours. Thefe Neoptolemus invaded. 
+
+
+75 The hiftory generally turns upon three articles. The women are guarded by 
+a dragon, /IpuKoov, chained to a Petra, and expofed to a Cetus : all which are mif- 
+taken terms. 
+
+76 n epi tb Kwtbs Tctcf'z teytretf. ck roisTgumv eKTits ntyorret. xott et fAtv 
+
+clvtoj S'onv •Kopecs <x,7n)g%€TQ' u <f » /xriy tuv %6opcx.v ctvTcov eAvpiaipero. D£ Inered. 
+Hiftor. p. 90. 
+
+77 Aiwy/xa t 1 riQeis fipuv » Aeyuv n (rcape;. L. 13. p. 915* 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis ok Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+55 2 
+
+and dew their king Eurypylus with many of his fubjedts, in 
+
+rev r enge for an unjuft tribute, which he had exadled of othet 
+
+people. Ulyfles tells Achilles, that he cannot enumerate all 
+the adlions of his fon, 
+
+78 AAA’ oiov T rihB<pi$r\v koltzv^olto yfiKyjx 
+'H^w’ E vgvTvXovy 'uroX’hoi ctpuf avrov zTougoi 
+
+K »jTSlOt KTSIVOnO, yvvouxoov ZiVZKOt ftcogcev. 
+
+However , fays Ulyftes, one atlion I cannot pafs over \ which 
+is his encounter with the hero Eurypylus , the fon of ’Tele- 
+phus ; whom he few : and at the fame time made a great 
+fiaughter of the Ceteans. And all this was done 79 yvvui- 
+
+Kcov ZiVZKOt on account of the unjuf gifts , which they 
+
+extorted , and which con fifed in women. The paflage muft have 
+had in it fome original obfcurity, to have embarrafled a per- 
+fon of Strabo’s learning. But when we know, that the Ce¬ 
+teans were people, who ufed to make thefe demands ; and at 
+the fame time, that the Mydans were So Ceteans : I think we 
+may be aflured of the true meaning of the poet. In fhort, 
+thefe Myfians were Cuthites, and by race Nebridze. 81 N s£gux$ 
+
+6 Kvvriyog kou yiya-t;, 0 A/$io\|/, ov M v<roi. Nimrod , fays the 
+author of the 8 * Chronicon Pafchale, that great hunter , and 
+giant , the Ethiopian , was the p erf on from whom the Myfians 
+were defended. The hiftory of this family is in all parts 
+ftmilar, and conftftent. 
+
+78 OdyfT. A. v. 518. 
+
+79 The term is here ufed adje<£tive]y. We meet with yvteuxoc f*a£or 9 "EAAa/ot 
+rpccrovy in the fame mode of acceptation, as yuvouxoc <f gopgc. 
+
+80 Hefychius above. 
+
+81 P. 28. 
+
+I have 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 553 
+
+I have mentioned, that one of the mod confiderable 
+colonies, which went from Babylonia, was that of the Indi, 
+or Sindi ; who have been further diflinguifhed by the name 
+of the eaftern Ethiopians. They fettled between the In¬ 
+dus and Ganges, and one of their principal regions was 
+Cuthaia, rendered Cathaia by the Grecians. They traded 
+in linen and other commodities, and carried on an cxtenfive 
+commerce with the provinces to the fouth. A large body of 
+them paffed inland towards the north, under the name of 
+8z Sac® and Sacaians : who ranged very high, and got poffef- 
+fion of Sogdiana, and the regions upon the Iaxartes. From 
+thence they extended themfelves eaftward quite to the ocean. 
+They were of the 83 Cuthic race, and reprefented as great 
+s+ archers: and their country was called 85 Sacaia and Cutha. 
+The chief city was Sacaftan, the Sacaftana of 86 Iiidorus Cha~ 
+racenus. Of their inroads weftward we have taken notice 
+87 before : for they fent out large bodies into different parts ; 
+and many of the Tartarian nations are defcended from them. 
+They got poffellion of the upper part of China, which they 
+denominated Cathaia: and there is reafon to think, that Japan 
+was in fome degree peopled by them. Colonies undoubtedly 
+went into this country both from Sacaia, and the Indus. 
+
+81 Strabo. L. 7. p. 464. 
+
+* 3 £x.vQcl$ yrw (pocai. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+Scytharum populi—Perfe illos Sacas in univerfum adpellavere. Pliny. L. 6 . 
+c. 18. p. 315. 
+
+84 Tau fj.er €7n la^atprczo vept.GVT<x.t 
+
+OL % 00 iQV TS 5 .— 
+
+Kou To^ap, <bpaooi Tg, xou bBvbgc @&p£ocfct 'Hvpw* Dionyf. Tlenniy. v. 749. 
+
+85 By Agathemerus called Sax/a. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 44. 
+
+86 HoLY.oL^avcL Ucctcmv Ifidorus. Geog. Vec. vol. 2. p. 8. 
+
+87 P. 133. of this volume. 
+
+Vol. III. 4 B 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+55 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and dew their king Eurypylus with many of his fubjetds, in 
+
+revenge for an unjuft tribute, which he had exadfed of othet 
+
+people. Ulyftes tells Achilles, that he cannot enumerate all 
+the adlions of his fon, 
+
+78 AAA’ oiqv TrjXstpi^rjv xocTSvygoLTo yfKyye 
+Hgoo’ F,vgV7rvXov, 'tzroAAoi d"’ ctfjup * avrov ETctigoi 
+
+K qTSlOl KTEIVOVTO, yVVOLlJtOOV ElVEXCt SwgWV. 
+
+However , fays UlyfTcs, one aSiion I cannot pafs over ; which 
+is his encounter with the hero Eurypylus ^ the fon of Tele- 
+phus ; whom he fewand at the fame ti?ne ?nade a great 
+Jlaughter of the Ceteans. And all this was done 79 yvvcti - 
+
+y.oou sivskol S'oogoov, on account of the u?ijuf gifts , which they 
+extorted , a?td which conffed in women. The paftage mud have 
+had in it fome original obfcurity, to have embarraded a per- 
+fon of Strabo’s learning. But when we know, that the Ce¬ 
+teans were people, who ufed to make thefe demands • and at 
+the fame time, that the Mydans were 80 Ceteans : I think we 
+may be adured of the true meaning of the poet. In fhort, 
+thefe Mydans were Cuthites, and by race Nebridae. 8l N 
+o Kvvqyog kou yiyotg , 6 Ai$«nJ/, e% ov M v<roi. Nimrod ', fays the 
+
+author of the 81 Chronicon Pafchale, that great hunter , and 
+giant } the Ethiopian , was the perfon from whom the Myfans 
+were defended. The hiftory of this family is in all parts 
+dmilar, and condftent. 
+
+78 OdyfT. A. v. 518. 
+
+79 The term is here ufed adjeftively. We meet with ywcux.cc fJL*£or 9 EAAetcfet 
+cp-pxTQv y in the fame mode of acceptation, as yuvouKcc. S&pcc. 
+
+80 Hefychius above. 
+
+81 P. 28. 
+
+I have 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+553 
+
+
+I have mentioned, that one of the moft confiderable 
+colonies, which went from Babylonia, was that of the Indi, 
+or Sindi ; who have been further diftinguifhed by the name 
+of the eaftern Ethiopians. They fettled between the In¬ 
+dus and Ganges, and one of their principal regions was 
+Cuthaia, rendered Cathaia by the Grecians. They traded 
+in linen and other commodities, and carried on an cxtenfive 
+commerce with the provinces to the louth. A large body of 
+them paffed inland towards the north, under the name of 
+82 Saca3 and Sacaians : who ranged very high, and got poffef- 
+Bon of Sogdiana, and the regions upon the Iaxartes. From 
+thence they extended themfelves eastward quite to the ocean. 
+They were of the 83 Cuthic race, and reprelented as great 
+s+ archers: and their country was called 85 Sacaia and Cutha. 
+The chief city was Sacaftan, the Sacaftana of 86 Iiidorus Cha- 
+racenus. Of their inroads weftward we have taken notice 
+87 before : for they fent out large bodies into different parts ; 
+and many of the Tartarian nations are defcended from them. 
+They got poffellion of the upper part of China, which they 
+denominated Cathaia: and there is reafon to think, that Japan 
+was in fome degree peopled by them. Colonies undoubtedly 
+went into this country both from Sacaia, and the Indus. 
+
+Strabo. L. 7. p. 464. 
+
+** XcLKco. rvs SxtAts &tco (part. Steph. Byzant. 
+
+Scytharum populi—Perfe illos Sacas in univcrfam adpdlavere. Pliny. L. 6. 
+c. 18. p. 315. 
+
+84 Tor fj.tT €7Tt 'zzrpoycvicriv la taprcco rejuLCvrctt 
+
+Tc£ct Xatta; % ooeonss ,—■ 
+
+K ca To^ctpoty <t>p 3 ooi re , eQvect ficcp^ctccc J£vp>*v. Dionyf. Tlerwy. v. 749. 
+
+85 By Agathemerus called Holkiol. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 44. 
+
+86 Xctxa^cxvcc Hclkoov ^ZxvQocv. Ifidorus. Geog. Vet. vol. 2. p. 8. 
+
+87 P. 133. of this volume. 
+
+Vol. III. 4 B 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+5 54 - T iik Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+TJie Chincfe were the ancient Sinae, and Seres ; who were 
+fo famous lor their filk. There is in Paufanias a very curious 
+account of this people, and of their manufacture. The 
+author has been fpeaking of the fine flax in Elis : and from 
+thence takes an opportunity to digrefs, and to treat about the 
+nature of filk. The former , fays 83 Paufanias, arife from feed: 
+hut thofe fnc threads, of which the Seres make ufe in weavings 
+arc of a diferent original. In their country is produced an 
+infeSi, which the Grecians call , £»)£, but the natives have a dif¬ 
+ferent name for it.—This the Seres attend to with great care, 
+making proper receptacles for its prefervation both in fummer , 
+and winter. He then proceeds to give a minute, but inac¬ 
+curate, account of the filkworm, and the manner of its fpin- 
+ning, which I omit : and concludes with telling us, that the 
+coutitry , from whence this commodity comes , is an ifland tiamed 
+Seri a, which lies in a rcccfs of the Rrythrcean Sea. I have 
+been told by fame, that it is not properly the Rrythrcean Sea , 
+but the river Sera, which inclofes it, and forms an ijland, fmi- 
+lar to the Delta i?i Rgypt. I?i fort fo?ne inff, that it is not 
+at all bounded by the fea. They fay alfo , that there is another 
+if and called Seria : and thofe who inhabit this, as well as the 
+i(lands Jib of a, and Sacaia ijt the tieighbourhood, are of the 
+Rthiopian race. Others affirm, that they are of the Scuthic 
+family, with a mixture of the Ittdic. The hiftory is in every 
+part very true ; and in it we have deferibed two nations of 
+the Seres ; who were of an Ethiopic, Indie, and Scuthic 
+family. The firfl: was upon the great Erythraean, or Indian, 
+Ocean ; or rather upon the Ganges ; being a province in- 
+
+Paufan. L. p. 6, 519. 
+
+
+clofed 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+clofed by the branches of that river. There were many 
+
+* J 
+
+illands fo formed ; and they are by geographers called col ¬ 
+lectively the 89 Delta of the Gang es. The other region of 
+
+the Seres was farther removed. It is the fame as 90 China, 
+though fpoken of by Paufanias, as an illand : and it lies 
+oppolite to the illands of Japan, called here A l ala and Sa- 
+caia. Of the fouthern Seres upon the Ganges little notice 
+has been taken : yet they will be found upon inquiry to have 
+been a very notable people. They are mentioned by Oro- 
+lius, who fpeaks of them as bordering upon the Il)dafpes, 
+The Seres of 91 Strabo are of the fame part of the work' 
+Marcianus Heracleota, in his 9Z Periplus, places them rather 
+to the eaft of the river, and makes them extend very liinh to 
+the north, towards Cafgar and Thebet. They were the fame 
+as the Indie Cathaians, who at different times got accefs into 
+the lower regions of Seria, or China ; and that particular 
+province called now liman. The Sacae likewife, who were 
+of the fame family, made large fettlements in the upper pro¬ 
+vinces of that country ; which from them was called both 
+93 Seria and Cathaia. From thence they palled over to 
+the illands of Japan : one of which was from them named 
+Sacaia. Itftill is fo called; and the capital has the fame 
+name ; and is famous for the worfhip of the God 9+ Dai - 
+
+59 Strabo. L. r5. p. 1026. 
+
+90 Mbtcc <7vfJL 7 rocacev 2 xu 0 «x f) 'XnotKu. Agathemerus. L. 2. c. 6. p. 42. 
+Geog. Vet. Gr. vol. 2. 
+
+91 Strabo. L. 15. p. 1027. 
+
+Geog. Grsec. vol. r. p. 28. 
+
+9i Marcianus Heracleota places a nation of Seres to the north of the Sinenfes 
+where now is the region of Chinefe Cathaia. See Periplus. p. 29. Geog. Vet. vol. 1 . 
+
+94 Purchas, vol. 5, p. 596. Dai Maogin is probably Deus Magog, five Dcus 
+Magus. 
