diff --git "a/resources/greece/MythologyComparedWithHistory_djvu.txt" "b/resources/greece/MythologyComparedWithHistory_djvu.txt"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/resources/greece/MythologyComparedWithHistory_djvu.txt"
@@ -0,0 +1,29361 @@
+MYTHOLOGY 
+
+
+compared wrm 
+
+
+HISTORY: 
+
+
+Oil 
+
+
+THE FABLES OF THE ANCIENTS 
+
+
+ei uc; d.iT f.D r jm 
+
+
+HISTORICAL RECORDS. 
+
+
+FOR THE USE OF YOUNG PERSONS. 
+
+
+TO WHICH IS NOW FIR T ADDED, 
+
+
+AN ENQUIRY INTO THE RELIGION 
+
+OF THE 
+
+ITU ST INHABITANTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
+
+
+TOGETHER WITH SOME ACCOUNT OF THE 
+
+
+ANCIENT DRUIDS. 
+
+
+DEDICATED TO THE 
+
+
+EIGHT 1IOW. LADY BARBARA PLEYDELL BO UVERIE. 
+
+
+1L M. L'ABBL D L TRUSS AN; 
+
+
+TRANSr.ATKD FROM THE FRENCH 
+
+
+By II. NORTH. 
+
+
+- -~—C: 
+
+
+
+LONDON: 
+
+PRINTED FOR T, CADE LI > JUN. AND W. DAVIES, IN TJIE STRAND, 
+
+1797. 
+
+
+
+TO THE 
+
+
+RIGHT HONOURABLE LADA 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+BARBARA PLEYDELL BOUVERIE 
+
+
+M A D A I, 
+
+1 venture with the greater 
+confidence to dedicate this work to your 
+Ladyfhip, as it is in Lome degree your own; 
+and fhould it meet with any fuccefs, it is to 
+you I fhall think myfelf indebted for it. 
+
+I forefee that, unafiuming as you are, you 
+will difclaim all title to this eulogium ; you 
+difplay only the fprightlinefs and graces fo 
+natural to your age; you feem wholly occu¬ 
+pied by your amufoments, and it is to a faith¬ 
+ful memory, that you attribute the fatisfac- 
+tion afforded by your anfwers. You will fay 
+then, you will even believe, that you owe all 
+
+u 2 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+IV 
+
+
+DEDICATION. 
+
+
+to the care of your matters. I certainly fliall 
+not combat this modetty, which gives luttre 
+to every quality ; but though the truth may 
+coft you fome embarrattment, I mutt tell it 
+all. You will recollect. Madam, that when 
+we began by reading together Le Diblionaire 
+cic la Fable, I can fed, as it were, all Olym¬ 
+pus to pafs in.review before you. The long 
+lilt of perfonages wearied, without intereft- 
+ing you, yet fome names ftruck your atten¬ 
+tion forcibly, by their refemblancc to thofe 
+with which your progrefs in antient hittory 
+had made you acquainted ; from that time I 
+
+found in your own talents the means of en- 
+
+✓ 
+
+gaging you in the ftudy of Mythology, by 
+explainin'.' to you its relation to hittory. 
+
+Being prettnf at your Jettons, I have fre¬ 
+quently feen vou employ the pencil, in cor¬ 
+rectly imitating the drawings given you to 
+cony; this gave me an opportunity of mtn- 
+i ioninp; the works ol Xeuxis, Phidias, Apelles, 
+
+O A 
+
+► 
+
+♦ 
+
+and other celebrated A it ills, which formed the 
+
+
+mealed: 
+
+O 
+
+
+
+DK DICATIOM. 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+greateft ornaments of the temples of antiquity. 
+On hearing you awake the tones of the Piano 
+Forte, I fpoke to you of the power of mufic 
+I mentioned to you Orpheus, the fon of 
+Apollo and Calliope; I deferibed to you the 
+temple of the Mules, and you learnt with 
+plcafure that Terplichorc prodded over thofe 
+lively, airy dances, which ferve at once to 
+umufe and ftrengthen you, and to give free¬ 
+dom and grace to all your motions. 
+
+
+It was thus, by feeing the fucccfs with 
+
+'AInch you rewarded the pains bellowed on 
+
+your education, that I felt the greateft defire 
+«* ^ 
+
+to contribute to your improvement; and it 
+was for that purpofe, that i endeavoured to 
+find a method of <nvin>? you at the lame time 
+
+
+a iuiiicient knowledge of Mythology, and of 
+
+O * KjJ ' 
+
+proving to you, that it alrnoft always has its 
+origin in ancient hiftorv and tradition. This 
+
+o s 
+
+work prefented many diihculties, but you in¬ 
+
+
+spired emulation, and vourappoltte quell 
+repeatedly fuggefted to me what 1 fought. 
+
+
+
+Accept 
+
+
+
+Vi 
+
+
+DEDICATION". 
+
+
+Accept then the homage of a tafk, which 
+owes its exigence to you. Were the public 
+to fee, and hear you, the Author would be 
+overlooked, you would be the only objedt of 
+admiration, and the wifli of every parent 
+would be, that their children might equal 
+you. 
+
+Iam, Madam, 
+
+With the greatell: refpedl, 
+
+Your Ladyship’s 
+
+
+Very humble fervant, 
+
+M. TRESSAN. 
+
+
+
+ADDRESS 
+
+
+r » o 
+
+
+THE TRANSLATO K. 
+
+
+■SL¬ 
+
+
+
+AVING long been engaged in the inflruflion of 
+youth, particularly of the female lex, it. was with 
+peculiar fatisfatlion I undertook the translation of a 
+work which feemed to me fo eminently qualified to 
+convey to them a fpecies of knowledge, which the 
+general plan of their education in fomc mcafurc excludes 
+them from the pofiibility of acquiring. The comprc- 
+henfive manner in which the fubjeft is viewed, the order 
+and connexion obferved in the arrangements; but above 
+all, that Angular delicacy which pervades every part of 
+it, gives the treatife of Mr. l’Abbe de TrelTan, in my 
+opinion, a decided fuperiority over any publication of 
+the kind cxifting in the EngiiJh language. 
+
+With 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+Vj II 
+
+
+ADDRESS FROM THE TRANSLATOR. 
+
+
+With refpeft to my own performance, I have endea¬ 
+voured faithfully to render the fenfe of my author, and as 
+
+% 
+
+far as poflible to obferve eafe and freedom in my ffyle ; 
+fhould I have fucceeded, I have attained the fummit oi 
+my wifhes; fhould I have failed, I deprecate feverc ccn- 
+furc by an apology which is ever favourably received by 
+a liberal and indulgent public : it is a fir ft attempt. 
+
+
+N°. 16, Rupert-Strel'i. 
+
+LnCESTER-S^UAKE, 
+
+
+H. NORTH, 
+
+
+
+PREFACE 
+
+
+The French edition of Mythology com¬ 
+pared with Iliftory being completely exhauilcd ; 
+the author, encouraged by the flattering reception 
+which that work experienced front an indulgent 
+public, has thought it his duty to yield to the nu¬ 
+merous folicitations of his friends, by giving a 
+tranflation of it in the F.nglilh language. 
+
+He has carefully made fuch corrections as ap¬ 
+peared to him neceflary, and has annexed fome ad¬ 
+ditional articles which are indifpenfable for thofe 
+who wifli to have a general knowledge of Mytho¬ 
+logy, and the progrefs of Paganifrn. It is for the 
+public alone to determine, how far this perform¬ 
+ance is worthy of being dedicated to the inftruClion 
+of youth. 
+
+l_.es talents, 1c zcle et les foins du tradutteur 
+viennent do donner tin m trite reel a cet ouvrage , 
+1’auteur faiflt avec emprdfement l’occafion d’en 
+temoigner fa reconnoifllmce 
+
+
+
+
+It is univerlully acknowledged, that to travel 
+with advantage, to ellimate the capital productions 
+of the arts, to read poets anil ancient authors, it is 
+
+* IIht inodcfly compels my pm (o mtiLc a pa life. A com¬ 
+pliment fo highly lm-mH;. 1 ilarc nornppr >pri:itc to my fcIf till 
+aulliorifed by the faiVwlion uf the public. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+requt • 
+
+
+
+X 
+
+
+PREFACE. 
+
+
+requifite to have a competent knowledge of My¬ 
+thology; confcquentiy we fhall not dwell upon 
+the necdiity of cultivating that fpecies of ftudy; 
+but that it might equally fuit every age, it was ne- 
+ceffary to obferve the mod 
+the method of conveying inftrudtion of this kind. 
+The author is happy and proud to repeat it, that 
+every parent who has done him the honour of fub~ 
+feribing to his work, has condefcended to give him 
+
+O * O 
+
+the flattering aflurance, that, after having atten- 
+
+v) O 
+
+lively examined it, they have found that they might 
+with the greateft fafety abandon it to the life of 
+their children. We wilh our readers to obferve. 
+
+
+fcrupulous attention to 
+
+
+that our object being to give a complete idea of 
+Mythology and the origin of idolatry, it lias been 
+unavoidably neceflary to take a general view, and 
+return to the fir ft ages of the world. 
+
+o 
+
+It is not an abridgment by way of queftion and 
+anfwcr we have wiflicd to prelent, it is not Amply 
+a knowledge of the heathen divinities we have 
+intended to give; encouraged by the genius of a 
+great nation, fond of refleftion and profound lhidy, 
+which knows how to avail itfelf of the happy dif- 
+pofitions of youth, to accuftom it to the nobleft 
+and moft arduous purfuits, we have thought it our 
+duty to ibar above the common track, anil have 
+endeavoured by every method to point out the true 
+
+
+lources to which it is neceflary to recur for real in 
+
+
+formation. If ionic think we arc liable to cenfure 
+
+
+
+n 
+
+
+
+PRIFACT 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+for not having the entered more fully into many 
+of the fubjefts, and for having omitted feveral 
+names in the lift of thofe called Divinities of a 
+particular fpecies, our reply is, that this lift alone 
+would require volumes, and an fiver no other pur- 
+pole than fatiguing tlie memory, without giving 
+any eflential i n ft null ion ; it is by reading the prin¬ 
+cipal productions of great mailers that v/e acquire 
+a knowledge of thole names, and then the trouble 
+of retaining them will be repaid by the charms v/e 
+ill a 11 find diffuled through their works. 
+
+Our principal objedt has always been to take a 
+general view of Mythology, to trace it from its 
+origin, to follow it through its wanderings, and mark 
+its every Hep; it is the more efieclually to accoin- 
+piifli this end that wo have added an account of 
+the religion of the fir(l inhabitants of Great Britain, 
+and the hiftory of the Druids: the names of thele 
+priefts are fo celebrated, and we fti 11 fo frequently 
+meet with vellin.es of their religious ceremonies, 
+
+V. i i * 
+
+that it would in a manner be unpardonable to be 
+totally ignorant of what concerns them. 
+
+If the former part of this work is thought to 
+exceed the capacity ol youth in general, parents or 
+preceptors may rhemleives, by the progrefs of 
+their pupils, judge the period when it will be of 
+utility to bring them back to it, and at firfl it will 
+be fuflicicnt to teach them the divifion of the ]>agan 
+deities, and the particular hillorics of the gods. 
+
+We 
+
+
+
+XII 
+
+
+PREFACE, 
+
+
+We have, as frequently as poflible, compared 
+fiiTton with hi fiery, and given explanations of the 
+fables, in order, as much as lay in our power, to 
+add to the numerous objects of inferuftion pre¬ 
+ferred to youth in England: this method \vc 
+have carefully followed, having obferved that all 
+tutors make a point of imprefilng upon the me¬ 
+mory of their fchoiars, the chronology of eimEres 
+
+* J Jl 
+
+and th-dr moft remarkable events. By the method 
+
+
+and ti.-dr moft remarkable events. By the method 
+which ve have obferved, Mythology will in fome 
+
+J * C > J 
+
+degree be only a continuation of the ftudy ofluftory. 
+
+TliC work of the learned Abbe Banier is only 
+proper for thole perfons who are accuilomed tq 
+refearches into antiquity: but we take this oppor¬ 
+tunity of declaring, that, notwithstanding our care 
+in confulting the moll e (teemed authors, it is prin¬ 
+cipally this able matter who has been our guide. 
+
+The dcia Fable , by Chompre, lias great 
+
+merit, till d is even nccefllyy in aflifling the me¬ 
+mory, but. being arranged in alphabetical order, 
+and containing no liilloncal elucidation, it mufl be 
+
+\ J J 
+
+]ud*?cd iiiiuiTulent. 
+
+J < • 
+
+The Mctamorpholhsoi Ovid, as well as the works 
+of other poets, can by no means be Riled a com¬ 
+plete fy item of mythology; and hcTulcs are not; 
+adapted to the capacity of every defeription of 
+
+
+readers: thde are the reaious which 1c 
+
+
+i,. 
+
+
+us to 
+
+
+imdcrt/.ke this work, wlfu.h we hope will be found 
+worth', of tin- public appiobadoii. 
+
+
+v. v a' n'' i. o < ■ v 
+
+
+
+C I ] 
+
+
+MYTHOLOGY 
+
+
+COM PA RED WITH 
+
+
+HISTORY. 
+
+
+
+Refleilions upon the Origin oi Iuolaikv. 
+
+
+If we wifTi to trace the origin of idolatry, 
+we mu ft afeend to the origin of the paffions. 
+
+Sacred Writ alone can teach us the true caufe 
+of the mifcries, and dilbrders of the human race. 
+That celeftial light has alone the power of difll- 
+pating the gloom : and it is by taking this for his 
+guide, that man, perceiving at once his weaknefs 
+and his pride, ceafes at laft to be the fport of his 
+doubts. We jfhail not repeat the inftrudions 
+didated by the Almighty himfelf: they are known 
+to all our readers. It is from this pure and facred 
+fource, that the eloquent BofTuet drew the firft 
+principles, and elements, of his immortal difcourfe 
+on Univerfal Hi (Tory. 
+
+Let us content ourlHves with following him, 
+when, fupported by holy fcripture, he grafps the 
+whole extent of hiftory, and traces, with a maf- 
+
+B tcrlv 
+
+
+
+
+
+PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS. 
+
+
+terly hand, the rapid, but fublime pidure, of the 
+infancy cf the world. 
+
+<c Every thing has a beginning, and there is no 
+hiftory, however ancient, in which we cannot 
+difeover evident marks of the recent creation of 
+the world. 
+
+cc We fee laws eflablifhed, manners polifhed, 
+empires formed, and the human race inftruded 
+by experience, gradually emerge from a ftate of 
+ignorance. Arts are invented, mankind increafe, 
+the earth is peopled : precipices, mountains, feas, 
+rivers, are no longer obftacles—all are furmounted. 
+Levelled woods give place to Helds, to paftures, 
+villages, towns, and cities; man bends even 
+metals to his life, and by degrees makes all 
+nature fubfervient to it. 
+
+<c Eut as the diftance from the originals increafed, 
+men confounded the ideas they had received from 
+their anceftors ; the human mind debafed could no 
+
+
+longer elevate itfelf, and men becoming unwilling to 
+
+O o 
+
+ruloic wh.at they did not ice, idolatry Ip read itfelf 
+over the whole univerle. Vet an obfeure idea of 
+the Divine Power maintained itfelf by its own 
+force; but, confounded with the images intro¬ 
+duced by the lenfes, they adored whatever ap¬ 
+peared to have any motion or power: thus the 
+fun, the planets, whole influence was felt from f<> 
+great a diftance ; Hue, the elements fo univerlal 
+in tlieir efteds, became the lirft objeds of public 
+
+•■.Jo ration, 
+
+
+
+3 
+
+
+\ 
+
+PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS, 
+
+adoration. Men bore the penalty of fubmitting 
+themfelves to their fenfes ; all was determined by 
+them, and, in fpite of reafon, they created all the 
+gods that were adored upon earth. 
+
+“ In the time of Abraham, and a little while 
+after, the knowledge of the true God appeared 
+ftill to fubfift in Palefline, and in Egypt. 
+
+cc Melchifedeck king of Salem, was the prieft 
+of the moft High God, who made heaven and 
+earth. 
+
+fc Abimelech king of Gerar, and his fuccelTor 
+who bore the fame name, feared God, fwore by 
+his name, and admired his power. The threats 
+of this mighty God were dreaded by Pharaoh 
+king of Egypt ■, but, in the time of Mofes, the 
+nations were fallen into idolatry, the true God 
+was no longer known in Egypt as the God of the 
+univerfe, but only as the God of the Elebrews; 
+they adored even animals and reptiles: every 
+thing was God, except God himfelf.” 
+
+In this pidlure, traced by the hand of genius, 
+we fee prophane hiftory, always doubtful, when 
+it willies to penetrate the obfcurity of diftant 
+ages, fubmit its narrations to the authority of 
+fcripture, and draw them from that infallible 
+fource, which alone can enlighten us upon the 
+formation of the univerfe. We fee the caufe of 
+the firfl errors and diforders, and ceafe to be 
+-iftonifhcd cc at feeing the human mind.hurried on 
+
+r ?. by 
+
+
+
+4 
+
+
+PRELIMINARY' RLI- LECTIONS. 
+
+
+by a blind impreflion, fink into idolatry without 
+the poffibility of preventing it. Man regarding 
+as divine whatever was powerful, and feeling 
+himfelf drawn with irrefiftible force towards vice, 
+thought that this force was fomething different 
+from himfelf, and formed it into a god : thence it 
+was, that altars were raifed to impiety, and that 
+man tormented by remorfe, regarded the Divinity 
+as an enemy, who was not to be appealed by 
+common victims: impelled by terror, parents 
+facrificed even their children, and burnt them for 
+incenfe to their gods." 
+
+After having leen thefe fir ft caufes, let us 
+confider how man could fall into a ilate of 
+degeneracy, which continually increafed as he 
+
+advanced in life. 
+
+The firft families multiplied. The earth no 
+longer fmiled upon man, it no longer yielded 
+fpontaneoufly. The necellity of finding fubfift- 
+ence conftrained diem firft to emigrate. 
+
+New fruits, new fields, were to be fought; 
+and thefe families, at their departure, carried 
+with them impreflions which nothing could efface. 
+
+They had not feen that delightful garden—the 
+abode of innocence—where the firft man had 
+
+
+been placed during 
+but the defeription 
+
+
+the former part of his life, 
+of it had been tranfmitted 
+
+
+from age to age, and the defire of Jiappinefs, that 
+
+
+mo ft conllant and irrefiftible of all delircs, per- 
+
+
+
+
+PRELIM I MARY REFLECTIONS. 
+
+
+petuated the remembrance of it ; perhaps even a 
+vague hope of again finding it determined thefe 
+wandering families to diredt their fteps towards 
+unknown regions. But thefe pleafing illufions of 
+hope, loon gave place to the molt melancholy 
+reality. 
+
+As they advanced, they found nothing but the 
+wrecks of the globe, as it were, which the 
+univerlal deluge had overthrown from its foun¬ 
+dation ; and the dangers which threatened them at 
+every ftep, imprinted the remembrance of it in 
+indelible characters. After fruitlefs and painful 
+relearches, the necefiity of fubfifting compelled 
+them to flop, and apply themfelves to labour. 
+But what obftacles had they to furmount ? Im- 
+menfe'forefts impenetrable to the rays of the fun, 
+infefted with venomous reptiles, and wild beads ; 
+marfhes, which art had not yet taught how to 
+drain ; barren plains, or which produced nothing 
+but brambles: thefe were the new domains 
+rcTerved for man. All nature feemed in arms 
+againd him, which ever way he turned. Inflead 
+of fafety and repole, he found fatigue and death, 
+and, to complete his mi lory, he Hill preferved 
+the remembrance o( his primitive happinds. 
+Yet he mufl either work or perifh. Some portions 
+of ground were cultivated, but he, who by the 
+fwrat of his brow could fcarce procure food for 
+bimfdf and family, had no thought of being 
+
+c 3 generous : 
+
+
+
+*'b PRELIMINARY REFLECTIONS. 
+
+generous: he inclofed his fields, he defended his 
+harvefts; and, as their prefervation alone could 
+infure his own exiftence, he threatened with 
+death whoever fhould attempt to deprive him of 
+them. 
+
+It was thus that a right to property was firft 
+eftablifhed among men, whom the fear of perifh* 
+ing with mifery, and hunger, foon armed againft 
+each other. 
+
+A facher of a family, furrounded by his chil¬ 
+dren, it may eafily be conceived, would have long 
+remained in peaces but prefied by other men, 
+purfued by the fame necefTities, whofe induftry or 
+labours were not equal to his own, he was foon 
+obliged to make ufe of force to repel their depre¬ 
+dations. The inftruments which ferved to fruc¬ 
+tify the earth, became the inftruments of death * 
+War arofe, and when this terrible fcourge had 
+let loofe its rage, cruelty and vengeance, fclfifh- 
+nefs and injuftice over-ran the whole earth. 
+
+Man then entirely occupied by his necefTities 
+and paffions, thought the lefs of preferving the 
+precepts and worfhip of the true God, as he had 
+already loft the knowledge of him when he left 
+his native land. Each fucceeding generation 
+wandered ftill farther into the mazes of errorj 
+wickednefs eftablifhed her empire; fhe alone 
+gave laws, or rather plunged men into the mod 
+horrible date of depravity, leaving them no 
+
+other 
+
+
+
+PR K I.IM IN ARY RKF LECTIONS. 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+other guide than their defires, and inordinate 
+
+paffions. 
+
+Let us leave thefe hordes of favages, their hiflory 
+can only infpire us with horror, we fhall refume 
+it hereafter, at the period when civilized colonies, 
+conducted by experienced and courageous chiefs, 
+came to refcue them from this deplorable condi¬ 
+tion, by introducing among them more falutary 
+laws and more gentle manners. 
+
+The compendious hiflorical account of M. de 
+Boffuet, is fufficient to inform us of the original 
+eftablifhments of mankind, and in what manner 
+they forgot the precepts received immediately 
+from God: it likewife proves, that the remem¬ 
+brance of great events could never have been 
+loft, and that as foon as corruption had led men 
+to imagine Gods, hiflorical truths and the bibu�� 
+lous hiflory of divinities muft have been con¬ 
+founded together. 
+
+Obfervation likewife brows us, that the inha¬ 
+
+
+bitants of the call muft have efcaped that igno¬ 
+rance and barbarity which difgraced thofe people 
+who had penetrated into remote regions. 
+
+The patriarchs had tranfmitted to the former 
+a knowledge of their arts, and more noble ideas. 
+
+
+and to this day, notwithftanding 
+
+
+the ravages of 
+
+
+ages, their works are the admiration of the whole 
+
+u * 
+
+
+world. 
+
+
+
+
+8 
+
+
+CHALDEAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+To preferve fome order in thefe dark periods, 
+and to explain the difference between the gods 
+of the eaft, and thofe of the weft, we At all give 
+fome of the opinions which are entertained con¬ 
+cerning the traditions of the Chaldeans and 
+Egyptians. 
+
+We fhall fee, that it was among thefe people that 
+idolatry firil had its rife, and it will appear in 
+the courfe of this work, that it was colonies of thefe 
+fame people, who introduced among the Greeks, 
+and the inhabitants of the weft, laws, cuftoms, 
+more civilized manners, and the greater part of 
+their arts. 
+
+
+In procefs of time, the Greeks tranfmitted them to 
+the Romans, and it is to avoid confounding epochs, 
+that we have divided the Pagan deities into two 
+dalles, the Gods of the eaft, and the Gods of the weft. 
+
+
+TRADITION or the CHALDEANS. 
+
+It is among the people of Afta, that wc 
+mull feck for the origin of idolatry. The Chal¬ 
+deans were undoubtedly one of the moll ancient 
+people of the earth. 
+
+Their full king was Nimrod; he is fuppofed 
+to be the author of the mad attempt of the tower 
+of Babel, and lived in the time of the Phaleg. 
+
+Notwith- 
+
+
+
+CII AI.DF.AN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+9 
+
+
+Notwithflanding the difficulty of afcending to 
+fo diftant a period, there are always to be found 
+fome traces by which truth may be difcovered. 
+
+
+other 
+
+
+from age to 
+
+
+Hidorians, fucceeding each 
+age, have flood in need of authorities to fupport 
+their writings; they have had recourfe to the 
+fragments of preceding hiflorians, and it is by 
+carefully collecting thefe, that an attentive ob- 
+ferver founds his remarks upon folid bafes, and 
+avoids error, though the original writings of men 
+be loft. The hiftorian Jofcplnis relates, that the 
+Chaldeans, from the earliefl times, carefully pre- 
+ferved the remembrance of pafl events, by public 
+infcriptions and other monuments. He fays, they 
+caufed their annals to be written by the wife ft 
+men of their nation. To this, we may add, that 
+there cannot be a greater proof of their antiquity 
+than the refemblance between their defeription 
+of the origin of the world, and that conveyed to 
+us through the writings of Mofes. 
+
+Four ancient authors* had written the hi dory 
+of the Chaldeans; their works are lod, but fome 
+fragments of them are dill to be met with in 
+Fufebius, JofepJius, and Synrcllus; it is to the 
+latter we are indebted for the following extradb 
+from Bcrofus. 
+
+
+* Abydcnus, Apollodorus, Jlcrofus, and Alexander Poly- 
+
+
+tiillor. 
+
+
+c ‘ A man. 
+
+
+
+20 
+
+
+C H A I. D r. A :>■ TRADITIO N' 5. 
+
+
+<c A nan, or rather a monfter, half man and half 
+fifh, coming from the red fea, appeared near 
+Babylon; he had two heads; one, which was the 
+higheft, refembled that of a man, the other that 
+of a fifh. 
+
+<( He had the feet of a man, and the tail of a 
+fifh; and his fpeech and voice refembled that of 
+a man : a representation of him is {till preferved. 
+This monfter, according to the Chaldean author, 
+dwelt by day with men, but took no food; he 
+gave them the knowledge of letters, arts, and 
+fciences; he taught them to build towers and 
+
+J o 
+
+temples; and to eftabiiih laws; he inftru&ed 
+them in the principles of geometry; taught them 
+to few, and to gather the fruits of the earth; in 
+fhort, whatever could contribute to polifh and 
+civilize their manners. At fun fet he retired to 
+the fea, in which he pa fled the night. 
+
+There appeared likewife others of the fame 
+fpecies, and Bcrofus had promifed to explain 
+thefe myfteries, in his hiftory of kings, but of that 
+there are now no remains. This fifh was called 
+Oannes. 
+
+<c l ie left fume v, jitings upon the origin of the 
+
+e ' i O 
+
+
+work!, in which 
+
+
+fiv-s that there was a time. 
+
+
+in* which all was dathnei'., ami water, and that 
+tills dark ik*I s, and water, contained monilious 
+animals.” 
+
+j iowever lingular this llorv ivi;.v be, it apjnais 
+
+
+
+t 
+
+
+CHALDEAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+I 1 
+
+
+to be only a diftorted tradition of the creation of 
+the world, taken from the writings of Mofes; we 
+ought particularly to remark that part, where he 
+fays, that darknefs and water once covered the 
+face of the earth. 
+
+In vain does the human mind endeavour to 
+corrupt truth, it always leaves fome enlightening 
+veftige by which it may be known. We may 
+perceive that the Chaldean author at once ap¬ 
+
+
+proaches too near the origin of the world 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+to be convinced of its recent creation, and is too 
+far from the facred fource, where he mkdit have 
+
+W-/ 
+
+informed himfelf, to have any knowledge of that. 
+We find him furrounded with nothing but dif- 
+ligured and confufed traditions; yet the order, 
+vifible in the univerfc, made lucli an improfiioii 
+on his imagination, that it was caller for him to 
+believe thcle perverted traditions which fncak 
+of an all-powerful God, Creator of all tilings, than 
+that whatever furrounded him was eternal, or 
+lelf created. Let us farther obferve, that if we 
+trace the etymology of the word Oannes, it appears 
+to be derived from the Syrian word Oncdo, 
+which fignifies traveller. This fhows then, that 
+
+CJ ' 
+
+at a period, which cannot be determined, a man 
+arrived by fen, from whom the Chaldeans received 
+fome principles of philofophy, and a knowledge of 
+ancient traditions; and liuii lie left them written 
+information on theft.* iiibjcds. lie is rep re- 
+
+
+(. 
+
+
+ft'iucd 
+
+
+
+1 2 
+
+
+CHALDEAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+fented as half man, and half fifh, becaufe he came 
+from the fea, and was cloathed with the fkins of 
+
+fifh. 
+
+As he retired every evening to his veffel, and 
+took his repafts on board of it, they feigned that 
+he took no food, and paffed the night in the fea. 
+A fragment of Heladius, ftill extant, relates the 
+hiftory of Oannes, and gives this explanation of 
+his pretended form of a fifh. Such was the tra¬ 
+dition of the Chaldeans, concerning the origin of 
+the world. 
+
+The ancient altronomical obfervations of the 
+Chaldeans, and the antiquity which they attribute 
+to their nation, are lb frequently ipoken of with 
+aftonifhment, that to elucidate this hiftorical my- 
+flery, we think it neceffary to relate the manner 
+in which they reckoned their time, and reigns. 
+
+The Chaldeans counted their generations and 
+reigns by fares: they likewife divided time into 
+i:cres, and ffes. 
+
+The fare , confided of three thoufand, fix hun¬ 
+dred years: the nere , of fix hundred, and the fofe } 
+of fixty. 
+
+This method of computing feems to give an 
+infinite number of years to the duration of the 
+reigns of their firlt monarchs. 
+
+
+But the Univerfal I Jiftory, publifhcd by an 
+I'lnglilh focietv, Scaliger, and feveral learned ob- 
+fervers, agree in informing us, that the Chaldeans 
+
+
+nave 
+
+
+
+CHAI.DEAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+*3 
+
+crave the name of years to their days; fo that by 
+reducing the calculation of three thoufand fix 
+hundred years, which compofed a fare , to three 
+thoufand fix hundred days, we lhall find, that the 
+number of years, related by thefe ancient authors, 
+is almoft exactly the fame as that given by Moles, 
+to the duration of the lives of the ancient patri¬ 
+archs. This comparifon is the more correct, as 
+it is found to be perfectly conformable to aflro- 
+nomical obfervations. 
+
+Mr. Bailli, in his hiftory of Ancient Aftronomy, 
+proves the truth of this calculation: he traces 
+from eclipfe to eclipfe, and by counting days for 
+years, he arrives at thofe mentioned by the 
+Chaldeans. 
+
+It is thus that vanity has frequently thrown a 
+veil over antiquity; each nation Milling to give 
+as late a date as polhble to the epoch ol its 
+origin. 
+
+The Chaldeans nive the hiflory of their ten irrft 
+kings; the laft of which was Xixutrus. They 
+fay, that it was in his time the deluge happened. 
+We fit all give their account of him, to prove its 
+correfpondence with facred hiftory. Tins frag¬ 
+ment will likewife fliow, that the fabulous accounts 
+of antiquity are founded upon ancient traditions, 
+and are not merely the production of fancy. 
+
+Chronus, or Saturn, having appeared in a dream 
+
+to 
+
+
+
+*4 <jHAt.nr.AM tradition:-. 
+
+to Xixutrus, Informed him, that on the fifteenth 
+day of the month Dcefius the human race would 
+be deftroycd by a deluge ■, and ordered him to 
+write down the origin, hiflory, and end of all 
+things, and to conceal this account under the 
+earth, in the city of the fun, called Sippara ; after¬ 
+wards to build a vefiel, furnifh it with provifions, 
+and to enter into it, himfelf, his family, and friends, 
+taking likewife with him birds, and four footed 
+animals. Xixutrus punblually obeyed thefe orders, 
+and built a vefiel, two ftadia broad, and five long, 
+which he had no fooner entered, than the earth was 
+covered with water. 
+
+Sometime afterwards, perceiving that the wa¬ 
+ters were abated, he lent forth fome birds, 
+which finding neither food, nor place of refi, 
+returned to the vefiel. Some days after, he libe¬ 
+rated others, which returned with mud upon their 
+claws; the third time when difeharged, they 
+returned no more, which led him to believe that 
+the earth began to be fufficiently dry. 
+
+lie then made an opening in the vefiel, and 
+feeing it had flopped upon a mountain, he came 
+out of it, with his wife, daughter, and the pilot, 
+paid his adorations to the earth, railed an altar, 
+facrillced to the Gods, and afterwards, himfelf, 
+with all thofe who had accompanied him, elifap- 
+peared. Thole that remained in the vefiel, finding 
+
+them 
+
+
+
+CHALDEAN TRADITION'S. 
+
+
+them not return, quitted the fame, and fought 
+them every where but in vain. 
+
+A voice was heard, informing them, that the 
+piety of Xixutrus had merited his tranflation to 
+heaven ; and that both he, and thole who accom¬ 
+panied him, were now admitted among the number 
+of the gods. The fame voice exhorted them to be 
+religious, and having procured the records buried 
+at Sippara, to proceed to Babylon. 
+
+The voice having ceafed, they went and built 
+the city juft mentioned, with feveral others. 
+
+Such is the celebrated tradition of the Chaldeans, 
+where we already find fabulous hiftory intermixed 
+with facred. 
+
+It is worthy remark, that Berofns in his Frag¬ 
+ments, makes no mention of the time in which 
+Oannes appeared. 
+
+He begins his hiftory with thefe words, cc The 
+fir ft year appeared this extraordinary man.” 
+
+It is evident, then, that time does not commence 
+from Oannes, but only that he firft enlightened 
+the Chaldeans, and left them this tradition. 
+
+
+i is.Mii i 1 (>\ 
+
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+
+TRADITION OF the EGYPTIANS. 
+
+
+
+OME 
+
+
+among the Egyptians believed. 
+
+
+that there exifted a Supreme Intelligence who 
+created the world; and that in man there likewife 
+exifted an intelligence fuperior to the body., which 
+
+was the foul. 
+
+But this great, this fublime idea, was admitted 
+and received, only by a few more enlightened 
+than the reft; and as the knowledge of fo impor¬ 
+tant a fecret gave them a fuperiority over other 
+men, they confidered it of inoft ineftimable value, 
+and involved it in impenetrable myfterics. 
+
+None were admitted to the knowledge of thefe 
+
+
+myfteries, till they had undergone the molt terri¬ 
+ble probation, which was called their initiation. 
+
+The religion of the people was the groHeft 
+-idolatry. Struck with the fight of the fun, and 
+the other ftars and planets, they fuppofed that 
+thefe luminous bodies Viere fovereigns of the 
+world, and th.e only gods who governed it. 
+
+They called the fun Oliris, and the muon Kb. 
+Ofiris fignifies full of eyes, very clear fighted. 
+
+Ills fmnifics the ancient, became thev thounht 
+
+o * J 
+
+the moon to be eternal. 
+
+But they did not Hop here. When once we 
+are bewildered in obfeurity, every Hep we take 
+
+i increafes 
+
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+increafes our perplexity 3 the Egyptians acknow¬ 
+ledged eight principal deities, the Sun, Saturn, 
+
+
+Juno 
+
+
+and Mcr 
+
+
+cury or Hermes. 
+
+Chronos, or Saturn, having cfpoulcd Rhea, 
+became the father of Ofiris and Ills, or according 
+
+
+to others, 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+and J 
+
+
+The latter 
+
+
+make Jupiter the parent or 
+
+
+fi ve 
+
+
+other 
+
+
+gods; 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+n 
+
+4 : t- ■ c 
+1 li 1 j 
+
+
+Kis, Typhon, Apollo, and Aphrodite or 
+
+\ emus. They add that Ofiris was the fame as 
+
+* 
+
+Bacchus, and Ilis the lame as Ceres. 
+
+We have here mentioned the names of thefc 
+deities, becaufe we Brail continually meet with 
+them among the gods of the weft, that is of the 
+Greeks and Romans, which will prove in the 
+molt convincing manner, that the former received 
+their religious ceremonies, and divinities, from 
+Egyptian, and Phoenician colonies, which fettled 
+
+
+amongtl them and civilized them. 
+
+o 
+
+t he Egyptian mythology, fays Plutarch, is of 
+two descriptions, one Sacred and fublime, the 
+
+
+otln 
+
+
+* t’ 
+
+
+ienlible and palpable. 
+
+
+It is 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+uoors 
+
+
+that 
+of 
+
+
+account tiny place Sphynxes at the 
+their temples: they willi us by that to underhand, 
+that their theology contains the iecrets of whilom, 
+couched in enigmatical expreDions. 
+
+To the fame eaule we may attribute the fol- 
+J;.a irp infeription on a llatue of Minerva, or IBs, 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+at 
+
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+l6 
+
+
+TRADITION of the EGYPTIANS. 
+
+
+
+OME 
+
+
+among the Egyptians believed 
+
+
+that there exifted a Supreme Intelligence who 
+created the world; and that in man there likewife 
+exifted an intelligence fuperior to the body., which 
+was the foul. 
+
+But this great, this fublime idea, was admitted 
+and received, only by a few more enlightened 
+than the reft ; and as the knowledge of fo impor¬ 
+tant a fecret gave them a fuperiority over other 
+men, they confidered it of molt ineflitnable value, 
+and involved it in impenetrable mylleries. 
+
+None were admitted to the knowledge of thefe 
+myfteries, till they had undergone the molt terri¬ 
+ble probation, which was called their initiation. 
+
+The religion of the people was the grolfeft 
+idolatry. Struck with the fight of the fun, and 
+the other flats and planets, they fuppofed that 
+thefe luminous bodies w^re fovercitms of the 
+world, and the only gods who governed it. 
+
+They called the fun Oliris, and the moon His. 
+Ofiris fignifics full of eyes, very clear lighted. 
+
+Ills fignifics the ancient, becauic tlu v thouHif. 
+
+c J o 
+
+the moon to be eternal. 
+
+But they did not Hop here. When once we 
+are bewildered in obfeurity, every Hep we take 
+
+a few 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+mcreuies 
+
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITION’S. 
+
+
+*7 
+
+
+increafes our perplexity ; the Egyptians acknow¬ 
+ledged eight principal deities, die Sun, Saturn, 
+Rhea, Jupiter, Juno, Vulcan, Vella, and Mer¬ 
+cury or Hermes. 
+
+Chronos, or Saturn, having efpoufed Rhea, 
+became the father of Oliris and Ills, or according 
+
+
+to others, of Jupiter and Juno. The latter 
+make Jupiter the parent of five other 
+
+
+gods : 
+
+
+Ofiris, His, Typhon, Apollo, and Aphrodite or 
+Venus. They add that Oliris was the lame as 
+Bacchus, ami Ills the fame as Ceres. 
+
+
+We Lave here mentioned the names 
+
+
+of tilt 
+
+
+
+
+C 
+
+
+deities, becaufe we fit all continually meet with 
+them among the gods of the weft, that is of the 
+Greed..; and Romans, which will prove in the 
+moll' convincing manner, that the former received 
+
+
+their religious ceremonies, and divinities, from 
+Ervntian, and Phoenician colonies, which fettled 
+
+v * L ' 
+
+among!! them and civilizetl them. 
+
+o 
+
+The Egyptian mythology, fays Plutarch, is of 
+two delcriptions, one ftcred and fublimc, the 
+other lenlible and palpable. It is on that 
+account tiny place Sphynxcs at the doors of 
+rheir temples: they willi us by that to underhand, 
+that their theology contains the iccrets of whilom, 
+couched in enigmatical exprefllons. 
+
+To the lame eaufe we may attribute the fol¬ 
+lowing infeription on a llatue of Minerva, or Ills, 
+
+
+C 
+
+
+a i 
+
+
+
+i8 
+
+
+lgyptian traditions. 
+
+
+at Sals:— ct I am whatever is, whatever was, what¬ 
+ever fhall be, and mortal never yet has railed the 
+veil that covers me.” 
+
+We fee, then, that the Egyptian theology 
+had two fignifications, one facred and fymbolical, 
+the other vulgar and literal. The reprefentation 
+of animals in their temples which they feemed 
+to adore, were only hieroglyphicks, intended as 
+fymbols of divine attributes. 
+
+It is by comparing thefe different obfervations, 
+that we fir all be enabled to comprehend how the 
+Egyptians, fo famous for the vaftnefs of their 
+works, the wifdom of their laws, and cuftoms, 
+and their extenfive knowledge of the fciences, 
+fliould at the fame time be ib blinded by fnper- 
+ftition, as to worfhip infects, reptiles, plants, 
+and animals. Hiftoriaus both facred and pro- 
+phane, fpeak of this as one of the wife ft of 
+nations; and one of the eulogiums which the 
+infpired writings pafs on Moles, and on Solomon, 
+is, that they were (killed in all the fciences of 
+the Egyptians. We muft carefully diftinguifh 
+then, between die ignorance which reigned among 
+the multitude, and the profound wifdom of thofe 
+who cultivated die fciences, and had read the works 
+
+
+attributed to Hermes Trilmegiflus, or thrice great. 
+
+
+According 
+
+
+to this celebrated man. 
+
+
+C C 
+
+
+God 
+
+
+tc Cxified in Jus folar unity before all beings. 
+
+
+K 
+
+
+He 
+
+
+
+TRADITION'S. 
+
+
+t* r* * + *\ *** * • \ f 
+
+EG i r i i a.-. 
+
+
+IQ 
+
+
+<c j-j e is the fource of all that is intelligent. The 
+c< hi-fi. incomprehenfible principle. Himleli all- 
+tc diffident, and father of all offences.” 
+
+Vve are under no apprehenfion of fatiguing cur 
+leaders by thefe quotations. Every one endowed 
+v,irh the gift of reafon mud v/ifh to know the 
+
+which the fil'd philofophcrs of the world 
+
+
+idea 
+
+
+entertained of the Divinity. 
+
+We dial] likewile vivo the celebrated Zoroafter’s 
+
+o 
+
+definition of him ; it is the mod beautiful pro- 
+claction of antiquity. F.ufebius has preferved it 
+in his Evangelical Prcnarntion; he tranferibed 
+
+O i 
+
+it literally from a book of Zoroader’s dill extant 
+in his time, entitled A Sacred Collection of 
+Perl!an Monuments. 
+
+God is the fird of incomiptibles, eternal, not 
+
+begotten, lie is not compofed of parts, there 
+
+is nothing like him, or equal to him : He is 
+
+the author of all good, the mod excellent of 
+
+all excellent beings, and the wiled of all Intel- 
+
+ligences; the father of judice and good laws, 
+
+felf-indrudted, all-fufHcient in himiell, and the 
+
+original author of all nature. 
+
+Tilde fublitne definitions of the divinitv, 
+
+* 
+
+prove that there have cxifled fume men of a 
+
+knowledge fuperior to the ages in which tliey 
+
+lived, who had collected the information prr- 
+
+d rved by ancient traditions ; but their number 
+
+"■as lo finall, that thev were not liiliieient to 
+
+* 
+
+c a lb)i} 
+
+
+
+20 
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+flop the progrefs of ignorance, and the moft 
+abfurd idolatry. 
+
+The farther we advance in the knowledge of 
+mythology, the more clearly we fin all perceive 
+
+
+that the greater part of their divinities were 
+either men rendered illuftrious by their actions, 
+or beings entirely fabulous. A drift examina¬ 
+tion will fhew us, that the majority of fictions 
+owe their birth to ignorance or flattery. 
+
+But to give them authority, it was neceflary 
+to attribute to them a divine origin, and to 
+drefs them in the mod amiable colours; in 
+thefe irregular fancies the poets indulged thetn- 
+felves the more freely, as they were certain of 
+being lupported by the paflions, and inclinations 
+of men. 
+
+Truth was covered with a veil; falfehood, as 
+it w'erc, came and threw over her his garments, 
+ml the better to conceal his impofture, he 
+left her ibme of her mod plcafing qualities, nay 
+he even pcrfidioutly undertook to embellifh them, 
+
+It is thus the poets liavc disfigured ancient 
+events, the remembrance of which had been pre- 
+l’ervcd by tradition, and religious longs. 
+
+Since religion has difoellcd the darkneis of 
+
+X 
+
+idolatry, it has been found ncccfliiry to give a 
+new name to a collection of failles, which Hill 
+puffe fifed many charms, as they were adorned 
+with all the beauties of uuctry. 
+
+
+n 
+
+CL 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+21 
+
+
+They are called Mythology : a word de- 
+
+
+Logcs 
+
+
+rived from Mylhos — fabulous, and 
+
+dilcourle. 
+
+After having pointed out the difference between 
+the poets and philofophers, it ftill remains for us 
+to obferve, that it was among the eaftern nations, 
+and particularly the Egyptians, that the moft 
+celebrated men of the ealt acquired their greateft 
+knowledge. 
+
+This was the ichool of Thales, Pythagoras, 
+and Plato. Orpheus, whole principles the Pytha¬ 
+goreans adopted, 
+
+Hefiod and Homer, went for inflruction into 
+Egypt j it was from thence he brought the 
+following definition of the Divinity. 
+
+<c There exifts an unknown being, who is the 
+higheft, and moft ancient of all beings, and author 
+of all things ; this fublime being is life, light. 
+
+
+and who lived long before 
+
+
+and knowledge. Theie three names are exprcfiive 
+of that power, which, out of nothing, formed all 
+things, cc vifible and invifible.” 
+
+In a fecond paffage, not lefs eloquent, he gives 
+a name to this unknown being: 
+
+
+
+
+The univerfc was formed 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+heavens, profound Tartarus, the earth, and 
+ocean, the immortal gods and goddeffes 5 what¬ 
+ever is, whatever was, whatever fhall be, were 
+. 1 . liiLtined in, and proceed from, the 
+
+c 3 fruit lb 
+
+
+
+<1 O! 
+
+
+EGYPTIAN TRADITIONS. 
+
+
+fruitful bofom of Jupiter. He is the firfl and 
+the lafl, the beginning and the end. All beings 
+are emanations from him, he is the life and caufe 
+of all things; he is the firfl father, there is 
+only one power, one god, one king, who go¬ 
+verns all.” 
+
+Such were the l'ublime ideas Orpheus received 
+from the Egyptians; but they were only com¬ 
+municated to him, becaufe he had been initiated 
+into the language called (acred, and into the 
+knowledge of myfleries, which were concealed 
+
+
+from the multitude. 
+
+We fir all fee in the courfe of this work, under 
+the article demi-gods and heroes, who were the 
+chiefs, that led the Egyptian and Phoenician 
+colonies into Greece. 
+
+We jfhall at the fame time fee, that by intro¬ 
+ducing their laws, cufioms, arts, and divinities; 
+they likewife introduced the knowledge of ancient 
+traditions which they had corrupted. 
+
+This curicrv view is Efficient to fhew that 
+the fables of antiouity arc founded upon real 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+vents 
+
+
+•* 
+
+
+
+ORIGIN’ or IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+-3 
+
+
+THE ORIGIN OF IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+The word idolatry is derived from two 
+
+9 
+
+Greek words, which fignify zvorflnp and reprc- 
+[entalion. 
+
+It appears that it is in the family of Cham 
+we muft feek for the firft' appearance of idolatry. 
+The unhappy children of a father already labour¬ 
+ing under a parent’s curie, were the firft to 
+forget the wife counfcl of Noah, and abandon¬ 
+ing themfelves to their pafilons, fought fenfible 
+-objects to which they might pay their fuper- 
+ftitious adoration. The two fons of Cham, 
+Chanaan, and Mifraim, having fettled in Phoe¬ 
+nicia and Egypt, we may fuppole it was in thefe 
+two countries that idolatry had its birth. Lucian 
+fays exprefsly, that the Egyptians were the firft 
+who paid foie inn adoration to the gods. Hero¬ 
+dotus, at the beginning of Ills hiftory, fays 
+confidently, the Egyptians were the firft who 
+diftinguilhed the twelve principal gods by their 
+names; and it is from them, that the Greeks 
+
+
+acquired their knowledge of thefe divinities. 
+Sacred hiftory itlelf deferibes Egypt as the centre 
+of idolatry. 
+
+There, it fays in different places, reigned 
+magic, divinations, foothfavings, and interpre- 
+
+
+c .1 
+
+
+cations 
+
+
+
+*4 
+
+
+FIRST OBJECT OF IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+tations of dreams, the unhappy fruits of idolatrous 
+worfhip. 
+
+In the time of Mofes, idolatry was at its 
+higheft pitch. He even feems to have given the 
+Jews fo great a number of precepts only to render 
+their ceremonies entirely the reverfe of thofe of 
+the Egyptians. 
+
+This then is undoubtedly the country where 
+idolatry firft began; from thence it fpread into 
+the eafi, into the countries inhabited by the 
+dcfcendants of Shem; into Chaldea, Mefopo- 
+tamia, and the adjacent parts; it was afterwards 
+carried into the weft, among the children of 
+Japhet, that is into Afia Minor, Greece, and the 
+neighbouring ifles. 
+
+In Egypt, and Phoenicia, then, idolatry had 
+its birth. 
+
+
+
+FIRST OBJECT Of IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+IVIln perceiving the earth to be filled 
+
+with good and evil, and having no longer the 
+
+♦ 
+
+ficreu traditions to guide them, could not believe 
+that a being, who is himfelf eftentially good, 
+could be the author of evil; they, therefore, 
+imagined two divinities equal in power, and both 
+eternal. One, which was called the good prin¬ 
+ciple, 
+
+
+
+FIRST OBJF.CT OF IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+2 6 
+
+
+ciple, they fuppofed the author of all good ; the 
+other, which they called the bad principle, the 
+author of all evil. 
+
+Zoroafter found this doftrine eflablifhed amone 
+
+o 
+
+the Perfians. It is not known who this Zoroafter 
+was, nor the precile time in which he lived. 
+Some learned men agree with Voffius, in thinking 
+him to be Mifraim himfelf, the fon of Cham, 
+who after the death of his father was called 
+
+
+Zoroafter, that is. 
+
+
+the living ftar; 
+
+
+becaufe he 
+
+
+taught the Egyptians to worfhip the liars. But 
+this opinion by no means agrees with the lublime 
+definition of the divinity, taken from the works 
+of Zoroafter himfelf, which we quoted ibme 
+time back. A learned Englifh author, Tho¬ 
+mas Hyde, who was better acquainted with the 
+religion of the ancient Perfians than Voffius, has 
+fully juftified Zoroafter, by proving that this cele¬ 
+brated man, far from having introduced idolatry 
+among the firft Egyptians, never lived among 
+them, and was known to the Perfians alone in the 
+
+time of Darius Hydafpes. I-Ie lays, he employed 
+
+* 
+
+all his efforts to deftroy thofe abl'urd opinions 
+which men entertained, and to bring back the 
+inoft realbnable, to the knowledge of one fingle 
+principal Creator of heaven and earth : but find¬ 
+ing the worfhip ol liars and planets the prevailing 
+religion, and unwilling to offer too great violence to 
+their tinderflandings, towards the fun, the principle 
+
+6 of 
+
+
+
+2 b 
+
+
+FIRST OfiJFCT OF 11)01.ATRY 
+
+
+of fertility to the earth, he inflituted feme reli¬ 
+gious ceremonies, which are flill practiied in India 
+among the Magi who are defeendants of the an¬ 
+cient Perfians. Mr. Hyde adds, they adore but 
+one God, the principle of all beings, and if 
+they honour fire and the fun, it is becaufe they 
+regard them as the pureft emblems of the 
+Creator, and the temple where he has effablifhed 
+his throne. 
+
+Thefe magi are now very few in number. 
+However it may be, the idolatry of the two prin¬ 
+ciples, was of very ancient date in Egypt; and it 
+
+
+was to exp refs tills that the Egyptians in their 
+Theology—which abounds in fymbols—faid, that 
+Oliris had inclofed in the egg, from which the 
+world was originally produced, twelve white pyra- 
+midical figures, to denote the infinite number of 
+blefiings lie intended to fhower down upon men; 
+but that Typhon his brother, the author of evil, 
+having opemd this egg, introduced twelve black 
+pyramids, the < auies of all the mileries with which 
+the earth is over-rum 
+
+Tin Perfians gave the name of Oromafes to the 
+good: principle, and; that of Ariman to the bad. 
+
+The Chaldea;::: reprefented them, under their 
+b.;ni'_n and in.di; T in:..t planets. 
+
+
+71 ! F. 
+
+
+
+sr.coxD or jit r or inoi..vr;\ 
+
+
+
+THE SECOND OBJECT OF IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+rr 
+
+
+.CIowever ancient the doctrine 
+
+
+or 
+
+
+t! 
+
+
+two principles may be, many learned men are 
+of opinion that the adoration of the flar:; is flill 
+more fo. The idea of the divinity having never 
+
+• vJ 
+
+been entirely loll, it is probable that man, thonrdi 
+by nature weak, yet proud, (lid not at fir ft pay 
+divine honours to his fellow-creatures: Grander 
+objects were neceftary to ieducc him. The fun 
+by its beauty, theluftre of its beams, the regularity 
+with which it by turns illumines the whole earth, 
+and every where fpreads fertility, led ignorant 
+men (already corrupted) to believe there was 
+another God; or at leafc that this luminary was 
+the throne of the divinity. 
+
+Men incapable of conceiving the fublime idea 
+of an invifible, and immaterial fubftance, Aw 
+nothing in nature fo beautiful as the fun; pro¬ 
+bably even gratitude had fome In are in their 
+adoration ; they could not doubt but it was the 
+iertili/.ing principle of nature, and as the difpenl'er 
+of all that was aprccable or tileful to die human 
+
+
+V- * 
+
+
+lorries, thoiirdir it entitled to their liomnoe. 
+
+k ^ ' K.t 
+
+'i'he name of Sabi I’m, was mvon to that worfliip 
+■^hirh was paid to liars mul plane!/;,. 
+
+* Tl>r 
+
+.1 » i * 
+
+
+
+Pl'.OCRK.sS OF IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+2S 
+
+The learned are not agreed concerning the ety¬ 
+mology of this appellation; but the molt eiTential 
+for us to know, is, that this fe£t is the moll ancient, 
+and molt numerous, of any mentioned in hiftory; 
+even more fo, than that of the two principles; 
+and that it flill fubfifts among feveral American 
+nations. The infpired writings inform us, that 
+it began a little after the deluge, lince it was 
+
+t i * 
+
+
+known in the time of Abraham, T hares, and Sanig. 
+
+7 o- 
+
+
+
+'MR IT OCR 
+
+
+ITS OK IDOL 
+
+
+
+T“V ^ T 
+
+i\ 1 . 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+the fir ft men leparated, they fell 
+
+
+into a Hate of tire groffelt barbarity. The Greeks, 
+afterwards fo learned and polite, owe their know¬ 
+ledge entirely to the colonies which fettled among 
+
+
+them. Yet idolatry at firft was not a fyftem 
+founded upon reafon, nothing was more abfurd 
+
+
+than the religion and ceremonies of tire original 
+
+o o 
+
+idolaters. 
+
+
+In the time of Cecrops, the Athenians only 
+offered Jupiter fi tuple cakes. The lirll Scythi¬ 
+ans adored a fey meter; tire Arabians a rough 
+Hone. In the ifie of Orcades, the image of Diana 
+was a piece of unwrought wood; at Citheron, 
+Juno was only the trunk of a tree; at Samos, a 
+
+fi tuple 
+
+
+
+PROGRESS or IDOLATRY. 
+
+
+
+iimplc plank. But the invention of arts gave a 
+rapid progrefs to Idolatry. Well-formed h attics 
+infpired refpebt, and men began to think, that the 
+Gods whom they reprefented took pleafure in 
+inhabiting them. 
+
+From the worfhip ofthe liars, they proceeded to 
+that of heaven, the elements, ieas, rivers, fee. ; at 
+
+laft even illuRrious men were ranked among their 
+
+o 
+
+
+deities. 
+
+
+The invention of an ufeful art, the beauty of a 
+work, gratitude for benefits, coniimal or maternal 
+
+J * \ 9 S^J 
+
+
+tendernefs, the lit can fed temples and altars to be 
+railed, portraits to be honoured, and woods and 
+afylums to be conlecratcd. 
+
+This fpecies of worfhip began in F.gypt a flrort 
+time after the death of Gfiris, and His: both of them 
+having diftinguifned thcmfelvcs by-their brilliant 
+exploits, and by the invention of feveral trfeful arts, 
+the grateful people thought they could not make 
+them fo proper a return as by railing them to the 
+rank of divinities; but as thev could not without 
+manifeft abfurdity call beings immortal who were 
+juft dead, it was pretended that their ft.tils were 
+returned to the flats, whence they origir.a 
+defrenried to animate their bodies. 
+
+It was thus they came to be looked upon n> 
+the fun and moon, and to have their woifliio cor.- 
+
+? l 
+
+founded with that ofthofe two luminaries. 
+
+
+
+It is here likeYvke we are probably to look' 
+
+
+
+DU FF.REXT SPECIES OF FABLES. 
+
+
+for the origin of the metempfychofls, or tranfmi- 
+gration of fouls, an idea which was by after 
+generations fo ftrangely abufed. After the celeftiai 
+bodies, each particular part of nature became the 
+object of adoration, and had its preflding deity. 
+
+The earth was wordsipped under the names of 
+Rhea, Tcllus, Ops, Cybeie, Proferpine, Maia, 
+Flora, Faunas, Pales, Ac, 
+
+
+OF THE Dil i EKEX f SPECIE 1 OF FABLES 
+
+
+nr-> 
+
+
+1 he fables of the poets may be divided 
+into fix claffes, the hiforical, pluiolbpliical, alle¬ 
+gorical, moral, the mixed, anti thole invented 
+at piealure. 
+
+The hillorical are compoidd of ancient hiftorics, 
+which they have interlarded with Action. Such 
+are thole of Hercules and jafon. hdlead of faying, 
+that the former drained the nxirfiies of Lcrna, 
+overflowed by numbcrltfs rivulets; this marlli is 
+reprefenred under the figure cl an hydra which 
+Hercules vancjiiifhcd: when J.if<»n went to demand 
+reftitution of the: trealure cat rial by Phrixus to 
+Colchis, in (tend of dcleribiug die (aft, the fable 
+of the golden fleece in vented. 
+
+Yet the Creeks, notvvithflnvling their predi¬ 
+lection for fables, wwre not u.tisiicd with them 
+
+x alone, 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FAULKS. 
+
+
+
+
+^lone, they frequently wifhed only to embellifh 
+their hiftories by ornamenting them with the graces 
+of poetry. 
+
+The g re ate ft men of antiquity have always 
+looked upon the ancient poets as the firft hifto- 
+rians. Alexander would not fo much have admired 
+Homer, nor have envied Achilles in having had 
+fuch an able panegyrift, had he looked upon him 
+(imply as a writer of lift ion: he was very certain 
+that the poet preferved th.c principal exploits, 
+and painted the true charadler of his heroes. 
+
+Philofophical fables, are thole which the ancients 
+invented, as parables, to conceal the myflcries of 
+their fpeculative or natural philoibphy. 
+
+Thus, they laid, the ocean was the father of 
+rivers; and that the moon cfpouled the air, and 
+was the mother of the dew. 
+
+The allegorical, were likewife parables, which 
+had a fccret meaning, or implied fenfe; as the fable 
+which fays, that pleafure was the offspring of 
+riches and poverty, to fhew that the one does 
+not exclude happinefs, and that the other is not 
+lufficient to infiire it. 
+
+Moral fables, are thole whi; h inculcate precepts 
+for the improvement of our manntrs. 
+
+
+Of this lort is th.at which lavs, ; uniter lent 
+' . ' «■ 1 
+
+the liars uj)on earth by ib.v, V) in Jo fid uicnueivTs oJ 
+the aftiuns of men, and .wvc i.Iiii an :\r CMim: 
+
+* U w' 
+
+
+
+
+2 
+
+
+DIFFERENT SPECIES OF EARLES. 
+
+
+The fables of Efop, Lafontaine, and apologues 
+in general, are of this kind. 
+
+Mixed fables, arc a compofition of allegory and 
+morality, without any thing hiftorical; fuch as 
+that of Ate, related by Homer. She was the 
+daughter of Jupiter, but made mil'chief her whole 
+ffcudy. Dctefled equally by Gods and men, Jupiter 
+feizctl her by the hair, precipitated her from heaven, 
+and fworc an oath, t'e.at fne fhould never return. 
+
+By this fable the poet wished to reprcil-nt tire 
+propenfiry or man to evil. 
+
+This female, lays he, traverier, the whole 
+earth, with increddlde Jv.iftnelsj her filers, called 
+Prayers, like wife daugi.tersof j upitcr, always follow 
+her, to counteract, as fur as pufiiblc, her dc tellable 
+
+machinations; but unfortunately being lame, ihey 
+
+6 »rnnot keep pace with their lifters union implies 
+that evil in its operations is always more prompt, 
+and real, than reparation anal repentance. 
+
+The hill deling lion or iabies, rue thole which 
+have no otlier object than to a male, or to dilplay 
+a brilliant imagination, and invention. 
+
+L J J 
+
+'liiolc tinitv>erc caked P/iiicfun, were of thi:. 
+number, lb were flic Syhaiitikc.s, which took tluir 
+name limn tiie inhahit,> l .t:> m' Svbarh, a people 
+entirely aJclieual to thtir pkalwvs. 
+
+'i. hefe unhide nearly eveiy lpecivs of fables; 
+but wc mult amcmbci, that there arc very few 
+
+
+
+
+DIFFERENT SPECIES OF FABLES. 
+
+
+32 
+
+
+■which we meet with in the ancient poets, which do 
+not contain fome hiftorical faft. 
+
+When Homer fays, that Eolus gave Ulyffes 
+the winds incloied in a fkin, and that his com¬ 
+panions let them efcape, it is an hiftorical fa ft j 
+which teaches us } that this prince had cautioned 
+Ulylfes not to expofe himfelf to a tempeftuous 
+wind, which would blow in a few days; but the 
+companions of Ulyffcs perfifted in purfuing their 
+courfe, and were wrecked; for having refufed to 
+attend to the advice of Eolus. 
+
+Likewife, Atlas was a prince and an aftronomer, 
+
+who made ufe of a fphere, to ftudy the motions 
+
+of the heavenly bodies. 
+
+* 
+
+The ftory reprefents him, as bearing the hea¬ 
+vens upon his Ihoulders. 
+
+Proteus was a prince, wife, prudent, eloquent, 
+and politic ; they defcribed his char after, by fay¬ 
+ing, he had the power of changing his form at 
+
+pleafure. 
+
+Dedalus invented fails for velfels in (lead of 
+oars, and by this means efcaped the vengeance of 
+Minos; he is faid to have made himfelf wings ; 
+an expreflive method of delcribing the velocity of 
+vedels with fails. 
+
+It is thus writers have disfigured hiftory, by 
+endeavouring to embcllifii it with the charms of 
+poetry. Such particularly was the genius of the 
+
+1 ) eaftern 
+
+
+
+34 CONJECTURES CONCERNING 
+
+eaftern nations,' from whom we have received the 
+greater part of our fables. 
+
+■ This fpirit dill reigns among them, and to this 
+day their writings, which abound in parables s 
+prove, that they now are, what the Greeks were 
+when Hdtion was at its greated height. 
+
+
+CONJECTURES CONCERNING THE ORIGIN 
+
+OF EARLES. 
+
+
+o» feeing every people of the earth 
+(except the people of God) eagerly adopt thefe 
+d&ions, and make them the foundation of their 
+religion, morality, and government, it becomes 
+indifpenfably nccclTary to endeavour to difcover 
+the origin of an error fo univerfal, and fo fatal to 
+mankind. The Rudy of truth is neither longer 
+nor more difficult than that of error. And it 
+would be a crime towards youth, not to employ 
+our bed faculties and endeavours, in giving them 
+juft ideas concerning the natural propenfity of 
+man to evil. They dand in need of a light to 
+enable them to lee through the delufion. 
+
+It is only by being habituated to found their rea- 
+fonings and conclufions upon the bed authorities, 
+
+
+lured principles, and mod folid bads, that they 
+
+
+can 
+
+
+
+THE ORIGIN 7 OF FAULKS. *r. 
+
+Can be fecured from random conjectures, and de- 
+lufive fyftems. 
+
+In vain has pretended modern philofophy en¬ 
+deavoured to avail itfelf of the obfcurity in which 
+the firft ages of the world are involved, to render 
+it a lburce of its doubts and fophilins: the vefliges 
+Which remain of tire molt unenlightened periods, 
+prove to a demonftradon, that all men have felt 
+the necefllty of a fupreme deity, director, and 
+creator of all things. 
+
+The fame neceffity obliged them to acknow¬ 
+ledge themfelves in a (late of dependance on this 
+powerful being, and that they owed him adoration. 
+The facred writings inform us, that this worihip 
+was prefcribed by the Divinity hinrfelf, and the 
+account we have given in the preceding chapters, 
+is fufficient to fhow, that facred tradition has been 
+disfigured, in proportion as corruption overfprcad. 
+the earth. 
+
+The moment the firft link of that facred chain 
+was broken, man was hurried on from error to 
+error; the human imagination could never fiipply 
+the place of eternal wildom. 
+
+Vanity was one of the principal fources of 
+fiClion. Truth was found not lufficiendy fur- 
+priling, not fufiiciently attractive; they decked 
+her with borrowed ornaments, and thought to 
+magnify the reputation of heroes, by aferibing to 
+them aCtions they had never performed. They 
+
+pro *■ 
+
+
+D 2 
+
+
+
+36 CONJECTURES CONCERNING, &C. 
+
+probably even propofed thefe imaginary models 
+as more powerful incitements to virtue. But by 
+permitting themfelves to be thus led away by a 
+tafte for the marvellous, they at laft deprived 
+illuftrious men of all the merit they might have 
+poffefied. 
+
+For inftance, when Perfeus flays Medufa, he 
+furprifes her (leeping; if he delivers Andromeda, 
+he has the wings of Mercury. Achilles is clad 
+with impenetrable arms forged by Vulcan. They 
+went fo far as to lavifh on their heroes all the 
+attributes of Gods. 
+
+It is thus we are blinded by vanity and other 
+paffions, which mil's of their intended objedt, by 
+being carried to excefs. 
+
+Before the invention of letters, great events and 
+brilliant exploits were no othcrwiie recorded, than 
+in the memory of men, or at moll only by a few 
+obfcure hierogly plucks. 
+
+The remembrance of celebrated addons, then, 
+was preferved by tradition; but experience 
+proves, how fcldom it is, that even the mofl 
+fimple narrations are not mixed with fome era- 
+bellifhing circumftances. 
+
+When in the courl'e of time men wifhed to 
+write thefe addons, they found nothing but confufeci 
+traditions, and by giving them a place in hiltory, 
+they have in lbme degree eternized fidlions. 
+
+
+FAB LI- 
+
+
+
+FABLES INTRODUCED BY A LOVE, &C- 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+
+FABLES INTRODUCED BY A LOVE OF THE 
+
+MARVELLOUS. 
+
+
+Experience fliovvs us what influence the 
+marvellous has over the human mind. 
+
+It is not difficult to perceive the caule; it hopes 
+to enlarge itfelf by believing in whatever is fupe- 
+rior to itfelf. In the fame manner it finds charms 
+in whatever furprifes it. 
+
+Abfolute filence and tranquillity refemble death, 
+man is terrified at them; he muft neceffarily be in 
+motion. 
+
+The fight of any extraordinary event fatisfies 
+his ever aftive curiofity, and he feems in fome 
+meafure to participate in the heroic deeds which 
+he fees, or hears related. 
+
+I le who conceives thefe adlions in his fertile 
+imagination, infpires a belief that he could not have 
+invented them, had he not been capable of exe¬ 
+cuting them; and he who hears, or reads them 
+with enthufiafm, perfuades himfelf in like manner, 
+that they would not have been fuperior to his own 
+llrength; both of them only fee a degree of 
+excellence which their pride leads them to fup- 
+pofe they could attain. 
+
+The panegyriit of Achilles was more concerned 
+for h is own glory, than for that of iiis hero. 
+
+» 3 
+
+
+Were 
+
+
+
+3« 
+
+
+FABLES INTRODUCED BY A LOVE 
+
+
+Were the moil celebrated poems diverted of 
+all their ornaments., we fhould be furpriled at the 
+mediocrity of the events they record. 
+
+The Iliad, the OdyfTey, the IE n e id, would be 
+of little confequence, without the prefence of the 
+gods, and that perpetual mixture of fads, little 
+interefting, with fidions which engage our atten¬ 
+tion. 
+
+The ignorance of natural philofophy has like- 
+wife given rife to many fabulous (lories. In the 
+ages of ignorance, whatever (truck the fenfes, 
+they fuppofed to be animated; rivers, fountains, 
+(tars, 8cc. but r as they could not have a very clear 
+idea of the latter, they dreaded their influences, and 
+to appeale them, when they thought them irritated, 
+paid them divine honours; when any one more 
+enlightened than the reft, attempted to corred 
+thefe errors, he was accufed of impiety; the un¬ 
+happy Anaxagoras was punifned with death, for 
+having faid the fun was not animated, but only a 
+plate of (leek 
+
+One of the mod fertile fources of fid ion, was 
+the ignorance of ancient hi (lory and chronology. 
+
+The ufe of letters began very late among the 
+Greeks; feveral ages e lap fed, during which they 
+had no knowledge of remarkable events but by 
+tradition. Even when writing was in ufe they 
+did not at fir ft write conneded hiflories. It Jerved 
+only to record fume panegyricks, hymns, and 
+
+i genealo- 
+
+
+
+OF THE MARVU.I.OL’S. 
+
+
+H9 
+
+
+rrencalopies, abounding in fkftion, fo that confu- 
+
+tD O ' 7 
+
+
+and whenever we 
+
+
+fion reigned every where; 
+wifh to examine thefe genealogies, after having 
+
+
+generations, we 
+
+
+traced them for three or four 
+find ourfelves at the hiftory of the gods, and every 
+where meet with Jupiter, Saturn, Coelum, or Terra. 
+
+The Greeks were equally ignorant of their 
+origin; the major part thought they fprung from 
+
+
+
+
+Yet as they 
+
+
+wiihed to be thought very ancient, they flattered 
+themfelves by citing gods, heroes, and kings, 
+who never had exifted: and when they fpoke of 
+thofe remote periods, of wliich they had acquired 
+a flight knowledge from the colonies who fettled 
+among them, they condandy fubftituted Addons 
+for truth. 
+
+Their fables evidently bore the marks of ancient 
+traditions, but they were fo confuted, that Ariftode 
+himlelf reproaches them with being mere infants, 
+when they wiihed to converfe of ancient times. 
+
+The vanity of the Greeks went fo far as to be¬ 
+lieve the whole world had been peopled by their 
+colonies. 
+
+It is not then from them we muft inform our- 
+felvcs of the people of antiquity, the original 
+deities, and the Ilrffc fables. 
+
+Their hiftory does not begin to merit any degree 
+of confidence, till the time of the olympiads. 
+
+
+D .( 
+
+
+DIVISION 
+
+
+
+DIVISION or TIML 
+
+
+
+DIVISION OF TIME ACCORDING TO VARRO. 
+
+
+H o throw greater light on the period 
+when fables began, we mult follow Varro, and 
+like him diltinguifh time into three divifions. The 
+unknown, the fabulous, and the hiitorical. 
+
+The fir ft, which was in fome manner the infancy' 
+of the world, comprifes what paffed from chaos, 
+or the creation, to the deluge of Ogyges, which 
+happened about 1600 years before the birth of 
+
+Thrift. 
+
+The fecond reaches from that period to the 
+firft olympiad, where begins the hiftoricak 
+
+This celebrated divifion of Varro, can only 
+regard the hiftories of the Greeks, and Romans; 
+for the Egyptians, Chaldeans, Phoenicians, and 
+ancient inhabitants of the Taft, are confiderably 
+better acquainted with diftant ages. They had 
+their traditions, and their annals, though cer¬ 
+tainly they are much intermixed with fidtion. 
+
+The Greeks had no certain knowledge of the 
+firft ages of the world; and when they arrive at 
+the times called I Tcroic, they involve them in fo 
+much obfeurity, that the hiftory of them is ablb- 
+Jutely disfigured. 
+
+The period of the Trojan war, particularly, fo 
+
+fertile 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+ACCORDIN'C TO VARRO. 
+
+
+41 
+
+
+fertile in heroes, produced an infinite number of 
+fictions. 
+
+This celebrated city was twice taken, find by- 
+Hercules, and about thirty years after by the 
+Grecian army, under the command of 
+
+
+Aga¬ 
+
+
+memnon. 
+
+
+It was at die time of its firft capture that Her¬ 
+cules, Telamon, Theicus, Jafon, Orpheus, Caftor 
+and Poliux—names which their mutual fricndfhip 
+has rendered infeparable—appeared; then flou- 
+rifhed all thofe heroes who participated in the 
+conqueft of the Golden Fleece. 
+
+At the fecond taking of Troy, appeared the 
+Tons, or grandfons, of the above; Agamemnon, 
+Menelaus, Achilles, Diemedes, Ajax, Hcblor, 
+Ulyffes, Priam, Paris, Eneas, &c. 
+
+In the interval between the time of the firft 
+and fecond capture, we flioultl place the two 
+Theban wars, in which appeared Adraftus, 
+CEdipus, Eteocles, Polynices, Capaneus, and fe- 
+veral others, the con flan t objecls of poetical 
+fiflion. 
+
+It was not till the eflablifliment of the olym¬ 
+piads, that the hi (Tory of Greece a/Tiimed at lad 
+a regular form, and that events were eiafl'al under 
+
+
+their proper epochs. 
+
+
+id If 
+
+
+
+4 2 
+
+
+©LYMPIC GAMES. 
+
+
+THE OLYMPIC CAMES. 
+
+♦ 
+
+It is not clearly determined at what time 
+thefe games were inftituted. 
+
+Their origin is very obfcure. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus only fays, that Elcrcules of 
+Crete was the firft founder of them, without 
+telling us at what time, or on what occafion. 
+The mod common opinion among the learned 
+is, that they were eftablifhed by Pelops, and that 
+the firft celebration took place at Elis, in the 
+twenty-ninth year of the reign of Acrifius, the 
+twenty-fourth of Sicvon, nineteenth king of 
+
+J J * o 
+
+Sieyon ; and to compare prophane epochs with 
+facred, it was in the twenty-fourth year of 
+Deborah, who judged Ifrael. 
+
+Atreus, fon of Pelops, revived them, and 
+ordered their l'econd celebration, 141& years 
+before the time of our Saviour. Laftly, Her¬ 
+cules, at his return from the conqueft of the 
+Golden Fleece, affemblecl the Argonauts in Elis, 
+to celebrate thefe games, in gratitude for the 
+happy iuccds of their expedition, and they agreed 
+to afie ruble there for the fame purpofe every 
+fourth ear. 
+
+However, thefe games were difeontinued till 
+the reign of Jphitus, king of Elis, that is, during 
+
+a fpace 
+
+
+
+F.FFJXTS PRODUCED IN CRF.F.CF., &C. 
+
+
+43 
+
+
+a fpace of 44 1 years 5 and it was then that the 
+Greeks took them for their principal epoch. 
+
+They now counted only by olympiads, and it 
+is from that time that we find lefs fidtion in their 
+hi dory. 
+
+
+EFFECTS produced in GREECE, and in the WEST, 
+bv (lie armed of EASTERN COLONIES. 
+
+
+When the Phoenicians, or Egyptians, 
+came to fettle in Greece, they were obliged to 
+learn the eftabliflied language of the country; 
+but they mu ft have prelcrved many words from 
+their own language, particularly thofe which 
+were employed in the new laws, cuftoms, and 
+religions, which they introduced among the 
+Greeks. 
+
+Thcle latter, in adopting their innovations, made 
+tife of their terms which quic kly produced a con- 
+fufton of the two languages. 
+
+Some time after, when the Greeks u idled to 
+read their ancient hi dory, they found it lull of 
+Phoenician words, which they did not fail to 
+explain favourably to their taller for fid!ion, 
+and often abufee! the ambiguity which fre¬ 
+quently occurs in the Phoenician language. For 
+inllance, the word Alpha or J/pba, iignified 
+
+equally 
+
+
+
+EFFECTS PRODUCED IN GREECE, &c. 
+
+
+
+equally a bull or a fhipj whence the Greeks 
+took occafion to fay, that Jupiter, in the form 
+of a bull, had carried off the young Europa, 
+inftead of faying he carried her in a ihip to the 
+iHand of Crete, where he reigned. 
+
+The fable of the Fountain Arethufa,and the River 
+Alpheus, is likewife founded upon an equivocal 
+expreflion. The Phoenicians on landing in Sicily 
+found a fountain furrounded with willows, which 
+they called Alphaga, that is the fountain of willows. 
+In procefs of time, the Greeks, on their arrival 
+in the fame country, recollecting their river 
+Alpheus, which (lows through Elis, Raid that the 
+waters of that river palled under the fca, to join 
+
+
+thofc of the fountain Arethufi. 
+
+The more we flutly their origin, the more we 
+are forced to acknowledge, that the major part of 
+the Grecian fables were an imitation of thole of 
+the Oriental colonies. 
+
+At the time when the inhabitants of the wef 
+Hill lived in the groffeft ignorance and barbarilm, 
+
+CD ^ ‘ ' 
+
+Egypt was the feat of arts and politenefs. 
+
+k was the Egyptians and Phoenicians who 
+taught them to build cities, clothe themfelves, 
+and live in a Hate of fociety: from them they 
+received tlieir relig'ous Ceremonies, their worfhip, 
+and their fieri fit es; and the Greeks by adopt¬ 
+ing their religion, adopted likewife all their 
+fables. 
+
+
+
+
+IirSIOD AMD HOMER. 
+
+
+4 5 
+
+
+The worfhip of Bacchus was modelled after 
+that of Ofiris; Orpheus obtained his fyftem of 
+the infernal regions from the Egyptians ; it was 
+there Pythagoras borrowed his idea of the tranf- 
+migration of fouls. 
+
+Thefe proofs are more than fufRcient to fhew 
+that the fables of the Greeks and Romans 
+were originally received from Egypt and Phoe¬ 
+nicia. If we find lome difference, it is becaufe 
+the Greeks, to their pafiion for fiction, added a 
+defire of appearing very ancient; they endea¬ 
+voured at once to conceal both their ignorance and 
+
+o 
+
+their recent origin. 
+
+They were alhamed of owing all to foreign 
+nations; and the hope of infpiring a belief that 
+all had originated with themfelves, induced them 
+to alter names, adventures, and even religious 
+
+ceremonies. 
+
+
+OF HESIOD AND HOMER. 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+he name of llomer never prefects itfclf 
+to the mind, without exciting the tribute of admi¬ 
+
+
+ration. 
+
+
+tc Who is then this wonderful man, (fays the 
+author of the travels of the young Anacharfis,) 
+whole glory only inert ale:, with revolving ages, 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+HESIOD AND HOMER. 
+
+
+
+and of whom the human intellect no more is jealous, 
+than of the beams of the bright luminary of day!” 
+Hefiod and Homer are not the inventors of the 
+
+
+Greek fables, they only enriched them with new 
+ornaments; idolatry was antecedent to the age in 
+which they wrote. 
+
+It is probable that more ancient poets had left 
+them models, which they have furpafled; for it 
+is hardly probable, that the firft eflays of Grecian 
+poetry fliould be patterns of excellence. 
+
+Before the time of Homer the liege of Trov 
+was univerfally lung, and hymns were composed 
+
+
+in honour of the Grecian gods, 
+
+
+
+
+cnce of his poems. 
+
+
+Heliod and Homer contented thrmfelves with 
+
+
+following the principles of the theology of their 
+country, the lyltem of which had been introduced 
+by Cecrops, Cadmus, and other leaders of 
+colonies. 
+
+
+Homer then was only the panegyrilt, not the 
+inventor of his gods; he conforms to the theology 
+of his time, and as he wiflies at once to pleafc 
+and avoid obfeurity, he does not depart from the 
+lyltem of religion etlablilhed in his country. 
+
+We mud not then look upon him as the inventor 
+and creator of lo many gods and ablurd cuftoms, 
+
+
+Till:. 
+
+
+
+THE CODS OF THE GREEKS, &c. 
+
+
+47 
+
+
+THE GODS OF THE GREEKS, AMD ROMANS, 
+
+AND OTHER WESTERN NATIONS. 
+
+The preceding reflections are fufficient to 
+i'hew that idolatry originated among the eaftern 
+nations: this is the reafon why we have divided 
+the pagan deities into two daffes, the gods of the 
+eaft, and thofe of the weft. 
+
+Concerning the former we fhall extend our 
+refearches no farther. 'Though a knowledge of 
+this part of mythology is extremely interefting, 
+and even ncceflary, in order to fhew the origin of 
+fable and idolatry; yet the principal objetft of 
+this work being to enable our readers to travel 
+with advantage, and to form a juft opinion of the 
+principal performances of the poets, and artifts, 
+we fhall principally dwell upon the different 
+branches of the Greek and Roman mythology, 
+and fhall devote the reft of this work to that pur- 
+pofe i taking care at the lame time to make liifto- 
+rical companions, and give every explanation 
+requifite to conneft the former and the follow¬ 
+ing parts. 
+
+The pagan deities may be divided into the 
+celcftial, the marine, the terreftrial, and the infer¬ 
+nal. Wc lliall afterwards come to the fubaltern 
+divinities, of whole rcfidence they had no deter¬ 
+mined idea. 
+
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+48. 
+
+
+CELESTIAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+OF THE CELESTIAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+V, rro, die greatefl of pagan theologians^ 
+makes the number of thefe to amount to thirty 
+thoufand, which will not appear furprifing, when 
+we confiucr that they liad invented deities to 
+prcfide over every diflin-ft part of the univerle, 
+and over all the paffious, and neeeflitics of life. 
+Befides, at the lame time that different nations 
+or cities adored the. fame god under the name of 
+Jupiter, each of them pretended to have their own 
+particular Jupiter. 
+
+
+Varro reckons more than three hundred of 
+this name. It was the lame with the other gods 
+and demi-gods: more than forty of the name 
+of Hercules were reckoned. But, as diHendon 
+might arife among fo many different divinities, 
+the pagans perceived the neceffity of believing, 
+and maintaining, that there was one fuperior to 
+the rell, called Defliny, or Face. This god, 
+whom they fuppofed blind, governed every 
+thing by an abfolutc necdllty: Jupiter himfelf, 
+the lirft and greateit of gods, was forced to 
+l'ubmit to his decrees. 
+
+Defliny had his religious worlhip; but as 
+
+he could not be comprehended by the human 
+
+mind, 
+
+
+
+V 
+
+
+different orders of the deities 
+
+
+4F 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+give 
+
+
+jmirtd, they never dared determine his form, fo 
+that his ftatue was never worfhipped, like thofe 
+of the other gods: they endeavoured, however, 
+
+a reprefentation of him : and it was 
+under the figure of an old man, holding an 
+urn between his hands, which contained the lot 
+of mortals. 
+
+m 
+
+They placed a book before him in which 
+were recorded future events: all the gods, with¬ 
+out exception, were obliged to confult this book, 
+becaufe they could do nothing contrary to its 
+decrees,- and it was only by reading it, that 
+they could obtain a knowledge of futurity. 
+This idea of Deftiny is the molt ftriking ac¬ 
+knowledgement, men could poflibly have made, 
+of the necellity of a fupreme and only God* 
+But having once loft the inftruftions given by 
+the Almighty to the firft patriarchs, it was no 
+
+power to define and compre- 
+
+
+longer in their 
+
+* 
+
+head the Divine Being. 
+
+
+DIFFERENT ORDERS OE THE DEITIES 
+
+
+rnp 
+
+1 he gods were divided into four orders* 
+The firft comprifed the fupreme gods, who 
+Were likewife called gods of the nations, becaule 
+they were known, and revered by every nation: 
+
+K they 
+
+
+
+DIFFERENT ORDERS OF THE DEITIES. 
+
+
+6 ° 
+
+
+they were twenty in number, of whom Jupiter 
+
+was the chief and principal. 
+
+The fecond order included the gods, whom 
+
+Ovid (tiled the eeldtial populace, they were called 
+
+the inferior gods of nations; they had no place in 
+
+heaven, nor were they admitted to the council o( 
+
+Jupiter; Pan, Pomona, flora, and the other rural 
+
+deities were of this clafs. 
+
+The third order was compofcd of dcmi gods. 
+
+who derived their or’tin from 
+
+' . 
+
+or a eoddcfj and a mortal. 
+
+
+a t:od and a mortal 
+
+o 
+
+
+
+
+Such were Hercules, F.l’eulapius, C aft or and 
+
+
+.Pollux, 
+
+
+r> 
+
+c-c c. 
+
+
+Me roe.', likewife, who by their 
+
+
+illuftrious valour had vaifed themlelves to the rant, 
+of immortals, had a p'acc among thefe. 
+
+The fourth order contained the virtues which 
+had formed great men. as Fidelity, Concord, Con 
+rage, Prudence, &. c.; n,Ci etenthe miferies of life, 
+as Poverty, Pain, &.c. 
+
+
+Tiie twenty gods of the f.rft order were divided 
+into two chills, the hi ft, which was compofed 
+of fix g;ip.., and Tim godd.dfes, formed the council 
+of jupiler. 
+
+The fix gods, were Jupiter, Neptune, Mercury. 
+Tpcllo, Man;, and Vul an. 
+
+The fix goddidlls, jm.o, Ceres, Minerva, Vefta, 
+Diana, and Venus. 
+
+The fecond clals was compofcd of eight divini¬ 
+ties, who did not ailill at the fupremc council, 
+
+the) 
+
+
+
+particular history of the cods. 
+
+
+5 ' 
+
+
+they were called Dii Scledli, felect gods; their 
+names were Cool us, Saturn, Genius, Orcus, Bac¬ 
+chus, Sol, Terra, and Luna. 
+
+Thofc divinities who were not of the firft or 
+fccond clafs, were called hidigetes 
+
+
+and Simones 
+
+
+The word Li ditch’s, ligniiics adding as gods, and 
+
+O ^ L' o O' 
+
+the word Sememes , fignihes half-men, becaufc they 
+svere defetneied from an immortal, either bv the 
+father or mother’s iidc. 
+
+
+PARTICULAR 
+
+
+
+
+OF THE GOD 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+JDffore we give the hiftory of Jupiter, 
+we think it necdliiry to ipeak of Saturn his father, 
+and Cybele his mother. 
+
+The rank of thele two divinities was confiderably 
+inferior to that of Jupiter, who was chief and 
+lovercign of the gods. 
+
+Cybele and Saturn were not reckoned among 
+the celedial deities; but the account we are about 
+to give will ferve to illuftrate the hiftory of their 
+
+Ion Jupiter. 
+
+
+
+SATURN 
+
+
+
+SATURN, JANUS, THE GOLDEN AGE, 
+
+
+r 1 
+
+
+c 
+
+VJ 
+
+
+SATURN, JANUS, THE GOLDEN AGE, AND 
+
+THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
+
+
+Cxelus or Heaven, whom the Greeks 
+
+called Uranus, was bv their account the mod 
+
+* * 
+
+ancient of the gods; as Vella Prifca, or Titea, or 
+Tellus, (names which exp refs the earth) was of 
+the szoddefles. 
+
+
+Their fons were called Titan and Saturn, which, 
+latter was the fame as Chronus or Time. 
+
+The right of feniority infured the iucceflion 
+of the kingdom to Titan, but he, in compliance 
+with his mother’s defire, yielded his right to his 
+younger brother, on condition that he fliouui 
+deftroy all his male children: Saturn, conformably 
+to this agreement, devoured his fons the moment 
+thev were born. 
+
+To compare this with hi lory, before we pro¬ 
+ceed any farther, let us remark that the Phceni • 
+cian word Haluh, fignifies equally to confine, ant 
+to devour, d'liis ambiguity was fufficient to give 
+rife to the inhuman flory of a father devouring 
+his children; but there is another explanation 
+more natuial, given by Cicero. 
+
+The Greeks regarded Saturn, and Time, as the 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+fame god. The name Chronos, which is given t 
+him, lignilies time: now time being eternal, and 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+<53 
+
+
+AND THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
+
+the deflroyer of all, he mull certainly fee his chil¬ 
+dren pcrifh. 
+
+This is the origin of that barbarous allegory. 
+
+But to return to our fabulous hillory: Cybele 
+having brought forth Jupiter, and at the lame 
+time Juno, found means to conceal the former, 
+and in his (lead gave Saturn a Hone, which he 
+devoured. The preceding explanation is fuffi- 
+cientj we hi all only oblerve that this pretended 
+Hone afterwards became an objedt of veneration, 
+and had divine honours paid to it, under the name 
+of Abadir, or Abdir. 
+
+Cybele wifhing to withdraw Jupiter from the 
+fight of Saturn, had him lecretly tranfported to 
+tire ifland of Crete, where he was brought up by 
+the Corybantes, or Curetes. 
+
+The goat Amalthea fuckled him, and the two 
+nymphs, Adrafta and Ida, fometimes called the 
+Mt-liHT, took charge of his infancy. 
+
+The poets relate, that to prevent Saturn from 
+hearing the cries of Jupiter, the prielts of Cybele 
+invented a fort of dance, in which they beat upon 
+brazen fifields. 
+
+Thele precautions, however, did not prevent 
+Titan from being informed of what had palled; 
+and wifhing to preferve lor his children their right 
+of fucceilion to the throne, he made war upon 
+Saturn, conquered him, and threw both him and 
+Cybele into flridt confinement, where they re- 
+
+£ 3 mained 
+
+
+
+54 
+
+
+SATURN, JANUS, THE GOLDEN AGE, 
+
+
+mained, till Jupiter, arrived at years of maturity, 
+made war upon Titan, conquered him, and reftored 
+them to liberty. Jupiter having delivered his 
+father, took poffefkon of the throne for himfelf, 
+and fearing Saturn would employ every method 
+to recover his rights, he drove him from heaven. 