+
+4 B 2 Maogin. 
+
+
+
+556 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+Maogin. Father Lewis de Froes, in a letter quoted by 
+95 K^empfer, takes notice of a terrible earthquake both at 
+Meaco, and in Sacaia. The names of the Deities in Japan 
+and China, and the form of them, as well as the mythology, 
+with which they are attended, point out the country, from 
+whence they originally came. The prevailing religion in 
+each of thefe kingdoms, and the moft ancient, is the 96 Sinto, 
+or religion of the Sindi. By thefe are fignified the Indi, who 
+firft introduced this mode of worfhip, as is acknowledged by 
+the Chinefe themfelves. One of the Mohammedan 97 travel¬ 
+lers, whofe account has been publifhed by the learned Re- 
+naudot, allures us, that the Chinefe had no fciences : that is, I 
+fuppofe, none, but what were imported. That their religion 
+and moft of their laws were derived from the I?idi. Nay, they 
+are of opinion , that the Indians taught them the worftjip of idols j 
+and conftdcr them , as a very religious nation. 
+
+The people, who introduced thefe things in the upper re¬ 
+gion of this country, were the northern Seres, a branch of the 
+Cathaian Sacce. 93 sGvos fictgSotgov ZkvQikov. They were 
+
+a different people from the Sinae and Sinenfes, though at laft 
+incorporated with them. The chief city of the country was 
+occupied by them, which they called after their own name 
+Sera ; and they named the region Cathaia. Hence Ptolemy 
+
+’• L. 1. p. 104. notes. 
+
+Annum in urbe Sacaio moratus. Epiftola Gafparis Vilelas apud Mafireuro.. 
+Vide I lift. Ind. p. 401. It occurs often in the letters of thefe miffionaries. 
+
+90 Ibid. p. 204 204. It is called in China the religion of Fo. 
+
+97 Account of China by Two Mohammedan Travellers in the Ninth Century, 
+p. 36. 
+
+90 Scholia in Dionyf. v. 752. 
+
+
+makes 
+
+
+
+The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+557 
+
+
+makes mention, 99 Tr,$ roov Zn/o:v Mr ; T£ 07 roAsa'<;, of Sera , 
+
+the capital of the Since : fo that in his time, and indeed long 
+before, the Sinenfes and Seres were looked upon as the fame. 
+In China the Deity upon the Lotos in the midft of waters 
+has been long a favourite emblem, and was imported from the 
+ft. The infigne of the drap-on was from the fame quarter. 
+
+
+w e 
+
+
+The Cuthites worfhiped Cham, the Sun ; wnofe name they 
+varioufly compounded. In China me ft things, which have 
+any reference to fplendour, and magnificence, feem to be de¬ 
+nominated from the fame objefl. Cham is faid in the lan¬ 
+guage of that country to fignify any thing 100 fupreme. Cum 
+is a fine building, or 1 palace ; fimilar to Coma of the Am- 
+onians. Cum is a * lord or mafter : Cham a 3 feeptre. Laftly, 
+by Cham is fignifled a 4 prieft, analogous to the Chamanim 
+and 5 Chamerim of Cutha, and Babylonia. The country 
+itfelf is by the Tartars called 6 Ham. The cities Cham-ju, 
+Campion, Compition, Cumdan, Chamul, and many others 
+of the fame form, are manifeftly compounded of the facred 
+term Cham. Cambalu, the name of the ancient metropolis, 
+is the city of 7 Cham-Bal: and Milton ftyles it very properly, 
+Cambalu^ feat of 8 Cathaian Chan. By this is meant the 
+
+
+59 L. 1. c. 11. 
+
+103 Bayer’s Mufcum Sinicum. vol. 2. p. 146. 
+
+1 Ibid. p. 95. 
+
+* Ibid. p. io2* The Tartarian princes are fey led Chum. 
+
+} Ibid. p. 98. 
+
+4 Ibid. p. 102. 
+
+5 2 Kings, c. 23. v. 5.. Hofea. c. io. v. 5, 
+
+6 Herbert’s Travels, p. 375: 
+
+7 Ciyitas Cambalu, in provincia Cathai - fonat autem Civitas 
+
+Marcus Paulus Venetus. L. 2. c. 1. 
+
+8 C.hinam potiffimam Cathaii partem. Kircher. China Illufl. p. 60. 
+
+
+Domini. 
+
+
+chief 
+
+
+
+Ti-ie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 5 8 
+
+chief city of the Cuthean Monarch ; for Chan is a derivative 
+of Cahen, a prince. It feems fometimes in China and Japan 
+to have been exprefied Quan, and Quano. The Lama, and 
+Lamas, thofe priefts of Tlicbet and Tartary, are of the fame 
+original, as the Lamii in the weft. 
+
+As the religion of this people extended fo far, we meet with 
+many noble edifices in various parts of the caft, which ftill 
+afford evidences of their original. Two temples are taken 
+notice of by Hamclton near Syrian in 9 Pegu ; which lie re- 
+prefents, as fo like in ftructure, that they feemed to be built 
+by the fame model. One flood about fix miles to the fouth- 
+wards, and was called Kiakiack, or the God of Gods Temple. 
+The image of the Deity was in a fleeping pofture, and fixty 
+feet in length : and was imagined to have lain in that ftate of 
+repofe fix thoufand years. The doors and windows , fays our 
+author, are always open , and evety body has permiffion to fee 
+him. When he awakes , it is faid , that the world will be a?nii~ 
+hilated. This Temple Hands on a high open fpot of ground, 
+and may eafily be feen in a clear day eight leagues off*. 
+The other is fttuated in a low plain north of Syrian, and at 
+about the fame diftance. It is called the Temple of Dagun, 
+and the doors and windows of it are continually fhut: fo 
+that none can enter, but the priefts. They will not tell of 
+Avhat fhape the idol is ; but only fay, that it is not of a 
+human form. As foon as Kiakiack has diftolved the frame 
+and being of the world, Dagon, or Dagun, will gather up 
+the fragments, and make a new one. I make no doubt, 
+but the true name of the temple was Iach-Iach, and dedi- 
+
+9 Hamilton’s Account of theEaft Indies, vol. 2. p. 57. 
+
+6 
+
+
+cated 
+
+
+
+Tl xie Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+e c 
+
+w’ 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+catcd to the fame God, 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+Mr. Wife 
+
+
+takes notice of the Grecian exclamation to IO Dionufus, 
+when the terms 11 Iacche, O Iacche, were repeated : and lie 
+fuppofes, with great probability, that the Peguan name had 
+a reference to the fame Deity. It is very certain that the 
+
+
+(hip 
+
+
+nations 
+
+
+in the eaft. The Indians ufed to maintain, that his rites 
+
+
+began firft among; them. 
+
+o o 
+
+
+Profeflor Bayei 
+
+
+has ill e w n, that 
+
+
+fhip 
+
+
+of thefe parts: and particularly among the Tamuli of Tran- 
+
+
+e was of ice a gigantic 
+
+
+quebar. 12 They ha-ve a tradition that the, 
+perfon named Maidafhuren , who was born at IViJadabura , near 
+the mountain Meru. He had the herns of a bull , and drank wine , 
+and made war upon the Gods. He was attended by eight Pu- 
+dam , who were gigantic and mifehievous daemons , of the family of 
+thofe Indian Shepherds^ calledKobaler. In this account we have a 
+manifeft reference to the hiftory of Dionufus, as well as that of 
+
+
+Dionuhans, bv whom 
+
+
+And we 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+10 See Wile’s Treatife of the Fabulous Ages. p. 95. 
+
+" lax^g, oj Iccxye. Arilloph. Rar.ne. v. 318. 
+
+11 Inde Tamuli narrant, Maidafhuren fuiiie aliquem di< 5 tum a Maidham ct 
+Afhuren, quail Taurum G.gantem Gigantas autem fingunt Heroas fuos fuific) 
+in Niladabura urbe baud longe a Meru Monte narum, qui Taurina cornua 
+geflarit • carnibuique pailus, turn aliarum aniniuntium, turn vaccarum (quod in 
+Indis fummum laius et vino ad ebrietatem repleri folitus, Diis helium incident. 
+Cetcrum in com Paul habdfle otlo Pudam, feu gigantreos et malitiofos Dfcmonas, ex 
+famiiia Indicorum P d** rum, quos K^oder, i. e. Paftores vocant : curru vedlum 
+ab odtonis leonii.us, .ut leopau aut ngridibus, aut dephantis. Habecis Nyiam, 
+ubi natum feruni BatA.uim etium Gntiorum aliqui. Habetis Mcrum monteni, 
+unde Jovis Mngot Luciani agitatus jocis : habetis Ko£x Aas, et cornua et currum, et 
+quicquid ad fabulam veteris Grxcice defideratis. Bayer. Hift. Badtriana. p. 2. 3. 
+
+tranfmitted 
+
+
+
+560 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+tranfmitted by the 13 Grecians. What are thefe Kobaler, 
+who were defcended from the Shepherds, but the fame as 
+the Cobali of Greece, the uniform attendants upon Dionu- 
+fus : a fet of priefts, whofe cruelty and chicanery rendered 
+them infamous. 14 KooxAot bou^Lovsg stcri nvsg <rxhri*oi 'GYEgi 
+7 QV Aigv'jtov’ cc7rctT3Wvsg. The Cobali were a fet of cruel dcemons , 
+who followed in the retinue of Dionujus. It is a term made ufe 
+f'for knaves and cheats. 
+
+The fecond temple near Syrian is faid, in the account 
+above, to have been inacceflible to ftrangers : fo that they 
+could not tell, under what fhape the Deity was reprefented. 
+Thus much they were informed, that it was not human. 
+As the Deity was called Dagun, we may eafily conceive the 
+hidden character, under which he was defcribed. We may 
+conclude, that it was no other than that mixed figure of a 
+man and a fifh, under which he was of old worfhiped both 
+in Paleftine and Syria. He is exprefled under this fymbolical 
+reprefentation in many parts of 15 India; and by the Brahmins 
+is called Wiftnou and Vifhnou. Dagon and Vifhnou have a 
+like reference. They equally reprefent the man of the fea, 
+called by Berofus Oannes : whofe hiftory has been reverfed 
+by the Indians. They fuppofe, that he will reftore the world, 
+when it fhall be deftroyed by the chief God. But by Dagon 
+is fignified the very perfon, through whom the earth has been 
+
+IJ Strabo mentions —N ncro-aids vivas e6re$, xca -uroXiv vxrao avrots Kvoaav, xat 
+epos vo V 7 TS 9 vm veoKzoos MHPON. L. 15. p. 1008. Diodorus has a moft curious 
+account concerning Dionufus in India, and of the fuppofed place of his birth.— 
+Orc/ua£W 9 a/ v»s cpeuvs vavrits tov t oirov vavov Mngc*. JL. 2. p. 123, 
+
+14 Scholia in Plutum Ariftophanis. v. 279. 
+
+Ko€aAos, xaxo’jpycs, 'uravovoyos. Hefych. 
+
+* 5 Kircher’s China, p. 158. Baldseus. Part 2. c. 1. 
+
+already 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+561 
+
+
+already reftored, when it was in a ftate of ruin : and by 
+
+
+Dagon and Noah I have 
+
+
+whom mankind was renewed, 
+fhewn to be the fame. Vifh-Nou is reprefented, like Dagon, 
+under the mixed figure of a man and a fifh: or rather of a 
+man, a princely figure, proceeding from a fifn. The name ol 
+the difti icSf, near which the temples above ft and, we find to 
+be called Syrian : juft as the region was named, where flood 
+the temples of Atargatus and Dagon. Syrus, Syria, and 
+Syrian, arc all of the fame purport, and fignifv Coeleftis, and 
+Solaris, from ,6 Sehor, the Sun. 
+
+% 
+
+Many travellers have taken notice of the temples in India: 
+which are of a wonderful conftrudlion : and to which there 
+
+
+
+
+ay thing fimilar in other parts of the w r orld. 
+dler Gemelli mentions a pagoda in the iflant 
+Bombay, which is looked upon as a work of 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+antiquity. It is called the pagod of 17 Canorin : and a tra- 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+fome of the 
+
+
+It ftands towards the eaft fide of a 
+
+
+mountain, which confifts intirely of 
+of this the various edifices are not bui 
+
+
+and out 
+Round 
+
+
+about are innumerable columns, and many inferiour temples, 
+covered with beautiful cupolas, together with figures of 
+men and animals, all alike formed out of the folid rock. 
+Some of the ftatues are completely carved : others are in 
+baffo relievo; and habited in a peculiar manner; fo as to 
+witnefs great antiquity. There are likewife many caves, and 
+
+
+16 
+
+
+Syria was fuppofed to have been denominated from Syrus, the offspring of 
+the Sun.—Fx ^Livct)7nK v.cu A 2 u/)o$. * Diodorus. L,. 4. p. 273. Seep. 
+446. of this volume. 
+
+17 See Churchil’s Voyages* vol. 4. p. 194, 
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+4 c 
+
+
+grottos. 
+
+
+
+562 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+grottos, curioully contrived: and many large tanks of water, 
+commodioufly difpofed over the area of the inclofure. The 
+author is very copious in his description of this place ; and 
+of the pagodas, w hich arc within it. And he allures us, 
+towards the dole, that all, which has been hitherto obferved, 
+is formed from the rock, without any feparation, or addition: 
+every figure ftill adhering at the balls, to the mafs, on which 
+it Hands. The whole is defolatc, unfrequented, and difficult 
+of accefs. 
+
+At no great diftance from Salfette is an illand of equal 
+curiolity, called by the Portuguefe Elephanto. It is de- 
+feribed by our countryman ,8 abovementioned, who fuppofes, 
+that it was thus named from the figure of an. elephant , which is 
+carved upon it , out of a great black Jlone, about feven feet in 
+height . It is , fays he, fo like a living elephant, that at two 
+hundred yards difance , a jharp eye might be deceived by its 
+fimilitude. H little way from this fands an horfe, cut out of a 
+fone ; but not fo proportionable, and well fhaped, as the ele¬ 
+phant. 'There is a pretty high mountain Jlanding in the middle 
+of the if and, fhaped like a blunt pyramid ; and about half way 
+to the top is a large cave, that has two large inlets, which ferve 
+both for a pajfage into it, and for light. The 7noun tain above 
+it refs on large pillars, hewn out of a folid rock ; and the pil¬ 
+lars are curioufiy carved. Some have the figures of men about 
+eight feet high in feveral pofiures ; but exceedingly well propor¬ 
+tioned, and cut. There is one, that has a Giatit with four heads 
+joined ; and the faces lookifig from each other. He is in a fit¬ 
+ting p oft ure, with his legs and feet under his body. His right 
+
+_' 3 Hamelton’s New Account of the Ealt Indies, vol. 1. c. 22. p. 241. 
+
+7 hand 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 563 
+
+hand is above twenty inches. There are feveral dark rooms hewn 
+out of the rock ; and a fine fpring of fweet water co?nes out of 
+o?ie room , ajid ru?is through the cave out at one of the inlets. I 
+fired a fuzee into one of the r007ns ; but I never heard cannoti or 
+thunder tnake fuch a dreadful ?ioife\ which contmued about half 
+a mrnute ; and the tnowitam feetned to fhake. Sis foozz as the 
+noife was over , a large ferpezzt appeared \ which znade us take 
+to our heels , azid get out of the cave at o?ie door ; and he in 
+great hafie went out at the other. I judged hi? 7 i to be about 
+fifteezt foot lo 7 jg : and two foot about : and thefe were all that I 
+faw worth obfervatiozz on that ifiand. I ajked the inhabitants of 
+the place , who were all Gentows , or Gentiles , about twenty in 
+nuznber , if they had any accouzzt , by hifiory , or tradition , who 
+niade the cave , or the quadrupeds carved in Jlo 7 ie ; but they 
+could give 710 account. 
+
+We have a like account of thefe pagodas in Purchas.— 
+19 In Salfette are two temples, or holes rather of pagodes, 
+renowned in all India. One of which is cut from under a 
+hill of hard ftone, and is of compaffe within about the big- 
+neffe of village of foure hundred houfes; with many galleries 
+or chambers of thofe deformed fhapes, one higher than an¬ 
+other, cut out of the hard rock. There are in all three hun¬ 
+dred of thefe galleries. The other is in another place, of 
+
+like matter and forme.-In a little illand called Pory, 
+
+there ftandeth a high hill, on the top whereof there is a hole, 
+that goeth downe on the hill, digged and carved out of the 
+hard rocke ; within as large as a cloyfter, round befet with 
+fhapes of elephants, tygres, Amazons, and other like work, 
+
+’ 9 Purchas from R. Fitch, vol. 5. p* 545. 
+
+4C 2 
+
+
+workcmanly 
+
+
+
+564 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+workemanly cut, fuppofed to be the Chinois handy worke. 
+But the Portugals have now overthrowne thefe idol-temples. 
+Would God, they had not fet new idols in their roome. 
+
+There are deferiptions of many other ancient edifices in 
+India ; fomc of which are of ftupcndous workmanfhip : but 
+of all others, that which was vifited by the curious traveller 
+Thevenot, fcems to be ol the greatcfi extent, and of the moft 
+wonderful conftrudtion. It is called the pagod of 20 Elora : 
+and ftands near the city Aurangeabad, in the province of 
+Balagate. He fays, that his rout lay up a very rugged moun¬ 
+tain, and very hard for the oxen, by which his carriage was 
+drawn, to afcend : though the way, cut out of the rock, was 
+alinoft every wherd as fmooth, as if it were paved with free- 
+ftone. At the top, he difcovered a fpacious plain of well- 
+cultivated land, with a great many villages and hamlets 
+amidft gardens, and plenty of fruit trees and woods. The 
+lirft part of this lovely plain was occupied by people of the 
+Mohammedan perfuafion. -A little farther wefiward, fays our 
+author, my Pious aud I were above half an hour clambermg 
+down the rock into another very low plain. The jirjl things I 
+Jaw were fome very high chapels \ and I entered into a porch 
+cut out of the rock., which is of gray if fone : and C7t each fde of 
+that porch , there is the gigantic figure of a ntan , cut out of the 
+natural rock : and the walls are covered all over with other 
+figures in relief , cut in the fame matiner. Having paffed that 
+porch , I foimd a fquare court , an hundred paces every way. 
+The walls are the natural rock , which i?i that place is fix fathom 
+high , and perpendicular to the groundplot\ and cut as fmooth 
+
+*’ Thevenot’s Travels into the Indies. Part 3. c. 44. p. 74. Tranflation. 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+565 
+
+
+if it were plafer fmoothecl 
+
+
+Befc 
+
+
+efolved to view the out fide of that court : and Ip 
+
+
+that thefe walls, or rathe 
+ved underneath : fo that 
+almofi two fathoms high, 
+
+
+hangs : and that it 
+
+
+mid fpace below ma, 
+four or five broad. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+fi 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+bafi. 
+
+
+and the 
+
+
+fingle row of pillars 
+
+
+s fupporti 
+difatit f 
+
+
+e ex— 
+
+
+of the gallery about the length of a fathom : J< 
+
+
+appears as if 
+
+
+Every thing there is 
+
+
+exceeding well cut : and it is really a wo'ndet 
+
+
+to fee fo great a 
+ifs in the air, which feems fo fenderly underpropped, that one 
+n hardly help ffuddering at firfi entering into it. 
+
+In the middle of the court there is a chapel, whofe walls, infidc 
+d outfde, are covered with figures in relief. They reprefen t 
+
+
+feveral forts of beaf. 
+
+
+iffc 
+
+
+each fide of the chapel there is a pyramid', 0/' obelfin, 
+bafs, than that at Rome: but they owe not ffarp point 
+ie fome characters upon them j which 1 do 7lot to 
+
+
+<e> 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+Tl 
+
+
+iey 
+
+
+’ft and\ 
+
+
+“The obelijk on the left hand has by it an cleph 
+life, cut out of the rock, as every thing elje is 
+
+
+e> 
+
+
+but his trunk has 
+
+
+off. sit the farther end of the court I found two f 
+
+
+cafes citt i? 
+feejned to be a knowing perfo 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+pet 
+
+
+of area (if the fpace of a league anal an half, 
+be called an area) full of fately tombs, ch< 
+
+
+pies, which they call p 
+
+
+ipb 
+
+
+of, and is adorned with fig 
+
+
+ms a fia> 
+of it alf 
+
+
+are * 
+
+
+iple are eight rows of pillars in lengthy and f 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+
+566 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+in breadth : ‘which are about a fathom difant from each other. 
+
+'The. temple is divided into three parts : —-— in the middle of the 
+third , or extream , part, upo?i a very high bafes , there is a gigan¬ 
+tic idol, with a head as big as a drum ; atid his other parts 
+proportionable. Sill the walls of the temple are covered with gi¬ 
+gantic figures in relief) and on the out fide) all round the temple , 
+are a great many little chapelS) adorned with figures of an ordi¬ 
+nary bignefs in relief) reprejentmg men and women embracing 
+one another. 
+
+Leaving this fpot , I went into fever al other temples of a diffe¬ 
+rent jlruSlurC) built alfo from the rock ; and full of figures , 
+pilafierS) and pillars. I faw three temples one over another ; 
+which have but one front all three ; but it is divided into three 
+/lories )fupported by as many rows of pillars : and in every fiory 
+there is a great door for the temple. ‘The fiaircafes are cut out 
+of the rock. I faw but one temple which was arched: and therein 
+I found a room , whereof the chief ornament was a fquare bafon. 
+It was cut in the rock , and full of fpring water , which arofe 
+within two or three feet of the brim of the bafon. There are a 
+vafi number of pagods all along the rock: indeed there is nothing 
+elfe to be fee?i for above two leagues. He concludes with lay¬ 
+ing, that he made diligent inquiry among the natives, about 
+the origin oi thefe wonderful buildings : and the confiant 
+tradition was , that all thefe pagodas , great andfinally with all 
+their works , and ornaments , were made by Giants : but in what 
+age they could not 10 tell. 
+
+10 Theie pagodas have been feen vifiteJ by that curious traveller and Orientalift, 
+M. Anquetil Du Perron. In his treatife called Zend-Avefta, a very precife ac¬ 
+count may be found of thefe buildings, and of their dimenfions; alfo the hiftory, 
+and purport, of the various reprelentations, according to the notions of the Brah¬ 
+mins. See Zend-Avefta. vol. i. p. 234. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology, 567 
+
+Many of thefe ancient drudtures have been attributed to 
+Ram-Scander, or Alexander the Great: but there is nothing 
+among thefe (lately edifices, that in the lead favours of Grecian 
+workmanfhip : nor had that monarch, nor any of the princes 
+after him, opportunity to perform works of this nature. Wc 
+have not the lead reafon to think, that they ever poffed'ed 
+the country : for they were called off from their attention 
+this way by feuds, and engagements nearer home. There is 
+no tradition of this country having been ever conquered, ex¬ 
+cept by the fabulous armies of Hercules and Dionufus. 
+What has led people to think, that thefe works were the 
+operation of Alexander, is the (imilitude of the name Rarat- 
+xander. To this perfon, they have fometimes been attributed. 
+But Ramtxander was a Deity, the fuppofed fon of Bal; and 
+he is introduced among the perfonages, who were concerned 
+in the incarnations of 13 Vifhnou. 
+
+The temple of Elora, and all the pagodas of which I have 
+made mention, mud be of great antiquity, as the natives 
+cannot reach their asra. They were undoubtedly the work 
+of the Indo-Cuthites, who came fo early into thefe parts : 
+and of whofe hidory I have treated at large. They came 
+hither under the name of Indi and Sindi: alfo of Arabians, 
+and Ethiopians. And that thefe drudtures were formed by 
+them will appear from many circumdances ; but efpecially 
+from works of the fame magnificence, which were performed 
+by them in other places. For fcarce any people could have 
+effected what has been here deferibed, but a branch of that 
+family, which eredled the tower in Babylonia, the walls of 
+Balbec, and the pyramids of Egypt. 
+
+Strabo. L. 15. p. 1007. 
+
+Kircher’s China, p. 158. 
+
+
+Marco 
+
+
+
+r68 
+
+
+r r. ' 
+
+i n; 
+
+
+A\ u.vsi 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+
+
+Ancient AlYTHoi.oGy 
+
+
+Marco Polo was in Calhaia in the time of the Tartar Em- 
+perour Cublai Chan: and he fpcaks of the chief city Cam¬ 
+as of great extent ; and mentions a mofl magnificent 
+
+11 c ' + lays, that the idols were made of ftone, and 
+
+
+pion, .id 
+
+
+t e m p 
+
+
+lc. 
+
+
+wood ; and fame or clav : and there were feveral overlaid 
+
+* J 
+
+Among thefe 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+gold ; and very artificially wrong 
+
+
+lit. 
+
+
+fome were fo great, that they contained ten paces in length ; 
+and were placed upon the earth in an attitude, as if they lav 
+uptight. Near to thcic Rood leveral fmallcr idols, which 
+leemed to pay obeyfancc to the 25 larger : and they appeared 
+all to be greatly revered. Hadgi Mehemet, a great traveller, 
+who difeourfed with Ramufio, told him, that he had been at 
+26 Campion ; and mentioned the largenefs of the temples. 
+In one of thefe lie faw the ftatues of a man, and a woman, 
+ftretched on the ground : each of which was one piece, forty 
+feet long, and gilded. Campion is probably the fame city, 
+which is alluded to by Marco : the fame too, which the an¬ 
+cients called Sera, and the moderns Nankin : for the names 
+of places in China are continually changing. In the account 
+of Sha Rokh’s embafly to * 7 Cathaia, mention is made of a 
+city Kam-ju : and of a temple, whofe dimenfions were very 
+large. The author fays, that each fide was five hundred kes or 
+cubits. In the middle lay an idol, as if it were afleep ; which 
+was fifty feet in length. Its hands and feet were three yards 
+long ; and the head twenty-one feet in circumference. There 
+
+
+" 4 Purchas. vol. 3. c. 4. p. 77. See Kircher’s China, part 3. c. 2. 3. 