+The dethroned king took refuge in Italy, with 
+
+O . 7 
+
+Janus king of that country, by whom lie was hof- 
+
+C • 9 y r 
+
+picabiy received. 
+
+The kingdom of Janus, from this event, took 
+the name of Latium, which word comes from 
+Latere, to lie hid. 
+
+Again to refer to hi dory : At flume were cele¬ 
+
+
+
+
+brated, in the month of December, the feafl's called 
+Saturnalia, in commemoration of the time that 
+Saturn dwelt in kaiv. During dicir continuance 
+
+
+
+
+no bufir.eik was traniliifted in tuc hnste, nor in the 
+public behoofs j perfons mutually font each other 
+prefnits, and flares wre waited upon by their 
+mafters. This latter cuitom was intended to pre ■ 
+ferve the remembrance of the golden age, in which 
+
+•• > t> > 
+
+all were equally hap[>y. 
+
+This poind, which poets have dcferibid in the 
+mod enchanting colours, continued, alas! only 
+two reigns; tlmfe of Saturn and Janus. The 
+following a <»•(.“; were filled of (live r, braJs and iron. 
+
+So true ii is, (hat a wife government, under a 
+flood prince., is t! c greatrfl blefTing heaven can 
+befnnv upon mortal.-.! 
+
+ft: i .j bur too neceiiary again to repeat Lbi: trut.I*. 
+
+
+
+AND THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
+
+
+55 
+
+
+to man; and to fupport it with authority more 
+reipedtable than that of fiction, let us recoiled, 
+that the Egyptians were never greater or more 
+happy, than under their king Sefoflris. 
+
+Athens did not become the moft flourifiring of 
+cities, till the time of derides, who had no title 
+it is true, but yet enjoyed all the authority of a 
+king; and in the annals of the world, if we feek 
+for the true period of human happinefs, every 
+
+
+heart and mind, will at once recognil'e tire reigns of 
+Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, Tim; m, and Titus. 
+
+
+In a precrd'ng chapter we 
+
+
+nave mown, 
+
+
+that the del!re of happinefs is inherent in man. 
+it was even to funply the place of this irreparable 
+
+i i • k 4 
+
+lofs, that he imagined the goddels ilope: let us at 
+the fame time remark, that the poets, in deferibing 
+the golden age, arc nmre careful to paint the inno¬ 
+cence and primitive virtue wiibh reigned upon 
+the earth, than the abundance. 
+
+
+r j y ' • 
+
+I illS 
+
+
+will injure us to believe, that the}?’ 
+owed their befenptiuns to the dear remem¬ 
+brance of the mod lacrcd, die moil ancient, 
+and confcqutT.tly the bi ll preferved of all tra¬ 
+ditions, iacrcd Writ. To return to fabulous 
+
+Saturn in MMficude for the kind recep¬ 
+tion he had cxpciu need from jaims, and for 
+having been admitted to a participation in his 
+kingdom, endowed him with extraordinary pru¬ 
+dence, to which he added the knowledge of 
+
+
+
+1: 4 
+
+
+future 
+
+
+
+jb MONTHS OF TIIE YEAR. 
+
+future events, and a perpetual remembrance of 
+the paftj which they wifhed to exprefs, by re~ 
+prefenting him with a double face: it is from 
+thence he is called Bifrons. 
+
+To explain this fable. We learn from hif- 
+tory, that Janus v/as reprefented with two faces, 
+becaufe he governed two different people, and 
+becaufe he divided his kingdom with Saturn. 
+He likewife caufed medals to be ftruck with 
+two faces, to fhow that his dominions lhould be 
+governed by the joint councils of himfclf and 
+
+A 
+
+Saturn. 
+
+• • 
+
+
+THE MONTHS OF THE YEAR. 
+
+Janus prefided over the year. He had 
+twelve altars, to drew that it was compofed of 
+twelve months. 
+
+January was fo called from his own name. 
+The word February comes from Fcbruarc , to 
+perform purifications: a ceremony which was 
+praffifed this month in honour of the dead. 
+March takes its name from the god Mars, 
+whofe defeendant Romulus pretended to be, and 
+under whole protection this prince had placed 
+his warlike people. 
+
+April comes from slpcrire, to open; becaufe 
+in this month the earth opens her bofom, to 
+
+pour 
+
+
+
+MONTHS or THE YEAR. 
+
+
+57 
+
+
+pour forth her riches. Some etymologies de¬ 
+rive it from the Greek word Aphrodite, a fur- 
+name of Venus, to whom this month was parti¬ 
+cularly confecrated. 
+
+May is derived from Majorcs, fignifying the 
+eldeft; becaufe it was confecrated to nerfons 
+
+J X 
+
+advanced in years; as June is from Jmuores, 
+the younger, becaule it was confecrated to 
+youth. 
+
+July and Auguft, take their names from the 
+emperors, Julius Ctefar, and Auguflus, 
+
+September, October, November, and Decem¬ 
+ber, are fo called from the rank they occupy 
+in the year. 
+
+Before the time of Julius Caefar and Augus¬ 
+tus, July and Augult, from the fame reafon, 
+.were called quintilis, the fifth, and fextilis , the 
+fixth. 
+
+The year, as originally divided by the Romans, 
+confifted only of ten months, and began with 
+March and April; but Numa Pompilius added 
+January and February, and made the year begin 
+with the former of thole months. 
+
+
+CONCLUSION 
+
+
+
+< 5 ?! 
+
+
+HISTORY OF SATURN AND JANUS. 
+
+
+CONCLUSION of the HISTORY of SATURN, and 
+JANUS, wuii HISTORICAL COMPARISONS. 
+
+
+Janus received divine honours, but 
+neither Saturn nor he were ever ranked among 
+the deities of the nrft clafs. Janus fhould be 
+reckoned among thofe gods called indigetes. 
+
+He was reprefented with a wand in his hand, 
+
+becaufe he prefided over the public ways. He 
+
+likewife holds a key, becaufe he fir ft invented 
+
+doors. He had a temple trebled to him by 
+
+Numa Pompiiius, which was open in time of 
+
+war, and fluit during peace, on which account 
+
+he was regarded as the god of peace. It is 
+
+worthy of remark, that this temple was only 
+
+Ihut thrice by the Romans: under Numa, after 
+
+the fecond Punic war; and in the reign of 
+
+Auuuftus, alter the battle of Ablium. The 
+1 * 
+
+flatucs of Janus frequently exprefs, with the 
+rip la: hand, the number three hundred, and with 
+
+
+
+in aliufion to the extent of the 
+
+
+year. 
+
+
+The invention of crowns, and boat?, is attri¬ 
+buted to him; he was like,vile the lirll vim 
+fund; ioitu- money. It jenns, that it is to 
+
+
+i oi’.ift r 
+
+i i 
+
+
+money. 
+
+
+Janus, more than isiturn, v;c fhould attribute 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF SATURN AND JANUS. 
+
+
+69 
+
+
+the mild and falutary laws which procured their 
+reigns the appellation of the golden age. 
+
+This prince quitted Pernuubea a town of 
+Thefialy, about a hundred and forty fix years 
+
+
+before the taking of Troy. He came by 
+into Latium, and loir.e of his tncLT, 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+upon 
+
+which may be leen the prow of a Tip, are a 
+
+
+proof of his maritime courfe. Warn he ar¬ 
+rived in Latium the inhabitants of that barba¬ 
+rous country lived without laws, and a I mo ft 
+without religion. 
+
+
+This prince h;fretted the ferocity of their 
+manners, affcmblcd them in towns, and gave 
+them laws. It is probable that he brought with 
+him fume remembrance of the fir ft ages of the 
+
+
+world. He made them 
+
+
+<' r i f 
+
+icmioie 
+
+
+of the charms 
+
+
+arifing 
+
+
+of innocence, and the great advantages ^ 
+from the practice of jufdcv. He con trailed 
+the picture of happinefs with that of the 
+iniferies attendant on 
+
+
+ignorance and barbarity; 
+
+
+lie, in lome mcafurc, eu:;!irained them to be 
+happy, and when luce els had crowned his efforts, 
+gratitude raifed altars to iii■; u.c.nory. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+lie is re j)ivIriliv* I by the poets in 
+
+
+their tlcIVi iption of the yokicn a r ;v, \\a;. too 
+f^oocl, too Hcnrruus, t:.> refufe an alyium 
+
+
+to the 
+
+
+1 by jup 
+
+
+lie did more chan receive him wi 
+
+
+,; r i 
+
+
+Li 1 l 
+
+
+io/j )i— 
+
+
+tality, he wifhed to CilVlliC liil> kingdom with 
+
+him ; 
+
+
+
+6.o 
+
+
+HISTORY OF SATURN AND JANUS. 
+
+
+him; but jealous of prcfcrving thofe laws, cyf- 
+tom-j and that mild government, which confla¬ 
+te ted the happinefs of himklf a n d fubjedds, he 
+d : i not admit him to a participation of his 
+power, till he was convinced that his method of 
+governing would be entirely conformable to 
+his own. 
+
+Such is the defeription ol that time, fo cele¬ 
+brated among the Greeks. 
+
+If we are aflonifhed to fee Saturn, both in 
+heaven and on earth, occupy a rank fuperior 
+to his btnefa&or Janus, who was the real reftorer 
+of the golden age; we mud attribute it to the 
+brilliant reputation of his fon Jupiter, who be¬ 
+came the firft and mod powerful of all the 
+pagan deities. 
+
+We fhall fee the hiftory of that god fhortly. 
+
+The reputation of Saturn grew fo famous in 
+Tatium, that the mountain, afterwards named the 
+Capitoline Hill, was called Saturninus; and we 
+find in Dionylius Halicarnaffus, and Judin, that 
+all Italy was, from him, called Saturnia. 
+
+The ancient datucs of Saturn wear chains, 
+in remembrance of thofe with which his fon 
+loaded him ; they were taken off during his 
+leads, the better to drew that his reign had 
+been that of lv.ppincfs and liberty. He is fre¬ 
+quently reprefented under the form of an old 
+
+man, 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF CTRELE. 63 
+
+man, armed wirh a fcythe, to imply that he pre- 
+fided over the times and feafons. 
+
+When under this form, he was called Chronos, 
+or Time. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF CYBELE. 
+
+Though Cybele be of the number of 
+the terreftrial deities, we fhall give her hiftory 
+in this place, as fhe was the wife of Saturn, and 
+mother of Jupiter. 
+
+Cybele was generally regarded as the mother 
+of the major part of the gods, which procured 
+her the appellation of Magna Mater , the Great 
+Mother. 
+
+She had leveral names; the moll common are 
+Dindymene, Id re a, and Berecynthia ; they are de¬ 
+rived from different mountains, where llie was 
+more particularly worfhipped. 
+
+She was likewife called Ops, and Tellus, be- 
+caufe Hie prefidcd over the earth, as Saturn her 
+hufband did over heaven ; and Rhea, derived from 
+a Greek word, which fignifies to flow, becatife all 
+things proceed from the earth. 
+
+Cybele is generally represented fitting, to de¬ 
+note the liability of the earth; lhe carries a 
+drum or difk, emblematical of the winds confined 
+
+
+
+6 2 
+
+
+HISTORY OF CYBELE. 
+
+
+in the bowels of the earth; and wears upon her 
+head a crown, formed with towers : her figure is 
+that of a mafeuline woman; and, the better to 
+exprefs the fertility of the earth, fhe appears in 
+the lath date of pregnancy. 
+
+She has keys in her hands, to fhew, that dur¬ 
+ing winter, fire preferves in her bofom the feeds 
+of every kind of fruit; laftly, her temples were 
+round, in imitation of the orbicular form of 
+the earth. 
+
+
+The feafls of Cybele were called Megalefia, 
+and her pridls Galli, fiom a river of Phrygia. 
+
+It is pretended, that as fcon as they had drank 
+the waters of this river they were feized with 
+fiich a frenzy, that they gave thcmfelvcs wounds 
+with fwords, which procured them, according 
+to fome authors, the name of Corybantes, 
+which fipnifies to firike. But we fliall fee it 
+
+o 
+
+9 
+
+may probably be aferibed to another origin. 
+
+Thefe pneils are lomttimes fliled Curctes, 
+from the if laird of Crete, where they brought 
+up Jupiter; and Dactyli, from a Greek word 
+lignifying finger, becaufe they were ten in num¬ 
+ber, like the lingers of the hand. The feafts 
+
+
+of this goddefs were celebrated to the noife 
+of drums, with Irightful yells and cries. 
+
+At Rome lire had a temple, called Opertum, 
+into which men were never admitted; and the 
+
+
+feaffc of ablution, in honour of Cybele, was 
+
+celebrated 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF CYBELE. 
+
+
+b Z 
+
+
+celebrated there with great magnificence. During 
+this feaft, the ftatue of the goddefs was drawn in 
+proceflion upon a car, with great pomp; an im- 
+menfe retinue accompanied it to where the river 
+Almon falls into the Tyber; when tliey arrived here, 
+the ftatue of the goddels was vvaJhed in the waters 
+of the river. 
+
+This ceremony which took place on the 25th 
+of March, was inftituted in commemoration of 
+the epoch, when the worfhip of Cybele was brought 
+from Phrygia to Rome. 
+
+The Romans, having learned from the verfes of 
+the Sybils, (of whom we fhall fpcak in the courfe 
+of this work) that they were to honour Cybele, 
+as being the mother of the gods, lent a fpiendid 
+embaffy into Phrygia, to demand die ftatue of 
+the goddefr, which was of black llone ; t!ie requeft 
+was granted, and it was tranfported by lea, but as 
+loon as it arrived at the mouth o.Tke Tybcr, the 
+veffel flopped, and every effort to make it advance 
+was in vain. 
+
+The oracle, or the book of the Sybils, was again 
+
+
+of bringing it into 
+
+
+coniultcd, and returned for anlv/rr, that a virgin 
+alone could have the power 
+port. The cicfirc of plcafmg is always dangerous 
+when imprudently indulged without reftraint; it 
+had till then had too much Iway over the young 
+and beautiful Claudia j doubts injurious to her 
+honour began to aiilc, and in vain did flic fhed 
+
+
+tears 
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+HIStO'RV (5 f tYBELfi. 
+
+
+tears of for row, and remorfe, at feeing her reputa¬ 
+tion blafted. 
+
+Being informed of the anfwer of the oracle, 
+ihe earneftly folicited to undergo this trial; ft was 
+granted, and fhe appeared in the midft of the 
+Roman people, decked in all her beauty. Her 
+demeanour, at once full of modefty and dignity, 
+flowed her to be fiiperior to all fear; fcorning 
+iufpicions which fhe knew to be unfounded; and 
+confcious of her own innocence, with an audible 
+voice, ihe addreffed a prayer to the goddefs, and 
+fattening her girdle to the veffel, it in an infant 
+
+O O J 
+
+% 
+
+advanced without the leak oppofition. 
+
+Hi (lory informs us that Cybele was daughter 
+to a king of Phrygia; flie left her own country 
+to go to Latium, where fine married Saturn. She 
+was the fir it who fortified the walls of cities with 
+
+
+towers, which is the rcafon of her being repre- 
+i’ented with a crown of towers upon her head, 
+Cybele, before lire was defined for the wife of 
+Saturn, had icen Atys, a young Phrygian, whole 
+love ilie fought, but he preferred the nymph San- 
+garis, daughter of Sangar, king of Phrygia,, 
+This fable tells us, that the goddefs revenged her- 
+felf upon Atys, in the perion of Sangaris; her 
+life was attached to that of a tree, which being cut 
+down, the nymph perifhed. 
+
+Atys in dcfpair became furious • his frenzy led 
+him into the mountains of Phrygia, where he (tabbed 
+
+him fell 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF CYBELE. 
+
+
+himfelf with a knife ■, he was at the point of death, 
+when Gybele, having companion upon a mortal 
+whom fhe had fo tenderly loved, changed him 
+into a pine, which tree was confecrated to her 
+ever after. 
+
+This fable of Atys and Sangaris, is founded 
+upon the circumftance of Midas king of Pdlinus 
+having promifed his daughter in marriage to the 
+young Atys; Cybele learning fhe had a rival, 
+alfembled her troops, haftened to PelTinus, and 
+entered the city by cutting down the gates; Atys 
+endeavoured in vain to relift this attack; he was 
+dangeroufly wounded, and Sangaris died of grief 
+and defpair. 
+
+All that we can learn from hiftory, refpetfhing 
+the birth and name of Cybele, is, that fhe was 
+expofed the moment fhe was born, without alfign- 
+ing any caufe, or informing us how fhe came to 
+be known by her father, the king of Phrygia. She 
+was called Cybele, from the name of the mountain 
+upon which fhe was found expofed. 
+
+Some etymologifts think this name derived 
+from an Hebrew word, which fignifies to bring 
+forth with forrow, and that the tradition of hive's 
+being condemned to bring forth in forrow is con¬ 
+cealed under this fable. 
+
+The worfhip of Cybele, and of the earth, is 
+extremely ancient; many authors aflert, that Cad¬ 
+mus firft brought it into Europe. 
+
+F 
+
+
+They 
+
+
+
+66 
+
+
+THE VESTALS, AND VESTA. 
+
+
+They fay that Dardanus, (who was contempo¬ 
+rary with Cadmus) after the death of his brother 
+Jafon, came with Cybele his filler in law, and 
+Corybas his nephew into Phrygia, where thev 
+introduced the myfterious rites of the earth and 
+the mother of the gods; that Cybele gave her 
+name to this goddefs, and that her priefts were 
+called Corybantes, from Corybas. Such appears 
+to be tire origin of the worfhip of the earth, 
+which, with other ceremonies of the Egyptians, 
+fpread firft into Syria and Phoenicia, and after¬ 
+wards into Phrygia, which is a part of Afia Minor, 
+from whence it was imported into Greece and 
+Italy. The name of Vefla Prifca, or Veda Tel- 
+lus, is frequently given to Cybele, but fire muf. 
+not be confounded with tire fecond Vefla, daughter 
+of Saturn, who was the goddefs of fire, and pre- 
+fided over virginity. We fhall now give her 
+
+hiflor”. 
+
+* 
+
+
+Of THE VEST.'. LS, AND OF VESTA, GOD 
+
+
+DESS OF FIRE AMD VIRGINITY. 
+
+
+r^uM a PoMi'iucs railed an altar to Vefla, 
+daughter of Saturn, and inflituted thofc celebrated 
+prieftdTes who bore tire name of Veflals. At firll 
+they were only four in number, but were after¬ 
+wards increafed to feven. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+THE VESTALS, AMD VESTA. 
+
+
+6 / 
+
+
+The Roman virgins deilined for the fervice of 
+Vella, were chofen between the age of fix and ten 
+years. Their birth muft be without Spot, and then- 
+bodies without blemifh. 
+
+The time of their coniecrntion to Veil a laded 
+thirty years, during which they were vowed to 
+
+
+virginity 
+
+
+O 
+
+a 
+
+
+nd it was not till after this term that 
+
+
+they were free from their pridthood, and at liberty 
+to marry. 
+
+During the fiiTc ten years they were inflrucled 
+in the duties of their office, pracliied 
+the fecond ten, and in the ten la If years inltrudled 
+the novices. 
+
+The principal em]>loyment of the veilals con- 
+
+
+it curing 
+
+
+fiffed in conllaiuly maintaining the facred fire 
+
+
+which burnt in honour of Vdlj, 
+
+If very year during the kalends of March, this 
+fire was renewed by the rays of the fun. 
+
+Or io much importance was the prefervation of 
+the lucred fire confidered, that when it happened 
+to expire, all public games were interdided till 
+the crime fhould be expiated. Tins event was 
+the hibjeft of general mourning; it was 
+
+
+con 
+
+
+fidered as the mod melancholy prefage. Isvery 
+eye attentively fought the caufe of this public cala¬ 
+mity, fufpicions of every fort were entertained, and 
+fometimes they fell upon the veflals. It was 
+difficult to elude refcarehes, and if one of them 
+
+r 2 led. 
+
+
+
+68 
+
+
+THE VESTALS, AND VESTA. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+had violated her vows, nothing could fave her 
+from death; fhe was buried alive. 
+
+It was on an occafion of this kind, that Emilia 
+one of the veflals being fufpedted, threw her 
+veil upon the lacred allies, which immediately 
+rekindled. 
+
+/Eneas is iuppofed to be the original inflitutor 
+of the veltals, and Numa Pompilius only the 
+reviver of them. 'The common opinion was, that 
+befides the lacred fire, the temple of Vella con¬ 
+tained the palladium, the houfehold gods, arid 
+other images, which the pious /Eneas had laved 
+from the ruins of Troy and brought with him 
+into Italy.. 
+
+9 
+
+Thefe precious depofits were looked upon a-, 
+neceffary to the prefervation of Rome, and it was 
+to fave them that Cecilius Metellus precipitated 
+himfelf into the flames, when the temple of Vella 
+was on fire, whilft the timid prieflefles lied in every 
+direction. 
+
+
+'I'he Romans rewarded this generous action, by 
+railing a ftatue to him, in the capitol, bearing an 
+honourable inlcription. 
+
+It is certain that the worlhip of Vefta and of 
+fire was brought from Phrygia by /Eneas, and the 
+Trojans that accompanied him, but the Phrygians 
+them (elves originally received it from the Eall. 
+
+
+The Chaldeans held lire in great veneration, 
+
+
+
+regarded it as a deity. 
+
+
+JUPITER. 
+
+
+
+JUPITER. 
+
+
+
+J U P I T Ii R. 
+
+
+w„« we wifh thorot 
+
+gate the idea which the Pagans entertained of this 
+firft of gods, we are terrified at the attempt. 
+
+■nerality oftheirphilofophers fnppofed Jupi¬ 
+ter to be the purefl air, the tether, and Juno, his 
+wife, the groffer air which furrounds our globe. 
+
+Thofe who looked upon him as an animated 
+god, as one of thofe men whole great exploits 
+had procured him divine honours, did not hefitate 
+to contradift themfelves in the moft palpable man¬ 
+ner, by attributing to him the bafeft actions and 
+the blacked crimes. 
+
+Sometimes they defcribe him as abfolute fove- 
+reign of gods and men, as the principle of all 
+juftice; and not unfrequently as the weakeft and 
+molt criminal of men. What idea of the divinity 
+had then thefe Greeks and Romans, of whole 
+boafled delicacy of fentimcnt we hear fo much : 
+
+What renders the hi (lory of Jupiter flill more 
+
+obfcure, is, that there were ieveral of the name, 
+
+and all their different aftions were attributed 
+
+to him, who was king of Crete, as being the mold 
+generally known. 
+
+I he ancients are by no means agreed concern¬ 
+ing the number of Jupirers. Diodorus Siculus 
+
+
+? 
+
+
+>' ■] 
+
+
+reckons 
+
+
+
+;o 
+
+
+JUPITER, 
+
+
+reckons two; the fir ft a prince of the family of 
+Atlas; the fecond, confiderably more famous, was 
+his nephew and king of Crete, who extended the 
+limits of his empire to the extremities or Europe 
+and Africa. 
+
+Cicero counts three; the firfr born in Arcadia, 
+was the fon or Alt her, and father of Prcferpine 
+and Baccfvs; the feccnd was fon of Callus, and 
+father of. ..Cucrva, who, according to Cicero, was 
+
+
+r- 
+X 
+
+
+tiic firu that in war. The third was ion 
+
+o o 
+
+of Saturn, born in the ifiand of Crete, where 
+
+hi., tomb was formerly to be feen. The m me of 
+
+¥ 
+
+limiter is confiderably more ancient than Cicero 
+
+‘ I • 
+
+and Diodorus appear to think. The full of all is 
+
+i X 
+
+the Jupiter Ammon of the Lybians. 'There is 
+
+reafon to b- iieve this Ammon was Mam himfelr 
+
+v.hom his fon Myfraim, or TGefiraim, railed to 
+
+% 
+
+the rank of a divinitv. It is \ ii known, that this 
+
+J J 
+
+patriarch and his family rent to fettle in Egypt, 
+wnich in feripture is culled the land of Mefraim, 
+o; Ammon, or Noummoo. 
+
+Jupiter Serapis, wcriliipped in the fame country, 
+is alJo very ancient. 
+
+Jupiter Beilis, mentioned by Herodotus, was 
+the Jupiter of the Afiyriaiis. According to the 
+fame author Heaven was the jupiter of the Per- 
+iians. Hie Greeks, on the contrary, looked 
+
+' J 
+
+upon Coclus, or Uranus, as the grand-father of 
+
+Jupiter, 
+
+Amonu 
+
+
+
+JUPITER. 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+Among the number of the mod ancient Jupi- 
+ters, fhould be ranked that of Thebes in Egypt: 
+fince, according to the laft-mentioned author,, it 
+was a priedefs of this god who brought the firft 
+oracle into Greece. 
+
+The Scythians had their Jupiter, 
+gave him a particular name. 
+
+
+
+nation 
+
+
+The Ethiopians called him Affabinus. The 
+Gauls Taranus. The inhabitants of the Lower 
+
+The Arabians Chronos. The Afiy- 
+
+
+Nile Apis 
+
+
+£> 
+
+
+rians Belus, or Zeus. 
+
+We fhail not give a complete lift of all thefe 
+names, nor the hiftory of thofc who bore them ; 
+lince, according to Varro, their number amounted 
+to three hundred. In the firft a arcs of the work!, 
+the majority of kings took this name; which 
+cuftom did not ceafe till after the takinsr 
+of Troy. 
+
+1‘his is the realbn why fo many different coun¬ 
+tries boallcd the honour of having given birth to 
+Jupiter, and a!mod ail brought I'ome proof in fup- 
+port of their abortion. We ihall diftinguifh thole 
+who were the mod famous. 
+
+lie who carried off Europa, is Jupiter Afterius, 
+father of Minos, 
+
+porary \vi l h Cadmus, about 1400 years before the 
+
+Chriflian aw a. 
+
+J who clpouled die dauduer of Atlas, lived 
+
+
+KUV % r Ol 
+
+
+me, anu was ccurem- 
+
+
+E 4 
+
+
+n 00 lit 
+
+
+
+JUPITER. 
+
+
+before the taking of Troy. 
+
+
+fi 
+
+about a hundred and forty years before the capture 
+of Troy. 
+
+He who entered into the tower of Danae was 
+Jupiter Prastus, uncle to that princefs. 
+
+He who was the father of Hercules, lived 
+about 70 years 
+Laftly, 
+
+He who had by Leda the two Diofcures, C aft or 
+and Pollux, lived much about the fame epoch. 
+
+It would be ufelefs to give the hiftory of all 
+that have borne this name. It is probable that the 
+events of all their different lives have been united 
+to furnifli materials for the hiftory of one ftngle 
+Jupiter. 
+
+We Hr all content ourfelves, therefore, with 
+explaining what Mythology has thought proper to 
+preferve, and leave it to the refearches of the 
+learned to determine the difference between theft 
+feveral gods. 
+
+The hiftory of Jupiter being found continually 
+mixed with that of the other gods; we think it 
+indifpenfably neceffary to give it with its principal 
+particulars, we fhall in confequencc relate what 
+we find recorded of him in fi&ion, and Hi all after¬ 
+wards cite what is tranfmitted to us by tradition 
+% 
+
+and hiftory. We fhall recount the names by which 
+he was moft commonly diftinguifhed, the manner 
+in which he was represented, and the worfhip which 
+was paid to him. 
+
+
+hy 
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+73 
+
+
+By treating his hiftory thus largely we fliall 
+eonfiderably facilitate that of the other gods, and 
+enable the reader to form a more diftinft idea of 
+Mythology in general. 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+The ftory of Saturn anti Cybele has 
+
+already made us acquainted with the birth of this 
+god. Cybele after having prefented the ftone, 
+called Abdir, to Saturn, which he immediately 
+devoured, confided the care of Jupiter’s infancy 
+to the Curetes, and it was to prevent his cries 
+from being heard that they danced finking their 
+fhields with their lances. 
+
+Saturn, before the birth of Jupiter, had already 
+devoured Vefta his eldell daughter, Ceres, Juno, 
+Pluto, and Neptune. 
+
+Rhea finding herfelf pregnant with Jupiter, 
+laved him in the manner we have juft related; and 
+had him afterwards fecretly tran(ported into the 
+ifle of Crete, where he was concealed in a cave 
+called Ditto; and two nymphs of the country. 
+Ad raft a and Ida, otherwife called Meiiffe, took 
+charge of his infancy, and the milk of the goat 
+Amalthea nourifhed him. 
+
+
+As 
+
+
+
+74 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JITITER. 
+
+
+As foon as Jupiter arrived at years of maturity 
+he afiociated with Metis, a name which fmnifies 
+Providence, that is to fay, from that time he dif- 
+played great prudence. Metis advifed him to 
+give his father a drink, which made him calf up 
+the Hone Abdir, and immediately all the children 
+which he had devoured were reftored to life. 
+It is here neceffary to remind the reader of the 
+explanation we gave in the hifeory of Saturn, of 
+the Phoenician word Balah, which fignihes either 
+to confine, or to devour. We fin all then perceive 
+that Jupiter, by his prudence, 
+deliver his brothers and filters from prifon, who 
+combined to make war upon their father Saturn, 
+and the Titans his relations. 
+
+After tins war, .which tailed ten vears, Terra 
+
+
+
+means to 
+
+
+foretold to Jupiter, that lie lhould gain a complete 
+victory over his enemies, provided he could fc 
+at liberty thole Titans, whom his father held, 
+confined in Tartarus, and could enuage them to 
+
+** K _J 
+
+
+take part in hi> caule. 
+
+He un-vicrt').')k tills dimerous adventure, killed 
+Campe who guarded the prifon, and delivered 
+his relations. 
+
+
+ov wnom we 
+
+
+It was then that the Cyclops 
+(hall fpe.ik hereafter—furnilhed Jupiter with 
+thunder, vb.ich has ever lince been Ins common 
+fymhol; at the fame time thee gave Pluto a he 1 • 
+
+
+! ^ 
+
+
+met, ;u;u .v.-ptune a tiu.cnt. 
+
+
+\ » * \ 
+
+\ 111 ’ 
+
+
+
+DIVISION OF THE WORLD* 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+With thefc arms they vanquifhed Saturn, whom 
+
+
+Jui 
+
+
+treated as Saturn had treated his father 
+
+
+Uranus. He precipitated him into the lowed; 
+gulph of 1 'artarus, with the Titans, where they 
+were guarded by Hecatonchires, giants, woo had 
+an hundred hands. It was after this viTmv that 
+the three brothers, feeing t Pi C i nfelves mafters of 
+the univerfe, divided it amnngft ti'.ern. 
+
+Jupiter had Heaven for his part; Neptune the 
+Sea; and Pluto the Infernal Regions. 
+
+
+EXPLANATION' OF THE DIVISION OF THE 
+
+WORLD. 
+
+Before we proceed any further in the 
+
+
+fabulous hiftory of Jupiter, we Until give the man¬ 
+ner in which the learned explain this celebrated 
+divifion of the world. 
+
+They almoll all agree in regarding it as a con¬ 
+futed tradition of the beginning of the world, 
+ncaily the fame as related in the book of Genefis, 
+Noah, fay they, divided the earth amongft his three 
+children, Sliem, I lam, and Japhet. 
+
+Africa became the portion of Cham ; anti there 
+is great probability that it was he, who was after¬ 
+wards known under the name of Jupiter; for in 
+f.gvpt there was a city conteeratcd to his honour. 
+
+Bchdes 
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+76 
+
+Befides, the names of Cham or Ham bear great 
+affinity to that of Ammon, fo celebrated in Africa. 
+Japhet, fecond fon of Noah, had for his fhare 
+all the maritime parts of Afia, with the Archi¬ 
+pelago and Europe, which caufed him afterwards 
+to be accounted god of the fea. Shem, third fon 
+of Noah, had the reft of Afia; where tire worfhip 
+of fire became almoft general, which occafioning 
+conflagrations that confirmed feveral cities, pro¬ 
+cured him the appellation of god of the infernal 
+regions. We fir all again return to this divifion, 
+when we have related what hiftory has prelervcd 
+concerning Jupiter. 
+
+
+CONTINUATION OF THE FABULOUS 
+
+TORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+
+nr. Titans and giants having refolved 
+to revenge rhemfelves upon Jupiter, undertook to 
+beflegc him, even in heaven, that is, upon Mount 
+Olympus, where he generally refided. 
+
+For this purpofe they piled the mountains Ofl'a 
+and Pelion upon each other. 
+
+Jupiter, terrified at the fight of fuch formidable 
+enemies, called all the gods and goddefles to his 
+affiftance. The firfb who came was Styx, daugh¬ 
+ter of Oceanus and Thetis, accompanied by hci 
+
+r children. 
+
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+71 
+
+
+children, Vi&ory, Power, Emulation, and Strength. 
+Jupiter was fo pleafed with her diligence that he 
+decreed, that every oath made in the name of the 
+
+
+gocldefs 
+
+
+Styx-—who was afterwards confounded 
+
+
+with one of the rivers of hell—fhould be held 
+
+
+facred even by himfelf. The eonfequence of vio¬ 
+lating this oath, was the forfeiture of their divine 
+privileges for a century. 
+
+The giants, fons of Ccelum and Terra, were 
+of a monflrous fize, and proportionate Arcngth. 
+Their afpedt was fierce and terrible, and their 
+
+
+lower parts refetnbled that of a ferpent. Their 
+general refidence was in the Phlegrean plains. 
+In the aflault which they made upon heaven, they 
+threw enormous rocks and flaming trees. 
+
+The mod formidable of them were Porphyrion 
+and Alcyoneus : the latter was to be immortal as 
+long as he fhould remain in the place of his nativity. 
+
+What molt terrified Jupiter was a prediftion, 
+
+that the giants could neither be vanquifhed nor 
+
+flain, unlefs fome mortal came to the affiftance 
+of the gods. 
+
+Jupiter in conlcquence forbade Aurora, the Sun, 
+anil Moon, to appear and diicover his defigns ; 
+he prevented the Earth, who wiflied to fuccour 
+her children; and by the advice of Pallas invited 
+Hercules, to come and a (Till him. 
+
+
+I Ins hero, with his arrows, leveral times over¬ 
+threw the terrible Alcyoneus, but he receiving 
+
+frefli 
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTOltV OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+
+frefli vigour every time he touched the earth, 
+Pallas feized him by the middle of the body, and 
+tranfported him beyond the moon, where he ex- 
+
+In the mean time, Porphyrion attacked at once 
+Hercules, and Juno; but, furprifed at the beauty 
+of the goddefs, he fufpencled his ftroke a moment 
+to gaze at her, and was immediately flruck dead 
+by the thunder of Jupiter, and the arrows c- 
+Hercules. 
+
+
+
+t f C 
+CL 11 J 
+
+
+Epialtcs, and Ot'uis his brother, fons of A 1 
+and Iphimedia, who were furnamed the Aloidcs, 
+attacked the god of war; the former was c'ifabled 
+from the f:ghg by having his eyes pierced wit!) 
+
+
+the arrows of Apollo and Hercules. 
+
+
+Eurytia 
+
+
+daring Hercules to the combat, was killed by 
+that hero with an oaken club; whilfb Vulcan, 
+with a red hot iron bar, brought Clytius to the 
+
+
+ground. 
+
+
+EneeUulus feeing the gods victoriou. . 
+
+V. > CJ 
+
+
+was going to fly, but Mirtiva IboppeJ his cowrie, 
+by overwhelming him vith the ifland of Sidle. 
+Polybotes, punned by Neptune, fled acrols tin' 
+fea, and had jufl reached the ifland of Cos, when 
+that god tearing up part of it, threw it upon the 
+body of the giant, which formed a new ifland o 
+the name of Nvivros. 
+
+
+Minerva, on her part, having vanquifhed the 
+giant Pallas, flayed linn, and wore his (kin as he; 
+armour. Mercury, who had on the helmet of 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+Pluto, 
+
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+79 
+
+
+Pluto, killed the giant Hippolytus; Diana, Ora¬ 
+tion j and the Fates flew Agrius and Thaon. The 
+Ihu th enraged at this viftory, redoubled her efforts, 
+and poured from her bofom the dreadful Typhon, 
+who alone was more formidable to the gods than 
+all the other giants collectively. His head reached 
+heaven; he was half man, and half ferpent ; the 
+light of this monitor fo terrified the gods, who 
+were come to the alfiftance of Jupiter, that they 
+lied from heaven, and took refuge in Egypt. 
+
+This retreat having confiderably weakened the 
+party of Jupiter, gave occafion to the ftory that 
+Typhon had cut off the hands of that god with 
+his own weapon, a feythe ol adamant. This ter¬ 
+rible enemy allowing the gods no refpite, purfued 
+them into Egypt, where they metamorphofed 
+themlelves into different animals; Apollo into a 
+crow, Bacchus into a goat, Diana into a cat, Juno 
+into a cow, Venus into a lilh, and Mercury into 
+a fwan; which means, that they embarked on 
+board v elf. Is, carrying the(e different figures at 
+their prows. 
+
+
+Typhon having deprived Jupiter of his hands 
+and legs, with the diamond icythe, carried him 
+into Sicily, and confined him in a cave, under the 
+guard of a mender, half woman and half ferpent. 
+
+Mercury and Pan, having eluded the vigilance 
+of his keeper, reflored Jupiter his hands and feet, 
+that is, let him at liberty; and this god, having 
+
+mounted 
+
+
+
+8 o 
+
+
+FABULOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+mounted a chariot drawn by Hying horfes, purfued 
+Typhon with his thunder, to the fartheft part of 
+Arabia; from thence he drove him into Thrace, 
+where the giant having torn up a mountain, whirled 
+it at Jupiter, who drove it back upon him with 
+a thunder bolt; at laft Typhon having fled into 
+Sicily, was there whelmed by Jupiter under 
+mount Etna. Earthquakes, fays the fable, are 
+the efforts of Typhon to clifengage himfelf from 
+the mountain which opprefles him. 
+
+After the defeat of the Titans, and giants, 
+Jupiter devoted the whole of his attention to the 
+government of the univerfe, and the happinefs of 
+mankind. 
+
+Hefiod fays, that Jupiter was married feven 
+times. His wives were Metis, Themis, Eury- 
+nome, Ceres, Mncmoflne, Latona, and Juno, who 
+appears to have been the lad, and molt celebrated. 
+
+By thefe he had a great number of children; 
+he had likewife feveral by mortals, with whom he 
+frequently formed attachments. Though all thole 
+who are mentioned in fabulous hiffory do not 
+belong to the fame Jupiter, yet we ffiall give the 
+account of them as we find it there, as they 
+fo repeatedly occur among the demi-gods and 
+heroes. 
+
+Mctamorpho fed into a fwan, he had by Leda, 
+Caflor and Pollux. By Europa, daughter of 
+Agenor, he had Minos, and Radamantluis. By 
+
+Califto, 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+! TABU LOUS HISTORY OF JUPITER. &I 
+
+I 
+
+* 
+
+I Califto, Areas. By Niobe, Pelafgus. By Sar- 
+dane, Sarpedon and Argus. By Alcmena, the 
+wife of Amphitrion, Hercules. By Antiope, Am- 
+pliion and Zetes. By Danae, Perfeus. 
+Iodamc, Deucalion. By Carne, the daughter of 
+Eubulus, Britomarte. By the nymph Schytinide, 
+Megara. By Protogenia, iEthilius, father of 
+Indymion, and Memphis, who afterwards efpoufed 
+Lydia. By Toredea, Arcefilaus. By Ora, Colax. 
+By Cyrnos, Cyrneus. By Eledtra, Dardanus. 
+By Tlialia, the gods Palices. By Garamantis, 
+Iarbas, Philea, and Pilumnus. By Ceres, Pro- 
+lerpine. By Mnemofyne, (for whom he meta- 
+morphofed himfelfinto a fhepherd) the Nine Mufes. 
+By Juno, Mars. By Maia, daughter of Adas, 
+Mercury. By Latona, Apollo, and Diana. By 
+Dione, Venus. By Metis, or Providence, Mi¬ 
+nerva, goddefs of wifdom. By Semele, daughter 
+of Cadmus, Bacchus. 
+
+We fhall not be furpril'ed at this long lift of 
+children, when v/e reflect, that many different 
+characters have borne the fame name. 
+
+The Cretan Jupiter, being the moft celebrated 
+of all, has principally engaged the attention of the 
+poets, and ancient authors. 
+
+In his hiltory they have united whatever was 
+remarkable in that of all others of the name. 
+
+
+
+G 
+
+
+HISTORY 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUPITER 
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUPITER AMD TIIE TITAN 
+
+PRINCES. 
+
+1 
+
+The following hiftory is principally taken 
+
+from Diodorus, who extracted it himfelf from 
+
+♦ 
+
+Evhemerus. Father Pczron has proved its au¬ 
+thenticity in the cleared: manner, by coliefling in 
+fupport of it all the fcattered padages which vc 
+meet with in ancient authors. 
+
+The Scythians, defendants of Magog, the 
+fecond fon of Japhet, eftablilhed thernfelves firk 
+in the northern provinces of Upper Afia. Dividing, 
+afterwards into different branch,es, feme went to 
+fettle in Margiana, Baflria, and the moft eaflern 
+parts of Sogdiana, whilfl others dire fled their 
+courfe towards Iberia, and Albania, between the 
+•Cafpian and Euxine feus. 
+
+Becoming too numerous for the country which 
+they inhabited, they went in fcarch of new abodes. 
+Armenia, according to Strabo, was the fir ft place 
+they took poffefiion of; they afterwards advanced 
+into Cappadocia, and direeling their courfe always 
+towards the weft, they fixed their refidcnce in the 
+countries watered by the Thcrmodon and Iris, 
+where they built the city Acmonia, fio called from 
+Acmon ion of Phanes their leader. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+AND THE TITAN PRINCES. 
+
+
+
+The defire of conqueft led Acmon into Phrygia, 
+where he built another city, likewife called Acmo- 
+nia; and after making himfelf matter of Phoenicia 
+and Syria, died, in confequence of having over 
+fatigued himfelf in the chace. 
+
+He was ranked among the gods, by the name 
+of the Molt High. 
+
+Uranus, which fignifies in Greek, heaven, the 
+
+fon and fuccelfor of Acmon, efpoufed Titoea, or 
+
+the earth, and had by her fcveral children, who 
+
+from their mother were called Titans, a name 
+
+fo celebrated in ancient hiftory, and which caufed 
+
+« * 
+
+them to be regarded as the offspring of the earths 
+Thefe princes exceeding in flrength and ftature 
+the common race of men, were called giants; 
+and from thence the Titans and giants have fre¬ 
+quently been confounded together, though it is 
+necefiary to make a clear diftinftion between 
+them. 
+
+Uranus was fo called by the ancients, only 
+becaufe he applied himfelf clofely to the fludy of 
+aftronomy. His defeendants, dextrous in availing 
+them felves of whatever might exalt their illuftrious 
+family, feized the opportunity offered by the names 
+Uranus and Titoea, to report that they were the 
+children of heaven and earth. 
+
+
+Uranus fo for iiirpafled his father Acmon, and 
+his predeceffbrs, that he feems almoft to have 
+
+
+C 2 
+
+
+effaced 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUPITER 
+
+
+s 4 
+
+effaced from the memory of pofterity, the names 
+of thofe from whom he was defeended. This 
+prince paffed the Bofphorus, carried his arms into 
+Thrace, and conquered feveral iflands, among 
+others that of Crete, the government of which he 
+gave to one of his brothers whofe male children 
+were called Curetes. Uranus afterwards invaded 
+the other provinces of Europe j penetrated even 
+into Spain, and paffing the ftraits which feparate 
+that country from Africa, he over-ran the coalb 
+of that part of the world; from whence returning, 
+
+he directed his courfe towards the north of Eu- 
+
+% 
+
+rope, and reduced the whole country to fubjedtion. 
+
+Uranus had leveral children. Titan, Oceanus, 
+Hyperion, Japetus, Chronos, or Saturn ; when 
+arrived at manhood, they conlpired againft their 
+father, but were all overcome and thrown into 
+prifon, except Oceanus, who had not engaged in 
+the plot. 
+
+Saturn being releafed bv his mother Titcea, libe- 
+
+* * 
+
+rated his brothers, who having in their turn feized 
+their father Uranus, out of gratitude conferred the 
+kingdom upon their deliverer Saturn. Not long 
+after however fymptoms of jealoufy and difeontent 
+appeared among fome of them, but thefe were 
+quickly fupprefied; Saturn now met with no more 
+refinance, and Uranus reduced to the condition ol 
+a private individual, died of grief. 
+
+j Saturn 
+
+
+
+AND THE TITAN PRINCES. 
+
+
+85 
+
+Saturn feeing himfelf mailer of a vaft empire, 
+efpoufed his filter Rhea, and with the title of king, 
+affumed the crown and diadem. 
+
+Uranus, when dying, and Titcea enraged at the 
+conduit of their fon Saturn, told him that his own 
+children would one day treat him in the fame 
+manner that he had treated his hither. Terrified 
+at a menace and a reproach which he was con- 
+fcious ofhavingfojuftlydeferved, Saturn regarded 
+this as a prediction, and to avoid its effeCts, caufed 
+all his children to be confined, without any diftinc- 
+tion of lex. 
+
+Rhea, afflicted beyond meafure at this cruelty, 
+had the addrefs to fave Jupiter, and fent him from 
+Arcadia, where he then was, into Crete, where his 
+uncles, the Curetes, brought him up in the receffes 
+of mount Ida. 
+
+Such is the origin of the fable which reprefents 
+Saturn devouring his children, and that of the Hone 
+which was prefented to him for Jupiter ; a fable 
+explained by the ambiguity of the Phoenician word 
+Balah. In the mean time, the Titans who beheld 
+the grandeur of Saturn with a jealous eye, revolted 
+from him, and feizing his perfon, committed him 
+to clofe confinement. 
+
+Jupiter, at that time very young, but of intrepid 
+courage, quitted the ifle of Crete, defeated the 
+T itans, delivered his father, rc-eflablifhed him 
+on his throne, and returned home victorious. 
+
+o j Saturn 
+
+
+
+86 
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUPITER 
+
+
+Saturn after this reigned feveral years, but age,, 
+and the remembrance of his own conduct towards 
+his father Uranus, rendering him fufpjcious, he 
+confulted the oracle, which returned for anfwer, 
+that he had every thing to fear from the youngeft 
+of his children. 
+
+From that time he endeavoured by every me¬ 
+thod to get rid or Jupiter: lie laid fnares for him 
+which the latter conftantly efcaped. At lafl, fee¬ 
+ing himfelf every day expofed to new dangers, 
+the young prince thought ferioufly of defending 
+himfelf. Soon after this, Saturn came into Crete, 
+of which he was fovereign, in purfuit of his fon; 
+but thole whom he had appointed to govern 
+it, taking part with Jupiter, he was obliged to 
+retire with precipitation into that part of Greece 
+called afterwards Pcloponnefus. 
+
+Jupiter followed him, and Saturn being de¬ 
+feated was obliged to fly for refuge into Italy, 
+where he was favourably received by Janus. 
+
+The Titans, at that time fcattered over all 
+Greece, alarmed at the power of the new con¬ 
+queror, and being folicited by Saturn, affembled 
+
+# 
+
+troops and offered him battle ■, but being de¬ 
+feated, they fled with Saturn into the fartheft parts 
+of Spain. 
+
+Jupiter, having firlt delivered his brothers and 
+fillers, purfued the Titans to their place of retreat, 
+and gave them a fecond defeat, in the vicinity 
+
+of 
+
+
+
+AND THE TITAN PRINCES 
+
+
+s 7 
+
+
+of TartefTus, which terminated this war, after it 
+had lafted ten years. 
+
+Saturn, feeing himfelf no longer fecure, in a 
+country of which his fon was mafter, palled 
+into Sicily, where he experienced the fate pre¬ 
+dicted by his expiring father, and died of grief. 
+
+It was from this period that the reign of 
+
+
+Jupiter 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+young, to ihow that he was the lad of Saturn’s 
+children, and, at the fame time, that he gained 
+great reputation during his youth. In the courfe 
+of time, Parer, or Father, was added to it, from 
+whence was formed jouparer, and Jupiter. 
+
+Becoming mailer of a mighty empire, he ef- 
+poufed his filler, cailed by the Romans Juno, and 
+by the Greeks Hera, or Miilrcfs. The name of 
+Jovis was likewife given to Jupiter, and the word 
+Father was added, to exprcfs that he was fove- 
+reign of the pods. 
+
+Finding it impoffiblc to govern alone fuch 
+
+
+& 
+
+
+extenfive dominions, he appointed governors to 
+afliil him. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus informs us, that Atlas go¬ 
+verned the frontiers of Afiica, and became fo 
+famous there, that he gave name to the chain of 
+mountains extending to the fea : this name they 
+Hill retain. And (or the lame realon, that part of 
+the lea, which waihes thefe mountains, was called 
+die Atlantic Ocean. We likewife learn, from 
+
+
+< # 
+
+
+I- 
+
+
+ancient 
+
+
+
+88 
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUPITER 
+
+
+ancient authors, that Pluto was governor of the 
+weftern parts of the empire of the Titans, of the 
+Gauls, and of Spain, which we fhall fpeak of in 
+the hiftory of that god. 
+
+After the death of Pluto, the government 
+was given to Mercury, who acquired great repu¬ 
+tation, and became the principal divinity of 
+the Celts. 
+
+The hiftory of the other governors we are ig¬ 
+norant of. It is only known that Jupiter refervcd 
+for himfelf the Eaft, Greece, the Grecian Ides, 
+
+
+and that part of Afia from whence his ariceflurs 
+proceeded. 
+
+It is eafily perceived, without doubt, that theie 
+traditions, and hiflorical fragments, make no 
+mention of the partition of the world among the 
+three brothers : on the contrary, it appears that 
+Jupiter remained foie matter of the empire, and 
+only bellowed governments upon his brothers. 
+But we mutt obferve, that the Greeks having no 
+authentic hiftory to cl ire (ft them, their poets were 
+able to give fcope to their imaginations: they 
+confulted their moft ancient traditions, and it 
+was pro 
+
+the world, among the three fons of Noah, by 
+which they were guided, in aligning the empire 
+of each god. We mutt alfo add, that the divi- 
+fion of the world between Jupiter, Neptune, and 
+
+
+bably the remembrance of the divilion of 
+
+
+ftuto, was not univcrfally admitted among the 
+
+
+
+
+AND THE TITAN PRINCES. 
+
+
+89 
+
+
+ancients. England poiTefies a valuable monument 
+which proves this difference of opinion, and 
+throws great light upon this difputed point. 
+
+At London, in the collection of Mr. Townty 
+which is one of the richcft, and molt beautiful in 
+the world—is an antique ftatue of Jupiter, which re- 
+prefents this god holding thunder, the fymbol of the 
+foveremn of Heaven, in his right hand; in his left 
+
+o ^ 
+
+a trident, fymbol of the god of the Sea; and by 
+his fide is a Cerberus, fymbol of tire god of Hell. 
+
+
+This precious remnant of antiquity, which is 
+in good preservation, agrees perfectly with the 
+hiftorical account juft mentioned. The ancients 
+who have written the hiftory of Crete, 
+
+
+:, Ipeak. 
+
+highly in praife of the courage, prudence, juftice, 
+and civil and military virtues of Jupiter. The 
+whole of their works are no longer extant; but 
+the Greeks 
+
+
+have tranfmitted to us ffome frag¬ 
+
+
+ments of them. They lay he was an excellent 
+legiflator, that his laws were juft, and, by his 
+care, duly enforced. He exterminated the rob¬ 
+bers who infefied Tlicftaly; and wiiliiug to have 
+a place of defence there, he built it upon Mount 
+Olympus, which occafioncd the poets to ftv, that 
+he inhabited heaven. 
+
+The place ol our narivirv, the f ar of our 
+infant days, are always particularly dear to us. 
+
+Whence 
+
+
+
+9<3 
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUPITER, See. 
+
+
+Whence proceeds this charm ? Is it not becaufc 
+they recal to our minds the care that was be¬ 
+llowed upon us, at a time when we were lb 
+much in need of it ? And does it not feem as 
+though Providence, by this pleating partiality, 
+has wifhed to imprefs us with a ftrong fcnfe of 
+that firft of all obligations, gracitude ? The 
+cares of the empire of the world did not pre¬ 
+
+
+vent Jupiter from frequently vifiting the ifiand of 
+Crete : there he enjoyed repoic ; happy, had he 
+not fuiiied the glory of his iliuftrious a&ions by 
+an immoderate propenfity to pleafure. It is to 
+this defect we :tiu ft attribute that multitude of 
+criminal, and frequently ridiculous, intrigues, 
+which have been handed down to us, under the 
+difguife of his different metamorphofes. They 
+fo far alienated the affections of Juno his wife, 
+that {lie engaged in a confpiracv againft him ; 
+which was defeated by Jupiter as foon as difco- 
+vered. This was the hit of his exploits. Worn 
+out with age, he retired to end his clays in his 
+favourite iflee of Crete, where his tomb was to be 
+feen near GnofTus, one of the principal cities of 
+the iftancl, with this inicription: 
+
+C£ Ikre lies Zan, who was called Jupiter.” 
+
+I le lived to the age of i ao years ■, 6a of whii h 
+
+
+he is iappoied to have reigned after the deleat 1 
+
+
+' I 
+
+
+
+^ • • 
+
+1 itaiw, 
+
+
+ami the death of datum. 
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF FICTIONS, &C. <31 
+
+His funeral was performed by the Curetes his 
+relations. 
+
+The empire of Jupiter had the fate common 
+£0 great dates, whole fplendour feldom furvives 
+the fovereign by whom they were eredted After 
+his death it was divided into feveral petty king¬ 
+doms, governed by a fucceflion of princes, the 
+major part of whom are unknown; and what 
+remains of their hifbory is unworthy of relation. 
+
+The ifle of Crete was that portion of this 
+empire which fubfifted longed; it was governed 
+by Cres, Ion of Jupiter, after the death of his 
+
+/iither. 
+
+* 
+
+
+An Explanation of fume of the Fictions contained 
+
+in the History and Fablk of Jupiter. 
+
+w e (hall content ourfelves with explain¬ 
+ing the principal circumdances, as they will 
+ferve to elucidate more clearly the hiflory of 
+Jupiter. 
+
+i 0 comprehend the (lory which fays, that Jupi¬ 
+ter precipitated his father into the infernal regions, 
+we mu ft obferve, that the Greeks regarded the 
+countries fituatrd towards the eafl as the mod 
+elevated part of the world ; on the contrary, thole 
+
+towards 
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION OF FICTIONS 
+
+
+
+towards the weft were fuppofed to be the loweft. 
+This was fufficient to furnillh matter for the fertile 
+imagination of the Greeks. To the eaftern coun¬ 
+tries they gave the name of heaven, and thofe of 
+the weft, or the loweft, they called hell. 
+
+It was in confequence of this idea (as we fhall 
+fee in the hiftory of Pluto) that they placed the 
+infernal regions in Spain, Italy, Epirus, or in the 
+countries weft of Greece. 
+
+The Titans having been forced to take refuge in 
+Italy and Spain, the poets pretended that they were 
+driven into the infernal regions. In the fame man¬ 
+ner, they gave the name of Tartarus to the Tar- 
+teffus, a river of Spain; and the Titans having 
+been vanquifhed near this river, and partly drowned 
+in its waters, they were faid to have been plunged 
+Into Tartarus; fome of them again having been 
+recalled from Italy and Spain, they were feigned 
+to have been delivered from their infernal manlion. 
+
+
+They entered into a frefh confpiracy with Saturn, 
+but were conquered by Jupiter, who having pur- 
+fued them to the fartheft extremity of Spain, placed 
+faithful valiant troops to guard the pafiages; which 
+gave rile to the fid ion of the hecatonchires, or 
+giants with an hundred arms. 
+
+In the fame manner we muft explain the fabie 
+of the god Neptune, who imprifoned the Titans in 
+
+
+the fca. 
+
+
+This brother of Jupiter commanded his 
+
+
+fleets, and making bimfelf mailer of the ports of.' 
+
+
+
+
+IM THE HISTORY OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+93 
+
+
+Spain 
+
+they had no poffibility of efcaping. 
+
+We have faid, Jupiter exterminated the robbers 
+
+who laid wafte ThefTaly. 
+
+They are defcribed as formidable giants. Jupi¬ 
+ter had built an impregnable fortrefs on mount 
+Olympus, which the poets reprefented as heaven 
+itfelf, and the efforts of his enemies to make them- 
+felves mailers of it, are delcribed by the fable of 
+mount Olla heaped upon mount Pelion. 
+
+In the battle of the Titans, Polybotes is repre¬ 
+fented as overwhelmed by Neptune, under part 
+of the ille of Cos. This fable fignifies, that the 
+admiral purlued him to this iile, and there flew 
+him. 
+
+In one of the fables concerning the manner in 
+which Jupiter was brought up in the ifle of Crete, 
+it is faid that he was nourifhed by doves. 
+
+This fable owes its origin to the Phoenician 
+word Him an or Ileman , which fignifies equally prieft 
+
+and dove; this ambiguity was fufficient to caufe 
+
+* 
+
+the priefls, called Curetes, and doves to be con¬ 
+founded together. 
+
+The Curetes have acquired lb great a reputa¬ 
+tion, that it is indifpenfably neceffary to give fomc 
+account of them. 
+
+Antiquity carried its veneration fo far as to raife 
+altars and temples to their honour: the invention 
+
+f of 
+
+
+fo completely blocked up the Titans that 
+
+
+
+94 
+
+
+EXPLANATION* OF FICTIONS, 8iC. 
+
+
+of forging iron, and other metals, is attributed to 
+them; but feripture aferibes it to Tubal Cain; 
+however it is very poflible that they were the firft 
+wiio introduced it into Greece; and upon the 
+Parian marbles, now called Arundelian, we fee 
+recorded the event which gave the Curetes an 
+opportunity of making this valuable difeovery. 
+
+Their inferiptions import, that a fire having 
+broken out in the foreft of mount Ida, either by 
+lightning or fome other accident, the intenfenefs 
+of the heat melted into a flate of fufion a confider- 
+able quantity of iron, and other metals. 
+
+The Curetes perceived all the advantages that 
+might be derived from this difeovery, found means 
+to repeat it, and applied it to their own purpofes. 
+The above mentioned monument informs us,that this 
+event happened during the reign of the frirft 'Minos. 
+The ufe which the Curetes made of their difeovery 
+was to employ metals in the fabrication of arms, 
+different from thofe commonly employed. It 
+appears certain, that to one of thefe Curetes or 
+Daftyli Idei, called the Idean Plercules, muft be 
+attributed the fir It inftitution of the Olympic 
+Games. 
+
+An hiftorical fragment relates, that this Her¬ 
+cules, followed by three of his companions, quitted 
+mount Ida, fituated in the ifland of Crete, and 
+came into Elis; it was there, that to commemorate 
+
+-j the 
+
+
+
+REPRESENTATION OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+the war between Saturn and Jupiter, he inftituted 
+a courle, and appointed as a reward for the viftor 
+a crown of olive. 
+
+After having thus eftablifhed thefe games, which 
+afterwards became fo famous, he raifed an altar in 
+Elis to Jupiter Olympus. 
+
+To the explanations we have already given, it 
+is neceflary to add, that Typhteus, or Typhon, 
+reprefented as fo formidable in the battle of 
+the giants, is no other than the Typhon of the 
+Egyptians. 
+
+
+THE MANNER IN WHICH JUPITER WAS 
+
+REPRESENTED. 
+
+
+Jupiter was generally reprefented under 
+
+the figure of a majeflic man, with a venerable 
+beard, feated on a throne. In his right hand he 
+held the thunder, and in his left was feen viftory 
+and a feeptre: at his feet was a large eagle 
+
+* o o 
+
+with extended wings, in the aft of carrying off' 
+Ganymede. 
+
+The upper part of his body was naked, the 
+lower part clothed. 
+
+The throne by its (lability denoted the fecurity 
+of his empire; the upper part of his body was 
+uncovered, to fhow that he was vifible to fuperior 
+
+beings. 
+
+
+
+§4 
+
+
+EXPLANATION' OF FICTIONS, &C. 
+
+
+of forging iron, and other metals, is attributed to 
+them; but feripture aferibes it to Tubal Cain ; 
+however it is very poilible that they were the fil'd 
+who introduced it into Greece; and upon the 
+Parian marbles, now called Arundelian, we fee 
+recorded the event which gave the Curetes an 
+opportunity of making this valuable difeovery. 
+
+Their inferiptions import, that a fire having 
+broken out in the foreft of mount Ida, either by 
+lightning or fome other accident, the intenfenefs 
+of the heat melted into a ftate of fufion a confidcr- 
+able quantity of iron, and other metals. 
+
+The Curetes perceived all the advantages that 
+might be derived from this difeovery, found means 
+to repeat it, and applied it to their own purpofes. 
+The above mentioned monumentinformsus,that this 
+event happened during the reign of the firfl: Minos. 
+The ufe which the Curetes made of their difeovery 
+was to employ metals in the fabrication of arms, 
+different from thofe commonly employed. It 
+appears certain, that to one of thefe Curetes or 
+Dadtyli Idei, called the Idean Idercules, mull be 
+attributed the firfl; inftitution of the Olympic 
+Games. 
+
+An hiftorical fragment relates, that this fler- 
+
+cules, followed by three of his companions, quitted 
+
+mount Ida, ficuated in the ifiand of Crete, and 
+
+came into Elis; it was there, that to commemorate 
+
+i the 
+
+
+
+REPRESENTATION OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+95 
+
+
+the war between Saturn and Jupiter, he inftituted 
+a courfe, and appointed as a reward for the viftor 
+
+a crown of olive. 
+
+After having thus eftablifhed thefe games, which 
+
+afterwards became fo famous, he raifed an altar in 
+
+Elis to Jupiter Olympus. 
+
+To the explanations we have already given, it 
+
+is neceflary to add, that Typhteus, or Typhon, 
+reprefented as fo formidable in tiie battle of 
+the giants, is no other than the Typhon ot the 
+Egyptians. 
+
+
+THE MANNER IN WHICH JUPITER WAS 
+
+REPRESENTED. 
+
+Jupiter was generally reprefented under 
+the figure of a majeflic man, with a venerable 
+beard, feated on a throne. In his right hand he 
+held the thunder, and in his left was feen victory 
+and a feeptre: at his feet was a large eagle 
+with extended wings, in the aft of carrying off 
+Ganymede. 
+
+The upper part of his body was naked, the 
+lower part clothed. 
+
+The throne by its liability denoted the fecurity 
+of his empire; the upper part of his body was 
+uncovered, to (how that lie was vifible to fuperior 
+
+beings. 
+
+
+
+REPRESENTATION OF JUPITER, 
+
+
+96 
+
+beings, and to the celeftial parts of the univerfe 5 
+and the long garments which covered the lower 
+part of his body, gave us to underftand that he 
+was invilible to the earth, and to mortals; the 
+feeptre and crown, were emblematical of the irre- 
+liftible force of 1:is power; and the eagle with out- 
+fpread wings, was to exprefs that he was fovereign 
+of the heavens, as the eagle is of the air. 
+
+Each people had their different method of repre- 
+ienting Jupiter. In the ifiand of Crete he had no 
+ears, fignifving, faid the Cretans, that the God of 
+the univerfe ought to hear no one in particular, 
+but be equally favourable to ail who implore his 
+affitfancc. The Lacedemonians gave him four 
+ears, that he might receive prayers in whatever 
+direction they came. The figure of juftice was 
+always placed by the fide of this god. Thole of 
+the hours and graces were likewife added, to 
+Ihow, that he condcfccnds at all times to liflen to the 
+
+fupplications of mortals, is always juft, and delights 
+
+* 
+
+in doing good. Homer delcribes Jupiter with 
+black eyebrows, his head covered with clouds, 
+and fbaking all Olympus with a nod ; in his hands 
+he holds the thunder; at his feet is the eagle; by 
+his fide is refpedt and equity; before him arc the 
+two cups of good and evil, which he diftributes 
+at pleafurc to mankind. I ie adds, that this thun¬ 
+der was compofcd of three portions of hail, three 
+of rain, three of fire, and three of wind. With 
+
+tilde 
+
+
+
+fUPITEft’s METAMORPHOSES. 97 
+
+tliefe were intermixed terror, lightning, noife and 
+
+wrath. 
+
+
+OF THE METAMORPHOSES OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+, It would be impoffible to give an exaCt 
+account of all the metamorphofes of Jupiter; we 
+j[liall content ourfelves with mentioning one of the 
+principal; to which we fhall fubjoin feme of thofe 
+with which he either rewarded or punifhed mor¬ 
+tals. He affumed the form of an eagle, to carry 
+off Ganymede, fon of Tros, king of Troy, whom 
+he appointed to ferve the gods with ne&'ar, in the 
+room of Hebe goddefs of youth. This meta- 
+morphofis was not the only reafon of his being 
+reprefented with an eagle at his feet. 
+
+We learn from a mixture of dftion and hiftory, 
+that Periphas, king of Athens, engaged fo much 
+the affections of his people, that they wifhed to 
+adore him as Jupiter himfelf; that is, have no 
+other fovereign. The deity incenfed, was at firft 
+going to crufh him with a thunderbolt, but con¬ 
+tented himfelf with changing him into an eagle, 
+on which he mounted w’hcn he traverfed the 
+regions of the air. 
+
+this ftory means, that Jupiter dripped him of 
+his do 
+
+his court. 
+
+W-> 
+
+
+* * — _ 
+minions, and gave him fomc employment; in 
+
+
+If 
+
+
+
+
+
+yUPITER’S METAMORPHOSES. 
+
+
+We likewife find in hiftory, that Jupiter, before 
+his departure from Naxos, in his expedition againfl 
+the Titans, offered a iacrifice on the fea fhore, 
+and that whilft he was paying his adorations to the 
+gods an eagle was feen to fly towards him, and 
+alight upon his head. 
+
+When Jupiter defeended upon the earth, lie 
+feldom retained his divine attributes. 
+
+In one of his excurfions, he went to the houfc 
+of Lycaon, a cruel prince of Arcadia, who put to 
+death all ftrangers that arrived in his dominions, 
+
+
+Jupiter however made himfelf known to Lycaon, 
+who wifiling to prove the truth of his affertion, 
+ferved up to him the limbs of a gueft whom he had 
+killed. This crime was punifhed inftantaneouflv, 
+the palace was reduced to allies by lightning, am! 
+Lycaon changed into a wolf, that he might Hill 
+retain under this form the marks of his original 
+ferocity. In flecking the explanation of this fable, 
+we find that Lycaon, a prince confiderably interim 
+
+
+Jupitc 
+
+
+w.n 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+niflied him, wifhing to be certified of the truth 
+himfelf, went to the court of Lycaon, and firuiiny 
+the complaints but too well founded, execute.: 
+inftant jultice on die delinquent. 
+
+We have already feen, that Jupiter in hr 
+infancy was nouiiihed with the milk of the go.a 
+Amalthca. The fable tells us, that as a reward 
+
+
+
+J U>ITtR’s M r.TAMORPIIOSES. 
+
+
+
+
+he placed her with her two kids among the liars* 
+where thev formed the fign Capricorn. Itdike- 
+wile fays, that in acknowledgment for the care 
+bellowed on his infancy by the nymphs, he gave 
+them one of the horns of the goat Amalthca, and 
+to it added the property of producing whatever 
+they fhould defire; whence it was called the horn 
+of plenty. 
+
+It is caly to perceive that this faculty of pro¬ 
+ducing every blelfing, was nothing elfe but a pro- 
+mile to grant whatever they fiiould require; we 
+mult explain nearly in the lame manner the horn 
+of abundance which Hercules received from the 
+river Achelous. 
+
+The fable relates, that this river becoming the 
+rival of Hercules in the a fie 61 ions of the nymph 
+Dejanira, ventured to engage him, and was van- 
+quifhed. Achelous metamorphofed himfelf into 
+a bull, and under this new form returned to the 
+attack, but being thrown dowm and one of his 
+horns torn off, lie could not obtain the reftitution 
+of it, but by yielding to the conqueror the horn 
+of plenty. 
+
+The hiflory of that exchange is as follows: The 
+river Achelous being much iwelled by the rains, 
+or the melting of the Jnov, overflowed its banks, 
+and laid wafle the country. 
+
+Hercules to protect the crops from future 
+ravages, caufed dykes to be railed, which not 
+
+ji a being 
+
+i- 1 
+
+
+
+100 
+
+
+WORSHIP OF JUPITER. 
+
+
+being fufRciently ftrong, were broken down by 
+the torrent: however he found means to repair 
+them, and formed fome judicious canals which 
+interfered, and by watering fertilized the lands. 
+
+The poets celebrated this meritorious aft bv 
+inventing the fable of the exchange juft men¬ 
+tioned. 
+
+To dwell longer on the hiftory of Jupiter’s 
+metamorphofes would be ufelels, as we fhall find 
+them interfperfed through the hiftories of the gods, 
+demi-prods, and heroes. 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE WORSHIP RENDERED TO JUPITER 
+
+
+
+It cannot be doubted but the worlhip 
+
+of Jupiter was the moil folemn of any that was 
+paid to tire heaih.cn dcicies: it was likewife the 
+moft diverlified, as each nation changed their reli¬ 
+gious ceremonies at pleaflire. 
+
+It appears certain that no human viflims were 
+offered to him, as they frequently were to his 
+father Saturn. Of iritis the ftory of Lycaon is an 
+indubitable proof. 
+
+Thefe barbarous facriliccs were not very com¬ 
+mon, and when Ceerops came to fettle at Athens 
+he aboliibed them for ever. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+NAMES GIVEN TO JUPITER. 
+
+
+101 
+
+
+The victims moft commonly offered to Jupiter 
+were a goat, a fheep, or a white bull whole horns 
+were gilt; frequently his offerings were only a little 
+Hour, fait, or incenfe. The oak and the olive were 
+
+confecratcd to him. 
+
+The worfhip of this deity was almofl univerfai, 
+but he was by none more particularly honoured 
+than by the Roman ladies. He had feveral tem¬ 
+ples at Rome, one of which, the moft remarkable, 
+was near the Capitol, and dedicated to Jupiter the 
+Avenger. 
+
+He was reprefented with arrows in his hand, 
+to fhow that he was always ready to puniffi guilt. 
+
+He had three oracles much celebrated, that of 
+Dodona, of Trophonius, and of Ammon in Lybia. 
+
+
+NAMES GIVEN TO JUPITER. 
+
+.The greater part of the names given to 
+Jupiter are derived from the places where he was 
+honoured, or from events which had occafioned 
+altars and temples to be railed to him. As it 
+would be impoffible to recount them all, we ffiall 
+only mention the principal. 
+
+The titles generally bellowed on this god were 
+Optimus, Maximus; the bell, the greateft. Ho¬ 
+mer gives him the name of king Jupiter. Virgil 
+
+u 2 calls 
+
+
+
+102 
+
+
+NAMES GIVEN' TO JUPITER. 
+
+
+calls him the All Powerful. During the ides of 
+June, the Romans celebrated his feaft under the 
+title of Jupiter the invincible; he was called Sta¬ 
+tor, becaufe he had flopped the flight of the Roman 
+army; and Piftor, in remembrance of the mannir 
+in which he had laved the capitol, when it was 
+befieged by the Gauls. Jupiter adviled the gar- 
+rifonto make bread with all the corn that remained, 
+and throw it into the enemy’s camp, for the pur- 
+pofe of making them believe that proviflons were 
+in great abundance; this llratagem fueecirded, and 
+the flegc was railed, fie was called Piefpiter, ;b 
+being the father of light and day; Pluvius, let 
+having granted rain in the time of a great drought, 
+Hofpitalis, becaufe he was the father of hoipitality; 
+Father of the gods, moderator, governor, to ex 
+prefs his fbverc-ignty over t!ie gods; Maker of 
+ternpefls and winds, and frequently Serenus, be 
+caufe he reprelented the nether; Capitolinus, from, 
+his temple in the Capitol; Glympius, J V hilOy 1 11i> 
+Diftocus, and Ida-us* becaufe the mountains io 
+called were confe crated to him; Dodonmus, Tro 
+phonius* and Ammon* from his oracles; 
+Tonans, and Fuiminans, from the thunderbo!:. 
+The Greeks fometirncs pjavc* him the name o; 
+Id^yptus, and Nikis, and he was then confounded 
+with Ofiris, He was likev/Ke termed Kxpiaua, 
+becaufe he abibiveb the crimes of men. 
+
+Thele are the principal names of Jupiter- 
+
+
+0 i 
+
+
+1 *. 
+
+
+IX 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OK JAPKTUS, &C. 
+
+
+
+Till' HISTORY OF JAPKTUS, PROMETHEUS, 
+
+KPIMKTHKl'S AX'D PANDORA. 
+
+
+r'T'l 
+
+
+A hese princes being much celebrated, 
+
+and of the family of the Titans, we lhall place 
+their hiflory immediately after that of Jupiter. 
+
+Japetus, from whom the Greeks boaffc that 
+they were defeended, was the fun of Titan, and 
+father of Prometheus (a Greek name, fignifying 
+to fore fee the future), and Kpimetheus (which 
+figniiies to remember the pafl). 
+
+Prometheus feeing that Jupiter had created 
+man, endeavoured to imitate him, by forming 
+flatties with clay, and attained lb great a 
+
+* o 
+
+degree of perfection that they appeared almofl 
+animated. Minerva, the goddels of wildom, tel¬ 
+
+
+ling him that heavenly lire alone could give them 
+life, the ambitious Prometheus conceived hopes 
+of dealing this; he lighted a flambeau at the rays 
+ol the lun, and as Icon as he had communicated 
+
+flame to his (latues, they became 
+
+
+tins I'C 
+
+
+
+(tmilar to the work of Jupiter. 
+
+ihe lovcrcign of the gods, to punilh this theft, 
+ordered Mercury to bind Prometheus upon mount 
+C Rural us, where a vulture was coiuinually tearing 
+
+
+ii 
+
+
+!• 
+
+
+hi 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JAPETUS, 8 cc. 
+
+
+
+his liver, which growing as faft as it was confumed 
+rendered his punifhment eternal. 
+
+The other gods, jealous that Jupiter alone fhould 
+pofl'efs the power of creating man, united their 
+
+talents to form a perfeft woman. Minerva gave 
+
+► 
+
+her wifdom, Venus beauty, Apollo a knowledge 
+of mu fie, and Mercury eloquence. 
+
+This aflemblage of perfections procured her the 
+name of Pandora, a name derived from two Greek 
+
+
+words, fignifying all gifts. 
+
+Jupiter wifhed to fee her, and under pretence 
+of likewise bellowing fome endowment upon her, 
+gave her a box with orders to cany it to Prome¬ 
+theus. This prince, too wife and cautious not to 
+perceive the danger of fuch a mefiage, refufrd to 
+receive Pandora, or open the box; but the impru¬ 
+dent Epimetheus, feduced by the beauty of Pan¬ 
+dora, took her for his wife, and had by her a 
+daughter named Pvrrha, who was afterwards mar- 
+
+O v J 
+
+ried to Deucalion. Unable to re Uni in his cm ioiity, 
+Epimetheus ventured to open the box given by 
+Jupiter to Pandora, which containing every fpecics 
+of evil, they in an inflant elcapetl, and tlifperfed 
+themfelvcs over the whole earth. 
+
+Knimci-heus regretting too late his fatal curiofity, 
+
+A O O - 
+
+wifhed to clofe the box, but alas! it now contained 
+only Hope, the laft refource of unhappy mortals. 
+This deluge of woes produced the iron age. 
+
+
+This fable, the moft beautiful of any trail knitted 
+
+
+10 
+
+
+
+FABLE OF PROMETHEUS. 
+
+
+IO5 
+
+co us by the Greeks, reminds us too readily of 
+the fall of Adam to need any other explanation, 
+than by faying, it is a corrupt tradition of the 
+hiftory of the creation of man, and of the inflant 
+when he lolt his happinds with his innocence. 
+
+
+HISTORICAL ENQUIRY INTO THE FABLI 
+
+
+OF PROMETHEUS. 
+
+
+Observation' and a finely of antiquity 
+induce us to believe, that Prometheus was the firffc 
+inventor of flatues. A beautiful monument which 
+
+
+has Heaped the ravages of time, (an engraving of 
+which is found in the firft volume of Antiquity 
+explained by figures) reprefents Prometheus form¬ 
+ing a man; he is icon working with a chiffel and 
+a mallet; a certain proof that the formation of 
+Hatues is concerned. To conform to the poetical 
+deferiptions, Minerva is placed by his fide aflifl¬ 
+ing him with her advice, and near them is a car 
+containing Pfyche, fyrnbol of the foul, who is 
+known by having the wings of a butterfly. 
+
+Tvery thing proves that this monument was 
+intended to fhow the perfection Prometheus attain¬ 
+ed in the formation of his flatues, which appeared 
+even animated, and that lie could not have arrived at 
+
+
+fo great a degree of excellence, had he not received 
+
+
+
+
+j 06 
+
+
+FABLE OF PROMETHEUS. 
+
+
+the aftifiance of Minerva, goddefs of wifdom, and 
+the arts. 
+
+This firfl: imitation of man fo much adonifhed 
+the original, that Prometheus is reprefented in the 
+fable as alecond creator: Daedalus was afterwards 
+feigned to make thefe ftatues walk, becaule in 
+carving them he fird feparated the legs. 
+
+Prometheus was one of the Titans who ren¬ 
+dered themfelves formidable to Jupiter; obliged 
+to fiy before that victorious prince, he retired into 
+Scythia, and concealed himfelf in the foreds of 
+mount Caucafus, which feemed the habitation only 
+
+y V 
+
+of eagles and vultures. The grief occafioned by 
+an exile fo mortifying to an ambitious mind, was 
+reprefented by a vulture tearing his liver. 
+
+Hidory informs us that the inhabitants of Scy¬ 
+thia and Caucafus, who were very numerous, lived 
+without laws, in a date of the grafted ignorance. 
+
+
+Prometheus, a wife and polite prince, taught them 
+to live, in a more civilized focial date, which gave 
+rife to the fable, that with the afiidance of Minerva 
+he had formed man. 
+
+Pie is likevi.'e reprefented as dealing fire from 
+heaven, becaule lu: fird introduced forges into 
+Scythia. When the empire of Jupiter was fo 
+firmly edablilhed that it could no longer be lhaken 
+by the attempts of the Titans, Hercules obtained 
+the pardon of Prometheus, and this occafioned 
+the dory that lie had liberated him from Cauealus 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+.UK 
+
+
+
+FABLE OF PROMETHEUS 
+
+
+J ° 7 
+
+
+and killed the vulture. 
+
+
+Jupiter had fworn 
+
+
+that his banifhment fhould Lift thirty years, he 
+thought at once to mitigate his punifhment and 
+
+O W A 
+
+fulfil his oath, by permitting Prometheus to wear 
+on his finger a fragment of a rock of mount Cau- 
+
+O ^ 
+
+calks; it is even thought that from thence arofe 
+the cuftom of wearing rings on the finger. 
+
+Prometheus availing himfelf of his liberty, re¬ 
+turned to pals the remainder of his days in Greece, 
+where after his death he received tliofe honours 
+which were paid to demi-gods and heroes. 
+
+Some ancient hiltorians and commentators, 
+give another interpretation to the Rory of Prome¬ 
+theus having Rolen ceJeflial fire. They lay, that 
+this prince dilcovered the method of obtaining 
+fire with the flint and Reel. According to others, 
+Prometheus foreficcing that he fhould find no fire 
+
+
+in Caucafus, took the precaution of carrying l'ome 
+with him in a plant called by the Latins, ferula, 
+which has a (bilk five or fix feet high, 'and is full 
+of pith; when lighted it confumes (lowly, and 
+continues burning as long as any ol this pith 
+remains, it is a plant well known to bailors, and 
+frequently employed by them to carry lire from 
+one ifiand to another. 
+
+We may obllrve by thefe two explanations the 
+value which men Ramped on the full ulelul Gil - 
+■ ovaries; they thought the inventors ol them 
+worihv of divine honours. 
+
+
+Money 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUNO. 
+
+
+10 S 
+
+; Money is fufficient to pay the labourer, but 
+genius has a claim to greater rewards; and let us 
+never forget, that the labours of thofe men are 
+entitled to our warmeft gratitude who devote part 
+ef their lives to the advancement of fcicnce, and 
+the real intereft of mankind. 
+
+Hiftory has prelerved nothing concerning Epi- 
+metheus. We only meet with his name in lidion, 
+which contents itfelf with faying, that he was me- 
+tamorphofed into an ape. 
+
+From this we may imagine that he wifhed to 
+imitate his brother, but being neither fo prudent 
+nor fo fkilful, failed in the attempt; for which he 
+was compared to an ape, an animal which imitates; 
+whatever it fees. 
+
+
+HISTORY AND FABLE OF JUNO. 
+
+
+
+uxo was the daughter of Saturn and 
+
+C ' 
+
+Rhea, and fifierto Jupiter, Neptune, Pluto, Venus, 
+and Ceres. Sire was called bv the Greeks Hera. 
+
+J * 
+
+Miftrcfs; or Megale, the great. The Romans 
+gave her the name of Juno, from Juvans; aflilVmg, 
+(an epithet common to both her and Jupiter) the) 
+likewifc called her the Queen. 
+
+Several countries difputed the honour of having, 
+given birth to this goddefs; the principal were 
+
+
+
+S a m o s 
+
+
+
+HISTORY Of JUNO* 
+
+
+AO 9 
+
+
+Samos and Argos, where hie was more particularly 
+
+worfhipped. 
+
+Horner lays fhe was brought up by Oceanus and 
+his wife Thetis; others on the contrary fay, by 
+the daughters of the river Afterion; laftly, others, 
+that the hours took charge of her infancy. 
+
+In the time of the Titan princes men Hill fol- - 
+lowed the cuftoms of the ancient patriarchs, and 
+Jupiter, after the example of his father and grand¬ 
+father, efpoufed his filler Juno. 
+
+The nuptials were celebrated in the country of 
+the Gnofiians, near the river Thcrenus. In the 
+
+
+time of Diodorus, the temple of Juno was ftill to 
+be feen there; it was ferved by priefls of the 
+country, and evcrv vear the inhabitants comme¬ 
+morated the ceremony of this marriage. 
+
+♦ 
+
+Jupiter, tegive more folemnity to the occafion, 
+charged Mercury to invite all the gods, men, and 
+animals. The nymph Chclone defpiling the invita- 
+tion, was thrown by Mercury into a river, and 
+changed into a tortcile, that lhc might keep 
+eternal filence; the Cireek word fignifying a tor- 
+toile, and that animal being regarded bv the ancients 
+as the fymbol of filence. 
+
+Juno had three children: Hebe, goddcTs of 
+youth, who before the carrying off oi Ganymede 
+ferved the gods with, nectar. The fable lays, that 
+
+
+
+in heaven excited 
+
+
+
+
+no 
+
+
+HISTORY OF JCN'O. 
+
+
+the laughter of the gods, which determined Jupiter 
+to have a cup bearer. Her fecond child was Mars, 
+whom Hie conceived by virtue of a flower. Juno, 
+jealous that Jupiter had from his brain produced 
+Minerva, the goddefs of wifdom, wifhed likcwife 
+to produce fomething equally furprifing. She 
+confulted the goddefs Flora, who told her that in 
+the fields of Olena grew' a flow r er which would ope¬ 
+rate the defired effect as foon as fhe fhould touch it. 
+
+Juno tried the experiment, and became the 
+mother of Mars the god of war. 
+
+Vulcan was her third child. Jupiter for his 
+deformity threw him headlong from heaven. 
+
+We fhall, in its proper place, give the hiflory 
+of Vulcan, as well as that of Mars and Minerva; 
+but we fir all flop here to explain the extraordinary 
+births of the two laft mentioned. 
+
+
+The fable fays, that Jupiter felt violent pain in 
+his head, and that Minerva, his noblell production, 
+came forth completely formed and armed, without 
+having palled through the fhite of infancy. It 
+adds, that he defired Vulcan to divide his head with 
+
+
+an axe. 
+
+
+This fable is allegorical, and fignifics that wifdom 
+is not acquired without exertion, which is exp re fled 
+by the blow of the axe, and the pain which Jupiti: 
+experienced. 
+
+It is likcwife intended to rxprels, that Jupirn 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY 01' JUMO. 
+
+
+Ill 
+
+
+being the wifeft and greateft of the divinities, the 
+goddefs Wifdom proceeded from his brain in all 
+
+her perfection. 
+
+The birth of the god of war has another origin, 
+
+though likewife an allegory. 
+
+Juno, a haughty jealous goddefs, had frequent 
+quarrels with Jupiter, hie even took part againft 
+him with the Titans; implacable in her anger, 
+revenge was her darling pallion; this is the reafon 
+why the god of war was laid to be her fon. The 
+leaft offence excited her refentment; the refufal of 
+a flower was in her eyes crime fuflicient to draw 
+
+
+clown her hatred and vengeance. 
+
+Her pride and jealoufy were cruelly felt after 
+the fhepherd Paris had preferred Venus to her, 
+when he was charged to give to the moft beautiful 
+the apple thrown by the goddefs Difcord. Paris 
+was fon to Priam, king of the Trojans; this was 
+the caufe of thofe perfecutions experienced by 
+/Eneas, and his unhappy followers ; all thofe be¬ 
+loved by Jupiter, as well as their children, Ibe 
+perfecutcd with incrcafing hatred. 
+
+Wearied byfo much malice and revenge, Jupiter 
+refolvcd to punilh Juno for iiaving taken part 
+again (I him in his war with the Titans. 
+
+He liifpcndt’d her in the air by means of two 
+load (lone. 1 :, and after having bound her hands be¬ 
+hind her, (aliened two anvils to her feet. This 
+
+
+
+
+112 
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUfcO. 
+
+
+talk was afligned to Vulcan, who willingly executed 
+it to revenge himfelf on her for having brought 
+him into the world in l'uch a Hate of deformity. 
+
+None of the gods could deliver her from 
+thefe fetters. They were obliged to have re- 
+courfe to Vulcan, who, as his reward, demanded 
+in marriage Venus, the moil beautiful of the 
+goddeiTes. 
+
+This punilhment did not reform Juno. The 
+nymph 16 , daughter of Inachus and Ifmena. 
+having engaged the affections of Jupiter, became 
+the objedt of her revenge. 
+
+To conceal this nymph from the knowledge of 
+Juno, Jupiter metamorphofed her into a cow; 
+but this artifice could not deceive the goddefs: 
+dhe, in a peremptory manner, demanded that this 
+cow fhould be cntrailed to her, and Jupiter 
+dared not refufe. When in her poffeflion die 
+committed it to the care of Argus, who had an 
+hundred eyes. 
+
+To furprife this fpy was impoflible : fifty of his 
+eyes watched, whilfl the other fifty took repofe— 
+a perfedt image ol jealoufy. 
+
+However, Mercury, at the requefl of Jupiter, 
+lulled him to deep with his flute, and then flew 
+him. Juno, to recompenfe Argus, changed him 
+into a peacock, and was pleafed that his eyes 
+Ihould remain imprinted upon his plumage. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUNO. 
+
+
+1 *3 
+
+This bird was efpecially confecrated to her: 
+fhe is frequently reprefented in a car drawn by 
+two of them. 
+
+The death of Argus did not deliver the un¬ 
+happy Id from the perfections of Juno. She 
+produced from the earth a gad fly, which incef- 
+fantly purfued the daughter of Inachus. Driven 
+to defpair by thefe perpetual torments, fhe 
+plunged into the fea, fwam acrofs the Mediter¬ 
+ranean, and landed in Egypt, where fhe recovered 
+her original form. 
+
+She had a foil named Epaphus. The worfhip 
+paid by the Egyptians to the goddefs Ifis, under 
+the form of a cow, has certainly given occafion 
+to this fable ; and the manner in which Id crofled 
+the Mediterranean can have been nothing but a 
+voyage by fea. 
+
+Mercury was the meflenger of Jupiter, and 
+Iris that of Juno, who, in return for her fervices, 
+placed her in Eleaven under the form of a 
+rainbow. 
+
+The children of Cadmus, whofe After Europa 
+was carried off by Jupiter, were the unhappy 
+viftims of Juno’s jealoufy. Ino the eldefl: of the 
+four daughters of this prince, having efpoufed 
+Athamas, was fo peifecuted by Juno, that fhe 
+threw herfelf into the fea, with her Ion Melicertes, 
+who was afterwards honoured as a fea god, under 
+the name of Palaemon. 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+Agave, 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUNTO. 
+
+
+114 
+
+Agave, daughter of Echion, faw her fon Pen- 
+theus torn in pieces by the Bacchanalians. 
+
+Autonoe, wife of Ariftaeus, with grief beheld 
+her fon Adtaeon changed into a flag, and devoured 
+by his own dogs. This young prince conducted 
+by Juno, or fome fatal chance, had furprill'd 
+Diana bathing. Laftly, Semele, the wife of 
+Amphytrion, having, at the inftigation of Juno, 
+defired to fee Jupiter in all his glory, was con 
+fumed by the rays which furrounded him. 
+
+Such were the cruel means by which Juno 
+revenged heiiclf on the charms of Europe, for 
+having engaged the affections of Jupiter. 
+
+Agina, daughter of Afopus king of the country 
+of Aagina, became a fource of milery to her 
+unhappy fubjecls, Juno vifited them with a 
+deadly pcftilence, becaufe fie had inspired Jupiter 
+with fentiments of tendernefs. Abacus, fon of 
+Agina, intreating his father Jupiter to re-people 
+the country, that god, from an old oak in Lire 
+foreft of Dodona, produced a prodigious fwar.m 
+of ants, which were immediately metamorphofui 
+into men. 
+
+The Greeks who followed Achilles to the 
+Trojan war, pretended to be defeended from thefe 
+ants. They were called Myrmidons, from the 
+Greek word myrmex , which fgnifics an ant. 
+
+Juno is generally reprefented under the figure 
+
+of a woman Hated upon a throne, holding in one 
+
+hand 
+
+
+
+
+
+hand a (centre, and in the other a fpindle ; on her 
+head is a radiant crown. Sometimes her head is 
+encircled with a rainbow. 
+
+In her temple at Argos, was her .'hitno of gold 
+and ivory of prodigious live, and above it were 
+placed the hours and graces. 
+
+This goducls principally prefided over empires 
+and riches. She offered both, but in vain, to 
+Paris, if lie would give her the apple in pre¬ 
+ference to Venus. She alfo prefided over child¬ 
+birth ; on which occafion hie was called Lucina; 
+and when hie is reprefented exercifing this func¬ 
+tion, hie is feen leated, holding in one hand an 
+infant in Twaddling clothes, and in the other a 
+flower; or ellc with a whip in one hand, and a 
+feeptre in the other. 
+
+During the feafts called Lupercalia, the women 
+were defirous of being ltruck with this wdiip. 
+
+At Rome hie had a magnificent temple, under 
+the name of Matuta ; another at Samos, under 
+that of Samia. Sometimes fhe was called the 
+
+
+botli equally fertilize the earth. Of all the pagan 
+divinities, there was none whole worfliip was more 
+lolemn, or more univerfal. The prodigies hi* 
+had operated, and her vengeance when ncgledtec!, 
+or when any one had the temerity to put them- 
+iclves in competition with her, infpired lo much 
+fear and awe, that nothing was omitted to honour 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF JUNO. 
+
+
+
+her, and render her propitious ; fo that her wor- 
+jfhip was more general even than that of Jupiter. 
+Divine honours were paid to her in Europe, Alia, 
+Africa, and particularly in Syria and Egypt, 
+though we muft remark, that the Juno of the 
+Egyptians was the fame as Ifis and Aftarte. 
+Young geefe, the hawk, and the peacock, were 
+particularly confecrated to her. Among the 
+Egyptians the vulture. Of plants, the dittany and 
+poppy were offered to her. In her facrifices a ewe 
+lamb was the ordinary viftirn. So great was the 
+refpedt for this goddefs, that every one having 
+their genius , that of the women was called Juno. 
+
+Cleobis and Biton, two brothers celebrated for 
+their piety, drew the chariot of their mother, who 
+was going to the temple of Juno, the diftance of 
+forty ftadia. The grateful parent befought Juno 
+to reward them as their piety deferved. After 
+having offered their facrifices, the brothers tooi. 
+their repair and retired peacefully to reft, but it 
+was to their eternal reft, they flept to wake no 
+more. From that time the inhabitants of Argos 
+
+V.J 
+
+looked upon death as the molt perfect repofe, and 
+the greatell of bleflings. They raifed two ftattics 
+
+
+•to Cleobis and hiton, where they were reprefented 
+drawing the chariot of their mother. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF HYMEN, &C. 
+
+
+
+Tin* History of Hymen, Hymkn/Eus and other 
+Deities who presided over Marriace. 
+
+W e think it proper that the hiftory of 
+Juno Lucina fhould be followed by that of 
+
+1 Iymen. 
+
+It was from him that the Greeks gave this 
+name to the union of man and wife, and that of 
+Hymentea to marriage feftivais. 
+
+It is faid that there was at Athens a young man 
+of lingular beauty, but very poor and of obfeure 
+birth, whole name was Hymenaeus. He fixed 
+his affections on a female of his own country, 
+much fuperior to him in rank and fortune. One 
+day as fire was going with the Athenian women to 
+celebrate a fcait in honour of Ceres upon the fea 
+IS ore—from which men were excluded—Hyme- 
+n.xus difguifed himfelf as a woman and joined in 
+the proccffion. During the ceremony the women 
+were furprifed and carried off by pirates. In¬ 
+flamed by the fight of the wine brought for the 
+(eftival, they drank till they were intoxicated, and 
+
+the fumes fo overpowered their fenfes that they 
+tell into a profound fieep. 
+
+1 he valiant I Iymenmus then made himfelf 
+.•mown, exhorted the women to affifl him, feieed 
+
+i 3 the 
+
+
+
+* * r > 
+1 lo 
+
+
+HISTORY OF HYMEN, &C. 
+
+
+the arms of their ravifhers, and mafiacred them 
+v/hilft in a fhite of infenfibility. After this ex- 
+ploit Hymenreus haftened to Athens, told vdi.it 
+he had done for the deliverance of the Athenian 
+ladies, and demanded, as his reward, the obje. - 
+
+
+of his love in marrian" • 
+
+
+o'- 3 
+
+
+which requefi: 
+
+
+w ': 
+
+
+granted. 
+
+The Athenians in commemoration of tin- 
+event, and the happy maniage it was the occ.;- 
+fion of, afterwards invoked Hymen.rus as a diu 
+nity, and celebrated !cafes to his honour. 
+
+To give lu tire to his obfeure birth, it was re¬ 
+ported that he was defeended from the god off - 
+and the mufe Calliope. 
+
+This deity was always reprefented under the 
+
+
+V I'll 
+
+
+figure of a beautiful young man, crowned 
+flowers and marjoram, holding in his right him.! 
+a flambeau, and in Iris left a veil, the colour 
+fire, or a bright yellow. 
+
+Though the Romans adopted this divinity w 
+the Greeks, they wiflied likewife to have the’r 
+own god of marriage. A cireum(lance ncady 
+firnilar to that juft related, having happened at tin- 
+time o( the raj re of the Sabine women; Thalaflim, 
+the hero of that adventure, received the 
+honours as I iymenseus. 
+
+The Romans likewife honoured two other 
+deities, as prefiding over marriage, Jugatinusaml 
+Domiducus. 
+
+
+
+JlI.S'iORV 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF CF.RES, 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF CERES. 
+
+
+
+he fable and hiftory of Ceres ought 
+properly to be clafled with thofe of the infernal 
+deities; but we think it necelfary to relate part of 
+it to facilitate the knowledge of the family of the 
+
+Titans. 
+
+The fame reafbn will induce us afterwards to 
+2 ,ive fome account of Atlas and his daughters. 
+
+Ceres was daughter of Saturn and Cybele, and 
+was luppofed to be the full who cultivated the 
+earth. 
+
+Pluto her brother having carried off her daugh¬ 
+ter Proferpine, and taken her to the infernal re¬ 
+gions—that is to Spain—Ceres complained of this 
+violence to Jupiter, who decreed, that ihe fhould 
+go and demand her daughter, and that Pluto 
+ihould be compelled to reftore her, provided Hie 
+had neither eaten nor drunken during her relidence 
+in his dominions; unfortunately fhe had already 
+taken partol a pomegranate, which was perceived 
+and told by Afcalaphus. This fo irritated Ceres 
+that Ihe threw fome of the waters of Phlegethon 
+into the informer’s face, and he was immediately 
+transformed into an owl, the harbinger of mif- 
+iortune, 
+
+1 4 
+
+
+Minerva 
+
+
+
+12(9 
+
+
+HISTORY OF CERES. 
+
+
+Minerva afterwards took the owl under her 
+prote&ion, becaufe it is a watchful bird and 
+difcerns objects in the dark—an allegory perfectly 
+applicable to wifdom, which is always guarded 
+againft furprife. 
+
+In feeking the explanation of this fable we find, 
+that, by the advice of Afcalaphus, Proferpine 
+ccnfented to efpoufe Pluto, which was the caui'e 
+of much regret to Ceres. Afcalaphus became the 
+objeCt of her vengeance; but it appears that his 
+prudence and wifdom engaged Minerva to take 
+him under her protection. 
+
+Jupiter, willing to appeafe and confole Ceres, 
+permitted Proferpine to pafs one half of the 
+year in the infernal regions, and the other half in 
+heaven. This divifion of the year admits of tv.o 
+explanations. 
+
+Proferpine was frequently taken for the moon; 
+and this fable was intended to exprefs the time 
+when fhe difappears: but it is explained in a man¬ 
+ner ftill more natural by faying, that Jupiter per¬ 
+mitted her to pafs part of the year in the dominion; 
+of Pluto, and part with her mother Ceres. 
+
+We fhall not dwell too much upon the expla¬ 
+
+
+nation of thefe fables, but we think it necedary to 
+give foine examples, in order to accuflom our 
+readers to make ufc of their fagacity, and we doubt 
+not but on many occafiors we lhall be furpaikr. 
+jn this fjpecics of ftudy and refcarch. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE ATLANTIDES. 
+
+
+121 
+
+
+The fountain of Arethufa which flowed under 
+ground, was witnefs to this aft of violence on the 
+part of Pluto. She informed Ceres of it, who, 
+with two flambeaus in her hand, went in quell of 
+her daughter. 
+
+Arethufa, daughter of Nereus and the nymph 
+Doris, had been one of Diana’s nvmphs, and 
+was by her metamorphofcd into a fountain, to 
+fave her when purfued by the river Alpheus. 
+We have already given the explanation of 
+this fable. 
+
+
+We /hall purfiie no farther the hifiory of Ceres, 
+as we /Trail meet with it again in /peaking of the 
+infernal deities. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus relates, that after the death 
+of Hyperion, the children of Uranus divided 
+the kingdom amongll them. 'Hie two moil 
+famous of their children were Saturn and Atlas. 
+
+The maritime parts were the portion of Atlas. 
+His fubjefls were called Atlantes, and his name 
+was likewile given to the higheit mountain of the 
+country. He excelled in aftronomy, and was the 
+lirft who rcprelentcd the terrelli ial globe by a 
+iphere, which gave occaflon to the (able of his 
+
+iupporting the world upon his flioulders. He had 
+leveral children. 
+
+
+J Iefpcrus was the moll remarkable for his piety. 
+
+
+joliice, and goodnels. 
+lughdl point of Mount 
+
+
+Doing one 
+
+
+day on the 
+Atlas, lie was earned 
+
+
+
+
+J2C 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE ATLAXTIDF.S. 
+
+
+sway by a Hidden guft of wind, and his bod) 
+could never be found. 
+
+The people, affected at his unhappy face, and 
+mindful of his virtues, thought he was taken by 
+the gods up to heaven, and granted him divine 
+honours. To perpetuate his name, it was given 
+to the mo ft brilliant of the planets. 
+
+Adas had leven daughters much celebrated,who 
+were called Atlantides; but their real names were 
+Maia, Eledtra, Taygete, Afterope, Merope, 
+Alcyone, and Cadeno. 
+
+They were beloved by the molt illuftrious 
+heroes, and had children, who afterwards equalled 
+
+
+their fathers, and became fovereigns of power¬ 
+ful nations. Maia, the ekleft, had, by Jupiter, • 
+Mercury the inventor of arts. 
+
+According to the Grecian accounts, almofi 
+
+O J 
+
+
+all their heroes were defeended from the At 
+
+
+lan titles. 
+
+
+After their death they were honoured as god 
+defies, and placed among the conflellationy 
+under the name of th.e Pleiades. They weir 
+fometimes called I iefperid.es, from their mothc; 
+I lefpt ris. 
+
+Their great reputation for beauty induced JBi'.'i - 
+ri. r , king of Spain, to attempt carrying them of! 
+by means of pirates, whom he lent into then 
+country. Thefe pirates iurprifed them in a gar 
+den, leized them, and were preparing to cm bar!-: 
+
+them. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE ATI. ANTI DES. 
+
+
+I2 3 
+
+
+-them, when their cries were heard by Hercules 
+who happened to be upon the fea fhore. He ran 
+to their atfiftancc, eafily put to flight their cowardly 
+ravifliers, and reftored them to their father Atlas, 
+who out of gratitude gave him the golden apples 
+of the garden of the Hefuerides, which the hero 
+
+D *• 
+
+was come to conquer, by order ofEricftheus, king 
+of Athens. 
+
+Thefe golden apples were probably oranges, at 
+that time very rare, which Atlas carefully guarded 
+by large maftift's; and tins gave rife to the fable, 
+that they were of gold, and defended by a dragon. 
+
+Atlas did not confine his gratitude to this tri¬ 
+fling prefent, he inftrucled Hercules in aftronomy, 
+and that hero acquired immortal glory by firft 
+introducing into Greece the knowledge of the 
+fphere. 
+
+It was on this ocrafon, that Atlas was feigned 
+
+9 
+
+to have requefted him to bear the burden of the 
+world a fhort time, that he might obtain fome 
+repofe. 
+
+Mount Atlas is of fuch a ftupendous height, that 
+it Teems to reach the heavens, its fummit is loft in 
+the clouds, and the poets confounding this moun¬ 
+tain with the prince whofe name it bore, deferibed 
+Atlas as fupponing the world. It was likewilt 
+fpeaking of this mountain, that the poets in the 
+liiftory of Perfcus, reprefented him as metamor- 
+
+phofing 
+
+
+
+124 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SUM. 
+
+
+phofing Atlas into a rock, by prefenting to him 
+the head of hUedufa. 
+
+The Hyades likewife palled for the daughters 
+of Atlas: they were reckoned fix in number, 
+Eudora, Ambrofia, Pedilla, Coronis, Phileto and 
+Polixo. Some add Thyaneas. They derive their 
+name from the Greek word Hyade , which fignifies 
+rainy. 
+
+It appears, that thefe pretended daughters of 
+Atlas were poetical perfonag’es, which reprefented 
+fome liars difcovered by Atlas; as we at prefent 
+give the name of Herfchell to the planet lately dip 
+covered by that famous Aftronomer. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SUN. 
+
+The Greeks and Romans always con¬ 
+founded the fun with Apollo. Plato allures us thcv 
+were the fame. Cicero fays, the fun and moon 
+arc two divinities, one of which is called Apollo, 
+and the other Diana. Plutarch is of the fame 
+opinion. Notwithllanding thefe authorities, the 
+Arundclian marble, and all ancient monuments 
+prove, that they fnouid be diftinguifhed from each 
+other. 
+
+Apollo is always painted under the figure of a 
+young man, having a bow, or a lyre, in Ids hand, 
+
+whilfi 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF TIIF. SUN'. 
+
+
+
+whilft the fun is reprefented with his head fur- 
+rounded with rays, holding in one hand a globe, 
+which is never obferved in any reprefentation of 
+Apollo. 
+
+The adoration of the fun is the firffc idolatrous 
+worfhip known: we have already given an account 
+of it under the name of Subifm. The Egyptians, 
+Phoenicians, Arabians, and Perfians adored the fun 
+long before the Apollo of the Greeks was known. 
+
+It was worfhipped by all the people of the eaft; 
+by the Chaldeans and Phoenicians under the name of 
+Belus; by the Egyptians, under that of Ofiris and 
+Orus his fon; the Ammonites called it Moloch; the 
+Perfians Mythras : it was only among the Greeks 
+and Romans that thefe two divinities were con¬ 
+founded together. The fun was particularly adored 
+in the IHe of Rhodes; the inhabitants of which 
+railed to its honour a coloffal ftatue of brafs ail 
+hundred feet high. It was one of the leven won¬ 
+ders of the world, and was overthrown by an earth¬ 
+quake. 
+
+
+1 Iiftory tells us, 
+
+
+that the Saracens having 
+
+
+taken this Illand, loaded nine hundred camels with 
+
+
+the Fragments of this Hattie alone. 
+
+Antiquity has tranfmitteu to us the names of the 
+four hories which drew the chariot of the fun. 
+
+
+Ovid calls them Elous, Pyrois, /Erhon, 
+Phlegon; names which fignify in Greek, 
+Luminous, Shining, and to love the Earth. 
+
+
+and 
+
+Red, 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+
+i‘i6 
+
+
+HISTORY OK THE SUN; 
+
+
+firft denotes the rifing of the fun, whole rays at the-: 
+moment are red; the fecond, the period when it 
+acquires a brighter colour; the third reprefen ts noon, 
+when it is in all its glory; and the fourth, the time 
+of its fetting, when it appears to approach the 
+earth. 
+
+The fun prefides over the twelve figns of the 
+Zodiac, each of which anfwers to a month of the 
+year; fo that the fun by completing his courl’e 
+through them in twelve months, has procured 
+
+O x 
+
+them the appellation of the twelve houles of the 
+fun. 
+
+In March he enters the ilgn of the ram, wife!: 
+reprefonts that upon which Phryxus and Kelle 1 led 
+to efcape the perfecutions of tiieir cruel dep- 
+.mother. 
+
+In April, he enters the Bull, which reprehend 
+the animal whole form Jupiter afiumed to carry cii 
+I’.tiropa. 
+
+In May, that of the twins, which reprefenr 
+Callor and Pollux, foils of Jupiter and Leda. 
+
+In June, that of the Crab, fuppoled to be the 
+
+
+fame which came to bite Hercules while kiiii::» 
+the Hydra of Lerna. 
+
+In July, that of the Lion, wliich reprefents the 
+one llain by Hercules in the Pored of Nemca, 
+whole (kin he wore on his liioulders. 
+
+
+In Augult, that of the Virgin, or Adrca. Du¬ 
+ring the golden age die dwelt upon earth, bin 
+
+3 when 
+
+
+
+History of the sum 
+
+
+
+
+When that terminated, unable to fupport the fight 
+of human depravity, fhe afcended to heaven with 
+the other gods. She was the laft that quitted the 
+
+
+earth, and retired to that part of heaven which 
+
+
+forms the fign of the Virgin. 
+
+
+In September, the fun enters the fign of the 
+Balance, which reprefents Juftice, whole Balance 
+ought always to be equally poifed—It fignifies like- 
+wile that in this month, day and night are of equal 
+length. 
+
+In October it enters the fign of the Scorpion, 
+which reprefents Orion, whom Diana metamor- 
+p ho fed into that Animal. 
+
+In November, that of Sagittarius, which repre¬ 
+fents the Centaur Chiron who was an archer. He 
+was the preceptor of Hercules, and much beloved 
+by that grateful hero; but in the battle between 
+he Lapithm and the Centaurs, Hercules involun¬ 
+tarily wounded him with one of his arrows dipt in 
+the blood of the Hydra, which occafioned fuch 
+racking torture that, thcuglfimmort.il, hewifhedto 
+die. The gods moved with his complaints grant¬ 
+ed his rcquell. '! ie died, and was tranflated to 
+heaven, where he was placed among the fhms ot 
+
+I * -/ O 
+
+the Zodiac. 
+
+In December, that of the Goar, which repre¬ 
+fents the Goat Amaltiiea, or the I VinceIs Mclifia 
+who ntirlcd Jupiter dining his infancy. 
+
+In Jan nary, that of Aquarius wiiich reprefents 
+
+Ganymede 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SUM. 
+
+
+Xl$ 
+
+Ganymede pouring out nedtar for Jupiter and die 
+other gods.'—It likewife denotes the abundance of 
+rain which falls in this month. 
+
+In February, it enters the fign called Pi fees, 
+which reprelents the Dolphins who drew the car 
+of Neptune and Amphitrite. 
+
+Men did not confine themfelves to Aftronomv; 
+
+J 1 
+
+die defire of penetrating into futurity gave birth to 
+Aftrologyi a falle fcience, calculated to deceive 
+the ignorant and gratify the avarice of thole who 
+knew how to turn it to their advantage. Afcrolo- 
+gers, to make themfelves of greater importance, 
+pretended that each fign of the Zodiac aniv/ered 
+to a part of the human body. 
+
+Among thole perfons who conftituted figns of 
+the Zodiac, we mull particularly remark Orion, 
+whole dory is as follows:— 
+
+Jupiter, Neptune, and Mercury, making the 
+tour of the earth, went to the houfe of one CEnopcus 
+or Hyreus, who not only received them with 
+hofpitalitv, but killed his only remaining ox for 
+their entertainment. The gods admiring the 
+good intention and gencrofity of this honed man, 
+told him, they would grant whatever he fhonld 
+delire. A fon, without a wife, was his requed j it 
+was granted, and the gods produced Orion from 
+the flein of the fame ox that had been killed lor 
+their repad: they formed him with a mixture of 
+earth and water. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+Orion 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SUN". 
+
+
+
+Orion when arrived at years of maturity, became 
+a hunter, but being mortally wounded by a Ser¬ 
+pent, Diana, goddefs of' the chace, changed him 
+into the conflellation which bears Ids name. 
+
+Orion is thought to have been a dilciple of 
+Atlas, and to havefirft inflrudlcd the Greeks in the 
+movements of the celeftial bodies, for which reafon, 
+ar his death, he was placed among the figns of the 
+Zodiac. The Sun was fuppofed to have feveral 
+children. Otes and Pafiphae pafled for his 
+daughters, and Rhodia, fo called from the ifiand 
+of Rhodes. The poets fay, that-the clay fire was 
+born there fell a fit owe r of gold, and that the rofe 
+trees of the ifiand of Rhodes fhot forth in frefh 
+bloffoms. 
+
+But the moil diftinmji fhed of his children were Au- 
+rota and Phaeton. Aurora every morning opens the 
+gates of heaven, precedes her father, and announces 
+his return. Site one day carried ofFTithonus, fon 
+ofLaomedon, and petitioned the gods to render 
+him immortal; her requeft was granted, but fhe 
+could not obtain for him eternal youth. Tithonus, 
+fecure of immortality, thought only of the happi- 
+nefs he enjoyed with his Aurora; he forgot that 
+time has wings, and in its flight carries away youth 
+and beauty. Its ravages had no efTeft on Aurora, 
+pofiefied of all the attributes of a divinity, whilft 
+
+
+every day, every year, hurried on Tithonus to a 
+Hate of infirmity and old age. The difgult which 
+
+
+
+
+
+*3® 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SUN', 
+
+
+attends this flate rendered life infupportable; im¬ 
+mortality to him was now only a painful burthen; 
+he again had recourfe to the influence of Aurora 
+with the gods; and fhe, moved with companion., 
+procured his transformation into a grafhopper. 
+
+This charming Grecian fable is an allegory, t! c 
+objedt of which is, to exhibit to our view the iin 
+prudence of many of our wifhes, and to fhow, thai 
+were they all to be granted, we fhould frequently 
+only eternize our mifery and regret. 
+
+From the union of Aurora and Tithonus fprur.:' 
+Memnon, who affifted Priam in the Trojan wa: 
+He was flain by Achilles, and his mother from 1A 
+funeral pile produced birds, which from that tiny 
+were called Memnonides. 
+
+Aurora made a fecond rape, which was attendee 
+with melancholy circumftanccs. 
+
+Cephalus was newly married to Procris. Theii 
+tendernefs was mutual, and nothing was wanting u 
+complete their happinefs. The pleafures of the 
+chace frequently led Cephalus into the woods be 
+fore break of day. Aurora furprifed him, an' 
+carried him off in her chariot. The fight of the 
+goddefs did not prevent him from delivering liirn- 
+felf up to all the dc-fpair he felt at being feparalie 
+from his beloved Procris. 
+
+
+Aurora reftored him to the earth, and gave him 
+a javelin which never failed of its intended objrcff 
+His pafilon for hunting again carried Ccplvilm 
+
+
+into 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF l‘HAF.TON\ 
+
+
+into the woods; his wife alarmed at his frequent 
+abfence, and fearful of a new rival among the 
+nymphs, or even goddeffes, went and concealed 
+herfelf in the middle of a thicket to obferve his 
+motions; an involuntary movement which fire 
+made occafioning fome noife, deceived Cephalus; 
+he levelled the fatal fhaft, and with his own hand 
+pierced the bread of the tender, unhappy IYocris, 
+
+
+HISTORY OF PIIAETOX 
+
+
+r- T'l 
+
+1 he fall of the rafh Phaeton, offspring 
+of the Sun, is too well known to be palled over in 
+filence. 
+
+
+Kpaphus fon 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+and the nymph lb, 
+
+
+difputed him the honour of being defcended from 
+the Sun. Phaeton irritated at this reproach, con¬ 
+fided his mother Climene, who adviled him to go 
+to the palace of his father, and demand fome proof 
+of his delcent. The Sun having fworn by the 
+river Styx that he would grant whatever lie fhould 
+tie fire, the imprudent Phaeton demanded for a 
+Tingle day only, the command of the chariot which 
+brings light to the world. T he cod of day no longer 
+able to refufe, was obliged to comply, in vain 
+
+did he give dirc&ions to the ra:h vouih. The 
+
+» 
+
+a ho ribs 
+
+
+
+132 
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLI.O. 
+
+
+horfes quickly perceived the weaknefs of the hand 
+which guided them; they quitted the track they 
+ought to have purfued, and involved heaven and 
+earth in one general conflagration. 
+
+The unhappy Phaeton was, by a thunderbolt 
+from Jupiter, precipitated into the river Po. The 
+Heliades, his difconfolate filters, were changed 
+into poplars, and their tears into drops of amber: 
+Cygnus his brother died of grief, and was meta- 
+morphofed into a fwan. 
+
+This fable appears to be an allegorical deferip- 
+tion of an ambitious young man, who engages in 
+undertakings beyond his ftrength. However, wc 
+read of one Phaeton a great aftronomer, who 
+reigned over the country of the Moloffi, and 
+drowned himfelf in tire river Po. 
+
+
+HISTORY ANT) FAULT: OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+
+eriT!-:a having quitted Juno for Laion.-. 
+had by her two children, Apollo and Diar.i. 
+Before their birth the enraged goddels incited 
+again!! her rival a dieadlu! ierpent called Python. 
+
+
+'Phis monller, according to the poets, was pro¬ 
+duced from the mud left upon tire earth after lie 
+univerial dchiue. T his fable much rcfembles that 
+
+^ J 
+
+of the ierpent; ^cneraial by the peliilencial c\ 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+*33 
+
+
+halations of the river Nile; anti there is every reafon 
+to believe, that the Greeks formed their Apollo 
+after the model of Orus fon of Ofiris, whom the 
+Egyptians confounded with the fun. 
+
+We fhall give the Lory of Apollo, as tranfmit- 
+ted to us by the poets. 
+
+Juno inccflantly purfuing her rival, prevailed 
+upon the earth to afford her no afylum. Latona 
+(whole name figniiies concealed) took refuge in 
+a floating ifland in the Archipelago, called Delos, 
+which was frequently covered with water. 
+
+Neptune, out of companion to Latona, fecured 
+this ifland from being overflowed, and gave it a 
+permanent foundation. It was here fhe brought 
+forth Apollo and Diana. The dread of Juno pre¬ 
+vented her long refidence on this ifland; fire fled 
+continually from place to place. One day tra¬ 
+velling the country of Lycia, fhe came to a marfh 
+where fome peafants were working; exhaufled 
+with third: and fatigue, lire .requcfled of them a 
+little water, it will preferve my life, faid flic. 
+The Lycians however, inlligated by Juno, refufed 
+her this fmall relief, and even infulted her; to 
+punilh their brutal inhumanity, Latona metamor- 
+phofed them into frogs. We (hall not give the. 
+hillory at length of Apollo and Diana; it is to be 
+met with in all poetry, both ancient and modern; 
+we fhall confine ourfelves to the principal features 
+.uid moll intcrelling Lories. 
+
+
+K 3 
+
+
+Apollo 
+
+
+
+134 
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+Apollo had feveral different names. He was 
+called Delos, from the ifland Delos where he was 
+born; Phcebus, alluding to the light of the fun; 
+Phos, and Bios, fignifying light and life; and 
+Pythius, from the victory he gained over the fer- 
+pent Python. (This vidtory mud be attributed 
+to the fun, which by giving heat to the earth, and 
+drying its ftagnated waters, cieftroys venemotis 
+reptiles). 
+
+He was called Adliacus, from Adlium, a pro¬ 
+montory famous for the vidtory which rendered 
+A uguftus inafter of Rome and the whole world. 
+The name of Palatinus was given to him, became 
+AuguRus built him a temple on mount Palatine, 
+to which he added a library. Apollo was banifhed 
+heaven, for having with his arrows flain the Cy¬ 
+clops who forged the thunder of Jupiter. 
+
+The Rory is as follows: 
+
+Iffculapius, fon of Apollo, had made furh pro- 
+grefs in the fciencc of medicine, under the inflruc- 
+tion of his father and the centaur Chiron, that he 
+had been able to reRore to life Uippolitus, fon or 
+Thcfcus. (We Hull give the hiitory of Hippo- 
+Jitus in the fecond part of this work, under the 
+article Heroes.) 
+
+Jupiter, offended that a mortal fhould prefume 
+to ufurp his privilege, ftruck the too llcilful phy 
+Rcian with a thunderbolt. 
+
+Apollo, unable to revenge himfclf upon Jupiter, 
+
+wreafed 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+*3 5 
+
+
+wreaked his vengeance upon the Cyclops, by Hay¬ 
+ing them with his arrows. No weapon was more 
+dreadful than thefe arrows of Apollo; it was with 
+
+more juftice he employed them againft the ferpent 
+
+* 
+
+Python, which Juno had railed up againft himfelf 
+and his mother Latona. The deftruftion of this 
+monfter gave rife to the Pythian Games lb famous 
+
+in Greece. 
+
+During the celebration of thefe games, which 
+was every fourth year, they contended in Hinging, 
+dancing and mufic; and the reward of the vidor 
+was a crown of laurel. 
+
+It is neceffary to explain the idea which the 
+Greeks, and the ancients in general, entertained of 
+thefe arrows of Apollo. They reprefented the 
+rays of the fun, and were fuppofed to polfefs fa 
+much power, that all Hidden deaths were attributed 
+to them. Homer was of the fame opinion, with 
+this difference, that the death of women appeared 
+to him to proceed from the vengeance of Diana, 
+or the moon, and that of the men, from Apollo, 
+or the fun. The hiftory of the children ol Niobe, 
+killed by Apollo and Diana, proves what influence 
+was aferibed to the lun and moon. 
+
+The haughty Niobe, incenled that divine ho¬ 
+nours were paid to Latona, whilll (lie, though 
+equally entitled to them by birth and the number 
+of her offspring, was negleded, liakenal to 1'hcbcs, 
+and endeavoured to interrupt the facnJices offering 
+
+
+k 4 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLLO, 
+
+
+136 
+
+to that goddefs. This infult drew on her the 
+vengeance of Apollo and Diana, who pierced her 
+children with their arrows, whilft performing their 
+exerciles on the plains near Thebes. 
+
+
+We fhall explain this (lory by comparing it with 
+hiftory. Niobe, daughter of Tantalus and liflcr n 
+Pelops, accompanied her brother, when he rair..' 
+into that part of Greece which from him was called 
+Peloponnefus. She married Amphion, a priun¬ 
+celebrated for his eloquence, who had juft buiS 
+the walls o f the city of Thebes, by perfuacli.w 
+his fubjefts to facrifire feme part of their prop.-ry 
+to put their city in a date of defence. 
+
+This fame prince being an admirer of muiin- 
+added three new firings to the four which the 
+lyre already pofleffed. Thole two circumftanct.i 
+were the caule of the fable, that he had built tb' 
+walls of Thebes by the harmony of his lyre. 
+
+The marriage of Amphion and Niobe v.-.n 
+productive ot a numerous offspring; they hau 
+fourteen children, but were all carried off bv 
+cruel peflilence which defoliated the country. 
+
+Tins pcRikr/e being attributed to intenfe hear 
+which night icfelf could not allay, the ftury o f 
+their death which we have juft given was invennd. 
+
+Jl was from the prevalence of this fame opiniw. 
+that Mornei* fays, the Greeks were vifited with .1 
+pellilcncc as foon as Apollo had dilcharged ho. 
+
+
+arrows. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOI.IO. 
+
+
+i«7 
+
+Whenever they wifhed to deferibe Apollo as 
+irritated, they reprefented him armed with hi's 
+arrows, and when appealed, holding a lyre in his 
+hand. In the time of contagious diflempers they 
+
+placed branches of laurel before their doors, hoping 
+the nod would fparc thole who rendered this ho- 
+r.our to his beloved nymph Daphne, whom he had 
+ntetamorphoh'd into a laurel tree. 
+
+Homer lays, that the children of Niobc remained 
+unburied nine days, and were then interred by the 
+ods themfelves. Jliftory lavs, that thefe princes 
+dying of the 1 pellilence, it was along time before 
+anybody dared approach them. 
+
+
+guuo 
+
+
+
+The Thebans, terrified for their own 
+appeared infallible to the rni.doirunes of their 
+queen; anti this was the origin of the ilory, that 
+they were changed into Hone:-. Yet feme among 
+them, from motives of attachment, bellowed the 
+rites of fepuiture on them; and to loothc the 
+defpair of Niobc, reporn d rhaii.'u-y were buried 
+by the gods. Amphion loon after dial of grief, 
+or of the plague, and N’ioh'- nr nnlhlable lor her 
+misfortunes, returned into Lydia, and lived at the 
+
+
+
+ioot o/ mount Sipylus, where iorrow ( 
+nunated her exiflenecn 
+
+Siu^ was feigned r.o h.ave been rui'iied into a 
+
+.uenr, becaufc the e>:rt f.s of her iufleiinp’S in Ionic 
+
+^ > 
+
+manner rendered her mlmlibie, end deprivtal her 
+
+even to niter her complaints. 
+
+J upitcr 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OP APOLLO. 
+
+
+138 
+
+Jupiter revenged the death of the Cyclops by 
+banifning Apollo from heaven, (that is, from the 
+government he had entrufted to him.) 
+
+He found an afylum at the court of Admetus, 
+who received him favourably, and conferred on 
+him the fovereignty of that part of his dominions 
+iituated on the banks of the river Amphrifus. hi 
+thole difeant ages, the names of pallor and king 
+were frequently fynonimous. The fable deferibes 
+Apollo as tending the flocks of Admetus, which 
+was the caufe of his being regarded as god of the 
+
+00 o 
+
+ihephercis. It adds, that Mercury having difeo- 
+vered him in this new capacity, dexteroufly Hole 
+one of his cows, and Apollo feeking for his 
+arrows to punilh the thief, found that they like- 
+wife were flolen. 
+
+It was during this exile that Daphne, daughter 
+of the river Peneus, was metamorphofed into a 
+laurel, at the moment when her feeble limbs, una¬ 
+ble 1 onger to continue her flight, had nearly lclc 
+her a prey to her purfuer, Apollo. The god was 
+pleafed to confecrate tins tree to himfclf, and to 
+appropriate a crown of its foliage to thofe who 
+fhould excel in poetry and in the Pythian Games, 
+Pliny, the naturalifl, allures us, that the laurel 
+has the remarkable property of being never ilruok 
+with thunder, A fragment of Hi (lory relates 
+that Daphne, daughter to a king of Theflaly, 
+named Peneus, being purfued by a young prince 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OK APOI.I.O, 
+
+
+*39 
+
+upon the borders of a river, called likewife Peneus, 
+fell into it and was drowned; and that the great 
+quantity of laurels which grew on the banks of 
+this river caufcd it to be laid, that fne was meta- 
+znorpheied into that tree. 
+
+Ic was not long after, that Apollo inadvertently 
+killed the young Hyacinthus, to whom he was 
+tenderly attached, Zephyrus, who likewife loved 
+this youth-, jealous on feeing him play at quoits with 
+Apollo, with a blaft of his breath drove the quoit 
+•of the god with fo much violence, that it beat out 
+the brains of the unhappy Hyacinthus. Apollo 
+changed him into a flower, which bears the fame 
+
+His ufelefs regret for this unintentional 
+
+
+name. 
+
+
+murder, did not appeafe the parents of Hyacinthus. 
+To avoid their implacable I'evenge, he fled for 
+refuge to Laomedon, king of Troy, who begged 
+his affiftance in building the walls of that city. 
+
+Here he met with Neptune, who, like himfelf, 
+exiled by Jupiter, was wandering over the earth. 
+The Laomedon* after havino- received 
+
+O 
+
+their fcrvices* refufed them their promiled reward. 
+Jn revenge, Neptune demolifhed their work by an 
+inundation* and Apollo vifited the Trojans with 
+a dreadful peflilence. The oracle being confulted 
+on the means of appealing heaven, returned for 
+anfwer, that a Trojan virgin* chofen by lot, muft be 
+expofed annually upon the rocks to be devoured 
+
+by a fca monftcr. 'The firft victim was He/ionr, 
+
+
+cl 
+
+
+augiher 
+
+
+
+1 ,{0 
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+daughter of Laomedon ; neither the power of 
+her father, nor her own beauty, were able to lave 
+her; the oracle muft be obeyed: happily at this 
+moment Hercules came to her afliftance and kil¬ 
+led the monfter. The avaricious Laomedon had 
+the bafenefs to refufe him two fine horfes which 
+he had promifed for fo eminent a fervice; this lb 
+enraged the hero, that he facrificed Laomedon to 
+
+o J 
+
+his refentment, fet fire to the city, and carried 
+away priioner his fon Priam. 
+
+Thefe two fables being connected with the hil- 
+tory of Hercules, we fliall give the explanation o' 
+them when we come to treat of that demi-god. 
+
+Some time after thefe adventures, Apollo was 
+permitted to return to heaven, and was reftored to 
+his former condition. Jupiter confided to his care 
+the chariot of the lbn, and appointed him to difruic 
+light over the earth. 
+
+o 
+
+Cicero dilrinpuifhcs four of the name of Apollo; 
+the three kid were Grecian princes; the moll 
+ancient of ail was Orus, ion of Ofiris and lib. 
+His mother gave him for nurfe I.atona; and to 
+
+V ‘ ? 
+
+protect him from the perfecutions of Typhoa, 
+flie concealed him in the lfiand of Chemnis, fitua 
+ted upon a. lake near Bures, which was the n:ui\■: 
+city of .I.atona. \Vc have already obferved that 
+OIirisj and after him Orus his fon, were, amo:i" 
+the Lp'/ptians, fymbols of the fun. 'Lhe Greeks 
+aimed always confounded Ofiris with their Jupiter; 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOI.LO. 
+
+
+M* 
+
+
+it is therefore by no means furprifing, that having 
+given the name of Apollo to fevcral of their princes, 
+they fhould have confounded them with the Egyp¬ 
+tian deity of the fame name. 
+
+Of all the pagan deities, to none have the poets 
+afcribed more wonderful qualifies. 
+
+Pie is defcribed as the inventor of poetry, mufic 
+and eloquence. No divinity poflcfied a better 
+knowledge of futurity; his oracles were innumer¬ 
+able. To all tliefe advantages he united beauty, 
+grace, and the power of charming by his wit, 
+and the harmony of his lyre. The title of God 
+of Day, furpaffes any eulogium which the molt 
+brilliant imagination can bellow on him. Among 
+the Grecian princes who bore the name of Apollo, 
+was one, who having engaged the afFedtions of 
+
+
+Clitie, a nymph of the ocean, deferted her for 
+Leucothoe, daughter of Orchamus, king of Baby¬ 
+lon; and Clitie in defpair refilling all nourifhmem 
+pined to death. 
+
+'Hie poets oblerving that the heliotrope, or fun 
+flower, conflantly turned towards the fun, took 
+advantage of this difeovery to feign that Clitie 
+was metamorphofed into that flower; and that 
+ftill retaining her fallibility, flic conflantly turned 
+towards the lun to reproach his infidelity. The 
+poets wi/lied likewiJe to aflign an oiigin to the 
+cyprofs, a kaflefs melancholy tree ; they feigned 
+that the infant Cyparifius, much beloved by Apollo, 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+lavinn 
+
+ut y 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+*4 3 
+
+
+having accidentally killed a favourite (lag, died of 
+grief, and was changed into a cyprefs by Apollo, 
+who ccnfecrated this tree to funerals. 
+
+k'O deity was more honoured than Apollo: his 
+temples were innumerable both in Greece and 
+Italy, and oracles were given in all of them., 
+Delos attra&ed vifitors from every part of the 
+globe, bv the magnificent feftrvals which were there 
+celebrated in honour of this god. All the cere¬ 
+monies of Ins worfhip had relation to the fun. 
+whom he reprefented. The hawk and the wolr 
+were confecrated to him, becaule they have a 
+piercing eve; and the crow, daw and fwan, becaufr 
+they were fuppofed to have the gift of fore- 
+light, and were employed in auguries. 
+
+The fable invented concerning the crow is word. 
+
+o 
+
+recounting. Its plumage was originally white, bur 
+was changed into black by Apollo, to punifh him 
+for having imprudently revealed to him the 
+infidelity of Coronis. The tranfporr.s of icalouf 
+are terrible, and frequently blind. Apollo do- 
+Hrroyed this nymph and too late repented his rafli 
+nefs. He metamorphofed her into a daw, wifiling 
+by her mournful plumage, and that of the crow 
+to perpetuate at once his revenge and Ids regret. 
+
+There arc many ancient monuments reprefe::! 
+ing this god, iliil extant. He is always known 
+by the luminous rays round his head, his youthful 
+appearance, his beauty, his lyre, and his arrow , 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+pcncrair. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE MUSES. 
+
+
+
+.* .i> 
+
+'j>s 
+
+
+* 
+
+-T‘ 
+
+
+HISTORY Or THE MUSES. 1 J.J 
+
+<reneral]y he appears beardlefs. His names were 
+almoft as numerous as the countries where he was 
+
+
+worfhipped. We have already mentioned the 
+principal, but we fhall conclude with that of 
+Mulimetes, beeaufe it leads us to the hi dory of 
+the Mules, whofe mailer and preceptor he was. 
+
+
+HISTORY AXD FABLE OK THE MUSES. 
+
+
+V, 
+
+
+yrro and St. Augulline inform us, 
+that at Sicyon three able Sculptors were employed 
+at the fame time in forming the Statues of the 
+Mufes. 
+
+They were at that time only three in number, 
+and it was intended to confecrate only the three 
+Hatties which ihould appear moll perfect; but the 
+equal talents of the artilts rendered the clecifion 
+fo extremely difficult, that to preferve thefe finifhed 
+performances they were all nine placed in the 
+temple of Apollo. From that time the poets 
+celebrated nine Mufes, and we think it by no 
+means neceffiuy to examine what their real num¬ 
+ber originally was. The obfeuriry upon this 
+hibjcdl is the greater, as the name of Mul'agetes, 
+or leader of the Mufes, is frequently given to 
+Hercules, It is true that on chelc occafiuns, that 
+
+hero 
+
+
+
+
+
+*44 HISTORY Of THE SlUSES- 
+
+
+hero appears to be confounded with the fun. jVi:\ 
+Court de Gebelin has in a very ingenious manner 
+endeavoured to prove that the Mules were twelve 
+in number; but Hefiod and the poets reckon 
+only nine daughters of Jupiter, and Mnemofvne, 
+the goddefs of memory. They were virgins, and 
+the fable fays, that a young man of the name 
+of Adonis, having attempted to gain their affections} 
+paid the forfeit of his life for his temerity. 
+
+This fable is intended to reprefent how fruit! 
+are the attempts to excel in poetry, unlefs ncrim: 
+has bellowed the neceflary talents. This pre¬ 
+tended death of Adonis is an allegory intended U 
+deferibe a man vain of Inis underhanding, w!,o 
+afpired to the charader of a poet, but left r.o 
+works to furvive him. 
+
+It is generally believed, that the name of tT 
+Mufes is derived from tine Greek word A: A,.' 
+fignifying to contemplate fublime iubjedts. 
+
+They are ionnetimes called Picridcs, from tV 
+following circumhance: 
+
+
+The nine daughters of Picrus, king ofMaordu* 
+nia, had the prefumptiori' to contend with t!,r 
+Mufes in flinging; when to punifh their vaniiv 
+the victorious Mules «.hanged them into mappi n 
+
+
+and aflumcd the name of Piet ides, in commune 
+
+ration of their triumph. 
+
+'This fpecies of cliallenge of the gods was alw.a 
+dangf-rous, and feldom went unnunilhed. 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE MUSKS, 
+
+
+fSS 
+
+m 
+
+I 
+
+I 
+
+IS 
+
+■ '.r 
+
+'>Ji 
+1 /' 
+
+
+1 -15 
+
+
+Marfy 
+
+
+that the founds which he produced from his flute 
+•were more harmonious than thofe which Apollo 
+drew from his lyre. Judges were chofen, and the 
+j'atyr being vanquifbeJ, Apollo to punifh his pre- 
+fumption, flayed him alive. 
+
+The origin of this ftory is as follows: Before 
+the invention of the lyre, the principal mufical 
+inftrument was the flute. Apollo by the afliftance 
+of his lyre, found means to unite the harmony of 
+an accompaniment, to the beauties of the voice. 
+
+
+and thus procured that inftrument the preference 
+to the flute. The poets have deferibed the jea- 
+loufy and regret of Marfyas on this occafion, by 
+faying, that he was flayed alive by Apollo. An¬ 
+cient authors do not perfectly agree concerning 
+the names and fymbols of the Mufesj we [bail 
+give their general appellations, and the manner in 
+which they arc commonly deferibed. 
+
+i. Clio, the tirft of the Mules, takes her name 
+from glory, renown. Her province was to pre¬ 
+late over hiflory. She is fuppoled to be the 
+i/iventrefs of the guittar, which inftrument fhe 
+generally holds in her right hand, and in her left 
+
+a Jut/nnu, fo called in Latin, inilrad of the bow 
+% \ 
+
+ulrtl in playing on that inflniment. She is like- 
+wilc frequently reprefented writing; hillory. 
+
+1 halia prefidtd over eomedv. Her name 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+lignifies 
+
+
+
+ijS 
+
+
+UIVIORY OF TUT, MUSES. 
+
+
+lignifies the blooming. She is reprefented re¬ 
+clining upon a pillar, holding a mafk in her hand, 
+
+3. Melpomene prefided over tragedy. She is gc • 
+nerally feen with her hand reding on the club of 
+Hercules, becaufe the objeft of tragedy is to rep re¬ 
+lent the brilliant exploits of heroes, the mod illut - 
+trious of whom was Hercules. 
+
+4. Euterpe prefided over inffrumenMl mi 1 IE 
+her name fnrnifics atrrcenble. She ..!w.;vs appe.’a. 
+
+^ ‘ v--- .11 
+
+*! | 7 riw 1 n r J • t * ; 1 \ ; 1 f r* (•’,-»* '> ■ • i* s v '* '' ; ' \ O II f" 
+
+>ul 1 UwUi'.iLvi \.a ti 1. ^ \ * t * \. , 1 1 . w - c-li <• 11 a L11 . 
+
+
+appendages of r.udlo. 
+
+
+5. Terplichjre, or the amufmg, prefided ovt, 
+the dance j die has always a imilirg counccnaikp 
+and v. ith cn c: foot ligh.tly touches the earth, whii;! 
+the other 1 ports in the air. 
+
+6 . Erato. Her name E c. -rived, from the Gred 
+word hr os, love. She is tlie infpurr of li.rh 
+ooctrv, and amorous ventrs; l\rv changeable phi- 
+
+i * J j. 
+
+ilognomy cannot be exprcile.l, as it varies even 
+time a new 1 ■ 1 b; e h t prvlcnts itlLlE 
+
+7. JPoivh', mnia tabes her name from the en it 
+
+» J J V > 
+
+vaiicty of her lonr^s3 Jiic is repreiented with a 
+
+
+new of her lonys 3 Jlic is re 
+
+
+lyre., as heino, t! .o inveiifre's of harmonyher yw. 
+directed towards heaven lhuv, thet ihe y:\ wL > 
+
+
+4 V i I ^ * 
+
+
+over the ode. 
+
+
+8. Urania, or the heavenly, was the invert.;'- 
+o! atlronomy and the leienecs ; in her hand 
+holds a globe, which fomuimes appears idr- 1 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY t-y TIil 
+
+
+MUSES 
+
+
+i-i7 
+
+
+upon a tripod ; and then flie is fecn holding a Icale 
+
+or a compafs in her hand. 
+
+Calliope owes her name to the majefty of her 
+
+ihe prefided over heroic poems. Near 
+
+
+vo 1 c e 
+
+
+her are fcen the trumpet of fame, crowns oflaureh 
+arms, and trophies. 
+
+The Mufes troinff one dav to Parnafllis to 
+
+ij v 
+
+receive the inllruftion of their preceptor Apollo, 
+were compelled by a violent fhovverto take jhelter 
+in the palace of Pireneus, king of Phocis, who 
+williing to ir.fuk them, they aiTumed wings and 
+took flight. Pireneus attempting to purfue diem, 
+leaped from a tower and was dallied to pieces. 
+
+Hiflorians inform us, that Pireneus banifhed 
+from his kingdom all learned men, and Unit up the; 
+uublic fchools; a brutal caprice which procured 
+him univerfal contempt: and at his death none 
+were found to honour his memory. Having in 
+
+* u 
+
+vain endeavoured to acquire reputation by his 
+poetry, he thought to revenge himielf by perfe- 
+cuting the fciences ; and to fix an eternal blot upon, 
+his memory, the poets invented this fable. 
+
+The Mules are frequently reprefented furround 
+
+
+uig Apollo upon mount ParnaHiw, or mount 1 leli- 
+con. Pegafus is like wile fcen with wings extended., 
+
+
+loot forming the fountain 
+
+
+'■'.iiiing lnmfdf into the a:r, anti with a blow ol his 
+
+1 (ippocrenc, lo eele- 
+oratal among the poets. We lliall re fume thi; 
+hihjtd' in the fecund part of this work, when we 
+
+
+reive 
+
+
+L 1 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE MUSES. 
+
+
+
+
+relate the hiftory of Perfeus. Among the children 
+of Apollo, one of the mod diftinguifhed was Linus, 
+the inventor of lyric poetry. He excelled in 
+teaching the lyre; the irsoft famous of his fcholan 
+were Orpheus, Thamyris and Hercules; the latter, 
+more formed to combat monfters than cultivate 
+the polite arts, was fo irritated at being repri¬ 
+manded by his maficr Linus, that he broke hit 
+lyre in pieces upon his head. Many cities ami 
+countries were rendered famous by the oracles of 
+Apollo; particularly Delphos, where he had , t 
+moll magnificent temple. The prieftefs whom 
+he infpired with an enthufiaflic phrenzy was co¬ 
+vered with the Ikin of the ferpent Python, and la: 
+upon a fort of table with three legs, called cortina, 
+or tripod. 
+
+That great fraud was praclifed in the an fiver: 
+of thefe oracles there is no doubt; however many 
+of them were certainly verified. The fathers of'die 
+
+9 
+
+church are unanimoufiy of opinion, that the A! 
+mighty has fometimes permitted the eternal ennin 
+of mankind to forefee future events; and this op 
+nion receives great confirmation from the man 
+inilanccs wherein the predihlions of thefe orm.li 
+were undoubtedly aecomplifhed. If their anhver 
+had conflantly been fallified by the event, not all 
+the artifice of the priclls of Apollo could lino" 
+preferved their credit fo many ages. It: mill! 
+however oblervcd, lliat the anfivers mven bv ib‘ 
+
+
+* 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF DIANA. 
+
+
+149 
+
+
+oracles were fo equivocal and obfcure, that they 
+would admit of feveral interpretations, fo that the 
+truth might fometimes concur with that which they 
+had adopted. 
+
+We /hall relume the fubjeft of oracles in the 
+chapter where we treat of the Sybils. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF DIANA, OR THE MOOR 
+
+
+Diana was the filler of Apollo, and as 
+he was called Phoebus, Hie was ftyled Phccbe; both 
+had the fame attributes. We have already proved 
+that among the Egyptians, Ofiris was the fymbol 
+of the fun, and Ills that of the moon. To avoid, 
+a repetition of thrl'e particulars, we fhall give the 
+hiltory, or rather the fable of Diana, as adopted by 
+the Greeks. 
+
+Among them, Diana was honoured under three 
+different characters. l'irlt, as a celeltial divinity, 
+and (he was then the Moon or Phoebe; fecondly, 
+as a terreftrial divinity, when Ihe was called Didea, 
+or Didynna, from the name of a favourite nymph, 
+the firll' inventrefs of nets; anil lallly, as goddefs 
+of the infernal regions, where fhe reigned under 
+the name of llecate, or Proferpine. 
+
+It was to ex [ire Is the 1 c different qualities, that 
+/he was fly led the triform goddefs. 
+
+
+L 3 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF DIA 2 CA. 
+
+
+*c5° 
+
+
+/I • 
+
+
+auU 
+
+
+The Theffalian fhepherds boafted, that the, 
+
+J 
+
+could bringdown the moon to the earth by the! 
+enchantments. When it happened to be cclip/l;!. 
+they aiTerted that it defeeuded to the earth 
+became obedient to their orders. 
+
+Diana came into the world before her brother. 
+
+4 
+
+and immediately (as the Fable fays) performed the 
+office of midwife to her mother La tuna. 
+
+The pains fhe faw her fuller induced her 
+demand of Jupiter the gift of virginity, and p-. 
+million to prefide over child-birth, both wi.i< 
+were Granted. Virgins on their marriage thou.'- 
+
+o ^ o ^ 
+
+
+themfelves obliged to appeafe tliis goJJels, 
+confecrated to her their girdles, which proci.'i'.d 
+her the name of Lyfizone, or loole-girdle. ; b: 
+was like wife called Trivia, becaufe (he prciiUffi 
+over the highways. 
+
+In Egypt there was another Liana, n 
+
+
+% * 
+
+
+W * . 
+
+
+% ♦ 
+
+
+Bubafesj (lie was Daughter to Oliris and Ji. . 
+and like her mother received tlie iiirnainc of Dim.a 
+Lucina was a name common to both this godik 
+and Juno, Pregnant women near the time of dr ;i 
+deliveiy invoked them indifferently under if. 
+appellation. 
+
+
+The gi cater part of her other names were dm ivi . 
+from places where (he was particularly hoi,one 
+
+
+Tie had 
+
+
+two temples much celebrated ; that 
+
+F plirnis, one of the feven wonders of the w- 
+'? d'-ffii iv'iioti of whir It we (hall ffive in the (L- 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+HiiTORY OF DIANA 
+
+
+
+
+* 
+
+part of this work, under the article 1 empies) was 
+burnt the 6th cf June, the day Alexander the Great 
+
+was born. 
+
+Eroftra'.us the incendiary wilhed to render his 
+name immortal by committing a crime which 
+
+could never be forgotten. 
+
+The lecond temple was fituated in Taurica 
+Cherfonefm., now called the Crimea. It was par¬ 
+ticularly famous for the human victims offered there 
+to Diana. All Grangers, whether they landed by 
+chance, or were driven on the coafl by florins, 
+were here barbaroufly facrificed. Orcftes and 
+Pylades, fo dillinguifiied for their mutual friend- 
+Ihip, killed die Pontiff Thoas, carr ied off the flattie 
+of the goddefs, and brought it into Italy, where it 
+was called Phazelis, becaufe they had concealed it 
+in a faggot of wood. 
+
+Upon earth Diana prefided over the chace. 
+Sixty nymphs, daughters of Gccauus, and twenty 
+other females, had the care of her hunting efla- 
+blifhment. She is reprclcnted with bufkins on 
+her feet, and a quiver and bow in her hand. Her 
+forehead is ornamented with a crefeent, and her 
+car is drawn bv hinds. 
+
+Diana was regarded as the goddefs of chaflity,. 
+the nymphs, her attendants, were obliged to imitate 
+her, and if they failed, although unintentionally* 
+they were (evenly pumiked. The unfortunate 
+
+
+led by j 
+
+
+I * 
+
+
+vertentlv 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+15 s 
+
+
+HISTORY OF DIANA. 
+
+
+vertently penetrating to a retired grotto, where 
+Diana and her nymphs were bathing, was inftantlv 
+metamorphofed into a Stag, and devoured by his 
+own dogs. 
+
+Califto, a nymph of Arcadia, though favourite 
+of the goddefs, could not efcape her vengeance, 
+Jupiter, to feduce her, had affumed the form of 
+Diana herfelf; but even this excufe did not proto.' 1 
+her; fire was driven from her fociety, and alxui* 
+donedto thejealoufy of Juno, who metamcrpliof d 
+her into a bear. Obliged to conceal herfelf in the 
+
+O 
+
+deepeft receffes of the foreft, lhe could not always 
+
+efcape the purfuit of the hunter; Areas, her own 
+
+fon, arrived at that age when fo many charms an' 
+
+* 
+
+found in the chafe, by accident met his mother. 
+Califto difeovering in him all the features of Ju¬ 
+piter, which were fill imprinted upon her mind, no 
+longer thought of flying; fire anxioufiy fixed iw 
+eyes on the young prince, who was preparing to 
+pierce her with a dart, when Jupiter to prevent !o 
+horrible a crime, metamorphofed him likewife inn> 
+a bear, and tranflated them both to heaven. 
+
+Such is the fable invented by the poets concern¬ 
+ing the conftellation compoled of feven ft ary. 
+which is now called the Greater Bear. 
+
+The far called Bootes which follows it repre ■ 
+feats the foil of Califto. 
+
+Near the Ardlir pole is fen the I .offer Bear, 
+
+known to aftronomers by the name of Cynoluia; 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF DIANA 
+
+
+*5 
+
+
+it is the guide of mariners. The ftars of which 
+this is compofed reprcfent the nymphs who had 
+the care of Jupiter in his infancy. 
+
+Diana, equally proud as Juno, would buffer 
+none to be compared with her. 
+
+Dcdalion fon of the morning- flar, called Lucifer, 
+was changed into a hawk from the following cir- 
+
+•S3 ' 
+
+cumllance. Chione his daughter, being nil'll 
+enough to prefer her own beauty to that of Diana, 
+was killed by an arrow from thatgoddefs. 
+
+
+Dcdalion, clifconfolate for the loll ofhis daugh- 
+ter, precipitated himfclf from the top of a tower, 
+when Apollo, out of companion, transformed him 
+into an hawk. 
+
+There A a ltory that Diana becoming enamoured 
+
+j ^3 
+
+of Endymion, kinpr of Elis, every night descended 
+
+
+from her e:ir to vide him upon the mountains of 
+Caria. This fiction ib injurious to Diana is founded 
+foleiy upon the paflionof Kndymion (or allronomy, 
+and the attention which lie bellowed on the courle 
+of the moon. 
+
+
+This prince was fond of retiring to a grotto in 
+Latinos, one of the mountains of Caria, where 
+]ie frequently parted whole nights; which oecafioned 
+the florv of his being vihfed bv Diana. 
+
+v < > 
+
+1 I is conllant application p> liudv, and his in- 
+
+^ » *v % 
+
+Piilcrenre to pleafmv, rauied it i i k < wife to be (aid, 
+char lie had obtained from fupiur the gift of per- 
+pnualf]c /, j\ d hc»«* )•, f!dl 10 be fern in mount 
+
+
+
+
+i.54 
+
+
+1I STORY OF DIAN'A. 
+
+
+Latmos a Tort of cavern, which is yet called tra 
+
+
+grotto of Endymion. 
+
+o 
+
+
+The chariot of the fun was of gold, and that of 
+
+
+the moon fiiver. 
+
+
+The tranquil progrefs of the latter was deicrih,-.; 
+by frying, that flic filer,dy advanced amid the 
+fhades of Night; who was a particular divini- 
+
+r 
+
+faid to be the daughter ot Chaos 
+
+
+C % « „ o- r 
+
+i )i 1L i' w : J* 
+
+
+the moft ancient of ail the god Idles, to exprA, 
+
+
+that darknefs exifted before light. 
+
+
+O ) 
+
+»• /** TO 
+
+. i E i j 
+
+
+re 
+
+
+pre 
+
+
+fen ted in a chariot of ebony, covered with a hr;;, 
+black veil, and furreunded with liars. In her liar,' 
+fhe holds a flambeau, which fhe appears to be h 
+the aft ofextinguiffing. 
+
+
+The poets attribute to her a number of 
+
+
+flU] 
+
+V. l . . . - 
+
+
+dren, but they were all metaphorical, fucii at 
+Pain, Fear, Love, Envy, Age, Ac. Ac. 
+
+We fhall fpeak of all thefe divinities under an¬ 
+other article j at prefent their hiflory would giv* 
+too much interr:ip Son to that of the pri-wip.! 1 
+tl c itic s. 
+
+The name of Hecate was riven to Diar;,">. 
+
+I 
+
+this is deiivec! Irom a Greek word, whic h Jigr. 
+to llriko at a diiiaaa: ; by this U-rinme was ua*arr 
+the rapidity with which her my.-; [uJs from Iumv* 
+to earth. 
+
+
+j i 
+
+
+Thefe rays, like thole of Apollo, were called 
+.Arrows, and the influence of both was equally 
+dreaded. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF DIANA. 
+
+
+’55 
+
+
+The names of Phoebus and Phoebe., •which 
+were given to Apollo and Diana, on account 
+of the light they diifuied ever the earth, had 
+an origin which it will be of fervice to know ; 
+they are derived from the mother of Latona, 
+whole name was likewife Phoebe ignorance of 
+her birth caul'ed this perfonage to be regarded 
+as the offspring of the earth. 
+
+'This primary Phoebe derived her greateft ce¬ 
+lebrity from an oracle fituated at the foot of Par- 
+naffus, yielded to her by her mother the Earth. 
+
+Apollo anti Diana at first divided this Ipecies of 
+inheritance, but not long after Apollo only was 
+coiifultcii there. 
+
+'1 his being the oracle of Delphos, it is necef- 
+larv to be acquainted with its origin. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus fays, that it was fir ft difeo- 
+vered by means of goats feeding in the valleys of 
+mount Parnaffus. 
+
+In one of thele valleys was to be Icon a narrow 
+opening ; lome goats approaching to browfe the 
+herbs which grew around, experienced a fort of 
+intoxication, which made them leap about in an 
+extraordinary manner. The fhepherd who was 
+fencing them, lurprifed at this die !, went to take 
+a nearer Jurvey of this cleft, when the air wlucli 
+proceeded from it occulioned him a kind of del; • 
+
+rmm > lu: looked upon as divine inlpiraiion. 
+
+I he report ot t his inii m*'Jc drew toncdiet* t.'a* 
+
+
+* f 
+
+
+nri 'lihm.-riiif*' 
+
+* * L > 
+
+
+
+5^6 HISTORY OF DIANA. 
+
+a 
+
+neighbouring inhabitants. The experiment re¬ 
+peated a thoufand times conftantly produced the 
+fame effed. Surprifed at a prodigy which their 
+knowledge at that time did not enable them to 
+account for upon natural principles, they fuppo- 
+fed fome propitious divinity, or the earth itlelf, 
+difpenfed oracles through this aperture, and gave 
+thofe who approached it the power of predicting 
+
+
+futurity. From that time this place was regarded 
+as facred. A fort of fanduary was eflablifhed 
+there which could not be approached without 
+rich offerings to the divinity they wifhed to con- 
+fult. This fanduary was in time enclofed in a 
+magnificent temple, and the afflux of thoie 
+who reforced here fo increafed the number of ha¬ 
+bitations, that they were confiderable enough to 
+
+
+*•* 
+
+form the city ofUtdphos. 
+
+This famous aperture was fituated about die 
+middle of Parnaifus, a mountain of Phocis, on the 
+fouthern defeent. 
+
+'l'he temple and city of Delphos acquired iu :■ 
+immenfe riches, that they were compared to tho.<- 
+of the Ivin,vs of Paha. 
+
+Before we conclude this work we fliall Cu..’ 
+more fully the interfiling lubjed of oracles. 
+
+
+JilSI OR : 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+The pride and ambition of the Greeks 
+Jed them to believe their own country the birth¬ 
+place of all the gods and heroes. Never was a 
+people more defirous of appearing illuftricus. 
+
+The conqueffs of Bacchus had rendered 1 ns 
+name too famous not to attribute to him a Gre¬ 
+cian origin. However, Herodotus, Plutarch,and 
+Diodorus Siculus, (who faithfully executed the 
+office of hiftorians,) inform us, that he was born 
+in Egypt, and brought up in Nyfa, a city of 
+Arabia the Elappy, where he had been lent by his 
+father Ammon. We even perceive by them, 
+that the Bacchus of the Greeks was no other 
+than the famous Ofiris, conqueror of India. The 
+fictions of the poets, ar.j the accounts of an¬ 
+cient authors, can only be: applied to this King 
+Egypt. Speaking of Bacchus, they fir ft lay that 
+he came to the affiance of Jupiter in his war 
+again ft the giants ; ami ana-wards, that he w : . 
+the Ion of Scmele, and u.randioii of Cadmm. Now 
+
+# t • 
+
+this la(l mentioned prince did not oxill till many 
+
+* * 
+
+arcs a(t'*r the above war. The fable acids, that 
+Ji lechus cictlu J in the jLin of a f i -cia re/ukum! 
+
+
+
+i 5 s 
+
+
+ni story or bacC i;a 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+pieces ov 
+
+
+the giants. 
+
+
+This latter circuniRan.ce undoubtedly alludes ;•? 
+the death of Ofiris, who was killed by his inhu 
+rnan brother Typhon. Diodorus explains this con 
+tradition by faying, that the worfhip of this divinity 
+
+
+was brought from Egypt into Greece by Orphan , 
+who being favourably received by Cadmus, withe i 
+to exprefs his gratitude by attributing to one of 
+that prince's family the hiftory and fable of the 
+Egyptian Bacchus—and, indeed, the worfhip which 
+was paid to this god, and that which was paid 
+ro Oliris, perfectly refembled each other. 
+
+1 'his comparifon ferves Rill more to prove 
+that the Greeks were indebted to the cafrern colo¬ 
+nies, not only for their divinities, but even the. 
+major part of their names. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus reckons three of the name n ( 
+Bacchus; Cicero live; and the moderns arc fid 
+more divided, as 
+
+
+to their number and origin 
+
+
+Many 
+
+
+learned men are of opinion, that th 
+
+
+Bacchus of the poets is no other than Moles. 
+
+
+* ' I 
+
+‘ iWV 
+
+
+find jo 
+
+
+a rcfcmblancc between 
+
+
+them, that w c think it nmflarv r to mve thci r 
+
+y ✓ o 
+
+rcaihus for imagining them the lame, without pre¬ 
+tending however to offer any thing politive upon 
+the fubjedt. Doth are reprelentcd as having beet: 
+bom hi Jfg.ypi, and expoled upon the Mile. 
+
+' 1 !» 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+
+
+Mofes, and that of Myfas 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+to Bacchus by Orpheus, both exp re Is that they 
+were faved from the water. 
+
+Bacchus was brought up in Arabia, on a 
+mountain called Nyfa; it was in this lame coun¬ 
+try that Mofes palled forty years. 
+
+Bacchus, when cruelly perfecutcd, retired to 
+the borders of the Red-Sea 5 Mofes, to dediver 
+the Hebrew people from the opprdlioii of the 
+Kgyptians, eroded the Reel-Sea. 
+
+The numerous army of Bacchus, compofeu of 
+men and women, palled through Arabia in their 
+
+way to the conouefl of India. The army of the 
+
+* * 
+
+Jewifh legiflator, compofed of men, women, and 
+
+
+children, were obliged long to wander in the 
+defart, before they arrived in Paleftiac, which, 
+as well as India, belongs to the continent c f A ha. 
+
+
+The fable frequently reprefents Bacchus v.irh 
+
+horns; which may be luppofed to allude to the 
+
+two rays of light which flione on the forehead of 
+Mofes. - 
+
+Bacchus was brought upon Mount 'Vila; Mofe.- 
+received tlie tables of tlie law on M 
+
+
+ount Sin:?. 
+
+
+By the tranfpofition of a fingle letter then 
+names become exaftly alike. 
+
+
+two 
+
+
+
+s, armed with his thyifi' 1 , defeated the 
+
+
+giants; Mofes fought the giants dclcendtd from 
+b.noch, and a rod is the iiiflruincnt of his miracle . 
+Jupiter lent Iris to order Bacchus into India io do— 
+
+1 f; 0 ’.r 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+
+ftroy a finful nation ; God commanded Mofes into 
+Paleftine to exterminate an idolatrous nation. 
+
+The god Pan gave Bacchus a dog to accom¬ 
+pany him in his travels ; Caleb., which in the He 
+brew fignifies a dog, was the faithful companion 
+of Mofes. 
+
+Bacchus, by finking the earth with his thyrlb, 
+produced rivers of wane. Mofes, by finking the 
+rock with his miraculous rod, caufed fountains o; 
+water to gufh from it. 
+
+This parallel agrees too perfe&ly not to indier 
+
+
+us to believe, that the fable of Bacchus is a dif- 
+figured tradition of the hiftory of Mofes. Again, 
+there are Tonic wiio endeavour to prove, that Ra¬ 
+dius is the fame as Nimrod, the fon of Chm, 
+which procured him at firft the name of Bnr- 
+Clius, fon of Chus, and by corruption Baccin: . 
+Odiers on the contrary think, that Bacchus is tar 
+fame a?. r oah, to whom iacred hillory attributes 
+the firlc cultivation of the vine. 
+
+However it be, we may conclude from theft 
+companions, that die Jewiih legislator, havi:.:, 
+been much celebrated in Kgypt, they have bor¬ 
+rowed many of the principal features of his life m 
+embcjiifh the hillory of Bacchus, or rather Ofiii , 
+
+
+who appears to have been tiie real Bacchus. 
+
+We learn from hillory, that the worfhip of tin 
+divinity was introduced iuto Greece by Caunur 
+Bcmele, daughter to that prince, having a lui 
+
+
+lUUll'Si 
+
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+161 
+
+named Bacchus, who performed fome adfions and 
+exploits in fome refpedt fimilar to thofe of the 
+Kgyptian Bacchus, was afterwards confounded 
+with that God, and in compliment to his grand¬ 
+father, Cadmus, received the fame honours. 
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS, 
+
+It is not fufficient to know the hiftori- 
+cal comparifon between Mofes and Bacchus; we 
+lhall give the flory of his birth as we find it in 
+the Grecian poets. 
+
+He was the fon of Jupiter and Semele, daugh¬ 
+ter of Cadmus. This princefs dwelt in the city 
+of Thebes. Juno becoming jealous of Semele 
+affumed the form of Beroe her rival’s nurfe, and 
+advifed her to rcquefi of Jupiter, that he would 
+appear to her armed with his thunder, and in 
+all the majefly with which he was invelted when 
+he appeared to Juno. The unfufpe&ing Semele 
+accordingly informed Jupiter, that five had a 
+fivour to demand, and made him fwcar by the 
+river Styx not to refufe her: he pronounced the 
+oath, and notwithflanding the fatal confequences 
+
+which he knew would attend it was obliged to 
+comply. 
+
+The 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+1.60 
+
+ftroy a finful nation ; God commanded Mofes into 
+Paleftine to exterminate an idolatrous nation. 
+
+The god Pan gave Bacchus a dog to accom¬ 
+pany him in his travels ; Caleb, which in the He - 
+brew Signifies a dog, was the faithful companion 
+of Mofes. 
+
+Bacchus, by finking the earth with his thyrik, 
+produced rivers of wine. Moles, by ftriking the 
+rock with his miraculous rod, caufed fountains ot 
+water to gufta from it. 
+
+This parallel agrees too perfedlly not to induce 
+us to believe, that the fable of Bacchus is a dif- 
+figured tradition of the hiftory of Mofes. Again, 
+there are fome who endeavour to prove, that B.w- 
+chus is the fame as Nimrod, die foil of Chus, 
+which procured him at firft the name of B: 
+Chus, fon of Chus, and by corruption Bacchic. 
+Others on the contrary think, that Bacchus is the 
+fame a*. T oah, to whom facred hiftory attributes 
+the firfc cultivation of the vine. 
+
+However it be, we may conclude from thefc 
+
+
+\ V 
+
+a 
+
+
+com pari Cons, 
+
+
+jewiih legi 
+
+
+Jiavir.; 
+
+1 1 
+
+
+been much celebrated in Kgypt, they have bur¬ 
+rowed many of the principal features of his life in 
+embdiifh the niilorv of Bacchus, or rather Ofirb, 
+who appears to have been the real Bacchus. 
+
+We learn from hiftory, that the worfhip of ini' 
+divinity was introduced into Greece by Cad mi r. 
+Scmele, daughter to that prince, having a lun 
+
+
+nainen 
+
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+l6l 
+
+named Bacchus, who performed fome adlions and 
+exploits in fome refpedt fimilar to thofe of the 
+Egyptian Bacchus, was afterwards confounded 
+with that God, and in compliment to his grand¬ 
+father, Cadmus, received the fame honours. 
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+It is not fufficient to know the hiflrori- 
+ca 1 comparifon between Mofes and Bacchus; we 
+lhall give the Rory of his birth as we find it in 
+the Grecian poets. 
+
+He was the fon of Jupiter and Semele, daugh¬ 
+ter of Cadmus. This princcfs dwelt in the city 
+of Thebes. Juno becoming jealous of Semele 
+a (Turned the form of Beroe her rival’s nurfe, and 
+advifed her to requefl: of Jupiter, that he would 
+appear to her armed with his thunder, and in 
+all the majefty with which he was in veiled when 
+he appeared to Juno. The unfufpecfling Semele 
+accordingly informed Jupiter, that fire had a 
+favour to demand, and made him l'wcar by the 
+river Styx not to refufehcr: he pronounced the 
+oath, and notwithllanding the fatal confequences 
+which he knew would attend it was obliged to 
+
+M 
+
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+of it 
+
+
+Ui'O- 
+
+
+162 
+
+The unhappy Semele could not fnpport ib 
+glorious a fight, her palace was coni limed by t’;r 
+rays of light which fiirrounded him, and fie her- 
+felf periflied in the flames. 
+
+However, Jupiter willing to fave the infant wifi, 
+which fie was pregnant, enclofed it in his chiph, 
+where it remained till the appointed time 
+birth.—This ridiculous ftory afterwords 
+cured Bacchus the furname oi Bi mater, vdiich 
+fnmifies having two mothers. 
+
+o o 
+
+In tracing the origin of this extraordinary Awry 
+concerning the birth of Bacchus, we find, tli.it 
+Semele was fo icorched by the fire which con 
+fumed her palace that fhe expired, but that the 
+child with which fie was pregnant was preferred 
+Immediately on its birth, Jupiter fent Mercur 
+with it to Nyla, a city near a mountain called 
+Meros, which word fignifies thigh. Tin's is the 
+only foundation of the above fable. At the in- 
+treaty of Mercury, the daughters of Atlas tool: 
+charge of the infant Bacchus. Silcnus undcrtool. 
+the care of his education, and conceived fiich an 
+attachment for him, that he would never after¬ 
+wards leave him, but accompanied him in all hi-: 
+conque/ts. 
+
+As we (hall refinne the hi ftory of Silenus in it ■ 
+proper place, we fliall content ourfelves at pre- 
+fent with obferving, that in fable he is del'cribed 
+
+
+as the god of wine; becaufe lie is flip poled hrlt 
+
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+163 
+
+£0 have cultivated the vine. Bacchus, out of gra¬ 
+titude to the daughters of Atlas, changed them 
+into the ftars called Hyadesj from the word 
+Hyie, one of his furnames. He is generally re- 
+prefented under the figure of a young man with a 
+ruddy frelh complexion, to exprefs the joy which 
+wine infpires even in old age. In his hand he car¬ 
+ries a thyrfis, which is a fort of wand furrounded 
+with vine leaves and ivy: the latter plant being 
+cool and refrefifing, was fuppofed to have the 
+power of diipelling the fumes of wine, and pre¬ 
+ventin'? it from intoxicating the brain : It is for 
+this realbn that Bacchus almoft always appears 
+crowned with ivy and vine branches. 
+
+He is frequently fecn fitting in a chariot drawn 
+by panthers and tygers. By tin’s equipage we mult 
+underhand, that excefs of wine deprives man of 
+his reafon, renders him furious and frequently 
+cruel. The victims facrificed to Bacchus were 
+generally either a magpie or a goat. The former 
+to ihow that wine renders a man incautious in his 
+converfation; and the latter becaufe the goat 
+browfcs on the vine buds. 
+
+The fcr.fis of this god were celebrated with 
+great dilorder by prieftefies named Bacchantes, or 
+bafiarydes, or Thyades, and frequently Menades, 
+who ran up and down the mountains clad in the 
+fid ns of tigers. When they invoked the god 
+their hair was difiievellcd, and in their hands they 
+
+m 2 held 
+
+
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+held thyrles and torches. Thefe feads were called 
+Bacchanalia, and Dionylia, from the furname of 
+Bacchus, or Triterica, becaufe they were cele¬ 
+
+
+brated every third year. They likewife pave them 
+
+
+the name of Orgia, which ftgnifics fury. Durine 
+another feaft, named Afchofia, they amull-d 
+
+
+themlelves with jumping upon bladders filled with 
+
+
+air, and thofe who fell aiTorded fport to the 
+
+
+others. 
+
+
+Nothing was more terrible than the vengeance 
+of Bacchus, or his worfhippers, .when any pre¬ 
+lumed to difturb their rites, or oppol'e lik 
+divinity. 
+
+
+Pentiums, fon of Echion and Agave, wirhing 
+to prevent the Thebans his fubjedls from ceic • 
+brating thefe feads ; the god infpired his mother 
+Agave with fo blind a fury, that inviting the 
+Bacchantes to follow her, flic with her own hands 
+tore in pieces her unhappy fon. This dieadful 
+example had no influence on the Mineides. 
+
+
+One day, during the celebration of thefe feafk. 
+out of contempt, they employed themlelves openlv 
+in working tapcflry, but were changed into bats, 
+and their work into ivy leaves by the offended dcirv, 
+Lycurgus, (who mu ft not be confounded with 
+the Spartan law-giver of that name,) wilhed to 
+
+
+deflroy all the vines in Thrace, and began demo¬ 
+
+
+unting them with a llytlie ; an unhappy drake-, 
+
+
+however, happening to (all upon his leg, the pro- 
+
+
+
+
+FARLF. OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+J65 
+
+
+pie, who witneffed the circumftance, regarded it 
+as a punilhment for the infult offered to the god of 
+
+wine. 
+
+Bacchus, having colleded an immenfe army, 
+confiding both of men and women, fct out for the 
+conqueft of India. Inftead of fpears and fhields, 
+his troops were armed with drums and thyrfes. 
+This riotous troop 1 pro ad univerfal eonfternation, 
+but the intention of Bacchus being only to teach 
+the cultivation of the vine to the conquered 
+nations, he was every where received as a benig¬ 
+nant deity. 
+
+I le carried his conqueds, or rather his travels 
+and feafts, into the countries fituated beyond the 
+Mediterranean, as Arcadia and Syria; but he 
+never penetrated into thofe immenfe provinces 
+which extend as far as the Ganges, and are now 
+called the Eaft-Indies. 
+
+It was on his return from this expedition that 
+he efpoufed Ariadne, daughter of Minos, king of 
+Crete. 
+
+
+He prefented her with a crown of gold, en¬ 
+riched with diamonds, mod rurioufly executed by 
+Vulcan.—This crown, after the death of Ariadne, 
+
+
+was placed among the condcllations, or rather its 
+name was given to an affemblage of eight liars, 
+three of which arc extremely brilliant. 
+
+Alexander the Great, in his conqued of India, 
+propofed Bacchus as his model, and during fix 
+
+
+
+
+i66 
+
+
+FABLE OF BACCHUS. 
+
+
+days his foldiers celebrated the feads of that god 
+with all the excefies of intoxication. 
+
+Among the mod celebrated monuments of 
+Bacchus which remain, the mod beautiful are 
+thofe which rep refent his marriage with Ariadne, 
+whom the perfidious Thefeus had abandoned on 
+the ifland of Naxos. Particularly there is extant 
+a done of inedimable value upon which this cere¬ 
+mony is engraved; it is called the feal of Michael 
+Angelo, and belonged to the King of France. 
+A caduceus is frequently placed near Bacchus to 
+fhow that he preferred peace to war. 
+
+Among the different names given to Bacchus 
+we mud remark that of Nydtilius; he was fo 
+called becaufe his orgies were celebrated in the 
+night by the light of torches and flambeaus.— 
+The name of Dionyfius is derived from Dios, 
+God, and Nyfa the city where hew as brought up. 
+He is likewife diled Evan and Hyie, fignifying 
+Courage, Son; words which were frequently re¬ 
+peated by Jupiter whilft Bacchus was engaged in 
+combat with the giants.'—It is likewife thought 
+that the name of Bacchus may be derived from 
+Bacchein, to howl, on account of the cries of the 
+Bacchantes. 
+
+
+HISTORY 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF MINERVA. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF MINERVA. 
+
+
+
+y the Greeks and Romans Minerva 
+was regarded as the nobleft produdion of Jupiter; 
+but long before ihe was known to them, the 
+Egyptians acknowledged her as a divinity. 
+
+Of the live goddelTes of this name mentioned 
+by Cicero, he fays, that the molt ancient l'prung 
+from the Nile, and was held in preat veneration 
+by the Egyptians. The fecund was daughter of 
+Saturn and goddefs of war; the third, daughter of 
+Jupiter j the fourth was of Athens, and daughter 
+of Vulcan; the fifth and lad, was daughter of the 
+Giant Pallas, and is called indifferently Pallas or 
+Minerva. 
+
+The Rories of thefe different sroddeffes beintr 
+generally confounded together, we Ha all relate the 
+principal one prelerved by Mythology. 
+
+Jupiter, after the war with the Titans, feeing 
+
+
+himfdf, with the confent of all the gods, abfolute 
+lovereign of heaven and earth, elpoufed Metis, 
+liippoled to be the wiled being in the univerle j 
+(this name is allegorical, and we have already 
+mentioned that it fignilies Providence.) Being 
+informed by Ca ins that from her would fhortly 
+proceed a daughter of confuminatc wildom, and 
+;l Jon defiined by the bates to tlx empire of the 
+v 'Oild, hr devoured her; fometime after, feelinu 
+
+
+< v 
+o 
+
+
+3 'lread/nl pain in his head, lie applied to Vulcan, 
+
+
+M 4 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+
+i68 
+
+
+HISTORY OF MINERVA. 
+
+
+who, with the blow 'of an axe, divided his head, 
+from whence fprung Minerva completely armed, 
+and already of fufRcient fixe to render Jupiter 
+eflential afliftance in his war with the giants. 
+
+The fidtion, concerning the birth of Minerva, 
+has always appeared myfterious; and the infciip- 
+tion on her temple at Sais, in Egypt, fill adds to 
+the obfcurity it was conceived in thele terms: 
+
+
+I am what is, what was, and what fhall he; 
+None could ever raife the veil that covers me; 
+
+
+and it you would know my works, it is I who made tliclun. 
+
+
+The moft famous of the learned think this 
+myfterious infeription to have been taken from the 
+book of Mofeswhere Eternal Wifdom, fpeaking 
+
+
+of itfelf, fays— 
+
+I proceeded from the head of the Moft High 
+before the exiftence of any thing created. 
+
+This opinion is the more probable, as the inha¬ 
+bitants of Sais were ignorant of the time when the 
+worfhip of Minerva began. There is every realon 
+to believe that it reached up to the laft Patriarchs. 
+It had already exifted a long time when Cecrops, 
+originally of Sais, quitted that city, and led a 
+colony into Greece, where he foon introduced the 
+manners and religion of his country. 
+
+This Prince had a daughter whom he named 
+Athene, to place her under the immediate protec¬ 
+tion of Minerva. 
+
+
+The great reputation of Cecrops caufecl this 
+
+
+daughter 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF MINERVA. 169 
+
+daughter to be afterwards confounded, with the 
+
+o 
+
+^oddefs whofe name hie bore. 
+
+Minerva, Athene and Pallas, were the fame 
+divinity among the Greeks. Confidcred as Mi¬ 
+nerva, fire prdided over wifdom: as Athene, fhe 
+was the tutelar divinity of Athens: as Pallas, fire 
+prefided over war. On account of this lad func¬ 
+tion, Hie was frequently confounded with Bellona; 
+a different divinity, of whom we drall fpcak at the 
+concludon of this article. 
+
+The inhabitants of the ifland of Rhodes were 
+much didinguiilied for the wo r fir ip they at drd 
+rendered Minerva; but when they adopted the 
+Sun as their principal and greated divinity, the 
+veneration for Minerva declined. The Athenians, 
+in hopes of procuring the particular favour of this 
+goddefs, declared her the protcclrefs of their city, 
+and built a magnificent temple, where fhe was 
+honoured'under the name of Parthenos; that is. 
+
+
+virgin. 
+
+Phidias, the mod celebrated and ingenious fculp- 
+tor of his age, adorned this temple with a datue of 
+gold and ivory; which his genius rendered worthy 
+of the goddefs it reprefented. 
+
+The Athenians, to add dill more folcmnity to 
+the worfhip of Minerva, celebrated in honour of 
+
+
+her the magnificent feads called Athena;. 
+
+V. > 
+
+
+
+were inflituted by liriftlionlus, third 
+
+
+
+
+Athens. Tliefe feads were afterwards called Pana- 
+
+
+thenre, 
+
+
+
+HISTORY 05 MINERVA 
+
+
+J/O 
+
+
+thenae; when Thefeus had united the twelve vii, 
+lages of Attica to form the fingle city of Athens 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+thefe feafts were divided into the greater 
+the lefs ; the former were celebrated every fifth 
+year, the latter annually; and it was during this 
+celebration that the verfes of Homer, named rhap- 
+fodies, ufed to be fui 
+
+
+The fable fays, that the honour of giving 
+name to the city of Athens, which at firh was 
+called after its founder Cecrops, produced a 
+violent difpute between Neptune and Minerva. 
+
+The twelve principal deities being chofen arbi¬ 
+ters of this difference, determined that they who 
+fhould produce the mo ft ufeful gift for the city 
+fhould honour it with their name. 
+
+Neptune immediately with a blow of his trident, 
+produced from the earth a noble fteed, the lym- 
+bol of heroic courage. Minerva produced a 
+blooming olive tree, the fymbol of peace. Th- 
+deities decided in favour of the latter, who gave 
+her own name, Athene, to the city. 
+
+Hiftory has preferved the explanation of this 
+fable. It fays, that Cecrops, originally of Mb, 
+having led an Egyptian colony into Attica, re¬ 
+formed the barbarous cuftoms of the natives* 
+infirudted them in agriculture, and taught them 
+to plant the olive which was found very congenial 
+to the foil. 
+
+lie brought them to adopt the worfhip <>l 
+
+Miners - a, 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF MIN'KRVA. 
+
+
+I7i 
+
+
+Minerva, to whom this tree was particularly con¬ 
+ic crated, and the city then took the name of its 
+tutelar divinity. Athens became famous for the 
+excellence of its oils ; its commerce being by this 
+means greatly increafed, rendered the cultivation 
+of the olive extremely valuable, and the neceflity 
+of infuring fafety to foreign velfels reformed the 
+natural inclination of the Athenians to piracy. To 
+deferibeand commemorate the origin of this reform, 
+the fable of Neptune being furpalfed by Minerva 
+was invented. 
+
+Some hiftorians fay, on the contrary, that this 
+
+
+ftory alludes to a difference which took place 
+between the lailors who acknowledged Neptune as 
+their divinity, and the people and fenate, who 
+were under the protection of Minerva. The 
+Areopagus was appointed to determine this dilpute, 
+and decided that agriculture, and a rural life, were 
+
+
+preferable to the profcfilon of pirates: it enafted 
+
+
+wife and ialutary laws 
+
+
+to inlure th.e liberty of 
+
+
+commerce 3 
+
+
+and to commemorate tins tiecinon, 
+
+
+they pretended that Neptune had been excelled by 
+Minerva, and that the twelve principal deities 
+thcmfclves had given judgment in her favour. 
+
+Arachne, a maid much celebrated for her (kill 
+in works of tapellry, prefumed to (ay, that (he 
+would not yield even to Minerva herfelf. She 
+dilplaycd her works, and defied the gotldefs to a 
+companion. Minerva enraged, tore in pieces the 
+
+webs 
+
+
+
+HISTORY or MINERVA. 
+
+
+~ r> 
+
+/ ~ 
+
+
+allegorical 
+
+
+fables 
+
+
+webs of Arachne, and ftruck her with her fhuttle. 
+Unable to fupport fo mortifying an affront, lire 
+determined to put an end to her exiftence with 
+a cord, but was changed by Minerva into a fpider. 
+
+This fable is an allegory, intended to fhovv, that 
+prefumptuous pride feldom goes unpunifhed. Yet 
+it may probably have its origin from the word 
+Araky which fignifies equally to fpin, and the wel 
+
+of a fpider. We find many 
+intermixed with the hiftory of Minerva; among 
+them may be claffed that ofTirefias, which relate-', 
+
+4 
+
+that having one day fiirprifed Minerva bathing, 
+he was inffantly deprived of fight, but obtained 
+
+the <uf: of pronhecy through the interccffion ot 
+
+S.J i 1 J '•'* 
+
+his mother. Tire meaning of this fable is, that 
+the truly wife confider of very little importance 
+the ordinary events of life, and, wholly attentive to 
+the dictates of wifdom, learn by preient experience 
+to provide againft future evils. 
+
+Pallas was not the only furname given to Mi¬ 
+nerva; flae was called Parthenia, from being a 
+virgin; Crofia, for having blue eyes; and I ritoni.i, 
+from the lake Triton ; to which, according to lunr 
+accounts, (lie was indebted for her origin. 
+
+
+'The word Tri/o, fignifics likewife brain; and a- 
+
+
+lt is to 
+
+
+fiie proceeded from the brain of Jupiter, 
+
+| • 
+
+that probably we Ihould aferibe the name '1 ntonu. 