+
+15 This is net unlike the delcription of the God Nilus, as we meet with it in Gru- 
+ter, Sandys, and others. 
+
+* 6 Aftley’s Collection, vol. 4. p. 639. 
+
+%7 From Ramufio. See Aftley’s Collection, vol. 4. p. 624. 
+
+
+were 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 6 9 
+
+were others at his back, and over his head, about a cubit 
+high : and placed in fuch attitudes, that they feemed alive. 
+The great image was gilt all over ; and held one hand under 
+his head ; and the other was ftretched along down his thigh. 
+They called it Samonifu. The Babylonians, and Egyptians, 
+and all of the fame great family, ufed to take a pleafure in 
+forming gigantic figures ; and exhibiting other reprcfcnta- 
+tions equally ftupendous. Such were the cololial flatucs at 
+Thebes; and the fphinx in the plains of Cocome. The flatue 
+eredted by Nebuchadnezzar in the plains of Dura, was in 
+height threefcore Babylonifh cubits. It was probably raifed 
+in honour of Cham, the Sun ; and perhaps it was alfo dedi¬ 
+cated to the head of the Chaldaic family ; who was deified, 
+and reverenced under that title. Marcellinus takes notice of 
+a ftatue of Apollo, named 19 Comeiis; which in the time of 
+the Emperour Verus was brought from Seleucia to Rome. 
+This related to the fame Deity, as the preceding. We may 
+alfo infer, that this temple at Kam-ju was erected to Cham, 
+the Sun, whom the people worfhiped under the name of 
+Samonifu. 
+
+An account is given in 30 Purchas of a ColofTus in Japan, 
+made of copper ; which was feen by Captain Saris, an Eng- 
+lifhman, at a place called Dabis. It reprcfented a man of 
+immenfe ftature, fitting upon his heels. The fame perfon 
+faw at 31 Meaco, a Temple, equal in extent to St. Paul’s in 
+
+* 8 Daniel, c. 23. v. 1. 
+
+* 9 Simulacrum Comet Apollinis, avulfum fedibus* perJatumque Romam. Mar¬ 
+cellinus. 1,. 23. p. 287. 
+
+Purchas. vol. 5. p. 595. Saris was in Japan anno 1612. 
+
+,l Ibid. 
+
+Vol. III. 4 D 
+
+
+London, 
+
+
+
+57 ° Thf. Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+London, weftward of the choir: and in it an idol larger than 
+the former, which reached to the roof of the building. Thefe 
+were the ftatues of Xaca and Amida, two of the chief Deities 
+of Japan. Herbert takes notice of the temples, and Deities 
+above ; and fays, that they were called 31 Mannadies. One 
+of thefe coloffal ftatues was erected by the Emperour Tycho- 
+zama, the chair, or throne, of which idol, was feventy feet 
+high, and eighty wide. He fpeaks alfo of the ftatue at Dabis; 
+which, though in a fitting pofturc, was in height twenty-four 
+feet. They were both of copper; or, as he terms it, 
+auricalc. 
+
+It is remarkable, that in Japan, the priefts and nobility 
+have the title of 33 Cami. The Emperour Quebacondono, in a 
+letter to the Portuguefe viceroy, 1585, tells him, 3+ that "Ja¬ 
+pan is the kingdom of Chamis ; whom , fays he, we hold to be the 
+fame as Scin , the origin of all thmgs. By 3S Scin is probably 
+iio-nified San, the Sun ; who was the fame as Cham, rendered 
+here Chamis. The laws of the country are fpoken of as the 
+laws of Chamis: and we are told by Kaempfer, that all the 
+Gods were ftyled either 36 Sin, or Cami. The founder of the 
+empire is faid to have been Teniio Dai Sin, or Te7iJio the God 
+of Light. Near his Temple was a cavern, religioufly vifited, 
+upon account of his having been once hid : when no fun, 
+nor flars appeared. He was efteemed the fountain of day, 
+
+
+; Her 
+
+
+T '-berths 
+
+
+x ravels, p. 374. 
+we-e, Msnr.-JVs, the Menaces. 
+
+
+Similar to Myr a£v$ of the Grecians, whole priefts 
+
+
+
+
+Krcmprcr. L. 2. p. 153. 
+Orttantinus Brixieniis. 
+
+It was probably prunou 
+
+Krcmpfer above. 
+
+
+See Purehas. 
+.':ed Schin, 
+
+
+vol. 3. p. 324. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+The Analysts op Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+57* 
+
+
+and his Temple was called the Temple of 37 Naiku. Neat 
+
+
+this cavern was another Tempi 
+
+
+which the Canuft, or 
+
+
+Deity, fittin 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+pon 
+
+
+a cow. 
+
+
+38 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+Dainits No Ray, the Great Reprcfcvtatiori of th 
+
+
+tin. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+One of their principal Gods is Iakufi; fimilar to the Jacchus 
+
+empfer fays, that he is the 3 " Apollo of the 
+
+
+of the weft. K 
+
+
+Temple 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+Minnok 
+
+
+Tarate 
+
+
+: and lachuii 
+which is laid 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+or faba JE 
+fcallon fhe 
+
+
+of Profper Alpinus. One half of a large feallop 
+a canopy placed over him ; and his head is furrounded with 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+may 
+
+
+to whom 
+
+
+the Temple of Naiku was dedicated: and from what perfon 
+the town of Minnoki was named, where Iachuft was wor- 
+
+
+Ihiped 
+
+
+They have alfo an idol Menipp 
+
+
+in different parts. ] 
+and is a comnound of 
+
+
+fame 
+
+
+Kaempfi 
+
+
+er is a writer 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+4 * 
+
+
+time 
+
+
+He certifies 
+
+
+by Saris about the idols of this country. He faw the Temple 
+
+
+37 Kasmpfer. L. 3. p. 231. 
+
+38 Ibid. 
+
+39 Ibid. L. 5. p. 493. 
+
+40 Ibid. Ksempfer mentions the image of Amida in Siam, which appeared in an 
+upright pofture upon the Tarate flower. He calls it in this paflage the Nymphfca 
+magna incarnata. L,. 1. p. 30. 
+
+41 Mnv "lirircL. See Vol. II. of this work. 
+
+41 He went to Japan in the year 1690. 
+
+
+4 D 2 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+572 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+of Dabys, which lie more truly renders 43 Daibod. He had a 
+fight of it in his fir ft embafty to Jedo ; which city he vifited 
+twice. He fpeaks of the buildings as very fpacious : and 
+<+ at the beginning of the avenue towards it on each fide food, the 
+fiat tie of an hero in blacky near four fathoms high , a?id aim of 
+naked , having only a loofe piece of drapery around him. He had 
+the face of a lion : atid was in other rcfpc&s well enough pro- 
+portioned. His height was four fathoms ; and he flood on a 
+pc dif a l of otie fathom.—‘The Temple of Daibod was oppofite to 
+the gate , at id in the middle of the court. It was by much the 
+lofticfi building , that we had fecji in Japan : and had a double 
+bended flately roof.—The pillars were excefiive large ; attd at 
+leaft a fathom and a half thick. The idol was gilt all over ; 
+atid of an incredible flze \ infotnuch that two mats cotdd lie in 
+the palm of his hand. It was fitting , after the Indian manner , 
+
+cr of-legged^ on a Tar ate flower \ which was fupported by another 
+flower. The leaves of this flood upwards , by way of or?iame?it : 
+and they were both rafled about two fathoms from the floor. 
+45 Dai, in the ancient language of the eaftern countries, fig- 
+nified Dcus , and Divus , any thing divine. By Dai-Bod was 
+
+** 1 'he fame isdeferibed by Lewis Almeida, who exprefles the name ftill more 
+precifeiy, Dai-But. See Kpifiolse fcletftas Soc. Jef. apud Mafias urn Hill. Indie, 
+p. 42S. He alfo gives a defeription of the Temple. 
+
+44 L. 4- p. 553 - 
+
+According to Ksempfer, L. 2. p. 159. Dai fignifies a Lord, or Prince. Dius 
+and Divus were applied in the fame manner by the Greeks and Romans : yet they 
+were titles, which properly related to the Gods : and Dai did io likewile. This is 
+apparent from its being always annexed to the names of Deities. 
+
+Dai is the fame as Dairy, the title of the ecclefiaftical monarch. Ibid. 
+
+In another part of his work, he fays, that Dai fignined great : Sin, and Cami, a 
+Cud* or Spirit . L. 3. p. 226. But in none of thele expofitions do I believe him to be 
+precife. 
+
+
+meant 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+573 
+
+
+meant the God Budha; whofe religion was ftyled the Budfo: 
+and which prevailed greatly upon the Indus, and Ganges. 
+The origin of this religion , fays 46 Kamipfer, mufl be looked for 
+among the Brahmins. I have fro?ig reafons to believe , both 
+from the affinity of the name , and the v 
+ffipi that the author was the fame perfo, 
+
+
+
+
+non. 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+
+
+efe 
+
+
+The people of 
+
+
+effential part of TTif - 
+l fapanefe call him Buds and Si aka. 
+eprefent him wider the form of a Moor , 
+
+
+ftting poflure , and of a prodigious five. His Jk 
+
+
+and his hair curled: by which, 
+
+
+meant 
+
+
+the author of 
+the great object, to which 
+
+
+of the fame comph 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+worship 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+was funnofed by the 48 Brahmins to have had neither father 
+
+
+mother 
+
+
+Budha we 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+idolatrous fymbol, called by fome nations Buddo; the fame 
+as Argus and Theba. In. the mythology tranfmitted con- 
+
+
+we 
+
+
+and to the perfon preferved in it. In confequence of which 
+we find this perfon alfo ftyled Bod, Budha, and Buddo ; and 
+in the weft Butus, Battus, and Bceotus. He was faid by the 
+Indians not to have been born in the ordinary way; but to 
+
+
+come to light indirectly through the fide 
+
+
+49 
+
+
+mo- 
+
+
+45 L. 3. p. 241. 
+
+47 Ibid. L. 1. p. 36. They call him Siaka-and Sacka. Ibid, 
+
+4 * Ibid. 
+
+49 Socratis Ecclefiaft. IIift. L. I. c. 7. 
+
+Buddam per virginis latus narrant cxortum. 
+
+Retramnus de Nativitate Chrifti. c. 3. 
+
+ther. 
+
+
+
+574 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+ther. By Clemens of 50 Alexandria, he is called Bouta : and 
+in the hiliory of this perfon, however varied, we may perceive 
+a relation to the Arkite Deity of the Sea, called Pofeidon : 
+alfo to Arcalus, and Dionufus; ftyled Boeotus and Thebanus. 
+K cempfer has a curious hiftory of a Deity of this fort, called 
+51 Abbuto ; wliofe Temple flood in the province of Bungo 
+upon the fea-fhore, near the village of Toma. About a 
+quarter of a German mile , before you come to this 'village, 
+fivuls a famous Temple of the God Abbuto ; 'which is faid to be 
+'very cniincjit for miraculoujly curing many inveterate difiem- 
+
+pers : as alfo for procuring a wind , and goodpajfage. For this 
+
+# 
+
+reafon , Jailors , and pajf eager s , always tie fame farthings to a 
+piece of wood , and throw it into the fca , as an offering to this 
+Abbuto , in order to obtain a favourable wind. He moreover 
+tells us, that they call him Abbuto Quano Sanaa, ox the Ford 
+God Abbuto. But the title more precifely fignifies, if I may 
+form a judgment, Abbuto the Ford of Heaven. The fame 
+Deity, but under a different name, was worfhiped in China. 
+He is mentioned by Pierre Jarrige, who calls him the God 
+Camaffono. 51 On appelle l’ldole Camaffono : et ceux, qui 
+pafient par la, redoutent fort cet Idole ; et de peur, qu’il ne 
+mette leurs navires a fond, ils luy offrent, quand ils font vis 
+a vis de l’ifle, ou du riz, (qu’ils jettent en la mer) ou de 
+l’huile, ou d’autre chofe, qu’ils portent. The Apis, Mneuis, 
+and Anubis of Egypt, have been often mentioned, and ex¬ 
+plained ; as well as the Minotaur of Crete. The fame hiero- 
+
+50 Strom. L. i. p. 359. The MSS. have Bovra, and Bovttcc • 
+
+51 L. 5. p. 468. Abbutus, pater Butus five Boeotus. 
+
+sx Hifl. des Indes. L. 5. c. 51. 
+
+2 
+
+
+glyphics 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+575 
+
+
+glyphics occur in Japan : and we are informed by 53 Marco 
+Polo, that the inhabitants worfhip idols in different fhapes. 
+Some have the head of an ox ; fome of a fvvine ; and others 
+the head of a dog. The mod common reprefentation in this 
+country is that of 54 Godfo Ten Oo, or the Oxheaded Prince 
+of Heaven. 
+
+Lewis Almeida, and other miflionaries, give a noble ac 
+count of Japonefe temples : and defcribe their fituation, as 
+uncommonly pleafing. Some of them refided at Mcaco, 
+where they viflted the pagodas of Cafunga, Cocuba, Facu- 
+mano, and Daibut. They fpeak of them as very large, and 
+happily difpofed, being fituated amid trees of various forts, 
+particularly planes and cedars: and in places abounding 
+with ftreams of running water, and lakes of great 15 extent. 