+Sometimes flie is called Tlippia, fignifying female 
+cqueftrian. 
+
+The 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF MINM-RVA. 
+
+
+1 7'3 
+
+
+The Rails of Minerva, called Quinquatria, were 
+
+celebrated ac Rome in the month of April. 
+
+During their continuance, pupils were obliged 
+to carry prelents to their mailers. The two¬ 
+fold object of this was, to habituate them to 
+
+fentimerits of gratitude, and to teach them, that 
+no pleafure is equal to that experienced by a gene¬ 
+rous heart in difcharging a duty, or conferring an 
+obligation. 
+
+Thefe prelents were called minervalia, or gifts 
+offered to wifdom, in order to enhance their value, 
+and to remind the mailer, that wifdom ought con- 
+flantly to direft his endeavours for the inllruftion 
+of youth. 
+
+At that time no aft of liberality was performed 
+without invoking the Graces; as they were llip- 
+pofed to prefide over afts of kindnefs; to give, 
+alone, was not fufficient. There exilled among the 
+Greeks and Romans pictures, or pieces of fculp- 
+ture, in which the real Graces were reprelentcd 
+driving from the temple the idle, or liftitious 
+Graces. We think it quite unnecehary to explain 
+thefe allegories. 
+
+Several inventions were attributed to Minerva, 
+that of the polite arts, the life of oil, the art of Jpin- 
+ning, and ornamental tape (try. 
+
+thefe pretended inventions were merely alle¬ 
+gorical. Arts and feiences are the real riches of 
+the mind, and worthy of the patronage of wifdom. 
+
+i Oil 
+
+
+
+174 
+
+
+HISTORY OF MINERVA. 
+
+
+Oil fhows, that to acquire knowledge we mull 
+frequently confecrate our nights to ftudy. 
+
+The art of fpinning reprefents the patience and 
+perfcverance neceftary in profecuting our work'., 
+and by the ornaments of tapeftry we are fhovr, 
+that it Ihould be our ftudy to embellifh them. 
+
+Minerva is fliid to have proceeded from th • 
+head of Jupiter, to exprefs, that wifdom is not o: 
+human invention, but of divine origin. She i'. 
+reprefented corning into the world armed; becauf. 
+the wife fupportcd by a clear confcience, and im 
+fjpotted virtue, are able to combat vice, and remain 
+firm under misfortune. She is defcribed as a vir¬ 
+gin, becaufe wifdom cannot unite with corruption, 
+or earthly pleafure. She has no external orna¬ 
+ments, and is of a ftern countenance, becaule fin- 
+needs no borrowed decorations; Ihe fhines with 
+
+
+equal luftre when clothed in the ruflet gown, Oi 
+inverted with royal purple. Her afpeft, always 
+
+
+noble, infpires equal love and refpeft, whether ur.dn 
+the wrinkles of old age, or the charms and bloom 
+of youth. She is frequently reprefented holding 
+a diftafF, and preparing to fpin, intended to teach 
+us, that weJhould avoid idlenefs, and, to all other , 
+prefer thofe employments which are moll uldul. 
+Bcllona prefuled over finguinary wars; it was over 
+the war again ft vice that Minerva prefuled. On 
+her head Ihe wears a helmet, having on the top ol 
+it an owl. In one hand flic holds a lance, and in 
+
+
+ot 
+
+
+Lae 
+
+
+
+
+
+BF.LLOX A. 
+
+
+l 7 S 
+
+
+the other the egis, (a fort of fhield, covered with 
+the fkin of a ferpent flain by herfelf, and having 
+in the middle a reprcfentation of the head of 
+Medufa one of the Gorgons.) 
+
+This fliiekl and armour were ufed by the god- 
+defs to ftrike terror into the guilty. 
+
+The owl perched upon the helmet was to ex- 
+prefs, that vvifdom frequently delights to meditate 
+in the lolemn filence and tranquillity of night. 
+
+
+EELLONA. 
+
+
+JLhis goddefs was by the Greeks called 
+F.nyo, and yet they frequently confounded her with 
+Pallas. She was daughter of Phorcis and Ceto, 
+and filler of Mars. Among the ancients her nioft 
+common appellation was Duellona. 
+
+She is defcribcd by the poets as a w'arlike divi¬ 
+nity, who prepared the horfes and chariot of Mars 
+when he departed for battle. 
+
+She is like wife rep refen ted with difhevelled hair,, 
+holding a torch in her hand. 
+
+Bdlona had a temple at Rome, near the Car- 
+
+
+mental gate. 
+
+
+It was in this temple the Innate gave audience 
+to ambafladors, who, as vveli as generals returning 
+from war, were not permitted ro enter the city. 
+
+At the gate of this temple was a little pillar, 
+
+again lT 
+
+
+
+ijS HISTORY OF MARS AND VICTORY. 
+
+
+which a ftone was thrown on a declaration 
+
+of war. 
+
+
+
+Bellona was clafTed among the common divi¬ 
+nities; in rank ffie was equal to the god Mars. 
+Her priefts were inftalled into their office by ma¬ 
+king incifions in the thigh, and offering as a fieri- 
+fice to the goddefs the blood which flowed from 
+the wound; but this cruelty was only pretended. 
+The worfhip of Bellona, though famous at Rome, 
+was ft ill more fo in two confiderable cities par¬ 
+ticularly conlecrated to that goddefs; both called 
+Comana. 
+
+In ancient monuments, Bellona is feen armed 
+with a pike and lhield, but it is extremely difficult 
+to diftinguifh her from Minerva. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF MARS AMD VICTORY. 
+
+The god Mars, whom the Greeks called 
+Ares, was the Ion of Jupiter and Juno. The fable 
+of his birth, which we have already given in the 
+hiftory of Juno, was invented folcly by the Latin 
+poets. To the Greeks, and more ancient nations 
+it was entirely unknown. 
+
+The recent invention of this fable ferves to pro\e 
+that it was an allegory of the Latins, to defence the 
+jealouly of Juno at feeing the manner in which 
+Jupiter had produced wildom. 
+
+Juno 
+
+
+
+HISTORY Or MARS AND VICTORY 
+
+
+/ / 
+
+
+Juno entrufted the education of Mars to 
+Priapus one of the Titans, or Dactyii Idtei. This 
+fI-:ii{"u 1 preceptor obferving the promifing talents 
+of lus young pupil, inured him to bodily exercifes 
+and the ufe of arms. Pie trained him for the 
+
+
+office of a great commander, and taught him that 
+by acquiring glory, he might alpire to the rank of 
+the moil illuftrious divinities 3 and i’oar above thofe 
+inferior gods among whom, by birth, he was placed. 
+It was out of gratitude, and in acknowledgement 
+for the care and fuccefs of Priapus, that he received 
+the tenth of the Jpoils confecrated to the god Mars. 
+
+There were many princes of this name, and in 
+the fequel aim oft every people had their Mars; but 
+we ill all mention only the principal of them. 
+
+Diodorus fays that the original Mars, to whom 
+is aferibed the invention of arms, and the art of 
+ranging troops in order of battle, was Belus; called 
+in feripture Nimrod; and mentioned as a mighty 
+hunter before the Lord. 
+
+
+
+but afterwards employed them in reducing man¬ 
+kind to fubjebtion. 
+
+
+Glory and power always excite our furprife. 
+Nimrod was at fir(l feared and admired, but the 
+people foon perceived how capable he was of 
+protecting and defending them. The execution 
+ol his orders infured fuccefs, and fecured the fufety 
+dial]; they faw the advantage of inverting the fu- 
+
+N preme 
+
+
+
+*;* 
+
+
+HISTORY OF MARS AND VICTORY. 
+
+
+preme power in one ; be flowed on him the crown, 
+and the defcendants of thefe fame people created 
+him a divinity. 
+
+The learned Hyginus informs us, that the na:-g 
+
+as given to this king of Babylon, becau.'e 
+
+
+C \TT 
+
+
+Belu 
+
+he was the firft who hunted wild beads. 
+
+The fecond Mars was an ancient king offAvnr, 
+
+y> • * - • 
+
+The third, a Thracian monarch called Odin, i (c 
+became fo diflinguifhed for his power, covrc.y* 
+and conquefts, that he was by this people (the n\ 
+warlike in the world) fiylcd the pod of war. i A 
+fame Odin w.r. frequently called 1 typerborean M.io 
+
+The fourth god <>f that name, was he \vh< . . 
+the Greeks furnamed Arcs; anti the filch, was C. • 
+
+Mars of the Latins, liippcfcd to be the fatAr •; 
+Romulus and Remus. 
+
+The Gauls had like wife their Mars whom t'.av 
+called Hefus. They lacriiiced human victims to 
+him. The Scythians, with their ufual fimpliciry, 
+adored the god of war under the form of a iwoni, 
+
+
+
+
+and the Lcrfians, wh.cn they deified the fan.-w. 
+Nimrod, gave him the name of Orion, and n • 
+carded him as the god of battle. The Grec 
+
+tD ° 
+
+ways defirous of embellifliing the hiilory of tin a 
+gods, attributed to their Mars the exploits o! . : l 
+thofe we have jult mentioned. 
+
+The celebrated iribauai calk I the A 
+\r/<v: indimtal to Jc a uiiirmu'c wiiiAi a.ul 
+jr’ilrn between Mar-, or ! \v aral 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF a! \RS AND VICTORY. 
+
+
+*79 
+
+
+The former refufing to confent to the marriage of 
+
+
+his daughter Alcippe with All irotiiiSj fon of Nep¬ 
+tune, that rafli youth, liftening to the dictates 
+of his paffion, had the temerity to cat ?r off. Hut 
+lie could not efeape the god of war, and his life 
+was the forfeit of his bold attempt. 
+
+Neptune in defpair for the lofs of his fon cited 
+Mars to appear before the judges. The graved 
+Athenians being alfembled to determine this affair, 
+declared Mars innocent, and acquitted him after 
+the uJual manner. 
+
+The Court of Juftice being fituated on an emi¬ 
+nence, was called Areopagus, from Ares, and 
+Pagos, the rock of Mars. The eda'olillnnent of 
+this tribunal, fo refpefted for the equity of its de- 
+cifions, according to the Arundelian marble, fhould 
+be placed 1560 years before theChriftian era, under 
+
+
+the reign of Cranaus. This dory received the em- 
+bellifliments of poetical invention. The noble 
+fimplicity of hiftory was abandoned for the brilliant 
+ornaments of poetry. It was pretended that Mars 
+had been pronounced innocent by the twelve 
+principal deities, becaufe the judges, who amounted 
+to that number, were chofen from the mod 
+illudrious families of Athens. 
+
+I lie names given to the god Mars had different 
+fgnilications. Ares fignifics inpiry, and repre- 
+ients the mileries attendant on war; or probably 
+11:1 y ho derived from the 1 Jcbrcw word Aims, 
+
+
+n ?. 
+
+
+llrong 
+
+
+
+l8o HISTORY OF MARS AND VICTORY. 
+
+ftrong and terrible. The Latins called him Gra- 
+divus, in peace, and Quirinus, in war. 
+
+Romulus, whom the Romans regarded as the 
+
+% 
+
+fon of Mars, when honoured as a divinity, re- 
+
+* 
+
+eeived the name of Quirinus. 
+
+When Mars was invoked to protefl the culti¬ 
+vated tands from the ravages of war, he was called 
+Silvefter,, and father. The Greeks, to paint him crael 
+and terrible, named.him Corythaix, which fignilics 
+fliakinghii helmet.. He,is generally reprefented 
+in a chariot guided by Bellona; his horfes, the 
+ofFspring.of Boreas' and Erynnis, were called Tenor 
+and-Fear j on his breaft-plate are the figures of 
+feveral monfters: The poets add, that Fury and 
+Indignation fat perched upon his helmet, and that 
+Fame: always. announced his approach. 
+
+■ Mara had. feveral temples at Rome. Augultus, 
+
+after the battle of Philippi., ere died a moil; magni¬ 
+ficent one; in -honour of'him, under the name of 
+Mars the Avenger. 
+
+The prieffcs of this god were called Saliij they 
+had the care of the Ancilia, or facred fhields, the 
+origin of which is as follows:— 
+
+A fliield, of a form till that, time unknown, 
+being found, it was fuppofed to have fallen from 
+heaven. The oracle being confuked, returned 
+for anfw.er, that the empire of the world was 
+deflined for that city which fliould preferve this 
+Ihield. Numa Pompilius, the better to lccure it 
+
+from 
+
+
+
+IUSTORY OF MARS AND VICTORY. l8l 
+
+♦ 
+
+from lofs, had feveral made fo exaftly in imitation 
+of it, that it was impoflible to diftinguifh which 
+
+• f 
+
+was the original. 
+
+The form of the Anciiia was an oval, a little in¬ 
+dented in one part. Their length was about two 
+feet and an half. The number of the Anciiia, like 
+that of the priefts called Salii, was twelve. Tullus 
+Hoftilius increafed them to twenty-four. 
+
+During the feaft of the Anciiia, which began in 
+the calends of March, and lafted thirteen days, 
+they were carried in proceffion, the attendants 
+dancing, and finging verfes adapted to the 
+occafion. 
+
+During the continuance of thefe feafts no mi¬ 
+litary enterprife, no expedition, no bufinefs of 
+importance was permitted. Ancient monuments 
+generally reprefent Mars under the figure of a man 
+extremely robuft, armed with a helmet, a pike, 
+and a fhield. He is fometimes naked, and fome- 
+times wears a military drefs, and a cloak. 
+
+Mars the Conqueror carries a trophy. 
+
+Mars Gradivus is in the attitude of a man 
+walking with large {hides. 
+
+
+
+VICTORY 
+
+
+
+j8o 
+
+
+HISTORY Of MARS AND VICTORY". 
+
+
+ftrong and terrible. The Latins called him Gru- 
+divus, in peace, and Quirinus, in war. 
+
+Romulus, whom the Romans regarded as the 
+
+
+Mars 
+
+
+a divinity, iv- 
+
+✓ - 
+
+
+f Qn 
+
+
+When Mars was invoked to protett the 
+
+
+r l': r 
+
+V- \ • iii*' 
+
+
+vated lands'from the ravages of M ar, he was c.iik ; 
+Silvefter, and father. The Greeks, topainthim cr.rb 
+and terrible, named him Corythaix, which fmrd A 
+lhaking his helmet. He is generally reprei;; : •; 
+in a chariot guided byBellona; his horlo, 
+offspringof Boreas and Erynnis, were called i i; : 
+and Fear ; on his brealt-plate are the fr. • ;c.. - : 
+feveral monflers: The poets add, that Fur/ r. : 
+Indignation fat perched upon his helmet, and Li..-.: 
+Fame always announced his approach. 
+
+Mars had feveral temples at Rome. Augulii! , 
+after the battle of Philippi, eretted a moll 
+ficcnc one in honour of him, under the naiuc ck 
+Mars the Avenger. 
+
+The prieffcs of this god were called Saiii; iL\ 
+had the care of the Ancilia, or llicred fhiclds, me 
+origin of which is as follows: 
+
+A fliidd, of a form till that time unknown, 
+being found, it was fuppofcd to have fallen from 
+heaven. The oracle being confoltcd, returned 
+for anfwer, that the empire of the world was 
+deflined for that city which foould preferw this 
+fhield. Numa Pompilius, the better to kcun'ir 
+
+
+ma.-ni 
+
+
+
+II r STORY OF MARS AMD VICTORY. 
+
+
+
+from lofs, had feveral made fo exaftly in imitation 
+of it, that it was impofiible to diftinguifh which 
+was the original. 
+
+The form of the Ancilia was an oval, a little in¬ 
+dented in one part. Their length was about two 
+feet and an half. The number of the Ancilia, like 
+that of the priefls called Salii, was twelve. Tullus 
+Hoftilius increafcd them to twenty-four. 
+
+During die feaft of the Ancilia, which began in 
+the calends of March, and lafted thirteen days, 
+they were carried in proceflion, the attendants 
+dancing, and finging verfes adapted to the 
+
+
+occafion. 
+
+During the continuance of thefe feafts no mi¬ 
+litary enterprife, no expedition, no bufmefs of 
+importance was permitted. Ancient monuments 
+generally reprefent Mars under the figure of a man 
+extremely robuft, armed with a helmet, a pike, 
+and a fhield. He is fometimes naked, and fome- 
+times wears a military tire ft, and a cloak. 
+
+Mars the Conqueror carries a trophy. 
+
+Mars Gradivus is in the attitude of a man 
+
+
+1 J 
+
+
+* J 
+
+
+large ftridcs. 
+
+
+
+VICTORY 
+
+
+
+i8a 
+
+
+VICTORY. 
+
+
+VICTORY. 
+
+Hesiod fays that viftory v/as the daugh¬ 
+ter ©f Styx and the river Acheron. 
+
+She shifted Minerva in the battle of the giants. 
+This goddefs had feveral temples in Greece a:.: 
+Rome, and it was in her temple the Romans placed 
+the ftatue of Cybele, when brought from Pefilnus, 
+The Arcadians, the moment of their arrival in 
+Italy, credited a temple to the goddefs Victory; 
+and the Didtator Sylla inftituted games to ln- 
+honour. 
+
+In medals and pieces of fculpture fine is feen 
+flying in the. air, holding in her hand a crown, or 
+a branch of palm. 
+
+The Egyptians reprefented her under the form 
+
+of an eagle ; a bird ever victorious. 
+
+She fometimes carries a globe, to fhow that her 
+
+• % 
+
+empire extends over the whole earth. 
+
+In naval vidtories fine is feen placed on the piov- 
+of a veffel. 
+
+
+
+HI.sTOXY OF VENUS. 
+
+
+
+THE HISTORY AND FABLE OF VENUS. 
+
+
+To adorn the imagination with the power 
+and language of truth; to furprife, afi'ed, and 
+ever pleafe, are the principal objects of poetry, 
+when Hie abandons herfelf to what fhe calls her 
+genius. She may embellifh and even exaggerate 
+a common occurrence ; but this power is ufelefs 
+in defcribing the excefs of the paflions; for the 
+limits of truth are hers, and when Ihc attempts to 
+overftep them Ihe becomes ridiculous and inef¬ 
+fectual. 
+
+The poets foon perceived the weaknefs of their 
+pencil when they attempted to paint beauty. Its 
+dangerous influence was felt, and their molt al¬ 
+luring deferiptions were frequently eclipfed by the 
+models they were intended to reprefent. To avoid 
+this hazard, and difguife their inability, they created 
+
+
+it a divinity, and were not deceived in their 
+opinion that weak mortals would foon become 
+their accomplices, and haften to ereCt altars to its 
+honour. 
+
+Venus fprings from the foam of the fca; a 
+
+
+fea flic 11 
+
+
+failing gently on th 
+
+
+
+
+furface of the 
+
+
+water is wafted by the gentle breath of zephvrs 
+to the foot of Mount Cytbcr.i. Id ere the god- 
+
+
+N 4 
+
+
+
+
+184 HISTORY OF VENUS. 
+
+defs lands, and as fhe walks, flowers fpring u>y\\ 
+her feet. The Hours, who were charged vdm. 
+her education, received her, and conducted hr;- to 
+heaven. 
+
+Her train is compofed of the Smiles, Sport;, r. ; : 
+Graces. Her power and charms are heightened 
+by Lhe cdlu-, a myltcrious girdle, producin'; 
+every pafiion at the appearance of the ohjefi v. 0., 
+wears it. SuJi was the Venus of the poets v it- 
+fhe appeared before the gods; but let us leave r 
+poets the tafk of embellifhing their picture;, s.J 
+content ourfclves with knowing what mytl.oiu 
+informs us concerning the 01 it*in of Venus. 
+
+o u 
+
+Hefiod fly's that fhe was produced from <h 
+foam of the lea, and the blood v.diich flowed from 
+Codes, when wounded by his fun Saturn. 
+
+From this ftngular compound proceeded iw 
+jnofl beautiful of the goddejies • fne fir ft appi a:V 
+at Cytitera, and from thence palled into Cypni:. 
+Alinofl all the poets have hollowed the tradition V 
+1 feliotl. However Homer, who was ccjiiallv 
+ancient, and much more celebrated, fays Hie \.... 
+the daughter of Jupiter and Dione 4 . 
+
+Cicero reckons four of the name of Vemi 
+The iirfl, daughter of CoL.hr, and Tux, or ike 
+
+
+Light.—The lecond, Iprung from 
+
+
+the foam 
+
+
+the fea, was mother of Cupid.—The thC 
+daughter of Jupiter and Dione, was wife to \ d 
+
+
+
+HISTORY CF waxes. 
+
+
+185 
+
+
+ran, an-.l mother of Anteros 
+
+
+The fourth and laft 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+v.as Aftarto, wile of Adonis, born in Phoenicia. 
+
+paulanias mentions three : one cclcfli ll, who 
+•"irfilled over chaile aU'eclion ; another terrelfrial 
+v. lio prrfidcd over man !.;"«■ 5 and a third, called 
+Averlativa, wlio bar.idwd ail criminal defTes. 
+
+h was the difference of opinion amor.:; the 
+ancient poets concerning Venus. 
+
+Amonfr the moderns, th.e iliufnious Sir Thar 
+
+
+S ■ 1 c 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+Newton feems to reckon only one Venus, whom 
+he calls Calycopis ; and fays flic was daughter oi 
+Q'treus, king of Phrygia , that Ihe married T'hoas 
+ltirnaincd Cinyras, and was mother of /Eneas. 
+Tiioas railed altars to her at Paphos, in Amathus, 
+in the ifie of Cyprus, and. at Byblos—lie infiituted 
+feaftsto her honour which were called orgies ; and 
+committed the care of her worlhip to a college of 
+pricks which he founded. 
+
+It is upon tire authority of Tacitus, Evhcmerus, 
+and I.actantius, that the illuflnous Newton founds 
+his opinion concerning the origin oi Venus. 
+
+We can give no clear information concerning; 
+this goddefs, either from fabulous hiftory or tiie 
+accounts of the poets ; becaule we find in them a 
+perpetual mixture ol natural philolophy, mora¬ 
+lity, and hiflory. Frequently (he is confulered as 
+1 gnddels, fomerimes as a planet; but her name 
+n general lcrves only to deferibe 1 he pallions. 
+
+That there have been many of the name of 
+
+Venus 
+
+
+H 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+
+i86 
+
+
+HISTORY OF VENUS. 
+
+
+Venus appears certain; but fine was' originally of 
+Phoenicia. This eaftern nation adored Venus 
+Urania, or the heavenly, that is to fay the planet 
+of that name; and in the courfe of time her 
+. worfhip became confounded with that of Aftarte, 
+wife of Adonis. 
+
+When the Phoenicians led their colonies into 
+the illes of the Mediterranean, they firft Hopped at 
+the illand of Cjprus, which lay neareft to dv 
+coaft of Syria. From thence they proceeded to 
+Cythcra, an ifland not far from the Continent of 
+Greece. Here they introduced their commerce 
+and religion among the inhabitants, whofe pafilon 
+for the marvellous led them to report that it was 
+among them Venus firft appeared. 
+
+They gave her the name of Aphrodite, Foam, 
+to exprefs that fhe arrived by fea. 
+
+The Temple of Cythera was one of the moil 
+ancient Venus po fie fifed in Greece. 
+
+The hiftories of Aftarte and Venus were foon 
+
+
+confounded by the Greeks. The uncertainty of 
+historical fads, the impofiibility of arranging them 
+with order, left the poets no other guide than their 
+imagination ; they confulted only their own pal- 
+lions, or thole of the princes or great character? 
+
+they wifhed to (latter. 
+
+* 
+
+From thence it was that the nrofl alluring pic¬ 
+tures, and frequently the moft fcar.dalous advert- 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF VF.N'US. 
+
+
+
+turcs, furnifhed them with materials for the hiftory 
+of their Venus. 
+
+
+Painting and fculpture, 
+
+
+fillers 
+
+
+cf poetry, 
+
+thought themfelves entitled to imitate her extra¬ 
+vagancies. Venus was reprefented as the goddefs 
+of Pleafure. Cupid, or Love, was faid to be her 
+ion, and all the finifhed productions of the poets 
+and artifts were thus realized into divinities. Yet 
+
+
+however bad the idea they entertained of tins 
+divinity, fire was regarded as one of the moft pow¬ 
+erful, becaufe fire prefided over the paffior.s. Her 
+temples were found every where.—Thole of 
+Paphos, Gnidus, Amathus, Cythera, and Id alia, 
+were the moft remarkable for their beauty ; but 
+the moft prophaned by licentioufnefs and diibrder. 
+The worfhip of Venus was extremely various; in 
+forne places they only burnt incenfe upon her 
+altars; in others they facrificed a whim goat. 
+Women ufed to confccrate their hair to this 
+goddefs. 
+
+Queen Berenice, wifhing to obtain fuccefs for 
+her hufband in his war againft Seleucus, devoted 
+her hair to this goddefs, and fufpended it in her 
+temple: it difappeared, and the foothfayers being 
+confulted, to flatter the queen, faid, that the hair 
+
+had been changed into a liar, and trunflated to 
+heaven. 
+
+
+This fable procured a flar which had been newly 
+difeovered, the name of Berenice’s lock. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+i88 
+
+
+HISTOP.Y Of VIS' -c. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+The hiftcriesof Aftarte and Vt-nus be ino-cry. 
+bunded together, :-;ave rife to the fable of Adorn-, 
+
+C. J y ^ J 
+
+and 
+
+
+king of Cyprus, 
+
+
+He was fon of Cinyras, 
+
+Mvrrha—This nymph was metamorphofed inn 
+
+the tree of the lame name, before die birth of 
+
+her fon Adonis. When the time of her deli vert 
+
+♦ 
+
+arrived., the tree opened, and Adonis was received 
+and brought up by the Naides. Educated in rue 
+woods, the chafe became his g re ate ft plcalhn-; 
+Venus tiled to accompany him, and trembled when 
+
+him, left he ihould A 
+
+Mars, jealous of 
+
+
+rorcc 
+
+
+- ] 
+^ vl 
+
+
+to na; t lr.vm 
+
+X 
+
+
+•r iinr'l-i } 
+
+
+wounuo.; by feme wild bead, 
+the acccn*ton paid by Venus to this handfome 
+youth, excited again# him an enormous bo.tr, 
+the animal made forioufiy towards Adonis, who 
+wounded him with a javelin, but not tnoi rally, 
+
+w - 
+
+he A ill retained lb cog;.': enough to tear him with 
+Ins tuffs. Vc:;:a came to hi:; aH;fiance, but too 
+kite ; lie was dead. Ddconiolatc for his lofs, (he 
+metamori'holed him into an anemone, and obtain: d 
+of Prof rpine, that he fiioult! pals fix months in 
+the infernal regions, and fix months on earth. 
+Temnlcs were raifed to this favourite of Venus, 
+
+-4 
+
+That in theifieof Cyprus, which was the mof 
+magnificent, contained the famous necklace m 
+Eanphiie, wife of Am[ hi.uvui.s piven her by i\i 
+uica s, Ion of (Ebipuk, to betray in r huibaiul. 
+llilu-ry Am:; an explanation of Inc (lory o! 
+
+ft U y., that this votmp; prince :*n 
+
+
+A ’ 
+
+
+;L 010 ., 
+
+
+\ \ \ 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF YEN'US. 
+
+
+1 of? 
+
+
+vcrned part of Phoenicia, and to conlummate 
+beauty of perfon, added mo ft amiable qualities ot 
+
+mind. 
+
+He married the ilaughterof the king ofByblos, 
+and at his death fucceeded to that prince’s throne. 
+One day hunting in the forefts of mount Libanus", 
+iie was dangej'oufly wounded by a wild boar. The 
+queen, thinking the wound mortal, delivered her- 
+
+
+fe 1 f up to inch excefiive grief that his fubje&s 
+thought him dead ; and the mourning was general 
+throughout Phoenicia. He however recovered, 
+
+w 
+
+and in the transports of public joy, they deferibed 
+the danger he had efcaped, by faying he was 
+returned from the infernal regions. 
+
+This fkble actmired the Greater credit, as Ado- 
+nis afterwards reprefented the Sun; and queen 
+Aftarte the Moon. Bv laving that he paired fix 
+
+
+months on earth, and fix in the infernal regions 
+
+
+
+
+it was intended to dclcribe the divifion of time into 
+days and nights. 
+
+We fhall not attempt to relate all the fables of 
+the poets concerning Venus ; they are innumer¬ 
+able ; and we have already laid they are a mix¬ 
+ture of hiftory, morality, and natural philofophy. 
+Every poet had the right of creating them at 
+plcafure ; thole which pofficlled genius will be 
+tranlmitted to the late IE polleriry whilft thole 
+v* hich jioHcfilel only mediocrity funk into oblivion. 
+Eniongd the mofl celebrated, b. rhat of the mar- 
+
+
+
+iy<3 HISTORY OF VENUS. 
+
+riage of Venus with Vulcan, the moft deformed 
+of all the gods. This fable fignifies that beautv 
+
+V 
+
+extends her empire even over thofe on whom 
+nature has bellowed no talents for pleafing. Vul¬ 
+can releafing Juno from the fetters which he him- 
+iclf had forged by the command of Jupiter, let¬ 
+ting a price upon this fervice, and becoming 
+the hufband of Venus, is an image of thofe un¬ 
+equal unions in which the gifts of fortune arc 
+thought to compenfate for thofe of nature. In 
+the fable of Mars, we fee the terrible god of war 
+crowned by Vidtory, regardlefs of his bloody tro¬ 
+phies, come to depofit his laurels at the feet of 
+Beauty. The genius of painting thought himfcif 
+obliged to pay her his tribute ; he guides the hand 
+of Apelles, and that fkilful artift immortalizes ids 
+name by animating the canvas, upon which Venus 
+appears in all her charms. The air of chagrin 
+and jealoufy in the countenance of Juno is tin' 
+greateft homage fine can pay to the beauty of her 
+rival.—Near her is feen Pallas in a Hate of aide- 
+nilhment. Pier lips, which appear almofl moving, 
+fhow that fine has juft been fpeaking, and tine 
+fpedlator, feduced by the fkill of the painter, 
+thinks he hears her with regret confirm the judg¬ 
+ment of Paris, when he gave Venus the apple 
+thrown by the goddefs Difcord, with this in- 
+fcription, 
+
+“To the moll beautiful,” 
+
+Jr. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF VENUS, 191 
+
+It would be impoffible to recount all the different 
+methods of reprelenting this goddefs. The works 
+of painting and fculpture varied almoff as much as 
+the poetical fidtions. 
+
+When lhe holds a globe in her hand Hie repre- 
+fcnts the celeftial Venus, or the planet of that 
+name. The flattie by the celebrated Scopas, 
+reprefents her mounted on a car, drawn by a fea 
+goat; Nereids and Dolphins, carrying Cupids, ap¬ 
+pear fwimming round her. She is frequently 
+painted borne on a fea fhell, fporting on the 
+waves of the ocean ; her head is covered with a 
+veil, floating in the breath of zephyrs. Love 
+fwims by her fide ; tritons furround her; and at 
+her feet is an oar, emblematical of her origin; 
+fometimes a horn of plenty is placed there, to 
+exprefs the riches produced by commerce with 
+diftant nations. 
+
+When Venus traverfes the heavens or the earth, 
+her car is drawn by doves or fwaos. She is ac¬ 
+companied by Love, and followed by the Graces. 
+The moft perfect, and the moft beautiful of her 
+ftatues, is that called Venus de Medicis, which 
+is attributed to the celebrated Phidias. There is 
+a very Angular reprefentation of her, where Ihe 
+appears crowned with ears of corn, holding in 
+one hand a thyrfls furrounded- with grapes and 
+vine leaves, and in the other, three arrows. 
+
+By this we are to underftand, that her finite arc 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF VENUS. 
+
+
+nyz 
+
+more fure when affifted by wine and the plealures 
+of the table. She is accompanied by two Cuni,!:;. 
+
+A drawing by Beget, reprefents tills goddei. 
+upon a car, drawn by two lions; a veil dorm 
+over her head, and her left hand is armed wii' 
+an arrow; Cupid, hovering over her, places a 
+crown upon her head ; laurels and myrtles far- 
+round her on every fide ; a man walks bei 
+holding a lyre, which he hems to touch : tv;.-; 
+
+u * 
+
+others attend with torches ; and the procefiion b 
+clofed by a fatyr olavin r imon the flute. 
+
+J J 4 - •. S 1 
+
+
+J !,;s 
+
+
+pifh’.re rcpreicnts Venus triumphant. 
+
+The (lory of the leap of Leucas is too ner. 
+'-onneded witii that ot Venus to be palled over :r 
+
+
+mence. 
+
+
+There was in Leucadia, near Nyfopolis, a IT. 
+eminence, from which eii Icon folate lovers tl•. 
+thunfeives as a remedy for their hope ids paf.f ... 
+Nets ingenioufly fipread prevented tin ir reccivi.r 
+any injury from their fall, and the inventors <•. 
+
+* +J * 
+
+this impollure were rewarded with ricii prefect.-. 
+
+Phocas was the firfl v. ho took tins tiannuioi/ 
+
+1 
+
+leap. i lowever, repeated experience appur / 
+brought this ridiculous cuflom into ciiurptitr; 
+
+** ■ I 
+
+the nets were no longer continued ; but tin 
+
+
+‘ t 
+
+
+I 1 
+
+
+montory of Leucas dill remained famous.; and i’r 
+
+♦ 
+
+unhaijpy Sappho (to whom tin* (dree; 
+
+
+*> ' * 
+i\. :> .'nu 
+
+
+name ol the Tenth Mule) again revised its i 
+biicy. in dcfpair at the inl'cnjibilitv of l’h. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY AND FABLF. OF VT.NUS. 
+
+
+J 93 
+
+
+4 
+
+fhe ran to the promontory, plunged into the fea, 
+and there perifhed. 
+
+The river Selinus, near Patara, v. as fup- 
+pofcd to have the property of extinguishing the 
+flames of love bv bathing ui its waters. 
+
+The role was particularly conlecrated to Venus, 
+as the mofl beautiful of flowers. 
+
+The fable adds, that its colour was originally 
+white; but being flightly tinctured with the blood 
+of Adonis, who had been pricked by a thorn, it 
+became red. The myrtle was dedicated to her* 
+bccauie it is generally found on the feafhore; 
+
+from the 
+
+The fable like wife informs us of the 
+rcafon why doves were firlt conlecrated to her. 
+
+Cupid and Venus being together in ,2 place 
+
+
+and this goddefs originally l'prun 
+
+
+cr 
+
+
+waves. 
+
+
+* 
+
+abounding in flowers; Cupid boafted that he 
+could oafher more than his mother. Venus ac- 
+cepted the challenge; but Cupid making life of 
+his wings to fly from flower to flower, would fooa 
+have carried off the victory, had not the nymph 
+Periftera come to the afiitlance of Venus. Cupid 
+picqued at this defeat, changed the nymph into a 
+dove. This fable is founded on the ambiguity of 
+the Greek word pcrijlera , which fignifies a dove. 
+
+
+The furnames of Venus were as various 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+(lories concerning her, and the places where file 
+was vvorflnpped. She was called Urania, or Coo¬ 
+led a, where flic was confounded with the planet of 
+
+O her 
+
+
+
+t 9 4 
+
+
+fABLE OF LOVE, OR CUPID. 
+
+
+ftername; and Aphrodite, becaufe fhe proceeded 
+from the froth of the fea. 
+
+The Romans named her Murtia, from t 1 /. 
+myrtle; the Affyrians, Aftarte;the Perfians, Anaitk, 
+they likewife gave her the names of mother, 
+viftorious, and friend, bccaufe die p re fide d ovc: 
+the union of hearts, &c. 
+
+
+FABLE OF LOVE, OR CUPID. 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+only in the imagination of the poets 
+
+
+Cicrn 
+
+
+reckoned three Cupids, becaufe he admitted birr 
+
+of the name ot Venus, Hefiod mentions only or.;, 
+
+# 
+
+fon of Nox and Aether,—coeval with Chaos anr 
+Terra; by this allegorical perfonage, lie willies:-: 
+reprefent the moment when the earth was peogid 
+bv men and animals. 
+
+M 
+
+The poets deferibe him as fon to die go.! d 
+riches and the goddefsof poverty, to exprels tin.r 
+no condition is exempt from the power oflovc. 
+Without entering into all the genealogies in 
+
+
+vented by the poets, we diail content ouiklvo 
+with obierving, that by iove they wilbed to d 
+underltood, the phyhcal principle which ferval to 
+conned: together the icatiered parts of mailer 
+wiien Chaos was reduced to order. 
+
+f l his general idea was not luflkicnt for die poets 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+
+RKPRF.Sr.NTATION' OF CUPID. 
+
+
+*95 
+
+
+to cmbellifh their defcriptions ; they firft diftin- 
+
+■ 
+
+guilhed two Cupidsj one, Ton of Venus Urania, 
+pi-elided over legitimate union; the other called 
+Antcros, was ion of Mars and Venus, and pre- 
+fided over the pallions. They were afterwards 
+incrcafed to a prodigious number; but their diffe¬ 
+rent llories belong rather to poetry than mytho¬ 
+logy. Their worfhip, temples, and altars, were 
+confounded with thole of Venus. 
+
+
+OBSERVATIONS UPON THE MANNER OF 
+
+
+REPRESEN 1 INC CUPID. 
+
+
+W” e Hi all not attempt to defcribe the 
+different methods of representing Cupid. The 
+Mules, the Graces, the Arts ofevery age have made 
+him the fubject of their molt animated pleafmg 
+performances: to relate the whole of them cannot' 
+pollibly be expected. We beg leave to prefent 
+only one of the many Hnifhcd productions upon 
+this fubjeft. The fight of thofe flatties, pictures, 
+and drawings, which have eleaped the ravages of 
+time, at firfl inclines us to believe that art can 
+extend no farther, and that they are to be looked 
+upon as the flandards of perfection; but who has 
+die right of preferibing limits to genius? Why 
+Iliould the moderns yi< Id to tire ancients an ho- 
+notir they themlelvcs can attain? A faithful imi- 
+
+
+o o 
+
+
+union 
+
+
+
+REPRESENTATION OF CUriD. 
+
+
+igo 
+
+
+tation of nature, is the only rule prefcribed by the 
+god of genius, and tafle.—Kow often have we feen 
+the meft learned and experienced artifts deceived, 
+notwithftanding their prejudice in favour of an¬ 
+tiquity ? Mediocrity alone is terrified at the liglit 
+of difficulties and great models. 
+
+
+Apelles when he painted Venus receiving the 
+Apple deftined to the moil beautiful, wifhed te 
+oblige everv eye to yield to the judgment of Parr-; 
+
+O * • • J «• O ’ 
+
+He affembled all the beauties of Greece; but d'.i! 
+not imitate the ffiepherd of Mount Ida. Obedit-;,: 
+to the rules of his art, he did not fuffer himfclf tv 
+be dazzled j one fingle beauty alone had nottk 
+power to engage his whole attention. It was Ly 
+borrowing from each their mod: perfect feature 
+that he formed his Venus. 
+
+Scarce had he finiffied this mafler-piecc, wire-, 
+the multitude of beauties, furprifed and confounded 
+
+
+at the light oi the godded., profitrated themfclve; 
+before her, and Icemed now to be only nymphs in 
+her train. 
+
+We may be allowed to imitate Apelles, and 
+think ourfelves authoriled from this circumftanee 
+to mention a modern Chef d’ ceuvrc whole tit!': 
+and add refs is as follows, 
+
+u Birth and triumph cf Cuj id,from pipers cut by Led) 
+
+Dafj’zvood, in the cdleclitn cf her Majefly. 
+
+
+W 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+m-.niCATi-n to tiie oukick. 
+
+
+»> 
+
+
+
+VSVCHE. 
+
+
+1 97 
+
+
+This charming work confifts of fix and twenty 
+engravings, in which are united all the beauties of 
+true genius, fenfe, grace, and propriety. In fur- 
+veying them, we imagine we fee the drawings of 
+Albano, or the gardens of Alcina, and Armida, 
+as defcribed by Talfo and Ariofto. It may be 
+thought that the title above mentioned does 
+not fufficiently difcover the real author of this 
+finifhed performance; but we muft refpedt the 
+veil which the glory even of having produced it 
+has never dared to raife. 
+
+When Rome and Athens were in the height of 
+
+o 
+
+their glory, it would have been more eafy to have 
+imagined it fallen from heaven than to attribute this 
+filence to modefty alone. This work, worthy of 
+Apollo, would have been placed in his temple, 
+and even procured adoration, but the times of 
+fiftion are patted j the god no longer has altars, yet 
+the temple of tafte is eternal, and there it will 
+remain as a model for future ages. 
+
+
+PSYCHE. 
+
+I he fable of Pfychc has not the leaf! con¬ 
+nexion with hiftory. It is fimply an allegory, 
+figurative of the foul. Her marriage with Cupid 
+procures her the rank and attributes of an 
+
+immortal. 
+
+0 > 
+
+
+This 
+
+
+
+
+THE GRACES. 
+
+
+This union was intended to reprelent the cmj ne 
+of the pafiions over the foul. 
+
+The amiable and celebrated la Fontaine has 
+adorned this fable with all the charms of his gening 
+and at the fame time has preferved that finiplicity 
+of ftyle, and that moral inftruction, which cha- 
+
+rafteiife all his produ&ions. 
+
+It is ncceflary to read him; for to abridge la Fon¬ 
+taine would be as improper as to feparatc 
+
+
+Fatties of the Graces. 
+
+The ancients reprefented Pfyche with the 
+of a butterfly; and in the Greek language 
+fignifles eciuallv foul and butterfly. 
+
+
+wuif- 
+
+
+
+
+rr; v 
+/» 
+
+
+THE GRACES. 
+
+
+Or aii the imaginary divinities of the 
+ancients, the mod agreeable were undoubted!/ 
+the Gracesi fince it was to them the others \\C' S 
+indebted for all their charms. To places, pc 
+
+
+i Has 
+
+
+and performances, to every thing they gave th.-.t 
+finifhing touch which embellifhes even perfectio!' 
+They alone difpenfed the general gift of ph aiinp 
+Each art and lcience had its prefiding deity ; hr; 
+every art and fcience acknowledged the empin' 
+of the Graces. Their power, fuperior to that c: 
+
+4 
+
+beauty, added frefh charms to finding youth, »}*< 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+v ■; 
+
+
+
+THE CRACES. 
+
+
+
+was felt and admired even under the features of 
+
+
+old age. 
+
+The ancients were by no means unanimous con¬ 
+cerning their origin; fome faid they were the 
+daughters of Jupiter and Juno; others, of Jupiter 
+and Eurynome; but the moll general opinion 
+
+was, that they were daughters of Venus and 
+
+% 
+
+Bacchus. 
+
+The number of the Graces is very uncertain. 
+The Athenians and Lacedemonians reckoned only 
+two ; Hefiod and the other poets, three; whom 
+they called Aglaia, Thalia, and Euphrofyne. 
+
+Homer gives the name of Pafithea to one of the 
+Graces; and in Greece, and feveral other countries, 
+they were frequently reckoned four in number; 
+but they then reprefented the hours, and ft ill more 
+frequently the four fcafons. 
+
+To diftinguifh them, they were reprefented 
+crowned with ears of corn, bowers, grapes, and 
+olive branches; or fome other green foliage. 
+
+There exift antique flatues of Apollo, holding 
+in their hands four little graces. Some authors 
+added Perfuafion to their number, to fhow that to 
+
+
+pleale is the lurcfl method of pu fuadinrr. 
+
+Originally the Graces were reprefented by unhewn 
+ftones,; which were intended to fhow tli.it the moll 
+Imiple objects received charms from them. They 
+were afterwards deferibed as young virgin: , naked, 
+or lightly covered with gauze, to exgrrls that 
+
+
+o 4. 
+
+
+beaut: 
+
+
+> 
+
+
+
+200 
+
+
+THE GRACES. 
+
+
+beauty mud be the gift of nature, that nothin? 
+can fupply it when wanting, and that it ought to 
+be cautious and moderate in the ufe of borrowed 
+
+ornaments. 
+
+At Elis were to be feen the three flatties of the 
+Graces. The fird held a role, the fecond a myrtle, 
+and the third a die: the myrtle and the role, 
+becaufe they were confecrated to "Venus; aid 
+the die, becaufe youth is fond of amuii.ii'int, 
+Statues of fatyrs were frequently met wit It oi :• 
+mod: hideous appearance. Thefe flatues wen’ 
+hollow, and contained within them images or in* 
+Graces, (a lefibn equally mild as indrudive, n 
+teach us, that the advantages of beauty alone a:e 
+
+not diffident.) 
+
+The amiable qualities of the foul, and the charm: 
+of the mind, are not perceived at the fird glance; 
+tinhappy is he who knows not how to leek for 
+difeover them. 
+
+The figure of Efop was frequently the objrcl 
+of ridicule; but the wife ol all ages will do jufuce 
+
+
+S ♦ 
+
+
+to the beauty of his genius. 
+
+It may eafily be imagined that the Graces lui 
+
+numbcrlefs altars. 
+
+Eteocles, king of Orchomenus, is laid to have 
+edablifhed their worfiiip, and to ha^e erected the 
+
+
+fird temple to their honour. 
+
+In the cotirfe of time, this circumdance cauled 
+
+him to be regarded as the father of them. Jdow- 
+
+c v i 
+
+
+
+i'Ql 
+
+
+nih c rac r . 
+
+
+ever the I .acedemonians difputed him the honour 
+of having fir It invoked them, and attributed it to 
+
+o 
+
+] .acedemon, their fourth king. The towns of 
+Perinthe, Byzantium, Delphos, and fevcral others, 
+both of Greece and Thrace, railed temples to them. 
+All thole which were confecrated to the trod of 
+
+o 
+
+love were decorated with their figures. They 
+had a place in the temple of Mercury, to fhow, 
+that the god of eloquence cannot difpenfe with 
+their aiTdtance. 
+
+They were alfo found in thofe of the Mufes : 
+
+when thefe were invoked, the Graces were never 
+forgotten. 
+
+
+Pindar, and all the celebrated poets, implored 
+
+
+Mufes 
+
+
+they were infeparable. Every fcafon of the year 
+feads were celebrated to their honour } but to 
+them as to Venus Jpring was more particularly 
+conlcciated. blowers were iuppoled to convey a 
+ftriking idea of them. 'I hey had monuments 
+
+
+throughout every part of Greece 
+
+
+At Smyrna 
+
+
+his made one of gold. 
+
+
+was a piclure of them by Apelles. The wife 
+Socrates formed their 11 at tie in marble; and Btipa- 
+
+They were generally 
+thought the dilpenfers of a graceful appearance, 
+
+(w nnels of temper, chearfulnels, eloquence, and 
+wildom. But the principal and noblelt of their 
+aruibutes, was that of prefiding over acts of 
+f iendflu’p and gratitude. 
+
+
+The 
+
+
+
+£02 
+
+
+THE GRACES. 
+
+
+The Athenians having received affiftance from 
+the inhabitants of Cherfonefus in a cafe of immi¬ 
+nent danger, raifed an altar with this infcription: 
+
+
+LC, 
+
+
+I'o lint Grace which prefides over gratitude." 
+
+
+The difeerning Athenians clearly perceived tha; 
+gratitude can onlv be regarded as a burthen bv tire 
+ungrateful; but at the fame time they ddbribed 
+thefe goddeffes as quick and lively, to denote that 
+a favour fhould never be waited for; it was a 
+favourite faying among them, that a kindred 
+which comes too flow was no longer inch. All 
+the attributes and furnames of thefe goddefd weir 
+
+
+allegorical. They were called charites, joy, to f; - - 
+nify that he who gives, and he who receives, or,, lit 
+both to experience equal pleafure. They \\< rc 
+defended always young, to inow that the remeai 
+
+</ m ' 
+
+trance of a favour fnould never be forrntten 
+
+
+As virgins, becaufo the intention of him who con- 
+fers a favour ought always to be pure. 
+
+
+9 \ % * 
+
+1 u 
+
+
+were endowed with prudence., which made .Sir;irrs 
+Jav, the Giaccs were virions and not. mu:• r a.hi.s 
+
+
+> .. ,i 
+
+i . i. * i 
+
+
+In their dances they were rc pic fented hand in 
+to teach us that men ihouki unite [)•/ mored a 
+
+t/ 
+
+cl fricndfhip. ],a(lly, tihcle dances vc:..w y 
+performed in a ciicle, to fipumy tiur real yrmi. : 
+always endeavours to return to the i’ouu e 
+bcneiiu it has received. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF VULCAN 
+
+
+
+HISTORY AND FABLE OF VULCAN. 
+
+
+It appears that we mwft diftinguifn three 
+of the name of Vulcan. The Hr ft was Tulv.ilcain, 
+mentioned by Moles, who places him in the tenth 
+generation of the delcendants of Cain. This was, 
+without doubt, the fir It inventor of the art of 
+forging metals. The fecond was one of the fir ft 
+
+
+Egyptian monarchs, or rather, their fir ft divi¬ 
+
+
+nity. 
+
+
+The filence they 
+
+
+obferve concerning his 
+
+
+origin, leads us to believe that to find it we mult 
+return to Tubalcain. 
+
+I he third Vulcan (whole hiftory the Greeks 
+have compiled from the preceding two, with fomc 
+additions of their own) was a Titan prince, Ion of 
+Jupiter, obliged by diigrace to take refuge in the 
+ifland of Lemnos, where he eftablifhed forces 
+We flrall give the account of him as tranfmitted 
+to us by the Greeks, l ie was the fbn of Jupiter 
+and Juno, of a premature birth, and much de¬ 
+formed. Jupiter, to rccompenfc him fftr having, 
+during the war of the giants, provided him with 
+thunder, and for having forged fetters to punilh 
+Juno, confented to his marriage with Venus, the 
+moft beautiful of the goddefTcs. I le wa 'iirnamed 
+Mulcibcr, and 1 ardipes, from being lame. After 
+
+his 
+
+
+
+"04 
+
+
+HISTORY OF 
+
+
+his retreat, or banifhment, to the ifle of Lernr.cn, 
+he was called Lemnius. It is to him that fabulous 
+hiftory attributes the molt famous works which 
+it makes mention of; particularly the palace of 
+the fun; the arms of Achilles and A£neas, the neck¬ 
+lace of Hermione, the crown of Ariadne, and the 
+brazen dog which he animated. Jupiter prefente.i 
+this dog to Europa; Europa gave it to Proem, 
+and its greateft value in her eves arofe from be hr 
+
+
+.Jus. 
+
+
+able to bellow it on her beloved Cepha 
+was at lap by Jupiter metamorphofed into j 
+Hone. We may perceive on reading this Lbk. 
+that the dog of Vulcan was imitated by fomc art ills 
+■who made it of Pone inftead of biafs. 
+
+Jupiter finding Vulcan too crooked and defonvd 
+to permit him to remain in heaven, with his foot 
+precipitated him into the illand of Lemnos, f.tu- 
+ated near thofe calieil Liparis, which were originally 
+called Vulcanian, and afterwards Eolian. Tkie 
+
+
+ifland 
+
+
+abounding in v 
+
+
+oleanos, which vomited iorrh 
+torrents of burning lava, were looked upon as tlv 
+forties of Vulcan. The fame opinion was eurr 
+
+w 1 
+
+taint'd of mount /Etna, in Sicily. 
+
+Mitlory reprefonts tiir Grecian Wilcan, one ot 
+the Titan princes, as very expert in the .in nf 
+
+1 y y i 
+
+forging iron am 1 other metais. 
+
+Vi re, which hr had io ingcuinufly employer!, 
+was cnnlrcratcd to him, and. frequently went under 
+his name. The uulity of thib ate wad id cleady 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF YU LCAX. 
+
+
+205 
+
+
+perceived, that the inventor of it was thought 
+
+worthy of divine honours. 
+
+The {lory fays, that Vulcan was aflifted in his 
+labours by the Cyclops; after Polyphemus their 
+fiichrr, his Jons Brontes, Scciopcs and Pyracmon, 
+are mentioned as the moft celebrated. 
+
+Polyphemus was Ion of Meptunc, and a daughter 
+of the giant Tityus, called Europa, like the daugh¬ 
+ter of Cadmus carried 01T by Jupiter. Galatea, 
+a fca nymph, daugliter of Mere us and Doris, was 
+fo unfortunate as to pleale him. In hopes of gain¬ 
+ed: ions he raifed a temple to her honour; 
+
+
+mg her af 
+
+
+but diCovering that the preferred Acis, he crufiled 
+his rival under a rock, which he hurled at him. 
+The afflicted Galatea unable to reflore him to life, 
+metamorphofed him into a river, which flows in 
+Sicily, and ftill retains die name of Acis. 
+
+The Cyclops appear to have been the fir ft inha¬ 
+bitants of Sicily. Ignorance of their origin occa- 
+honed tlitun to be regarded as the fans of Heaven 
+and hearth. It is probable they hill e'lablifhed 
+thcmlclves at the loot of' mount /Etna, which 
+from the Haines it fends fort!:, was fappofed to be 
+da' forge of Vulcan; and its dreadful roaring was 
+compared to the reiterated ilrohes of the Cyclops 
+upon clicir anvils. 
+
+I hey are dcfcribrJ as Juvmn one eve in the 
+nnddleof the forehead , thi-., mav orohaldv mran 
+
+1 4 
+
+that they wore malk: to defnd tC uiEE e; thorn 
+
+
+f 
+
+
+r i 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF VULCAN. 
+
+
+i? 
+
+
+ce6 
+
+
+the fire, in which was a fingle opening for 
+purpoie of feeing their work. 
+
+Vulcan had fcveral children; but tire moll ill] 
+tinguifhed was Erifthcnius, or Eribtheus, fourth 
+king of Athens ; born it was faid without a mother, 
+or fon of the earth. Having crooked or dilloru'ii 
+limbs, to conceal his misfortune he invent^] 
+chariots and carriages with four horfes a-btva!l. 
+After his death he was feigned to have been tranf- 
+
+a 1 
+
+
+
+
+lated to heaven, and appointed to direct die con 
+ftellation called Charles’s Wain. 
+
+The deformity of his limbs gave occafion like 
+wife to the Rory, that his lower parts rclcmhV.l 
+thole of a ferpent. The feahs celebrated in 
+honour of Vulcan were called Lampadaphnu 1 ■; 
+fignifying to carry flambeaus. Thole who con¬ 
+tended in the race at thefe games ran to the cm. <>: 
+tire courfe with a lighted torch in their hands; 
+they happened to extinguilh it they were d* i\< •' 
+from the amphitheatre, and he who firft tmuiini 
+the goal with his torch lighted gained the prim. 1;: 
+
+
+I ‘ 
+i ! * 
+
+
+ancient monuments Vulcan always appears win 
+hair and beard difeompofed, a coat reaching a 
+to his knee, a round cap pointed at the toy, .1 
+hammer m his right hand, and the pinceis in li¬ 
+lt ft. 
+
+The Romans, in their molt lldemn treatin'', i-’i 
+
+
+yoked the avenging fire as wituels; and the aliens 
+
+
+
+history of mfrcury. 
+
+
+Q07 
+
+7 
+
+
+blies, where the moft weighty affairs were ciil- 
+
+cufleJ, met in the temple of Vulcan. 
+
+Of the more ancient people the Egyptians arc 
+
+thole among whom this god was held m g re ate ft 
+
+
+veneration. lie had a magnificent temple ar 
+Memphis, before which was placed a cololfil flattie 
+
+
+75 
+
+
+feet high. 
+
+
+That which was in the temple 
+being fmall and contemptible, excited the derifion 
+of Cambyfcs when he conquered Memphis j and 
+out of contempt he ordered it to be thrown into 
+the fire. The lion was cunfecrated to Vulcan, be¬ 
+came its roaring re fern bled the node of a Volcano, 
+and his temple was continually guarded by dogs. 
+
+
+HISTORY AND FABLE OF MERCURY. 
+
+
+1 he ancients reckoned Juch a number of 
+Mercuries, whole employments were fo widely dif¬ 
+ferent, that to avoid confufaon we mud reem to 
+
+hillory. 
+
+4T 
+
+From that we learn that the number mull be re¬ 
+duced to two; the moft ancient cl which was toe 
+Thaut, or Thot, of the Egyptians, conreir porary 
+with Ofiris. The lecond, according to» I leliou. 
+
+
+J unite 
+
+
+We 
+
+
+A 
+
+brated than the Mercury of die Egyptians. ^ ic 
+
+
+
+RIsTOiVf OF Ml.r.CURV.. 
+
+
+was the foui of the council of Ofiris, who, on 
+departure for the conqueft of India, left him 
+Ifis, whom he had appointed regent of his d 
+
+
+jji> 
+
+
+with 
+
+
+uoiin 
+
+
+nions; confidering him as the man mod capable 
+of afllRing her in the difcharge of that office. 
+To Mercury the Egyptians were indebted for ip 
+flourifhing Rate ol their arts and comnunc. 
+Engaged in the Rudy of the moR fublime lcienct., 
+by his extenfive knowledge of geometry, 
+taught the Egyptians how 
+
+
+l(* 
+
+
+to diftingtufh this 
+
+
+! 
+
+
+lands; whole limits were frequently deftroyai hr 
+the inundations of the Nile. I-Ie was the invert.i 
+of hicroglyphick charatlers, which aftenvan:, 
+ferved to perpetuate the memory of their relink:; 
+and myRcrics. 
+
+Diodorus Siculus agrees with liefiod as to :V 
+
+
+confidence repoled in him by the great Of rb, 
+adds, that he reformed and reduced to enact r. 
+the ligyutiun tongue, fubilituring it for the 
+
+O J t ' S J 
+
+uncertain bbilefls bclert ma.le ufc of. 
+
+He gave names to things wliich till 1 
+none; firR' invented letters, an 1 regulated < wa 
+die harmony of words and plunks. 
+
+e ftabiidied th.e rites of !.r i> v 
+
+
+Adler having 
+
+
+ami religious u orIk ip; lie imparted his knovh 
+of aftronomy to others. 1 le was the iiiif,;' 
+
+the lire, which had originally but fusel a 
+bafe, tenor and treble, lie liril punlikU >; 
+tion and interpretation, wife h afterwards p' 11 
+
+
+
+
+< ' * 
+
+
+) 
+
+i ' 1 
+
+
+h : n 
+
+
+
+
+-/ 
+
+
+HISTORY or MERCURY. 
+
+him the name of Hermes. To him the Egyptians 
+afcribed the difcovery of the olive. He likewifc 
+eftablifhed the cuftom of wreftling and dancing, 
+which give ftrength to the body, and grace to the 
+
+motions. 
+
+The number of books which he left are reckoned 
+forty-two, and nothing could equal the veneration 
+
+in which they were held by the Egyptians. 
+
+Some authors attribute part of them to a fecond 
+Egyptian Mercury, furnamed Trifmegiftus j but 
+
+their proofs are very dubious. 
+
+Thefe celebrated books have long been loft 5 it 
+is only known that the firft thirty-iix. contained the 
+whole of the Egyptian philofophy, and that the 
+Ja ft fix treated of medicine, furgery, and anatomy. 
+This is all that is tranfmittcd to us of the moft 
+
+ancient of the Mercuries. 
+
+The fecond Mercury, lbn of Jupiter and Maia, 
+
+acquired great reputation among • the Titan 
+
+4 
+
+Princes. 
+
+After the death of his father, Italy, Gaul, and 
+Spain, fell to his lot; but he was not abfolute fove- 
+reign of them till the death of his uncle Pluto, 
+
+This prince pofit*fling great talents, great ad- 
+dreIs, and even great ilibtlety, travelled into 
+P.gypt to acquire a knowledge of the fcienccs and 
+culloms of that country. 1 ie there learned magic 
+in particular, which was then much in ufe. 
+lie was confulted by the T itans his relations :u 
+
+9 
+
+E -i : i 
+
+
+
+210 
+
+
+FAULK OF MUR C CRY. 
+
+
+an augur, which gave occafion to the poets to dc. 
+fcribe him as interpreter of the will of the gods. 
+In this excurfion into Egypt he obtained initia- 
+into all their mvQerics. The life which 
+
+
+tion 
+
+
+Jupiter made or ms naurc is and eloquence made 
+him regarded as the meffenger of the gods; and 
+his fu c cel is in ft vend treaties of peace procured 
+him the appellation of God of Peace. Pie contri¬ 
+buted o-reatly to civilize the manneis, and cult.\ict 
+the minds of the people. He united them b\ 
+merce and good laws; but the great defects 
+which accompanied his extraordinary abilities in¬ 
+volved him in a war with the other children 
+
+Jupiter, in which he was vanquiihed ; and »etiirn- 
+
+ins? into Egypt ended his days there. 
+
+This Mercury of the Greeks was generally re 
+
+
+com 
+
+
+warded as the inventor of the fine arts. 
+
+The Gauls honoured him under the name 
+
+Teutates, and offered to him human vidtims. 
+
+
+( 
+
+
+FAULK OF TIIK GRi'.EKk COKC1TMN 1 .■ 
+
+
+MERCURY. 
+
+
+
+
+FABLE OF MERCURY. 
+
+
+21 t 
+
+
+charged with all their commififions; upon him 
+depended peace and war ; he prefided at their 
+afiemblies, heard and infpired their harangues, 
+anfwered them, and in fliort was principal minijler 
+of I ho gods. 
+
+To exprefs the celerity with which he per¬ 
+formed fo many functions, he is reprefented with 
+wings to his head and feet. The latter are called 
+Talaria. 
+
+
+To dc-fcribe his talents for negociating peace, 
+he has the caduccum in his hand ; (a Ipecies of 
+wand with two ferpents twilled round it.) This 
+caduccum was the fymbol of peace. It is faid 
+that Mercury one day finding two fnakes which 
+were fighting, feparated them, or rather recon¬ 
+ciled them with his wand, and from that time, 
+when negociating peace, he carried this fymbol of 
+
+
+reconciliation. 
+
+
+Mercury 
+
+
+iD 
+
+
+lor peace afterwards carried the caduceum, and 
+called themfelves Caduciators. When Mercury 
+was reprefented with a fimple wand, he was fup- 
+poftd to be conducting departed fpirits to the 
+infernal regions. It was thought he alone had the 
+power of feparating with this wand the foul from 
+the body. He prefided over tranfmigration, and 
+tnuisfiifcd into different bodies thole fouls which 
+had remained their deftined time in the dominions 
+°f Pluto. He was rcprelcntcd with a chain of 
+
+P 2 gold 
+
+
+
+212 
+
+
+fable of mercury. 
+
+
+gold proceeding from his mouth, which was fas¬ 
+tened to the ears of his auditors. A lively image 
+to defcribe the influence of his eloquence over 
+the mind. 
+
+His ftatues were placed in the highway, to point 
+out the road to travellers. The Romans lbmc- 
+times joined thefe flatues to die backs of thofe 
+of the other gods. Thole which were placed be¬ 
+hind Minerva, were called Hermathenea; thole 
+which were joined to Cupid, Hcrmerotes, See. 
+
+He wasc ailed Mercury from mcrcatura , Com¬ 
+merce 3 over which he prefided. But as he wv.-. 
+likewife lufpedted cf countenancing knavery, he 
+was confidered as the god of thieves 3 and his 
+adventure with Battus proves, that he would oc- 
+cafionally pradtife this art himfelf. 
+
+One day feeing Apollo attending the flocks of 
+Admetus, he dole fome of his cattle, but was per¬ 
+
+
+ceived by Battus. 
+
+Mercury, to file nee him, and engage him to 
+
+fecrecy, gave him a line cow; but llilpecfling his 
+
+fincerity, he went away, and returned loon after 
+
+♦ 
+
+under another form; queflioned Batlus concerning 
+the theft, and pronuled him an ox and a cow 
+if he would diicover the robber. 1 empted by 
+fo dazzling an oiler, the unlucky Battus cli 1 doled 
+the fecret, and Mercury immediately making him¬ 
+felf known, changed him into a touch-llone. 'ihi> 
+
+fable 
+
+
+
+FABI.E OF MERCURY. 
+
+
+
+fable originated in the circumftance of Battus 
+having firft difcovered the properties of that 
+ftone by which metals are tried. 
+
+Mercury was ffyled the three-headed god, from 
+his power in heaven, in earth, and in hell ; or 
+according to fome poets, becaufe he had three 
+daughters by Plecate. He was called Cyllenius 
+from the mountain Cyllentis where he was born ; 
+Nomius from being the inventor of laws; Camil- 
+lus from ferving the gods (this name was after¬ 
+wards given to thofe who officiated in facrifices) 
+and Vialis, becaufe he prefided over the high¬ 
+ways j on which occafion his {latues had neither 
+hands nor feet, being what are now called buffs. 
+
+Mercury was the inventor of weights and 
+meafures, which by facilitating retail trade, in- 
+creafed the profits of commerce. 
+
+1 he lyre was alfo of his invention ; it was 
+called by the Romans tejludc, tortoife; be¬ 
+caufe it was originally formed of the ihell of that 
+animal. 
+
+
+Some poets fay, that lie gave it to Apollo in 
+exchange for the caducous. 
+
+In his facrifices they burnt the tongues of vic¬ 
+tims in honour of him, as being the god of elo¬ 
+quence. I hey tiled to place his flattie before 
+cieir doors, in hopes he would defend them 
+f om thieves, whofc patron he was fuppoied to be. 
+
+
+
+DIVINITIES 
+
+
+
+SEA AND RIVER DIVINITIES. 
+
+
+911 
+
+
+DIVINITIES OF THE SEA AND RIVERS. 
+
+
+The nece(Titles of life which conflantlv 
+prefs us, necefTities which, ungratified, deprive us 
+of exigence, thefe led men to beiieve that there 
+were gods appointed to prefide over them. Hence 
+every element had its divinity. From the imrci- 
+fibility of forming an idea of thofe invifible br¬ 
+ings, they were fymbolicaily reprefented by f:no¬ 
+thing animated. It was thus the Egyptians gave 
+the names of Ofiris and Ifis to the Sun and Moon. 
+
+Neptune, famous as commander of the fleets of 
+Jupiter, became god of the fea. Each river, 
+fountain, and head of water, had its particular 
+deity. 
+
+
+This worfbip, like the cufloms and opinion-, 
+of different people, was various; but water v.v.s 
+univerfally adored. The Egyptians held the lea 
+in abhorrence, becaufe it reprefented to them tie: 
+dreadful Typhon. They referved all their vene¬ 
+ration for the waters of the Nile. They calk 
+this river Occanus, Ipeus, or Nilus j frequently 
+Stris, by way of abbreviation for Ofiris ; they 
+reprefented it, or rather the deity that preluleJ 
+
+over it, under the form of a vafe, pierced, in ever' 
+part, which they called I lydria. The 
+
+
+I 
+
+V * 
+
+
+» * 
+
+
+rrrn.E 
+
+
+
+SEA AND RIVER 1)1 VI.VI TIES. 
+
+
+o j • 
+
+i * ■ 
+
+
+:> 
+
+
+having offered to maintain the pre-eminence of 
+Fire, which was their great divinity, the Egyptian 
+priefls accepted the challenge. The Hydria was 
+placed upon a flaming furnace ; but the perfora¬ 
+tions being curioufly Hopped with wax, when tJii.s 
+melted, the water gufhedout, and cxtinguifhingthe 
+fire, the Nile was pronounced victorious. From 
+that time nothing could equal the veneration in 
+which it was held by the Egyptians. According 
+
+
+to them, the Nile, or water in general, was the 
+principal of univerfal fertility, and alone gave life 
+and motion to every living creature. The Indians 
+paid divine honours to the Ganges ; which fuperfti- 
+tion (till continues ; and the princes who 
+
+
+reign on 
+
+
+the banks of that river, make their fubjedts pay 
+
+for the privilege of bathing in it, and fetching 
+water from it. 
+
+Aim oft every people of the earth paid divine 
+
+honours to the ocean, feas, fountains, and rivers. 
+
+in (>recce there was neither fountain nor river 
+
+which had not flatties and religious infl ri«>fioiis. 
+
+io water veie attributed the mof! Irrpnhntr 
+
+dEcls, anti the poets increafed confidcrably this 
+
+Ipeeics of worfiiip and idolatry, bv the addition of 
+
+■ m ' 
+
+'■■.a In nuns. 1 Ienee proceeded 111 ole divinities 
+v> ' 1K * dnqial'j in number thole of heaven, and every 
+
+of the univerfe. Oeeanus had by The- 
+ms leventy-rwo nymphs, railed Oeeanides. Nereus 
+hd lit ry Nereides, whole names are mentioned 
+
+bv 
+
+
+i’ j 
+
+I 
+
+
+
+£ lb 
+
+
+HISTORY OF OCEANUS AND THETIS. 
+
+
+by Hefiod. The fame poet makes the number of 
+aquatic nymphs amount to three thoufand; and if 
+to thefe are added the Nereids, the Napmx, the 
+Lymniades, &c. &c.—we {"hall find that this 
+dais of divinities was without number ;—but vc 
+
+fhall confine ourfelves to the raoft remarkable, 
+
+• * 
+
+
+JHSTORY OF OCEAN US AND THETIS 
+
+
+
+
+Oceanus was fon to Ccelus and Tea,' 
+He was juftly regarded as the principal maiim 
+divinity, fince he reprefents the greateft colledio; 
+of water, and it appears certain that this nanr 
+was borne by a prince of the family of the Titan;. 
+Homer fays, that Juno was brought up by Oce¬ 
+anus and Thetis his wife. From Oceanus and 
+
+/ 
+
+Thetis fprung Nereus and Doris, who had five: f 
+children, known under the name of Nymphs. 
+
+Thofe who prefided over forefts, tree.', 
+meadows, were called Dryads and Hamadryads, or 
+Napase. 'Thofe who were the tutelar deities o, 
+rivers, rivulets, and fountains, were named Nai¬ 
+ades. Thofe who inhabited mountains were 
+called Oreaths; and thofe who refilled in the iea 
+were called Nereides, from their father Nereus. 
+
+'The molt illufllions of" the latter, called 
+alfo Thetis, muff be dill intrui Iliad from the wd■ ‘ 
+
+
+... i 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+4 » 
+
+
+
+HISTORY of NEPTUNE AND AMPIIITRITF. 217 
+
+
+of Oceanus. 
+
+
+Jupiter, but 
+
+
+he having read in the book of Fate, that jfhe 
+would have a fon more famous than his father, 
+gave her in marriage to Peleus, by whom fhe had 
+Achilles. Two antique monuments have tranf- 
+nhtted to us the manner in which Oceanus was 
+rep re fen ted. The firft is a flatue difcovered at 
+Rome, about the middle of the fix teen th century. 
+Th e o-od is feen feated upon the waves, under the 
+livure of an old man holding a pike, and near 
+him is a fea-monfter of a form unknown. 
+
+The fecond is a (tone of Beger, where he is 
+likewife reprefented as an old man fitting upon 
+the lea, and at a cliitance are feen feveral veffds. 
+The hiftory of Oceanus is not ex ten five, as the 
+ancients did not regard him as a real perfonage. 
+Nereus was reprefented furrounded by his daugh¬ 
+ters, dolphins, and lea iiorlT, 
+
+
+Ji[STORY Of MKPd UXK .vRl) AMITiiTRlTi'.. 
+
+
+INF kp'it ::r. was iim of Saturn, and 
+
+brother to jupitvr. In the cbvifion of his father’s 
+Kingdom the dominion oi tin 1 waves feij to his lot. 
+
+? f ♦ ^ ^ ^ ^ 
+
+ills iceptrc was a trident, i:is car, a vatt fliell> 
+
+brawn by fea calves, or hoi (I* 1 :, half whole body 
+
+rrVmbhai that oi a iihi. 1 iis train was compo/ed 
+
+* 
+
+
+
+2 l 8 HISTORY OF NEPTUNE AND AM PHI IT IT I-.. 
+
+of a number of Tritons, founding fea fhells inftead 
+
+of trumpets. We learn from hiftorv, thatNeu. 
+
+tune was one of the mod celebrated of the Tir.m 
+
+princes, and had for his portion the Sea, the Jfics 
+
+and all maritime places. 
+
+Diodorus lays, that Neptune was the fir ft who 
+
+commanded a naval armament. Saturn his fathe 
+
+employed him to oppofe the Titans by fea. 
+
+* 
+
+Jupiter, his brother, having feized the empire of 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+Saturn, continued him in the command of the 
+fleet, and always found him faithfully co-operate 
+with him in all his projects. The Titan princes 
+having (led before Jupiter, as far as the weflern. 
+countries, Neptune blocked them up there ; which 
+gave rife to the fidtion ; that he had impriloned 
+them in the infernal regions. The poets increafe.l 
+the number of Neptunes, by giving this name to 
+every unknown prince who arrived by fea, and 
+acquired any degree of celebrity. It is to this aijuie 
+we mud attribute the multitude of dories, incu- 
+morphofes, and adventures, aferibed to Neptune. 
+
+Amphitritc, wife of Neptune, was a being en¬ 
+tirely poetical; having no relation at all to hillorv. 
+Some of the ancients, however, believed her to li ¬ 
+the daughter of a Titan prince, and lay that Nep 
+tune flood in need of an able nctrociator to accorn 
+piiIll this marriage. This gave rile to the Itoiv 
+that Neptune lent a dolphin to obtain the conic;,; 
+
+ot Ampliitritc, which having fuccecdccb the driry 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF NEPTUNE AND AMPHITRITE. 
+
+
+2 3 q 
+
+
+out of gratitude placed it among the conftellations 
+near Capricorn j and endowed it with a rapidity in 
+fwimming fuperior to other filli. To dolphins the 
+poets attribute a particular attachment to man, 
+whom they are fuppofed to fuccour wlien fhip- 
+wrecked. The fable of Neptune addling Apollo 
+to rebuild the walls of Troy, is founded on the 
+drcumflance of that city ami its dykes towards 
+the lea being fo ftrong, that they were fuppofed to 
+be the workman/hip of the gods. The covetous 
+Laomedon plundered the temple of Neptune of 
+the money depofited there, and negleded the wor- 
+Ihip of Apollo, A violent irruption of the fea 
+having deftroyed the dykes, and left the Jhorc 
+covered with dead bodies and dime, the heat of 
+the fun generated a peftiler.ee, and the people, ever 
+Jupcrftkious, attributed thefe two calamities to the 
+vengeance of Neptune and Apoilo. 
+
+The Greeks gave Neptune the furname of 
+Pofeidon, ftgnifying to daih vefii Is in pieces. His 
+trident had three points, exprellive o( the waters 
+of the fea, rivers, and fountains. The numerous 
+vefiels which, compofed the feet of Neptune were 
+uiflin.'juifhed by dilierent animals or figures placed 
+upon their prows; it is to that, we mufl attribute 
+his dilierent metamorphofes. Tilts deity is gene¬ 
+rally reprelented advancing upon the waves in a 
+du'll drawn by two fea Ijorles; in one hand he 
+h M l l.v a tridt nt', and the other he repoles upon a 
+
+dolphin. 
+
+
+
+220 
+
+
+THE TRITONS ANH SYREN'S, 
+
+
+dolphin. We {hall not give an account, either of 
+all the furnames of Neptune, or of all the temples 
+railed to him; their number aim oft equalled that 
+of the mariners who efcaped from {hip-wreck. 
+His victims were generally a horfe and a bull. 
+The month of February was confecrated to him, 
+becaufe this was the month of purifications. Du¬ 
+ring the feafts of Neptune, horles and mule;, 
+adorned with flowers, enjoyed a cefTation from la¬ 
+bour. None dared dillurb their repofe. This 
+was a token of their gratitude to him for havinp 
+
+o 
+
+firft inftrudlcd them in the art of breaking thde 
+animals, and rendering them ufeful. 
+
+
+THE TRITONS AND SYRENS. 
+
+
+nn 
+
+
+1 he firft of the Tritons was fon of Ken 
+tune and Amplntrire; or according to form* 
+of Neptune and Ctvleno. The upper part oi hit 
+body rcfcmblecl that of man, the lower part that 
+of a dolphin. 
+
+Triton being the Trumpeter of l\h ptune, a.nd 
+in that capacity in the war againft the giant' . .uni 
+the cxiraordinarv node of \m inf! iinvent, lays ' r 
+
+v 7 ' 
+
+fable, fo terrified them, that they tooh to tl mm 
+
+* 
+
+and left the gods v id minus. Mav not tlii - 1 "' 
+
+i. » 
+
+corrupted tradition of the fall of the walls of h 
+
+
+
+Tilt TRITONS AND SYREXd, 
+
+
+9 , 9.1 
+
+
+ficho? The other ftories of the Tritons are merely 
+imaginary, founded upon thealmoft general belie 
+
+
+r 
+
+L 
+
+
+The charms of their Zinging allured mari- 
+
+
+of both ancients and moderns, that there exift in 
+the fea animals reiembling the human fpecies. 
+The natural predilection of the Greeks for the 
+marvellous, and the prodigious divcrfity of fea 
+animals, were fuificient to procure credit to thefc 
+fictions, and render them innumerable. Of the 
+Syrens we mult likewife entertain the fame opinion. 
+They are reprefented by the poets as beautiful 
+young females inhabiting the rocks on the coaft of 
+Sicily. 
+
+ncrs, who were wrecked in their attempts to ap¬ 
+proach them. Leucofia, Ligea, and Tarthenope 
+were the molt famous. The latter died in a cite 
+
+J 
+
+called after her name, which being afterwards re¬ 
+built by the tyrant Phalaris, was by him called 
+Neapolis, Naples, or new city. 
+
+The Syrens were daughters of the river Achilous, 
+and the nymph Calliope. Ovid in his Metatnor- 
+phofes liiys, that they were the companion;, of 
+Prolerpinc at the time (he was carried oil' by idu- 
+to. They petitioned the gods for wings to tra- 
+vcrle the ocean in qudl of her, which was <>ranted. 
+
+1 lie jealous Juno treachcrou/ly ])rompted them to 
+challenge the nine Mules in (ln<>i::<>-, gut gein« 
+Viinqiiiflu-d, the pupils of Apollo puniihed them by 
+tearing oil their wings, of which they made them- 
+
+Id VO 
+
+
+
+5>2 2 
+
+
+THE TRITONS AND SYRENS* 
+
+
+felves crowns. Several ancient monuments reprc. 
+fented the Mules wearing thele ornaments. 
+
+The Syrens had melodious voices, and touched 
+the lute molt enchantingly. Orpheus, when he 
+accompanied the Argonauts, faved his companions 
+from their allurements by finging himfclf the 
+battles and victories of the gods. 
+
+The beauty of his verfes which he accompanied 
+on the lute, clearly fhowed the Syrens their ow: 
+inferiority. Enraged at being excelled, they t!:r-:- s - 
+their inftruments into the fea, and never iargaf-r, 
+Their pride received a fecond mortification from 
+Ulyfies. Being warned againft their feducingar:;. 
+by the enc.hantrefs Circe, he caufed himll-lfto i-e 
+bound to the main malt of his veiled, having frit 
+taken the precaution to Hop the ears of his com¬ 
+panions with wax. 
+
+Hiftory explains thefe two fables by laying, 
+that the coafts of Sicily were inhabited by actre'T'S 
+and courtezans, who endeavoured to detain tra¬ 
+vellers among them by continually offering il’.ein 
+a fucceflion of pleafures. 
+
+They are reprefented as beautiful females to it 1 ' 
+middle, the n it of their bodies terminating IT' 
+thole of the Tritons. 
+
+
+The word .Syren comes from sclra^ chain, " 
+cxprofs the difficulty of refilling their charms an. 
+avoiding their letter:’. 
+
+
+
+
+PROTEUS. 
+
+
+22 3 
+
+
+The holy man, Job, in one of his books, fays, 
+f I lament my misfortunes with the melancholy tone 
+of a Syren.’ 
+
+He feems to allude to certain Indian birds, men¬ 
+tioned by Pliny the naturalift; the melody of 
+whofe firming lulled travellers to bleep. They 
+were only found in the moft unfrequented places. 
+
+
+PROTEUS. 
+
+
+
+roteus, the fon of Neptune, or of 
+Oceanus and Thetis, was entrufbed with the care, 
+of Neptune’s flocks, compofed of fea calves and 
+other marine animals. The Latins called him 
+likewife Verturnnus. I~Ie had the faculty of afllim - 
+ing any form at pleafure. Smitten with the charms 
+of Pomona, goddefs of gardens, he perfonated an 
+old woman, the entire confidant of that s-oddefs. 
+The ftratagem fucceedcd, and he efpouled Pomona. 
+
+The ftory of Arifteus, fon of Apollo, and the 
+
+
+nymph Cyrenc, proves how capable Proteus was 
+of transforming himfelf into whatever fliapc.hc 
+pleafed. Eurydice was preparing to eljpoufc Or¬ 
+pheus- already was the nuptial altar railed in 
+meadow enamelled with flowers; the fiery Arifteus 
+op poled this union, and furioufly advanced to llizc 
+Eurydice; alfrighted Ike fled through the meadow, 
+
+a a J 
+
+
+
+PROTEUS. 
+
+
+
+
+and heedlefs of any other foe than the rafh ycy.,:'i 
+who purfued her, was mortally flung by a Err "at 
+upon which fhe placed her foot. 
+
+The nymphs, difconfolate for her lofs, revem-M 
+themfelves upon Arifteus by deft roving 
+
+
+1 I 
+
+i 1 t ^ ( 
+
+
+« t 
+
+
+
+
+To repair this lols, his mother Cyrene font hi:" 
+bo confult Proteus, advifing him to furprii 
+
+
+when afleep, to bind him fall, and allured l.h: 
+that having in vain attempted to efcape h; ■ 
+metamorpholes, he would at 1 a 11 aflame m. 
+nal form, and give him the information lie :c v . 
+Proteus being furprifed by Anllcus, uv ; 1 - 
+bound in chains ; in vain does he pradtic : 
+art of transformation, he is compelled to ;• •. 
+
+recover his liberty. 
+
+
+He informs his va:v-. 
+
+
+1 ** *. ' \ f 
+J X i t.. I * V 
+
+
+that he muft facrifice four bulls and as 
+fers, to the manes of Eurydice ; and that imr.' " 
+
+
+
+
+would proceed numerous fwarms of bees, 
+allures us, that the fkin of a bullock oi la 1 .":, 
+when expofed to the fun, attracts inkda \d A; 
+
+prcfently become bees. 
+
+Hiflory makes mention of one Proteus, k'.r.r <' 
+Egypt, who lived about the time of the Tro;:u;\ :a. 
+
+Prom his fecrecv, wifdom, and fordigiu, " " 
+
+• • 
+
+prince was fuppofed to have the power ol -vv.i:.p, 
+into futurity. The difficulty of difeovema, n 
+defigns, and the defire of cnfiuuing him bv 
+anfwcrs, might have caufed the poets to feign, nnit 
+to difeover his fecrcts it was nccefury to bind In n. 
+
+
+
+
+GLAUCUS. 
+
+
+225 
+
+
+Some authors fay, that Proteus was one of the 
+magicians fent for by Pharaoh, when Mofes per¬ 
+formed his miracles, at the departure of the Ifrael- 
+ites out of Egypt. Others, on the contrary, 
+regard the fable of Proteus as an allegory intended 
+to fhow, that truth is difficult to be difcovered by 
+thofe who do not apply themfelves to the fearcfa 
+of it with courage and perfeverance. 
+
+
+GLAUCUS, PORTUNUS, PHORCYS, SARON, 
+
+ALGEON. 
+
+
+'Utlaucus was a fiHierman. One day per¬ 
+ceiving that the fifh acquired extraordinary 
+ftrength on touching a herb upon which he had 
+laid them, he wifhed himfelf to try the experi¬ 
+ment, and immediately on touching it he leaped 
+into the fea, where he was received into the num¬ 
+ber of the fea deities. 
+
+Glaucus was a dextrous fi flier man, who had the 
+talent of diving and remaining a long time under 
+water. To make himfelf of more importance, 
+he boafted of being entertained by the fea gods; 
+he was at laft drowned, and gave rife to the fable 
+wc have juft related. The ancients reckoned 
+three of the name of Glaucus; one, fon of Minos; 
+
+another, fon of Hippolitus; and the third, fur- 
+named Ponticusi 
+
+o. 
+
+
+Portunus 
+
+
+
+226 
+
+
+PORTUNUS, PHORCYS. 
+
+
+Porturtus, fo called by the Latins, was ion of 
+Athamas, king of Thebes, and Ino, daughter to 
+Cadmus. Juno, the declared foe of Cadmus became 
+he was brother to Europa, infpired Athamas with 
+fuch a phrenzy that he threatened to tear in pieces 
+his wife Ino, and her fon Melicerta. Flying pre¬ 
+cipitately to avoid his vengeance, they fell into 
+the fea, where they both perifhed, and by the poets 
+were feigned to have been changed into gods of the 
+ocean. The name of Ino was exchanged into Lcu- 
+cothoe, and Melicerta was called Pakcmon, or Por¬ 
+tunus. Pie is defcribed with a key in his right 
+hand, to exprefs, that ports are under his care and 
+protedtion. The Roman ladies held Leucothoe in 
+great veneration, but dared only invoke her in fa¬ 
+vour of their nephews; they were afraid left their 
+own children fhouid fuller the fame misfortunes 
+as Leucothoe and her fon had experienced. Fe¬ 
+male (laves -were not permitted to enter her temple. 
+
+Phorcys, or Phorcus, a fea deity, was fon of 
+Pontus and Terra, or according to others, of Nep¬ 
+tune ■, he was tire father of the Gorgons, of whom 
+we dr all (peak in the hiftory of Perfeus. 
+
+lie had alfo a daughter named Thoofa, who was 
+mother of Polyphemus, the molt celebrated o I the 
+Cyclops. He was likewife looked upon as ik 
+father of the ferpent which guarded the gulden 
+apples of the HeTperides. Scylla alio was I up - 
+poled to be his daughter. 
+
+
+
+SARON, RECKON. 22 J 
+
+This nymph having engaged the affections of 
+Neptune, excited the jealouly of the goddefs Am- 
+phitrite, who poifoned a fountain in which fhe 
+
+A 
+
+ufed to bathe. Scylla, on feeling the effeCts of the 
+poifon, became diftrafted, threw herfelf into the 
+fea, and was changed into a monlter, much dreaded 
+bv mariners. 
+
+Such is the fable invented concerning the gulph 
+fituated between Reggio and Medina. The noife 
+of claihing' currents here refembles the barking 
+of dogs ; and the dread of this gulph, as well as 
+that of Charybdis, fituated on the oppofite fide, 
+caufed them to be honoured as fea deities. Tfe 
+gulph Charybdis derived its name from a cruel 
+woman who ufed to plunder travellers, but was at; 
+laft killed by Hercules. 
+
+Saron was regarded as the particular divinity of 
+Tailors. He was king of Corinth, and being 
+pafhonately fond of the chace, one day plunged 
+into the fea in purfuit of a (tag. Exhaufted 
+with heat and fatigue he there perifhed, and his 
+body being thrown on fhore by the waves, near a 
+wood facred to Diana, in the Phcebean marfli, 
+was buried in the court before the temple. From 
+that time this was called the Saronic, inftead of 
+the Phcebean marfli. 
+
+vPgeon is deferibed by Homer as a formidable 
+
+♦ 
+
+giant. Ovid calls him Ion of Ccelus and Terra. 
+He inhabited the ocean, from whence he ilTued to 
+
+
+
+*28 
+
+
+NYMPHS, DRYADS, HAMADRYADS, 
+
+
+aflift the Titans againft Jupiter, but being van- 
+quilhed by Neptune he was forced to retire, and 
+leek refuge in his watery abode. 
+
+We mud not negieft mentioning the {lory of the 
+Halcyon, a fea bird which builds its neft upon tne 
+waves even in winter. During fourteen days, 
+from the thirteenth of December to the twenty- 
+
+4 
+
+eighth of the fame month, the fea is perfedlly calm, 
+and feems to refpect this bird. Mariners call thefe 
+Halcyon days; a pheenomenon which produced 
+the following ftory: 
+
+Halcyone, wife of Ceyx, king of Trachriniu, law 
+in a dream her hufband who was returning from 
+
+r 
+
+confulting the oracle at Delphos. At break oi’ 
+day fhe haftened to the fea fhoxe, and perceived 
+at a difiance the floating body of her beloved 
+Ceyx. Following only the didlates of defpair, fnc 
+plunged into the ocean and was drowned. Touched 
+with companion, the gods transformed them bob 
+into the birds called Halcyons. 
+
+
+NYMPHS, DRYADS, HAMADRYADS, NAP.fi 
+
+AND NEREIDS. 
+
+
+1 jiese divinities derived their origin from 
+the water, See. and ought consequently to be 
+claffed with the fea deities. Thofe who inha¬ 
+bited the earth were, called in general Nymphs. 
+
+
+% • 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+Thole 
+
+
+
+NAP.C/E, AN'D NEREIDS. 
+
+
+£2g 
+
+Thofe who pre Tided over rivers and fountains 
+were named Naiads. Thofe who refided in 
+marfbes and pools were called Lymniades. Thofe 
+who dwelt in groves, Napasa;. 
+
+Dryads were thofe who dwelt in woods; and 
+Hamadryads thole whofe fate was attached to a 
+particular tree, with which their life commenced 
+and ended. 
+
+Nymphs of the mountains were called Oreades, 
+and the name of Nereids was given to all thofe 
+who inhabited the ocean. 