+The fubordinate temples in the vicinity, and the houfes of 
+the Bonzees, are flickered by groves. The court before the 
+chief building is generally paved with black and white ftones; 
+and the avenue is ornamented with trees, and ftatues. At 
+the Temple of Facumano, among other things, were obfcrved 
+a number of fine citron trees ; and at equal diflanccs between 
+each were 56 rofes and other flowers in large vafes of porcelainc. 
+The Temple itfelf was richly ornamented ; and abounded 
+with coldly lanterns of a factitious metal gilded : which were 
+beautifully contrived. They appeared in great numbers, and 
+
+5J Colunt Viri Zipangrii varia idola : quorum quasdam habcnt bovis caput; 
+quasdam caput porci, et qucedam caput canis. Marcus Paulus Venetus apud 
+Kircher. China Illuft. p. 143. 
+
+54 Ksempfcr. L. 5. p. 418. 
+
+55 See Letters of the Miflionaries, particularly of Lewis Almeida. MafTrei Hi ft. 
+Indie, p. 427. allocf de Frees, p. 441. 
+
+56 Fruteta—jucunda rofarum et florum varietate commifta, Ibid. p. 428. 
+
+burned 
+
+
+
+576 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+burned all night, making a fplendid appearance. About 
+the temples, there were fecn herds of deer, and flocks of 
+doves : and the latter were fo tame as to fufler themfelves to 
+be handled : for they were never injured, being facred to 
+the Deity of the place. All the apartments are reprefented 
+as very neat and elegant : and the Bonzees, to whom they 
+belong, very numerous. They keep their heads and beards 
+clofely fhorn : and go very rich in their attire. Almeida had 
+a view of ionic of them at the temple of Cafunga ; but it was 
+in a part fo facred, that he was not permitted to come near, 
+fax hac Bonziorum domo porticus admodum pulchra ad ufque 
+adyta pertinet fani ; quo nemini patet ingreflus, nifl qui 
+ipiius loci antiflites funt: quorum vidimus aliquot intra fe- 
+dentes, togis amplis e ferico indutos, teclofque capita pileis 
+plus dod ranfem altis. T'he Budfo temples upon the moun¬ 
+tains were flill more romantic and beautiful. 
+
+In my fecond volume I took notice, that the Ark was re¬ 
+prefented under the fymbol of an egg, called the mundane 
+egg ; which was expofed to the rage of Typhon. It was alfo 
+defenbed under the figure of a Lunette, and called Selene, the 
+Moon. The perfon, by whom it was framed, and who through 
+its means was providentially preferved, occurs under the cha¬ 
+racter of a fleer, and the machine itfelf under the femblance 
+oi a cow or lieirer. We have moreover been told, that it was 
+called Cibotus : which Clemens of Alexandria calls Thebo- 
+tha. Epiphanius mentions it by the name of 57 Idaal Baoth; 
+and fays, that according to an eaftern tradition, a perfon 
+named Nun was preferved in it. The horfe of Neptune 
+
+' 7 Epiphanius. Hersef. L. i. p. 78. 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 577 
+
+was another emblem; as was alfo the hippopotamus, or 
+river-horfe. The people of Elis made ufe of the tortoife to 
+the fame 5 * purpofe, and reprefented Venus as refling upon 
+its back. I repeat thefe things, becaufc I think, that fome 
+traces of thefe hieroglyphics may be obierved in Japan : 
+which were certainly carried thither by the Indie Ethiopians. 
+They introduced the worfhip of their deified anceftors, and 
+the events of thefe firfl aces, which were couched under 
+thefe well known fymbols. 
+
+In the account given of the Dutch embafiies to Japan, 
+we have a defeription of feveral deities and temples, as they 
+occurred to the perfons concerned in their journeys to Jeddo. 
+Among other things, there is a curious defeription of a tem¬ 
+ple, named Dai-Both, at Meaco : which feems to have been 
+the fame, which is called Daibod by Kaempfer. The account 
+is fo particular, that I will give it in the words of the author. 
+And I will prefent it to the reader at large, as there are 
+many things of confequence here obferved, which have been 
+omitted by other writers. 
+
+59 Entre les plus beaux batimens de la ville de Miaco, on 
+doit compter celui de Dayboth. 11 y a peu de temples au 
+Japon et plus grands et plus beaux. La premiere porte eft 
+gardee par deux figures effroyables, armees de javelots 
+dont ils femblent fe menacer. De la on pafte dans la cour, 
+tout autour de laquelle regne une galerie foutenue de piliers 
+
+de pierre; au haut defquels font enchafiees des boetes tranf- 
+
+* 
+
+58 Paufanias. L. 6. p. 515. 
+
+59 AmbafTidcs memorables de laCompsgnie des Indes Orientates des Provinces 
+Unies, vers les Empereurs du Japon. Amfterd. 1680. tom. 1. p. 206. 
+
+Vol. III. 4 E parentes, 
+
+
+
+578 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+parentes, d’ou rejaiit certain eclat dont on eft ebloui. La 
+leconde porte eft gardee par deux lions de pierre, an milieu 
+delquels il faut pafter pour entrer dans le temple. Le pre¬ 
+mier objet, qui fe prefente, eft une Statue, qui bien qu’ aftile 
+les jambes en croix, touche neanmoins a la voute. La ma- 
+tiere, dont elle eft faite, eft un certain bois couvert de platre, 
+puis de cuivre dore, a l’epreuve, dit-on, de toutes fortes 
+d’accidens. Ses cheveux font d’un noir crepu a la maniere 
+des Maures ; et fes mains feules font plus grandes que n’eft 
+un homme de mediocre taille, encore font-elles petites a 
+proportion du refte du corps. Elle reflemble a une femme 
+toute environnee de rayons, entre lefquels font reprefentes de 
+petits Cherubins ardens; et un peu plus bas des deux cotes, 
+quantite de figures faites comme les Saints de Rome. Pendant 
+que nos ambafladeurs vifitoient ce temple, oil ils etoient 
+entres en caroffe fuivis d’une foule de peuple, que la nouveaute 
+attiroit, quatre de leur trompettes faifoient a la porte des 
+fanfares, que les Japonois admiroient. L’autel de la ftatue eft 
+un peu eleve de tcrre, entoure de lampes toujours ardentes; 
+et de quantite de Pelerins, qui vont inceflamment y faire 
+leurs prieres, et leurs offrandes. La devotion de ce peuple 
+eft telle, qu’il prie d’ordinaire profterne, et le vifage contre 
+terre, ou dans une pofture aufti humiliee que celle-la. 
+
+De ce temple les ambafladeurs paflerent dans celui du 
+Beuf, ainfi nomme, parce-qu’il s’y voit un beuf d’or mafllf, 
+ayant fur le dos une tumeur extraordinaire, et au eou un 
+collier aufti d’or, et tout couvert de pierreries. II eft eleve 
+fur un pilaftre, dont la fuperficie eft melee de gravier et de 
+terre. Il enfonce les cornes dans un ceuf toujours nageant 
+
+i o dans 
+
+w 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+579 
+
+dans l’eau, ce que les pretres Japonois cxpliquent comme il 
+fuit. 
+
+Le monde, difent-ils, avant la creation etoit enferme dans 
+un ceuf, dont la coque etoit de metail. Cet ceuf flotta 
+long-temps fur l’eau, et fut enfin par fucceflion de temps 
+enveloppe d’une croute epaifie, melee de terre et de gravier, 
+elevee du fond de la mer par la vertu de la lune. Quoique 
+ce rempart fut afles dur pour refifter aux injures du temps, 
+et de l’air, il n’etoit pas neanmoins a l’epreuve de tout autre 
+accident. Le Beuf l’ayant trouve, il le heurta de telle forte, 
+qu’il le caffa : et en me me temps le monde en fortit. Le 
+Beuf tout eflouffie de l’effort, qu’il venoit de faire, echauffa 
+tout l’air d’alentour, qui penetra une citrouille, dont en 
+meme temps il fortit un homme. A caufe de cela les Bon¬ 
+zes nomment la citrouille Pou, et le premier homme Pour- 
+ang, c’eft-a-dire, citrouille, parce-qu’il lui doit fa naif- 
+
+fance. 
+
+We may here perceive, that they fpeak of the renewal of 
+the world at the Deluge, as the real creation, which I have 
+{hewn to have been a common miftake in the hiftories of this 
+event. And though the ftory is told with fome variation, 
+yet in all the circumftances of confequence it accords very 
+happily with the mythology of Egypt, Syria, and Greece. 
+It matters not how the emblems have by length of time been 
+mifinterpreted : we have the mundane egg upon the waters ; 
+and the concomitant fymbol of the moon; and the egg at laft 
+opened by' the affiftance of the facred fteer ; upon which the 
+world iffues forth to day. Inftead of the roia, or pomegra¬ 
+nate, we find the melon, or pumpkin, fubftituted; as abound- 
+
+4 E 2 ing 
+
+
+
+580 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+ing equally with feed, and alike adapted to reprefent the ru¬ 
+diments of all things ; which were fuppofed to be inclofed, 
+and fecreted during the time of the Deluge. The author pro¬ 
+ceeds afterwards to mention the great veneration paid in thefe 
+parts to the ox and cow : and to give a further account of the 
+religion. And fpeaking of the former, he fays, that nobody 
+dares to injure them. C’eft d’ou vient la coutumc en pleu- 
+fieurs endroits du Japon de deffendre fur peine de la vie de 
+tuer un de ccs animaux ; et peut-etre aufli celle, qu’ont les 
+fujets du Grand Mogol, d’aller a 60 Nakarkut pour adorer la 
+Vache dans un beau temple que ces peuples lui ont bati. 
+Ce temple de Matta (e’eft ainfi qu’ils nomment la Vache) eft 
+un des plus fuperbes, et des plus beaux de toutes les Indes. 
+La voute, et le pave, font tout couvers de lames d’or, et 
+l’autel de perles, et de diamans. He mentions a temple 
+in Japan, which was dedicated to the Univerfal Creator. 
+The image is deferibed as fitting upon a tree, which 
+refted upon the back of a tortoife. Its hair was black, 
+and woolly ; and the head was ornamented with a p.yra- 
+midical crown. This Deity had four hands. In the two 
+left he held the flower Iris, and a ring of gold. In the 
+two other were feen a feeptre, and an urn of water, which 
+
+The account given of the tree is 
+remarkable. 41 Le tronc de l’arbre, qui la foutient, eft de 
+metail ; et, au rapport des Bonzes, e’eft ou les femences de 
+toutes chofes etoient enfermees avant la creation. One Deity 
+of the Japanefe was 62 Canon, the reputed Lord of the Ocean, 
+
+60 Nacho-Areet. Noachus-Architis : or Ne c h o Arc hi t is, Rex Archasus. 
+
+61 Ibid. p. 207. 
+
+** Ibid. p. 65. 67. 
+
+
+was continually flowing 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+581 
+
+
+of whom they had many temples. He was reprefented in an 
+ere£t pofture, crowned with a flower, and coming out of the 
+mouth of a cetus. Oppofite is a perfon kneeling in the fhell 
+of a Nautilus, which feems to be ftrandcd upon the fummit 
+of fome rocks. This figure is likewife dcfcribed with the 
+features, and complexion of a Moor, and with the fame crifp 
+locks. Though the Indians feem in general to have had 
+lfrait hair ; yet their deities are often dcfcribed as woolly. 
+Alfo among the Siamefe, both Budha, and Amida, is repre¬ 
+fented under a character, which approaches to that of a 
+65 Ne^ro. We are informed by the writer of the 64 Dutch 
+
+o 
+
+EmbafTy, that black in Japan is a colour of good omen. 
+
+This is extraordinary : for the 
+black : nor has their hair any tendency to wool. Thofc, 
+who imported this notion, and framed thefe figures, copied 
+their own complexion, and the complexion of their ancef- 
+
+
+Japonefe are by no means 
+
+
+tors. 
+
+
+The flatues abovementioned are faid to reprefent 
+Ethiopians : and they were certainly people of that family. 
+
+
+the Indo-Cuthita: 
+
+
+came 
+
+
+and performed 
+
+
+what is mentioned. But their national marks have been 
+worn out by length of time ; and by their mixing with the 
+people, who were the original inhabitants. 
+
+I have taken notice of the Deity of the Japonefe, named 
+Canon, who is deferibed as proceeding from the mouth of a 
+fifh. He is reprefented in the fame manner by the natives 
+of India, and named Vifhnou, and Macauter : and he is to 
+be found in other parts of the eaft. It is probable, that the 
+
+
+6i Ksmpfer. L. 1. p. 3$. 38. and Ambafiades memorables. 
+
+64 Ambafiades mem. p. 207. Lewis de Froes mentions the temple of Amida at 
+
+Meaco ; et circa ftatuam Amides faltantes jEthiopas. Ibid. p. 439. 
+
+image 
+
+
+
+582 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+image of Dagon, as well as that of Atargatus, did not conftft 
+of two forms blended together ; but, like the above, was a 
+reprefentation of a perfon coming out of a cetus. Father 
+Boufhet 65 mentions a tradition among the Indians concerning 
+a flood in the days of Vifhnow, which covered the whole earth. 
+It is moreover reported of him, that feeing the prevalence of 
+the waters he made a float ; and being turned into a fifh, he 
+fleered it with his tail. This perfon, in the account of the 
+Banians by Lord is called 66 Menow ; which fhould certainly 
+be exprefled Men-Now. It is faid, that in the Shafter of this 
+people a like hiftory is given of the earth being overwhelmed 
+by a deluge, in which mankind perifhed. But the world 
+was afterwards renewed in two perfons, called Menow, and 
+Ceteroupa. Vifhnow is defcribed under many characters, 
+which he is faid at times to have aflumed. One of thefe, 
+according to the Brahmins of Tanjour, was that of Rama 
+Sami. This undoubtedly is the fame as Santa Rama of Ba¬ 
+bylonia, only reverfed : and it relates to that great pheno¬ 
+menon, the Iris ; which was generally accompanied with the 
+Dove ; and held in veneration by the Semarim. 
+
+As the hiftory of China is fuppofed to extend upwards 
+to an amazing height : it may be worth while to conftder 
+the firft eras in the Chinefe annals, as they are reprefented in 
+the writings of Japan. For the Japanefe have preferved 
+
+61 La difficult^ ecoit de conduire la barque.—Le Dieu Vichnou eut loin d’y pour- 
+voir: car fur le champ il fe fit poiflbn, et il fe fervit de fa queue, comrne d’un gou- 
+vernail, pour diriger le vaifieau. Lettres Edifiantes. IX. Recueil. p. 21. All theie 
+legends took their rife from hieroglyphics mifinterpreted. 
+
+65 Lord of the Banians, c. 6 . 7. 
+
+* / 
+
+67 See Zend-Avefta of Mon f, du Perron, vol. i. p. 250. notes. 
+
+
+hiftories 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 8 3 
+
+hiftories of China : and by fuch a collation, I believe, no 
+fmall light may be obtained towards the difcovery of fome 
+important truths. Hitherto it has not been obferved, that 
+fuch a comparifon could be made. 
+
+In the hiftories of this country, the firft monarch of China 
+is named 68 Foki: the fame, whom the Chinefe call Fohi, and 
+place at the head of their lift. This prince had, according 
+to fome, the body, according to others the head, of a ferpent. 
+If we may believe the Japanefe hiftorians, he began his reign 
+above twenty-one thoufand years before Chrift. The fecond 
+Chinefe emperour was Sin 69 Noo ; by the people of China 
+called Sin Num : and many begin the chronology of the 
+country with him. He is fuppofed to have lived about 
+three thoufand years before Chrift : confequently there is an 
+interval of near eighteen thoufand years between the firft 
+emperour and the fecond: a circumftance not to be credited. 
+The third, who immediately fucceeded to Sin Noo, was 
+Hoam Ti„ In this account we may, I think, perceive, that 
+the Chinefe have a£ted like the people of Greece, and other 
+
+
+regions 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+hiftories,, which 
+
+
+were imported, they have 
+prefixed to the annals of their nation ; and adopted the firft 
+perfonages of antiquity, and made them monarchs in their 
+own country. Whom can we fuppofe Fohi, with the head 
+of a ferpent to have been, but the great founder of all king¬ 
+doms, the father of mankind? They have placed him at 
+
+an immenfe diftance, not knowing his true aera. And 
+
+% 
+
+I think* we may be allured, that under the chara&er of 
+
+
+68 
+
+
+Ksempfer. L. 2. p. 145. 
+
+
+69 Ibid.p. 146 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+5 8 4 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+r ° Sin Num, and Sin Noo, we have the hiftory of Noah: and 
+Hoam Ti was no other than Ham. According to Kasmpfer 
+Sin Noo was of exadtly the fame character as 71 Serapis of 
+Egypt. He was an hujbandman , and taught ma7ikind agri¬ 
+culture ; and thofe arts , which relate to the immediate fiupport 
+of life. He alfo dif covered the virtues of many plants: and he 
+was reprcfentcd with the head of a?i ox ; and fo?netijnes only with 
+two horns. His picture is held in high efeem by the Chinefe. 
+Such is the hidory of this funpofed monarch, according to 
+Ksempfer: and he might well think, that in Sin Noo he faw 
+the character of Serapis : for this perfonage was no other 
+than 71 Sar-Apis, the great father of mankind ; the fame as 
+Men-Neuas of Egypt; the fame alfo as Dionufus, and Ofiris. 
+By Du Halde he is called Chin Nong, and made the next 
+
+
+•y 
+
+
+tee. 
+
+
+monarch after Fohi. 
+
+
+The Chinefe accounts afford the lame 
+
+
+hidory, as has been given above. They mention him. 73 as a 
+perfon very knowwg in agriculture^ who firfl made the earth 
+fapply the wants of his people. He mvettfed the 7iecejfary it7t- 
+ple77ie7its of hujba?idry ; and taught 77ia7ihuid to fow five forts of 
+grain. From hence he was called Chin-hVo7ig, or the Divme 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+as a 
+
+
+hujbandtnan. Whether the etymology 
+the hidory however is very curious 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+all the principal articles. 
+
+
+Is with 
+As the 
+
+
+70 Sin Num, or Sin Noum, is very fimilar to Noarnus : by which name the 
+Patriarch was fometimes called. Num in home degree ccrrefponds with the Nun 
+of Irenas us, and Epiphanius j who is alfo mentioned by Eilius Gyraldus. Fifct 
+etiam Nun, quein ad Jaadal Baoth natum prodiderunt. Syntag. i. p. 72. 
+
+71 Kaempfer. L. 2. p. 146. 
+
+71 This was the true name of the Deity. Sar-Apis fignifies Dominus, vel Magnus 
+
+Pater : alfo Pater Taurinus. 
+
+73 Du Halde’s China, vol. 1. p. 272. oftavo. 
+
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5S5 
+
+family of Noah confifted of eight perfons inclufive, there 
+have been writers, who have placed fome of them in fuccef- 
+{ion ; and fuppofed, that there were three or four perfons, 
+who reigned between Sin Noo, and Hoam. But Du Halde 
+7+ fays, that in the true hiftories of the country the three 
+frrft monarchs were Fohi, Chin Nong, and Hoam, whom he 
+ftyl es Hoang Ti. To thefe, he fays, the arts and fciences 
+owe their invention and progrefs. Thus we find, that thofe, 
+who were heads of families, have been raifed to be princes : 
+and their names have been prefixed to the lifts of kings; and 
+their hiftory fuperadded to the annals of the country. It is 
+further obfervable, in the accounts given of thefe fuppofed 
+kings, that their term of life, for the firft five or fix genera¬ 
+tions, correfponds with that of the 75 Patriarchs after the 
+flood : and decreafes in much the fame proportion. 
+
+The hiftory of Japan is divided into three eeras, which 
+confift of Gods, Demigods, and 7 ‘ mortals. The perfon, 
+whom the natives look upon as the real founder of their 
+monarchy, is named 77 Syn Mu ; in whofe reign the Sinto 
+religion, the moft ancient in the country, was introduced. 
+It was called Sin-sju, and Chami-mitfa, from Sin and Chami, 
+the Deities, which were the objedts of 78 worfhip. At this 
+time it is faid, that fix hundred foreign idols were brought 
+into Japan, and firft worfhiped in 79 Chumano. To the 
+
+74 Ibid. p. 273. 
+
+75 Du Halde. vol. i. p. 285. 286. and Jackfon. Chronol. vol. 2. p. 435. 438. 
+' 439 * 
+
+76 Ksempfer. L,. 2. p. 143. 
+
+77 Ibid. L. 2. p. 159. 
+
+78 L. 3. p. 204. 
+
+79 Ibid. p. 159. 
+
+Vol. III. 4 F 
+
+
+Sinto 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+586 
+
+Sinto religion was afterwards added the Budfo, together with 
+the worfhip ol Amida. This Deity they commonly repre- 
+iented with the head of a So dog ; and eftecmed him the 
+guardian of mankind. This religion was more complicated 
+than the former ; and abounded with hieroglyphical repre- 
+fentations, and myfterious rites. It is the fame, which I 
+have termed the Arkite idolatry : wherein the facred fleer 
+and cow were venerated : the Deity was reprcfented upon 
+the lotus, and upon a tortoife: and oftentimes as proceeding 
+from a 8 ‘ fifh. In this alfo, under the character of Buddha, 
+we may trace innumerable memorials ol the Ark ; and of 
+the perfon preferved in it. The Author above, having men¬ 
+tioned the eleventh Emperour inclulive from Syn Mu, tells us, 
+that in his time thefe rites 81 began. In his reign Budo , other- 
+wife called Kobotus, came over from the I71 dies into ‘Japan^ 
+a?id brought with h im , upo?i a white horfc , his religion , and doc- 
+trines. We find here, that the objed of worfhip is made the 
+perfon, who introduced it j (a miftake, which has almoft 
+univerfally prevailed :) otherwife in this fhort account what 
+a curious S3 hiftory is unfolded ! 
+
+The only people, to whom we can have recourfe for any 
+written memorials about thefe things, are the natives of 
+India Proper. They were, we find, the perfons, who intro¬ 
+duced thefe hieroglyphics both in China, and Japan. It will 
+
+therefore be worth while to confider, what they have tranf- 
+
+♦ 
+
+80 Arnballades memorablcs, 6cc. L. i. p. 102. 
+
+81 Ibid. p. 67. 
+
+tz Kscmpfer. L. 2. p. 163. 
+
+8J See vol. 2. of this work. p. 29. 229. 410. 412. concerning K*€ootq$ 9 andI’7r7ro? 
+
+ricUciJ 60 ! Of. 
+
+mitted 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+587 
+
+mitted concerning their religious opinions ; as we may from 
+hence obtain ftill greater light towards explaining this fym- 
+bolical worfhip. Every manifeftation of God’s goodnefs to 
+the world was in the firft ages exprefled by an hieroglyphic: 
+and the Deity was accordingly dcfcribed under various forms, 
+and in different attitudes. Thefe at length were miftaken 
+
+O 
+
+for real transfigurations : and Vifhnou was fuppofed to have 
+appeared in different fhapes, which were ftyled incarnations. 
+In one of thefe he is reprefented under the figure before- 
+mentioned, of a princely perfon coming out of a fifh. In 
+another, he appears with the head of a boar, treading upon an 
+evil djemon, which fee ms to be the fame as the Typhon of the 
+Egyptians. On his head he fupports a lunette, in which 
+
+
+contains. 
+
+
+ities, trees, and towers : in fhort all that the world 
+In s+ Baldaeus we have a delineation, and hiftory 
+given us of this incarnation. Kircher varies a little in his 
+reprefentation, yet gives a fimilar figure of the Deity, and 
+
+
+him 85 Vifhnou 
+
+
+By this, 
+
+
+fignified Viffnou , the offspring of the fiff 
+
+
+ild think, 
+Brahmins 
+
+
+$6 
+
+
+when 
+
+
+withdrew 
+
+
+world 
+
+
+it was fo overburthened with fin. Upon this, the earth funk 
+in the great abyfs of waters, and mankind, and all that breathed. 
+
+
+Vifhnou took 
+
+
+form 
+
+
+perifhed. But 
+
+deferibed, and diving to the bottom of the fea, lifted the 
+earth out of the waters, and placed it together with the fer- 
+
+
+3* 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+S6 
+
+
+See Baldseus in Churchill’s Voyages, vol. 3. p. 74S 
+China Illuft. p. 156. 
+
+Baldxus above. 
+
+4 F 2 
+
+
+pent 
+
+
+
+588 The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+pent of a thoufand heads, upon the back of a tortoile. Vifh- 
+nou occurs often in the pagodas of Elora; and I wifh, that the 
+curious Monfieur Perron, inftead of his prceife menfurations, 
+had given us an accurate defcription of the ftatues, and 
+figures, with their concomitant hieroglyphics. 
+
+We are however much obliged to him, for what he has 
+afforded us in his tranflation of the Zend-Avefta, and of other 
+writings, both of the Brahmins, and Parfees. What the Re¬ 
+ligious of thefe orders have tranfmitted concerning the fym- 
+bolical worfhip of their anceftors, will moll fatisfaCtorily prove 
+all that I have advanced about the like hieroglyphics in other 
+parts : and what I have faid will greatly illuftrate their my- 
+flerious traditions; which in mofl places would otherwife be 
+quite unintelligible. 
+
+In the third volume of Perron’s Zend-Avefta, there is an 
+account given of the Creation from the Cofmogony of the 
+* 7 Parfees: alfo an hiftory of thofe great events, which cnfued. 
+We are accordingly informed, that when the Deity Orrnifda 
+let about the production of things ; the whole was performed 
+at ftx different intervals. He firft formed the heavens ; at 
+the fecond period the waters ; and at the third the earth. 
+Next in order were produced the trees and vegetables: in 
+the fifth place were formed the birds and fillies ; and the 
+wild inhabitants of the woods : and in the fixth and laft 
+place he created man. This was the moft honourable of all 
+his productions : and the perfon thus produced is by the 
+tranflator ftyled /’ Homme , et VHomme Taureau . He is in 
+
+* 7 Bonn Dehefh: Cofmogonie dcs Parfes. See Zend-Avefta par M. Aquetil 
+Perron. 1771. vol. 3. p. 348. 