+
+Milk, oil, honey, and fometimes goats were 
+offered them in fieri fice. The word nymph is 
+fuppoled to be derived from lymph a , water; or 
+from the Phoenician word nephas , foul. Before 
+the fyflem of Tartarus and the Elyfian fields was 
+adopted, fouls were fuppofed to wander round the 
+tombs, or in gardens and woods, which had been 
+their favourite haunts when living. Thefe places, 
+were regarded with religious veneration, and hence 
+arofc the cuftom of facrificinp- to the manes of the 
+
+o 
+
+dead under green trees. The care of thefe was 
+committed to the nymphs, whofe number of courfe 
+mufl have mereafed prodigioufly. To name them 
+su! we think would be entirely ufelefs. 
+
+
+
+
+230 
+
+
+IOLUS AND THE WINDS, 
+
+
+OF F.OLUS AND THE WINDS. 
+
+
+EoluSj god of winds and tempefk, mi:i> 
+be placed among the marine divinities. He palled 
+for the fon of Jupiter; a title which he owed 
+entirely to his own merit. He was fon of Hip 
+potes, lived in the time of the Trojan war, and 
+reigned over the Eolian iflands, called before his 
+time Vulcanian. They are feven in number. So 
+little knowledge had the ancients of navigation, 
+and fo great were the dangers of the fca, that to 
+forefee and provide again!! them, was thought 
+beyond the reach of human power. Eoius pofiefl¬ 
+ing a forefight, penetration, and knowledge fupcrior 
+to his contemporaries, by frequently foretelling the 
+approach of ftorms. Itemed to be fomethirrr more 
+than mortal. By attentively oblerving the dirt-c 
+tion in which the fmoke of the volcanoes was 
+driven by the winds, he learned to diltinguilh thole 
+
+
+
+which blew moll violent, and were of 
+duration. It was by this means he forewarned 
+Ulyflcs of the approaching alteration in the wea¬ 
+ther, and wilh.ed him to defer his departure a Hur t 
+time. The air of confidence with which he give 
+this information made the companions of Ulvues 
+
+I 
+
+and 
+
+
+believe that lie commanded the 
+
+
+cn 
+
+
+s * 1 
+
+
+
+EOLUS AND THE WINDS.. 
+
+
+a 3 i 
+
+
+i'ould reftrain them at the mitigation of their 
+
+prince. However they determined to purfue 
+
+their voyage, but foon had reafon to repent theii: 
+
+rafh precipitation ; they were overtaken by a ftorm 
+
+1 
+
+and almoft all perifhed. The poets, according to 
+their ufual cuftom, did not fail to celebrate this 
+prediction of Eolus. They pretended that at the 
+entreaty of Ulyffes, he had enclofed the winds in 
+fkins, and committed them to the cuflody of that 
+prince, but that his companions having impru¬ 
+dently opened them, the winds now at liberty 
+railed the deep from its foundations, and {wal¬ 
+lowed up his velfel. The dread of thefe terrible 
+divinities was fuch that no voyage was undertaken 
+without offering them facrifices. 
+
+The defcendants of Eolus, after having given 
+Several monarchs to Greece, fent colonies into 
+Afia Minor, and having peopled the coafl there, 
+afterwards palled into Italy. 
+
+It is pretended by the poets that the winds were 
+ions of Aurora and AH rams, one of the giants 
+who waged war again It the gods. 
+
+I lis children were as boiftcrous as himfelf. 
+
+The four principal gave their names to the 
+
+v. iiuh,: 
+
+
+J ue lirft is Boreas, or the north wind. 
+Hie leeond Aufter, or the fouth wind. 
+J’he third l: airus, or the call wind. 
+
+1 he fourth Zephyrus, or the welt wind. 
+
+T 4 
+
+
+Boreas 
+
+
+
+2 3 2 
+
+
+JJOLIXS AND THE WINDS. 
+
+
+Boreas wifhed to efpoufe Orithyia, daughter of 
+Ereftheus, king of Athens, but being refilled by 
+that prince, he carried her off with his breath, and 
+tranfported her into Thrace, where fhe bore him 
+two fons, Calais and Zethis, of whom we finali 
+fpeak in the expeditions of the Argonauts. 
+
+The fable adds, that Boreas, metamorphofed into 
+a horfe, had twelve colts offuch extraordinary velo¬ 
+city, that they ran on the furface of the waves 
+without finking, and over fields of corn without 
+bending its heads. 
+
+This allegory is defcriptive of the fwiftncfi of 
+the winds. 
+
+
+IND O? THE FIRST FART, 
+
+
+
+terrestrial divinities. 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+TERRESTRIAL DIVINITIES. 
+
+r *1 
+
+I he disfigured and imperfed remem¬ 
+brance of iacred tradition was no longer fulficient 
+to lead to a knowledge of the true God. Strength, 
+number, and addrefs, fecured to man the empire 
+of the earth; he enjoyed it without gratitude, and 
+thought only of indulging his inclinations and paf- 
+fions. Yet, however great his pride, he perceived 
+he had no authority over the elements, and that 
+having conflantly to ftruggle again ft dangers which 
+threatened his life, he needed fome friendly hand 
+to luccour and pro ted him. Pain, terror, and 
+necefiity compelled him to believe that there 
+exifted a power fuperior to his own ; lie conde- 
+lcended to implore it, but thinking he had a right 
+to attach a price to his fervices, demanded in return 
+provifion for all his wants. 
+
+The idea of one only God, Supreme, Univerfa], 
+the difpenfer of every bieiling, would have too 
+
+much terrified him; he divided his functions and 
+| * m 
+
+ms power, multiplied the number of gods, and 
+attributing to thele divinities of his iuui'dnation 
+
+o 
+
+the paffions with which himfelf was agitated, 
+thought that the more numerous his lacrificcs the 
+
+greater benefits he Ihould receive. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+= 34 
+
+
+TERRESTRIAL DIVrXITirS. 
+
+
+Ci 
+
+
+It was thus that man continually increafed the 
+number of the celeflial, terreftrial, marine, and 
+infernal deities. The earth itfelf became an obje 
+of adoration. Woods, plains, harvefts, fields, gar¬ 
+dens, meadows, all had their preluding divinity; 
+houles had their gods, Lares, and Penates; each 
+of which had its honours, functions, and vorfhip. 
+
+They were at firft confidered as invifible beings, 
+of a nature fuperior to the human fpecies j but 
+fome men having diftingui fired themfelves by their 
+improvements in agriculture, or by fome u.'dul 
+invention, their names were given to tired un¬ 
+known divinities, and 
+founded together. 
+
+
+quickly both were con- 
+
+
+i: 
+
+
+Among this prodigious 
+
+
+number twelve wee 
+
+
+reckoned of an order ii.pen-vr to the red. 
+
+were called Confcntes. They were difiercr,; • 
+
+* 
+
+the twelve principal deities mentioned ;n a lormw 
+part of this work. 
+
+Jupiter and Terra were the two firft. 
+
+The Sun and Moon, whofe influence F in !/(v' 
+upon vegetal ion in general, were the fecund. 
+
+% # 
+
+Cm\% godilcls oi corrij and Bacchus, u! 
+uiiic, were the third. 
+
+1 I y ' 
+
+Robi-us and Flora were tne muitn; tne 
+
+C f 
+
+former nrrf-rvinn; fruit from decav, and l>naj , i!r r 
+
+i v > 
+
+it to maturity; and the latter tending die gro " 11 
+of flowers. 
+
+Minerva and Venus were the filth.—Micro- 
+
+
+<rn 1 1 i' Cl ' 
+
+
+
+
+2 35 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+DI'MOCORCON* 
+
+
+produced the olive, and Venus prefided over 
+gardens, 
+
+'fhe fixth and laft were Water and Bonus 
+Evcntus. The former, becaufe without it the 
+earth is parched and barren; the latter, whofe 
+name hgnifies good fuccefs, attended to the pro¬ 
+duction of abundant harvefls. 
+
+
+Thefe were the principal terreftrial deities. 
+T'iicir names and functions evidently prove that it 
+is to the nccellities of man they are indebted for 
+their origin and worfhip. 
+
+
+Dl'.MOOORGOX. 
+
+
+1 fits allegorical divinity was the genius 
+of the earth. Such fear and veneration did his 
+name infpire, that no perfon durft pronounce it 
+with a laud voice. Philofophe i .s ] v 1 1 rded this 
+
+
+divinity as tb.e fpirit o! heat, which is the life 
+anil fipport of every plant. He was honoured by 
+the people as a real deity. 
+
+1 lis form was that of a dirty old man covered 
+v.ith mols, pale and di: figured, and he redded 
+eonilantly in the bowels of the earth. Hi 
+companions were Chaos and Eternity. 
+
+We thiink it incumbent on us to give part of 
+the iWeription of this obfeure and lingular divi- 
+,M \ tw traniinittrd to us hy the po- ts. 
+
+
+s 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+AYnry 
+
+
+
+DEMOGORGON*. 
+
+
+a 36 
+
+
+* 
+
+Weary and difgufted with his melancholy abode, 
+he formed a ball, feated himfelf upon it, and rifiro- 
+into the air fixed the limits of the earth, an.! 
+created the heavens. Palling over the Acrocerau- 
+nian mountains which vomit forth fire, he took, 
+from them fome flaming matter with which he 
+formed the fun, placed it in heaven to illumine the 
+world, and gave it in marriage to the earth. 
+
+Their offspring v/ere Tartarus and Nox. 
+Demogorgon, difturbed in his profound cavern 
+by the pains and anguifh of Chaos, lent Dilirord 
+from the centre of the earth to inhabit the furface 
+of it, and this was the fir ft of his children. In 
+the fame manner he fent forth the three hates; 
+the Serpent Python, Night, Tartarus, Ac. Ac. 
+
+We Hi all dwell no longer upon tire deleripricn 
+of fo monilrous a brood; yet through this t!:ich 
+veil we have a faint glimpfe of the my fiery of the 
+creation, and fome disfigured traces of and; n! 
+tradition. The Arcadians were the lint who be¬ 
+lieved the earth animated by a genius; it is from 
+
+* m 
+
+them Ik received the name of Demogorgon. 
+
+The appellations of Ops and Tidies are inch!- 
+ferer.tiy applied to the earth, and liequently it war, 
+railed by the names of the goddcflls Vella, Cen '> 
+f'roferpine, Rhea, Diana, or Cybele; but die m 
+Riicicnt of all by which it was ilillinguilhed v.as 
+Tiua, or Titaia, which fignitks mud or earth, as 
+
+
+,.!1 
+
+
+.lei 
+
+
+I h'.uuis 
+
+
+
+di.mogorgon* 
+
+
+Q O ~* 
+*■ Of 
+
+
+The houfe 
+
+
+Uranus fignifies heaven. Chaos alone was e flee me d 
+
+more ancient than heaven and earth. 
+
+Of the different f'eafts which were celebrated in 
+
+honour of the earth, that ftyled the feaft of the 
+bounteous goddefs was fo famous, that we think it 
+indiipenfably necefTary to give fome account of it. 
+
+On the firft of May the Vcflals went to the 
+houle of the high prielt to perform a facrifice to 
+the bounteous goddefs, (a myfterious divinity 
+whofe name was known to females only.) 
+
+The preparations for this facrifice, (which was 
+
+offered for the fafety and profperity of the Roman 
+people,) were very coftly, and the moft aftonifil¬ 
+ing circumfpeftion was observed, 
+in which this feaft was celebrated was fuperbly 
+adorned, and, as it always took place in the night, 
+the apartments were illuminated with a vafl number 
+of lights. The principal care confifted in pre¬ 
+venting tiie approach of men. The mailer of the 
+houfe, his children, and Haves, were excluded ; 
+all the windows were carefully clofed, and even 
+before the pictures of men, and jnale animals, a 
+curtain w'as drawn. 
+
+The fame veil which has concealed Horn us 
+the inyfteries of the lileufinian Ceres covers from 
+our light thole of the bounteous goddefs. 
+
+o o 
+
+It is irnpoffible to Ipcak of them with any cer¬ 
+tainty, and all the Roman hillorians acknowledge 
+their ignorance upon this point. The conjec¬ 
+tures 
+
+
+
+TERMIN’OS. 
+
+
+
+tures which have been made upon a iiibjcci f„ 
+little known merit not the leaft confidence. TV- 
+people were perfuaded that the goddefs would have 
+punifhed with inftant blindnefs whoever ihouij 
+dare attempt to difeover thefe myfteries. They 
+
+4 
+
+were fometimes celebrated in the houfes of die 
+confuls and chief magiflrates of the republic. 
+
+The earth is generally repre fen ted under the 
+form of a irlobe. 
+
+
+OF TI-IK GOD TERMINUS. 
+
+
+
+lN.esi’ect for the facred right of 
+
+
+TO 
+
+
+peity can alone infurc the peace and exiftencc o! 
+focicty; without this the weak would become a 
+prey to the ftrong, and the earth would remain 
+uncultivated j for man never labours but under the 
+certain afluranee that he firall enjoy the fruits oi 
+his indullry. For this rcafon, laws were inftitutal 
+which obiicred individuals to mark out the limits of 
+
+o 
+
+their refpedlive lands. 
+
+Ceres, the proteftrefs of hulbandry, is regarded 
+
+by the ancients as the fir ft who ellaldifhcd iand 
+
+Plutarch attributes tins invention to 
+
+• • 
+
+Numa Pompilius; but it appears certain that it h 
+due to the celebrated Thaur, or the Fgvptian 
+
+
+marks. 
+
+
+JMcrcurv, who by this means rectified the dilorders 
+occaiioncd bv the ovcrflowincr of the Nile. 
+
+Numu. 
+
+
+» 
+
+
+
+TERMINUS. 
+
+
+s 39 
+
+
+Numn, finding the laws eftablifned for the fecu- 
+rity of property infufficicnt, perluaded the Roman 
+people that there exifted a god, guardian of 
+boundaries, and the avenger of ufurpation. He 
+built a temple to him on the Tarpeian mountain, 
+instituted feafts to his honour, and prefcribed the 
+form of his worlhip. lie reprefented this new 
+divinity under the form of an immoveable rock. 
+His feaft was called Terminalis, from Terminus. 
+Milk, fruit, and a few cakes, were offered to him. 
+Public facrifices were performed in his temple, 
+and individuals facrificed to him on their own 
+lands. During thefe feafts thofc whole lands 
+were contiguous prefented themlelves, each on his 
+own fide, near the mark which ieparated tlielr 
+grounds. This mark they adorned with a garland 
+of flowers, and rubbed it with oil to render it 
+more durable. At the conclufion of this innocent 
+i'cRival they facrificed lambs and young jugs, 
+which afterwards ferved as a repaid for the two 
+families united, and concord was invoked by all 
+p re lent. 
+
+A circumfhmce which happened, contributed 
+much to the credit of the god Terminus. 
+
+
+Tarquin the Proud wilhed to craft on the 
+C'apitoline mountain the temple which Tarquin 
+die Kldcr had vowed to Jupiter. For this purpofe 
+it was neceffary to difplacc fevcral llatues and 
+altars; thefe were removed without any refiftancc, 
+
+
+
+
+FLORA, POMONA, VERTUMNUS. 
+
+
+24O 
+
+but the god Terminus, more firmly eftabliihed by 
+Numa, braved all their efforts, and they were 
+obliged to leave him in the middle of the temple 
+they were conftrudting. 
+
+The priefts pretended that all the other gods, 
+from refpedt towards Jupiter, had yielded then- 
+places, but that Jupiter himfelf, out of regard for the 
+right of property, had permitted him a place in 
+the middle of his temple. Such is the origin of 
+the god Terminus. However, before the time 
+of Numa, Jupiter was honoured under the nanv 
+of Jupiter Terminalisj and the Greeks had a 
+divinity who prefided over limits, who was called 
+Jupiter Horius. 
+
+The mod; folemn and lacred oaths were thole 
+taken upon thefe flones. In after ages, tiie god 
+Terminus was frequently reprefented by a pyra¬ 
+midal land mark, having a head upon the top 
+of it. 
+
+
+FLORA, POMONA, VERTUMNUS, AND PRU 
+
+PUS, THE GOD OF GARDENS. 
+
+
+
+lora was wife to Zcphyrus, and goildeb 
+of flowers. There appears to have been one » i 
+this name extremely ancient, whofe origin v,as 
+
+unknown. The Romans honoured a fecond Hoia, 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+AND rRIAPUS, T11E GOD OF CAREEN'S 
+
+
+2 ,[ ,i 
+
+
+and afcribed to her the worfliip rendered to the 
+former, who probably was only an allegorical pcr- 
+Jbnage. Acca Laurentia, a celebrated courtezan, 
+bequeathed her immenle property to the Roman 
+il-nate. This bequeft was accepted, but to con¬ 
+ceal the fource from whence it came, they afiimi- 
+lated Laurentia with this ancient Fiora, and ho¬ 
+noured her as the reddefs of trroves and flowers. 
+
+
+V. . 
+
+
+Her feafts rife to the Floral Games. 
+
+
+Pomona, s?o 
+
+' Cj 
+
+
+
+> of orchards, became the wife 
+
+
+of Vertumnus, or Proteus, in the manner we have 
+already mentionul. 
+
+
+The (kill of this goddefs 
+
+
+in die cultivation of fruit-trees and gardens, pro¬ 
+cured her great reputation among the Romans, 
+vd'ich was increaled by her uncommon beauty. 
+She was placed in the Pantheon at Rome, but we 
+fund not the leaf! mention of her among the Greeks. 
+
+o 
+
+Vertumnus her hufband, whofe name is derived 
+from vert ere , to turn or change, was the lymbol 
+of the year, and of the variation of the feafons. 
+Me was frequently reprefented under the forms of 
+a ploughman, a mower, a vine-drefler, and that of 
+an old woman; to exprefs fpring, fummer, autumn 
+and winter. By fome authors he is confounded 
+v. idi Janusj others, on the contrary, fay that he 
+v. as a king of Ittruria, celebrated for the plea lure 
+he took in the cultivation of gardens. 
+
+1 omona is reprefented under the form of a 
+bvautiful young female fitting upon a bafket of 
+
+R fruit ; 
+
+
+
+
+RURAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+842 
+
+
+fruit; in her lap {he has apples, and round her art 
+branches loaded with fruit. 
+
+Vertumnus is painted as a young man, hold in? 
+fruit in one hand, and in the other a horn of plenty, 
+He is only half covered by his drefs. 
+
+Priapus was likewife regarded as the god 0! 
+gardens j he was faid to be the fon of Venus and 
+Bacchus, born at Lampfacus. 
+
+His hideous figure was generally employed 4 
+gardens, to terrify thieves and birds. 
+
+The eaftern nations worfhipped him under thr. 
+name of Baal Pegor, 
+
+W 
+
+
+x X 
+
+
+OF PALES, AND OTHER RURAL DEITILj. 
+
+
+V> 
+
+
+1 ales was the goddefs of fbepherds, at! 
+proteftrefs of flocks. Her fealt called Palilia, e: 
+Parilia, was celebrated in the month of April, on 
+which occafion no victim was killed, nothing vm 
+
+
+offered but the fruits of the earth. The 11 
+
+
+iepi 
+
+
+L ... • 
+{H : '•> 
+
+
+purified their flocks with the fmohe of lli 1 pb.u.', 
+
+olive wood, box, laurel and rofemary; they the:'. 
+
+“ * • 
+
+made a fire of draw, round which they danced, n:;.i 
+afterwards offered to the goddefs, milk, ela-Uk 
+
+O J 7 
+
+prepared wine and millet cakes. It was tlurir.r 
+this feafl that they commemorated the foundatiir. 
+
+of Rome, 
+
+An-1 
+
+
+
+RURAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+2 43 
+
+Anna Perenna was another rural divinity of the 
+fame rank as Pales. The pureft and molt rational 
+plealure, the iivelieft and molt unaffefted joy 
+constantly animated the feafts of thefe two god- 
+d c ile s. 
+
+Bubona, goddefs of herdfmen, was the tutelar 
+deity of homed cattle. 
+
+v . 
+
+Mellona protected bees, for which purpofe the 
+fhepherd Ariflreus was alfo fometimes invoked. 
+
+Scia prefidcd over corn while yet in the ground, 
+Segefla during the harveft, and Tutcdina when 
+ftored in barns. 
+
+Robigus was invoked to preferve the corn from 
+the mildew. 
+
+4 
+
+Bonus Eventus, good fuccefs, was honoured 
+with a particular worfhip: his ftatue, executed by 
+Praxiteles, was placed in the Capitol; he was 
+ranked among the number of the principal rural 
+and terreftrial deities. 
+
+Popnlonia, whofe name fignifies devallation, 
+
+ravage, protedled the fruits of the earth from hail 
+and lightning. 
+
+Pilumnus prefidcd over the grinding of corn, 
+and Picunmus over manure. 
+
+Saturn like\vile had the name of Stcrculius, 
+
+becaufe he firfb taught the practice of enriching the 
+ground with dung. 
+
+Hippona was the goddefs of (tables and horfesj 
+Colliu.i was the tutelar deity of hills. 
+
+
+i* 2 
+
+
+Jugatinus 
+
+
+
+
+SATYRS, FAUN'?, A. GYPAN.', 
+
+
+Jugatinus prefided over hillocks. 
+
+All thefe divinities were invented by the Latins, 
+and derived their names from their different occu¬ 
+pations ; none of them are to be met u ith amor,7 
+the Grecian deities. 
+
+
+OF SATYRS, FAUNS, WGYPANS AND 'I ill, 
+
+GOD PAN. 
+
+
+Q 
+
+Satyrs, Fauns, and TRgypans, were N; 
+rural divinities, or rather demi-gods, whom t: ■: 
+
+o J 
+
+ancients fuppoied to inhabit fore (Is and mountain 1 ;. 
+
+
+They were called indifferently Pans, /ligvpars, 
+and Satyrs, and were reprefented as men of imaii 
+ftacure, bearing a great refcmblancc to goats. 
+
+K.* U O 
+
+Thoic advanced in years were called Sikni. 'J ncy 
+were faid to be ddeended from Mercnrv and me 
+
+0 
+
+nymph Iphiteme, or from Bacchus and the nymph 
+Nicea, daughter of Sangarius. It fhouid feem chat 
+thefe extraordinary deities owed their divinity to 
+the fear and furprife occafioned on the fir ft appear¬ 
+ance of apes. We can reafonably attribute to them 
+no other origin. 
+
+Pan held the principal place among the mod 
+ancient deities. By the poets he is called Ion of 
+
+Jupiter and the.,nymph Califto, or of Mercury and 
+Penelope. 
+
+
+Me 
+
+
+
+AND THE GOD PAN'. 
+
+
+
+
+He is reprefented under the form of a Satyr, 
+holding in his hand a flute called Syrinx. By the 
+Arcadians this god was particularly worflipped. 
+In the month of February the Romans celebrated 
+to his honour feafts called Fupercalia, from the 
+place confecrated to him by F.vander, and where 
+Romulus and Remus were fuppofed to have been 
+fuckled by a wolf. 
+
+Idis priells were called Luperci. The real 
+origin of Pan was extremely ancient. The Egyp¬ 
+tians, after having paid divine honours to the Sun 
+under the name of Oflris, the Moon under that of 
+Ills, and the fevcral parts of the univerfe under 
+different names, adored the whole world collec¬ 
+tively under the name of .Pan, which lignifies all. 
+Theygavehim a human figure down to the middle, 
+to reprefent man, and the red of his body repre- 
+fented animals. The origin of the expreflion Pa¬ 
+nic is uncertain. Some authors attribute it to the 
+fudden terror excited among the Gauls, by the 
+god Pan, when under their general Brennus they 
+were preparing to pillage the temple of Dclphos. 
+Others fuppofed it derived from the circumdance 
+of the god Pan’s inhabiting lured.s, in a hole folitary 
+fl'ades when bewildered, we are inarmed and terri¬ 
+fied at the lealt noife. 
+
+1 he poets relate that the nymphs Echo, Syrinx, 
+and Pythis were beloved by the gml Pan. I le 
+was rejected by Echo for the beautiful Marcidus, 
+
+
+E. 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+
+SILENUS AND MIDAS. 
+
+
+
+who having feen himfelf in a fountain, was fo ilruck 
+with his own form, that he continued gazing on i 
+till he languifhed and died. 
+
+Echo, inconfolable for his lofs, pined away with 
+grief, but being immortal, (lie prelerved her voire, 
+which fhe employs in repeating every thing j] lc 
+hears. This fable may be ranked among the 
+allegorical. 
+
+Syrinx, a nymph of Arcadia, was in the train of 
+Diana. Being one day purfued by the god P.i", 
+hie fled for refuge to the river Ladon, her fat As 
+who metamorphofed her into a reed. 
+
+
+Pan having oblerved that the wind in reuniting 
+the reeds produced a pleafing found, formed lome 
+
+
+was called Svrinx. 
+
+
+of them into a pipe which 
+The nymph Pythis was more favourable to the 
+v.ows of the god Pan ; but Boreas, jealous of this 
+preference, with a blah of his breath precipitated 
+her from the top of a rock. 
+
+
+The gods changed her while falling, 
+
+
+into 
+
+
+pine, which tree was confecratcd to the god Pan 
+
+
+OF SILENUS AND MIDAS. 
+
+
+Oilenus, fofter-father of Bacchus 
+the mod famous of the Satyrs. We lliail ; 
+the poetical and hihorical account of this \ 
+
+
+
+♦ • J 
+
+i > 
+
+
+i l 
+
+
+
+
+r-T 
+
+
+
+SI LEXUS AND MIDAS. 
+
+
+*47 
+
+
+fonage, fo confpicuous in the annals of antiquity. 
+Fiction and truth will unavoidably be fome times 
+blended toget’e-, but our readers will have no 
+difficulty in diibinguifhing them frcm each other. 
+
+Pindar informs us that Silenus was born at 
+Malea, or at leaft was brought up there. He is 
+generally feen mounted upon an afs, a 1 moll always 
+in a Fate of inebriety, with difficulty keeping his 
+feat upon the bealt, and following Bacchus, wfiom 
+he conftantly accompanied. 
+
+Such is the idea commonly given us by the 
+poets of Silenus ■, but he is deferibed by more 
+grave authors in a manner much more advan¬ 
+tageous. 
+
+They fay that Silenus was a philofopher of great 
+learning and wifclom ■, that his pretended intoxi¬ 
+cation was myfterious, intended only to exprefs 
+his profound meditation when engaged in (ludy. 
+
+The circumftances which led him to remain 
+fome time with Midas, gave occafton to feveral 
+ftories. 
+
+Bacchus having quitted Thrace, when the un¬ 
+happy Pentheus had been torn in pieces by the 
+Bacchanalians, came into Lydia, near mount 
+Tmolus, famous for its excellent vines. Silenus 
+tiled to make excurfions into the country mounted 
+upon an al's, and frequently retired to meditate or 
+repofc by the fide of a fountain. Midas, king of 
+the country, being acquainted with his great abili¬ 
+ty 4 ties. 
+
+
+
+24S 
+
+
+SILENUS AND MIDAS. 
+
+
+ties, and having long wiflied to converfe with him, 
+had him conveyed, during his deep, to hisuwnp. 
+lace, but being himfelfinitiated into the rnyPauirs < f 
+Bacchus, he received Silenus with gr 
+
+
+V. It V, Jt , 
+
+
+['v t k 
+
+
+and detained him only ten days and as many nirrht- 
+to receive his inftrufHon and celebrate the o:- i, -. 
+
+
+.•w 
+
+would uiinlch 
+
+
+At the expiration of this time, he 
+accompany him on his return to Bacchus. lh.: ; : 
+
+
+hccion begins 
+
+
+
+
+trr * * 
+
+gu 
+
+
+Bacchus overjoyed at the ifgc 
+of his foBer-father, whole abfencc had given 
+
+uneafmeih, promifed Midas whatever I.. 
+Ihould demand. Stimulated by a third for ri-J.i-, 
+lie defired the power of converting whatever i,: 
+fhouiu touch into gold. His requeft was granted, 
+but foon he found its fatal confequences. Ifulir 
+
+
+his hand trees and (tones became gold, but lb 
+did likev/ifb the food which lie was prepaiirg m 
+eat. Impelled by hunger he again had recount- 
+to Bacchus, who told lmn to go and wain in the 
+Pr.&olus, and from that lime the fands cf ilui iivi« 
+were found inu rmixed with cro Id. In this lminiu 
+
+
+was hiftory diailgurcd by the poets, bat we hull 
+dived it (A its diftmife, and reftorc it to iis Inr- 
+
+1 1 ~ 
+
+
+t • 
+
+1 \ n 
+
+
+pneirv. lVlici::-; was king of the country tlmaii.’.li 
+which ’Jo: (’acini us 1 ]0\vs; after the deal h ofhb, iaii.c: - , 
+Gordius, he preiented to the temple of Dciylics 
+
+
+a golden chain of ineftimable value, The garni". 
+
+
+of this prince were very famous, and Siier.us v 
+
+
+' A 
+
+\ * i 
+\ * 1 • l 
+
+
+ing to fee them, palled forne days with 
+
+
+iv H K 
+
+l \ k . * I . * ) 
+
+
+
+SILENUS AND MIDAS. 
+
+
+249 
+
+
+love reign of a rich country, was 
+(•.economical even to parfimony. The fale of his 
+
+
+v, i i o, 
+
+
+tiro ugh 
+
+J 
+
+
+C '>rn 
+
+^ j * * * ) 
+
+
+cattle and wine produced him immenfe 
+1 ums, which gave rife to the dory that his touch 
+converted everv thing into gold. Being informed 
+bv Bacchus and Silenus, that the lands of the 
+1 hi dolus contained gold, his avarice changed its 
+object; he quitted his rural purfuits, and employed 
+his {objects in collecting gold; this occalioned 
+the fable, that by wafhing his hands in the Padlo- 
+lu.i he hail communicated to it the property of 
+
+
+prouuung t 
+attachment lo riches, neglected 
+
+
+uoki. Midas, notwithstanding his 
+
+- o 
+
+nothing which 
+concerned religion, good laws, or the happinels 
+of ids fubjccts. To acquire greater credit and 
+authority, he pretended that Silenus inftructed him 
+in the myltei ies of the orgies of Bacchus; and 
+he undoubtedly profited by his knowledge, and 
+was guided by his directions in forming his eft; 1 
+blifhmcnts, religious and political. In aid .. 
+police of his kingdom, Midas employed 4 •, 
+
+watchful officers; this occafioned it being iui \ 
+that he heard at a great dillance, and the dif- 
+afleeted deferibed him with the cars of an afs. 
+A lew puniffiments which he initialed lilenced 
+their injurious refleftions, and this gave rile to a 
+fecond allegorical fable, in which it is pretended 
+tuat the barber of Midas not daring openly to 
+declare that he had feen thefe afs’s cars, confided 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+OK FAUX US AND SYLVAN ( .A 
+
+
+3 AO 
+
+
+the fccret to a marfhj and that loon after the r;*.;*, 
+
+* 
+
+when agitated by the wind, produced this found; 
+
+c Midas has the ears of an afs.’ That thefe iv.o fables 
+
+are allegorical is evident. The pafiion of Siknus for 
+
+wine, and his introducing the orgies into Lydia, cc 
+
+cafioned him to be reprefented under die f01 m of a 
+
+man intoxicated. Serious authors however fan ih,;'. 
+
+♦ 
+
+the afs upon which he was mounted, was e rod. win a- 
+
+tical of the flow but certain progreis of phiLit j.-.’-.y. 
+
+Some authors confound Silenus with TvLrlVrv, 
+
++ 
+
+who was the celebrated performer on the Lute ^ 
+flayed alive by Apollo for contending with him. 
+This error arifes from the circtiniftancc of their 
+both being fatyrs, and having lived at the fame 
+time. After the death of Silenus he was honoured 
+as a demi-god, and had a worfhip inuepeiv.ieiw n 
+that paid to Bacchus. 
+
+
+OF FA UN US AND SYI.VANUS. 
+
+
+
+aunus, fon of Picus, lived in fr 
+time of Pandion, king of Athens, and war. o r 
+temporary with Lvvander and I icrcuk s. 
+
+
+Tf 
+
+* » 
+
+
+prince was fo diffmguifhed for hr. I'raviiy a" 1 
+wifdom that lie palled for the fon of Mar;. 
+
+The attention which he bellowed on luilhaviry 
+procured him the rank of a rural divinity ; ai d 
+fle is reprefented under the form of a latyr. 1 leva- 
+
+
+hippo; 
+
+i- i 
+
+
+< 1 
+
+
+
+I ares and rr.KATES. 251 
+
+** 
+
+foppofcJ to render oracles, but this proceeds 
+from the etymology of his name ; pbonetn in Greeic, 
+and fart in Latin, fignifying to fpeak. By the 
+Romans, Faunia his wife, and Sylvanus his O' n, 
+were ciallcd among the rural deities. The 
+name is derived Otova/yhciy a fore ft. He prefi a - i 
+over woods, and is reprefented in the fame n.an- 
+n:T as the fatyrs, who were iuppoled to be his 
+
+brothers. 
+
+Pious, father of Faunus, was an accomplished 
+prince ; he efpoufed the beautiful Canens, wh fe 
+enchanting portrait is given us by Ovid. Having 
+perifhed by an accident when hunti g, and his 
+body being never afterwards found, it v as pre¬ 
+tended that the cnchantrefs Circe in defpaii at his 
+infallibility, had metamorphofed him into a wood¬ 
+pecker. Caucus, inconfolable for the lofs of her 
+hulhant),' never afterwards fpoke, but retiied from 
+human fight to the moll dreary foil ace, As a 
+reward for her tendernds, it is pretended that Ihe 
+was tranflated to heaven by the Gods. 
+
+
+OF TilK GODS cAi.u.n LARES, and PENATES. 
+
+
+These Gods prefidecl over empires, 
+
+cities, highways, houfes, and individuals. I hey 
+
+were divided into Lares Public, Domdlic, Rural, 
+
+l loflile. 
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+2J2 LARES AND PENATES. 
+
+9 
+
+Hoftile, Marine, and chofe who prefided over the 
+Highways. Their number was prodigious, and 
+every one chofe his own at pleafure. Amonq; thefe 
+Gods were ranked the fouls of thofe who had faith¬ 
+fully ferved the ftate ; and families placed atriono- 
+
+o 
+
+them the departed fpirits of their friends and 
+relations. Their worfhip confided only in keeping 
+little figures in the moft retired part of the 
+houfe thence calledLararium. Lamps, the fymbul 
+of vigilance, were confecrated to them, and their 
+facrifiee was that faithful animal the don-. Vflnn 
+an infant quitted the ornament called bulla, it 
+was depofited at the feet of chefe do medic deities: 
+and when a Roman family received any or.e by 
+adoption (which was a circumftance very common) 
+the magiflrates appointed thofe who were to attend 
+to the worfhip of the Lares, whom the adopted 
+child feemed to have abandoned. 
+
+
+During the public feafts of thefe divinities, which 
+
+* 
+
+were called Compitalida, little waxen figures 
+were fufpended in the flreets, and the Lares and 
+Penates were entreated to make thefe 
+
+
+cite only 
+
+
+Penates 
+
+
+objects of their difpleafure. 
+
+The Romans fuppofed the Lares and 
+defendants of Jupiter and Lambda. The re- 
+femblance between the names of Lares and Lsr- 
+m id a, and the ignorance of their real origin, were 
+the only caufesofthis genealogy. Ir appears that 
+their worfhip was brought by dime as fiom Phrygia. 
+
+'lie 
+
+
+« 
+
+
+
+LARES AND PENATES. S 53 
+
+% 
+
+The I .ares and Penates of Laban, called in Scrip¬ 
+ture Tcraphim, were carried away by his fon-in- 
+iaw Jacob. The Genii were likewife ranked 
+among thefe divinities. Every man had two, one 
+author of all good, the other of all evil. 
+
+Women had likewife their Genii, which were 
+called Junones : Thefe Genii were not fuppofed 
+to be pofiefled of equal power; the genius cf 
+Antony was faid to dread the genius of Auguftus. 
+They are reprefented as young men holding in 
+one hand a drinking vefifel, and in the other a horn 
+of plenty. Sometimes they appear under the 
+form of ferpents. The forehead was principally 
+confecrated to them. 
+
+All perfons invoked their genius, particularly 
+on their natal day. The ground was ftrewed 
+with flowers, and wine was offered to them in 
+cups. Every place had its particular genius. 
+An opinion prevailed, that the whole univerfe 
+abounded in fpirits who regulated its movements. 
+Plato, who mod enlarged this fyftem, fpeaks of 
+Gnomes, Sylphs, and Salamanders. The firff: 
+inhabited the earth; the fecond, air ; the third, fire; 
+but let us leave to the tales of the fairies the 
+
+of particularly deferibing them. 
+
+
+
+INFERNAL 
+
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+nri 
+
+
+1 he idea of a god who purifies vice 
+
+
+and rewar is virtue, is coeval with the woijj. 
+The Ill'll man received it from the Almighty ! 1 iin_ 
+felf, and has o anfinitted it to his pofteriiy. ] n 
+proportion as the diftarce from the originals in- 
+creaftd, ideas became conform led, traditions cor¬ 
+rupted, and idolatry reared its head ; but the dif¬ 
+ference between vice and virtue was fo forcihlv 
+
+# 
+
+feit by fmic men 'A fuperior wifdom to the red, 
+that they e.ndeav jui ed carefully to preferve this 
+nemfiry re id mint, which alone can prevent gene¬ 
+ral c irruption. The more we examine into 
+
+✓ 
+
+ancient traditions, the more clearly we per¬ 
+ceive the ur.ivi.rfal belief in tire immortality of 
+
+i 
+
+
+the foul 
+
+
+The moff criminal of all errors 
+
+
+could alone wife doubts on this important innh; 
+but they are fo fully cbntradibied by tire gore nil 
+voice of every confidence, and every mui' 1 !., that 
+
+to combat them is unneceflary. 
+
+Philofophers of every age have confirmed rids 
+truth, and poets by their delcriptioiis have endea¬ 
+voured as much as pofilble to diftiile it. 
+
+We learn from a fragment of Diodorus Siculm, 
+that the poetical fyftem of the infernal regions ua> 
+taken entirely from the cufloms adopted by 1 lK ‘ 
+Kgypiians before the interment of their dead. 
+
+
+
+
+Mercury 
+
+
+chaire 
+
+
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+2 55 
+
+of departed fpirits, was the pried; whofe office it 
+was to receive the body of a deceafed apis-, by 
+him it was conducted to a fecond prieft, who 
+wore a mafic reprefenting three heads, like thofe 
+afcribed by the poets to Cerberus. The fecond 
+prieft tranfported it acrofs the ocean, ailing as 
+ferryman, and carried it to the city of the Sun, 
+whence ic was, conveyed into the happy re¬ 
+gions, inhabited by the fouls of the bldtcd. The 
+ocean, continues Diodorus, was the Nile itfelf, 
+to which the Egyptians gave that name. The 
+city of the Sun was Heliopolis. The happy re¬ 
+gions here mentioned were the beautiful plains 
+fituated in the environs of the lake Acherufa near 
+Memphis. Here terminated the proceffion, and 
+here were interred the dead bodies of theEgyptians. 
+
+In all funeral ceremonies, the firitftep was to fix 
+the clay appointed for the interment ; of this the 
+judges were firft informed, and afterwards the 
+relations and friends of the deceafed. 
+
+His name was proclaimed in the moft public 
+manner, and notice given that he was about to 
+pafs the lake. Immediately forty judges afiem- 
+bled, and proceeded to the banks of the lake, 
+where they fenced themfclves in the form of a 
+circle. A barge was brought by the alliftants, 
+and the pilot, called by the Egyptians Charon, 
+took his ftation at the helm. Before the coffin 
+was placed upon the barge, all thofe who had been 
+
+3 injured 
+
+
+
+INTERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+256 
+
+injured by the deceafed were permitted to pre¬ 
+fer their complaints. 
+
+Kinos themfelves were not exempt from 'd,h 
+cuftom, and if there appeared to be juft green- 
+for the accuiation, the judges pronounced fen tenor, 
+by which the dead body was deprived of the rin-s. 
+of feotilturej but he who could not fubftairdat: 
+his charge was liable to a heavy punifhmcm, 
+When no accufation was 
+
+
+
+, the relations 
+
+of the deceafed laid afide their mourning, and 
+commenced his funeral oration j beginning with 
+his infancy and taking a furvey of his wmk life, 
+they extolled his juftice, piety and coutg: 
+befousht the infernal deities to adrr.it If " id 
+
+
+the abodes of the blefled. 1 his was Gii.mm . 
+the applaufes of the attendants, v/ho linked f: 
+praifes, and felicitated him on having m imf ■ 
+paffage to eternity in peace and glmy. 
+
+Such were the ceremonies which. Chp.e.v . . 
+feen praclifed among the Egyptians, a.a ’ , ■ 
+which he founded his delcription 01 
+
+
+? ’ . t - ' ' 
+
+• * * ‘ 
+
+
+regions 
+
+
+making fuch additions as v, err •: 
+
+
+• v 
+
+
+ble to the Grecian cuftoms. Th.e lame . 
+adds, that to perpetuate their iiluilnc 
+they frequently embalmed their ancc.. • 
+kept them in their houlcs. So great w. 
+
+
+
+
+dead, t... 
+
+
+u > 
+
+
+f' 
+
+* a 4 
+
+
+di.M 
+
+
+IV- 
+
+
+.(•V 
+
+
+fped of the Egyptians (or the 
+often preierved the bodies of thole who, f •' 11 u! 
+or fome crime, were denied the rites ol be!: d; 
+
+
+
+
+
+I 
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+and when their defcendants became rich and 
+powerful, they difcharged the obligations of their 
+anceftors, cleared their memory from imputation, 
+and interred them honourably. Embalmed bodies 
+were fometimes given as fecurity for fums bor- 
+
+4 
+
+rowed, and not unfrequently even their own 
+bodies; when thofe who failed in their engage¬ 
+ments were devoted to infamy during their lives, 
+and deprived of the honour of burial at their 
+death. Notwithftanding the profound darknefs in 
+which thefe ages were involved, it was generally 
+believed, that after death the material body was 
+refolved into duft and allies but that the foul, the 
+fpiritual part of man, returned to heaven. The 
+Pagans diflinguilhed the foul from the mind. 
+The former they regarded as the receptacle of the 
+latter, and fuppofed, that when feparated from the 
+body, it defcended into the infernal regions. The 
+poets were not agreed upon the time which de¬ 
+parted fpirits were to pafs in the Elyfian fields; 
+lonie fixed it at a thou (and years; but all regarded 
+the punilhment of Tartarus as eternal. 
+
+e think it incumbent on us to give the idea 
+which the ancients entertained of Tartarus, which 
+"c finill do by a fhort quotation from Virgil. 
+
+
+
+infernal regions. 
+
+
+
+DESCRIPTION OF THE INFERNAL REGIONS. 
+
+
+Before the gate of the infernal regions 
+Pain and Sorrow have efhiblifhed their abode. 
+Here is the refidence of pallid Difeafe, melancholy 
+Old Age, Terror, Hunger the fuggeftor of fo 
+many crimes. Labour, Death, and Sleep his bro¬ 
+ther. Here alfo is found War and Difcord, whole 
+fnaky locks are bound up with gory bands. Near 
+this monfber are feen the Furies’ iron beds. A 
+hundred other monikers befiege the avenue to this 
+fatal habitation. Such is the dcfcription of Aver- 
+nus, the firft entrance to the infernal regions. Near 
+this difrnal cavern is a road leading to Acheron. 
+Hither refort from all parts thofe fouls who are to 
+pafs that river, when Charon receives into his bark 
+thofe who have received the honours of burial; 
+but inexorable to thofe who have not, they wander 
+for a century on its folitary bank. 
+
+After having palled the river, another gate 
+leading to the palace of Pluto prefents idelt; 
+this is guarded by Cerberus, a monfter with three 
+heads, one of which is conflantly watching. On 
+entering this feat of terror, we firft delcry the 
+fouls of thofe who expired as foon as born; the 
+next we come to arc thofe deprived of life by an 
+
+
+unj 
+
+
+hilt 
+
+
+
+
+
+I.s'rr.HN'AL R E G! O Sf S . 
+
+
+»59 
+
+
+unjuft fentcnce, or who terminated themfelv.es 
+their own exiftence. A little beyond, wandering' 
+in a foreft of myrtle, are the fouls of lovers, 
+victims to cruelty and defpair. On leaving thefe, 
+we arrive at the abode of heroes* who nobly 
+perifned in the field of battle. Not far from this 
+is feen the tribunal where juftice is difpenfed by 
+Minos, JEacus and Rhadamanthus. vEacus and 
+Rhadamanthus pronounce judgment, and Minos 
+approves or alters it. 
+
+A frightful noife attracts attention, and difeovers 
+the dreary Tartarus, the eternal prifon, round which 
+the flaming Phlcgcthon rolls his boiling wavesj 
+atid Cocycus with its infectious miry marfhes fur- 
+rounds it on every fide. . . 
+
+Three maiTy walls with gates of folid brafs, le 
+
+cure {till more this feat of forrow. Vain is evafion* 
+
+vain the hope to efcape front hence by flight.. 
+
+There every flop is watched by dire Tifiphone* 
+
+chief of the furies, who, with her lifters, lafltes with' 
+
+whips of fcorpions the guilty wretch when judged 
+
+b) Rhadamanthus. No reft, no peace they find; 
+but woe unending. 
+
+•Such is in part the defeription Virgil gives of 
+
+the Infernal Regions. He adds that of the Elyfian- 
+
+hields, which he reprefents crowned with an eter¬ 
+nal fpring. 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+lc iS eaf y t0 perceive, that thefe Greek and' 
+toman fables are only an imitation of the Egyp- 
+
+
+s 2 
+
+
+turn 
+
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+c6ov 
+
+dan ceremonies, which they have embellifhed with 
+the ornaments of poetry. 
+
+
+PLUTO, CERES, PROSERPINE AND OTHER 
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+Pluto, third fon of Saturn and Ops, with 
+Proferpine governed the Infernal Regions. 
+
+His principal names were Dis, Ades, Urgus 
+and Februus. Dis and Ades, fignify riches, over 
+which he prelided, becaufe they were contained 
+in the bowels of the earth. Urgus, comes from 
+the Latin word urgere, to impel; becaufe he con¬ 
+stantly urged mortals towards their diffolution; 
+and Februus, comes from Februare , to perform 
+purifications, which were always performed m 
+funeral ceremonies. The feeptre of Pluto was 
+an infixument with two points; in his hand lie 
+held the keys of his empire, to exprefs, that from 
+thence none ever returned. The viftims offered 
+to him were generally black fheep. Pluto was 
+the youngeft of the brothers of Jupiter. In the 
+divifion of the world he had the eaftern countries, 
+which extend to the ocean, and fixed his refidencc 
+in the moft remote part of Spain. He there 
+dilcovered mines of gold and filver. As to work 
+tbefc it is necefiary to defeend into the earth, i r - 
+
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+
+•was pretended that he had penetrated to the 
+Infernal Regions, and taken pofieflloii of them. 
+
+Though Plutus was likewife the god of riches, 
+he muft not be confounded with Pluto, a divinity 
+by far his fuperior. Plutus was the fon of Ceres 
+and Jafon; like Fortune he was reprefented 
+blind, to fhow that riches are difpenfed to both 
+good and bad. 
+
+The deformity of Pluto, and the gloominefs of 
+his dominions, having procured him a repulfe 
+from all the goddeffes, he complained to his bro¬ 
+ther Jupiter, who gave him permiflion to choofe 
+which he pleafed. Alarmed at the repeated fhocks 
+which proceeded from mount ./Etna, he was afraid 
+left by fome aperture light fhould penetrate into 
+his empire. To inform himfelf more particularly 
+he paid a vifit to Sicily, and it was in this excur- 
+fton he met with Proferpine, daughter of Ceres. 
+This princefs, attended by her companions, was 
+amufing herfell with gathering flowers, whenfhe 
+was perceived and carried off by Pluto. Cyane 
+endeavouring to oppofe him, was changed into 
+a fountain; and the fovereign of hell opening the 
+earth with a blow of his feeptre, difappeared in an 
+inftant, carrying with him the daughter of Ceres. 
+
+We have already feen in the hiftory of that 
+goildcfs, the excels of her forrovv, and the coun- 
+
+
+ciies Jhe traverfed in fearch of her loft child. 
+
+I hat the Ceres of the Greeks was the fame as 
+
+
+s 3 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+INFERNAL DEITIES. 
+
+
+
+
+v 
+
+
+the Egyptian Ifis, there remains no doubt; their 
+myfteries were the fame, and they were introduced 
+among the former by oriental colonies. 
+
+During the reign of Ereftheus there happen.-.! 
+a dreadful famine in Greece. This was particu¬ 
+larly felt by the Athenians, whole foil was natural!-,- 
+
+infertile. Eredtheus formed the refolutior. of 
+
+► 
+
+fending into Egypt, from whence his enrinaiits 
+returned with a great quantity of corn, and the 
+method of cultivating it; they at the fame time 
+brought with them the worfhip of the divinity 
+
+O x 
+
+who prefided over agriculture. The calamity 
+they had juft fufrered, and the fear of feeing it 
+again return, engaged them to adopt the myfterirs 
+of this goddefs. At the fame time thefe religious 
+ceremonies were received by Triptolemus, king 
+of Eleufis, who would himfelf be prieft of Ceru 
+or Ifis; and as a mark of gratitude for the return 
+of plenty, by means of agriculture, in affi fling hit 
+neighbours he carefully inftrudied them in the 
+
+ZD 
+
+labours of Ceres, and endeavoured to introduce 
+
+her worfhip among them. 
+
+This is the origin of the fable concernin 
+and Triptolemus. It was pretended that Ceres 
+came from Sicily to Athens; and added, that hn 
+
+daughter Proferpine was carried off by violence, 
+
+becaufc for fomc time they experienced adearw 
+
+of provifions. Pluto was fuppofed to have taken 
+
+her to the infernal regions, to exprefs the rune 
+
+%s!;i< 
+
+
+g Ceres 
+
+
+
+transmigration. 
+
+
+263 
+
+which the feed remained in the earth ; and Jupiter 
+is reprefented reconciling this difference between 
+Pluto and Ceres, to ibow the return of plenty and 
+
+fertility. 
+
+Some learned men are of opinion that Ceres 
+was queen of Sicily, that fhe went to Attica to 
+inftrudt Triptolemus in the art of hufbandry, and 
+that it was her daughter who was carried off by 
+Pluto king of Spain, 
+
+The rape of Proferpine is Iikewife fuppofed to 
+be an allegory, intended to reprefent the feafon 
+during which the grain remains in the earth, and 
+that in which it vegetates. 
+
+
+OF TRANSMIGRATION. 
+
+
+When fouls had left the body which 
+they animated, they were by Mercury conducted 
+either to Tartarus or the Elyfian Fieldsj the 
+wicked to the former, the jult to the latter. It 
+was almoft univerfaily believed, that after remain¬ 
+ing a thoufand years in thofe delightful abodes, 
+the foul returned upon earth to animate other 
+bodies, either of men or animals. Before they 
+quitted the infernal regions they drank the waters 
+of Lethe, which had the property of effacing from 
+the memory pad events. 
+
+s 4 This 
+
+
+
+
+
+JUDGES OF THE INFERNAL REGIONS, 
+
+
+This idea owes its 
+
+
+origin, to the E 
+
+
+gypriam 
+
+
+it is in imitation of them that Orpheus, Homer 
+and other poets, have introduced it into their 
+
+
+writings. 
+
+
+OF THE JUDGES OF THE INTERNAL RE¬ 
+GIONS, FURIES AND FATES. 
+
+Three judges examined at their tribunal 
+the fouls conducted by Mercury to the infernal 
+
+
+regions. 
+
+
+Minos, king of Crete, and fen of Aflerius, wi¬ 
+
+
+the firft. 
+
+
+Ele wifhed to be thought the lbn oi 
+
+
+Jupiter and Europa, and to obtain this, he pro- 
+mifed to facrifice to Neptune the firft objeft. lie 
+ftiould receive from the ocean. 
+
+
+At that inftant he faw a beautiful white bull ma 
+
+
+ke 
+
+
+to land. Unwilling to facrifice fo fine an animal, he 
+preferved it for the head of his flock. Neptune 
+incenfed, revenged himfclf on Minos by in foiling; 
+
+
+his family with troubles and misfortunes. I’ali- 
+phae his wife involved him in dreadful calamities. 
+He had by her three fons, and two daughters, 
+much celebrated, Phaedra and Ariadne ; we ilul! 
+give the hiftory of tliefe females when we come to 
+treat of the demi-gods. 
+
+Rhadamanthus was likewife fuppofed to be the 
+
+fon of Jupiter and Europa. Obliged to fly from 
+
+1 Crete 
+
+
+
+JURIES AND TATES. 
+
+
+21 6,5 
+
+Crete for having killed his brother, he retired to 
+CEchalia, a city ofBteotia, where he married Alc- 
+mena, widow of Amphitryon. 
+
+dEacus, fon of Jupiter and dEgina, daughter of 
+A fop us, was fovereign of the ifland Delos; by 
+iiis fecond wife, who was daughter to the cen¬ 
+taur Chiron, he had Telamon and Peleus. His 
+fir ft wife, pfammathe, daughter of Nereus, 
+brought him phocus. 
+
+Rhadamanthus was appointed judge of the Afia- 
+tics; Aiacus of the Europeans; and Minos, fuperior 
+to both, was fupreme judge, and determined all 
+doubtful cafes. The tribunal was held in a place 
+called the Pield of Truth ; which Falfehood and 
+Calumny could not approach. The fuperi- 
+ority of Minos was marked by a feeptre which he 
+held in his hand, and near him was feen an urn, 
+containing the fentences pafied upon mortals, who, 
+when guilty, were delivered over to the fmics 
+for punifhmcnt. Thele furies were three in nuni- 
+
+
+l: 
+
+
+jer 
+
+
+Me 
+
+
+Tiwy were find to be daughters of Cupid and 
+Nox. 1 heir names liguiiv, rage, flaughtcr, 
+.uvl envy. I hey are repreiented with flaminu' 
+
+
+toiches in their hands, lnakes lnfluau o( hair, and 
+
+a whip of lerpi nts. 
+
+1 lie Greeks named them Erynnes, which fig- 
+'idits difturhers of the mind. They were like- 
+
+I 1 ” 
+
+
+'•'de called KiNiionklcs, 
+
+
+Mine 
+
+
+
+?66 
+
+
+NEMESIS, THE .MANES, 
+
+appeafed them, and they had ceafed to torment 
+Orcftes, who had flain his mother.—The three 
+Fates were likewile inhabitants of the infernal re¬ 
+gions ; they were the daughters of NecefTitv. h 
+
+W 
+
+was they who fpun the days and deftiny of man. 
+The youngcft, named Clotho, held the cl i ft a h}' ; 
+Lachefis turned the lpindle, and Atropos, with 
+her fatal feiffars, . cut the thread of life. The 
+poets laid, that they fpun happy days with gold 
+and filver, and days of forrow with black worlled. 
+
+The Fates are reprefented as three old women 
+worn down with years. 
+
+Clotho, in a robe of different colours, wore 
+a crown of feven ftars upon her head, and in her 
+hand fbe held a diftaff, reaching from heaven to 
+earth. The robe of Lachefis was covered with 
+ftars, and near her lay a number of fpindles. 
+
+Atropos, clothed in black, held the fcifiars, 
+and round her were n urn be riels fpindles, more 01 
+lefts full, according to the long or fhort duration 
+
+J o o 
+
+of life. 
+
+
+07 ’.'TAILSIS, 'ITIF. MANKS, NOX, SOXiNl 5. 
+
+
+AND MOTS. 
+
+
+Nemesis prefided over the punilhment of 
+
+4 
+
+crimes. She traverfed the earth with .great vi 
+
+
+
+KOX, SOMNUS, AND MORS- Q.Gj 
+
+gihncc in fcarch of the wicked, whom (he pur¬ 
+ged even to the (hades below, and punifhed with. 
+
+inflexible feverity. 
+
+She was rep re fen ted with wings, a helm, and a 
+chariot wheel, to (how that no place can fecure 
+the miiltv from her indefatigable purfuit. As 
+daurhter of Juttice (lie rewarded virtue, but 
+
+U ) 
+
+pumlhcti, with rclcntlcfs hand, impiety* 
+
+The o-ods Manes were not clearly diftinpuifhed 
+by the ancients; they were frequently confounded 
+with the fouls of the dead, and fometimes with 
+the gods Lares. Thefe divinities however pre- 
+(ided over funerals, and departed fpirits, who were 
+fuppofed to wander about the tombs. 
+
+Nox, or Night, was daughter of Chaos, (he 
+was reprefented in a long black veil befpangled 
+with (bars, traverfing the vail expanfe of the 
+firmament in a chariot of ebony ; fometimes (lie 
+is feen without a chariot, wearing a veil which 
+floats in the air, as (he approaches the earth, to 
+extinguish a torch which (lie held in her hand. 
+
+Somnus, or Sleep, Ion to Nox, and brother of 
+Mors or Death, is reprefented under the figure of 
+a child in a profound Deep, holding in one hand 
+poppies, which likewife fi rve for his pillow ; 
+aikI near him is aveilcl full of foporiferous liquor. 
+
+Mors, or Death, daughter of Nox, and fitter 
+io Somnus, is reprefented under the hideous form 
+o! a tt:deton j her black robe is covered with 
+
+liars. 
+
+
+
+268 
+
+
+CHARON', CERBERUS, 
+
+
+liars, {he has wings of an enormous length, and 
+her flefhlefs arm is furnifhed with a fcythe. 
+
+
+OF CHARON, CERBERUS, AND THE RIVERS 
+
+
+OF HELL. 
+
+
+Charon, whofe name fignifies anguiily 
+was, according to the poets, fon ofNox and 
+Erebus. 
+
+
+His difpofitionwas gloomy and fevere. Ncitlin 
+dignities nor riches obtained refpedl from liim. 
+Charged with the care of tranfporting fouls to 
+the infernal regions, he was inflexible in reject¬ 
+ing thofe who had not received the rights of bu¬ 
+rial. A century they wandered on this lonely 
+bank before they gained admiflion to his fatal 
+bark. So perfuaded were people that he would 
+require a pafiage fee, that they always placed a 
+piece of money under the tongues of the dead, 
+This piece of money was called naulum : lor 
+kings it was generally gold. It was ncecliary 
+
+
+likewife to have an attefltation of the good lir< 
+
+
+4 * * 
+
+
+k. 
+
+
+conduct of the deceafed under the hand of the 
+
+
+high-pricfh 
+
+W'e have received from the ancients the furin 
+of this attention : 
+
+“ I Amitius Sextus, high-pricfl, do certify, 
+
+“ tb.u 
+
+
+
+AND THE RlYhRS OF HEl-I- 
+
+
+26^ 
+
+
+5C that the life and conduct of N. has been 
+perfe&ly unexceptionable. Let his 
+
+
+cc 
+
+
+(C 
+
+
+Manes 
+
+
+enjoy peace 
+
+
+7 7 
+
+
+Who 
+
+
+- 
+
+This cultom was an exa<5t imitation of that of 
+the Egyptians. 
+
+Cerberus, guardian of the infernal regions, had 
+three heads j for hair his neck was furrounded 
+with fnakes. He fprung from Typhon and Echidna. 
+
+When Orpheus went to requeft of Pluto the 
+reftitution of his wife Eurydice, he lulled this 
+monfter to Deep with his lyre, 
+defeended to thele dreary manfions to deliver 
+Alcefte, he bound Cerberus and compelled him 
+to follow him. It is laid that palling through 
+Theflaly, the fight of day made him vomit his 
+venom upon the grafs, which rendered it mortal 
+to whatever tailed it. This fable alludes to the 
+vaft quantity of poilbnous herbs which that coun¬ 
+try produces. The fable of Cerberus was like- 
+wife founded upon acuftom of the Egyptians, who 
+guarded their dead by means of maftifFs. 
+
+There were five principal rivers in the domi¬ 
+nions of Pluto. The firfh was Acheron, driven 
+there for having quenched the thii ll of the Titans 
+in their war again it Jupiter. Its name figniHes 
+anguilh or howling. This river is in Thelprotia, 
+
+
+♦ ♦ 
+
+
+riles m the marlli of Aclierulii, and empties it fell 
+into the Adriatic Gulph near Atnbracia. The 
+lecond is Cocytus, which fignifies tears, groans; 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+
+CHARON, CERBERUS, &C. 
+
+
+270 
+
+it is faid to be formed by the tears of the cv<: : . 
+demned. This . was likewife a river of Fpirtr. 
+or rather Thefprotia, emptying itfclf into rh.c 
+marfla Acherufa ; it was rather a miry pool than 
+a river. 
+
+Styx is the third—This is a fountain of Arc;/:'; 
+which flows from a rock, and forms a rivulet 
+which finks under ground. Its water was A ;> 
+poifonous quality, which occafioned the pm- •., 
+fay, that it was one of the rivers of hell. 
+
+
+dantriucr 
+
+
+Fabulous hiftory makes Styx a 
+Oceanus, and mother of Victoria or V id Lory. /■:: 
+aihfted Jupiter in his war with the Titans. 
+
+The Hydra was faid to be her offspring. • 
+much terror did her name infpire, that the m/t 
+inviolable oath was fworn by the river Styx. 'I he 
+gods themfelvcs could not infringe it j if they did, 
+Jupiter commanded Iris to prefent them with .1 
+cup, filled with the waters of this fountain, dh- 
+miifcd them from his table during twelve month', 
+and even deprived them of their divinity for nine 
+years. When {'wearing by this river, they ]»hio 1 
+one hand upon the earth, and the other upi 
+
+
+jn the 
+
+
+ocean. 
+
+
+The word Styx flgnifies water of lilence. 
+
+
+• 1 
+
+1 11*: 
+
+
+waters of this ftream were iikcwifc ided cvr lAC 
+
+• •• 
+
+purpofe of determining the innocence or gu’.li w 
+
+acc tried performs. Thde are the principal o.ruin 
+
+< 
+
+ilances which gave rife to the Hones concern : 1 p, 
+
+i ! i ; > 
+
+
+
+ELYSIAN HELM. 
+
+
+this river. In general all waters of a poifonous 
+quality were accounted rivers of hell. It was the 
+lame with Avernus, a lake of Italy, near Pozzuoli, 
+and Lethe, or the river of Oblivion, fituated in 
+Africa. The poets attributed to the latter the 
+property of inducing an oblivion of pad: events. 
+This conftituted the fourth.—Phlegethon, which 
+was the fifth, had waves of flaming fire. The 
+waters of this marfli exhaled fulphureous vapours, 
+and its mud was hot and burning, which caufed ic 
+to be clafled among the infernal rivers. 
+
+
+OF THE ELYSIAN FIELDS. 
+
+We fliall not enter into a particular de- 
+fcription of the Elyfian Fields; each poet dc- 
+i'cribes them according to his own imagination, 
+and invents whatever he thinks moil capable of 
+pleading, leaving his readers likewife at liberty to 
+make their own additions. We lhailonly obferve, 
+that the ancients generally placed tilde happy 
+manfions in the ides now called the C anaries. It F 
+probable, that the idea of the Fly linn Fields was 
+full taken from the tradition of the tcrrdlri.il 
+
+panuliJe. 
+
+
+
+\VORSHIP OR THE INFERNAL DLXTIF.:, 
+
+
+
+OF THE WORSHIP PAID TO THE INTERN \ 
+
+DEITIES. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+ere 
+
+
+ever raifedj they were referved for the tem-flrui 
+and marine deities, who were called fuperior p;ods, 
+as thofe of the infernal regions were called inferior. 
+Trenches were made, into which was pound the 
+blood of victims, which were always of a blac!: 
+colour. The prieft during the prayers lmu-kd 
+his hands towards die earth, inftead of railing linn 
+towards heaven. Being regarded as inipia.'; h, 
+thele divinities were in general the objeds ot R-ar 
+and averfion : never were they implored for thv:r 
+affiftance; to appeafe them was all that was f u-ght. 
+No hymns were compofed to their lionoui, no 
+temples dedicated to them, nor any advantage 
+expected from the prayers addrefled to them. 1 E h 
+power in hell was equally abfolutc with tint of 
+
+Jupiter in heaven." 
+
+
+OF THE PRINCIPAL CR'MINALS lU.'NI.'-l;i 1 > 
+
+IN THE INFERNAL REGIONS. 
+
+
+
+*"1 up. Titans were precipitated into L'.i 
+
+9 I 
+
+tarns for having waged war again{l Jupitei. 
+
+fable deferibes them whelmed under mount. /Yam. 
+
+Tv[dioiu 
+
+
+
+273 
+
+
+CRIMINALS PUNISHED, &C. 
+
+Typhon, the moll enormous of them, lies ftretched 
+under Sicily; his right arm anfwering to PeloruS 
+ficuated towards Italy, and his left to Pachinurm 
+towards the caff: his feet are to the weft, towards 
+Lvbia. Ovid attributes the earthquakes which 
+happen in Sicily to the druggies he makes to 
+uifenmme himfelf; and the eruptions of mount 
+
+CD CD 
+
+/Etna, are his efforts ftill to aflault heaven. 
+Sifyphus is compelled to roll an enormous ftone 
+to the top of a mountain, whence it defeends 
+the moment it touches the fummit. He was 
+a ecu fed of having attempted to deceive Pluto, 
+and by returning upon earth to render himfelf 
+hr mortal. We learn from hiftory, that during his 
+youth he recovered from a dangerous diforder, 
+and afterwards lived to an advanced age. Sal- 
+moneus, king.of Elis, wifhed to be thought equal 
+to Jupiter; by driving a chariot lighted with flam¬ 
+beaus over a brazen bridge, he attempted to imi¬ 
+tate thunder; but Jupiter with this formidable 
+weapon drove him headlong into Tartarus. 
+
+Phlegyas, for having burnt the temple of Apollo, 
+fees an enormous rock fulpended over his head, 
+and ready by its fall to crufh him to pieces. His 
+eternal lamentations ferve to terrify the fouls of 
+the guilty. 
+
+1 he giant Tityus, whofe body extended over 
+
+♦ 
+
+nine acres, having dared infult Latona, Apollo 
+few him with his arrows, and caff him into the 
+
+T infernal 
+
+
+
+274 
+
+
+CRIMINALS PUNISHES 
+
+
+infernal regions, where a vulture continually p re y 3 
+upon his liver. We muft remark, that the nine 
+acres covered by the body of Tityus, fignify that 
+the place allotted fof his burial contained nine 
+
+acres. 
+
+Ixion having carried his preemption fo far as 
+to declare himfelf rival to Jupiter, was hurled 
+headlong into hell, and bound fall to a wheel fur- 
+rounded with ferpents. 
+
+Tantalus, king of Phrygia, was fon to Jupiter 
+and the nymph Plota. His crime is differently 
+reported; fome fay that he difcovered to the 
+river Afopus the place where Jupiter had con¬ 
+cealed his daughter iEgina, when he carried 
+her off; others, that he fuffered a dog to be 
+ftolen that Jupiter had confided to his care, 
+and which guarded his temple on the ifiand of 
+Crete; others again fay, that having been ad¬ 
+mitted to the table of the gods he had divulged 
+their fecrets, and ftolen netftar to regale his friends; 
+but the general opinion of his offence was as fol¬ 
+lows: The gods having honoured Tantalus with 
+a vifit, he wiihed to try if they could deteft an 
+impofition; for this purpofe he barbaroufly mur¬ 
+dered his fon Pelops, and intermixed his limbs 
+with the difhes that were ferved up to the gods. 
+At fight of this horrible repaft they teftified their 
+indignation; but Ceres was fo wholly taken up with 
+grief for the lofs of her daughter Profcrpine, that 
+
+
+
+IN TI1E INFERNAL REGIONS. 
+
+
+
+flie did not perceive the fraud, and eat one ihoulder 
+
+
+The gods reftored PelOps to life, and Jupiter 
+replaced with a fhoulder of ivory that which had 
+been eaten by Ceres. To puniffi Tantalus for 
+this twofold offence againft the gods, and againft 
+the tendernefs of a parent, he was driven to the 
+infernal regions, where he continually experienced 
+the moft parching third; and ravenous hunger. 
+To increafe his punifhment, he is plunged in water 
+up to the chin, but no fooner does he attempt to 
+quench his third than the water retires. The 
+moft tempting viands furround him on every fide, 
+but retreat beyond his reach on his offering to 
+grafp them. The learned are of different opinions 
+concerning the explanation of this fable ; fome 
+think it an allegory defcriptive of avarice. Tan¬ 
+talus perifhing in the midft of the greateft plenty, 
+reprefents the mifer, who, loath to leflen his riches, 
+fuffers himfelf to pine with want and mifery; but 
+we have no explanation of the barbarity of Tan¬ 
+talus, nor does hiftory mention any thing fatisfac- 
+tory concerning the murder of Pelops. 
+
+Among the principal criminals we mull remark 
+the Danaides, condemned to fill with water a tub 
+which has no bottom. The ftory of this fjpecies 
+of puniffiment, has no other foundation than the 
+cuftom obii-rved by the Egyptians at Memphis. 
+Near the lake of Acherula, beyond which was the 
+burial place of the dead, the priefts poured water 
+
+t 2 into 
+
+
+
+
+CRIMINALS PUNISHED, &C, 
+
+
+276 
+
+
+into a tub without a bottom, to exprefs the impofn. 
+bility of returning to life. The account piv.vn e; 
+by the poets of the crime by which the Dauaidw 
+incurred this punifhment, is as follows : 
+
+
+IE 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+were ue- 
+Ah'gvptus 
+
+
+took poffeflion of the kingdom, which ever after 
+bore his name. Danaus, his brother, being to;ccd 
+to fly, affernbled his followers, and arriving near 
+Argos, attacked and dethroned Sthenehb king of 
+that country, 
+daughters. H 
+
+
+different wives lie 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+had 
+
+
+• * - k4 . 
+
+DUv 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+like wife had 
+
+
+fifty fons. Thefe princes hearing of the power 
+and good fortune of Danaus, demanded and ob¬ 
+tained his daughters in marriage; but this con¬ 
+queror of Argos, cruel and lufpicious, having 
+learned from the oracle that he fhould expire by 
+the hands of one of his fons in law, and eager to 
+
+J o 
+
+revenge the injuries lie had received from Ids 
+brother, Tfigyptus, ordered his daughters to nv.i'ia- 
+cre their hufbands the firfb night of their nuptials 
+All but Hyper none fira obeyed this bad'amm 
+injunftion. She informed her hufband, I.ynce::, 
+of it, who fled to Lyrceum, not far from Am .. 
+and Ihe eicaped to Larill'a. On their arrival in 
+thefe two cities, they placed lighted flambeau 
+the top of the highell towers, to floow that 
+were out of danger. 
+
+Lynceus afterwards aflembled troops, made war 
+
+upon 
+
+
+1 on 
+thev 
+
+
+
+PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DIVINITIES. 
+
+
+2 77 
+
+
+upon Danaus and gained pofieffion of his throne. 
+
+The poets to record this hiftorical fafr, and 
+embellifli it according to their cuftom, invented 
+the punifhmcnt of the Danaides, as we have jolt 
+related it. Welikewife find in Tartarus, Guhptis, 
+Eteocles, Polynices, Thefeus and fcveral others of 
+whom wc fir all lpcak under the article of heroes 
+and denri-gods. 
+
+
+DIVINITIES OF A PARTICULAR SPECIES 
+
+
+
+vifloriotis if one o 
+
+
+o enumerate and dcfcribe all the ohfcurc 
+divinities of the ancients, would be impoffible. 
+They deified virtues, paffions, blcflings and misfor¬ 
+tunes ■, we fhall only fpeak of thofe mod generally 
+known. 
+
+The Greeks honoured felicity under the name 
+of Eudomia, or Macaria. The Athenians hav¬ 
+ing learned from the oracle that they fhould be 
+
+f the children of Hercules 
+fhould voluntarily die. Macaria, who was his 
+daughter, made that facrifiee, and the Athe¬ 
+nians having conquered, out of gratitude ho¬ 
+noured her as a divinity, under the name of Maca- 
+tia, which fignifies happinels. It was not till long 
+after the foundation of Rome that this deity was 
+acknowledged by the Romans. J.ucullus railed 
+a temple to her, after the war with Mithridates 
+
+t;j and 
+
+
+
+278 
+
+
+particular species of divinities. 
+
+
+and Tigranes. She was reprefented as a queen, 
+feated upon a throne, holding a horn of plenty 
+with this infeription: 
+
+
+“ THE PUBLIC HAPPINESS. 
+
+
+>7 
+
+
+Hope, the lad refource of mortals againf: the 
+evils which opprefs them, was foon transformed 
+into a divinity. By the Greeks fhe was honoured 
+under the name of Elpis; by the Romans fire was 
+Called Spes Publica, the Public Plope. Cicero 
+fays that Hope was immortal, and that none but 
+the virtuous had any claim to her afliftance. At 
+Rome fhe had feveral temples. She is reprefented 
+with a horn of plenty, fruits, flowers and a bee¬ 
+hive j mariners reprefented her leaning upon an 
+anchor. Eternity had neither temples nor altars; 
+fhe was Amply reprefented under the figure of an 
+old woman, with an infeription importing, that 
+
+
+her name was Eternity 
+
+
+In her hand fine held a 
+
+
+head, reprefeniing the fun furrounded with rays, 
+or one reprefenting the moon, becaufe thefe were 
+fuppofed to be eternal. She was reprefented un¬ 
+der the form of a phoenix, an imaginary bird 
+which receives new life from its own allies; lonv-- 
+
+times under that of a globe, becaufe it lias no 
+
+| | * 
+
+limits; frequently as a ferpenr, which by joining 
+its tail to its mouth forms a circle; and not unite• 
+quently under that of an elephant, from the lone 
+life of that animal; which lliows the faint idei 
+
+\vlv r 
+
+
+
+PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DIVINITIES. 279 
+
+which the ancients had of eternity. All the ge¬ 
+nealogies of their gods prove that they could 
+not conceive the divinity without beginning or 
+
+without end. 
+
+Time was reprefented by Saturn: he is painted 
+with wings, to fhow how rapidly he paffes, and 
+with a fcythe, expreflive of the ravages he makes. 
+There were feveral divifions of time; ages; gene¬ 
+rations, or the fpace of thirty years; luftra, or the 
+fpace of five years; the year and feafons: of the 
+latter there were originally but three, fummer, au¬ 
+tumn and winter; to thele was added fpring. The 
+poets perfonified day break, fun rife, noon, evening, 
+twilight and night, each of which was reprefented 
+by a male or female, according as its name was 
+mafculine or feminine. 
+
+Thought was deified, and invoked to prdent 
+only good ideas to the mind. 
+
+Every fpecies of piety received divine honours. 
+M. Attilius Glabrio raifed a temple to filial piety, 
+on the foundation of that houfe which had been 
+inhabited by the Roman lady who had nourilhed 
+her father in prifon. 
+
+The Athenians railed altars to Companion, the 
+Romans imitated them and gave thefe temples the 
+name of Afylum. Virtue, which can alone infure 
+happinefs, was adored by the ancients, and we yet 
+find in the fourth book of the city of God, by St. 
+
+T 4 Auguftine, 
+
+
+
+f 
+
+
+fiSo PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DIVINITIES. 
+
+
+Augulline, fome traces of the worffiip which was 
+rendered to it. 
+
+
+Scipio, who deftroyed Numantia, firft confecratcd 
+
+a temple to this divinity. Marcellus wi/hed to 
+
+9 
+
+unite in the fame temple Virtue and Honour, but 
+on confuting the priefts, they declared that two 
+fuch great divinities could not be contained in one 
+
+• o 
+
+temple: in confequence Marcellus conftrucled tv,o, 
+adjoining to each other, fo that to enter the temple 
+of Honour it was neceffary to pafs tlirongli the 
+temple of Virtue; this was intended to fnow, that 
+true honour is only to be attained by viituous 
+means. In all facrifices to Honour, the head was 
+
+
+uncovered, and every mark of the moft profound 
+refpeft obferved. Truth was fuppofed to be the 
+mother of Virtue, and daughter of Time; fie was 
+reprefer.ted as a young virgin covered with a robe 
+white as fnow. 
+
+
+Democritus, to exprefs the difficulty of diico- 
+vering it, faid, that truth lay concealed at the bot¬ 
+tom of a well. 
+
+
+Concord, Peace and Tranquillity, were three 
+
+different goddelles. The authority of Concord 
+
+extended over houfes, families and cities; that or 
+
+Peace over empires. Suetonius fays, that in the 
+
+temple of Peace were depoficed the riches brought 
+
+from the temple of Jerufalem. In the fame temple 
+
+they likewife affembled all thofe who profeffed the 
+
+arts, 
+
+
+
+PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DIVINITIES. 
+
+
+
+arts, when they had their rights and privileges to 
+
+
+maintain, 
+
+
+difo 
+
+
+all heat and animofity by the prefence of the god- 
+
+
+defs of Peace. 
+
+She was rep rc fen ted under the form of a woman, 
+crowned with laurel, olive and rofes. In her hand 
+
+4 
+
+Ihe holds the caduceus and fome ears of corn, 
+emblematical of the abundance foe produces. 
+Her companions were Venus and the Graces. 
+
+Fidelity prefided over fincerity in treaties, and 
+equity in commerce, The moft inviolable of 
+oaths was that taken in her name, or in the name 
+of Jupiter Fidius. It is generally believed that 
+Numa Pompilius was the founder of her firft tem¬ 
+ple. This goddefs is ufually reprefented by two 
+women, in the aft of joining hands. 
+
+Liberty, that idol of the Roman people, could 
+not fail of being erefted into a divinity; and 
+accordingly we find feveral temples to her honour. 
+She was reprefented reclining upon a table of the 
+laws, having in her hand, to defend them, a fword 
+with this infeription: 
+
+
+“ THEY SECURE THE LIBERTY OF ALL.” 
+
+
+Licentioufnefs was reprefented {truck with a 
+
+thunderbolt from heaven, at the moment flic was 
+
+attempting to break one of thefe tables and the 
+balance ofjuftice. 
+
+Silence had hi§ altars j by the eaftern nations 
+
+he 
+
+
+
+282 
+
+
+PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DIVINITIES. 
+
+
+he was adored under the name of Harpocrates, 
+but the Romans worlhipped it as a goddefs, which 
+they called Angerona. The latter had likewife 
+die god of Speech, which they ftyled Aim 
+Loquutius. 
+
+Temples were raifed to Modefty. She was 
+reprefented under the form of a woman veiled, or 
+of a woman pointing to the forehead with her 
+finger, to exprefs that there was neither reproach 
+nor fhame. 
+
+Providence was reprefented by a woman leaning 
+upon a pillar, holding in her left hand a horn of 
+plenty, and with her right pointing to a globe, to 
+teach us, that her care extends over the whole 
+univerle, and that it is fhe who difpenfes every 
+bidding. 
+
+Juftice was reprefented as a young female, hold¬ 
+ing a balance equally poifed in one hand, a naked 
+fword in the other, and having a bandage over her 
+eyes; fhe was feated upon a large ftone, ready 
+to punifh vice and reward virtue. 
+
+Fortune prefided over good and evil. She was 
+reprefented under the figure of a woman, blind, 
+and almoft bald, having wings to her feet, one 
+of which is placed upon a wheel turning with 
+great velocity, the other waves in the air. 
+
+Opportunity was reprefented in the fame man¬ 
+ner; flic had a lock of hair upon her head, to 
+
+prefent the means of being ieized. 
+
+Palenefs 
+
+
+
+particular species of divinities. 283 
+
+
+Palenefs and Fear. Men ftruck with the ap¬ 
+pearance of events which infpired them with ter¬ 
+ror, and ignorant of the caufe whence they pro¬ 
+ceeded, add refled even the agitation of their minds 
+
+as a divinitv, and offered it their prayers and 
+
+♦ 
+
+Applications for deliverance from their apprehen- 
+fions. It is impoflible to fix the period when this 
+
+worfhip began. 
+
+In battle the god Mars was attended by Fear 
+and Flight. The Corinthians, having maffacred 
+the two Tons of Medea, were vifited with a pefti- 
+lence which carried off great part of their children. 
+Qn confulting the oracle, they were ordered to 
+facrifice to the offended manes of thefe innocent 
+
+
+viftims, and at the fame time to raife a flattie to 
+Fear. She was reprefented with hair ereeft, in the 
+attitude of looking upwards, her mouth extended, 
+and a troubled afpefil. 
+
+Palenefs was reprefented with a long emaciated 
+countenance, fixed look, and drooping locks. 
+
+The Lacedemonians placed the temple of Fear 
+near the Lphori, in order to infpire criminals with 
+the dread of fevere punifhment. In pronouncing 
+an oath, hear was always named with the other 
+gods. It would be equally tedious as ufelefs, to 
+
+
+lirferibe all this fpecics of divinities. 
+
+
+In general 
+
+
+
+iomans, and the Greeks before 
+
+
+them, honoured 
+
+
+as deifies, Virtues, Vices, Pafiions and even Extra¬ 
+
+
+ordinary Events. Every one could create 
+
+
+new 
+
+
+
+
+284 
+
+
+PARTICULAR SPECIES OF DIVINITIES. 
+
+
+gods at pleafure. When travellers in crofting j, 
+
+
+river or fore ft, experienced any danger or furnriii 
+they raifed an altar, adorned it with attributes and 
+
+
+inferiptions, and thefe arbitrary monuments were 
+refpeifted, and even adored by thofe whom CIiar.ee 
+led that way. It will always be eafv to fujmlv the 
+numerous lift which v/e have fupprefled to avo; i 
+fatiguing our readers. The poets and anew;;;, 
+when they fpeak of thefe divinities, are partienLirb 
+careful to deferibe their influence and dlccq li> 
+that they may at any time be recognized; they nil 
+therefore at leaft po fiefs the charms and ornaments 
+of poetry. However, among the malignant divi¬ 
+nities, we muft not forget Ate or Diicord. Di iv\ 
+from heaven by Jupiter, for endeavouring to hw 
+diffenlion among the gods. Hie came to vot L r 
+fury upon earth. To this cruel godded were ..mi- 
+buted wars, quarrels and domcllic difputco. b 
+was (lie who threw among the company a.Ten.i i' .i 
+to celebrate the marriage of Peleus the lata! .11 |'ie, 
+
+K.J i • 
+
+bearing the iniaiution. 
+
+
+i 4 
+
+
+to tkk :io:;r \\v \r*n vv 1. 
+
+
+Wc liave aheady (hid, that Cue. i* coiniiiu. ’ 
+followed by her filters, the Prayer:, to lcjvii h.* 
+evils which llic occafiens, but Iv inu l.inu> in »' 
+
+j O 
+
+.are conftantly outlli ipped by their moic me 
+
+f. ler. 
+
+
+
+
+COMUS AND MOML'S. 
+
+
+7.8j 
+
+
+OF COMUS AND MOMUS. 
+
+Comus prefided over entertainments and 
+the pleafures of the table. He is only known by 
+name : every artiil is at liberty to reprelent him 
+according to his own fancy. His name is derived 
+from commejfari, to eat together; or according to 
+feme from a lbrt of long well known to the ancients 
+
+o 
+
+called Comos, which was fung during their repafts. 
+
+Mom us, lbn of Somnus and Nox, was the god 
+of Raillery and Repartee. Satirical to excefs, 
+neither the gods nor Jupiter himfeif were fecure 
+from his flinging lhafts—His name comes from 
+the Greek word memos, reproach. He blamed 
+the gods for not having made an aperture in the 
+brcall of man to diftinguifli truth from falsehood. 
+
+
+OF 'i HE CODS OF MEDICINE. 
+
+
+
+1 
+
+he ruime of Kfculapius., whom the 
+
+Greeks called Afclcpios, appears to be foreion 
+. * 1 
+
+to that nation, and Items derived from the 
+oriental languages. It is certain that Efculapius 
+was known in Phoenicia before the Greeks had any 
+
+
+knowledge of him. 
+
+
+Sanchomacho, the mod ancient of the Phoenician 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+authors. 
+
+
+
+286 
+
+
+Gods of medicine. 
+
+
+authors, fpeaks of an Efculapius, Ton to Sydik 
+or the Juft, and a princefs of the family of the 
+Titans. 
+
+The celebrated Marfham, whofe opinion is an 
+authority to the learned, mentions an Efculapius, 
+king of Memphis; he was brother to the fj r fl 
+Mercury, lived two hundred years after the deluge, 
+and more than a thoufand before the Grecian Is feu- 
+lapius. Eufebius likewife gives an account of an 
+Egyptian Efculapius, a famous phyfician, who 
+contributed greatly in propagating throughout 
+Egypt the ufe of letters, which had been invented 
+by Mercury. 
+
+It is in Phoenicia and Egypt then we muft feck 
+for the true Efculapius. Honoured as a divinity 
+in both countries, his religious ceremonies were 
+brought into Greece by means of colonies. They 
+were firft eftablilhed in Epidaurus a city of Pelo- 
+ponnefus, and loon after the Greeks pretended 
+that he was originally of their country; but as 
+their mythology was very uncertain, his hiftory u 
+differently related. According to the poets he 
+was defeended from Apollo and Coronis, daughter 
+of Phlegyas. Efculapius, the moment of his 
+birth, was expofed upon a mountain, where he was 
+nourifhed by a goat. The fhepherd who dii- 
+covered him, thought he law the infant furrounded 
+with rays of light, and carrying him home, deli¬ 
+vered him to his wife Trigone by whom he was 
+
+i brought 
+
+
+
+GODS OF MEDICINE- 
+
+
+287 
+
+brought up. When able to fpeak, he was placed 
+under the tuition of the celebrated Centaur Chiron. 
+His genius, lively and penetrating, enabled him to 
+make great progrefs in the knowledge of herbs, 
+and the compofition of medicines. According 
+to the cuftom of thole times he practifed both, 
+furgery and phyfic, and attained fo great a degree 
+of excellence that he was regarded firft as the in¬ 
+ventor, and afterwards as the god of medicine. 
+The Efculapius, contemporary with Hercules and 
+Jafon, accompanied them in the expedition of the 
+Argonauts, and rendered them effential fervice. 
+A lhort time after his death he was honoured as 
+a divinity, and being placed in heaven, formed the 
+fign called the dragon. His defcendants reigned 
+over part of Meffina: it was thence that his two 
+fons, Podalirius and Machaon, went to the Trojan 
+war. The poets pretended that the Ikill of Efcu¬ 
+lapius extended even to the raifing of the dead; 
+that Pluto complained of this to Jupiter, averting 
+that his kingdom became a defart; and that Jupi¬ 
+ter to appeafe his brother, crufhed the phyfician 
+with a thunderbolt. We have already mentioned, 
+that Apollo to revenge the death of his fon, flew 
+the Cyclops with his arrows. At Epidaurus, 
+Elculapius was honoured fometimes under the form 
+of a ferpent, and fometimes under that of a man. 
+His ftatue, from the hand of Thrafimedes of Paros, 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+gods of medicine. 
+
+
+
+
+Jupiter 
+
+
+gold and ivorv, but not more than half the fize, 
+He is represented fitting upon a throne, holding; 
+in one hand a wand, and repofing the other upon 
+the head of a ferpent, Round his temple were 
+ieen a number of pillars inferibed with the names 
+of thofe who pretended to have received cures 
+from him. The ferpent and the cock were par¬ 
+ticularly confecrated to this deity. Efculapius 
+was feigned to have proceeded under the form of 
+a ferpent, from the egg of a crow, A man having 
+found means to introduce one of thefe reptiles into 
+the egg of a crow, deposited it in the foundation 
+of the temple building to the honour of Efculapius, 
+pretending that he found it there, and that it v.as 
+Efculapius himfelf under thatdifguife. This ftore¬ 
+gained credit with the people, who ran in crouds 
+to pay their adoration to the god of health, the 
+priefts ofthis deity being well verfed in the produce 
+of medicine, and pofiefling thefecrets of Efculapius,. 
+difpenfed remedies to the fick, and attributed to 
+
+their divinity all the honour of the cure. 
+
+The ferpent became the fymbol of Efculapius; 
+
+it was likewife that of prudence, a quality fo r.ecel- 
+
+fary in phyficians. Titus Livius relates, that the 
+
+♦ 
+
+Romans being vifited by a pefirilence, were in- 
+ftrudted by the facred books of the Sybils, to go 
+
+
+and fetch Efculapius from Epidaurus. 
+
+
+Vur 
+
+
+
+GODS OF MEDICINE. 
+
+
+itfelf among the reeds. 
+
+
+1289 
+
+For this purpofe they deputed ambaffadors, 
+who received from the priefls a tame fnake, which 
+they afierted was Efculapius himfelf. 
+
+It was folemnly embarked, and on the arrival of 
+the veflvl at an Ifiand in the Tiber, the reptile 
+efcapcd and concealed 
+
+Thinking the God had chofen this place for his 
+abode, they railed him a fuperb temple on the 
+lame fpot, and bordered the whole Ifiand with 
+fine white marble, giving it the form, or rather 
+the plan of a large vcfTel. It was thus that, in 
+the four hundred and fixty-fecond year of the city, 
+the worfhip of Efculapius was introduced at Rome. 
+We Hull not conclude our account of this fpecies 
+
+
+of 
+
+
+divinities without obferving, that the Greeks 
+and Romans granted divine honours to friendfhip. 
+The former called it Pbilia ; the latter reprefented 
+it under the form of a young female, with her head 
+
+uncovered, clothed in a fimple drefs, having this 
+infeription at the bottom : 
+
+
+“ I.IFE AND DEATH.” 