+
+another 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 589 
+
+another place fpoken of as the firft of animal beings. The 
+hiftory is fo curious, and the character, under which the firft 
+man appears, fo particular, that I will give the words of the 
+author, from whom I borrow. ss Les premieres chofes de 
+l’efpece des animaux, qui parurent, furent l’Homme, et le 
+Taureau : qui ne vinrent pas de 1 ’union du male avec la fe- 
+melle. L’homme fe nommoit Kaiomorts, et leTaureau Abou~ 
+dad. L’ homme nomine Kaiomorts etoit vivant et parlant; et 
+1 ’Horn me Taureau mort (fait pour mourir) et ne parlant pas: 
+et cette homme a etc le commencement des generations. In 
+this detail we fee the fame perfon differently exhibited, and 
+rendered twofold: the divine part being diftinguifhed from 
+the mortal. The former is ftyled— 89 fainte et pur ame de 
+1 ’Homme Taureau : and the latter is exhibited under the 
+femblance of a bull ; and mentioned as the author of all ge¬ 
+nerations. We fhall find hereafter, that in this 90 mythology, 
+there w'ere two ancient perfonages reprefented under the 
+fame chara< 5 ter, and named 1 ’Homme Taureau : each of 
+whom was looked upon as the father of mankind. Of the 
+firft of thefe at prefent it is my bufinefs to treat. For fome 
+time after his creation there was a feafon of great felicity : 
+
+
+
+From Modgmcl cl Tavarikh 
+
+w 
+
+
+traite dc Kaiomorts. 
+
+
+Zend-Avefta. vol. 3. p. 
+
+
+352. n. 1. 
+
+Ibid. p. 353. 
+
+50 There is a MS. mentioned by M. Perron, which is laid to be in the library 
+of the king of France : from whence, I fhould imagine, great light might be ob¬ 
+tained towards the llluftrating of this fubjedt. It is a Treatife of Mythology, faid 
+to have been written by Viaflen, the fon of Brahma. Among other things it con¬ 
+tains—L’Hiftoire de la Creation, de la Confervation, et de la Deftrudtion de I’Uni- 
+vers : celle des Mctamorphofes de Vifhnou *, et l’Origine des Dicux lubalternes ; 
+des Hommes, desGeans, &c. Zend-Avefta. vol. 1. p. 250. Fie re is mentioned— 
+LT-Jiftoiie de ITncarnation de Vifhnou fous la Figure de Rama Sami. 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+
+59 ° 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+and he refided in a peculiar place of high ’* elevation, where 
+the Deity had placed him. At laft Ahriman, a Daemon, 
+corrupted the world. He had the boldnefs to vifit heaven : 
+from whence he came down to earth in the form of a 91 fer- 
+pent, and introduced a fet of wucked beings called Karfefters. 
+The firft oxlike perfonage w r as infeCted by him ; and at lad 
+fo poifoned, that he died. 93 Le Taureau ayant etc 9+ frappe 
+par cclui, qui nc veut, que le mal, et par fon poifon, tomba 
+fur le champ malade; rendit le dernier foupir, et mourut.—II 
+eft dit, que les Dews du Mazendran combattoient contre les 
+etoiles fixes. Pour Ahriman, independamment de ce qu’il 
+machina contre Kaiomorts, il forma le deftein de detruire le 
+rnonde entiere.—Les Izeds celeftes pendant quatre-vingt-dix 
+jours, et quatre-vingt-dix nuits combattirent dans le monde 
+contre Ahriman, et contre tous les Dews. Ils les defirent, 
+et les precipiterent dans le Douzakh (l’Enfer).—Du milieu 
+du Douzakh Ahriman alia fur la terre. Il la per^a, y parut, 
+courut dedans. Il bouleverfa tout ce qui etoit dans le monde. 
+Cet ennemi du bien fe mela partout, parut partout, cherchant 
+a faire du mal defl'us, defTous. 
+
+We may perceive many curious circumftances in the fhort 
+abftra£ts above quoted, concerning the introduction of evil 
+into the world. We find it faid of the figurative ox-like per¬ 
+fonage, Le Taureau eft appelle 1 ’Homme Taureau, le com¬ 
+mencement des generations. He was likewife diftinguiftied 
+
+
+91 LcDicu Supreme crea d’aborcl rhomme, et le Taureau dans un lieu 
+Vol. 1. p. 353 - n * 2 * 
+
+91 Sous la forme d’une Couleuvre il faura du ciel fur la terre. p. 351. 
+
+9? P- 354 - 
+
+9+ Bleffe a la poitrine far lc poifon des Dews. p. 334. 
+
+
+IO 
+
+
+eleve. 
+
+
+
+v 
+
+
+
+The A nalysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+59i 
+
+
+by the title of Le premier Taureau ; and it is further faid of 
+him, that he was called 95 Aboudad. At his death Kaio- 
+morts, of whom he had been the reprefentative, 96 died alfo. 
+Out of the left arm of the deceafed proceeded a being named 
+
+He is faid to have raifed a cry, which was 
+
+of a thoufand men. 97 II s’approcha 
+
+
+Gofchoraun 
+
+
+fhout 
+
+
+d’Ormufd, et lui dit. CEiel chef avez-vous etabli fur le 
+monde ? Ahriman va brifer promptement la terre, ct blcfter 
+
+
+Eft 
+
+
+la 
+
+
+les arbres, les faire fcchcr avec une cau brulante. 
+cet homme, dont vous avez dit : je le donnerai, pour qu’il 
+apprenne a fe guarentir du mal ? Ormufd lui repondit : 
+Le Taureau eft tombe malade, o Gofclioroun, de la maladie, 
+que cette Ahriman a portce fur lui. Mais cet homme eft re- 
+ferve pour une terre, pour un temps, ou Ahriman ne pourra 
+exercer fa violence.—Gofclioroun fut alors dans la joie : il 
+
+demandoit de lui ; et dit, je pren- 
+
+
+Ormufd 
+
+
+foin 
+
+
+monde. After this it was de¬ 
+flight, and to deftroy all the 
+
+
+termined to put Ahriman to 
+wicked perfons, whom he had introduced upon the earth : 
+for there feemed now to be an univerfal oppofttion to the 
+fupreme Deity Ormufd. At 
+
+fonage is introduced by the name of ?s Tafchter. 
+fpoken of both as a ftar, and as the fun. 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+mentioned 
+
+
+fame 
+
+
+earth under three forms 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+p. 352. By Abou-dad is probably fignified in the ancient Indie language 
+Taurus Pater : which is analogous to Sor-Apis of the Egyptians. 
+
+96 II eft dit, que dans le moment ou le Taureau, donne unique, mourut, Ka'10- 
+
+morts tomba (fortit) de fon bras droit. Apres fa mort &c. p. 355. 
+
+97 P- 356. 
+
+
+
+59 2 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+By Tafchter is certainly fignified 99 De sljhter: the fame per- 
+fon whom the Greeks and Syrians reprefented as a female, and 
+called Aflarte. She was defcribed horned, and fometimes 
+with the head of a ’ o0 bull; and fuppofed to have proceeded 
+from an egg : and they eftcemed her the fame as Juno, and 
+the Moon. To this Tafchter was delegated the bringing on 
+of the Deluge. In the mean time, the promoter of all evil, 
+Ahriman, went on in his rebellion, and was joined by the 
+Darvands, a race devoted to wickednefs. The chief of them 
+is made to accoft the fpirit of iniquity in the following 
+words. 1 O Ahriman, levez-vous avec moi. Je vais dans le 
+monde faire la guerre a cet Ormufd, aux Amfchafpands, et les 
+ferrer. Alors celui, qui fait le mal, compta lui-meme deux 
+fois les Dews feparement, et ne fut pas content. Ahriman 
+vouloit fortir de cet abattement, ou la vue de l’homme pur 
+l’avoit reduit. Le Darvand Dje lui dit : levez-vous avec moi 
+pour faire cette guerre. Que de maux je vais verfer fur l’homme 
+pur, et fur le boeuf, qui travaille ! Apres ce que je leur ferai, 
+moi, ils ne pourront vivre. Je corromprai leur lumiere : 
+je ferai dans l’eau : je ferai dans les arbres : je ferai dans 
+le feu d’Ormufd : je ferai dans tout, ce qu’ Ormufd a 
+fait. Celui, qui ne fait que le mal, fit alors deux fois 
+la revue de fes troupes.—•* II ne refta a Ahriman d’autre 
+reffource, que de prendre de nouveau la fuite, lui, qui vit,que 
+
+99 Both The and De were in the ancient languages a kind of demonftrative par¬ 
+ticles, and occur very often. 
+
+100 *K Se A<px*T>? e7n0me ry tf ia, KBCpuAy, Bccatteias -srot^ccaYif^ov^ Ta^y. 
+
+Sanchon. apud Eufeb. P. E. L. i. c. 10. p. 38. 
+
+1 Vol. 3. p. 350. 1. 
+
+* Ibid. p. 358. 
+
+
+les 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+593 
+
+
+les Dews difparoitroient, et qu’ il feroit lui-meme fans force, 
+parce qu a la fin la vidtoire etoit refervee a Ormufd, lors de 
+la refurre&ion et pendant toute la duree des etres. In confc- 
+quence of this Ahriman was put to flight. Upon which it 
+was thought proper to bring over the face of the earth an uni- 
+verfal inundation ; that all impurity might be vvafhed away. 
+And as Tafchter was the perfon appointed to effect this great 
+work, he accordingly fet about it. 3 Tafchter fut feconde de 
+Bahman, de Horn Ized, accompagne du Beni Barzo Ized, et 
+les ames pures veillerent avec foin fur Tafchter ; qui a comme 
+trois corps : le corps d’un homme, le corps d’un cheval, et le 
+corps d’un Taureau. Sa lumicre brilla en haut pendant 
+trente jours et trente nuits : et il donna la pluie fous chaque 
+corps pendant dix jours.—Chaque goutte de cette eau etoit 
+comme une grande foucoupe. La terre fut toute couverte 
+d’eau a la hauteur d’un homme. Les Kharfefters, qui etoient 
+
+
+dans la terre, perirent tous par cette pluie. Elle penetra dans 
+les trous de la terre.— 4 En quelle prodigieufe quantite il la fit 
+pleuvoir ! par gouttes groffes comme la tete d’un Taureau. 
+At laft we find, that there was a retreat of the waters ; and 
+they were again reftrained within their proper bounds. 
+
+
+T h e 
+
+mountain Albordi in Ferakh-kand fir ft appeared; which the 
+author compares to a tree, and fuppofes, that all other 
+mountains proceeded from it. 5 Ormufd renferma toute 
+cette eau, lui donna la terre pour bornes, et de-la. fut 
+forme zare Ferakh-kand. Tous ces germes des Kharfef- 
+fters, qui refterent dans la terre, y pourirent. Enfuite le 
+
+
+P- 359 - 
+p. 360. 
+
+Ibid. p. 359. 361 
+
+
+VOL. III. 
+
+
+4 G 
+
+
+vent, 
+
+
+
+594 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+vent, pendant trois jours, chafia 1’eau de tout cotes fur la 
+Terre. De la Dieu fait couler les autres eaux, reverfe en- 
+fuite toutes ces eaux dans l’Arg roud, et dans le Veh roud 
+lui, qui eft le Createur du Monde.—Ormufd fit d’abord le 
+Mont 6 Albordj, et enfuite les autres Montagnes au milieu de la 
+tcrre. Lorfque l’Albordj felut confiderablement etendu, toutes 
+les montagnes en vinrent, c’eft-a-dire, qu’elles fe multiplierent 
+toutes, etant forties de la racine de l’Albordj. Elies fortirent 
+alors de la terre, et parurent deffus, commc un Arbre dont la 
+racine croit tantot en haut, tantot en bas.—II eft enfuite 
+parlc de ce developpement de la torre. 
+
+After this there was a renewal of the world; and the earth 
+was reflored to its priftinc ftate. The particular place, where 
+Ormifda planted the germina from whence all things were to 
+fpring, was 7 Ferakh-kand : which feems to be the land of 
+Arach ; the country upon the Araxes in Armenia. Here 
+another bull was framed, which was the author of all abun¬ 
+dance. We are moreover told, that there were two of this 
+fpecies produced, the one male and the other female ; and 
+from them all things were derived. 8 Les Izids confierent 
+ou ciel de la Lune la femence lumineufe, et fort de ce Tau- 
+reau. Cette femence ayant ete purifiee par la lumiere de la 
+Lune, Ormufd en fit un corps bien ordonne, mit la vie dans 
+ce corps, et forma deux Taureaux, Tune male, l’autre femelle. 
+Enfuite de ces deux efpeces deux cens quatre-vingt-deux 
+
+6 Albordi is undoubtedly the fame as Al-Barid, and Al-Baris : the mountain on 
+which the Ark retted in Armenia. De cette montagne qu’il poffede, montagne 
+donee d’Ormufd, il domine fur le monde. Vol. 2. p. 423. 