+
+
+mer. 
+
+
+On her forehead was written “Winter and fum- 
+
+In her hand fhe held a feroll, inferibed 
+
+
+“ Ear and near.’ 
+
+
+Thefe exprefiions and fymbols fignify that friend- 
+fhip is ever young, is the fame at all times, in 
+abfence and in prefence, in life and in death; that 
+fhe fears no dangers in ferving a friend, and that 
+
+U for 
+
+
+
+DEMI-CODS AND HEROES. 
+
+
+
+for him fhe has no fecrets. This laft idea was ex- 
+preffed by one of her hands placed upon her 
+heart. This picture, eloquent as it is, does not 
+equal the expreffions of Montagne, when bewail¬ 
+
+
+ing the death of a friend he fays, c Since thou art 
+gone, all to me is forrow and regret; our hearts, 
+our minds were one ; we mingled our tears, our 
+griefs were fhared, our pleafures doubled, but 
+now, my woes receive the addition of thy loll, 
+and if lome tranfient joy furprizc my mind, I 
+reproach myfelf, and think I rob thee of thv 
+
+
+
+
+OF DE:\il-GODS AMD HEROES 
+
+
+rRELIMINART REFLECTIONS. 
+
+
+n our preliminary refledtions we have 
+
+already laid that the hiTl families fepararcd, and 
+that numerous colonies having long travelled in 
+hopes of finding more happy abodes, quickly 
+
+funk into the grofTeft depravity. 
+
+Thefe colonies carried with them only a faint 
+remembrance of ancient traditions; every day 
+diminilhed their knowledge of the true God; the 
+impetuous movements of the pafiions became the 
+only snudes, and naan, being thus degraded, hm tied 
+
+
+
+demi-gods and heroes. 
+
+
+291 
+
+
+on from error to error, till he at laft arrived at that 
+dreadful condition, when the belief in a juft and 
+powerful God, the difpenfer of rewards and punifli- 
+me.nts, becomes only a fource of terror to the 
+wicked. It was then die guilty wretch, alarmed at 
+every danger, at every peal of thunder, invoked 
+the aid of doubt to fnatch him from his cruel ftate, 
+and dared advance that horrid blnfphemy— 
+cc There is no God.” 
+
+This laft reftraint once broken, ignorance and 
+barbarity concluded what fin had begun. The 
+degeneracy of parents was increafed in their cor¬ 
+rupted offspring. Virtue and Truth, unwelcome 
+guefts on earth, returned to heaven, and left their 
+place to Vice. Slaves to their defires, no bounds 
+reftrained them. This finful race, forgetful even 
+of their Creator, could only produce hordes of 
+robbers and affaffins, and the weak, having no 
+refource againft the powerful, became unavoidably 
+their prey. 
+
+However, as the property of guilt is only to 
+increafe its own misfortunes, and to pollute what¬ 
+ever it touches, experience, and the infupportable 
+weight of mifery, at laft reftored fome morality 
+to the world. The neceffity of a protection fu~ 
+perior to that of man was perceived; to heaven 
+they direfted their eyes in fcarch of it; but the 
+true God being no longer known, the elements, 
+flats, and whatever appeared fuperior to human 
+
+u 1 force, 
+
+
+
+DEMI-GODS AND HEROK*. 
+
+
+$ 9 a 
+
+force, became the objects of adoration. TlAc 
+divinities were not fufficient; by augmenting their 
+number, they thought to increaie their power. 
+Amid the woes with which he found himfflf fur- 
+rounded, retaining ail his pride, man carried i.h 
+madnefs fo far as to adore even his fcliow-erc.i- 
+tures, who became formidable by their bravery, 
+or a Hilled him in his neceffities. The abide 
+power foon compelled all to unite againfi. it ; dr.- 
+flames of war were kindled, and to the d:i-u!l u 
+wants, and calamities with winch nature e..i:/ 
+threatened hi', frail exiltcnce, man added tan 
+fcourge. In the fir ft engagements, corn-age 
+
+
+i * * 
+
+
+tracked every eye; the timid and vtu.: 
+not then pretend to difpute the fir It ruff: u: 
+its dangers with him wlio alone was enpsidt o; or* 
+
+o 
+
+fending it; but when the victory was gained, cu¬ 
+pidity, pride and ambition relumed their cuv 1 -. 
+
+The triumphant and courageous would r.j it 
+ger be confounded with the vulgar; err. 
+gave offence ; envy on one fide, and ingnmuu.r < a 
+
+The earth ncaa 
+
+
+the other, excited fury. 
+
+\ 
+
+wet with human gore; and who can ivcni.r: u. 
+blood it colt to convince mankind, that cffrn.u 
+
+• ‘ ' I 
+
+were wanting than then* outrageous pai:r.*rr'. 
+foon appeared that war would be eternal; 
+this molt terrible of arts became a liudy. . 
+
+
+W 
+
+r 
+
+
+
+
+i. > 
+
+
+,i 
+
+
+\ l 1 V 
+
+
+one perceived, that he mull facnfice loine p - • :l 
+
+% % 
+
+of his pride to the more preffing 
+
+
+nceciiT 
+
+
+o.t 
+
+
+
+DF.Ml-GODS AN D If I*.ROES. 
+
+
+*93 
+
+
+obtaining protection : rewards were afligned 
+the conqueror, and the rank of each was deter¬ 
+mined by his ftrength and courage. This gave 
+rife to emulation, which is infeparable from 
+glory ; and Glory, who would always be juft in the 
+diftribution of her favours, compelled Admiration 
+and Gratitude to crown him who returned with 
+the greateft number of trophies, and fhowed him- 
+felf mod capable of defending others. 
+
+Such is the real origin of thofc kings and he¬ 
+roes, whom the wcaknefs and folly of man pretended 
+afterwards to rank with the divinities: fuch like- 
+wile is the origin of nobility, whofe rights and 
+honours, obtained by virtue and courage, can 
+be difputcd only by the cowardly and the bafe. 
+
+It would need a pen more eloquent and expe¬ 
+rienced than ours to mark out the exaft time 
+when men became civilized, and perceived the 
+necefhty of obeying well-regulated iaws, which 
+were to combat their inclinations and paflions. 
+Such an account would lead us too far from our 
+hibjeft; we (hall content ourfelvcs with obferv- 
+ing, that in thole dreadful times when the life of 
+man was one tiffue of crimes aval misfortunes, 
+he who firft employed his ftrenuth and abilities in 
+
+
+defence of the weak and innocent, muft necefia- 
+rily have obtained admiration and gratitude, whilft 
+he who employed his victories only for the 
+
+
+u d 
+
+
+grati- 
+
+W 
+
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+% 
+
+
+s 94 
+
+
+HEROIC TIMES. 
+
+
+gratification of his defires, muft have excited de- 
+teftation and horror. Real happinefs was die 
+reward of the former, whilft the latter could ne¬ 
+ver enjoy one moment’s repofe. It was thus me 
+learned by experience, that guilt brings its 
+punifhment, and that virtue is its own reward 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+own 
+
+
+This great truth once admitted, feme lrn;.v 
+
+• 4 4 
+
+families were to be found ; their example wm Ed- 
+lowed by others, focietics were formed, ar.d friend- 
+fhip came to increafe their number. Stren<uh a. i 
+
+
+happinefs, and the focial qualities, muft have in- 
+creafed in proportion as they became extended. 
+
+
+GENERAL REFLECTIONS upon tmk HISTORY 
+or GREECE and the TIMES called HEROIC. 
+
+
+T 
+
+
+Iercism had firft its birth in Greece; 
+it is in that country we muft feek its origin; 
+the Egyptians, it is generally acknowledged, had 
+no worfhip for demi-gods. 
+
+This was a title they granted none among them ; 
+great men were no othenvife known to poflcritv 
+
+
+than by being mentioned with admiration and 
+praife. Here then we arc prefented with a new 
+feene, and that darknefs difappears in which the 
+hiftories of the gods were involved. We fball 
+ftiII meet with much fidtion, but it will be k'ls 
+abfurd, and however fabulous at this time, it dil- 
+
+COVC1S 
+
+
+
+HEROIC TIMES. 
+
+
+295 
+
+
+covers a glimpfe of hiftorical light, which ferves 
+to explain thofe inventions of the imagination. 
+Tombs tranfmit by tradition, from generation to 
+generation, the remembrance of the illuftrious 
+men whofe afhes they contain. Monuments 
+and annual ceremonies remind pofterity of the 
+hiftories of thole heroes whofe memories they 
+were intended to perpetuate. We are parti¬ 
+cularly convinced that thefe ornaments of the hu¬ 
+man race have actually exifled, on feeing at 
+particular times the games celebrated which they 
+themfclves had inflituted. Before we proceed 
+any further, we think it indifpenfably necefiary to 
+call the attention of our readers to the origin of 
+
+a people, the moll celebrated in the annals of 
+hiftory. 
+
+If Greece at firft prefents the appearance of 
+ignorance and barbarity, it is prefently feen to 
+become civilized and populous, to form monar¬ 
+chies, anti particularly diftinguifh itlclf in the 
+
+
+cultivation of the arts and fciences. It was by 
+the Greeks, that poetry, eloquence, architecture, 
+lculpturc, and painting, were carried to the greateft 
+poffiblc perfection. It is to this people, in Ihort, 
+we are indebted for our molt perfect models of 
+
+
+every kind. In taking a curfory 
+original condition of the Greeks, 
+
+
+view of the 
+we fee them 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HEROIC TIMES. 
+
+
+
+forefts, to inhabit cottages, towns, and cities. By 
+fome chiefs of enlightened colonies were intro¬ 
+duced among them arts, fciences, laws, and re¬ 
+ligious ceremonies. Improving upon the inflrnc- 
+tion they had received, they furpaflfed their in af¬ 
+ters, and faw their own country produce heroes 
+whofe names became immortal. It is then we 
+come to the hiitories of Perfeus, Bellerophon, 
+Hercules, Thefeus, Caftor, Pollux, and nuniber- 
+lefs others, whofe wonderful exploits have been 
+the conftant theme of their poets, and are to this 
+day reprefented on our ftages. 
+
+We learn at the fame time the fir ft inflict! cion 
+of thofe games and feafts which rendered Greece 
+fo famous. 
+
+The country, now known to us by the n.air.c of 
+Greece, had not always the fame extent as when 
+fubjedt to the Romans. It has frequently even 
+changed its name. The Hebrew text of the lacird 
+
+
+feriptures every where calls it Javan, and in the 
+Septuagint verfion it is ftylecl I-Iellas, or I Icllenc, 
+from Plellenus foil of Deucalion, who reigned in 
+Pthia, a country of ThefTaly, and gave his name 
+to all Greece. It is remarkable that the 1 lebrov 
+name Javan, having no determined pronunciation, 
+refembles that of Ion j and the firft known Ionian-; 
+were in Greece, probably even they were me 
+
+
+firft inhabitants of it. The Phoenicians, tm: 
+greaceft navigators in the world, carried their 
+
+
+
+HEROIC TIMES. 
+
+
+2 97 
+
+
+commerce into Greece, and particularly taught 
+them the art of writing, which they firft difco- 
+vered. The Egyptians likcwife fent colonies 
+there. This prudent people, who enjoyed all the 
+bleflings of a good government, and all the ad¬ 
+
+
+vantages which can be derived from the arts and 
+
+o 
+
+feiences, taught them to feek peace and repofe un¬ 
+der the protection of a monarch. They explained 
+to them the neceflity of good laws, and of infpi- 
+ring men with the fear of the divinity; unhappily 
+they were themfelves in error, and introduced 
+only their own religion and fictitious deities. 
+
+We have already mentioned in the fir ft part of 
+this work, the profound ignorance of the Greeks 
+concerning their origin. 
+
+
+This, however, was equalled by their vanity; 
+they pretended to be the firft and moll ancient 
+of people, and in confequence aflumed the title 
+of AutoCtones, that is, born in the very country, 
+regarding themfelves as the fathers and inftruCtors 
+of every other people. The refemblance which 
+the names of their heroes bore to thofe of foreign 
+nations, appeared to their felf-conecit proof luffi- 
+cient of this. What we know with certainty is, 
+that Javan, fon of Japher, known to the Gteeks 
+under the name of Japctus, had the welt for his 
+portion. It is from him are defeended the Ionians 
+and all the Grecian nations. After the difperfion 
+
+which 
+
+
+
+HEROIC TIMES. 
+
+
+298 
+
+which happened at the Tov/er of Babel, this an. 
+cient patriarch led a colony into the welt, but the 
+particular place where he fixed his rcfidcnce b 
+unknown. It is thought to have been Alia Minot, 
+from whence his defcendants crofted the Bosphorus 
+of Thrace, and paffed into Greece. 
+
+Thefe were, without doubt, the fir ft inhabitant.-, 
+
+
+Jape 
+
+
+much 
+
+
+fpoken of by the ancient poets and hiftorians. 
+
+According to Paufanias, Pelalgus was the firu 
+extraordinary man who appeared in Greece; he 
+furpafled his contemporaries in ftaturc, ftrengti:, 
+courage, comelinefs of pcrfon and beauty of mind. 
+His refidence was in Arcadia, where he taught the 
+
+people to build cottages as' a defence agair.il the 
+
+inclemencies of heat and cold; to clothe then-helve:, 
+
+with fkins, and to feed on the fruit of tiic bees 
+
+tree. To recompence his fignal fcrvices, he was 
+
+regarded as chief and king of the country 
+
+much was his memory refpedted, that the country 
+
+he inhabited was from him called Pclhe,in 1 ^ 
+
+children, witnefles of his glory, followed his exam- 
+
+1 1 
+
+pie, and the grateful people intruiled tne wJi"!e 
+
+power of the flute in their hands. 
+
+Three generations after Pelafgus, Arcadia com 
+boaft of an immenfe population, and a great num¬ 
+ber of cities. This is tire account Paufanias gir^ 
+
+of the firft inhabitants of Greece. 
+
+
+
+
+-i 
+
+
+Sonic linn! 
+
+
+alter 
+
+
+
+
+
+HEROIC TIMES. 
+
+
+*99 
+
+
+after, Egyptian and Phoenician colonies came to 
+fettle in this country, and changed its manners, 
+cufl'oms and religion. 
+
+o 
+
+The defeendants of Javan and Pelafgus were 
+not fufficient to people this vaft and fertile country. 
+Phoenicia and Egypt lying near the places hr ft 
+taken pofleflion of by the children of Noah, lent 
+colonies of their too numerous inhabitants in 
+fearch of new abodes: thefe came into the weft. 
+
+
+bringing with them their arts, cuftoms, laws and 
+religion. 
+
+The groffeft idolatry at that time prevailed 
+throughout Greece; their gods had not even 
+names, fo that the people eafily accommodated 
+themfelves to the divinities of thefe orientals, to 
+
+whom they were indebted for their civilization 
+and increafe of happinefs.. 
+
+The moft diftinguifhed leaders of thefe colonies 
+were Inachus, Cecrops, Deucalion, Cadmus, 
+Pelops, and forne others; the different colonies 
+formed the kingdoms of Argos, Sicyon, Athens, 
+1 hebes and I.acedemon. An exaft and general ac¬ 
+count of the (irft eflabhlliments in Greece would 
+
+
+exceed the limits v<e have prefenbed ourfclves 
+
+
+
+this work, and even divert us from our objeft. 
+We fhall confine ourfclves then to fuch remarks 
+
+
+as piove that the moft celebrated heroes and demi¬ 
+
+
+gods, mentioned in fabulous hiftory, have adually 
+
+cxifted. 
+
+
+KING- 
+
+
+
+3°o 
+
+
+KIN'GDOM OF ARf.OS. 
+
+
+KINGDOM OF ARGOS. 
+
+
+I nt mod: authentic hiftorica! rGinvd 
+
+* * ■ ' / 
+
+prove that Inachus quitted Phoenicia an.! ( . 
+into Greece, where he founded the kingdom < 
+Argos, about one thouland eight hundnd tA 
+eighty years before the Chrifli.ii) mra. I h a { 
+in the country called Peloponndus, he eh t - ; 
+
+the bed of die river Amphilochus, winch i j d - 
+quently to overflow, and bellowed on it if - - •, 
+name, which, according to the cullom of :... • 
+
+
+t> 
+
+
+l • 4 
+
+
+times, gave occafion to the report, that lie 
+
+tutelar deirv of that river. Tlie kingdom, c i A:.- 
+
+• > • 
+
+had a long fuecefilon of monarchs: the nir.o rk 
+called InaciiitlcSj were Inachus, Phcroncus, A;; . 
+Argus, Chriofus, Phorbas, Triopas, Stl.ei.eit!: 
+Gclanor. 
+
+The fecond fon of Inachus and brother i<> ■>- 
+
+roneus was called P.gialus, and founded d.e .... 
+dom of Sicyon. 
+
+It is u file is to give a liil of the Id:'", w 
+difierent countries , their cxiftcncc and < : 
+
+♦ 
+
+lucceffion may be proved from all the him :: 
+Greece. We lhall notice, however, , : - 
+
+temporary wiih Molls; he (paired Puy; : m 
+family and came into the kingdom of Arum, • 
+die* renin of (Manor, ninth him of that e>a'/. , 
+v,ho v.iis of the race o! the Imnhhk:... 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+KIKGDOM OF ARGOS. 
+
+
+305 
+
+
+The he pinning of this fovercign’s reign was full 
+
+*CJ W 
+
+of trouble, which Danaus took advantage of to 
+gain over a confiderable party, and dethrone his 
+benefactor. 
+
+The Inarhides then gave place to the Belides. 
+Danaus had by di [Trent wives fifty daughters. 
+The Ions of his brother /Kgvptus were the fame 
+in number. Thele latter having learned that their 
+
+O 
+
+incic was pofTcffbrof a throne in Greece, embarked 
+for tin? purpofe of demanding their relations in 
+
+Danaus dared not refufe, but every 
+
+
+marria v. 
+
+
+thing inlpii'ing this ufurper with llifpicion, he gave 
+opacts to his daughters to aflaflinare their ludbands 
+the ilnil night of their nuptials. We have already 
+related that I lypermnellra alone [pared her huf- 
+baiui, ].\nccus. 
+
+
+r * s \ • 
+
+i his 
+
+
+prince nuu.e war upon 
+
+
+Danaus, whom fear and remorfe for his crime 
+Tuvrmiivd at hi ft to yield him the crown. 
+
+I \\ r iucceifors of l./ynccus were Abas, Prajtus 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+\crifms, whole daughter, Danac, was the 
+mother of Pencils, fo famed in fable, of whom we 
+llull lliortly fpeak. 
+
+1 his lame Perlens, Iuvmg unintentionally flain 
+his gi and lathe r, Acnfais, (putted the kmrfom of 
+
+* 1. 
+
+.Argos and went to letdc in IVivcen::.'. This e::- 
+
+V 
+
+
+tiaci. is lujiicicnt to piovc that by rcciirrin; r to 
+
+■* * O 
+
+
+Inllotv, we Jhall line! me c j u; hs wh.en thele per- 
+
+,on: ’ who were fa celebrated in the fictions 
+
+ol the putts. 
+
+OF 
+
+
+
+302 
+
+
+FABULOUS TIMES; 
+
+
+OF THE HEROIC, OR FABULOUS TIMES. 
+
+
+
+oth ancients and moderns agree, that 
+the heroic, or fabulous times, extended from the 
+time of Ogyges to the re-efcablifluncnt of the 
+Olympiads, the period at which begin the hiftorical 
+times. The duration of this fpace is notprecifdv 
+determined; the greater part of the learned fix it 
+at one thoufand fix hundred years, but it is with 
+equal confidence and refpect we adopt the calcu¬ 
+lation of the iilufirious Newton, who has brought 
+it nearer the vulgar rera by about five hundred 
+years, and computes its duration to have been 
+twelve or thirteen centuries. The Parian marbles 
+the molt authentic monument of ancient chro¬ 
+nology, ferve as a guide from the time of Cecrops 
+to the Olympiads, without exactly determining 
+length of the heroic times. 
+
+
+lUU 
+
+
+To affift the memory we fin all again repeat the 
+celebrated divifion of time according to Yarro. 
+He divided it into the unknown, the heroic 
+
+or fabulous, and the hiftorical. 
+
+. The firfh comprehended all that pafled before 
+the deluge of Ogyges: this period gave birth to 
+the gods mentioned in the firfl' part of this work. 
+
+
+The fecond extended from 
+
+
+Owes to the 
+
+
+eftablifhment of the Olympiads: it was then lived 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+
+DELUGE OF OGVCES. 
+
+
+3 °s 
+
+the demi-gods and heroes: in this fecond fpaee 
+likewife we meet with the marbles of Paros, or 
+Arundel. 
+
+Laftlv, the third divifion, called the hiftorical, 
+commences at the eftablifbmeat of the Olym¬ 
+piads. 
+
+The times called by Varro unknown, were 
+actually lb by the Greeks, who were at fir ft a 
+vagrant uncivilized people ; but the eaftern nations, 
+who enjoyed all the advantages of the arts and 
+faiences, were much better acquainted with thefe 
+remote periods. Inachus, by leading colonies into 
+Greece, introduced his knowledge likewife amonv 
+
+
+the barbarous people of that country. 
+
+It will appear in the courfe of this work, how 
+eafy it is to diftinguifh truth and hiftory from the 
+marvellous, and the fictions of the poets. 
+
+
+DELUGE OF OGYGES. 
+
+This deluge is fo celebrated, that it is 
+indilpenfably neceffary to give fome account of it. 
+
+The Greek hiftorians fay, that Ogyges reigned 
+ovei Attica and Sccotia, at the time Pho rone us 
+was king of Argolis; and that this was the period 
+of that deluge which was called by his name. 
+
+St. Augnftine in his book ftyled The City of 
+God, has tranfmitted fome valuable remarks upon 
+
+Grecian 
+
+
+
+3°4 
+
+
+DELUGE OK OCYGES. 
+
+
+Grecian antiquity. Thefe confirm the o; i : i. -. 
+that the deluge happened under Ogyry., ■ 
+
+that it was about one thoufand fix hi.id;- •' ■■ , 
+
+A ' ft 
+
+ninety-fix years before the Chrillian a ra. ■ 
+deluge miifh not be confounded with \,' . 
+
+was univerfiil. We learn from the ;u. . 
+
+♦ 
+
+Bccotia was a country furrounded with ;m-i• 
+
+The centre formed a valley, in the middic "T vd,.. 
+
+% 
+
+flood a lake which had no other means of did i. 
+
+
+* ' 1 J . 
+
+
+> C L 
+
+
+1 / r 
+
+
+1 . 
+
+
+ing itfelf but by fubterraneous channel.-., the 
+running through mount Ptous. The greai 
+
+O O } 
+
+of earth and mud carried along by the ri, 
+pias (which empties itfelf into the lake} pr 
+choaked up thefe fubterraneous panTc,-, 
+the waters finding no iffue, rofe to a h; i. 
+more confklerable as their quantity was ir 
+
+
+^ * ft 
+
+
+» . \ 
+
+
+i * . 
+
+
+1 . 1 
+
+
+« ♦ 
+
+
+i . . V i h 
+
+
+by the fall of heavy rains. In confequcncr, ih..: d.: 
+was foon entirely under water. 
+
+Voeler, in his journey into Greece, after l:a; k 
+attentively examined the country, aiuavs i:.-, : .. 
+
+
+no other caufe can be aligned tor this ecu.: 
+deluge. An event fo extraordinary' v. as, i v : 
+
+O 
+
+poets, related with their ufual cxaggerate . ■ 
+gave rife likewife to numerous conjectures 
+the learned. Some fathers of the cimruh, n • 
+writings again ft idolatry, appear to biinh tii 1 ••• 
+deluge was nothing die but the pafage ol A.'., 
+acrofs the .Red Sea. But if appears a nan m.a 
+Ogygcs lived before rhe I lebivw leghhimr, * i; ' 1 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+MARBLES OF PAROS i 
+
+
+3 °5 
+
+
+that this deluge muft be accounted for in the man¬ 
+ner juft mentioned. 
+
+
+MARBLES OF PAROS. 
+
+The marbles of Paros being one of the 
+
+molt valuable and authentic monuments recorded 
+in hiflory. it would be unpardonable to pafs them 
+
+over ia iilencc. 
+
+The firft epoch of this chronicle begins at the 
+arrival of Cecrops in Greece, from which time 
+the hiflory of that country is entitled to our con^ 
+
+fidence. 
+
+This public monument, commonly called the 
+Marbles of Paros, is a feries of pieces of mar¬ 
+ble, containing a chronology of the principal events 
+which happened in Greece. It begins at Cecrops* 
+and ends at the period when Diognetes filled the 
+office of Archon, including a period of one thou- 
+fand three hundred and eighteen years. It was 
+made by public authority for the ufe of the Athe¬ 
+nians fixty years after the death of Alexander, 
+and in the fourth year of the 128th Olympiad. The 
+dates which it fixes making no men! ion of the 
+Olympiads, it appears certain that thefe lacter were 
+not tiled to determine chronology, and that the 
+marbles of Paros were alone employed for thac 
+purpolc. 
+
+
+uV 
+
+
+Tinicus 
+
+
+
+KINGDOM OF ATHENS. 
+
+
+306 
+
+Timeus of Sicily, in his hiftory, appears to be 
+the firft writer who counted by olympiads; h? 
+
+
+did not write till 66 years after the death of Alex¬ 
+ander. 
+
+The marbles of Paros, we may conclude then 
+are the mod valuable and authentic monument of 
+antiquity extant. They derived their name front 
+the circumftance of their having been difcovcrcd 
+in the ifiand of Paros. They were afterwards fold 
+to lord Arundel, whofe name they now bear, 
+and conftitute one of the fined: ornaments of 
+the public library at Oxford. Unhappily they arc 
+much injured in many parts, and frequently i; 
+requires great pains and attention to read even a 
+few words in fome of the epochs they contain. 
+Three learned men, Sold on, Lydiat and Pride am;, 
+have laboured to elucidate and fupply, as far as 
+poflible, the obliterated text. 
+
+
+KINGDOM OF ATHENS. 
+
+
+
+j;e interpreters of the Arundelian mar¬ 
+bles inform us, that it was in the reign of Tripas, 
+levcnth king of Argos, that Cecrops came iron' 
+Egypt to efcabiiih hunielf in Attica. He elpoulm 
+the daughter of Adeus, after whom the country 
+
+° 1 • ! 
+
+was called; and built the twelve towns vim- 
+
+
+.ompofed the kingdom of Athena 
+
+
+1 lere he mtre 
+
+duaed 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+KINGDOM OF ATHENS* 
+
+
+3°7 
+
+duccd the laws and religious ceremonies of his 
+country, particularly thofe of Minerva, fo honoured 
+at Sais from whence he came. Thefe fadts are 
+attefted by all antiquity. 
+
+It was he, fays Eufebius, who firft gave the 
+name of God to Jupiter, and raifed him an altar. 
+
+The great refemblance between the laws given 
+by this prince to the Athenians, and thofe of the 
+Hebrew people, incline us to believe, that he 
+had learned them of the Ifraelites during their 
+residence in Egypt. 
+
+
+The poets gave Cecrops the name of Diphyes, 
+that is, compofcd of two natures. The fable like- 
+wile reprelents him as half man and half ferpent. 
+The origin of this name, and method of defcribing 
+him, was limply an allegory, to exprefs the Egyp¬ 
+tian and Grecian languages, both of which were 
+ipoken by Cecrops with equal fluency. It was 
+this prince who cflablifhed the marriage laws, and 
+polilhed the manners of the Pelafgi, by inftruft- 
+ing them in the Egyptian cufloms. It has been 
+clearly demondrated, that Athens, the feat of arts, 
+fi'ienccs and politenefs, fir ft received her knowledge 
+from Egypt. Cecrops collected the inhabitants 
+o( die country, taught them to form a permanent 
+ellablilhmcnt, and built a fortiefs, which from him 
+
+
+ectopia. The kingdom of Athens 
+
+
+was called C 
+
+laded more than four hundred years, and had 
+leventeen kings ; Cecrops, Crp.naus, Amphidtyon, 
+
+EriCihonius, 
+
+
+x 2 
+
+
+
+3°8 
+
+
+KINGDOM OF ATHENS. 
+
+
+Erifthonius, Pandion the firft, Ere&heus, Cecrcr$ 
+the fecond, Pandion the fecond, AEgeus, Tlidcas 
+Mneftheus, Deniophon, Oxyntes, Aphydas, Thy- 
+mretes, Mclanthus, and Codrus, who devoted him- 
+fclf for his countrv. 
+
+Cranaus, a native of the country, fuccecded 
+Cecrops, and reigned nine years. The Parian 
+marbles inform us, that under his reign the Areo- 
+pagus, eftablifhed by Cecrops, pronounced judg¬ 
+ment. between Neptune and Mars, of which vr 
+
+have given an account in a former part of this 
+
+1 
+
+work. From the fame marbles we learn, that the 
+deluge of Deucalion, which will prefently cun',? 
+under obfervation, happened in the fourth year of 
+this prince’s reign. After Codrus, the city was 
+governed by perpetual magistrates, called A relian¬ 
+ces. The hiftory of the firft kings of Athens 
+down to Deniophon, abounds in fiction, hut the 
+chronology of each of thefe reigns is certain, as 
+the principal events which occurred duiin;* t.Vle 
+periods are recorded by tire marbles, .md tacit 
+epochs fixed. 
+
+It was about one thouiand and ninctr-Tu .-cars 
+
+S 1 
+
+before the Chriftian nrra, liras fvlr. de Lodiw;, that 
+Codrus, king of Athens, devoted Imulch mr his 
+country, ami procured them victory by his m\n 
+death. 1 ii.s children, Motion and Niiei:.;, <. 
+the empire with each other, on which wcc.u. a. 
+Athenians abolilhcd royalty, and tiechucti jc; 
+
+
+1 ’ 
+
+
+
+KINGDOM OF LACONIA* 
+
+
+3°9 
+
+
+alone king of Athens. They created governors, 
+or perpetual prefidents, called Archontes, who 
+were obliged to render a ftndt account of their 
+adminiftration. Mcdon, fon of Codrus, was the 
+fir ft who exercifed this office, which continued in 
+
+his family a long time. 
+
+The Athenians dilpcrfed their colonies over that 
+
+part of Afia Minor* which was called Ionia; the 
+
+yEolian colonies fettled about the fame time, and 
+
+■ 
+
+Grecian cities were Toon founded throughout all 
+Afia Minor. 
+
+
+KINGDOM OF LACONIA, OK LACEDAEMON. 
+
+T, ; e kingdom of Laconia was founded 
+during the reign of Cecrops, by Lelex, who gave 
+it the name of Lelegia. 
+
+The fir ft dynafty of the monarchs of this 
+country confided of twelve. Lurotas, who gave 
+his name to the principal river of that country, 
+was the firfi. Lacedaemon, his brother, lucceeded 
+him, and gave his name to the capital, and to the 
+whole kingdom. 
+
+The third was Amyclas, who built a new city 
+called after his own name. It will be fu/ficient to 
+name the remainder, who were Argalus, Cynortas, 
+G’.balus, Hippocoon, 'Lyndams, Callor and Pol¬ 
+lux, fans of Tvndarus, and brothers of Helen ; 
+
+x 3 Mci.elaus, 
+
+
+
+KINGDOM OF ATHENS. 
+
+
+mm - 
+
+
+308 
+
+Erifthonius, Pandion the firft, Ere ft he us, Cecrcps 
+the fecond, Pandion the fecond, PEgeus, Thdeus 
+Mneftheus, Demophon, Oxyntes, Aphvdas, Thy- 
+
+m 
+
+mretes, Melanthus, and Codrus, who devoted hi 
+felf for his country. 
+
+J 
+
+Cranaus, a native of the country, fucceeded 
+Cecrops, and reigned nine years. The Parian 
+marbles inform us, that under his reign the Areo-g 
+pagus, eftablifhed by Cecrops, pronounced judg¬ 
+ment. between Neptune and Mars, of which v,y 
+
+have given an account in a former part of this 
+
+« 
+
+work. From the fame marbles we learn, that the 
+deluge of Deucalion, which will prekntiy come 
+under obfervation, happened in the fourth year of 
+this prince’s reign. After Codrus, the city was 
+governed by perpetual magitlrates, called Archon- 
+tes. The hiftory of the firft kings of Athens, 
+down to Demophon, abounds in ficlion; hut the 
+chronology of each of theie reigns is certain, as 
+the principal events which occurred dui iug thcle 
+periods are recorded by the marbles, a;u: t.ieir 
+epochs fixed. 
+
+It was about one thoufind and nmcir-dw years 
+
+J * 
+
+before the Chridian mra, lavs fvlr. dc iJoC'.s-:, that 
+
+* 
+
+Codrus. kin^ of Athens, devoted liinde.'j iur liis 
+
+J ij 
+
+country, and procured them victory by Ins c"i' 
+death. 1 iis children, Mcdon and Nileus, di 
+the empire with each other, on v/i.ieii 
+Athenians abolilhed royalty, and declared ju; • • 
+
+
+• d 
+
+
+<. * . 
+
+
+
+KINGDOM Of LACONIA. 
+
+
+30.9 
+
+
+alone king of Athens, They created governors, 
+or perpetual prefidents, called Archontes, who 
+were obliged to render a ftridt account of their 
+
+o 
+
+adminiftration. Medon, fon of Codrus, was the 
+fir ft who exercifed this office, which continued in 
+his family a long time. 
+
+The Athenians difperfed their colonies over that 
+part of Alia Minor which was called Ionia; the 
+AEolian colonies fettled about the fame time, and 
+Grecian cities were foon founded throughout all 
+Afia Minor. 
+
+
+KINGDOM OF LACONIA, OR LACEDAEMON 
+
+
+The kingdom of Laconia was founded 
+during the reign of Cecrops, by Lelex, who gave 
+it the name of Lelegia. 
+
+The fir ft dynafty of the monarchs of this 
+country confided of twelve. Lurotas, who gave 
+his name to the principal river of that country, 
+was the firft. Lacedaemon, his brother, fucceeded 
+
+him, and gave his name to the capital, and to the 
+
+whole kingdom. 
+
+I he third was Amyclus, who built a new city 
+called after his own name. It will be fu/ficicnt to 
+name the remainder, who were Argalus, Cynortas, 
+
+G’.balus, Hippocoon, Tyndarus, (Jailor and Pol¬ 
+lux, Jbns of Tyndarus, and brothers of 1 Jelen ; 
+
+x 3 Mei.claus. 
+
+
+
+DELUGE OF DEUCALION. 
+
+
+
+Menelaus, fon of Atreus, who obtained the 
+
+crown in right of Helen ; Oreftes and Her- 
+
+mione, the former fon to Agamemnon, the latter 
+
+daughter to Menelaus and Helen; and ladlr, 
+
+Tifamenes, fon of Oreftes. 
+
+It was during the reign of this prince, that the 
+
+Heraclides, defendants of Hercules, entered 
+
+Peloponnefus and pofirfied themfelves of Anros, 
+
+* 
+
+Mycasnte, and Lacedaemon. Euryfthencs, ion of 
+Ariflodemus, afterwards mounted the throne, and 
+
+
+began the fecond dynafty of Spartan kings, 
+were called Agides, from Agis his fon. 
+
+
+
+DELUGE OF DEUCALION. 
+
+W£ have already mentioned, that ac¬ 
+cording to the Arundel marbles, it was under 
+the reign of Cranaus that the deluge of Deu¬ 
+calion happened. 
+
+Thefe fame marbles prove, that when the 
+waters fubfided, Deucalion went to Athens to re¬ 
+turn thanks to the gods for his prefervation. He 
+offered facrifice to Jupiter in a temple which 
+he raifed to his honour. This temple f ill exillcd 
+in the time of Piffratus, who rebuilt it at a vaft 
+expence, and it afterwards became one of the 
+feven wonders of the world, under the name of 
+
+the temple of Jupiter Olympus. 
+
+1 lie 
+
+
+
+ARRIVAL OF CADMUS IN GREECE- 3 11 
+
+The deluge of Deucalion appears to have pro¬ 
+ceeded from the fame caufes, as the deluge of 
+
+(Wo-es The poets however rendered it much 
+o' & 1 , 
+
+more famous; but we mu ft remark, that the 
+tradition of the uni verbal deluge having been 
+prelerved by every people, though in a confuleci 
+manner j the remembrance of this ten ible event 
+was renewed in their minds, wheievei tltey weie 
+witnels to any remarkable inundation. It was in 
+imitation of this tradition, that they have exagge¬ 
+rated the defeription of every particular deluge. 
+The imagination of the poets could never exceed 
+an event, the remembrance of which ft ill excited 
+terror; but as they loved to appropriate all to their 
+own purpofes, without troubling themfelves with 
+epochs, or paying any attention to the truth, they 
+united in their deferiptions whatever had been 
+trimfmitced to them by tradition. 
+
+
+ARRIVAL OR CADMUS IN GREECE. 
+
+
+About one thoufand three hundred and 
+fifty years before the Chrilli.m mrn, Cadmus de¬ 
+parted from the coaft of UluLpici.i, and the environs 
+
+of Tyre and Sidon, with a colony to form a new 
+
+r. 1 ic firft took pofTcflion 
+
+
+dlablilhmcnt in Greece, 
+of part of Bcicotia, built a fortrcls, which from 
+him was called Cadnicum, and made this the feat 
+
+
+
+312 
+
+
+ARRIVAL OF CADMUS IN CREKCr:. 
+
+
+of his new empire. Hp experienced, however, 
+
+great refiftance from the inhabitants of the co 
+
+
+untrv 
+
+
+the Hyantes in particular oppoled him wirh the 
+greateft courage ; but being completely defeated 
+in a pitched battle by Cadmus, they were obliged 
+to abandon their country. This example, Urikin: 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+terror into the EEclians their neighbours, they fub- 
+mitted to the conqueror, and received his laws, 
+cultoms and religion, which they loon found pre¬ 
+ferable to the barbarous pradlices of Greece. 
+From that time the Delians and Phcnichm 
+
+uniting, became one people. 
+
+Such is the abridged hiftory of this colony; but 
+
+we find it fo intermixed with fiction, that it is 
+
+almoft impodible to difeover the real truth, Every 
+
+hiftorical refearch into antiquity proves, that 
+
+Europa, filler of Cadmus, palled from Phoenicia into 
+
+the Ille of Crete, in a veflel carrying the figure of 
+
+a bull on the prow. It is from this the Greeks 
+
+have invented the llory of Jupiter having iranl- 
+
+formed himfelfinto that animal to carry ofTEumpa. 
+
+Some of the ancients lay, that this princeb von 
+
+carried off by pirates; that Agenor, her lather, 
+
+icing of Phoenicia, lent in Jearc h of her ( ad nun 
+
+and two other princes, named Cilix, and Ehar,r., 
+
+♦ 
+
+that Cadmus Hopped in Boeotians we have ah-.:- 
+
+♦ 
+
+faid } Cilix icnlird in that part of Alia JV]inor> Aa; 
+wards called Cilicia; and Phcvnix palled intn A!m* - 
+
+4 i * 
+
+According to ancient writers, Cadmus hn' im- 
+
+
+# 
+
+
+
+
+arrival ok kf.lops is crekce. 
+
+
+3 l S 
+
+
+tiuced the ufe of letters into Greece ; this appears 
+
+certain, that the ancient Greek characters perfedldy 
+
+refembled thofe of the Phoenicians. Befules the 
+alphabet, till then unknown in Greece, Cadmus 
+brought the religious ceremonies of the Egyp- 
+rian divinities, particularly thofe of Ofiris and 
+Bacchus, which were confounded together. We 
+
+it, that the more attentively we 
+
+
+again ref 
+
+
+-/> I O f" 
+
+/ V. 4~ 
+
+
+l. / * 
+
+examine hiflorv and ancient monuments, the more 
+evident it appears that it is to Phoenicia and Egypt 
+the Greeks are indebted for their laws, cuftoms, 
+religion, arts and fcienccs. 
+
+
+ARRIVAL Of PLLOPS I\ T GRLLCIL 
+
+
+fm: Lift renowned ftranger who arrived 
+in Greece before the taking of Troy, was Pelops, 
+foil of Tantalus, king of Lydia. This prince, 
+compelled to fly his country on account of the war 
+declared a gain ft him by Tros, in revenge for the 
+
+
+violence offered to Ganymede, took refuge in 
+Greece, where heefpoufed flippodamia, daughter 
+of Q’inomaiis, king of Pila. On the death of" his 
+father in law. heafemded the throne,and pave name 
+
+' } ij 
+
+to the peninfula finee tluit time called Peloponnc- 
+hip hi!t his dominions extended much farther; 
+he was one of the molt powerful princes of 
+<ireerc. I Ir had two Tons, Atreus and Thveflrs, 
+I'-nurkable for their mutual hatred. Atrev:. 
+
+
+* * 
+
+t . * 
+
+
+
+CAPTURE OF TROY. 
+
+
+3»4 
+
+was father of Agamemnon and Menelaus, who af. 
+filled in the taking of Troy. 
+
+The defendants of Pelops reigned at Myca’n.t 
+till the return of the Heraclides. 
+
+
+CAPTURE OF TROY. 
+
+
+This epoch is one of the mod celebrated 
+inhiflory. It was at the time of this famous A :e 
+that Greece produced the major part of tin fc 
+heroes, who will occupy a diftinguifhed pit 
+
+
+ice in 
+
+
+the remainder of this work. We think it fu.'lkieiu 
+to mention this remarkable event, and fhaii o-n- 
+
+
+
+ll.l'K'i,, 
+
+
+fine otirieh ; es to the account which tire i 
+Mr. de Boflhet gives in his difcourfc on unhr ;?l 
+
+
+
+“ The city of Troy was twice taken, hiil under 
+Laomedon, its third monarch; and afterwards an.!.-; 
+his fon Priam—having fuflained a liege often yc.us. 
+This epoch of the capture of Troy, which happens 
+about three hundred and eight years after the de¬ 
+parture of the Kraelites out of I'.gypt, and one 
+thoufand one hundred and eighty- four befre ihe 
+Chriflian aura, is worthy obfervation, as weli fima 
+the importance of fo great an event, celebrated by 
+the two greatefl ]>oets of Greece and Italy, a.> iron 
+its being the period which produced whatever 
+remarkable in the times called f abulous or f !ei< a, 
+
+
+
+OV HEROES, 
+
+
+3»5 
+
+
+& 
+
+i 
+
+< 
+
+
+and 
+
+
+Fabulous, from the fictions in which the hiflory of 
+thole times is involved; and Heroic, from thofe 
+called by the poets the offspring of gods and 
+herecs. The epoch of their lives cannot be 
+remote from this capture, for in the time of 
+Laomedon appeared all the heroes or the golden 
+fleece, Jallm, Hercules, Orpheus, Caller 
+Pollux, 
+
+“ In the time of Priam, we meet with Achilles, 
+Agamemnon, Menelaus, Ulyfics, Hector, Sarpe- 
+don ion of Jupiter, /Eneas ion of Venus, (ac¬ 
+knowledged by the Romans as their founder), and 
+many others, from whom the moil iliuflrious fami¬ 
+lies, and even whole nations, made it their glory 
+to be delcended. This then is the period which 
+produced whatever is mo ft beautiful and authentic 
+in the times called Fabulous.” Thefe are the 
+principal epochs when the heroes liourifhed who 
+will nyw engage our attention. 
+
+
+OF HEROES. 
+
+
+Ir.Lus'nuous rr.cn were frequently de- 
+
+:■ ‘bed by the ancients as giants, or at lead as 
+mm of an extraordinary ftature. 1 Iomcr and the 
+other poets make them ufc javelins which would 
+
+,!:!vc r(;c ]mrcd the flrength of four ordinary men to 
+u.mdilh. 
+
+
+It 
+
+
+
+OF HEROES. 
+
+
+316 
+
+It has been already obferved, that the E< 
+had a cuftom of judging kings, generals and 
+perfon of diftindtion after death. If virtuous, their 
+memory was preferved, and reverenced ; ’n■ ; r 
+
+
+vctiar-, 
+
+
+CVerv 
+
+
+the Greeks fir ft rendered them divine honour- 
+It is likewife from their language that the word 
+hero is derived; a word whofe origin is diiii .udy 
+
+4 
+
+explained. Some of the ancient.-, nippond ir :.■> 
+
+come from eras, love, to fignify that lie rocs w ere 
+
+the fons of a mortal and an immortal; but Si 
+
+Auuuftine in bis refearches into idolatrv, proven 
+
+# * A J 
+
+that the word hero comes from the Greek word 
+Hera, a name given to Juno. One of the l‘c;;s 
+of this goddefs was called Hero, and this an- 
+
+
+I 
+
+men 
+
+
+pellation was afterwards ufed to exprefs 
+illuftrious for their courage and exploits. TIG 
+is the etymology molt generally adopted, The 
+name of Hero was at firft only given to inch 
+as were defeended from a divinity and a mortal, 
+but it was afterwards conferred upon all who ac¬ 
+quired any celebrity. Ancient philolbphy taught, 
+that after death the fouls of great men were n ■■ 
+
+I * 
+
+ceived into the abode of the gods, and tins opimo.: 
+gave rife to the practice of adoring them. 
+
+The worfhip of the gods and that of 1 leroc, 
+was bv no means the fame; to the divinities tig 
+offered facrifices and poured out libation. 4 .> b-t 
+they contented themfclvcs with celebrating * li;:; 1 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+% \ » W 
+
+d * *» - 
+
+
+
+OF HEROES. 
+
+
+
+games to the honour of Heroes, during which 
+they fung their mod illuftrious atchievements. 
+
+In fcveral temples dedicated to Hercules, facri- 
+fices were offered to him under the name of Olym¬ 
+pian Hercules, and in the fame temples they 
+celebrated his funeral ceremonies in quality of 
+Hero. 
+
+The Arcadians, Mefienians and Thebans, at firft 
+facri Seed only to the gods ; but afterwards they 
+invoked the Heroes of their country. It was 
+generally believed that the latter concurred with 
+the gods in punifhing impiety. Heroines enjoyed 
+the fame honours as heroes; their tombs were in 
+no re fp e c t different; both were ere bled in the 
+middle of feme wood, which from that time became 
+fit-red, and was called Lucas. There were certain 
+
+
+periods when they reforted hither to make their 
+offerings, and perform libations. 
+
+It is extremely difficult to fix the precife period 
+at which Heroes began to receive divine honours. 
+1 he ancients lay nothing pofitive upon this point. 
+Some learned moderns agree in believing that it 
+may be traced up to Cadmus. They remark, that 
+tiiis prince having brought into Greece the laws, 
+cuftoms and manners of the Kgyptians and Phoeni¬ 
+cians, introduced at the fame time the pradice of 
+honouring or branding the memory ofdiftinguifhed 
+characters. I he Greeks, naturally fond of imitatin 
+utlicrs, wilful in the fame manner to honour the 
+
+funeral.' 
+
+
+<r 
+
+to 
+
+
+
+OF HEROES* 
+
+
+
+
+
+nd 
+
+
+• ♦ 
+
+funerals of their relations by feafts, invocations 
+offerings; they firft ere&ed ‘to them magnificent 
+tombs, which they vifited annually to pour or 
+libations; to thefe they afterwards added ftatues 
+and altars; and tombs were at laft feen transformed 
+into temples. Every individual had the riciit of 
+paying thefe duties to his anceftors, and even of 
+rendering them honours; but frequently their fame 
+extended not beyond the family; they wer 
+Penates or houfehold gods, and from their ohfruritv 
+
+
+r tneir 
+
+
+unknown to the reft of the world: but it was not 
+the fame with great men; they were honoured hy 
+cities, kingdoms and mighty nations, who thoun't 
+
+
+• reputation. Individuals 
+
+
+they owed this tribute to their ferviccs and id: d 
+
+trious actions. They were by public acls dudan-J 
+
+protestors of the people among whom them had 
+
+lived; frequently they were adopted by ether 
+
+countries, and their worfhip became as famous 
+
+and ex ten five as theii 
+
+could only raife to their relations Ample ter.dr, in 
+
+form of altars, which were never pujftic. Ivlmv.:- 
+
+ments raifed to Heroes of countries, refembled the 
+
+temples of the gods; and to add foicnu'.hv t:> the 
+
+refpedt they paid them, they eftablimcd to t vir 
+
+♦ 
+
+honour mylteries, ceremonies, and c:d: .ms of 
+priefts appropriated to their fervice. 11’.num¬ 
+ber of Heroes and Heroines being alrnoll beyond 
+
+O ' 
+
+calculation, it would be impoflible to give the 
+
+* 
+
+hiftories, and hardly even the names of all thole 
+
+v h o in 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF PF-RSEUS. 
+
+
+
+
+
+whom Greece and Italy either regarded as divini¬ 
+ties, or dignified with diftinguifhed honours; but 
+we fhall be careful to give an account of the raoft 
+celebrated, and clafs them as far as poffible accord¬ 
+ing to the order in which they lived; for -which 
+purpole, we lhall begin with the hiftory ofPerfeus, 
+that appearing to us to be the moft ancient. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF PERSEUS. 
+
+
+all who fought her in marriage. 
+
+
+Perseus was of the blood of Danaus, the 
+ufnrper or conqueror of the throne of Gelanor, 
+king of Argos. 
+
+Acrifius, grandfather of Perfeus, had an only- 
+daughter, named Danae. Having learned from the 
+oracle, that he fhould have a grandfon who would 
+deprive him of his life and crown, he confined his 
+daughter in a brazen tower, rejecting the offers of 
+
+Praetus, brother 
+of'Acrifius, who took upon him the furname of 
+
+Jupiter, (according to a practice which we men¬ 
+tioned in the hiftory of that god,) found means to 
+corrupt the fidelity of his niece’s guards, gained 
+
+admittance into the tower, and married her. The 
+
+♦ 
+
+birth ofPerfeus difcovered the myftery. 
+
+Acrifius, more terrified at the prediction of the 
+oracle than fenfible to paternal tendernefs, ex- 
+pofed Danae and her infant in a crazy boat upon 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+3 20 
+
+
+HISTORY OF PERSEUS. 
+
+
+the wide ocean; this being long driven at i» 
+mercy of the winds, flopped near the 
+Seriphus, one of the Cyclades, in the Aigeani 
+Here the mother and child were favourably iv. 
+ceived by Polydedtes, king of that country, v, 
+.even bellowed great pains on the education of ;' c 
+young prince; but afterwards, conceiving an aif. 
+tion for Danae, and fearing the prefence of r:.; 
+young Perfeus (whofe every action announced tl-.:- 
+he would one day become a hero,) he fought b::;- 
+pretext for fending him away. The one whi 
+he adopted, was to give it out that he prn-; 
+marrying a Grecian princefs; and to celebrate b, 
+nuptials with the greater fplendor, he invited 1 
+the neighbouring princes, defiring them ;.t t> 
+fame time to bring the mod rare production; ■: 
+their country. It was then that to procure the al¬ 
+ienee of the young Perfeus, he ordered him toy 
+and fetch the head of Medufa, one of the Gm-py 
+Such is the beginning of the hiftory ofTVrf.m 
+We fhall give the fabulous account of him, .I'-ii: 
+fhall be feen how nearly they refemble each (i-i.c:. 
+
+Perfeus, fon of Jupiter and Danae, v.r, i : 
+in a brazen tower, which had been built by . v-: 
+
+
+iius, king of Argos, to confine his daughter urn:. 
+
+^ ' L J 
+
+honing by this means to prevent the accon.jeiv 
+ment o t an oracle which had predicted hi:’.: »• 
+fhoulcl be deprived of his life and crown !>v 
+
+
+j 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+0 
+
+i 
+
+P 
+
+
+* 
+
+♦ 
+
+/ 
+
+K 
+
+i 
+
+f 
+
+J 
+
+5 
+
+; 
+
+k 
+
+
+HISTORY OF PF.RSEUS. 
+
+
+32i 
+
+
+(Power of gold, penetrated into the tower, and 
+not Iona after, Perleus was born. The guards re- 
+
+O' O 
+
+ported that Jupiter had eluded their vigilance; but 
+Acrifius refufing to liflen to their ftory, put to 
+death the nurfe of Danae, and enclofed his daughter 
+
+o 
+
+and her child in a cheft, which was thrown into the 
+fea. Driven by the waves towards one of the 
+Cyclades, this cheft was picked up by Didtys, 
+brother of Polydedtcs. By the king of the country 
+Danae and her fon were mo Pi hospitably received, 
+and Perleus was brought up in his court; but as 
+this hero grew up, he gave umbrage to Poly- 
+dedtes, who difmiHcd him'his court, and expofed 
+him to the moft imminent danger, by fending him 
+to kill Medufa and bring him her head. On this 
+
+
+occafion the gods them Pelves came to his aflxft- 
+ance; Minerva lent him her mirror, or rather 
+aegis, which ferved as his fhield; Mercury lent him 
+his wings, and his fcymeter, forged by Vulcan; 
+and Pluto accommodated him with his helmet. 
+By the help of the wings he could tranfport him- 
+felf wherever he picafed, and the helmet and mir¬ 
+ror enableil whoever poftefllxl them to fee all, but 
+remained himfelf invifible. 
+
+
+Thus powerfully fuccourcd, Perfeus furprifed 
+Mcdula, and fevered her head from her body. 
+
+I he cruelty of Acrifius, however, could 
+
+
+not 
+
+
+prevent the accomplifhmcnt of the oracle. He 
+
+
+Y 
+
+
+fell 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+MEDUSA AND THE GORGON?, 
+
+
+3 2a 
+
+fell by the hands of Perfeus, in the manner which 
+we jfhall hereafter mention. 
+
+This part of the fable of Perfeus too nearly 
+refembles his hiftory to need any explanation, 
+We itliall only obferve that his armour, io ede 
+brated by the poets, was nothing but an allegory. 
+
+By the wings of Mercury, we are to underfund 
+the veiled which carried Perfeus to the conit o: 
+Africa. The helmet of Pluto, which he wore upon 
+his head, exp re fled the fecrecy neceflarv to ifvurc 
+fuccefs to his enterprife ; and the fliield of Min- 'vu 
+was the fymbol of prudence, a quality he io nr.: h 
+hood in need of. We frail continue the hill-"v 
+and fable of Perfeus in relating what we meet mr 
+
+
+Medufa 
+
+
+* — 
+
+and Andromeda. 
+
+
+FABLE OF MEDUSA AND THE GOT-O' 
+
+
+
+
+P 
+
+
+* « 
+
+daughters, Pephredo and Enyio, born v.uhv.ha 
+
+
+hair. 
+
+
+He was likewife father of the Gordons, v.. 1 . 
+refide at the extremity of the world, bryoiui 
+
+ocean, near the abode of night. 
+
+were Stheno, Euryale and Mcdula; 
+
+mortal, but Euryale and Stheno were iinninrtJ... 
+
+The <r od of the oet.ia 
+
+C •* 
+
+
+1'iuir n 
+
+IT 
+
+
+tifo 
+
+
+
+:d pe 
+
+
+
+vouth 
+
+
+
+** - 
+
+
+MEDUSA AND THE GORGONS. 
+
+rhr charms of Medufa 
+
+
+3 2 3 
+
+
+did noc prevent her tragic end; while deeping die 
+was furpriled by Perfeus, who cut off her head, 
+from the blood of which proceeded the hero 
+Chrifaor, and the horde Pegafus—Chrifaor derived 
+his name from a golden {word which he he id in his 
+hand when born—! le married Callirhoe, daughter 
+ofOccnnus, and was father of Geryon, a famous 
+uiant, having three heads.—Pcgaius was fb called 
+from beinp- born near tide ocean. At the very in- 
+
+o 
+
+ft ant of liis birth, he ftruck the earth with his 
+foot, and immediately produced the fountain 
+I lippocrcnc, fo celebrated by the poets; then 
+quitting the earth, he afeended to the refidence of 
+the gods, where he inhabits the palace of Jupi¬ 
+ter, and is employed in transporting thunder and 
+lightning. 
+
+ypfchylus, in delcribing the daughters ofPhor- 
+cus, fays, they had but one eye and one tooth, 
+which they made ufe of alternately. This tooth 
+for flrength iurpafled the tufks of a boar ; their 
+hands were bra Is ; their hair was formed of liiakes, 
+and their look was infhmt death. Pindar fays, 
+that the Gordons transformed into (tones thofe 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+vfho looked on them, and Per lens, to revenge 
+liimli.li on Polydedcs, and the inhabitants of the 
+’He of Seripiui-S; changed them into (tones, by 
+prelenting to them the head of Medufa. 
+
+I le reprefents Minerva affifting Perfcus vvhiill 
+
+he 
+
+
+V 2 
+
+
+
+9C4 
+
+u r 
+
+
+MEDUSA AND THE GORCONS. 
+
+
+he approached Medufa, and relates, that the goo • 
+clefs 1'urprifed at the melody which proceeded 
+from the groans of the Gorgons and tire hiding u* 
+the ferpents, invented a flute in imitation of their, 
+and beftowed it on mankind, lie adds, tlui: 
+Minerva having broken the horfe Pegafus to the 
+bridle, gave it Bellerophon when going to com 
+
+
+bac the Chimnerl. This hero wifiring to aiur.i 
+even to the Ikies, was thrown headlong to in¬ 
+
+
+earth, and his courier placed among the Hag. 
+
+his jVTetamorphofes fpeaks of 
+
+
+Ovid in 
+
+
+ti. 
+
+
+extreme beauty of Medufa; he fays flu* v,. 
+famous for her line hair. Neptune, fm:t:r. 
+with her charms, declared his paflion to her : ■ 
+the temple of Minerva. The goddels, irritate' 
+at this profanation, changed her locks inm 
+fnakes, and a Pdf ted Perfcus to furprife and cor. 
+quer her. Pegafus being produced in the mar. 
+ner we have already related, was mounted q 
+Perleus, who flew towards Mauritania, where l.e 
+revenged himlelf on Atlas, who had trhikd him 
+
+
+the rights of hof])itality, by dunging him mm 
+a mountain of the fame name. From thence :,r 
+directed his courfc into Ethiopia, where 1','- » 
+
+
+vered Andromeda from a lea monller, win-ii v.. 
+
+
+on 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+: pon 
+
+
+int of devouring her. 1 Ie 
+
+
+
+( \\: 1 . 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+transformed into Hones Phincus his rival, ami me 
+foklicrs that accompanied him, by Jhewin; 1 , 'km 
+the head of Mcdulh: in all his expeditions it v " b 
+
+
+ij 1 
+
+
+
+STORY OF ANDROMEDA. 
+
+
+3*5 
+
+of fervlce to him, and he at la ft gave it to Mi¬ 
+nerva, who placed it in the middle of her argis. 
+
+To thefe ftories Ovid adds, that Perfeus hav¬ 
+ing killed Medu!li, took flight over the plains of 
+Lybia, and that the drops of blood which fell 
+from the Gorgon’s head were changed into fer- 
+pents. Such is the origin he gives to the vcne- 
+mous reptiles which are met with at every ftep in 
+that country. 
+
+
+STORY or ANDROMEDA. 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+id in 
+
+
+Metamorphofes fays, that 
+
+
+Calliope, mother of Andromeda, having irritated 
+the Nereids by prefuming to compare herfelf 
+with them in beauty, drew down their vengeance 
+upon the whole country. The oracle of Ammon 
+being confulted, returned for anfwer, that to ap- 
+peale their anger Andromeda mufl be expoied to 
+a lea monfter. 'I’he unhappy princefs was bound 
+la ft to a rock, and now almofl within the jaws of 
+the devourcr, when Perfeus mounted on Pegafus 
+perceived her from aloft in the air, flew to her 
+relief, flew the monfter, broke afiinder her chains, 
+and leflored her to her parents. Andromeda had 
+been promifed in marriage to him who llioukl 
+‘’diver her ; Perfeus elponfeel her, but during the 
+nuptials, Phincus, nephew of Calliope, to whom 
+
+v ] before 
+
+
+
+STORY 07 ANDROMEDA. 
+
+
+326 
+
+before her delivery fire had been betrothed 
+fented himfclf with a troop of armed follows.:, ;: 
+the banqueting half and began % moil L: 
+
+
+P' 
+
+
+Uu."j.' ' 
+
+
+combat. 
+
+
+jperfeus feeing himfclf in clanger of bein' cur;. 
+powered by numbers, and willing to punish mr.;: 
+effectually this cowardly attack, mecamorpii'.b.: 
+
+
+them into fcones by prefer,ting to them rhr iu, ; . 
+of Medu.fa. 
+
+After tiffs engagement, lie conciliated hie v:< 
+the ifle of Scriphus, where lie delivered hi., 
+ther from the addreffes of Polydebfes, v,i. 
+fought and fievv. lie afterwards vanquifi-rd d:--. 
+
+o 
+
+tus, who had dethroned Acrilius, fathc: 0 : d. 
+
+
+It was then the Oracle was fulfilled. 
+
+
+
+
+J ^ ' • 4 
+
+
+* V • 
+
+
+being informed that his grand fon Per feus v.n 
+turning triumphantly to Argos, 
+
+
+went as l:s 
+
+
+1 ' 
+
+
+t . I W 
+
+
+LariiTur, cn the river Pencus, to meet him. 
+
+Pie arrived while they were engaged 
+game at quoits, at that time much in ulc ; Peru 
+wiibing to difplay his ftrength, difehany d im 
+quoit, but fo unfortunately, that he firm':: P: 
+grandfather, Acrifius, dead on the 1'pot. 
+feus, unable to forgive himfelf for this inwd 
+afticn, flayed a very fhort time at Any)'. 
+
+
+1 \: - 
+
+
+f 1 ’ 
+
+
+engaged Megapel.thus, Ion of Prawns, to cr 1 
+kingdoms with him, and went to found !\fi< 
+which became the capital of his new domi. 
+
+
+‘ I 
+
+
+> 1 ♦ 
+
+
+c 
+
+
+tic; 
+
+
+
+STORY OF ANDROMEDA. 
+
+
+3 2 7 
+
+
+Such is the fabulous account of Perfeus, which 
+we find continually intermixed with his hiftory. 
+
+This hero, during his life, was a great patron 
+of letters, and built an academy upon Mount 
+Helicon. From thefe two motives, joined to the 
+luftre of his aftions, he was by the poets exalted 
+to the heavens; they honoured him as a demi-god, 
+and afhgned him, and the family of his wife, places 
+among the conllellations, under the names of 
+Perfeus, Calliope, and Andromeda. 
+
+The monfter which was to have devoured An¬ 
+dromeda was reprefented by the fign called the 
+whale. The recital of the aft ions of this prince 
+abounds in the fupernatural, anti as his conquefts 
+and expeditions had been executed with equal 
+wifdom, rapidity and fuccefs, it was pretended 
+that the goes had lent him their arms; Mer¬ 
+cury his wings, to exprefs the velocity of his 
+progrefs; Pluto his helmet, the fymbol of that 
+prudence and dilcretion, which tautdit him to ob- 
+ferve the mod profound fecrecy ; and Pallas her 
+buckler, to mark the good fortune which pro- 
+U'fled him from every danger. 
+
+J o 
+
+This prince had a temple at Athens. Argos 
+
+and the I He of Scriphus only honoured him as a 
+hero. 
+
+
+v 4 , 
+
+
+1 i X P 5 -A- 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF PERSEUS, 
+
+
+
+EXPLANATION of the FABLES which apt. cox. 
+NECTED WITH THE HISTORY OF PERSEUS 
+
+
+JTerseus on his return to Greece, rendered 
+
+* 
+
+thanks to the gods for the fuccefs of his expe- 
+
+i 
+
+dition. He confeerated the prow of his fhip, and 
+placed it in the temple of Jupiter on Mount 
+Olympus. 
+
+This prow reprefented a horfe, and the veiTel 
+was called Pegafus. Olympus was fuppofed to be 
+
+the refidence of the gods. Thefe two circum- 
+
+♦ 
+
+fiances the poets embellifhed by faying, that Pe- 
+gafus remained only a moment upon earth, and 
+then directed his flight towards the refidence of 
+the gods. Perfeus confeerated fome other parts of 
+his vefiel in the temple of Apollo, upon Mount 
+Parnafifus. 
+
+t 9 
+
+This temple the poets deferibed as the common 
+habitation of Apollo and the Mufes. They re ¬ 
+prefented the genius of poetry under the form of 
+a flying horfe, which furmounts all obflacles; ami 
+the fountain Idippocrene, which Pegafus caufcd 
+to fpring from the Earth by a blow with his foot, 
+is intended to exprefs, that the productions of 
+genius are never marked with the fervile (lamp 
+of labour, but reiemble pure and cryftal ftreams 
+fupplipd from an abundant fQimtain. 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF PERSEUS. 
+
+
+3 S 9 
+
+The learned were much divided in their opinions 
+concerning the Gorgons. Diodorus pretends 
+that they were warlike women who inhabited 
+Lybia, near the lake Tritonide. They were 
+frequently at war with the Amazons their neigh¬ 
+bours. In the times of Perfcus they were go¬ 
+verned by a queen named Medufa. This hero 
+defeated them, and flew their queen; but Her¬ 
+cules alone was able entirely to exterminate 
+them. By fome ancient authors, the Gorgons 
+are reprefented as warlike women of great beauty. 
+Admiration at the fight of them banifhed all 
+idea of defence, and they availed themfelves of 
+this advantage to attack and defeat their enemy. 
+This fatal eft eft of their beauty, the poets de- 
+feribed by faying, that their looks converted into 
+ftone, and deprived of motion. 
+
+Pliny, the naturalift, paints them as uncivilized 
+females, extremely formidable. Near the Weftern 
+Cape he fays are the Gorgates, formerly inhabited 
+by the Gorgons. Hanno, general of the Carthagi¬ 
+nians, having penetrated into their country, met 
+with women who in fpeed equalled the rapidity of 
+a horfe, or even a bird. He took two of them 
+who were covered with hair. Their fkins were 
+hung up in the temple of Jupiter at Carthage, 
+
+'where they remained till the deftruftion of that 
+cit^ 
+
+
+Paufanias 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OP PF.RSEUS. 
+
+
+Paufanias mentions an hiftorian, who giy es ,, 
+fimiiar account. He imagines Medufa to have 
+been a barbarous woman of furprifing ftrergth, 
+who was conquered by PerFeus. 
+
+Mr. Fourmont, by confulting the eaftern Iaa- 
+puap-es, finds in the names oF the Gorgons, thole 
+
+O O J ^ 
+
+oF three veflels which carried on a trade along the 
+
+W 
+
+coaff of Africa, where they' met with gold, ele¬ 
+
+
+phants’ teeth, horns of different animals and pre¬ 
+cious (tones. Thefe commodities were afterwards 
+brought into the ports of Phoenicia; this, fays he, 
+is the explanation of the tooth, horns and eye 
+which were common to the three Gorgons. Thefe 
+
+
+veflels had prows which reprefented menders; 
+PerFeus met, engaged and captured them; his 
+veiled was called Pegafus, and carried a fiying 
+horfe at her head. When this prince arrived in 
+Greece with immenfe riches, there were great re¬ 
+joicings For his return, and the poets invented the 
+fable of Medufa and the Gorgons. Thefe expla¬ 
+nations are fufficient to fhow the lengths to which 
+their imaginations led them, when the poets v.dhcd 
+
+* o 
+
+to deferibe the illuftrious actions of tlude In rues 
+whom they conffdercd as their lriends and pro¬ 
+
+
+tectors. 
+
+
+9 
+
+s 
+
+
+P L-i 1- A- 
+
+
+
+2ELI.ER0P-H0N AND THE CHIMERA. 
+
+
+33 f 
+
+
+BELLEROPHON AND THE CHLVLERA. 
+
+jBellerophon, according to Homer, was 
+/on of Glaucus, king of Corinth, and grandfon to 
+Sjfyplujs. He was fir ft called Hipponous, but 
+having killed his brother, or fome other Corin¬ 
+thian of diftinction, named Beller, they gave 
+him the appellation of Bellerophon, murderer of 
+JBeller. 
+
+T 
+
+Compelled to fiy to Argos, he was there favour¬ 
+ably received by Prretus; but Antoea or Sthcenobea 
+his wife, unable to procure a return of the tender 
+lentiments fire entertained for Bellerophon, accufed 
+him to her hufband of an attempt to feduce her. 
+Enraged at fuch an infult, he firft propofcd to put 
+him to death ; but out of refpeft to the rights of 
+hofpitality he fent him to lobates, king of Lycia 
+and father of Sthcenobea, with a letter, importing a 
+defire that he flrould find means to make away 
+with the bearer. The hero let out under the pro- 
+tedion of the deities, guardians of innocence, and 
+arrived fafely in Lycia, on the banks of the river 
+Xanthus. lobates received him with joy, and 
+according to the cuftonf of thofe times, celebrated 
+
+leafts during nine clays, in gratitude to the gods for 
+'die arrival of the young prince. 
+
+d he tenth day he read the letter cf Prtetus, and 
+
+unwilling 
+
+
+
+23 ® 
+
+
+BEI.LER0PH0N AND THE CHIM.iRA. 
+
+
+unwilling himfelf tp fhed the blood of Bellercpho i 
+he Tent him to combat a frightful monfter cahui 
+Chiratera, which laid wafte the country. 
+
+This monfter was of immortal defcent; it hA 
+the head of a lion., the body of a goat, and the tail 
+of a dragon ; it vomited from its mouth volumes 
+of fire and fmoke. The young hero however, 
+affifted by Minerva, who brought him the hoik 
+Pegafus, flew it with his arrows. After this de¬ 
+feat of the Chimmra, and feveral other expeditions 
+from which he always returned victorious, Iobates, 
+convinced of his innocence, gave him in martiap¬ 
+his daughter, Philonoe, and declared him fucctflor 
+
+
+to his throne. Sthoenobea feeing all the crimes (lie 
+had engaged in ineffectual, flung with fhanic and 
+remorfe, terminated her exiftence by poii'on. 
+After the death of Bellerophon, the poets placed 
+him among the ftars, and willing to preferve the 
+remembrance of the Chimtera, they aferibed to it 
+a genealogy j they laid it was daughter of Typhon 
+and Echidna. The defeription which they give 
+
+
+oi 
+
+
+it is entirely allegorical. In Lycia there were leve- 
+ral mountains covered with extenfive forolls, which 
+were inhabited by lions and other beads of prey. 
+Bellerophon was charged by lobates to rendu 
+thefe foreffs lefs dangerous, by hunting and d<‘- 
+ftroying the wild beaffs, which Iiaving accom- 
+plilhed, it veas pretended that lie had vanquilk' 
+tjie Chimaira, 
+
+T’-'' 
+
+
+
+III3T0RY OF THE FIRST MINOS, &C. gj '3 
+
+The name of this pretended animal is now ap¬ 
+plied to all imaginary mongers. 
+
+The poets added that it vomited forth flames; 
+this was to exprefs a volcano, placed on the fum- 
+mit of one of thele mountains. 
+
+By a proverb, letters, which contained any thing 
+to the difadvantage of the perfons who carried 
+them, were called letters of Bellerophon. 
+
+In the fecond volume of the Thefauro Britart- 
+nico is to be leen a medal which reprefents Belle¬ 
+rophon in the air mounted upon Pcgafus, giving 
+tlie finiihing blow to the Chimrera. This medal 
+was undoubtedly engraved from the fable of this, 
+hero, and not his hiftorv; for every thing con¬ 
+curs to prove that Pegafus was a veflel, and not 
+a horfe. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE I-IRST MINOS, RHADAMA20 
+
+THL7S, AND SARPEDONi 
+
+
+Some of the ancients, and in imitation 
+of them, feveral moderns, have deferibed Minos 
+ibmetimes as a lcgiHator of confummate wifdom 
+and juftice, and fomecimes as a fanguinary cruel 
+tyrant. 1 he chronicle of Paros explains this 
+contradiction in a very fatisfadlory manner, by 
+lhowing that there were two of this name. 
+
+The firft, fon of Jupiter Afterius and Europa, was 
+
+brother 
+
+
+
+334 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE FIRST WlN'OS, 
+
+
+brother to Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon, and ;-■■■ 
+ceeded to the throne of Crete after the death of Ie- 
+father. 
+
+This prince efpoufed Rhone, by whom he ; ;: u 
+
+■ 
+
+Lycafte, who fucceeded him, and a danAcr 
+named Acacallida. This Minos governed !Y 
+
+people with great mildnefs, and the ifle of CY.tr. 
+till that time little known, became under hie . 
+vernment much celebrated. In the dr/ceue 
+epoch, the marbles of Paros mention two cities 
+which he built, Apollor.ia, and Minoia Lydia. 
+
+The laws of this prince have procurred him the 
+reputation of one of the greateft legislators of an¬ 
+tiquity: to flrengthen their influence and render 
+them more facred, he feigned that they were dic¬ 
+tated to him by his father Jupiter in a retired 
+cavern in the ifle of Crete, where he ufed to rclbrt, 
+It is remarkable that almoft all the ancient kgilh- 
+tors have thought it neceflary to give a divine 
+origin to their laws. Zoroafter had his genius, 
+
+
+Numa Pompilius his nymph Egeria. Pythagoras 
+gave it out that he had defeended into the domi¬ 
+
+
+nions of Pluto. Epimenides fait! that he had Apr 
+fifty years, and that during this deep he had re¬ 
+ceived the code of laws which he propofed. from 
+the mouth of Jupiter himfelf. Thefe great men 
+perceived, that the authority of an individual, cut 
+though po fie fifed of kingly power, was not fu.'li- 
+cient when it was neceflary to rep refs the ]: a' I i o n '■ 
+
+'»nil 
+
+
+
+RHADAMAN'THUS AND SARPF.DON. 
+
+
+
+and infpire religious veneration for the laws. This 
+perfuafton undoubtedly led them to feck the aid 
+of divine fupport; though it is not improbable 
+that they had fome knowledge of the glorious 
+
+
+manner in which the true God had delivered to 
+
+Mofes the two tables of the law on mount Sinai; 
+
+the tradition of this event was univerfaliy diffufed, 
+
+and there is every reafon to believe that each of 
+
+* 
+
+thefe lesiflators adopted Mofes for their model. 
+Every ninth year Minos went and encloled himlelf 
+in the cavern of Jupiter, to acquire frefh know¬ 
+ledge, and to reform or make additions to his laws 
+
+
+as circumftances required, and experience dictated. 
+In procefs of time, this fpecies of fanctuary was 
+called Jupiter’s cavern. 
+
+So much were the laws of Minos refpefted by 
+antiquity, that Lycurgus went into Crete to acquire 
+a knowledge of them, and the major part of thofe 
+which he inftituted for the Lacedemonians, were 
+copied from the Cretan lawgiver. 
+
+Jofephus thought Minos alone could be 
+compared to Mofes, and certainly this eulogium 
+cannot be fufpefted when it is given by a Jewifli 
+hiftorian. 
+
+Minos was fon of a Phoenician princefs, and 
+always maintained a correfpondence with that 
+country. It was by this means, probably, he be¬ 
+came acquainted with the laws of Mofes, which 
+
+enabled 
+
+
+
+
+
+336 HISTORY OK THE FIRST MINOS, 
+
+enabled him fometimes to take them as nio^r 
+for hie own. 
+
+After having governed his people with r, T ,.,, 
+wifdom and moderation, he died in the if- 
+Crete, and tliis infeription was placed h;y.:i hi 
+tomb: 
+
+“■ MIN’OS, SON’ OF JUPITER.” 
+
+
+The Cretans afterwards wifhing to infpire a !■<* 
+lief that this was the tomb of Jupiter iii:r.icl’f 
+effaced the name of Minos. 
+
+The poets, to add greater celebrity to thv cqeltv 
+of this prince, deferibed him as principal in.T- c/ 
+the infernal regions j /Eacus and Rhadan-anihas 
+were joint with him in this office, but both CAk.i 
+the fuperiority to Minos. 
+
+To expreis this fuperiority, he was reprefer,:d 
+with a feeptre, and near him was an urn w.Vb; 
+contained the fate of mortals. 
+
+The Arundclian marbles make this prkvv co:: 
+temporary with Eandion, firil king' o! Athens. 
+
+Rhadamanthus, brother of Minos, was a pi nice 
+remarkable for his wifdom, inodcfly and teirni'- 
+ance. His great prudence and virtue made him 
+frequently confulted by Minos in I ho ImisdatiMi 
+or execution of his laws, hieing lent by .''mo. 
+
+toefhiblilb thefe laws in tiie Archipelago, lie p.-ined 
+
+^ • 1 ] 
+poffcllion of ievcral neighbouring illatu's cunr.y 
+
+
+
+
+
+l 
+
+
+history of the SECOnD MINOS, See. 
+
+
+3 27 
+
+
+
+
+by the power of his perfuafion and eloquence 
+His love of juflice led the poets to rank him amon£ 
+
+
+the infernal judges. 
+
+Sarpedon, brother of Minos and Rhadamanthus, 
+difputing the crown of Crete, was vanquished, and 
+obliged to fly into Ciria, where he built the city 
+Miletus; he then penetrated farther into Afia, and 
+arrived at the country of the Milyades, which a 
+fliort time after aflumed the name of Lycia, from 
+Lycus, king ofPandion, and brother ofFEgeus, who 
+took refuge there. 
+
+
+This Sarpedon muft not be confounded with 
+that of the fame name, mentioned by Homer, 
+who reigned in Lycia, about a century after the 
+former, and led to the fiege of Troy the Lycians, 
+who inhabited the banks of the river Xanthus. 
+
+
+HISTORY of the SECOND MINOS.—STORY of die 
+MINOTAUR.—FIRST EXPLOI TS of THESEUS. 
+
+After the death of Minos the firft, 
+Lycaftes his fon fuccecded to the throne. His 
+reign contained nothing remarkable, and his me¬ 
+mory was foon obliterated by his fon, the fecond 
+Minos, fo celebrated for his power and conquefts. 
+Never could prince before his time boait of fuch 
+numerous fleets; with thclc he quickly made him- 
+
+Z Jelf 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SECOND MINOS. 
+
+
+ielf niafter of the neighbouring ifles. At Lift, 
+arrived at the higheft pitch of glory, he law his 
+peace and happinefs deftroyed by a circumftance 
+
+which we fhall here relate. 
+
+As the celebration of the Panathensc ahvnvs 
+drew to Athens the nioft confiderable perions o! 
+Greece, Minos wilined his fon Androgeos to lie 
+likewife there. This young prince carried oft' 
+every prize, and acquired general efteem and 
+admiration. He cemented the moft tender friend- 
+fhip with the fons of Pallas, brother to Again 
+kino- of Athens. This connexion excited the jea- 
+
+o 
+
+ioufy of dEgeus, as at that time Thefeus his fon 
+and heir to the throne was not acknowledged. 
+
+
+The friendfhip of Androgeos for the Paliantiiles, 
+infpired iEgeus with a fpecies of terror; lie Hired 
+left Minos, by the pcrfuafion of the fons of Pallas, 
+ftiould employ his forces to deprive him of lus 
+kingdom. To free himfelf from fo many caic.v 
+and apprchenfions, he caufed Androgeos 1.0 ue 
+affauinated on the confines of Attica as hevas 
+returning to his father. But this crime did no: 
+remain long unpunifhed ; Minos prepared a he • 
+and invaded Attica, before they were in any con 
+ciition to oppofe him. Nyla, a city near Athu: , 
+which derived its name from Nylus, brother <■ 
+
+f « 
+
+TEgeus, was the firfl which felt the power of 
+
+arms: yet, though taken by furpril'e, it could have 
+
+rcfillancc had it not have been 
+
+lor 
+
+
+made a vigorous 1 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SECOND MINOS;' 
+
+
+339 
+
+
+for the treachery of Scylla, daughter of Nyfus. 
+Perceiving Minos from the battlements of the 
+city, Hie conceived a moll defperate paflion for 
+l)im. Acquainted with the fecrets of her father 
+and a H his refolutions, fie communicated them to 
+Minos, and found means to convey to him the 
+keys of the city, which Ihe fecretly Hole during 
+
+the night. 
+
+
+The Cretan monarch profited by this abomina¬ 
+ble treachery to gain pofleflion of the city, but 
+(truck with horror at the bafenefs of the perpetra¬ 
+tor, he refilled to fee her, and Scylla, flung with 
+lhame and remorfe for a crime fo dreadful and fo 
+fruitlefs, threw herfelf into the fea. The Greeks 
+alhamed of having fuffered themfelves to be fur- 
+prized, wiflied to conceal the caufe of their defeat 
+by pretending that the deftiny of Nyfa depended on 
+a fatal lock of hair which grew upon the head of 
+Nyfus. They laid, that Scylla having fecretly 
+gained pofleflion of it and fent it to Minos, their 
+city foon after fell into his hands. The poets 
+added, that Scylla was transformed into a lark, 
+and her father Nvfus into a hawk, and that he is 
+fecn continually purfuing his daughter to puniili 
+her bafenefs. Mcgarcus arriving too late for the 
+relief of Nyfa, rebuilt it after the departure of 
+Minos, and furrounded it with walls of fuch great 
+beauty that they weir laid to be the workmanfhip 
+of Apollo, prom that time this city bore the 
+
+
+A' U 
+
+
+name 
+
+
+
+340 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SECOND MINOS'. 
+
+
+name of Megara. The deftruftion of Nyfo did 
+
+not fatisfy the vengeance of Minos, he proceeded 
+to lay fiege to Athens. 
+
+Heaven itfelf feemed to take part in his cir.ile 
+An extraordinary drought defolated all Greece, and 
+the oracle being confulted, returned for anfwer, t!,a; 
+the gods could only be appeafed by the prayers of 
+iEacus. This procured relief for part of Greece, 
+but heaven was inflexible to Athens and the reft 
+Attica. 
+
+
+0 ! 
+
+
+The Athenians under the impulle of their terror 
+became cruel, and upon the faith of an oracle, which 
+commanded the facrifice of fome Grangers, they 
+violated the facred rights ofhofpitality, by of u i’ .; 
+up the daughters of a Lacedaemonian, named Lya- 
+cinthus, who had refided among them but a ihoH 
+time. Finding their condition no better for this 
+barbarous oblation, they again confulted the ora¬ 
+cle, and were informed that they mu fa give the mmi 
+perfeft fatisfadi m to Minos. Ambafladois v..ra 
+fent to implore the clemency of the victor; tiny 
+obtained peace, but on condition that they flioidd 
+fend every fevcnlh year to Crete a tribute o! lever, 
+youths, and as many young females. Who uc:v 
+to be the victims, was decided by lot. 
+
+'Fhe vanquiflicd Athenians endeavoured to biiig 
+an odium on the memory of this Minos, by iuua'- 
+ing a fable which became extremely {.ur.o.s. 
+
+According to this fable, the king of Crete umi 10 
+
+
+. » f ‘ ’ * * '* 
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY Of THE SECOND MINOS. 
+
+
+3D 
+
+
+confine his prifoners in the noted labyrinth 
+conftru&ed by Dmdalus; there they became the 
+prey of the Minotaur, a monfter half man and half 
+bull, the offspring of Pafiphae, wife of Minos. 
+This monfter is merely the production of fancy. 
+We learn from hiftory, that Minos inftituted fune¬ 
+ral games in honour of his fon Androgeos. The 
+Athenian prifoners became the reward of the 
+viftors at thefe games; and the firft who obtained 
+rhe prize was Taurus, a man of a haughty cruel 
+difpofition, who treated his (laves with great feve- 
+rity; this, together with his name, which fignifies 
+bull, gave occafion to the ftory we have juft 
+related. 
+
+
+The honour of delivering the Athenians from this 
+difgraceful tribute was refervecl for Thefeus. The 
+ambition of this young prince was to tread in the 
+fteps of Hercules. Without being conftrained by 
+lot, he obtained of his father /Rgeus permiflion to 
+accompany the prifoners. During the equipment 
+
+
+t equipment 
+
+
+of the veffel defined to tranfport them to Crete, 
+numerous iacridces were offered to render the 
+gods propitious. Thefeus, on his arrival at the 
+port of Phalera, made a iolemn vow that he would 
+fend every year to offer a lacrificc in honour of 
+Apollo at Delphos, and the oracle which he con- 
+fulted returned for anfwer “ that love would be his 
+guule. At the conclufion of the ceremonies the 
+
+
+wind became favourable, and letting fail lie loon 
+
+
+= 3 
+
+
+after 
+
+
+
+
+342 
+
+
+HISTORY OF TIIE SECOND MINOS. 
+
+
+i'VP 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+after landed in Crete. His youth, ber.'w 
+
+♦ 
+
+heroic deportment caught the eye of 
+
+/ 
+
+daughter of Minos. Determined to fave hi :i 
+from deflru&ion, fhe conveyed to him a hallo;' 
+thread to affift him in di fen tangling himfdf from 
+
+
+the windings of the labyrinth. Thefeus arrival at 
+the Minotaur, engaged and flew him. 
+
+We fhali now difencumber hiftory from the orna. 
+ments of fidlion. Some authors pretend that Tho* 
+feus did not fight in 
+
+O 
+
+
+u,c labyrinth, but puhlicldv i 
+
+
+the place where they celebrated the funeral game ;«{ 
+Androgens. They fay that the prefence of Alia.': e 
+infpired the hero with inch courage, that he 
+quiJlied Taurus, and that this victory was not 
+pleaiing to Minos, as the infolence and ambition of 
+this tyrant had already begun to give him umbtage. 
+Other hiftoriar.s of more weight and more conform¬ 
+
+
+able to the circumftances of tire fable, fay, tint 
+Ariadne Irnitten with the charms of Thefeu:., fur- 
+nifhed him with arms to combat Taurus, arid gave 
+him a yuan of the labyrinth, which fhe had ob¬ 
+tained from 
+
+
+
+'That Thefeus by tin* 
+means made his cfcape after the vitflory, ainmi- 
+panied by Ariadne, and that both arrived in lain} 
+at the ille of Naxos. 
+
+A kcond fable fays, that Thefeus abuiwhuud 
+his bene (afire Is, but that Bacchus finding 1 “' ! 
+overwhelmed with grief, had no great cli/ticulty m 
+
+
+perluading her to forget one who had ]- 1 ‘°’• rr 
+
+link'' 1 ’ 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+
+history of THE SECOND MINOS. 
+
+
+3-J3 
+
+
+himfelf guilty at once of ingratitude and infidelity. 
+
+Hiftotyj however, contradicts this, and informs 
+us, that Onarus, prieft, or rather confidential friend 
+of Bacchus, carried off this princefs from the 
+iiland of Naxos. That Bacchus loon obtained par¬ 
+don for this violence, and efpoufed Ariadne. 
+
+The crown which Bacchus prefentcd to her 
+was, by the poets, placed among the conltellaticns. 
+Hiftory pur'hing the relation adds, that from 
+Naxos, Tu t ■ • .die iile of Delos, 
+
+where he confecrated a ffatue ti. d.e hand of 
+Daedalus, which had been given him by Ariadne, 
+and which recalled to his mind the too painful 
+remembrance of his loft prince Is. In this bland he 
+inilituted a dance called the Crane, in which were 
+imitated the different .-findings of die labyrinth. 
+Thefeus, ever thinking of Ariadne, and inconfo- 
+
+
+lable for her lofs, forgot a promife which he had 
+made his father filtgeus, the moment of his depar- 
+Cure. The veffel which carried the prifoners had 
+black iiiils, and Thefeus had promifed to hoift 
+a white Bag if he returned victorious. For 
+the reafons we have already given, the veiled ap¬ 
+peared in fight of Athens without the appoint¬ 
+ed fignal, and the unhappy /itgeus, perceiving 
+only the black fails, call himfelf into lIic lea, 
+and there perifhed. From that time the fea of 
+Athens was called the yFgran lea. d'o perpetuate 
+the remembrance of this fatal event, a chapel was 
+
+7 4 built 
+
+
+
+344 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SECOND MINOS. 
+
+
+builc upon the fea fhore, in which was feen a re¬ 
+presentation of Victory without wings, to Per,’ 
+that the triumph of Thefeus was known too Lte. 
+Thefeus, on his "return to Athens, performed the 
+laft duties to his father,- he inflituted fcaHs, ihe 
+expence of which was defrayed by the famiii--, of 
+thofe prifoners whom he had re Stored to Jibcrtv, 
+He caufed medals to be {truck, on whnh ucr: 
+feen the reprefentation of a bull ■, but 
+rendered the commemoration of this vidoiv lb 
+
+famous, as the care with which the vow made It 
+
+€ 
+
+Thefeus to Apollo was afterwards executed. Fvrrv 
+
+
+
+
+year were 
+
+
+fent to Delos amballadors 
+
+
+r ;* 
+
+V. J ' »* • u. 
+
+
+with olive branches. This embailv wr.o caiird 
+Theoria, or a vifit to the god ; and to tiung.-ort 
+them, the vefil-1 was employed in which. Thc.vus 
+had failed. So carefully did they preferve it and 
+keep it in repair, that it Hill exifted near a thou- 
+fand years after the death ol Thefeus. From the 
+moment the high-priclh had purified this wild, 
+till that of ics return, no public executions tool; 
+place in Attica. After the flight of Tin lens, 
+Minos, determining to punifii Daedalus for having 
+favoured the cfcape of this prince, imprifonul him 
+with his foil Icarus in the labyrinth, which that 
+ingenious man had himfelf conllruded ; but hav- 
+ing eafily unravelled its intricacies, the doors were 
+opened for him by Fafiphue, wile of Minos, who 
+Jikcwifeprocured luma vdicl, to which he lallvne.l 
+
+fat's 
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OP THE SECOND MINOS. 
+
+
+345 
+
+
+l 
+
+s 
+
+
+fails, till that time unknown to the Athenians. 
+By the help of a favourable wind he outfailea 
+the galley of Minos, who was purfuing him, 
+though provided with a number of excellent 
+rowers. Dredalus, having efcaped from his for¬ 
+midable enemy, came to an ifland at a great dis¬ 
+
+
+tance from the main land, and there his fon Ica¬ 
+rus, delcending from the fhip with too much pre¬ 
+cipitation, fell into the fea and was drowned. 
+
+The poets, to celebrate this flight, pretended 
+that Datdalus had formed himfelf wings; and de- 
+fcribcd the death of Icarus by laying, that nenleft- 
+
+
+ing the council of his father, he had attempted 
+to four near the fun ; but that the heat melting the 
+
+o 
+
+wax with which his wings were attached to his 
+body, he fell into the lea, and there perifhed. 
+This lea was afterwards called the Icarian fea. 
+Dredalus being at lad arrived in Sicily, there found 
+with Co cal us an afylum which had been refilled 
+him by levcral princes, from their dread of the 
+power of JVIinos.—But even here he was not at 
+Ml, Minos purfued him into Sicily, and fum- 
+
+moned 
+
+
+Cocalus to give him 
+
+
+up Jiis prifoner. 
+Cocalus, unwilling to violate the rights of holpitali- 
+
+
+and forelceing 
+
+
+the advantage he might derive 
+
+
+W O - ‘"O y ^ 
+
+fiom a man of Inch dillingtnihed talents, propoled 
+to hiinos to fettle the aflkir in an amicable man- 
+
+This prince imprudently accepted the offer, 
+(cuius received him with every mark of dif- 
+
+timflion; 
+
+
+
+34 * 
+
+
+HISTORY OF THE SECOND MI TO-. 
+
+
+c^i - 
+
+
+ti.oblion ; but thefe exterior marks of n-fm.k 
+coaled the blackcft defign ; he invited in,;; 
+ter a bath, and there caulcd him to be iiifiben-.c.:. 
+To conceal his treachery, he affe&ed tit 
+
+
+e liioji 
+
+
+lively grief for the death of Minos, and reftoad 
+the body to his foldiers, who interred it fecretjy, 
+The better to conceal the place of his interment, 
+a temple was erected to Venus over it, which af¬ 
+terwards became very famous. Some centuries 
+after, in building the city of Agrigentum, this tomb 
+was difeovered, and the afhes of that prince cd- 
+ledted, and font to the ifland of Crete. Tluis 
+died the fecond Minos, who would have been 
+efteevned one of the greateft princes of his time. 
+
+
+had it not been for the malignity of the tray; 
+poets, who con dandy endeavoured to fix a re¬ 
+proach upon his memory. As there were r,vo <b 
+the name of Minos, who are frequently r 'iifonnJm 
+together, to dii’inguilh them \vc nihil remark, 
+
+L ) J 
+
+
+that the 
+
+
+f i i it 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+Alhru') siv.i 
+
+
+F.uropn; the Frond, of Lycaftus and ; :.i, <.*•:/ 
+
+
+ter of Corvbas. 
+
+
+The firfl had t".o br 
+
+
+Rhadamap.thus and Sarpedon. Tin 
+
+
+1 . I ' 
+' 
+
+
+i: 
+
+
+no no. 
+
+
+The fird had only two chdh.r, Ir-rama 
+and Acncndilhi ; the fecond was /utiicr to ..nmo 
+r/eos, (jlaui-m - , Deucalion, Molus, -M’i.i.n.-, *> 
+
+V ' . 
+
+JPhrvdr.i. "i hr fir ft was a peaceful p: nee, 
+
+
+1 I . V ' • f 
+. \ ' » * 
+
+
+oi ’ulli. i ''vtirement j the fecond r. 
+rior a:*.d .. conqueror, whole peace war - ouo- -- 
+
+
+■> 
+
+J 
+
+
+V . 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+
+PHAEDRA AND HIPPOl.YTUS. 
+
+
+347 
+
+
+difturbcd by domeftic misfortunes. After the 
+death of the fecond Minos, Deucalion mounted 
+the throne, and was fucceeded by Idomeneus 
+Jiis fon. This laft diftinguiflied himfelf much at 
+the fiege of Troy, but in his return was forced to 
+quit his kingdom and retire into Italy, where he 
+founded the city of Tarentum. The illuftrious 
+author of Telemachus has treated this part of the 
+hiftory of Idomeneus in a manner which has pro¬ 
+cured him immortal honour. 
+
+
+HISTORY OF PII/EDRA AND RIPPOLYTUS, 
+
+
+
+fter the death of tire fecond Minos, 
+Deucalion his fon afccnded the throne of Crete. The- 
+feus lent to him to demr.iu. hi:, fumr Phmdrain mar¬ 
+riage. His requeft was granted ; but the blood of 
+Minos was fared to be deftrudtive to the repofe of 
+The feus. This: princefs,on her arrival at Athens, call 
+her eves on the young 1 ligpolytus, fim of Thefeus 
+and t.he Amaru n Auciope ; this fgh.t was luffici- 
+
+* V* 
+
+cut to kindle in her bolom dm m oil rriiv.in.il id 
+etvully paflton. Pretendin'; :i vie (ire to anveufe 
+
+* * lx 
+
+VcniiSj die implacable ei emy c >f her houle, ihc 
+1 -unlc a temple to her oji a mounuiin; here ihe 
+daily ruorteu to ofTer I rein, iacriliec, but her de¬ 
+votion proceeded from ajiother motive, hrom 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+PH At DR A AMD HIPPOLYTUS. 
+
+
+34 8 
+
+
+the top of this mountain fhe could fee Hippolytus 
+in a plain below, difplay his ftrength, addrds, 
+and grace in performing his exerciies. 
+
+She herfelf gave the name of Hippolytion to 
+
+
+this temple, and it afterwards was called the temple 
+of Venus the Obferver. The indifference and con¬ 
+
+
+tempt of Hippolytus rendered life a burden to 
+her; fhame and defpair at having made an unite - 
+cefsful declaration, determined her to put a period 
+to her exiftence; but unwilling to die without re¬ 
+venge, fhe left behind her a letter, importing, 
+that Hippolytus was the moll criminal of men, 
+and the only caufe of her death. 
+
+Thefeus, ft ruck with horror at the fight of this 
+proof of his guilt, fent immediately for Hippoly- 
+tus, to punifh him for the attempt of which Phae¬ 
+dra had accufed him. 
+
+The young prince haftened to obey the fum- 
+mons in all the fecurity of innocence; but Ins 
+horfes, urged by the whip, flew with him over 
+rocks, which breaking the axle of his carriage, 
+his feet became entangled in die harneis, and thus 
+unfortunately perifhed this youthful hero. Some 
+Authors relate his death in a dificruit manner. 
+They fay, that he arrived in prefence of hi:, lather, 
+and loft his life as he was leaving 'Pro van', 
+from which his father had banillied him, k.n.u! 
+with maledictions. The unhappy 1 Iippulsm-, 
+forrowfully relic'fling on the uiijull tli.plcalmu 
+
+
+him over 
+
+
+
+ph.-edra and hippolytus. 349 
+
+of his father, had no thought of guiding his 
+horfes, which drew him over a precipice, where 
+he perilhed. This ftory has produced feveral 
+mafterly performances, of which the beautiful 
+tragedy of Racine mu ft be confidered as the 
+
+principal. 
+
+The poets likewife took pofTeffion of this event. 
+They pretended that Thefeus implored the af- 
+fjftance of Neptune, and claimed the accom- 
+plifhment of the promife made by that god to 
+grant his firft petition. This too credulous and 
+difconfolate father, unwilling to embrue his hands 
+in the blood of his own fon, abandoned him to 
+the wrath of Neptune, who raifed from the bot¬ 
+tom of the ocean a horrible monfter, which fo 
+terrified the horfes of Hippolytus, that they ran. 
+precipitately with him over rocks, and occafioned 
+his death in the manner already related. 
+
+Thefeus, when too late, difeovered the inno¬ 
+cence of his fon, and the fable adds, that Efcula- 
+pius, god of medicine, reftored him to life ; but 
+the Athenians, who were witneftes to the death 
+of this young prince, conftantly rejected this fa¬ 
+ble. In procefs of time, Hippolytus was adored 
+as a divinity at Troezcne. Diomedcs railed a 
+temple to him, and rendered him divine honours, 
+rhe Troezenians affirmed that he was not dead, but 
+that he was placed among the conftellations as 
+conductor of Charles’s wain. In the time ofNuma 
+
+Pompilius 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF D/T2DALUS AXD 
+
+
+35° 
+
+
+Pompilius there appeared an impoftor of the r.arr.c 
+of Hippolytus, who inhabited the 
+He affumed the furname of Virbius 
+
+
+
+and gave out that lie had been re Peered to 
+life by Efculapius. It appears that it was t!;h 
+pretended Hippolytus who gave oocafion to roe 
+ftory of Efculapius being flruck dead by Jupii-r, 
+for bavin? refbored a mortal to life. 
+
+o 
+
+This fable was unkhovvn to the Athenian', an; 
+by no means agrees with the opinion era-mined 
+by theTrcezenians concerning the true Hipnolyras, 
+
+
+HISTORY OF D/EDALUS AND THE Cld i'AN 
+
+LAB YR INI I-I. 
+
+
+13 /edalus great grandfon of Krceiracm, 
+king of Athens, was the moll ingenious and cele¬ 
+
+
+brated artift of Greece * a Ikilful architect and 
+expert fculptor. 
+
+It was his fertile genius which invented dec 
+axe, the level, and the* auger. The honour n! 
+having fir ft made ufe of fails is Jikewife alcribed to 
+him, but for nothing was he more famous titan Hr 
+the per feci ion he attained in the art of Iculpum'; 
+his flatties were laid to be animated, and ft was pre¬ 
+tended that they even walked. '1'his fable is 
+
+founded upon the flow progrcTs which the Grabs 
+
+hail 
+
+
+
+THE CRETAN LABYRINTH. 
+
+
+35 1 
+
+
+hud made in fculpturc, before the time of Daedalus. 
+Their flatues, which were extremely rude, and 
+inelegant, had neither eyes, arms, nor legs. Some 
+of thefe fhapelcfs maiTes are fall to be feen in the 
+cabinets of the curious. Daxlalus in making his 
+fhuues, took the human form for his model, and 
+exactly obferved its proportions. He gave them 
+eyes, even fuccecdcd in producing a refemblance, 
+added arms to the body, and feparated the legs 
+like thole of a man in the aft of walking. He after¬ 
+wards however became more famous by his mif- 
+
+W 
+
+fortunes than by his performances. Minos was 
+
+
+formidable to all Greece, audit was with uRonifh- 
+ment they iaw a iingle individual elude his ven¬ 
+geance, and brave his power, merely by the efforts 
+of his own genius. Unhapjiily for this artift he 
+was not fnperior to jealoufy, which involved h i m 
+in guilt and eclipfcdMiis glory. He had taken 
+delight in inftrufting Talus one of his nephews. 
+The pupil loon became equal to his mafter; lie 
+invented the potter’s wheel j and having one dav 
+lound the jaw of a ferpent with fharp teeth, he 
+made ufe of it in cutting a piece of v/ood: from 
+
+this he caught the idea of a law, an inftrument fo 
+limple, and yet f> ufcful. 
+
+Drudalus poiiclTed too much penetration not to 
+perceive that filch inventions were of real fervice 
+to mankind, and rendered the tlifeoverers of them 
+immortal, fearful of being lurpaffcd by Talus, he 
+
+found 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF D-ffiDALUS AND 
+
+
+35 s 
+
+found means fecretly to make away with him. Hr 
+
+was furprifed in the a£t of filling up a grave, ami 
+
+being interrogated concerning this extraordinary 
+
+occupation, he anfwered, that he had been burv- 
+
+♦ 
+
+ing a ferpent. This, by exciting fufpicion, 
+the difcovery of the crime. He was condemn^ 
+to die by the Areopagus, but this fenttnre v..h 
+afterwards mitigated to perpetual banifhmcn;. 
+deteftable an action having rendered him o ’dm 
+Athens, he took refuge in Crete, w 
+
+
+cd n 
+
+
+*• - 
+
+
+i. * r 
+
+
+here ! n 
+
+
+
+
+extraordinary abilities he was gladly receiw 1 
+Minos. It was during his relidence in 
+that he built the famous labyrinth near the ,:':y . 
+Gnoffus. 
+
+Pliny allures us, that Daedalus had been u\ 1 gyp. 
+and had taken the model of his labyrinth 1m;n t;..:; 
+near Thebes, one of the wonders of the world; be 
+it is certain that he only imitated the windii gs. and 
+the chambers of the pafifages, which do not 
+flitute an hundredth part of the Lgyptinu l.diy*;;.:. 1 ;, 
+
+In the time of Pliny, the Cretan lahyriCi >• i 
+longer cxilled; whereas to this day are Hit >. c 
+immenfe and magnificent velliges of thato; i ■. 
+though built ages before the other. 1 he 
+of Crete lee ms to have been nothing mm" 
+vaftprilon. Some authors lay only a 
+whence the ftone was drawn which was c:i; 
+
+
+* > 
+
+
+I . * 
+
+
+, i > 1 i M i ' 
+
+
+>\ l 
+
+
+in building the principal cities of Civic. 
+
+However that were, Daedalus, obliged to h> b , - 1 
+
+Miev.-. 
+
+
+
+historical accounts of THESEUS. 3 52 
+
+
+Minos took flicker in Sicily, where probably he pal- 
+fed the reft of his days. The time and manner of his 
+death are unknown. To cxprels his gratitude to 
+Cocalus, he formed a canal which receives the river 
+Alabas now called Cantcra. On a lock near the 
+city of Agrigentum he built a itrong citadel, the 
+avenues to which were lb difficult, that they might 
+be defended by an inconliderable number of men. 
+Here Cocalus refidcd. The works of Daedalus 
+were certainly numerous, but in the courle of time, 
+from his great reputation, all thofe which po fie* fled 
+anv ureat excellence were attributed to him. 
+
+With relpecl to Talus, the poets feigned that 
+beino- thrown by his uncle Daedalus from the top of 
+the citadel of Minerva, he was by that goddeis, the 
+p rote hi refs of the arts, metamorphofld into a par¬ 
+tridge. 
+
+
+s was 
+
+
+The mo ft fkilful of the pupils of Daedalu 
+
+Eudocus; he was at the fame time the mo ft grateful. 
+
+In all his misfortunes he never abandoned his 
+
+mailer. He is likewife the only one whole name 
+
+* 
+
+has defeended to poflerity. 
+
+
+DIFFERENT HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS CON- 
+
+C MR NT NO Till ’.SICAS. 
+
+
+HP 
+
+
+1 heseus palfed for the fon of Neptune 
+and /Iithra; but was in reality ffin of /'Egeus, king 
+of Athens, who was lineally defeended from the 
+
+
+A , 
+
+
+1 1 ]•(•* t r 
+& 1 ' * 
+
+
+
+354 
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THESEUS. 
+
+
+great Ere&heus, king of Attica, and feveral other 
+countries. The feus, by his mother’s fide, was 
+grandfon of Pelops, king of Peloponnefus, one of 
+the mod powerful princes of his time. 
+
+Pelops had feveral children, one of whom, named 
+Pittheus, formed the city of Trcezene, and lnd a 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+daughter called vEthra, who became the wife 
+iEgeus. This prince compelled by necefiity 
+leave her, before his departure carefully concealed 
+a fword under the fragment of a rock, ordering 
+iEthra if (he fhould have a fon, to keep him till 
+he fhould have ftrength to raife that done and take 
+poiTeftion of the fword, promifing to acknowledge 
+him, on bringing that proof of his birth. Thefens 
+from his earlieft infancy announced by his every 
+action, that he would one day be a great hcio. 
+Hercules coming to vifit Pittheus v/hilft he was at 
+table, laid afide his lion’s flcin; feveral children 
+were terrified at feeing the form of this terrible 
+beaft, but Theieus, then only feven years of age, 
+feizing an axe which a Have held in his hand, ad¬ 
+vanced to combat the animal, 
+frequent proofs of the courage of her fon, at lad 
+difclofed to him the fecret of his birth, on which 
+he railed up the Hone, took poffefiion of the fword, 
+and fet out from Trcezene for the purpolc of ma- 
+king himfelf known to his father /Egcus. In his 
+way thither he delivered the roads from 
+robbers and wild be alls which infefted them. 
+
+Mis 
+
+
+jEthra having 
+
+
+
+
+e 
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS O# THESEUS. 355 
+
+His firft exploit was fo attack Periphates* who, 
+armed with a bar of iron, lay wait for palfengers in 
+the environs of Epidaurus and killed them. The- 
+feus conquered and flew him, and ever after pre- 
+ferved this weapon as a monument of his firft victory. 
+
+On his arrival at Athens, he found the houfe 
+of yEgeus involved in the greateft calamities. Ac- 
+
+W 
+
+cording to the accounts of the poets, Medea had 
+taken refuge there, and formed the projedt of 
+
+4 
+
+marrying Atgeus. They fay that her {kill in magic 
+enabling her to penetrate into every thing, flic 
+eafily difcovered the youthful Thefeus; that re¬ 
+garding him as an obftacle to her defigns, and 
+certain that the king did not yet know him to be 
+his fon, ihe infufcd fufpicions intoiEgeus, and per- 
+fuaded him to poifon Thefeus at a banquet. Thd 
+fatal cup was prepared, and the innocent youth drew 
+near to receive it, but firft unfheathed his fword, 
+and brandifhed it before the king’s eyes. That 
+inftant he was acknowledged by ^Egeus, who dallied 
+away the cup, and declared him publicldy his fon 
+and fucceflbr to his throne. Pallas, fon of Pandion, 
+had fome pretenfions to this throne; he regarded 
+^Egeus himfelf as a ftranger to the royal blood of 
+the lire<fthides, and having taken arms to difpoflels 
+him of the kingdom, was defeated and flain with 
+his adherents by Thefeus. After this vi<51ory, 
+
+1 hefeus went to engage the bull of Marathon, 
+which he took alive, and afterwards facrificed. It 
+
+
+A A 2 
+
+
+was 
+
+
+
+354 
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THESEUS. 
+
+
+great Ere&heus, king of Attica, and feveral other 
+countries. Thcfeus, by his mother’s fide, was 
+grandfon of Pelops, king of Peloponnefus, one of 
+the mod powerful princes of his time. 
+
+Pelops had levcral children, one of whom, named 
+
+
+Pittheus, formed the city of Trcezene, and had ; 
+
+
+
+
+ZEthra, who became the 
+
+
+% V 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+* wile oi 
+
+TEgeus. This prince compelled by necefllty to 
+leave her, before his departure carefully conceded 
+a fword under the fragment of a rock, ordering 
+ZEthra if Hie fhould have a fon, to keep iiim till 
+lie fhould have Hrength to raife that Hone mid take 
+
+
+poirellion of the fword, promifing to acktruietb. 
+him, on bringing that proof of his birth. 
+
+
+e 
+
+
+J iIViCUS 
+
+
+from his carliell infancy announced by hhe-my 
+action, that he v/ould one day be 
+
+
+a < \ 1*' * * •** • \ \ 
+
+» l V. 4 % * » O • 
+
+l. ' 
+
+
+1 
+
+• -it 
+
+
+Hercules coming to vifit Pittheus whihe ne v.at 
+table, laid afide his lion’s flan; feveral (if.ld.tn 
+were terrified at feeing the form of tins t; 
+beafl', butTheleus, then only feven u.usni 
+feizingan axe which a Have held in his hand 
+vanced to combat the animal. A ickr.i h tv;:., 
+frequent proofs of the courage of in r ion, . 
+difclofed to him the fecret of liis birth, <a wlmd 
+he railed up the Hone, took poiTcflion ol t:.<• fw<; 
+and fet out from Trerzenc for the pm pole ol ma 
+king liimfelf known to his father dig'Tiv In in 
+
+
+r ;• ( "i 
+. , i \ i 
+
+
+. I 
+/ » < 
+
+
+way thither he delivered the mads Amu 
+robbers and wild beads which infilled tv. si. 
+
+
+Il it' d 
+
+
+Ii 
+
+
+f # 
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOdNlS ofi THESEUS. 
+
+
+3i6 
+
+
+His firft exploit was to attack Periphates, who, 
+armed with a bar of iron, lay wait for pafiengers in 
+the environs of Epidaurus and killed them. The- 
+ieus conquered and (lew him, and ever aftef pre- 
+ferved t/iis weapon as a monument of his firft vi&ory. 
+
+On his arrival at Athens, he found the houfe 
+of N.. re us involved in the orcateft: calamities. Ac- 
+
+»_ ‘ K-* 
+
+
+had 
+
+
+cording to the accounts of the poets, Medea h; 
+taken refuge there, and formed the project of 
+marrying /Egeus. They fay that her (kill in magic 
+
+
+enabling her to penetrate into every thing, fhe 
+cafily difeovered the youthful Theleus; that re¬ 
+garding him as an obftacle to her defigns, and 
+certain tliat the king did not yet know him to be 
+his Ion, ihe infufed infpivions into /Egeus, and per- 
+luaded him to poilbn T’hefeus at a banquet. The 
+fatal cup was prepared, and the innocent youth drew 
+near to receive it, but firft unfiteathed his fword, 
+and brandifhed it before the king’s eyes. That 
+inftant he was acknowledged by fEgeus, who dallied 
+away tlic cup, and declared him publickly his fon 
+and liiccefTor to his throne. Pallas, fon ofPandion, 
+had iome pretenfions to this throne; he regarded 
+fl’.geus himfelf as a ftranger to the royal blood of 
+the I'.rccthides, and having taken arms to difpoftefs 
+
+lum of the kingdom, was defeated and Plain with 
+his adherents by Theleus. After this victory, 
+
+1 ddar, went to engage the bull of Marathon, 
+Much he took alive, and afterwards facriliced. Jt 
+
+
+
+3 5 li 
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THESEUS. 
+
+
+was a Ihort time after this, that he undertook 
+
+
+< to 
+
+
+deliver his country from the fhameful tribute im. 
+pofedupon it by the fecond Minos. 
+
+This account of the poets is a mixture of tk: 
+fabulous and hiftorical. 
+
+We lliall lee in the hiftory of Medea, tint ti. : : 
+too famous woman could not pofiibly be prdent 
+the court of /Fgeus when he recognized hr, hr, 
+and that coniequently the poets have attributed :i 
+her crimes of which Hie never was guilty.. 
+
+The feus accompanied the Argonauts to 
+conqueft of the Golden Fleece. He went 
+■Hercules to the war of the Amazons, lie v,s 
+with Pirithous at the battle between the Ccnt.nr- 
+and the Lapithrc, and with Meleager at the hum: o: 
+
+the Caledonian boar. 
+
+It was this hero who exterminated two tyrar.o (■: 
+Sicily, famous for their crimes and barbarity. 
+
+The Ill'll, called Phalaris, enclofed men alive in.: 
+
+
+
+
+’VK.l 
+
+
+I • 
+
+brazen bull, and then placed a flow fire u:k..t 
+
+1 I 1 ♦ 
+
+when the cries ol the Juftcring wretches rewinnan 
+
+4 
+
+the bellowing of a bull. Pcrillus, the inventor </. 
+
+I I * 
+
+this horrible machine, was the lirll who proved :m 
+
+1 
+
+own work, being put into it by the comm.’.no n 
+
+Phalaris. 
+
+The iecond tyrant was called Procnifhw. 1 
+
+nioniler tiled to place fbrangers on a bed of h' nll > ;1,! " 
+lop oil'that part of their body which exceeded me 
+
+lcmrth of the bed. 
+
+„ PirirljoU', 
+
+
+s i 
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THF.SEUS. 
+
+
+357 
+
+
+« % 
+
+Pirithous, king of the Lapithrr, a people of Thef- 
+july, contracted the mod: intimate friendfhip.with 
+Thefeus. This prince having heard the exploits' 
+of Thefeus much boaded of, wifhed to become 
+acquainted with him, and to make trial ofhis valour; 
+but thefe two heroes upon knowing each other, far 
+from fighting, mutually vowed an eternal friend- 
+ihip. Some time after, Pirithous efpoufed Deida- 
+mia, likcwife called JJippodamia, and invited 
+Thefeus and the Centaurs to his nuptials. The 
+latter being heated with wine attempted to carry off 
+the bride, and killed feveral of the Lapidate who 
+op poled them. But this outrage on his friend was 
+loon revenged by Thefeus, with the blood of the 
+greater part of the Centaurs. Ceneus, one of the 
+mod famous of the Lapithm, being crufhed under 
+heap of trees, was feigned to have been metamor- 
+phofed into a bird. 
+
+Thefe Centaurs were a people of Theffaly, who 
+hrd (omul out the art of breaking horfes, and em¬ 
+ploying them in battle. This method of fighting 
+can fed fo much aftoniihmcnt, that in the fird mo¬ 
+ments of furprile horfes and men were l’uppofed to 
+be one animal, which they deferibed as half man, 
+
+and half boric. They were called 1 lippocentaures 
+from the word hippos , horl'e. 
+
+I he mod tender (ricndlliip, as we have faid, uni¬ 
+ted 1 lie feus and Pirithous; they engaged in feveral 
+adventures together, fome of which' were lliccefsful. 
+
+A A 3 Helen, 
+
+
+
+358 HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF TKiSF.US. 
+
+Helen, daughter of Tyndarus, though at that tin:,' 
+
+* 
+
+very young, was celebrated for her beauty thmi.y k 
+
+V 
+
+out all Greece. Pirithous and The feus ftmu-,; 
+the projedt of gaining poflcflion of her bv 
+For this purpofe they went to Sparta, -.i g.-, 
+fucceeded in their attempt, Helen fci! by i,-,t - 0 
+Thefeus. 
+
+To make fome compenfation to his mend Pi: i- 
+thous, Thefeus promiletl to accompany him ii,to 
+Epirus, and alii ft him in the defign of carrying off 
+Proferpine, wife of Aidoneus. This lccond ent-.-r- 
+prize proved fatal to them. Pirithous was * ,tn 
+in pieces and devoured by the dogs of Aidoneu.-, 
+and Thefeus being made priloner, (lid not tun- 
+ver his liberty till granted to the intruty of Her¬ 
+cules. The prifon of Thefeus being in the itlar.d 
+of Scyros, where are the lake Acheruia, and the 
+rivers Acheron and Cocytus, the poets 
+©ccafion from this circumftance to feign, that : c 
+
+
+to< 
+
+
+
+
+defeended into the infernal regions to catty Hi 
+Proferpine, that he was confined by Pinto, and 
+owed the refioration of his liberty to the interc 
+
+
+Ikon 
+
+
+of Hercules. 
+
+Thefeus had fcveral wives. The fitil vasAn- 
+tiope, or Hippolyta, queen of the Amazon'-, aid 
+mother of Hippolytus, vvhofe hiftory we It,or al¬ 
+ready given. Hercules bellowed her in mania: •' 
+on Thefeus in reward lor the alTiftance he had n u. n, ■ 
+ed from him in his war with thole martial lem 1 ' ■ 
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THESEUS. 
+
+
+3 59 
+
+
+His next wife was Phaedra, daughter of the fecond 
+Minos, fo well known for her criminal and fatal 
+attachment to the young Hippolytus. 
+
+During the imprifonment of Thefeus, the un¬ 
+grateful Athenians, forgetful of his important fer- 
+vices, took part with his enemies. Caftor and 
+Pollux came at the head of a numerous army to 
+recover their filler Helen. This was called the 
+war of the Tyndarides. To give a better idea of 
+the ingratitude of the Athenians, it is necefiary to 
+recount the elTential benefits they had derived 
+from Hercules. He had united the twelve towns 
+of Attica into the fingle city of Athens, and no 
+longer made laws but with their joint confent. 
+
+This novel form of government exciting ge- 
+neral curiofity, Athens was reforted to from all 
+parts of Greece. Thefeus, fearful left fo great a 
+number of Grangers (boilId difturb the public order, 
+divided the people into three bodies : the firft was 
+compoled of the nobility j—the fecond of mecha¬ 
+nics ; —and the third of the pcafantry. 
+
+Whatever privileges they thought necefiary to 
+their happinefs, were granted by Thefeus ; he only 
+referved the right of fuperintending the preserva¬ 
+tion of the laws, it was then he introduced the 
+worfhip of the goddels Pytho, or Perluafion, to 
+unite by her means their minds and interefts. 
+
+lie revived the Iflhmic Games, in honour of 
+Neptune: he carefully fupported and propagated 
+
+a a 4 religion. 
+
+
+
+
+
+historical accounts of thesf.us, 
+
+
+religion, perceiving that this alone could curb 
+human paflions. He infti tuted feafts winch nil-i 
+be frequented with fafety, as he had, after tit 
+ample of Hercules, delivered Greece froi 
+
+
+it 
+
+
+(x ■ 
+
+
+om t 
+
+
+robbers and wild beads which before infefred it. 
+Thefeus, in uniting; the twelve towns of Attica, 
+
+J 
+
+had no other intention than to render the Athe¬ 
+nians more powerful, and did not forcli. • tint in 
+
+ferving them lie was defiroying hjs own a'.i.h-iritv. 
+
+♦ 
+
+Before this time, each town having its p.n.i; ol.ir 
+intereft, had no thought of governing; the) tea! d 
+the other towns which Thefeus ini Git t-u; ■ v <-> 
+
+
+retain them in obedience; but by this m.:!.,;; 
+Thefeus had no more power at his difpol'.ii. 
+
+He had only referved for himfelf the ifjii.'in- 
+tendence of the laws, he could no longer rnllirce 
+obedience to them, and thus he annihilated his, own 
+power. 
+
+In vain did he redy on the gratitude of the Athe¬ 
+nians, in vain did lie increafe the privileges ol tin-, 
+people ; it was perceived that he could not c*mq d 
+lheir obedience, tiiey wiihed to have the authuriy 
+in their own hands, and all the efforts of Tliclcus 
+to preferve his prerogatives feenicd adls of tyranny 
+or defpotilm. 
+
+It might have been thought that Thefeus, cornea 
+with glory, had only to repofe himfelf in the en¬ 
+joyment of’publie gratitude; but tilt: Atheni.in-. 
+jealous even of the lliadow of power whit h re- 
+
+
+7 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THESEUS- 
+
+
+
+mained to him, grew weary of the refpeft they owed 
+iiim ; they fidet! with his enemies, bafeiy abandoned 
+him, and forced him into exile. Perceiving the 
+impoffibility of governing a corrupt people who 
+widied continually to be flattered, he fecretly fent 
+
+his children into Euboea to Elphenor, fon of Calco- 
+don, anti went himfelfto the town of Gagetta, where 
+he imprecated the vengeance of the gods upon 
+the un"ratefill Athenians. This place is ftill called 
+
+O L 
+
+the field of Maledictions. After this. The feus 
+embarked for the court of Lycomedes, king of the 
+ifland of Scyros. This treacherous monarch, a 
+friend of the Athenians, received him with hofpi- 
+tality only the more effectually to deftroy him. 
+Under pretence of lhowing him the extent of the 
+ifland and his numerous fleets, he led him to the 
+top of a lofty rock from which he precipitated him 
+headlong. 
+
+o 
+
+
+Thus perifhed one of the mold illuftrious heroes 
+v. e meet with in the annals of antiquity. 
+
+Mis death happened during the thirteenth year 
+
+
+of the reign of Mneffhe 
+
+
+k was not till after the death of this king that the 
+< hildren of Thefeus returned to Athens, and af- 
+eended the throne. Thefe hiCts are attefled by 
+the marbles of Paros, and all the glory which the 
+Athenians afterwards acquired on fo many different 
+octal ions, could never efface the remembrance of 
+(,u ‘ ir ingratitude. 'The fword of juflice is fre- 
+
+
+
+
+g62 HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THTSFl q 
+
+quently too feeble to punifh the crimes of a r.utior 
+but impartial hiftory eternizes their fhame, citvoLc- 
+them to the cenfure of future ages, and 
+deteftation of every lover of juftice and 
+The power of the Athenians was not great 
+to prevent Greece and the whole univerfe (b.r.i 
+prelerving the memory of Thefeus. 
+death they called to mind his illuflrious ac.ti , 
+and his veneration for the gods ; thev 
+
+
+r'w. 
+^ a V 
+
+
+VI! UK*. 
+
+cnoi,:\: 
+
+
+Aiicr i,h 
+
+
+* rnuirrtd 
+
+
+him the honours granted to heroes, and r>c;: 
+raifed him a temple. The Athenians AcrAun 
+fcvcral ages after, blufbing for the crinv 
+
+
+..id;: 
+
+
+Vv t4 0 v, 4 , 
+
+
+* n ’ ■ V 
+* • . 
+
+
+t ’ I 
+
+
+anceftorb, endeavoured in feme meafure to < i.ite 
+it, by honouring as a divinity the hero 
+burn among them. 
+
+Thefeus, in imitation of Bacchus, had, bind:/: ! i> 
+life, confecrated his hair in the temple of Apdi.i. 
+The manner in which he wore it was rrbiui 
+des, as that of Bacchus was called after da 
+of that god. They were afterwards hiiiuuo: ! r 
+Hector. 
+
+Thefeus had by Phaedra a celebrated ion r.d.hd 
+Demophoon. In his way to the Trogn v,.m !/‘ 
+was hoipitably received by Phillis, queen of 1 hnue 
+and daughter to Lycuigus, who reigned "vr 
+part of the fame country. This prince Is Ihii.n- 
+phoon married, but quitting her footi alar, l |ls 
+unhappy wife, unable to fupport the pains of ;d>- 
+fence, put a period to her cxnlence. 'ilw p :I: 
+
+
+
+HISTORICAL ACCOUNTS OF THESEUS. 363 
+
+
+pretended that Ihe was changed into an almond 
+tree. The name of Phillis nearly approaching to 
+that of philla, an almond tree, gave occafion to 
+this fable. They added, that the almond tree 
+blooms early in the fpring, becatife Phillis in this 
+manner exprefled the joy fire felt at the return 
+of Demophoon, which happened in the fpring. 
+
+Under tire Archontate of Phtudon, Cimon per- 
+iuaded the Athenians to fearch for the relics of 
+the great Thefeus. The tomb was difeovered by 
+means of an eagle which was turning up the earth 
+with its beak, and on being opened was found to 
+contain the allies and arms of that unfortunate 
+hero ; thefe the Athenians received with tiie great- 
+ell' veneration, and placed them in the middle of 
+their city. 
+
+Thefeus during his life had always been the 
+friend of the unfortunate; never was afTiftance 
+
+
+implored of him in vain. It was therefore deter¬ 
+mined that his burial place fhould be for eyer a 
+ficred and inviolable afylum for all who feared 
+
+
+the violence of their per (ecu tors 
+alter his deadi, Thefeus was dyled 
+
+
+fo that long 
+
+the bene fabler 
+
+
+of mankind, and the protestor of the cliArefied. 
+
+
+HISTORY 
+
+
+
+3 6 4 
+
+
+HISTORY OF HERCULES* 
+
+
+► 
+
+
+HISTORY OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+"W e chink we fin a 11 oblige our reader- i\ 
+
+w 
+
+prefenting them with what the author of the- travel? 
+of Anacharfis has written upon this mod iiluflrious 
+of heroes. 
+
+
+“ His fame, and the monuments of his giorv, reach 
+to the very extremities of the globe. lie was 
+defeended from die kings of Argos, but riiil-d 
+for the fon of Jupiter, and Alcmena, wife of A:r.- 
+phytrion. 
+
+“His hifcorv is a ferics of prodigies, or rather i: 
+
+- 4 . 
+
+is the hifiory of all thofe who have borne tlx- kmc 
+name and undergone the fame labours. Wri:.-:, 
+
+
+have exaggerated their exphics, united them in oil¬ 
+man, and attributed to him every illuftriui!: u.-rti .u 
+wiiofe author was unknown ; they have lna !■. .1 inri 
+with a glory which feems to redound upon the \d. k 
+human fpecies, for the i iercules they adore i> a 
+phantom of grandeur railed between heaven ai.-l 
+earth, as it were, to fill up the interval. 
+
+<( The real Hercules differed from other men in 
+nothing but his flrcnech, nor refembled the gak 
+of the Greeks in any tiling hut Iiis vvcakiuk.” 
+
+Among the moll celcbr.iLed of this name, Ike 
+clones Siculus mliingiiifhes three. 
+
+The ilrll iruvcIJed into Africa., ami nc<ir Chun: 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF HERCULES,) 
+
+erected thofe famous pillars which told the traveller 
+that it was in vain to with to pal's beyond them. 
+
+The fecond was born in Crete, among the Dac¬ 
+tyl i Idmi, and fir ft inftituted the Olympic Games. 
+
+The third. Ion of Jupiter and Alcmena, was born 
+at Thebes, and rendered himfelf famous by a thou- 
+land exploits. There exifted another Hercules, 
+more ancient than the three we have juft men¬ 
+tioned, but as the Greek writers reckon more than 
+forty of this name, it would be ufelei's and tedious 
+to give an account of them. We mult however 
+remark, that the origin of this name feems to be 
+
+
+derived from the Phoenician word harckd , trader. 
+It was a name given in general to chiefs of colonies, 
+celebrated navigators, and illnftrious Grangers. 
+We are particularly confirmed in this opinion, on 
+feeing that the Tyrian 1 icrcules was called Thafims,- 
+
+the Piu.oniei.in, Agent)r; the Grecian, Alceus, or 
+Abides j and the bgvptian, who was concern- 
+
+
+• « 
+
+
+
+Cu'iiP, and general of his troops, 
+
+
+Ozochor. 
+
+
+It was f lu bes which gave birth to Abides, the 
+mofl illlilli ions of the name of Hercules. 
+
+He was fun to Alcmena and Amphytrion., a dc- 
+U.cndant of I’erleus. 'i !i:v, prince, heir to bloc- 
+tiion in right of his wife, was appointed iiiccelibjt 
+to the kingdom of Myccna, and after him his ion, 
+Abides; but Amphytrion, having accidentally ki! . 
+led his father in law Ueclnun, was obliged to flv 
+
+and 
+
+
+
+•HISTORY OF HERCULES* 
+
+
+S 
+
+
+
+
+366 
+
+and efcape to Athens. Sthenelus then hr- 
+
+A ^ ^"‘Iw 
+
+king of Mycenae, and was fucceeded by his f 0n 
+Euryftheus, who was born at the fame time 
+Alcides, ib that the latter found himfelf the fubf/■ 
+of Euryftheus. 
+
+The great reputation of Hercules foon ltd t> 
+poets to intermix fidion with his hiftorv. ! Ij s 
+ftrength, his courage, and his furprifing cx». io.ts 
+flattered human vanity; but the impoflibiiitv </ 
+attaining the fame excellence, made them attbbma 
+to him divine extradion, and fay he was defer.;-. ! 
+from the fovereign of the gods. 
+
+o o 
+
+
+' ' * f S J 
+
+
+Jupiter, lays tiierable, ailiimed the form of A 
+
+phytrion, and became the father of Abides. Ti 
+
+night on which the Thunderer pradiled iim f nu.i 
+
+was of longer duration than ufual. Tuna, 
+
+^ • r 
+
+of the grandeur to which this hero wabAffri, 
+retarded the moment of his birth, in order :o if an. 
+
+the kingdom of Mycenae to Euryftheus by right <■' 
+feniority. Knowing likewiie that Jupitu h from 
+an oath, that he who fiould be firft bom, ih'"f 
+have command over the other, flic difgiiifd . 
+felf as an old woman, and under the r.ame of . 
+na, ft* a ted hcrfclf at the door of Alcni". - ... u; . 
+taring magic incantations to retard the b : .. 
+Alcides. (fdanthis, companion of A 'cir.cna, hi.. 
+
+I 
+
+perceived her, deceived the goddi Is Lm >■ ' 
+
+X O 
+
+
+her that Aicmena was i 11 ft deli vend of 
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+3 6 7 
+
+inftant Hercules was born ; enraged at being thus 
+difappointed, lire changed Galanthis into a weafel. 
+
+Juno conftantly purfued Hercules with the mod: 
+implacable hatred; when an infant in the cradle 
+Ihe lent two ferpents to devour him, but the 
+young hero ftrangled them both with his hands. 
+
+However, at the intreaty of Minerva, fhe relaxed 
+of her feverity againft Hercules, and even went fo 
+far as to nourilh him with her own milk, fome 
+drops of which efcaping his lips, formed that 
+part of heaven fince called the milky way. (This is 
+an innumerable multitude of liars which give greater 
+lullrctothatpartof heaven.) The thunder was heard 
+to roll the moment Hercules was born, and this 
+the poets pretend was a prefage of his future 
+greatnefs. Such are the principal fables which 
+adorn the account of the birth of this hero, let us 
+remove thefe veils, and return to his hillory. 
+
+Euryflheus, fon of Sthenelus, on afeending the 
+throne of Mycenat, became jealous of Hercules. 
+Hie rights of that hero, and his courage, gave him 
+great alarm j he fought every opportunity of en¬ 
+gaging him in fome enterpriie, and even of ex- 
+pofing his life on many oecaiions. Greece was 
+at that time over-run with robbers, murderers 
+and wild beads ; it was in combating thefe the 
+
+o 
+
+whole life of Hercules was employed, and the poets 
+have defrribed his perpetual and dangerous labours 
+
+by representing them as the pcrfccutions of Juno. 
+
+♦ 
+
+1 J Icrcuics 
+
+
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF IIEUCtlLr.S. 
+
+
+Hercules wasbrought up by Creon, kingof Tilth,. . 
+who beftowed great pains on the cultivation of p 
+mind. The great courage he difplayecl from p 
+earliefl infancy determined Creon to give him ■ > 
+marriage Megara his daughter, by whom he li,.t 
+ieveral children. 
+
+
+Having learned that all his life he fliould 
+
+
+a i-e 
+
+
+f I 
+
+
+fubject to the commands of Euryftheas, lie fell u- 
+fo violent a rage, that, no longer knowing ; »nv 
+thing around him, lie maflacrcd his own cbihirt,:;, 
+and his coufin Iblas. When his fury abated, 
+grief and regret were fo great, that he would 
+no longer live at Thebes, but went to procure 
+expiation for his involuntary crime at Athens, ard 
+returned to fubmit himfelfto the orders of Li.- 
+ryftheus. Tins prince found his repentance f 
+fincere, and his iubmiflion fo undiflembled, 
+he entrufled him with the command of his ar¬ 
+mies, taking care, however, to engage him jir- 
+petually in new enterprifes. The poets attributed 
+this exceflive fury to the jealoufy of Juno; they 
+pretended that Pallas by calling a Hone rdlored 
+him to tranquillity, and threw him into a pro- 
+
+ft 
+
+found flecp. This is an allegory, eicieii|-iive <•! 
+the anxious folieitude of his friends, and tlic j'ru- 
+dent refolutions which, upon cool refit Cion, k‘ 
+
+ft 
+
+adopted. Hercules regarding his mnrri;::■/' IP ‘ 
+
+aufpicious, feparated from his wife Mcgir."-, 
+
+
+
+LABOURS Of HERCULES. 3 fi 9 
+
+oave her in marriage to the fecond Iolas, his faith¬ 
+ful companion in all his undertakings. 
+
+EXPLANATION OF THE LABOURS OF 
+
+HERCULES. 
+
+
+The fird exploit of Hercules was to kill 
+two dreadful ferpents. His extreme youth caufed 
+it to be faid that Juno had lent them to devour 
+him in his cradle, and that by his ftrangiing them 
+he gave a proof of his being defeended from Ju¬ 
+piter. He hunted feveral lions in the foreft of 
+Nemca : one among them which was greater than 
+the reft he flew himfelf and ever after wore its flein 
+as a covering. 
+
+To give this combat more of the marvellous, 
+the fable relates, that Juno fent this lion againft 
+him, and that when killed by Hercules, the god- 
+defs placed it among the conftellations. The 
+kings of Syria, in imitation of Hercules, ufed 
+iikewife to adorn themfelves with the flein of a Jion. 
+
+Birds near the lake Stymphalus laid wade Ar¬ 
+cadia ; Hercules with a great noife purfued and 
+drove them out of the country. This is the fable, 
+we (hall now give the hiftory. 
+
+This country was infefleil with robbers, who 
+concealed themlclves in the woods which cover 
+the banks of the lake Stymphalus. Hercules 
+
+B a went 
+
+
+
+
+37° 
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+went in purfuit of them, and frightened them on 
+of the woods by beating upon brazen kettle 
+
+
+drums. 
+
+
+Being thus driven from their 
+
+
+retreat. 
+
+
+they were defeated and exterminated. Thefe arc 
+
+the birds Stymphalides, which are frequently con¬ 
+founded with the Harpies, from which however 
+they ought always to be diftinguifhed. 
+
+The marlhes of Lerna, near Argos, abounded 
+with ferpents, which feemed to increafe as fail as 
+they were deftroyed. Hercules, entirely to extir¬ 
+pate them, fet fire to the reeds, and thefe inarfhes 
+being afterwards cultivated became excccdimdv 
+
+O O 4 
+
+fertile, which occafioned it to be faid, that he had 
+employed a golden feythe to cut off the heads 01 
+the Hydra, which were feigned to fpring again as 
+fait as fevered from the body. It appears like- 
+wife that among thefe ferpents, there was a fpecics 
+particularly venomous called Hydros, which gave 
+
+
+x 
+
+
+n 
+
+
+Hercules 
+
+
+fteeped his arrows in the venom of this ferpent, 
+which rendered the wounds given by them incur¬ 
+able. Juno, continues the fable, feeing that 
+Hercules had almoft vanquished the Hydra, lent 
+
+
+a lea crab to divert him from the combat by biting 
+his heel; this Hercules crufhed, and it was by 
+Juno transformed into the fign Cancer. 
+
+• I 1 
+
+The forefi: Erymanthus was over-run with "in 
+boars. Hercules hunted and deflroycd 
+
+% 
+
+carrying the head of the large ft as a prelcnt f 
+
+l'l'iyi- 
+
+
+
+fl LABOURS OF HERCULES# 37I 
+
+I 
+
+I £uryftheus; who thinking it was not yet dead 
+
+V was fo terrified, that he ran and concealed him- 
+
+7 
+
+1 fc 1 f. The tulks of this boar were long preferved 
+
+i 
+
+in the temple of Apollo. 
+
+Euryftheus ordered Hercules to bring him a 
+hind very remarkable for its addrefs in eluding 
+
+* o 
+
+the hunters. In accomplilhing this, the hero was 
+a whole year, but at laft fucceeded in taking it 
+alive. It was pretended that this animal had feet 
+ofbrafs ; an allegory intended to defcribe the rapi¬ 
+dity with which it ran ; and ffcill more to increafe 
+the marvellous, they gave it horns of gold. 
+
+Augeas, king of Elis, had fuch numerous flocks, 
+that he had no liable fufficiently large to contain 
+them. In confcquence he buffered them to range 
+over the fields, which being trodden down and 
+covered with dirt, became unfit for cultivation. 
+Hercules, at his entreaty, employed his troops in 
+turning the courfe of the river Alpheus over thofe 
+plains, which, by thus cleanfing them, reftored 
+their original fertility. This was the origin of the 
+fable that the flables of Augeas were cleanfcd by a 
+river. That avaricious prince having refufed the 
+reward he had promifed for this fervicc, Her¬ 
+cules entered Elis, conquered and put to death 
+both him and his foil Eurytus, but Iparcd Phi- 
+leus, upon whom he bellowed the crown, becaufe 
+he had endeavoured to perfuade his father from a 
+conduct fo unjult and ungrateful. 
+
+
+it a ?. 
+
+
+Aidoncus. 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES, 
+
+
+37* 
+
+Aidoneus, king of Epirus, coming to the afiif- 
+tance of Augeas, was defeated and wounded, 
+which gave rile to the fable of Pluto combating 
+Hercules, and being wounded by that hero, who 
+was protedled by Minerva during the battle. 
+
+The illand of Crete produced bulls of' extraor¬ 
+dinary beauty j Euryflheus ordered I icjcuks to 
+go and bring away by force the mod: E aut'itul, 
+which he executed. This 
+the poets that of Pafiphac. 
+
+
+bull was according to 
+
+
+Elercules received likewile orders to go and 
+
+‘-y 
+
+brine off the mares of Diomedes, who in attempt- 
+
+o ^ 
+
+ing to prevent him was killed. Thi-. prince was 
+fo curious in his horics, that to maintain a greater 
+number of them, he ruined himielf, and even fold 
+his Haves. From this circumflance it was pre¬ 
+tended, that he fed them with human flefli. 
+
+Elercules, on his way into Spain, plundered the 
+ifiand of Cos, and defeated the famous Geryon, 
+a giant with three bodies; that is to fay, he de¬ 
+feated a prince who reigned over the three ifbntk 
+Majorca, Minorca, and Ebufa. 
+
+On his arrival in Italy, I lercules made Icvcral 
+•conquefts; rendered confident by his courage and 
+numerous vidories, he took litde precaution 
+
+drooling his plan of encampment, 
+
+Cacus, a petty tyrant, who redded anront 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+v inar- 
+
+
+ceffible rocks, iurpriled him in the night, and car¬ 
+ried offpart of his booty. Hercules purified Em, 
+
+
+bdiq-'H 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF IIF.UCUI.F.S. 
+
+
+
+beficged him in his fortrefs, and flew him. This 
+Cacus was faid to be defcended from Vulcan, and 
+is defcribed as a giant with three heads, who lent 
+forth flames of fire from his mouth and noftrils. 
+
+Hercules, wilhing to efhiblifh a colony on the 
+coafh of Africa for the convenience of commerce, 
+was repulfed by another adventurer, who was fo 
+firmly eftablifhed there, that it was impoffible to 
+difiodge him. Hercules found means to draw him 
+out to fea, and cutting him off from all communi¬ 
+cation with the land, where he ufed to retire to 
+repair his lols, and procure frefn troops, there 
+killed him. This vi(Story gave rife to the fable of 
+Antaeus a famous giant, fon of Terra. When 
+fighting with I Icrcules he recovered new ftrength 
+every time he touched the Earth his mother; this be¬ 
+ing perceived by Hercules, he caught him in his 
+brawny arms, and holding him between heaven and 
+
+
+earth thus firangled him. This Antaeus built the 
+little city of Tingi, which is now the town of Tan¬ 
+gier. Sertorius many ages after had the tomb 
+
+of this giant opened, and his bones were in reality 
+found to be a prodigious five. 
+
+During the refidence of Hercules in Africa, the 
+tyrant Bwfiris fent pirates to carry off the Hefpe- 
+ndes, nieces to Atlas, king of Mauritania and Hef- 
+
+peria. Thcfc Hercules defeated, and afterwards 
+attacked Bufiris him/clf, whom he vumpiifhed and 
+,!e ' v * Jo reward this iervice Atlas in Handed him 
+
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+in the principles of aftronomy, a fcience in which 
+Hercules made fuch progrefs, that he was the fi r (l 
+who difcovered that the Milky Way was only an 
+affemblage of ftars. The poets defcribed this dif. 
+covery by faying, that he had let fall fonie ilrorj 
+of the milk of Juno upon that part of heaven. In 
+the fame manner the afliftance which Hercules pave 
+
+V 
+
+Atlas in his war againft Bufiris, was reprcienied 
+by the fable of his having aflifted him to fup- 
+port the heavens upon his ilioulders. Atlas having 
+prefented him with fome of the fineft fheep of his 
+country, and the Greek word expreffing equally 
+fheep and apple, it was pretended that Hercules 
+had received from the garden of the Hefperides 
+apples of gold. 
+
+This hero penetrated as far as Cadiz, which 
+he regarded as the extremity of the world, be- 
+caufe at this point the fetting fun feems to fink 
+into the ocean. Here he raifed two pillars, 
+upon which lie inferibed, ne plus ultra , which 
+means it is impoflibie to advance any farther, 
+Bacchus, or rather Ofiris, did the fame in his 
+Indian expedition. All the fabulous hiflorians 
+fpeak of thefe pillars, and yet many learned cri¬ 
+tics are of opinion they never exifled, T hey 
+fay that this fable was occafioned by the two 
+mountains called Calpe and Abyla, in the flr.uts 
+of Gibraltar, one of which Hands in Africa, and 
+
+
+the other in Europe. 
+
+
+It was looked upon as rafli, 
+
+am! 
+
+
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+375 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+and even impoffible to advance beyond thefe moun¬ 
+tains. However, in the temple, which the inhabi¬ 
+tants of Cadiz railed at fome diftance from their 
+city to the honour of Hercules, were feen two 
+magnificent pillars, and the Phoenician characters 
+with which they were inferibed gave rcafon to 
+believe, that they had been ereCted by Hercules 
+himfelf. Trie ancients attributed to thele pillars 
+the power of checking the impetuofity of the winds, 
+and of preventing the ocean from being driven by 
+iheir violence over the earth, and thus introducing 
+the diforder and confufion which reigned in the 
+time of Chaos. The fituation of this temple, as 
+they fuppofed, on the confines of the world, its an¬ 
+tiquity, its ever durable woods, its inferiptions, 
+its hieroglyphicks, and the labours of Hercules, 
+which the Greeks afterwards engraved there, all 
+rendered it extremely famous. The inhabitants of 
+Cadiz thought themfelves fecure from all dangers, 
+becaufc they were under the immediate protection 
+of the greateft of heroes. Theron, king of Spain, 
+wifhing to pillage this temple, a panic fear dif- 
+perfed his troops, and drove his fleet from the 
+coalt. It is generally thought, that the expedition 
+into Africa was the lad of the labours enjoined 
+by Eurytthcus. That prince now perceived, that 
+he only cncrcaled the glory of Hercules, and that 
+he had nothing to apprehend from his pretenfions 
+to the throne. But repofe and inactivity did not 
+
+b B 4 fuit 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+37 6 
+
+fuit this hero. His courage continually led him m 
+engage in fome new enterprise. He pciv.-tra: ; 
+into the heart of Scythia to deliver Proira rk ; , 
+as we have related in the firfb part of this work. 
+
+The river Achelons by overflowing its b.. 
+laid wafte the country cf Calydon, and o.. d 
+away the marks which diftinguiflied their reipc.,,,0 
+lands. Hercules conftrufted dykes, and t!v, ; c- 
+ftored peace to the Calydonians and Airu. hr.-, 
+who had often gone to war on this account. 
+
+
+J he 
+
+
+fable as we have already faid delcribed the. ax < r. 
+taking as an aftual combat with the river. 
+
+
+i: r~ 
+
+
+eC.un.tr ■ 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+kTl Lilf j 
+
+
+prefents Achelous as changed into a lerneny to ex- 
+prefs the windings of its eourie. He is m 
+phofed into a bull, becaufe this was the iynibe 
+under which they rep re fen ted rivers. 1! 
+tears off a horn, which means that he uimal t«o 
+branches into one. This horn is exchangu: l-<r 
+that of the goat Amalchea, which produce., e/tn 
+blefling, that is to fay, the ancient branch of the 
+river was converted into fruitful land, d'mis, 
+king of Calydon, rewarded tins diftinguiiuu! ar- 
+vice by giving llereuks in marriage his ilaughur 
+Dejanira, w ho bore him afon named 1 lyllns. At the 
+court of this king Hercules remained three ee.i!:>. 
+
+The fable of the battle of i lercules with Ai In - 
+lous proves with what art the poets ths'pni'd 
+the molt fmiple events. Jn the lame manuei iluv 
+have difguiled the hiftory of Alcmaaon Jon of An • 
+
+p! li.itae-i 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+377 
+
+phiaraus. This prince having killed his mother, 
+confulted the oracle, which anfwered, that he 
+would never be delivered from the Furies till he 
+inhabited a place upon which the fun did not fhine 
+at the time he committed the crime. The river 
+Achelous having in one of its inundations fwept 
+away great maffes of earth, thefe icon formed 
+themfelves into little iflands, upon one of which 
+Ale:mason took up his abode, and there found an 
+allium. Thefe iflands were called F.chinades 
+
+
+The fabulous account of their origin is, that feme 
+nymphs of this name having negledted Achelous in 
+one of their facrifices, that god carried them away 
+in his dream, and metainorphofcd them all into 
+heaps of earth and land. 
+
+Among the labours of Hercules we mull not 
+forget the affilhnce he afforded Theieus, when 
+that hero with his friend Pirithous attempted to 
+carry off Proferpinc, wife of Aidoneus, king of 
+Fpirus. Pirithous we have already laid peri Hied, 
+and T heieus was detained a prifoner. Hercules 
+palled into Epirus, delivered Tiieleus, killed a 
+In-pent that was retreating into the cave of 
+Tenarus, and brought away a mall iff of prodigious 
+fi/.e from the city of Tricaffia. Aidoneus was 
+wounded by Hercules; and as he inhabited the 
+country which was called the infernal regions, it 
+
+v.as pretended that Hercules had deicended into 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OK HERCULES. 
+
+
+
+the manfions of the dead to deliver Thefeus, j, a ,j 
+bound Cerberus, and wounded Pluto himfclf. 
+
+Hercules fee ms to have regarded his expedition 
+againft Aidoneus as extremely perilous; before he 
+entered on it, lie wifhed to be initiated at Athens 
+intothe myfteries ofEleufin a. Mufeus, fon of Or¬ 
+pheus, who prefided over thefe myfteries, reprefeat- 
+ed to him, that men could not be admitted; but 
+to avoid giving this formidable hero a pofitive rc- 
+fufal, he inftituted others on his account, which 
+were called the little myfteries of Eleufina. After 
+tlercules, thefe were admiffible to ftrangers. 
+
+The deliverance ofAlcefte is one of the mod bril¬ 
+liant aftions of Hercules. Medea, fays the fable, 
+advifed the daughters ofPelias to cut their fiulu-; 
+in pieces, and boil his limbs with certain herbs whidi 
+Ihe mentioned, afluring them that by tiiis mans 
+his youth would be reftored in the fame manner as 
+fine had reftored that of /Efon, father of Jal'on. 
+
+The unhappy old man was the vittim of tin 1 cre¬ 
+dulity of his daughters. Acaftus his fon puriiieJ 
+his fifters to the court of Admetus, where they had 
+taken refuge after their unintentional crime; tins 
+prince was the lefs inclined to deliver them up, as 
+
+
+fmitten with the charms of Alcefte he had already 
+married her. Acaftus in confluence of this n- 
+fufal laid wafte the country, and Admetus (juitting 
+his capital to repel thefe ravages was unhappily taken 
+
+priloner. It was then that Alccfte, obedient only 
+
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF IIERCUL.ES. 
+
+
+379 
+
+
+(0 the dictates of conjugal aftedtion, offered to fur- 
+render herfelf into the hands of her brother, if he 
+would reftore the liberty of Admetus. The ex¬ 
+change was accepted, and Alcefte, fays the fable, 
+had juft been offered up as a facrifice where Al- 
+cides met Death and encountered him; he found 
+means to vanquifh him, and binding him with 
+chains of adamant, refufed to fet him at liberty on 
+any other condition but that of reftoring Alcefte 
+to life. Death was forced to accede to the terms, 
+and Hercules conduced the tender, generous Al- 
+ceftc to her hufband Admetus. Hiftory makes no 
+mention of the treacherous counfel given by Me¬ 
+dea to the daughters of Pelias ; on the contrary we 
+fhall fee in the hiftory of Jafon, that many crimes 
+were by the poets attributed to Medea of which 
+fire never was guilty. It is not difficult to explain 
+this ftory of Alcefte. Hiftory informs us, that 
+Admetus being conquered by Acaftus, and taken 
+prifoner, was obliged to deliver to him Alcefte: 
+fie had already pafied the river Acheron on her 
+return to the dominions of her brother, when they 
+were met by Alcides, who engaged Acaftus, and 
+compelled him to give up Alcefte, whom he car¬ 
+ried back to her hufband. 
+
+In the time of Hercules the Amazons were very 
+famous, and by their conquefts over their neigh¬ 
+bours, became extremely formidable. Euryftheus 
+fent Hercules againft thefe illuftrious female war¬ 
+riors. 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+380 
+
+riors, enjoining him to bring back their treafures. 
+This hero embarked on the Euxine Tea, and ar¬ 
+rived on the banks of the river Thermodon. He 
+attacked thefe heroines, obtained a complete 
+viftory, and to reward the affiftance he had re¬ 
+ceived from Thefeus, gave him in marriage Ar.- 
+tiope, orHippolyta, their queen, whom he had tak 
+prifoner. Menalippe 
+
+
+en 
+
+
+aicended the vacant 
+throne, and to obtain peace, confented to give up 
+the major part of her riches. Thefe females, whole 
+territory was contiguous to that of the Scythians, 
+would permit no man to re fide among them; they 
+every year went to vifit their hufbands, and at 
+thefe interviews, refigned to them all the male in¬ 
+fants, referving the females, whom they brought 
+up to the profefficn of arms. They had a culloin 
+of burning their right breaft, to give them greater 
+facility in drawing the bow. The hiftory of tiiefe 
+warlike females lias frequently been called 1 
+queftion, but the truth of their exigence is attefled 
+by Herodotus, Diodorus Siculus, Paufamas, Plu¬ 
+tarch, and feveral other rdpedable hiftorians. 
+They reigned over that part of Scythia which bor¬ 
+ders on the river Thermodon. Penthcfilea one ol 
+their queens carried affiftance to Priam, during the 
+fiegeofTroy, and was flain by Achilles. Qi. nntu - 
+
+Curtins likewife allures us, that one of their queeiu 
+
+went to vifit Alexander. 
+
+Hercules accompanied the Argonauts to the 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+conaueit 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+381 
+
+conqueft of the Golden Fleece, but did not go to 
+die end of the expedition, landing in the road, in 
+fearch of Hylas, who had either loft his way, or 
+was drowned in going to fetch water for his com¬ 
+panions. The Argonauts perceiving he did not 
+return, purfued their courfe without him, and 
+Hercules finding them gone dire died his route to¬ 
+wards the city of Troy, part of whole walls had 
+recently been waflied away by an inundation of the 
+fea. It was reported, that Neptune had taken this 
+method of revenging himfelf on Laomedon, and 
+that, to lave the city from deftrudtion, they muft 
+expofe a virgin to be devoured by a fea monfter. 
+The lot for this purpofe, fell upon Hefione, 
+daughter of Laomedon. In the mean time, 
+Hercules arrived and offered to deliver the 
+princefs, on condition of receiving fix horfes, 
+fwift as the wind, who could traverle the waves 
+without finking, (that is, fix good galleys, which 
+were neceflary for his return.) Hefione was 
+delivered, but Laomedon refilled the galleys. 
+Lnraged at his perfidy and ingratitude, Hercules 
+attacked and took the city, carried off Hefione, 
+whom he bellowed in marriage upon Telamon, 
+killed Laomedon, and gave the crown to Podar- 
+cus, that prince’s foil. This fea. monfter, was 
+nothing but the inundation of the fea. The king 
+promifed his daughter to whoever fhould find 
+means of defending the city from their ravages. 
+
+This 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+'CUli'S. 
+
+
+3 ** 
+
+This Hercules effedted, and punifhed Laomedon 
+
+(or having violated his word. Such is the origin of 
+die fable we have juft related. 
+
+It would be impoffible to give an exact account 
+
+of all the labours, combats and victories of Aici.ics. 
+
+4 
+
+or rather of all the celebrated characters that l.uve 
+at different times borne the name of Hei 
+He of Thebes was the moft illuftrious of all, and 
+to him they attributed the heroick actions of all 
+thofe who attempted to tread in his fteps. The 
+Theban Hercules after having executed the lab r:i\ 
+impofed upon him by Euryftheus, and thoie v. inch 
+his own courage led him to undertake, conaivd 
+an ardent affection for Idle, daughter of Euptrs; 
+this paffion proved fatal to iiimfelf and to I>;a:.ira 
+whom he had efpoufed in Italy. The valour of 
+Hercules could not protect him from the power 
+of love ; fometimes his paflions even nude him 
+forgetful of his glory. Being fent for into l.yilh 
+to combat a monftrous ferpent which defcLuu the 
+country, he faw and wiihed to pleaie Omphaio 
+daughter to the king of u. :l country. 'I his jnin- 
+
+cels, proud of her aicendcncy ovcj' lo great a hero, 
+
+^ • 
+
+obliged him to degrade himfelf fo far as to lp>n 
+among her women. He exchanged his club )oj 
+the difbifT, and laid afidc the Hein or the Nenic j :ui 
+lion to clothe himlelf in the attire of a won.an; 
+but this delufion could not continue long; he 
+
+
+heard of new adventures, indignant burll the c 
+
+
+hains 
+
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES* 
+
+
+I 
+
+I 
+
+«"* 
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES* 383 
+
+that bound him, and thought no more of any thing 
+but glory. Before we relate the manner of his 
+death, we mufi: inform our readers, that a fhort 
+time after his marriage with Dejanira he engaged 
+in new expeditions. Being arrived at the banks of 
+the little river Evenus, he found it by the melting 
+of the fnows increafed to a rapid torrent. Neflus, 
+whom the fable defcribes as a Centaur, (becaufe he 
+was conftantly on horfeback) offered to take De- 
+janira behind him, and tranfport her to the other 
+lide, to which Hercules confented. Neflus being; 
+come to the oppofite bank, thinking himfelf fecure 
+from Hercules, infultcd and attempted to carry ofl' 
+Dejanira; but the hero let fly an arrow ftceped in the 
+blood of the Hydra, and gave him a mortal wound. 
+Perceiving his death approach, Neflus gave his 
+robe to Dejanira, alluring her that it had the pro¬ 
+perty of preventing the affections of Hercules 
+from wandering to another. The credulous De- 
+janira preferved this fatal prefent, and having- 
+pci drived the tendernels of hicrculcs for I ole, 
+knt him the veil of iaeffos at the moment he 
+
+was S°' in S t0 J^crilicc on Mount (Ida: but no 
+ieoncr had lie placed tins deadly <dft upon lm 
+
+
+nody than, leized with friyhtiul pains, he felt 
+himleif conlluncd by a devouiin;^ fire, j Jr ran to 
+c °nlult the oracle, which having informed him 
+that his difeafe admitted of no cure, hr returned m 
+
+
+* 
+
+i 
+
+
+Oita 
+
+
+(. U l S ; 
+
+
+
+3*4 
+
+
+LABOURS OF HERCULES. 
+
+
+tetcs; here with his own hands he raifed a 
+
+
+pile 
+
+
+which he covered with the fkin of the Nemean 
+lion, and extending himfelf upon it, his head fup. 
+ported by his club, gave orders to Philoftetes to 
+fet it on fire. This faithful friend had fworn to 
+obey him j he applied the fatal torch, and the hero, 
+with his laft looks exafting the execution of his 
+promife, was in a few minutes reduced to allies. 
+Thus perifhed the valiant Alcides in the fifty, 
+fecond year of his age, and about thirty years be¬ 
+fore the war of Troy. The unhappy Dcjanira, 
+unable to furvive his lofs, died of grief at T rachina, 
+and requefted to be interred at the foot of mount 
+GEta, near the city which was afterwards cal 1 u 
+Herculia. 
+
+Afterthe deathof this hero he became the conii;;;:: 
+fubjeft of poetical fidtion. It was pretended that on 
+his arrival in heaven he efpoufed Hebe, the godcieis 
+of youth (in allufion to immortality.) Atlas, lays 
+the fable, who bore the heavens upon his fhouldcrs 
+felt fenfibly the additional increafe to his uccui- 
+tomed burden. 
+
+Hercules, according to the poets, having pre¬ 
+ferred himfelf in the lifts at the Olympic Games, 
+and meeting with none who dared oppole him, 
+Jupiter himfelf aftumed the form of a wrcftler : 
+
+
+U 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+an 
+
+
+encountered him. 
+
+He likewife contended with Apollo, 
+
+attempted to carry oft 7 the tripod at Dclphos- 
+
+Hiilory 
+
+
+
+
+•LABOURS OF HERCULES. 38.) 
+
+Hiftory gives us the origin of this laft fable; it 
+fays that Hercules going to confult the oracle at 
+Delptios, received an unfavourable anfwer from 
+the prieftefs, which fo enraged him that he carried 
+away the tripod from the temple; but the Pythia 
+having reproached him with injuftice, and with 
+deviating from the fteps of the Egyptian Hercules, 
+whom he had adopted as his model, he was fo 
+(truck widi the rebuke that he returned the tripod. 
+
+Before his death he impofed an oath upon Phi- 
+loftetes that he would never difclofe the place of 
+his interment, nor that where he had depofited his 
+arrows. An oracle having foretold, that Troy 
+could never be taken without the arrows of Her¬ 
+cules, and the difcovery of his tomb, Ulyffes, 
+the moft eloquent and mod artful of the Greeks, 
+was charged with this commiffion. Philo&etes 
+dared not violate his oath, but either feduced or 
+perfuaded, went fo far as to make a lign with his 
+
+foot, which did noc e'icape the penetration of 
+
+* 
+
+Ulyffes; he difcovered the urn and the arrows, 
+and prevailed on Philodletes to accompany him 
+to the fiege of Troy. This breach of fidelity did 
+not go unpunifhed. Philodtetes having one day 
+the arrows of Hercules in his hand, one of them 
+flipped and fell upon trie foot which had difclofed 
+the fecrct. The wound became fo angry and 
+0 lien five that his companions taking advantage 
+of his abfcnce, abandoned him to his pains and 
+
+C c remorfe 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+
+386 HISTORY OF HERCULES’ SUCCESSORS. 
+
+remorfe on the ifland of Lemnos. This ungene¬ 
+rous perfidy availed the Greeks but little, they 
+
+4 
+
+•were commanded by the oracle to make fatisiV- 
+tion to Philoftetes. Ulyfifes was now employed 
+to deprecate his anger, and was again fuccefsful- 
+Philodletes fullered himfelf to be conve}’ed to the 
+Grecian camp, where his wound was cured by 
+Machaon, fon of Efculapius. 
+
+Hercules is generally reprefented under the form 
+of a man extremely robuft, leaning upon a club, 
+his fhoulders covered with the'fkin of che Nemean 
+lion; the head of which fometimes coverin': his 
+own, gives him an appearance ftill more terrible. 
+His hair appears bulhy, and his beard firong and 
+black. The furnames of this hero were as nume¬ 
+rous as the countries which had been the theatre 
+of his exploits. 
+
+
+HISTORY of the SUCCESSORS or HERCULES. 
+
+
+This hero is fo celebrated that we think 
+it our duty to give fome lhort account of his 
+fucceffors. 
+
+Ceyx took charge of the education of the 
+children of Hercules. Euryftheus, apprehenlive 
+of feeing them foon in a condition to afiir f 
+tlifir pretenfions to the crown of Mycena', threat¬ 
+ened the king of Trachine with a war, unkls 
+
+iie 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF HERCULES* SUCCESSORS. 387 
+
+
+he banifhed them from his court, as well as Iolas, 
+and the troops who were determined to follow the 
+fortunes of Hercules and his children. Terrified 
+at this threat, Ceyx ordered them to quit his do¬ 
+minions. On their departure from him they were 
+favourably received by Epalius, king of the Da¬ 
+mns, who even adopted Hyllus, fon of Hercules, 
+and Dejanira. It was thus he acknowledged his 
+gratitude to that hero for having re-eltablifhed 
+him in the pofieffion of his throne. 
+
+Some time after, the defendants of Hercules 
+were again compelled to fly, when Theleus, a rela¬ 
+tion and friend of Hercules, gave them an afylum 
+in Attica. Euryftheus wifhing to drive them from 
+hence alfo, the Athenians affembled their forces 
+and gave him battle, under the conduft of Theleus 
+and Hyllus ; this latter with his own hands killed 
+Euryllheus, and with him perifhed his whole 
+family. Such was the end of this branch of the 
+fticcefTors of I’erfeus. The crown of Mycense 
+
+4 
+
+then defended to the family of Pelops. Atretis, 
+fon of that prince, was governor of Myccnm, and 
+on the death of Kuryflheus catiled himfelf to be 
+declared king. 
+
+
+The Heraclicles went to ellablifir themflves in 
+the Pcloponnefus, of which they had made them- 
+felves m.iflcrs; but a pdlilence having deftroyed 
+their army, they were informed by the oracle that 
+it would not ceafe till they lhould leave the coun¬ 
+
+
+try ; 
+
+
+e c 2 
+
+
+
+' 388 HISTORY OF HERCULES’ SUCCESSORS. 
+
+try; the fame oracle commanded them not to 
+return till after the third harvePc. They departed, 
+but thinking they had obeyed the oracle, return;--! 
+at the end of three years. They were however 
+defeated by Atreus, and Thom reus one cf the chiefs 
+of the Heradides was (lain. Hyllus, feeing thm; th? 
+war was likely to be protraded to a long pc 1 lor i, pm., 
+pefed to engage in Angle combat whoever Piod.l H 
+oppofed to him, on condition that if lie came n.i 
+conqueror, Atreus fbould yield the crown of My¬ 
+cenae to the Heradides, but that in cafe he iheui-. 
+be vanquifhed, his defeendants fhotild net enter 
+Pcloponnefus till after the expiration of a century. 
+
+Echemus, king of Arcadia, accepted his ck.U 
+lenge, killed Hyllus, and obliged the Hcrarii-.k-s 
+to abandon Peioponnefus according to their oY.-r. 
+agreement. 
+
+Clodeus, fon of Hyllus, after fomc time again 
+attempted, but in vain, to enter this country, he 
+loft Ariftomachus, one of his fons, in the attempt. 
+
+Temenes, Chrefphontes and Ariftodennis, his 
+
+% 
+
+three remaining fons, having equipped a fiect at 
+
+
+Naupadtus, Arnus, a famous augur at that time, 
+
+wifhed to join them, but being taken for a Ipy 
+
+was put to death. The peftilence again breaking 
+
+out, to procure a deliverance from it they infiitutcd 
+
+games to his honour. The Heradides at hi ft fuc- 
+
+ceeded in gaining pofTeflion of Argos, Lacedauon 
+
+and Mycenae : they extended their conquePm, mid 
+
+ihc; 1 v 
+
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+3 8 9 
+
+♦ 
+
+Portly all Peloponnefus became fubjedt to the de¬ 
+scendants of Hercules. This return of the Hera- 
+clides happened about four hundred and eighty 
+years after the capture of Troy, and conftitutes 
+one of the principal epochs in the hiftory of Greece. 
+It is even regarded as the mod exaft of them all, 
+which led us to believe that it would be of fervice 
+to remark it. 
+
+
+VOYAGE or the ARGONAUTS—CONQUEST 
+of the GOLDEN FLEECE.—HISTORY- 
+
+of JASON and MEDEA. 
+
+Ther e is no event recorded in the hiftory 
+of Greece more famous or more abounding in fic¬ 
+tion, than the conqueft of the Golden Fleece. 
+There are few authors who do not mention it, and 
+though many of their works are loft, there ftill 
+remain three poems upon this expedition; that 
+of Onomacritus, compofed about five hundred 
+years before the Chriftian aera; that of Apollonius 
+the Rhodian, who lived in the time of the Ptole¬ 
+mies; and that of Valerius Flaccus, who wrote 
+under Vcfpafian. To form a juft idea of this 
+voyage, we muft regard it as a military expedition, 
+undertaken by the moft illuftrious warriors of 
+Greece, to recover the treafures which Phryxus 
+had carried to Colchis, and at the fame time to 
+
+c c 3 eftabliih 
+
+
+
+39° 
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+eftablifh a maritime commerce, and form new f a *„ 
+dements or colonies, in the countries they Jhould 
+difcover. To infure fuccefs, feveral fhips and 
+many people were neceffary; it is evident they 
+were provided with both, fince the companions of 
+Caftor and Pollux founded the colonies of the 
+Tyndarides and the Heniochians. 
+
+The fhip Argo alone is celebrated, but it ap¬ 
+pears that this was the Admiral’s fhip, on board 
+of which were the chiefs of the expedition, 
+all Greece took part in this enterprize, and as v,c 
+meet with it continually in fabulous hiftory, v.r 
+ihall give the molt effential particulars conccrair: 
+
+
+A ; 
+
+U l > 
+
+
+• ♦ 
+
+
+its origin. 
+
+Athamas, fon of iEolus, and great grand fun of 
+
+Deucalion, was king of Thebes. His fir it wife 
+
+was ino, daughter of Cadmus, whom he divorced 
+
+home time after to efpoufe Nephele ; by whom he 
+
+had Phryxus and Plelle. Nephele having fliov.i- 
+
+i'ymptoms of a. derangement of mind, Athanm 
+
+became reconciled to Ino, who mortally dctcllui 
+
+the children of her rival, by right of feniority lick 
+
+to the crown. 'The weak and inconllant Athanun 
+
+fullered hiinfelf to be perfuaded by Ino, tin’ 
+
+Nephele had poifonecl the grain, and ocoali 
+
+the famine which had depopulated Thebes. T 1 m- 
+
+bale calumny (Ire caufed to be confirmed by the 
+
+prielts, who declared in tire name of the orach' 
+
+* 
+
+that the fcourgc could only be removed by iam 
+
+
+lOIKM 
+
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+39 1 
+
+
+ficing the two children of Ncphele. Phryxus, 
+informed by one ot the priefts of the barbarous 
+project of Ino, fecretly equipped a veil'd, found 
+means to carry off part of his father’s treafures, 
+and, accompanied by his filter I Idle, embarked to 
+feck an afylum with his relation, /[fetes, king of 
+Colchis. During the voyage, the young Helle 
+fell from the veil'd into the fea, and there perifhcd. 
+This circumftance occafioned that part of the lea 
+to be ever after called the TIdlefpont. 
+
+Such is the origin of the table invented by the 
+poets of the ram with the golden fleece. 
+
+They fay, that Phryxus and Helle mounted 
+this ram to efcape from their cruel ftcp-mother, 
+and that Helle, terrified by the rolling of the waves, 
+fell from its back and was drowned. The veil'd 
+was exprcffed by a ram, becaufe it carried the 
+reprefcntation of that animal on its prow 
+even wifhed to affign it a genealogy. Hiflory 
+goes on to inform us, that Phryxus arrived hap¬ 
+pily at Colchis, where he interred his filter Helle, 
+and confecrated the prow of his veil'd to Jupiter 
+Phryxus, or the Prel'crver. 
+
+
+
+Phryxus while at Colchis cfpoufed Chaleiope, 
+
+daughter of /Petes. I he lirll years of their mar- 
+♦ 
+
+mge palled away very happily ; ihry were bk It 
+with four children; but dretes, envious of the riches 
+of his Ion inlaw, eauled him to be ;d:h(!inatcJ, and 
+Uialnopc, loprelervc herchildren from ihv bailu- 
+
+
+^ <•' 4 
+
+
+• f \ 1 ' 
+» 4 
+
+
+
+
+39 
+
+
+VOYAGE 0? THE ARCONAUTS. 
+
+
+cretu 
+
+
+rous and criminal avarice of her father, ft 
+provided a veffel and lent them into Greece, hopir - 
+as hie had heard of the death of I no, that Atiuina 
+would remember his fon, and receive favour.Ph 
+his grand-children. A ftorm, in which the ir vef'd 
+
+was wrecked, threw the children upon an iflan-!. 
+
+•* 
+
+where they remained till the arrival of julon, u.V, 
+conducted them back to their mother; and 
+dope out of gratitude for this fervice, {Ii-. '-uh-.! 
+the paffion which Jafon had conceived for h< r 
+Medea. At this time Pelias, a relation of. 
+reigned over part ofTiieflalyj he had ufurjvd :l;e 
+crown which by right belonged to /Ef on, and ir > 
+feries of tyrannical aftions had rendered 
+odious to his people. 
+
+' Being informed that Alcymede, wife of At fon, 
+
+
+iL 
+
+
+• *- i: dl * 
+
+
+was juft delivered of a fon, he endeavoured fy 
+every method to deftrov him, as the oracle lid 
+foretold that he fliould be dethroned by a jiriiwe 
+of the race of the/Bolides. /Eion and A lev me A 
+
+
+
+of the black de firms of IVlus. 
+
+_ 
+
+caufed it to be reported that the young Dioindv. 
+(the original name of Jafon) was dangeroully u! 
+and foon after, that he was dead; they even pi r- 
+formed the ceremony of his funeral. J laving thus 
+eluded Pelias, Alcymede carried her Ion up" 
+mount Peiion, and delivered him into (lie harm 
+of Chiron, the wife ft and mo If c n 1 • • ■ htcntrcl man < 1 
+
+J < J 
+
+his time. Jt was umder this IkiJfu! preceptor dot 
+
+y a 
+
+
+
+VOYACF. OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+393 
+
+
+Tifon acquired tluit knowledge which afleiwaiels 
+
+J * • r* Ml A _ 
+
+
+•endered him fo ilhiftrious 
+
+
+Having attained the age of twenty-one, this 
+young prince went to coniult the oracle, by which 
+he was ordered to clothe himidf after the manner 
+of the Magncfians, to add the fkin of a leopard, 
+like that worn by Chiron, to provide himfclf with 
+nvo fpears, ami liras equipped to prefent himfelr 
+
+
+l «- 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+the injur-fl ions of the oracle, but in going from 
+mount Pdion to the city, it was nccdiary to crofs 
+the river Anaurus, which at that time had over¬ 
+flowed its banks. Juno, fays the fable, difguifed 
+as an old woman, ofierce! to tra.ofport him to the 
+oppofite fide, but in the paflage this young prince 
+loll one of his fhoes; and Pdias had been warned 
+
+by the oracle to beware of the man who Ihould 
+¥ 
+
+appear before him with but one /hoc. Jafon 
+however arrived at Iolchos. Ilis beauty, youth, 
+and even the fingularity of his cliferefs, 
+ing every eye, Pdias iiimfelf wifiied to receive 
+ftrangeti but perceiving his naked foot, 
+
+that this was the 
+
+
+
+this 
+
+
+longer doubted 
+
+
+man 
+
+
+he no 
+
+pointed out by the oracle. He adopted the re lb- 
+lution however to diflemble, and begged the 
+ftranger to inform him of his name. Jafon, with 
+a noble afftirance, told him that he was fon of/Efon; 
+related the manner in which he had been brought 
+
+<r> 
+
+up in the care of the centaur, Chiron; and con- 
+
+k I ; 9'^ 
+
+
+
+
+VOYAGE Of THE ARCON’AU'i, 
+
+
+eluded by addreffing himfeif to the chiefs of r'v 
+affernbly, from whom he learned the refidenct 
+his father, was concluded to him and acknow- 
+led ged, while the tyrant who had remarked i'. f 
+interefl which the prefence of this youno- 
+
+i J l * “ • 
+
+infpired in his behalf, dared make no attempt aga::,:'. 
+him. 
+
+
+Pheres, who reigned over part of Thcluiv, 
+hearing of the arrival of his nephew, came to Iolcia:.-, 
+accompanied by his fon Admctus, and lent to fad. 
+his two other fans, Neleus and Amithaon, , 
+were eftabliihed in Meflina. When thefe 
+
+
+* tv;i 
+
+
+1i i 
+
+were met together, during live days they celeb", 
+feafts; on the fixth, Jalbn, with his father and 
+uncles, concerted mealurcs to drive the lifer;..: 
+from the throne. Accompanied by his faniih hr 
+went to the palace of the king, and demanded the 
+crown which by right belonged to him, t. ..it.; 
+Pelias he might keep polfeffion of the riche-, 
+own ambition being only glory. Pelias, detellc! 
+by his people, and alloniHied at language lb 
+dared not refufe Jafon, whole courage and n 
+countenance engaged the hearts of all who beln: 
+
+
+bo!! 
+
+
+omc 
+
+
+him ; perceiving likewife the cagcrnels of iso 
+young prince to fignalize himfeif, he told him, 
+that the unhappy Phryxus, their relation, and f.c 
+them defeended from Aeolus, had been maliacnu 
+at Colchis, that he had appeared to him in n di cam, 
+defiring him to revenge Iris murder, and lave ho 
+
+
+YOYAGL Ob 1HT ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+3 tf 5 
+
+
+m 
+
+H chiklreHj, who were perpetually expoied to the 
+
+M cruelty of an avaricious and barbarous tyrant, 
+
+•*§ i J 
+
+•f His ape, he added, would not permit him to under- 
+
+I cake this voyage, but lie be fought Jafon to appeafe 
+| the manes of Phryxus, promiiing on his return to 
+< refign to him the crown. lie then related how 
+
+[ o 
+« 
+
+Phryxus, when he iled from Thebes, had carried 
+with him a fleece of moff ineftimable value, by 
+recovering which he would gain immortal glory 
+and immenfe riches: lie did not conceal from him 
+the dangers he would have to encounter; the crafty 
+old man knew very well that thefe would only 
+llinuilatc the courage of this young hero. Ilis 
+harangue had die defired elFcdt; Jalbn immediately 
+accepted the propofal, and to give greater lultre 
+to the expedition, he invited all die princes of 
+f'recce to accompany him. Whilll thefe were 
+flocking to the Jlandard of Jafon in Thefialy, a 
+
+iroper for fo long a voyage, 
+
+
+vt-llci was eon 
+
+
+
+and this was the celebrated fhip, Argo, concerning 
+■vliich fo many wonders are related. 
+
+The origin of this mine is differently explained. 
+■Some lay, riiat the plan of it was drawn by Argus, 
+and that from him ir took its name. Odums derive 
+it from die Greek woid .mgr, lwifr, light; others 
+•‘gain imagine, that it was built at Argos ; and 
+hhdy, ionic fuppole it to come fium the word 
+
+bccaule it was employed to carry the 
+
+Greeks. 
+
+
+
+3 9 6 
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUT;*, 
+
+
+In the fame mariber, there are different ouj*;,, 
+
+i 14 ‘ ' * 
+
+concerning the quality of the wood, which w- 
+made ufe of in conflrufting it; but it is iliilici,-,- 
+for us to remark, that the malt was formed, of 
+tree taken from the forefr of Dodona, which 
+rife to the fable that it rendered oracles. 
+
+
+The Hr an e of this veffel was long, lik 
+
+
+e tr 
+
+
+a 
+
+a, ^ 
+
+
+Hey. 
+
+
+Trading velTels were neneralh/ o 1 
+
+
+tD 
+
+
+round form. The number of thofe who embarhej 
+on this expedition is computed at fifty-two. 
+
+It was firf: propofed to confer the honour of 
+the command upon Hercules, but he I:i-nfc!i 
+pointed out Jafon as their chief, as he was the 
+original cauie of the expedition. Tiphys, a ikl- 
+ful mariner, who, for that reafon, was fuppofd to 
+be the fon of Neptune, they chofe for their pik:; 
+Lynceus, by the quicknefs of his fight, difeovead 
+the fhoals; and Orpheus, by the harmony of hi 
+voice and lyre, dilpclled the wearinefs of fo lot: 
+a voyage. We fhall not enter into a particular 
+account of all the Argonauts, but content our- 
+felves with obferving, that in this expedition v.crc 
+engaged the mod: diftinguilhed perfons ofGiu.c, 
+either for their birth or valour. The art of liti¬ 
+gation was at that time fo little underfoot!, that 
+they feldom ventured to lofe fight of land, 'J he 
+centaur, Chiron, was confulted upon the eounc 
+they were to purfuc ; they defired him to comp<A 
+a new almanack and reform the old one, wliidi' : - 
+
+
+
+
+• « 
+
+
+L 
+
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+397 
+
+
+did, and brought it juft as they had finifhed their 
+iacrifices. He gave them his advice, and with 
+his laid farewell mingled his prayers for the fuccefs 
+of his pupil, Jafon, whom he tenderly loved. We 
+learn from hiftory that Chiron was then entrufted 
+with the education of Achilles j a certain proof 
+that the expedition of the Argonauts took place a 
+ihort time before the Trojan war, of which Achilles 
+was the moft illuftrious hero. 
+
+
+The Argonauts had at fir ft a profperous voyage, 
+but a ftorm foon obliged them to caft anchor at 
+
+
+the ifland of Lemnos. The women of that ifland 
+having, according to the poets, failed in their re- 
+Teeft towards Venus ; that goddefs, to punifh them, 
+inipired their hu(bands with fuch averhon, that 
+they abandoned them for the (laves of Thrace. 
+Cm aged at fuch contempt, they availed themfelvcs 
+of the abfence of the greater part of their hufbands 
+
+
+writers. 
+
+
+to mafiacre thofe which remained. Hypfipyle 
+alone fp.arecl her father, Thdas, king of the ifland. 
+This circumftance is mentioned by all the ancient 
+
+It was at this period the Argonauts 
+apived. The Lcmnian women thinking they were 
+their hufbands, prepared to attack them, but learn¬ 
+ing that they were the Argonauts, they gave them a 
+favourable reception. From Lemnos "they fet fail 
+for Samothracia, to fulfil a vow which Orpheus 
+bad made during the temped:. They firft pro¬ 
+ceeded to the country of the Tyrrhenians, who 
+
+
+
+
+oppofing 
+
+
+
+voYACh or i]:r. 
+
+
+xncos.w rv 
+
+
+oppofing them, a bloody battle enfued, in 
+all the heroes of the expedition were v-oir 
+with the exception of Glaucus, who difin 
+
+
+V'ir« . 
+
+ri “■ ( » 
+
+
+and gave rife to the fable already mentioned, 
+
+
+he was received among the number of the 
+
+
+rears 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+deities. From thence the Argonauts enteral th 
+Hellefpont, fleered towards Afia, and landed aiirie 
+above Troas. It v/as here Hercules, llylas and Te¬ 
+lamon abandoned them. The departure or Her 
+cules gave them no concern, as he himfelf cor- 
+fumed the greater part of their provifions. 