+
+7 p. 362. 
+
+8 Vol. 3. p. 363. 
+
+elpeces 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+595 
+
+
+efpeces d’animaux furent produites fur la terre; les oifeaux 
+qui font dans les nuees, et les poifons dans l’eau. All the 
+feeds and rudiments of the future world had been entrufted 
+to the Moon : and thefe two oxlike perfonages feem to have 
+been produced by its influence. 9 La femence du Taureau 
+ayant ete portee au ciel de la Lune, y fut purifi.ee, et de cette 
+femence furent formees beaucoup d’efpeces d’animaux : pre- 
+mierement, deux Taureaux, l’une male, l’autre femelle. 
+
+The flood was looked upon as a great blefling : for from 
+thence proceeded the plenty, with which the prefent world 
+is bleft. There feems to have been a notion, which of old 
+prevailed greatly, that the antediluvian world was under a 
+curfe, and the earth very barren. Hence the ancient mytho- 
+logifts refer the commencement of all plenty, as well as of 
+happinefs in life, to the tera of the Deluge. And as the means 
+by which mankind, and their fruits of the earth were pre- 
+ferved, had been of old defcribed in hieroglyphics ; people 
+in time began to lofe fight of the purport ; and to miftake 
+the fubftitute for the original. Hence inftead of the man of 
+the earth, and the great hufbandman, they payed their vene¬ 
+ration to the fymbolical ox : and all that had been tranf- 
+mitted concerning the lunar machine, they referred to the 
+moon in the heavens. This we learn from the prayers of 
+the Brahmins and Parfees ; in which may be difcovered 
+traces of fome 10 wonderful truths. 
+
+9 P- 37 1 * 
+
+10 This may feem not to precifely coincide with what I have faid in the 34th 
+page of this volume *, where I affirmed, that all ancient knowledge was to be de¬ 
+rived from Greece. But herein I meant all hiftorical evidence, and not collateral 
+
+♦ 
+
+mythology. x 
+
+4G2 NEAESCH 
+
+
+
+596 
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+N E A E S C H 
+
+
+D E 
+
+
+L A 
+
+
+L U N E. 
+
+
+A PRATER 
+
+
+
+the 
+
+
+P A R S E E S. 
+
+
+Jc prie Ormufd, je prie ” Amfchafpands 
+
+
+qui gai 
+
+
+de la 
+
+
+Taureau : je prie en regardant en 
+
+
+liaut, je prie en regardant en bas. 
+favorable, elle, qui conferve la 
+
+
+Qu 
+
+
+la Lune me foit 
+
+
+femence du Taureau 
+
+
+qui a 
+
+
+etc cree unique, et dont font vcnus des animaux de beaucoup 
+d’efpeces : je lui fais izefchne, et neaefch, &c. Je prie Or- 
+mufd, je prie Amfchafpands, je prie la Lune, qui garde la 
+
+la Lune croit, elle de- 
+
+
+Comme 
+
+
+femence du Taureau, See. 
+croit aufti : pendant quinze jours elle croit; pendant quinze 
+jours elle decroit. Lorfqu’ elle croit, il faut la prier: lorf- 
+
+
+qu’elle decroit, il faut la prier: 
+
+
+mais 
+
+
+quand 
+
+
+croit, on doit la prier. Lune, qui augmentes, et diminues, 
+toi Lune, qui gardes la femence du Taureau, qui es fainte, 
+
+
+fais 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+e : je regarde en haut la lumiere de la Lune: j’honore 
+la lumiere de la Lune, qui eft elevee. 
+
+Lorfque la lumiere de la Lune repand la chaleur, elle fait 
+croitre les arbres de couleur d’or : elle multiplie la verdure 
+
+
+fur la terre avec la nouvelle Lune, avec la pleine Lune vien~ 
+nent toutes les productions. 
+
+Je fais izefchne a la nouvelle Lune, lainte, pure et grande: 
+je fais izefchne a la pleine Lune, fainte, pure et grande. 
+
+
+Je fais 
+
+“ Zend-Avefta. vol. 3. p. 17. 
+
+** Les fept premieres Efprits ccleftes* 
+
+
+fait tout naitre, qui eft 
+
+
+ftinte. 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 597 
+
+fainte, pure et grande ; j’invoque la Lune, qui garde la fe- 
+mence du Taureau, &c. 
+
+A P RA Y E R of the fame Nature to the Sacred B U LL. 
+
+13 Adreflez votre priere au Taureau excellent: adrelTez 
+votre priere au Taureau pur : adreflez votre priere a ces 
+principes de tout bien : adreflez votre priere a la pluie, fource 
+d’abondance : adreflez votre priere au Taureau devenu pur, 
+celefte, faint, qui n’as pas ete engendre ; qui eft faint. Lorf- 
+que Dje ravage le monde, lorfque l’impur Afchmogh aftoiblit 
+fliomme, qui lui eft devoue, l’eau fe repand en haut: elle 
+coule en bas en abondance: cette eau fe refout en mille, en dix 
+mille pluies. Je vous le dis, 6 pur Zoroaftre, que l’envie, 
+que la mort foit fur la terre : l’eau frappe l’envie, qui eft fur 
+la terre : elle frappe la mort, qui eft fur la terre. Que le 
+Dew Dje fe multiplie ; ft e’eft au lever du foleil, qu’il de- 
+fole le monde, la pluie remet tout dans l’ordre, lorfque le 
+jour eft pur.—Si e’eft la nuit, que Dje defole le monde, la 
+pluie retablit tout au (gah) Ofchen. Elle tombe en abon¬ 
+dance : alors l’eau fe renouvelle, la terre fe renouvelle ; les 
+arbres fe renouvellent, la fante fe renouvelle ; ce, qui donne 
+la fante, fe renouvelle. 
+
+14 Lorfque l’eau fe repand dans le fleuve Voorokefelie, il 
+s’en eleve (une partie, qui tombant en pluie) mele les grains 
+avec la terre, et la terre avec les grains. L’eau, qui s’eleve, 
+eft la voie de l’abondance : les grains donnes d’Ormufd naif- 
+fent, et fe multipleint. Le Soleil, comme un courfter vigou- 
+
+• reux, s’elance avec majefte du haut de l’effrayant Albordj , et 
+
+15 Vol. 2. p. 424. 
+
+14 P- 425 - 
+
+
+donne 
+
+
+
+The Analysis or Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+5 98 
+
+donne la lumiere au monde. De cctte montagne, qu’il pof- 
+fede, montagne donnce d’Ormufd, il domine fur le monde; 
+qni eft la voic aux deux deftins, fur les grains donnes en abon- 
+dance, ct fur l’cau. Soit qu’ auparavant vous ayez fait le 
+mal, ou qu’auparavant vous ayez lu la parole excellente, 
+jc fais naitrc pour vous tout en abondance ; moi, qui vous 
+
+
+lave alors avee l’cau.—Par l ean je purifie mille chofes, que 
+je vous ai donnces, &c. 
+
+Lorfque l'cau fe rcpand dans le fleuve Voorokefche, il 
+s’en eleve une partie, qui tombant en pluie, mele les grains 
+avee la terre, la terre avee les grains. L’eau, qui s’eleve, eft 
+la voie de l’abondance. Tout croit, tout fe multiplie fur la 
+terre donnee d’Ormufd. La Lune, depofitaire de la femence 
+du Taureau, s’elance avee majefte du haut de l’effrayant Al- 
+bo 7 'dj , et donne la lumiere au monde. De cette montagne, 
+qu’elle poftede, montagne donnce d’Ormufd, elle domine fur 
+le monde, qui eft la voie aux deux deftins, fur les grains don¬ 
+nes en abondance, et fur l’eau, &c. &c. 
+
+15 Lorfque l’cau fe rcpand dans le fleuve Voorokefche, &c. 
+Ce cruel Dje, maitre de magie, s’eleve avee empire ; il 
+veut excrcer fa violence; mais la pluie eloigne Afchere; 
+eloigne Eghoiiere, elle eloigne Eghranm, See. elle eloigne 
+l’envie, elle eloigne la mort.—Elle eloigne la ,6 Couleuvre ; 
+
+
+elle eloigne le menfonge ; elle eloigne la mechancete, la cor¬ 
+ruption, et l’impuretc, qu’Ahriman a produites dans les corps 
+des homines. 
+
+’ s P' 475 ' 
+
+16 In another part cf the Zend-Avefta mention is made of this ferpent. Ormufd, 
+le julte Juge, die a Neriolengli.—Apres avoir fait ce lieu pur, dont l’eclat lemon- 
+troic au loin, je marchois dans ma grandeur ; alors la Couleuvre m’apperfut: alors 
+cctte Couleuvre, cette Ahriman, plein de mort, produifit abondamment contre moi, 
+neuf, neuf fois neuf, neuf ccns, ncuf mille, quatre-vingt-dix mille envies. Ven- 
+
+
+dlviad -Sadi. vol. a. p.429. 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+
+599 
+
+
+We may, from what has preceded, perceive, that the 
+Moon, and the facred Steer were two principal emblems in 
+the Pagan world. And though the mythology of the more 
+eaftern countries has hitherto appeared obfeure, and even un¬ 
+intelligible : yet by the light, which we have obtained from 
+the writings of Greece, it is, I think, now rendered feffi- 
+ciently plain : fo that the main purport may be eahly under¬ 
+stood. It is to be obferved above, that there were two 
+perfons alluded to under the fame character, called in the 
+Zend-Avefta f Homme Taureau : both of whom were looked 
+upon as the authors of the human race. It is probable, that 
+the like was intended in the Apis and Mneuis of Egypt : 
+and that in thefe chara&eriftics, there was originally a two¬ 
+fold reference. By the former was perhaps Signified our great 
+progenitor, from whom all mankind has been derived : by 
+the other was denoted the Patriarch, in whom the world 
+was renewed. 
+
+Some have thought, that the truths, which are obfervable 
+in Zend-Avefta, Vendidad Sadi, and other writings of thefe 
+eaftern nations, were derived from the difciples of Nefto- 
+rius, who were found very early upon the coaft of Malabar. 
+But this is a groundlefs furmife. The religious fetfts, among 
+whom thefe writings have been preferved, are widely Sepa¬ 
+rated, and moft of them have no connexions with Malabar, 
+or the Chriftians of that quarter. The Brahmins and Ba¬ 
+nians adhere clofely to their own rites : and abhor all other 
+perfuaiions. Many of the Indian Cafts will not drink out of 
+the fame cup, nor feed out of the fame difh, with a perfon 
+deemed impure : and they hold all as fueh, excepting their 
+own fraternity. Many are fo ferupulous, as not to come 
+
+6 within 
+
+
+
+6 oo The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 
+
+within reach of contact with other people. One tribe is 
+
+that of the Tamuli, who are to be found in the provinces of 
+
+Calicut, Madura, and Narfinga in Tranquebar: and are 
+
+neareft to the Chrilliuns of thofe parts. But they have no 
+
+intercourfe with them ; and are fo zealoufiv attached to their 
+
+* * 
+
+own rites, and doctrines, that the Danifh miffionaries meet 
+with great difficulty in making profelytes among them. It 
+is fcarcely poffible, that a people, thus fortified with preju¬ 
+dices, and blinded with notions of their own fuperior fanc- 
+tity, fhould fuffer any Chriftian traditions to be ingrafted upon 
+their ancient theology. It has been ffiewn, that they have 
+accounts of the origin of the world, the fall of man, and all 
+the evil confequences, which enfued. If this primary know¬ 
+ledge had been introduced by Chriftians, we fhould certainly 
+fee fubjoined fome remains of their religion, and doctrines. 
+But neither of Chriftianity, nor of its Founder, is there any 
+trace to be perceived. We may therefore be allured, that 
+whatever truths may be found in the writings of this people, 
+they were derived from an higher fource, and by a different 
+channel. 
+
+• • % • 
+
+Upon the whole, I think, it is manifeft, that there are noble 
+refources ftill remaining; if we will but apply ourfelves to di¬ 
+ligent inquiry. As we have both in India and China, perfons 
+of fcience, and curiofity, it would be highly acceptable to the 
+learned world, if they would pay a little more attention to 
+the antiquities of the countries where they refide. And this 
+is addreffed to people not only in thofe regions, but in any 
+part of the globe, wherever it is poffible to gain accefs. There 
+are in every climate fome fhattered fragments of original hif- 
+torv; fome traces of a primitive and univerfal language. 
+
+And 
+
+
+
+The Analysis of Ancient Mythology. 601 
+
+And thefe may be obferved in the names of Deities, terms of 
+worfhip, and titles of honour, which prevail among nations 
+widely feparated : who for ages have had no connexion. The 
+like may be found in the names of pagodas and temples ; 
+and of fundry other objects, which will prefent themfelves to 
+the traveller. Even America would contribute to this purpofc. 
+The more rude the monuments, the more ancient they may 
+poflibly prove ; and afford a greater light upon inquiry. 
+
+Thus far I have proceeded in the explanation and proof of 
+the fyftem, in which I firft engaged. Should any thing hill 
+remain, which can afford a further illuftration, it mull be 
+deferred for a feafon. 
+
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+
+F 
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+4 
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