+From thence they continued their courie t 
+
+Cvzicus. atownfituated at the foot of Mount Dvr.. 
+# 
+
+climus, at that time governed by a king of the 
+name of Cyzicus. Here they met with giants 
+having fix legs and fix arms (that is to iav vt;- 
+
+O O > 
+
+fels and galleys). Cyzicus received them hdum 
+bly, and furnilhed them with provifions. They 
+fet fail from the town, tut in the night, nurr:::; 
+
+ft 
+
+with contrary wind, were: forced to return, .i:d 
+Cyzicus, who thought them already at a great 
+difhmce, imagining it to be the Felaigi, his natm.d 
+
+
+enemies, attempted to 
+
+
+byj 
+
+
+oppofe them, am! 
+
+. » • 
+
+'This prince, to expiate Iw. it 
+
+
+* • 
+
+voluntary crime, bellowed on Cyzicus a mapnn- 
+
+cent funeral, he then offered a iblemn iacrtf.rr to 
+
+r!;e mother of the gods, and built her a unijiv 
+
+♦ 
+
+upon Mount Dyndiim.s. Clytc, wife of Cy. 
+unable to lurvivc the lob; ol her Jiulbajid, dr^i 
+
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+3.09 
+
+
+¥ - rj 
+
+
+If ffiortlv after of grief and regret. From Cyzicus 
+Xi they proceeded to Bebrycia, (the original name of 
+f Bithynia) at that time governed by Amyous. This 
+| prince excelled in the combat of the cedus. He 
+V; gave a challenge to Pollux, who accepted it j but 
+Amycus having treacheroully waylaid them, was flain 
+by Pollux and his companions. Quitting this 
+place, they were carried by a gale of wind upon 
+■ the coaft of Thrace, near the dominions of Phi- 
+neus. This prince, old and blind, was incefiantly 
+tormented by the Harpies. 
+
+Here fiedion continually intermixes itfelf with 
+hiftory, but it will not be difficult to didinguifh 
+them from each other. Phineus had two fons by 
+a former wife. Idea, daughter of Dardanus, his 
+
+
+lecond wife, invented 
+
+
+O 
+
+the 
+
+
+blacked calumnies 
+
+
+againd thefe children, and at lad perfuaded the weak 
+and credulous Phineus, that he could not befecure 
+from the dangers with which they threatened him 
+
+
+but by putting out their eyes, and this piece of 
+barbarity was actually put in execution. Boreas, 
+their uncle, who reigned over part of Thrace, be¬ 
+ing informed of this cruelty, hadened to revenge 
+his nephews, defeated Phineus, and in like man¬ 
+ner deprived him of fight. It was fubfequent to 
+thefe events that the Argonauts arrived; Phi- 
+ncus received them favourably, and offered 
+to conduft them over the Cyancan rocks 
+vduch were extremely dangerous. In gratitude 
+
+for 
+
+
+
+
+
+VOYAGE OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+for his reception, the Argonauts enp;ao-ed C~u\. 
+and Zethes, Tons of Boreas, who had win<? s r t )„ r 
+
+O \ • **u 
+
+is veiTels with fails) to go in purfuit of the 
+Harpies, (by which are meant corf airs 
+
+
+who 
+
+
+1 ~ y • < % 
+
+1 u. V. 1 .yj j 
+
+
+— - J * I 
+
+laid wafte the country). Thefe they pnrfuul to 
+the ides called Strophades, where they loll 
+of them. 
+
+It was in acknowledgment for this kindaefj u,r. 
+Phineus gave them pilots to conduct then 
+the Cyanean rocks, which were called Symniw- 
+ades, becaufe they feemed to' clafh again;': each 
+other. The Argonauts, terrified at the fijh of 
+this ftrait, let fly a dove, which pa fled it happily, 
+and ferved them as a guide. This dove, which the 
+(Tory mentions, w f as the light veflel which .Phinois 
+gave them, to point out the track they were to 
+follow. 
+
+
+This experiment of the Argonaut 
+
+
+r, rf!- 
+
+
+j uirc nunc 
+
+
+known the above paflage, which the Greeks after¬ 
+wards made ufe of, to eftablifh their commerce 
+along the coafi; of the Euxine fca. Having pallid 
+this (Trait, they turned towards Afia, and lanital 
+in the country of the Marinndynians, by whole 
+king, Lyons, they were well received. 1 Icrr tluir 
+pilot, Tiphys, died, and was fuccecded in hit 
+employment by Anceus. Compelled by flrefs of 
+weather to land in the . ifle of Arecia, they r.v rc 
+found the children of Piiryxus, whom they 
+with them to Colchis ; but on quitting this iL'.nd, 
+
+
+♦ « 
+
+
+t ;i r . 
+
+
+
+ARRIVAL OF THE ARGONAUTS. 401 
+
+they had a fevere conteft to maintain againft its 
+inhabitants. The fable defcribes this combat by 
+faying, that they found birds, who by difcharg- 
+ing their quills did great execution. This was 
+the manner in which they reprefent the arrows 
+made ufe of by the inhabitants during this com¬ 
+bat. At laft, after many difficulties, they reached 
+the port of JEa, capital of Colchis, the theatre of 
+their grand adventures. 
+
+
+ARRIVAL of the ARGONAUTS in COLCHIS. 
+
+
+7T ^ 
+
+
+:tes learning the arrival of Jafon, and 
+the reafon of his coming, thought only how he 
+might deftroy him, or at lead engage him to re- 
+linquifh his defign of demanding a reftitution of 
+the treafurcs of Phryxus. He prefcribed to him 
+conditions which it feemed impoflible to be com¬ 
+plied with. 
+
+Before we relate thefe conditions, and the whole 
+of that fabulous narration, it is necellary to ob- 
+feive, that it was written in the Phoenician lan- 
+
+
+guage, which was brought into Greece by Cadmus. 
+
+This language had a vaft number of words of 
+an ambiguous meaning, or of a lignification en- 
+tirely unknown; it is not at all furprifing then, 
+that the poets fhould have intermixed fo many 
+fiftons and wonders with the truths of hi dory. 
+
+D o This 
+
+
+
+ARRIVAL OK THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+402 
+
+
+'This celebrated conqueft produced ieveral j 
+ems and tragedies, in -which the events were 
+
+
+Ki¬ 
+
+
+lt is even with 
+
+
+Mill - 
+
+
+regret w e hr.d 
+
+
+reprefented. 
+that the famous tragedian Euripides receive 
+
+
+'1 
+4 V 
+
+
+bribe from the Corinthians to blacken the 
+
+
+mar... - 
+
+
+ry of Medea. Thefe particulars we fhall give i :i 
+the hiftory of that princefs, but at }) re lent pur:i.e 
+the disfigured account, which it is abfolutdv 
+ccfiary to be acquainted with. 
+
+Apollonius of Rhodes, and Onomacritus v< 
+that Jafon being equally beloved by Juno and Mi- 
+nerva, thofe goddeifes agreed to inlpirc MA. • 
+with a pailion for him, as by her knowie.i 
+the art of magic Ihe could protect him 
+
+
+I: j::i 
+
+
+dangers. 
+
+
+M 
+
+
+,r 1 
+
+
+k i ^ t 
+
+
+a, already prejudiced in his .k .01 
+
+
+by her filter Calciope, met him in the tempi 
+Idecate, where both were come to impior. 
+fervices of that godclels. Jafon, 
+
+
+cnr.nr.. 
+
+
+' - 
+
+
+the fight of Medea, and acquainted wiii: 
+power, demanded her a hifiance, which Ike : 
+mifed, on condition of receiving his hand. d. 
+exchanging vows, they feparated, and bA 
+
+
+1 * V • 
+
+
+f' ^ 
+
+
+
+
+V . . 
+
+
+fought by every method in her power to law k: 
+hufband. To efTccl the conquell of tiie Cuk;.:; 
+Fleece it was necefiiiry firft to reduce to die \Ac 
+two bulls (a prelent from Vulcan) having hen:; 
+
+
+
+
+and feet of brals, and torrents of lire munig uern 
+their nollrils. When this was accomplilhcd, tiny 
+
+were to be (aliened to a plough of Adaman!, m;d 
+
+employed 
+
+
+
+ARRIVAL OK THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+4O3 
+
+
+employed in turning up four acres of ground 
+( onfecrated to the god Mars, which had never be¬ 
+fore been cultivated. This labour done, it was 
+ordered to fow this ground with the teeth of 
+a dragon, from whence were immediately tofpring 
+
+
+armed 
+
+
+Jafoi 
+
+
+ID 
+
+
+exterminate ; after having furmounted thefe diffi- 
+
+
+
+
+'ulties, the dragon that defended 
+
+
+the Golden 
+
+
+h'lecce remained flill to be conquered and de- 
+ilroyed. One day only was allowed for the per¬ 
+formance of fuch prodigious undertakings. Jafon, 
+relying on his courage, and fecure of the a (lift- 
+
+* O O ' 
+
+ance of Medea, boldly accepted the conditions. 
+The Held of Mars was opened, the king of Col¬ 
+chis ranging himfelf on one fide, and the Argo¬ 
+nauts on the other. Immediately the two bulls 
+rufhed into the place of adtion, but Jafon having 
+previoufly received from Medea cakes made 
+of honey and flour, the animals on receiving 
+thefe became diliirmed of their rage, and volunta¬ 
+rily prefented their necks to the yoke. The field 
+'••is ploughed, the dragon’s teeth were fown, and 
+the armed men appeared, when Jafon throwir 
+done into the midft of them,'in an inflant they were 
+lcizcd with fuch fury, that they attacked and flew 
+
+
+each other. 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+then marched towards the 
+
+
+dragon which guarded the Golden Fleece ; this he 
+lulled aflecp with a foporiferous potion, likewife 
+prepared by Medea, and thus atchieved the con- 
+
+quefb 
+
+
+D D 2 
+
+
+
+4°4 
+
+
+ARRIVAL OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+c i.i:r 
+
+
+quell of the famous Golden Fleece. Th 
+clay on which lie gained thefe victories, 
+thinking only how he might efcape from /A-- • . 
+whole treachery he feared, returned to hisvgfd 
+was there joined by Medea, and, lotting fail, they v.\ r; 
+fcon at a diftance from the ccail of Coldii:;. j 
+account i.s in appearance a mere fiction ; howw 
+the celebrated Fochart, who knew 
+genius of the If.uhern languages, and tlicir r,-.f 
+
+i. I 1 J 
+
+liification, finds in the i'hccnician words ti..: i .-.h 
+
+m 
+
+nation cl thefe fables. After having made a 
+parifon with thefe words, he fucceeds in nnv. 
+dial the Argonauts were engaged in a bloody 
+
+
+perfa ; T 
+
+
+l\ 
+
+
+r* 
+
+
+from v/hicli tiicv came oif victorious 
+
+
+# • 
+
+
+• 4 
+
+
+4 « 
+
+
+opinions concerning this Golden Fleece are 
+
+A. W 
+
+ous. home autiiors think, that in Colchis were f 
+viilets, whole lands were intermixed with pa: Ah> 
+of gold, that to collect thefe they extended .a d\ 
+bottom of the water ihcep Heins with the v.• •: 
+on, am! that bv this means /Fetes amallXi ■ • re.:: 
+
+J J » 
+
+* W 
+
+
+nen 
+
+
+V- *- • 
+
+
+Alchemifls, and thole who 
+
+
+7 • • 
+
+j 4 V, ^ * 
+
+
+♦ f 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+* t 
+
+
+a b 
+
+
+make gold, iupnolc, that tins fleece was 
+
+O ? X i j 
+
+which coMui-noc! die iccrct of tr.infmiiLipv; 
+tab into gold j but thb opinion delervcs m 
+lead attention. 
+
+
+• > - 
+
+
+K !■. i l ■ 
+
+
+
+RETURN' OF THE ARGONAUTS 
+
+
+4°.5 
+
+
+RETURN OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+Jason having happily terminated his ex¬ 
+pedition, now thought only of quitting Colchis; 
+availing himfelf of the darknek of the night, he 
+fet fail, accompanied by Medea, 
+him the t real tires of /hates, who quickly fitted out 
+
+ion Ablyittis in purfiiit of 
+
+
+carrying with 
+
+
+a ileet, and lent his 
+
+
+them. 
+
+
+Jaf 
+
+
+and Medea feeing no poilibility of cfcaping, invited 
+Ablvrtus to go on fit ore, under pretence of an 
+accommodation, but no looner was he landed than 
+they murdered him, and ftrewed his limbs in dif¬ 
+ferent places, in order to detain his fokliers, who 
+they imagined would Hay to collect and bury them. 
+
+This extract from the poem of Onomacritus is 
+entirely contradicted by hiltory, which even par- 
+ticulaiifes the different countries through winch 
+Abfyrtus palied in ftareh of the fhip Aigo. 
+
+The ancient poets have given accounts of the 
+return of jafon j but the Argonauts wherever they 
+flopped having left monumeni.s of their padhgr, 
+die leaiity of their return could never be called in 
+doubt by Lhtoriun.s, and we In.ill give what they 
+relate upon lids fubjed'. idle ii* accounts will 
+be found frequently much interlarded with fiction. 
+
+
+The Argonauts eoalled along the eaftern ihore 
+
+t j O 
+
+
+
+406 RETURN OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+of Afia, croffed the Cimmerian Bofphorus nr. ’ 
+the Palus Mseotis, and entered the northern 
+
+
+OCe,: 
+
+
+Steering afterwards to the left, they reached e : 
+ifland of Peuccfta, which was known to the | 
+Anceus. Hence they proceeded to the if- 
+Circe, which princefs, according to Ononiiui;. 
+tus, refufed to purify Jafon from the murder hi 
+Abfyrtus. Purfuing their route, hiftorians Uv rii-y 
+arrived at the pillars of Hercules, whence they re¬ 
+entered the Mediterranean, and near Sicilypafiai r.ve 
+ftra.it of Scylla and Charybdis, where thev v.ouii 
+have perifhed had it not been for the afiifhincv d 
+Thetis. The Syrens had nearly proved fatal to 
+them, when they were faved by Orpheus; and. 
+arriving in the country of the Phoenicians, here nv: 
+the fleet of Abfyrtus, the commander of v.!i:.h 
+demanded the reftitution of Medea. It was aurr. J 
+on both fules that, in cafe fire was not his wife, 
+Tafon fhould reftore her. The wife of Aicinoi- 
+
+
+bcing chofen arbitrefs, rvifired to favour ja.'ui, 
+and caiding his nuptials with Medea to be cdt- 
+brated during the night, declared the follow i ::; 1 
+clav to the fleet of /Petes that none had any chi::: 
+
+
+to J\ 
+
+
+/» 
+
+
+J a lb 
+
+
+The Arr’turau'> 
+
+
+_ , . I 
+
+were then at liberty to depart, and quitting tar 
+country of the Phoenicians experienced a heavv 
+florin, which drove them upon the quick!.u...' , ; 
+Africa, where they found thenifclves in tli 
+
+
+ie ii’.. - 
+
+
+imminent dancer. At laft they arrived at A, 
+
+
+* . ' 
+
+
+
+t 
+
+O 
+
+
+% 
+
+« » 
+
+
+
+
+RETURN OF THE ARGONAUTS. 
+
+
+407 
+
+
+J afo 
+
+
+% * 
+tD 
+
+
+Circe, made atonement for his crime. Every ob- 
+j r ct of their voyage being accomplilhed, they 
+arrived on the coaft of Thdlaly, whence they 
+J j ad originally departed. Pelias, fays Pau- 
+lanias, having died during their ablence, his lbn 
+Acaftus invited his fellow-adventurers to celebrate, 
+before they feparnted, funeral games in honour of 
+ids father, at which Jafon and Medea abided, 
+'j'his fable, mentioned by Paufanias, a.nd confirmed 
+
+circumflanccs which he quotes, proves 
+
+
+
+by 
+
+■ 
+
+clearly that Medea was by no means concerned in 
+
+J ' 
+
+the death of Pelias; on the contrary, the fame au¬ 
+thor relates, that his brother /Efon committed 
+that crime, by compelling him to drink the blood 
+of a bull. The Argonauts, before their reparation, 
+made a league for their mutual defence, and to 
+give it the more folemnity, I lercules affembled 
+
+
+them in the plains of Elis to celebrate the Olympic 
+(James, which had been for fomc time interrupted, 
+and were again lb after his death. 
+
+n 
+
+Jafon confeerated the fhip Argo in t.hc iflhmus 
+of Corinth., and by the poets it was aftenvauls 
+Jiiaced among the conllellations. 'Phis celebrated 
+i spedirion took place about thirty years before the 
+
+
+/ * * 
+
+
+j roian war. 
+
+
+Ancient Iiiflorians allure us, that Abfyrtus loll 
+Jm » life in a naval combat, w hich took place on 
+Ivaxine lea when the licet of* /knes overtook 
+
+the 
+
+
+0 0 4 
+
+
+
+9 
+
+
+408 
+
+
+ADVENTURES OF MEDEA AND JASON. 
+
+cronauts. Herodotus lavs, that Lx 
+
+
+prince and his fon fell in this engagement, which 
+left the Argonauts at liberty to purfue their vw. 
+
+
+age. When driven by a temped: upon the conit 
+of Lybia, a prince of that country named Euryplus 
+gave them great affiftance, and provided them with 
+
+
+guides to conduct them through the difficult pafihttc 
+of the Syrtes. The fable paints this hofpitable prince 
+under the form of a Triton. Jafon, in acknow¬ 
+ledgment for his fervices, prefented him with ?. 
+golden tripod, which was fuppofed to have the \ir- 
+tue of giving oracles. 
+
+
+CONTINUATION OF TPIE ADVENTURES 
+
+MEDEA AND JASON. 
+
+The hiftory of Jafon after Jiis return item 
+Colchis, and that of Medea, are fo diliercnrly 
+related, that it is extremely difficult to diflingaiia 
+
+
+the truth. Some hiftorians, and particularly the 
+poets, defcribe her as themurderefs of her brum r. 
+They fay fheeaufed Pelias to be malfacred by !.i 
+own daughters, giving them the dreadful corn:.-: 
+to cut him in pieces, and put his limbs into a caul¬ 
+dron of boiling water, alluring them that Itrriis 
+which die pointed out to them would rciiure 
+
+% j 
+
+him to youth and vigour. The fame poets am,, 
+
+that die caufed Glaucis her rival, daughter el 
+
+.* * 
+
+Creon, to perilh miferably, and that her luriout 
+
+
+
+
+i * t »■ 
+
+^ in w 
+
+
+
+
+ADVENTURES OF MEDEA AND JASON. 
+
+
+4°9 . 
+
+
+jealoufy even led her to facrifice the two children 
+which Hie had by Jafon. Other authors fpeak of 
+her in the highell ftrain of eulogium, they aflert 
+that flie was a lover of virtue, and only reproach 
+her with having been too much guided by her 
+paflion for Jafon, who bafely abandoned her, not- 
+withftanding the two pledges of affedion die had 
+brought him. They even reprefent her as em¬ 
+ploying all the knowledge flie derived from her 
+mother Hecate, in relieving and healing thole 
+who applied to her. Li fliort, they relate that this 
+unhappy perfecuted princcfs, having in vain re¬ 
+minded Jafon of his oaths and promifes, was 
+obliged to wander from court to court in fearch 
+
+
+of an alylum. 
+
+In reading thole poets who have accufcd her of fo 
+many crimes, we may perceive that they v obliged 
+to own flie was born virtuous, and had been hurried 
+on to the commiflion of vice by a lbrt of fatality, 
+or by the impulfe of the oft ended gods, particularly 
+Venus, who relentlefsly purfiicd the race of Apollo 
+for having difeovered her attachment to Mars. 
+Thefe poetical accounts compared with hillory, 
+clearly fliow, that the ancient tragic writers, to give 
+greater effed to their pieces, have entirely disfi¬ 
+gured the hiftory of that princefs, in order the 
+better to infpire terror and companion. Some 
+hiftorians giving credit to fads which were mifre- 
+prefented, have tranfmitted to us the hillory of 
+
+
+Medea 
+
+
+
+410 ADVENTURES OF MEDEA AND JASON’, 
+
+
+Medea under the moft odious colours ; 
+
+
+and ui d.:. 
+
+
+they have been imitated by our modern tr-- • 
+
+
+poets 
+
+
+We fliall mention fome of the 
+
+
+n- 
+
+
+V 1 
+
+
+
+
+which induce us to believe that Medea van . 
+fo criminal as lire has been reprefented. \\\ ■ . 
+
+already drown that Abfyrtus periihen in a r .v.d 
+combat, long after he was laid by the poets t- . „ , 
+been murdered by Medea and Jafon, then i,,i 
+this crime fire can never be aceuied. The II :.- 
+of" her having advifed the daughters of /Ah.; ■■■, 
+cut their father in pieces is void of any found: : - 
+in truth. This prince expired under the ha:, 
+his brother Ad Ion, who, as we have /hid, conus i'J 
+him to /wallow bullock’s blood. Wlu n the .\r:.c- 
+nauts returned he was already dead, and we liar c lie;: 
+that thofe heroes, at the intreaty of Aca/lus, cele¬ 
+brated his funeral honours with the greauft j.-.-e..:., 
+Jafon and Medea being prefent, without the k.:' 
+fiirprife being expreiied, or accufation prea. it 
+on tiit: part of th.at prince who was ion to i-Vii. 
+Idi/loiy acquaints us with the origin of 11;i-» ! , 
+
+it relates, that, after the death of /Alia:, am!... 
+Aca/lus and Jafon difputed the crown 3 the 
+of A call us was triumphant; Jafon and Medea w . • 
+obliged to 11 y, and embarking on boaw 
+tailed the /dragon, arrived at Corinth, then ; 
+by Croon, who dared not refu 1c them an 
+bccauJc Medea had prctcnJions to thar 
+Thcfc preten/ions appear the more cum::' 
+
+
+* + 
+
+
+\ < 
+
+
+'/ci: < .* 
+
+
+t » 
+
+
+\ J 
+
+
+Ml. 
+
+
+v ; U . . 
+
+
+.b 
+
+
+J [ 11 i. ^ 
+
+
+X 
+
+
+
+ADVENTURES OF MEDEA AND JASON. 
+
+
+411 
+
+
+EumeliuSj a grave hiftorian and a native of Corinth, 
+affures us that Medea divided that kingdom with 
+Creon. Diodorus Siculus fays, that the Corin¬ 
+thians themfclves invited Medea to quit Iolchos, 
+and come to take po/Teflion of a throne which be¬ 
+longed to her by right. J le adds, that Medea and 
+Jafon lived ten years in that city in the greatcfl: 
+harmony, during which they had two children ; it 
+was then that jafon, abandoning himillf to his 
+infidelitv, forgot the obligations which he had to 
+
+* } O O 
+
+Medea. He violated the facred laws ol marriage, 
+at that time much refpetftcd, efpoufed Glaucis, 
+daughter of king Creon, and divorced Medea. 
+Such is the hiflory which the poets have fo dif- 
+
+
+figured in their fables, 
+
+
+poems 
+
+
+and tragedies 
+
+
+Medea, according to their accounts, font her rival 
+an empoiioned robe (like the veft of Ncflbs) which 
+terminated her exiftcnce with the moft excruciating 
+torments. She fet fire to the palace of Creon, 
+who periihed in the flames, and thinking hcrlelf 
+
+
+not yet Jufiicieiiily revenged, with her own hands 
+Ihe tore in pieces her two Ions, Phcres and Memcr- 
+
+
+ens. Terrified at having committed fo many 
+u imes, and dreading the vengeance of Jafon, flic 
+had recourle to h< r knowledge of magic, mounted a 
+tia.iriot drawn by two dragons, and borne through 
+die air came ter liercuks, whole afliflancc Ihe 
+implored in revenging her. Being rcpulled by that 
+lieio with indignation, and become the horror and 
+
+detella- 
+
+
+
+Si 
+
+X 
+
+
+a 
+
+
+ADVENTURES OF MEDEA AX'D JASON. 
+
+
+deteftation of mankind, fhe came to Athens 
+
+
+fearch of an afylum. There is 
+
+
+no mention 
+
+
+1 M 
+
+
+11 
+
+
+i /* 
+
+
+hiftory of the horrible event fo well know 
+the name of Medea’s farewell. A well an; 1 :^ i.;i- 
+cated tradition aflerted, that either to o-m.a 3 
+the death of Creon, of which Medea was inn at 1 
+or to avoid the war which the prctaifiun- t:, 
+children of this princefs had to the crown i:h : - 
+have excited, the Corinthians themfcIves nialT.n.i 
+the fe two young princes. They had taken n ;1 
+in the temple of Juno, but in vain; the prnjf: 
+dragged them from this facred afylum, and to;•• 
+them in nieces. Not long after, being vilitui [\ 
+
+X L/ ^ -** • 
+
+a pcflilencc, the Corinthians went to confab the 
+oracle, from which they learned, that their caia- 
+niittes would not ceafe till they had expiated wd: 
+horrid Jacrilege. 
+
+■ It was on this occafion they infiituted a lidiwi 
+which fubfhlcd long after. Taufar.ias relaics, f ,a 
+they offered facri fices in honour of the child." no, 
+
+
+Medea, and conlccrated a flatuc to diem, 
+reprefemed fear. This Hattie was flili to hr : m 
+in his time, in memory of this ciimc, and..-.., 
+atonement for it, the Corinthians cut the 
+their children, and made them wear mow:, m a. 
+
+
+t t i » . i 
+
+
+' l :• < 
+
+
+a certain a : n 
+
+
+f »r 
+11 .» 
+
+
+Thclc leads, fierilices, nil'm;.s. a;\i l!.i 
+
+arc !ir. Mumuits much more v.oithy of c» -:Ja, ( - 
+
+* 
+
+the i ’vciuions of the poets. 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+ADVF.XTV.IKS OF Ml' OF. A AND JAsON'. 4 I 3 
+
+
+
+The brilliant genius of Euripides could not in¬ 
+validate the records and writings of his time, and 
+we find in feveral ancient authors, that the Corin¬ 
+thians, hearing Euripides had chofen Medea for the 
+Jiibjc£t of one of his tragedies, made him an offer 
+
+he accepted) of five talents, on condition 
+that he would employ all his art to exculpate them 
+
+from a crime which rendered the memory of their 
+
+♦ 
+
+fathers odious and clcJpic:able throughout all 
+Greece. Some time after, another ftory was pro¬ 
+pagated to brand with imam v the memory of Me¬ 
+dea. It is in Ovid vve iruct with it. l ie lays, Me¬ 
+dea, after having maluic red the children ofjafcn, 
+took refuge at Athens, and mimed fuch influence 
+
+J v. s 
+
+over huge us, that fne perfuaded him to marry her. 
+During thefe trail factions, continues this author, 
+Thelcus, for the firfl time, prefented hiinlelf before 
+/hgeus, bringing with him the fword which was to 
+be the proof of his defeent. Medea, from whom 
+nothing was concealed, endeavoured to perfuade 
+/hgeus to poiion this young prince at a banquet. 
+The fatal cup was prepared; but Thefeus h.aving 
+made Iiimlcli known, as we have already laid, Me¬ 
+dea, all mined o! having tailed in this attempt, 
+cleaped in the lame chariot which (be had made 
+ule of to avoid the vengeance of fafon. This 
+['.aion falls ol itlclf, when we rccollc/l that /Emus 
+
+l. > 
+
+t!u*cw liiirifclf into the lea, which bears his name, 
+on feeing the vcfiel which had carried Thvibir; 
+
+
+to 
+
+the 
+
+
+\ 
+
+
+
+4*4 
+
+
+ADVENTURES OF MEDEA ANI) JASON. 
+
+
+the ifle of Crete, in his expedition againft the Mi 
+
+
+mo- 
+
+
+taur, return without hoifting the appointed 
+This event which happened while Theieus \\ >;i 
+very young, took place long before the time \vhc- ;i 
+Jafon abandoned Medea for the daughter of Creofe 
+and obliged her to take refuge at Athens. IJdiJo-, 
+Thefeuswas the companion of the Argonauts. 1; 
+is furprifing that fo flagrant a contradiction was no; 
+
+fufficient to check the inventive fancy of the p .v\ 
+
+♦ 
+
+After the arrival of Medea at Athens, no funk; 
+
+mention is made of her. A few authors, howvv. r. f.r; 
+
+» 
+
+that fhe crofied the fea, to procure a remm, 
+with Jafon, that they returned to Cokhk, \ ;.c 
+they rein dated dEetes on the throne, from x.i.ici: 
+had been driven by a fadtionj they add, that lot: 
+
+« y • 
+
+acquired fuch glory by his conqucfls in Lovar 
+
+Afia, that lie was honoured there as a divkhv, 
+
+and that after his death. Menus, his fon, bulb: 
+
+city of Medea, in honour of his mother, and do:,: 
+
+was from him the Medes derived their name. 
+
+But all the traditions of the Greeks ague a 
+
+faying, that fafon died in Theflalv. 
+
+They allli rc us, that after his ft para t bn Ir 
+
+Medea, iic led a wandering life, and that oiv iT 
+
+* *./ 7 
+
+repoflng himfelf on the ka fliore, under the ii ;• •' 
+oftlie (iiij) Argo, abeam fell from it, and cruilu 
+him to death. This hill account appears nr,r 
+credible. 
+
+
+
+hUSTORY OF CASTOP. AND POLI.UX. 
+
+
+4 *5 
+
+
+HISTORY OF CASTOR AKD POLLUX. 
+
+
+Castor and Pollux, for the many illuf!> 
+rlmis a 51 ions they performed, were dignified with 
+tiic appellation of the Ions of Jupiter. Their filters 
+v/cre Melen and Clytemneftra. 
+
+The fihle fiiys, that Jupiter having metamor- 
+plinlVd himlelf into a fwan, Venus alunned the 
+K;tm of an eagle and purfued him: he took lrfune 
+with Lula, and fome time after it was pretended, 
+t:::it Caftor and Clytemneftra, Pollux and Me¬ 
+lt a, had proceeded from two eggs. Pollux and 
+Helen were regarded as the defeendants of Jupi¬ 
+ter, Caftor and Clytemneftra were fuppofed the 
+children of Tyndarus. To explain this fable we 
+mu it remark, that in thofe times palaces contained 
+chambers of an oval form, nearly refemblintr an 
+
+• o 
+
+this, perhaps, was fufficient to occafion the 
+i.’.b'c we havejult related. 
+
+Thc\c princes and princefles were born on the 
+of the riverEurotas, in Laconia, near Sparta. 
+Oh this river were always ieen a number of fwans, 
+
+v,!:ic h gave the poets an idea of introducing that 
+Vl]to their fable. The beauty of Leila, Jier 
+bur complexion, and fine turned neck, eauied her 
+to be compared to a fwan, and tlicfe circum- 
+
+with the embeliifhnients of the poets, 
+T educed the fable of Jupiter and Lcda. How¬ 
+
+
+ever 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF CASTOR AMD POLLUX. 
+
+
+416' 
+
+ever this may be, Caftor and Pollux wei;e for tI K :r 
+heroic valour looked upon as fons of Jupiter, a-j 
+went by the name of Diofcures, a r;'.:w 
+under which they afterwards received didr.v 
+honours. It was in the expedition to Colei: i-, tint 
+thefe two heroes mod: diftinguifhed themJ-Jv-s, 
+During a femueft, in which the Argo had r.caik 
+
+
+perifhed, they, with Orpheus, made a vow ta 'vi¬ 
+tiate themfelves into the myfteries of Samotiiradr,, 
+The divinities of this country were called h abids, 
+and pafled for the Ions of the Egyptian idem:, 
+adored in Egypt as the meft powerful and chid - of 
+the gods. 
+
+Nothing was more celebrated, or more Jarred, 
+than thefe myfteries of Sarncthracia. Pardcukrly 
+they were fuppofecl to have the power ol rendering 
+the gods propitious in long voyages. 
+
+Pollux, while going on this expedition, killed 
+the famous Amycus, who challenged the 
+world to fight with the Ccftus. This victory, and 
+that which he obtained at the Olympic Games, 
+when celebrated at Elis, by the defire of Her¬ 
+cules, caufed him to be regarded as the perron 
+
+* • * 
+
+of wreftlers. At thefe fame games, Caller, Ini 
+brother, diftinguifhed himfelf in the race, and 
+
+
+whole 
+
+
+in the art of breaking horfes. 
+
+After the voyage to Colchis thefe two heron 
+
+became very formidable by fea, and cleared tl' c 
+
+Archipelago of the corfuirs which iniefted it. 
+
+for 
+
+
+
+* 
+
+
+I 
+
+
+HISTORY OF CASTOR AND POLLUX. 417 
+
+For this fervice, they were after their death ranked 
+among the gods favourable to mariners. This ho¬ 
+nour was thought due to them, becaufe, during a 
+ftorm which endangered the fhip Argo, fires were 
+feen to play round the heads of the Tyndarides, 
+and the inftant after the ftorm ceafed. From that 
+time, thofe fires which frequently appear on the 
+furface of the ocean were called the fires of Caftor 
+and Pollux. When two were feen at the lame 
+time, it announced the return of calm, when only 
+one, it was the prefage of a dreadful ftorm. This 
+fpecies of fire is frequently feen by failors, and is 
+a fpecies of ignis fatuus. 
+
+In revenge for an infult offered to their filter, 
+thefe two heroes took the city of Aphidnae, but 
+contented themfelves with punilhing thofe who 
+had committed the offence. The Athenians, 
+charmed with this moderation, inftituted feftivals to 
+their honour under the name of Anaftce, which is 
+derived from a greek word fignifying king. Not 
+long after they gave occafion to call their prudence 
+and moderation in queftion. Being invited as re¬ 
+lations to the nuptials of Idas and Lynceus, they 
+carried off Phoebe and Hilara, daughters of Leu¬ 
+cippus. Idas, and Lynceus, the intended hufbands 
+of thefe two ladies, purfuecl the ravilhers. Lyn¬ 
+ceus was firft killed by Caftor, who in his turn 
+fell by the hands of Idas. Pollux arrived too late 
+to lave his brother, but he revenged his death 
+
+E e with 
+
+
+
+4 18 IJIsTORY OI ? CASTOR AND POLLUX. 
+
+with that of Idas. Pollux, fays the fable, in If; 
+quality of fon to Jupiter, was immortal, but he 
+begged his father either to buffer him to die, or 
+permit him to fhare his immortality with his brother 
+Caftor. Jupiter granted his requcfl. They iu c . 
+ceeded each other alternately upon earth, and in 
+the manfions of the dead. This fable is foundc 
+
+
+cj 
+
+death 
+
+
+Upon the circumftance of their being after 
+
+reprefented by the fign called die twins; and a : 
+
+one of the Pars which compoic that fign ajij'.t-ar: 
+
+above the horizon whilil the other reniai.r 
+
+concealed, the poets invented tills pretended di- 
+
+vifion of immortality. Iliilory informs us that 
+
+¥ + 
+
+they were both buried near beyades, a town b 
+
+Laconia, and according to a cullom abfurd eiioug:;, 
+
+but common at that time, their temple wasercub 
+
+by the fide of their tomb. 
+
+They were firft iionoured as heroes ; but the 
+
+Greeks afterwards admitted Grin to the rank C. 
+
+their fuperior divinities, and the Romany vd" 
+
+eonilandy imitated the Greeks, Iionoured them i: 
+
+¥ 
+
+the lame char.tifer. They were thought frequnith 
+
+4 f 
+
+to aj)j)ear to men, and were generally repre lento, 
+on Jiorfeback, under the figure of two young mm 
+wearing a cap with a liar upon the top of it. 1 
+manner of jvnrelenting them proves, t!ut i-- 
+
+x - 
+
+equcfl.ian art was known before the Trojan war. 
+
+
+fUSI (Ml 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF ORPHEUS. 
+
+
+i *9 
+
+
+HISTORY OF ORPHEUS. 
+
+
+Some learned men, from a paffage which 
+", e meet with in Cicero, have called the exiftence 
+of Orpheus in queflion ; but this opinion cannot 
+diferedit that of all antiquity, and of the graved 
+hiftorians. In every account of the Argonautic 
+expedition, which has been tranfmittcd to us, we 
+find him conftantly mentioned. Some indeed 
+reckon five of the name of Orpheus, and relate 
+the particular adventures ofeach, from whence they 
+conclude that it has been the fame with this cele¬ 
+brated perfonage as with Hercules, and that the 
+aflions of leveral have been united to form the 
+hiflory of one man. Orpheus was foil of CEagrus. 
+king of Thrace, and the Mule Calliope. The 
+brilliancy of his talents caufed him to be regarded 
+as the offspring of Apollo. Mufcus was his fon. 
+The application of Orpheus to matters of religion, 
+and his different voyages to acquire that fpecies of 
+knowledge, obtained for him the title of high pried, 
+as well as king, lie was regarded as the ininider 
+and interpreter of the will of the Gods. 
+
+Before his time the flute was aimed the only 
+'iiRrument in ulr ; he invented the .harp, which it 
+v.'us pretended he had received from Apollo and 
+Mercury ; to him the lyre was indebted for two 
+uldiiional firings. Orpheus had many who imi¬ 
+tated 
+
+
+i. e a 
+
+
+
+4 20 
+
+
+HISTORY OF ORPHEUS# 
+
+
+tated him, but none who ever excelled him; the 
+invention of hexameter verfe is aferibed to him ; 
+he was at once great in the different characters oV 
+theologian, philofopher, and mufician, He de- 
+feribed the origin of the world, by faying that from 
+a large egg proceeded love, and that love was the 
+principle of all beings. This definition, given by 
+one of the greateft men of antiquity, proves how 
+unable is genius itfelf, when left to its ownftrenptu 
+and conclufions, to attain tire elevated idea of m::- 
+only God,, all powerful, and creator of ail tiling. 
+CEagrus, his father, gave him his firft notions 0 
+religion, bv inftrudting him in the mviterirs <.i 
+
+O J j o 
+
+
+Bacchus, as they were at that time praiiikd in 
+Thrace. He afterwards placed himfclf under the 
+tuition of the Dabtvli Id ad, but it was particularly 
+during his refulence in Egypt, that he became 
+acquainted with the myfterics of Bacchus, or Gfiris. 
+
+
+and of Ifis or Ceres. Concerning initiations. 
+
+o 
+
+funeral ceremonies, and other points of religions 
+vvorfhip, he acquired a knowledge much fuperior 
+to that which he noffefied before, it 
+
+
+was Ironi 
+
+
+this country lie brought the llorv of the infenu! 
+
+
+'.J 
+
+
+regions, tire orgies, and other ceremonies ahrr 
+
+
+
+
+warns auopted by the Greeks. After him Mill'us 
+liis fon, Ivlclampus, and feveral others made the 
+
+
+lame voyage. 
+
+
+* U 1 
+
+“ I U 
+
+
+Orpheus at his return into Greece made hinih 
+
+great coahdcration, by pci funding the natives that lit 
+
+knt v/ 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF ORPHEUS. 
+
+
+421 
+
+
+knew the means of expiating crimes, purifying the 
+guilty, healing unknown difeafes, and appeafingthe 
+anger of the gods. From the funeral ceremonies 
+of the Egyptians he borrowed the materials for his 
+defeription of the infernal regions. This was the 
+moll powerful check upon vice which that great 
+man thought it poflible to impofe. Among the 
+fEginetes he inftituted the myfccries of Hecate; and 
+thofe of Ceres he eftablifhed at Sparta. In 
+the religion of the Greeks lie made fuch conficicr- 
+able alterations for the better, that he mu ft be 
+regarded as the Hrftand greateft of their reformers. 
+He much improved, likewife, their manner of 
+living; in fhort, his talents and the eminent fervice 
+which he rendered mankind have jufrly procured 
+him a place among the mod celebrated men of 
+antiquity. Having had the misfortune to lofe his 
+wife Eurydiec whom he tenderly loved, he went 
+to a place in Thefprotia called Aornos. Here an 
+ancient Oracle gave anlwers, and pretended to 
+have the power of railing up the (pints of the dead; 
+and indeed Orpheus for a moment thought he law 
+and haul found his dear Eurydiec; but the iilufion 
+lafled only a moment; file vanifhed from hi* fight; 
+he vainly turned himfelfon every lide in fearcli of 
+her: delpair and anguiih now took pofTefiion of his 
+foul, and the friendly hand of death foon once 
+ruorc united h.iin to liis beloved fpouie. Other 
+audiors relate his death differently: they iay, that 
+
+
+e 1: 3 
+
+
+t'C 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OK ORPHEUS. 
+
+
+422 
+
+
+the Thracian women, enraged to fee thernfclves 
+abandoned by their hufbands, who were following 
+
+o 
+
+Orpheus, lay in wait for him and tore hi 
+pieces. Plutarch allures us of this fa£l, and adds 
+that the men revenged his death by their treatment 
+of their wives. Some authors agreeing with hi 
+
+
+m to 
+
+
+1 I 
+
+\ 4 
+
+
+l'iv 
+
+
+tarcH as to the manner of his death, pretend 
+he was maffacred in Macedonia ; and it is crvrj^ 
+that his tomb was to be leen near the d:v of 
+
+
+Dion. It confillcd of one iimple pillar bo.iring :> 
+marble urn. 
+
+The voyage of Orpheus into Thefprotia .give 
+rife to the fable ot his defeent into the infernal re¬ 
+gions. Orpheus, fays Virgil, by the harmony of 
+his voice, fufpended the torments of the damned. 
+Pluto himfelf could not refill, but reftored to 
+
+
+him Eurydice, on condition that he lliould 
+not look behind him. His anxious tendernels 
+could not be redrained, lie looked and loll once 
+more his cleared treafure. 
+
+In the time of Orpheus, magic and the conju 
+ration of the dead were much pruflifed ; this 
+undoubtedly gave rife to the fable of Orpheus 
+having again found Eurydice. Some authors ex¬ 
+plain it emu rctitly. They fay, that die was hii 
+ten by a ferpent, and that Orpheus cured lut; 
+but being (hortly after attacked by another c 1 i ! <>r- 
+derj which proved fatal, that this gave octad'r 
+
+
+
+HISTORY OF ORPHEUS. 
+
+
+1 ? 
+
+
+to 
+
+
+the ftory of a fecond defcent into the infernal 
+
+regions. 
+
+The poetical productions of Orpheus were few 
+
+in number and very fhort. The I .ycomides (an 
+Athenian family) knew them by heart, and ufed 
+to ling them in celebrating their myfleries. Thefe 
+hymns had not the elegance of Homer’s verles, 
+yet they were adopted by religion; an honour 
+not conferred upon the poems of the author of 
+the Iliad. 
+
+None of the works of Orpheus are now re¬ 
+maining ; the Argonautics and Orphics are by 
+Onamacritus, contemporary with Pififlratus, or 
+1 ’ome other author unknown. The fable which 
+defcribcs Orpheus as followed by wild beads 
+and even rocks, is an allegory to delcribe his 
+cxquifite flcill in the fcience of mufic ; it like- 
+wile is meant to exprels that he employed his 
+talents in civilizing the rude unpolilhed manners 
+of his time. 
+
+Orpheus was contemporary with the Argonauts. 
+
+1 lie charm and illulions attached to his me¬ 
+mory occafioned it to be laid, and even in¬ 
+duced a perfuafton, that the nightingales in the 
+vicinity of his tomb furpaflcd all others in rite 
+luxngth anti melody of their voices. None could 
+walk under the Ihade e.| the leered wood which 
+iurrounded his urn, without eureriencii'm a relmi- 
+
+i o o 
+
+iHb veneration, and the imagination, drawn by a 
+
+
+
+CA LY DON I AN HUNT. 
+
+
+4M- 
+
+plcafing, tender melancholy, thought at evcrv 
+noife it heard the lighs of Orpheus, ami law t ;- iC 
+wandering ihade of poor Eurydice. 
+
+
+CALYDONIAN HUNT, MELEAGER, 
+
+ATALANTA. 
+
+
+rmi 
+
+
+1 he hiftory of this hunt is found in 1 [o- 
+mer j we fhall fir ft give his account, which ;■ 
+entirely devoid of fidlion, except the 
+vention of the goddefs Diana; and afte iv.atus v. c 
+(hall notice the additions made to it bv other 
+
+
+tnttr- 
+
+
+poets 
+
+
+JEu 
+
+
+ried on a cruel war under the walls of Caivdun. 
+
+¥ 
+
+The AEtolians defended the city, which the (Are¬ 
+tes attacked with all their forces. This war had 
+been excited by Diana, to revenge Iter fell up'P. 
+CEneus, who had forgotten her in his faerie re?. 
+Enraged to fee her altars negledted, fhe lent a 
+
+o o ' 
+
+monftrous boar, which fpread devaftation thrmiy.'i 
+the cultivated lands, tore up trees, and deloh-.n! 
+the whole country. The brave Meleager, ion d 
+(Eneus, alfcmblcd a troop of hunters, to is 
+queft of this terrible animal, which had ainai’ 
+filled ybitoliawith mourning. The boar was 
+
+
+.•It- ! 
+
+
+by Meleager, but Diana’s wrath was not ycl .:p- 
+pcafed. Irritated by this goddefs, the /kt<.L::> c . 
+and Curetcs difputed the honour of poiieiliii;'. I'lf 
+
+
+♦ 
+
+
+
+
+CALYDONIAN HUNT. 
+
+
+4^5 
+
+
+j^j n of this monftcr, and nothing but a war 
+could terminate their difference. The brave Me¬ 
+leager at the head of the Astolians was not daunted 
+by the fuperior force of the Curetes; when he Tal¬ 
+lied forth nothing could protedl thefu from his fury. 
+
+Ic was in one of thefe bloody combats that he 
+flew the two brothers of his mother Althaea. 
+Diicon folate for her lofs, !he yields to the indig¬ 
+nation which kindles in her bofom, and with hor¬ 
+
+
+rid imprecations calls on Proferpine and Pluto to 
+revenge her by the death of her ion. Now 
+fierce and cruel Difcord rode triumphant through 
+the furrounding air ; fire hears Althaea’s cries, and 
+
+
+pica fed, Tie echoes back the welcome found. The 
+fiery Meleager heard too, and his proud heart. 
+
+
+fwollen with rage and diilkin, refoived to abandon 
+
+
+the Atolians to the hoflile attack. 
+
+
+Retired with 
+
+
+liis wife Cleopatra, he refufes even to hear the 
+iffue of the battles fought. His ablence gives 
+freflr courage to the Curetes, they redouble their 
+attacks, and the Astolians are nearly vanquifhed. 
+
+The mod ancient fages, and the moil vene¬ 
+rable priefls, are then deputed to Meleager to 
+requeft Iris aid in the prclervaiion or Calydon. 
+Chneus, alarmed at the danger which tlucat- 
+ens his city and his fubjetTs, calls himfelf at the 
+feet of his fon. The brothers of Meleager join 
+their fupplieations, and even his mother, touched 
+■'I'th repentance, unices her tears; but all in vain ; 
+
+
+
+
+CALYDONIAN HUNT. 
+
+
+42 6 
+
+he remains inflexible. In the mean while the Cu¬ 
+re tes, already mailers of the city walls, prefi-nc 
+themfelves before the avenues of the palace; al¬ 
+ready are their hands armed with torches to con- 
+fume it; it was then the beautiful Cleopatra oc¬ 
+her knees befought him to proted her from Co 
+impending danger. 
+
+Unable to refill fo many tears and fupp|;,-.->. 
+tions, he once more takes his arms; fury (par- 
+kies in his eyes, he darts into the thicket! of the 
+fight and bears down all before him ; death and 
+deftrudion mark every ftep. The vanquilhcd 
+foe now only thinks of flight, and Calydon is iaval 
+by his victorious arm. 
+
+In this account of Homer, as we have obfermi, 
+nothing is fabulous but the intervention of Di 
+
+
+ana; 
+
+
+the other fads are recorded in hiflory. That port 
+gives the names of the principal hunters, among 
+whom we diftinguifh Thefeus, and the beautiful 
+Atalanta, fo famous for her fvviftnefs in the chare. 
+It was at her feet Meleager laid the fkin of the 
+
+
+Calydonian boar, the fatal caufe of the ticath o' 
+his uncles, Plcxippus and Toxcus. 
+
+Ovid, and the poets who fucceetk’d I Iorner, have 
+made many additions to this account. It uas 
+they who invented the (lory ol the fatal brain! to 
+which the days of Meleager were attached. ’iin\ 
+fay that at the moment ol' his birth, the hau 1 
+put into the lire a brand, and predided that thu 
+
+
+run 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+
+CALYDOXIAM I-IU.VT. 
+
+
+4^7 
+
+prince fhould expire as foon as that brand was 
+ronfumcd ; they then began to fpin the thread of 
+],is ffl'e, and the brand was already in flames when 
+they left the apartment of Althaea. No fooner 
+were they gone, than that princefs flew towards 
+the fire, feized the brand, and carefully prcferved 
+it to prolong the days of her fon ; but when Me¬ 
+leager had flain his two uncles, who difputed him 
+rhefldn of the Calydonian boar. Althaea, going to 
+return thanks to the gods for the fuccefs of her 
+fon, met the dead bodies of her two brothers j 
+impelled by a blind fury, and forgetful of mater¬ 
+nal tenderncfs, lire committed to the flames the 
+fatal brand, and Meleager perifhe-d in a few mo¬ 
+ments, as though confumed by fire. 
+
+The cruel Althaea, when her rage had fubfkied, 
+unable to fupport ib afflicting a fight, terminated 
+her exigence, and the two filters of Mele; _ 
+of grief. It was pretended they were changed into 
+birds called Meleagridcs. Gfiieus, after the death 
+of Althaea, married Perhibma, by whom he had 
+nioniedes. Paulanias relates, that one of the 
+talks of this boar was to be fern at Rome. It 
+rvas of a molt enormous fr/.c. Augullus had it 
+brought from the town of Tegca, as well as the 
+fl.ittu- of Minerva, to punifh tin: Arcadians for 
+
+j 
+
+,|avm g taken part againlt him in his war with 
+In'ony, Cleopatra, wife of Meleager, was 
+' "V.'ittT 10 Warns, brorhi.v of l.vnceus and Mar- 
+
+1 pefla. 
+
+
+
+4^8 
+
+
+HIPPOMEMES AXD ATAI.A X 7 A. 
+
+
+Me 
+
+
+patra, married Protefilaus, who was the fir ft 
+landed on the Trojan Ihore, though the oracle 'a! 
+predicted death to him who fhould fiilc tm: j 
+that fatal bank. Polydora, unable to furvivc ti,c 
+lofs other hufband, died foon after. 
+
+We lit all here likewife infert the fable of Atalarm, 
+as told by Ovid. 
+
+^ She had confecrated herfelf to Diana, but from 
+her extraordinary beauty became the object of 
+univerfal purfuit. Wifhing to deliver herlelf from 
+fo many importunities, fhe promifed to efpoufe 
+
+
+him who fhould outftrip her in the race; but on 
+condition that her fuitors fhould be without arms, 
+whereas flic fhould be armed with a javelin, and 
+have the liberty of piercing thole to the heart 
+
+
+who fhould be vanquifhed. The conditions were 
+accepted. Already had feveral paid the forfeit of 
+their lives, when Hippomenes p re fen ted Iiiinlelf. 
+Venus, whom he invoked, proved favourable to 
+his prayers; flic gave him three apples from 
+the garden of the Hefperides. Thus provided, 
+Hippomenes repaired to the courfe. The ren¬ 
+ditions imported that the candidate fhoti!.! fuft 
+find. By the advice of Venus, when nearly nor 
+taken, lie dropped one of his apples, which Atai.uu.i, 
+relying on her fwiftnefs, flopped to pick up, 
+
+♦ 
+
+r!i.*n Ice fail another, and afterwards a rhii\!, 
+
+iiRc\.iic Raid to collect, bat unable tn rx-'-’. 
+
+
+t • * 
+
+[ * 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+► ' 
+
+
+
+CHOR.'ESL'S. 
+
+
+4^9 v 
+
+
+the time loft, Hippotnenes firft reached the goal, 
+an d efpoufed her. Having afterwards profaned 
+the temple of Cybele, or a wood confecrated to 
+that goddefs, Hippomenes was transformed into 
+
+; t lion, and Atalanta into a lioneft. 
+
+The little occafion we fliaD have hereafter to 
+fpeak of the city of Calydon, induces us to place 
+
+here the hiftory of Chortefus. 
+
+This Chortcfus, who was high prieft to Bacchus, 
+
+conceived a moil violent affection for Callirrhoe, a 
+princefs of the royal blood. In vain did he try 
+every art to pleafe her, fne was infenfible to all 
+his efforts. Defpairing of fuccefs, he invoked the 
+aid of Bacchus, who infpired the Calydonians with 
+iuch a furious intoxication that they flaughtered 
+each other. The oracle being applied to, returned 
+for anfwcr, that this calamity could not be removed 
+but by facrificing Callirrhoe, or him who fhould 
+devote himfelf to fave her. Already the altar 
+awaited its vidlim, and the people ot Calvdon with 
+loud voices demanded the horrible iacriHcc from 
+which they hoped for fafety. Choradtis holding 
+the facred knife advanced, the unhappy maid 
+is brought bound to his feet, her tender limbs 
+confined with galling bands, her bofom ex- 
+j.'ofcd to the fatal blow. ChoraTus cafts on her 
+
+
+a parting look; his faultering hand iufpcnds the 
+uplifted blow; tumultuous murmurs rife; he 
+
+
+
+
+
+43 & 
+
+
+TWO TIIEBAN WARS, 
+
+
+and ge n . : „ 
+
+rous tendernefs ofChorasfus, could not furvive Inn,. 
+
+1 * * • * i * 
+
+* 
+
+Ihe terminated her exiftence near the fountain A 
+Calydon, which from that time was called hv Hr 
+name. 
+
+
+
+OF THE TWO THEBAN WWW 
+
+
+
+of the 
+
+
+fit,* 
+^ * 
+
+
+■ 
+
+o conclude the hiflory 
+
+¥ 
+
+times, it remains for us to ipeak o 
+Theban wars, dEfehylus, Sophocles and Km ,, • 
+have made them the fabjccl of level.'.! lim; - 
+
+
+• • « 
+
+
+and Statius has celebrated them in an <;ph 
+The finifhed performances of tlufe dliiih’/.a 
+poets are too famous and too well know a r.c. •: 
+merit the attention of our readers. Ex trad •> v,, ; 
+but disfigure them, and befides are never hui'A 
+tory. We hi all confine ourfelves tiu-n t.i 
+abridgment of this hiilorv, and have no d.niit he: 
+we hi all more oblige our readcis, by givir" dr 
+account of them which we find in the tr.i. ci. <<: 
+
+
+thing v,iiua v.i 
+
+
+young Anacliarfis, than by any 
+could write upon that fubjuft. 
+
+“ The difpleafure o! the gods had long inn hi- 
+vy over the kingdom of Thebes. Cadi: t. . unu" 
+from the throne wliich he liiniieli i ok i neool.. 
+Polydorus torn limb from hmb b» the Via; > hni’io, 
+l.abdacus canled olfby a prcmauire dead), h •' v,r : 1 
+
+
+
+TWO THEBAN WARS. 
+
+
+
+a fon, an infant in the cradle, furrounded with ene- 
+
+' X. 
+
+mies; iuch had been the fate of the royal family 
+Jince its original foundation, when Laius, fon and 
+fucceflor to Labdacus, having twice loft and reco¬ 
+vered the crown, efpoufed Epicafta, or Jocafta, 
+daughter of Menoeceus. For thefe nuptials 
+were referved the mod dreadful calamities. The 
+ion that fltould fpring from this marriage, it had 
+been foretold by the oracle, fhould be the mur¬ 
+derer of his father, and the hulband of his mother. 
+The child was born, and by his parents expofed to 
+become the prey of wild beads. His cries, or 
+chance, led to a dil'covery of him, and he was pre- 
+fented to the queen of Corinth, who adopted him 
+as her ion, and brought him up under the name 
+of CEdqnis. When arrived at years of maturity, 
+being informed of the dangers which he had ef- 
+caped, lie coniulted the gods, and their minifters 
+having by their anfwers confirmed what the oracle 
+
+
+had precluded before his birth, he was precipitated 
+into the misfortunes he wiflied to avoid. Deter¬ 
+mined no more to return to Corinth, which he 
+
+icgarded as his native country, he took the road 
+
+* 
+
+to Phocis, and meeting in a narrow way an old 
+niarg who haughtily required him not to obflnLt 
+the paflagc, and even ollered to remove him by 
+violence, Qulipus fell upon him, and lltw him, 
+
+-I his was his father Laius. 
+
+
+After this fatal accident, the kingdom of Thebes 
+
+
+
+
+43 2 
+
+
+TWO THEBAN' WARS. 
+
+
+and the hand of Jocafla were promifed to |,; n 
+who Ihould deliver Thebes from the mi ferity u p, 
+which it was afflifted. Sphynx, natural dan.d;fn 
+ofLaius, having united herfelf with Ibmc band 1 -; 
+laid wafte the country; detained travellers by ...:t- 
+ful quefrions, and bewildering them in the 
+cies of mount Phineus, betrayed their. inn, 
+hands of her treacherous affociates. Ov.iit 
+
+I * * ‘ • « 
+
+A 
+
+covered her retreats, difperfed the accompiu nf 
+her crimes, and in reaping the fruit of his victory 
+full 
+
+
+r, M f ..! r l-/» 
+
+11 * L x-i Li a. o 
+
+
+cc 
+
+
+oracle in its whole extent. 
+Inceft reigned triumphant upon th 
+
+
+e earth, hut 
+
+
+heaven hailed to check its progrefs. An unwel¬ 
+come difeovery came to confound this guilty pair. 
+
+
+Jocafla 
+
+
+by a violent 
+
+
+and CEdip 
+
+
+
+tore out 
+
+
+his eyes, and died in Attica, where Thcfcus hud 
+offered him an afylum. But according to ou.t r ac - 
+counts, he was condemned to fupport the li^i.r, to 
+fee the theatre of his crimes; and life, to tram.nit ir 
+to children more criminal and more unhappy than 
+himfelf. Thefe were Eteocles, Polynice.., Anti¬ 
+gone and Ifmena, all of whom he had by Eurigunu 
+his fccond wife. T Jic two princes were no iooncr 
+of an age to govern, than they confined (dviijais 
+in a remote part of his palace, and agreed to hold 
+by turns the reins of government, during a ye.tr. 
+Eteocles full mounted this throne, ever running 
+
+■ ^ j 
+
+on the brink of ruin, and refilled to rifi-zn :t ar iaC 
+
+appoint'd 
+
+
+
+433 
+
+
+TWO THF.BAM WARS. 
+
+
+appointed time. Polynices applied to Adraftus, 
+king of Argos, to procure redrefs, who gave him 
+his daughter in marriage, and promifcd him pow¬ 
+
+
+erful affiftance. 
+
+“ Such was the occafion of the firft expe¬ 
+dition in which the Greeks dilplayed fo me 
+knowledge of the military art. Before this time 
+we have feen troops without order over-run a 
+neighbouring country, and retire after having com¬ 
+mitted fome temporary ravages and cruelties. In 
+the war of Thebes, we fee projects concerted with 
+prudence, and purfued with firmnefs; people of 
+different nations afiembled in the fame camp, and 
+fubjedkto the fame authority, difplayinga courage 
+equal to the rigour of the feafons, the delays of a 
+fiege, and the dangers of daily combats. Adraftus 
+divided the command of the army with Polvnices, 
+whom he wifhed to eftablifh on the Theban throne; 
+the brave Tydeus, fon of CLCneus, king of Aitolia; 
+the fiery Capaneus j Amphiaraus the augur; I lip - 
+pomedon and Parthenopceus. After thele warriors, 
+all illuftrious for their birth and valour, appeared 
+a fuccellion Ids diftinguifhed for their meric and 
+
+
+
+
+“ I lie army being put in motion, entered the 
+foreflofNemca,where its genera 1 :; inflitutedgames, 
+which are ftill celebrated witfi the greuteft 1'olemnity. 
+
+
+
+After palling the 
+
+
+ifthmus of Corinth, 
+
+
+it pro¬ 
+ceeded! 
+
+
+
+TWO TIIF.BAN WARS. 
+
+
+434 
+
+
+ceeded into Bceotia, and compelled the troops 
+Eteocles to confine theinfelves within the walls d 
+Thebes. The Greeks were as yet unacqtuir.rrd 
+with the art of taking a place defended by a fhror 
+
+garrifon. All the efforts of the befiegers \. 
+
+directed towards the gates, and all the her:-,, 
+
+i. ' / £ ** 
+
+the befii 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+actions 
+
+
+in 
+
+frequent 
+
+Killies. 
+
+^ ? • 
+
+i n 
+
+id 
+
+mid alma! 
+
+V enp; 
+
+• 
+
+p' •«< 
+
+* * « i 
+
+
+!v laid the 
+
+brave 
+
+c 
+
+V. V. 1 a 
+
+4 
+
+tr 
+
+on t!ie top 
+
+VJ i l* 
+
+1 ill . *. ? 
+
+to 
+
+dm wall, v. 
+
+1 T i 
+
+men i*. 
+
+•code- 
+
+
+and Polynices agreed tlicml’eives to dctern.i.g id j. 
+difpute. The day was fixed, the place appc.i.ucd, 
+the people in tears, the armies in filencc avaivd 
+the event, when the two princes milling 
+together, pierced each other with repeated wo::::. '. 
+
+
+r 1 
+
+L l j v 1 1 lli.-'* 
+
+
+and even death, could not appeafe 
+fual rancour. Their bodies were placed upon bit 
+fame funeral idle, and with a view of cxprdiirg 
+
+
+, ie. 
+
+
+1)V a frightful imagine the lentimenis v. i 
+
+J U \^J 
+
+iiad an.mated them during life, it was pretwv ; ’ 
+that the dame, penetrated with their hatred* m \ 
+
+* i ’ 
+
+divided, that their allies miaht not be conlouaum 
+
+J *» 1 
+
+Crcon, brother uf Jocalta, was charged, cluri:w^:’** 
+
+minority of i aiodamas, ion of Ktcocles, with 
+
+continuance of a. war which became cvrrv dn 
+
+* # 
+
+more fatal to the beliegers, and which was ar h.n 
+terminated by a vigorous Tally on the part of tin 
+Thebans, The combat was bloody j d ulein • in • 
+
+
+
+435 
+
+
+TWO 7 r UT.A\ r WARS 
+
+
+the Aroian 
+
+O 
+
+
+generals were 
+
+
+the greater part m 
+flain. 
+
+cc Aurelius, conflreincd to railv the fiege, could 
+not bellow the rights of burial upon thole left dead 
+in the field of battle. Thr 11-us was obliged to 
+
+
+interpofe his authority, and compel Crcon to fub- 
+mit to the rights of nations, which then began to 
+be obferml. 'l'he victory of the Thebans only 
+fufpended for a fliort time their deflxutlion. d’he 
+Argian chiefs had left fons worthy to revenge them. 
+When arrived at a proper age, the fe young princes, 
+in whofe number were Diomcdes, fon of Tydeus, 
+and Sthenelus, fon of Capaneus, at the head cf a 
+formidable army entered the territory of their ene¬ 
+my. A battle was foon fought, and the Thebans 
+being defeated, abandoned their city, which was 
+delivered up to pillage. Therfander, fon and fuc- 
+celTor of Polynices, was killed feme years after on 
+his way to the fiege of Troy. After his death 
+Thebes was governed by two princes more of the 
+fame family, but the fecond being fuddenly f ixed 
+with madnefs, the Thebans, perfuaded that the 
+Furies would haunt the blood of Cltdipus as long 
+as a drop of it remained upon the earth, placed 
+another family on the throne. Three generations 
+after they adopted the republican form of govern- 
+meat, which they iTiii retain." 
+
+
+
+
+43 6 
+
+
+TROJAN WAR# 
+
+
+OF THE TROJAN WAR. 
+
+
+The extraft we have juft given of the 
+two Theban wars is fufficient, no doubt, to fhow the 
+neceffity of recurring to thofe mafterJy perform¬ 
+ances which the ancients have left us upon that 
+interefting fubjeft. We think it advifable to 
+adopt the fame plan, in fpeaking of the moft- 
+celebrated event in the Grecian hiftory. When 
+we mention Troy, the names of Homer and Virgil 
+naturally occur to every mind. To prefume to 
+make extracts from them, would be to militate 
+
+
+again ft every principle of tafte. We fit all contcni 
+ourfelves therefore with tranferibing what tht 
+author of the travels of Anacharfis preients us 
+with upon this fubjeft. 
+
+5C The repofe which Greece enjoyed after 
+the fecond Theban war, could not be of long 
+duration. The chiefs of that expedition re¬ 
+turned covered with glory ; the foldiers loaded 
+with booty; both appeared with that pride 
+and importance which ever accompany victory; 
+and relating to their children and friends who ga¬ 
+thered round them, the hiftory of their labour.' 
+and exploits, made a powerful imprefiion upon 
+the imagination, and kindled in every breall an 
+ardent third for war. An event which quickly follow¬ 
+
+
+ed, difeovered the eHefts which this had produced, 
+
+
+« On 
+
+
+
+TROJAN WAR. 
+
+
+437 
+
+
+« On the coaft of Ana, oppofite to Greece, 
+reigned Priam, king of Troy, a peaceful prince, 
+defcended from a long line of kings, having him- 
+fclf a numerous race, almoft entirely compofed of 
+youthful heroes. His kingdom, by its opulence, 
+the bravery of his fuhjedts, and the alliances which 
+he had formed with the Afiyrian monarchs, was 
+equally as famous in that part of Afia as the 
+kingdom of Mycenm was in Greece. 
+
+“ The houfe of Arsros, eftablifhed in this latter 
+city, acknowledged for its chief Agamemnon, 
+fon of Atreus. He had annexed to his dominions 
+thofe of Corinth, Sicyon, and feveral neighbour¬ 
+ing cities. His power, increafed by that of his 
+brother Menelaus, who had juft efpouled Helen, 
+heirefs to the kingdom of Sparta, gave him great 
+influence in that part of Greece called, from his 
+grandfather Pelops, Peloponnefus. Tantalus, his 
+great grandfather, reigned firft over Lydia, and 
+had, in violation of the mod lacred rights, retained 
+in chains a Trojan prince, named Ganymede, 
+further, Hercules, defcended from the kings of 
+Argos, had more recently put to death Laomedon 
+and carried off his daughter Hefione. 
+
+1 he remembrance of thcfe unrevenged injuries 
+maintained an hereditary and implacable hatred 
+between the houles of Priam and Agamemnon, 
+which every day became more inveterate from a 
+rivalry of power, the moft terrible and fanguinary 
+
+r f 2 of 
+
+
+
+TROJAN WAR. 
+
+of all paffions. Paris, fon of Priam, was the man 
+for whom it was refervcd to blow into a flume 
+thefe embers of refentment. 
+
+
+Paris 
+
+
+came into 
+
+
+Greece, and repaired to the court of Mend. nr,, 
+where the beauty of Helen at traded every ur. 
+
+
+ICe 
+
+
+To the advantages of perfon, the Trojan pri: 
+united the deli re or plcafmg, and Helen abandoned 
+all to follow him. In vain did the AtriCes en¬ 
+deavour by gentle means to obtain a iatisf.uti ion 
+equal to the offence; Priamconfidcred his fen only 
+as the avenger ofthofe wrongs which his hod'e ami 
+all Alia had experienced from the Greeks, and 
+rejected every propofal for an accommodation. 
+At this extraordinary news, tumultuous langtii- 
+nary cries and rumours, which announced ap¬ 
+proaching war and {laughter, bund forth and 
+fpread on every fide. The Grecian nations feem 
+
+like the fore ft agitated by a temped. Kings, v.liole 
+
+* 
+
+power was confined within a fmgle city, and nie- 
+parchs, whole empire extended over many nations, 
+all equally infpirecl with the fpirit of heroilm re¬ 
+pair to Mycenae. 
+
+iC They fvvear to acknowledge Agamemnon c hit i 
+
+of the expedition, to avenge Menelaus, arid to 
+
+rave Ilium to the ground. If fomc at firl! reli 
+
+to join in this confederacy, they are foon 1 
+
+fuaded by the powerful eloquence of the vcncralm’ 
+
+Ivcflor, king of i-’ylos; by the artful language <a 
+
+Idly fits, king of Ithaca; by the examples of A jar, 
+
+el 
+
+
+{. 1 
+It v. 
+
+
+)rr 
+
+
+
+■09 
+
+
+TROJ \\ WAR. 
+
+
+of Salamis; Idomeneus, of Crete; Achilles, fon 
+of Peleus, who reigned over part of Thefialy; and 
+a crowd of youthful warriors, already intoxicated 
+
+
+• 1 
+
+
+wit a tneir Hopes 
+
+
+of fuccefs. After long prepa¬ 
+rations, the army, confuting of about one hundred 
+thoufand men, afleinbied at the port of Aulis, and 
+embarked on board a fleet of near twelve hundred 
+veilels far the Troian lliore. 
+
+£C The town of Troy, defended by towers and 
+
+ramparts, was likeviie protected by a numerous 
+
+army, under the command of 1 leeTor, fon of 
+
+Priam; with him were many allied princes, whofe 
+
+troops were joined to thole of Troy. Being alfem-- 
+
+bled on the lliore, they prelent a formidable front 
+
+to the Grecian army, which having repulled them. 
+
+Units itfelf up in a camp, with the greatelt part of 
+
+its vdlels. Again the hoflile armies try their 
+
+* 
+
+llrength, and the doubtful fuccefs of many battles 
+proves that the ftege will be protradled to adiftant 
+period. With flight built veilels, and very little 
+knowledge of the art of navigation, the Greeks had 
+not been able to cflablilh a regular communication 
+between Greece* and A ha, and nrovifions bc tr ; 
+
+1 C'J 
+
+to fail. 
+
+
+m 
+
+
+Pent of ihe fleet was lent to ravage, or 
+
+o J 
+
+* (nv gniiii, in the iilc s, and ik i‘.;hbouring coalts, 
+''vhilft pariu s dilncrfed rhcmlelvcs over the conn- 
+
+
+An- 
+
+
+11 and carried oil die flocks and harvcfls. 
+other motive rendered rhefe detachments indifpen* 
+hhly neceOitry. 'J'he town was not invclled, and 
+
+
+
+4o 
+
+
+TROJAN WAR. 
+
+
+s the troops of Priam fecured it from being taker, 
+
+by furprize, it was refolved to attack the allies of 
+that prince, either for the advantage of their Jpoils, 
+or to deprive Priam of their affiftancc. Achilles 
+carried every where fire and fvvord ; having like a 
+raging torrent fwept all away before him, he re¬ 
+turned loaded with immenfe booty, which he cif. 
+tributed among the army, and with numberiefs 
+flaves, which were divided among the generals. 
+
+“ Troy was fituated at the foot of mount Ida, at 
+fome diftance from the lea; the tents and vcfltJs 
+of the Greeks occupied the fhore ; the fpacr be¬ 
+tween was the theatre of their courage and ferocity. 
+The Greeks and Trojans, armed with pikes, clubs, 
+1 words, and javelins, defended by helmets, bread - 
+plates, CLiilhes and Ihields, with thick embattled 
+ranks, and headed by their generals, advanced to 
+meet each other; the former with loud fhouts, the 
+latter with afilcnce Hill more frightful. Immediately 
+the chiefs, becoming foldiers, more anxious to 
+give great examples than fage advice, precipitate 
+themlelves into the greatelt dangers, and aimoft al¬ 
+ways leave fo chance the care of a fuccefs they 
+neither know how to prepare, nor to improve ; the 
+troops canfufeuly beat and crufh each other, like 
+the waves driven and repelled by the wind in the 
+Tubman (traits. Night parts the combatants; '.he 
+city, or the entrenchments, receive the vanquilhcd; 
+the victory cods much blood without any dtcilive 
+
+advantage. 
+
+
+
+TROJAN' WAR. 
+
+
+4 + 1 
+
+
+r!vantage. Next day the pile confumes the fiain, 
+an ,j te nrs and funeral games honour their memory, 
+yhe truce expires, and the ronflidt is renewed. 
+Often in the heat of an engagement a warrior, with 
+
+
+a loud voice, defies to (ingle combat any who 
+dare oppofe him. The troops in (Hence ice them, 
+now launch their arrows, or the mafly fragment of 
+a broken rock, now hand to hand engage, and try 
+by mutual infuks more to provoke each other’s rage. 
+
+f 
+
+Vidtory did not fatiate their fury; if they could not 
+disfigure the body of their fallen enemy, and de¬ 
+prive it of the rights of burial, they (trove at lead 
+to fpoil it of its arms; but in an inftant the troops on 
+both fides advance either to ravifh from him his 
+prey, or to fecure it to him, and the a<ft ion becomes 
+general. This likewile happens when one party 
+has too much to fear for the life of its champion, or 
+when he himfelf endeavours to prelerve it by 
+flight. Circumftances could juftify this lad con¬ 
+duct; he who fled without fighting was branded 
+with eternal infamy and difgrace, becaule at all 
+times we mud know how to face death to be de¬ 
+leaving of life; but the man who having expe¬ 
+rienced the fuperiority of his adverfary endeavoured 
+to lave himfelf, was treated witli indulgence. The 
+valour of chcfe times confiding lefs in courage of 
+mind than in a reliance on their own drength ■, it 
+was no fliame to retreat, when compelled by ne- 
+celiity ; but it was a glory to reach the flying loc, 
+
+anil 
+
+
+
+442 
+
+
+tro’a:; war. 
+
+
+and to the ftrength which prepares victory, < r) 
+unite the fpeed which feeures it. 
+
+tc Affociations of arms and fentimente between tv.-o 
+warriors,were never fo common at, durir-f? die Tv., 
+jan war. Achilles and Patrocius, Ajax and Tcuccr, 
+Diomedes and Sthenelus, Idonieneus and Merion, 
+and many other heroes worthy to follow their ex¬ 
+ample frequently fought fide by fide, and throwing 
+thcmfelves into the thicken: of the battle, divided 
+equally the dangers and the glory ; at other tiir.es, 
+mounted on the fame chariot, one guided the Heeds, 
+whilft the other ihielded off that death which he 
+dealt round amongft the enemy. The lob of a 
+warrior required a fpeedy fatisfaction on the part 
+of his companion in arms; blood demanded blood. 
+This idea, ftrongly .imprinted on the mind, enable.! 
+both the Greeks and Trojans to fupport the nu¬ 
+merous calamities which they had to encounter. 
+Many times were the former nearly mailers <<f 
+the city, as often did the latter force the camp.m 
+the Greeks, though pallifadoes, ditches, and m,!r> 
+defended it. The armies now begin to 
+(liminilhed, and the warriors to dilappear. i »u*ior, 
+
+
+V 
+
+
+Sarpedon, Ajax, and even Achilles himkIf 
+numbered with the dead. At fight of this revolt., 
+the Trojans figh for the reflitution of Helen, .mu 
+Greeks after their native foil 5 but both art. 
+
+
+the 
+
+
+retrained by ihame, and that unhappy h-chuy 
+with which men accuftom thcmfelves to all f |ir 
+
+haniunco 
+
+
+
+TROJAN WAR. 
+
+
+443 
+
+
+happinefs and repofe. The whole world had fixed 
+its eyes on the plains of Troy, on that fpot 
+where glory loudly called thofe princes who had 
+not from the beginning engaged in the expedition. 
+Impatient to fignalize themfelves on this new 
+theatre of adtion open to all nations, they came 
+fuccefllvely to join their forces to thole of their 
+allies, and often periflred in the fir ft: engagement. 
+
+<c At laft, after ten years’ refiftance and-labour, after 
+lofing the flower of their youth, and their choiceft 
+heroes, the city fell under the efforts of the Greeks; 
+a fall fo great, that it ftill ferves for the principal 
+epoch in the annals of nations. Its walls, habita¬ 
+tions, and temples, levelled with the ground; 
+Priam expiring at the foot of his altars; his Tons 
+maflacredaround him; Hecuba, his wife, Caflandra, 
+his daughter, and many other princefies loaded 
+with chains, and dragged like flaves through the 
+blood which ran in torrents down the ftxeets, 
+amidft a whole people, confumed in the devouring 
+flames, or deftroyed by the avenging fword: fuch 
+was the cataftrophe of this difmal tragedy. The 
+Greeks latiated their vengeance; but this cruel 
+latisfadlion was themeafure of their profperity, and 
+die beginning of their misfortunes. 
+
+“ Then-return was diltinguifhed by the molt cruel 
+di falters. Mneftheus, king of Athens, ended his clays 
+1,1 the iflandof'Melos; Ajax, king of the Locrians, 
+periflied with his whole fleet; Ulyfles, more unfor¬ 
+tunate 
+
+
+
+
+
+444 
+
+
+IRujAX WAR. 
+
+
+tunate, was frequently in danger cf the fame 
+during ten years that he traveried the main: other- 
+ftill more worthy to be pitied, were rect i\ V 
+their families like rtninyers inverted wit! 
+
+
+1 til!, ; 
+
+
+
+which, through long abfence, had been 
+and which an unexpected return now rendcicd 
+odious. Inftead of the tranfports their prdtiuc 
+ought to have excited, they heard nothing around 
+them but the horrid cries of ambition, adukcrv, 
+and the molt fordid interert : betrayed by their re¬ 
+lations and friends, the major part, under the con¬ 
+duct of Idomeneus, PhiloCtetes, Diomedes, and 
+Teticer, went into unknown countries in lurch of 
+more faithful connexions. The houie of Arsrr. 
+involved itfelf in the blacked crimes, and tore it, 
+entrails with its own hands. Agamemnon found 
+his bed and throne polluted by a bale ufurptr, and 
+died murdered by his wife Clytemneftra, who Ionic 
+time after fell by the hand of her own Ion On lies. 
+Thefe horrors, at that time fpread overall Grtcre, 
+and ftijl reprefented on the Athenian flage, fliould 
+be a warning to both monarchs and people, and 
+teach them to dread even victory itlclf. That oi 
+the Greeks was as fatal to themfclves as to the 
+trojans; weakened by their exertions anti then 
+fuccefies, they could no longer refill their intdlinf 
+divifions, and accuJlomcd themfelvcs to that tit - 
+ilmCtive idea, tiiat war is as necertary to Hales as 
+
+peace. In a few generations, the great'r part <>l 
+
+One 
+
+
+
+TROJAN WAR, 
+
+
+44 5 
+
+thefe fovereign houfes, which had dcftroyed that 
+of Priam, fell, and were buried in oblivion, and 
+within eighty years after the demolition of Troy, 
+part of the Peloponnefus paffed into the hands of 
+the Heraclides, or defcendants of Hercules.” 
+
+The year of the capture of Troy forms a very 
+elTential epoch for the knowledge of thofe events 
+which happened in the times called Fabulous. 
+Ancient authors differ much in their manner of 
+lixing it. The illuftrious Sir Ifaac Newton places 
+it about nine hundred and leven years before the 
+Chriftian era. Eratofthenes, quoted by Eulcbius, 
+and Apollodorus, quoted by Clement of Alex¬ 
+andria, fay that this city was taken 11S1 years 
+before the ChriUian era, 450 years before the 
+foundation ot Rome, and about 400 years before 
+rhc fir ft Olympiad, the laft year of the reign of 
+Mneftheus, king of Athens, and at the time when 
+Fluid was judge of Ifrael. This latter is the 
+opinion moft generally adopted. Any thinr that 
+
+y i - O 
+
+vc could add to the extract from the travels of 
+Anacnarfis would be ufelefs, and extend this work 
+beyond its deftined limits. We have carefully 
+traced the principal events down to that epoch, 
+and we fit all undoubtedly be excufed if we abridge 
+our labours, and are even filent, when for informa- 
+tion wc refer our readers to the finifhed produc- 
+tions of Homer, Virgil, and Fenelon. 
+
+
+
+
+4+6 
+
+
+ANTIQUITY OF TEMPLES. 
+
+
+OF THE.ANTIQUITY 
+
+
+OF TEMPLES. 
+
+
+That temples are of great antiouitv is 
+undoubted, but the precife period when they were 
+firft erefted is not known. Idolatry had its vile 
+in Egypt and Phoenicia a fhort time after the 
+deluge ; confequently, it is in thefe two countries 
+we rauft feek for whatever concerns religious 
+
+o 
+
+worfhip and the ufe of temples. The fyftem of 
+Idolatry was not eltablifhed at once, and cere 
+monies were only introduced by degrees. A rude 
+uncivilised worfhip was firft paid to their falic di¬ 
+vinities j altars offtone or turf in an open field wore 
+the only preparations for their facrifices. Places 
+were not enclofed, chapels nor temples built till 
+fome time after. The Egyptians themieives appear 
+to have had none in the time of Moles. The 
+filence he obferves on this fubjeft, may be con- 
+fidered as a certain proof that they had none. It 
+is reafonable to believe, that the Tabernacle credited 
+by that legiflator in the Defart (which may be con- 
+fidered as a portable temple) was the firft known, 
+
+and ferved as a model for all others. 
+
+This temple borne by the Ifraelites in fight ol 
+the nations near which they palled, might have 
+given them the firfl: idea of building one themfelves. 
+The temple of Dagon, god of the Philiftines, 
+
+
+mentioned in Scripture, was probably an 
+
+
+imitation 
+
+of 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+AKTIQLTI'Y OF TEMPLES. 
+
+
+HI 
+
+
+of the tabernacle, and the place which contained 
+it: a proof of this is, that this temple had lecret 
+places called Adyta, which correfponded to the 
+
+^ /-t *¥ ' i • 
+
+
+fanZlam j<- 
+
+
+
+
+Evep/thing concurs to prove 
+
+
+in 
+
+
+f — 
+
+that the cuftom of building temples was by the 
+Egyptians propagated among other nations. Lu¬ 
+cian fays, that Afiyria, Phoenicia, Syria, and other 
+neighbouring nations, received this cuflom front 
+the Egyptians. From Egypt and Phoenicia it 
+found its way into Greece, and from Greece to 
+Rome. This opinion is founded upon that of 
+Herodotus, and upon the moft authcntick monu¬ 
+ments of antiquity. Deucalion firft built temples 
+in Greece, and Janus at Rome. 
+
+The temples of the ancients were divided into 
+different parts, which it is of fervice to know 
+order to underftand the deferiptions which they 
+give of them. The firft was the veftibule or porch, 
+
+font or vclie 1 which contained th 
+water employed by the pricf! in purifying or ex¬ 
+piating thofe who wiihed to enter into the temples. 
+
+I'he iecond part was the aide. 
+
+1 he third was the Jaered nlace to which the 
+laity were not to be admitted. 
+
+Laflly, the fourth was v, hat they called the bark, 
+temple, this was not common to all temples ; but 
+; dl had porticoes and llcps to afceivl to them. The 
+Ulterior of tliefe temples was always ornamented. 
+They contained the flatties or gods, which were 
+
+
+where was the 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+ANTIQUITY OF TEMPI.F.$. 
+
+
+C ClOUS 
+
+
+44S 
+
+* 
+
+frequently of gold, ivory, ebony, or lome pr 
+matter. Statues of illuftrious men were likew ill- 
+placed there. Here were alfo gildings, paintings, 
+‘ and particularly what were called ex veto, Inch 
+prows of veffels when they had efcaped from fliip- 
+wreck; arms taken from the enemy, troplucr, 
+fhields, tripods, See. They were depofited in thcl'e 
+temples, which on feaft days were likewife orna¬ 
+mented with branches of olive, laurels and iv. 
+
+4 
+
+At Rome, when a temple was to be built, tin: 
+aurufpices or foothfayers were appointed to ebook 
+thefpot; this was then purified and encompali ;, ,l 
+with ribbons and crowns. The vellab., at •. .vied 
+by young girls and boys, walked die alioted ipuCf 
+with pure water, the pontiff cleanfed it by a loicirm 
+facrifice, and afterwards laid his hands up.-.n the 
+firft done of the foundation, which war bound 
+round with a ribbon. After thcl’e ceremonies, tin- 
+people took this {tone, and threw it into :.ae trench 
+dug for the foundation, together with ibme pieces 
+of metal which had never palled the crucible. 
+When the building was completed it was conle- 
+crated with the greatefl ceremony. 
+
+<£ Nothing could exceed the veneration in which 
+
+o 
+
+^ ■ 
+
+the ancients lit Id their temples. Arrian lays, it was 
+forbid to fpitormake life of the handkerchief in them. 
+Sometimes the votaries alcendcd to them on their 
+knees.Theywere an afylum fordebtorsand criminals. 
+
+In time ofanypublick calamity the women proll rated 
+
+
+them lei ves 
+
+
+
+OK THE ANTIQUITY OF TEMPLES. 
+
+
+449 
+
+
+themfelves in that part called the facred place, 
+and fwept it with their hair. However fometimes 
+when prayers appeared inlufficient to check the 
+fcourge, the people became furious, loft all re¬ 
+in efts for and even profaned the temples. 
+
+We lhall not give a defeription of the temples of 
+Egypt. After that ofBelus the moft celebrated 
+were that of Jupiter at Thebes or Diofpolis, that 
+of Andera, that of Proteus at Memphis, and that 
+of Minerva at Sais. The works of the Egyptians 
+were truly magnificent. They admired cololilil 
+flatues, and in their buildings employed only Hum s 
+of an enormous fr/.e, though it was neceliury to 
+fetch them from the quarries of Elephantinum, 
+which was a voyage of twenty days from Sais. As 
+an inftance of this, we may mention the famous 
+chapel of Amahs built in upper Egypt, which lie 
+tranfportedto Sais with prodigious pains and labour, 
+to place it in the temple of Minerva. 
+
+“ What I moft admire of all the works of Amahs, 
+
+
+(fays Elerodotus) is the temple built of a fingic 
+tlone, which two thou land pilots and feamcn were 
+three years in tiv.nfplanting from Elephantinum to 
+Sais. This temple, or rather chapel, was twenty- 
+one cubits in front, fourteen deep, and eight high .' 1 
+It Hill exifts, and its dimenfions, according to Mr. de 
+Savari in his letters upon Egypt, arc confidtrably 
+more extenlive than Hated by Herodotus. The 
+
+
+prelent idea we entertain of the arts and mechanic:-;. 
+
+
+
+po\. e rs 
+
+
+
+TEMPLE OF BELUS. 
+
+
+45 ° 
+
+powers (lands confounded before fuc’n (lupendoio 
+works, and we fhould treat them as fables, did nor 
+the fight of thofe eoloflal Hatties which have fo: 
+fo many ages braved the hand of dcilroying time, 
+attefl the truth of their exigence. This chapel 
+however was not placed in die temple of Miner v:i. 
+We are allured by Herodotus, that the wife Amafis 
+regretted having engaged in fo toilfome an under¬ 
+taking, and caufed it to be left at the gate «[ the 
+temple, becaufe one of the worltmen pnik.ai 
+before his eyes. A fine lefibn of humanity. b\: 
+learned too late. 
+
+
+TEMPLE OF BLITS, 
+
+
+1 his, the moll ancient of pagan tem¬ 
+ples, was likewife die moll lingular in its com 
+iirudtion. 
+
+
+Joi 
+
+
+building of it to Belus ; but if this Beius b 
+
+
+J »- i • 
+1 
+
+
+Hi 
+
+
+lame as Nimrod, (which is extremely pro.). !,1( >; 
+he appears Ids to have built a temple, 1 * •' { J 
+tower to (hield himfclf and liis people ir<>m a w 
+cond doluo'C. 1'hc manner in which the Ainu;-.it) 
+put a Hop to that mad defign is very well 1 m.v.u. 
+This famous edifice, called the Tower of “.dub 
+formed in its bale a lijuare, ear h fide of whi< h ■ on 
+t, lining the lengthol a Hadium (a hundred am -1 u 111 1 ' 
+
+iatii"in 1 ') 
+
+
+
+TEMPLE OF DIANA. 
+
+
+451 
+
+
+fathoms) gave a circumference of more than half 
+a mile. The whole work was comnofed of eight 
+towers, built upon each other, and regularly 
+dimhulhed towards the top. 
+
+Some authors, deceived by the Latin verfion of 
+Herodotus, pretend that each of thefe towers was 
+a ftadium in height, which would have made the 
+elevation of the whole a full mile and upwards. 
+But the Greek text makes no mention of this 
+
+
+prodigious height; and Strabo, who has likewife 
+given a defeription of this temple, makes it no 
+more than a ftadium in height, and the fame on 
+each fide. This temple, fo remarkable for its 
+
+
+conftruction and its riches, was confecrated to the 
+
+
+memory of Belus. Egypt p o fie lie d other tem¬ 
+ples more ancient, but they were erefled in ho¬ 
+nour of divinities. Herodotus, among others, 
+mentions that of Vulcan, built by Menes, who 
+was the firft that reigned over Egypt, after the 
+time when the Egyptians pretended they had no 
+
+fovereigns but the gods. 
+
+
+TKM1TT OF DIANA Ad' EPHESUS. 
+
+
+I ms temple, one of the Even wonders 
+of the world, was fevcral ages in arriving at its 
+greateft degree of perfeftion. Pliny relates, that 
+•dl Afia contributed to the building of it during 
+
+
+r. c 2 
+
+
+two 
+
+
+
+/ r <y 
+
+
+TEMPLE OF DIAMA. 
+
+
+two hundred and twenty years, and that two centu¬ 
+ries more were neceflary to adorn and embellifh it. 
+
+Pindar, in one of his odes, fays, that it was built 
+by the Amazons in their expedition againft the 
+Athenians under Thefeus; but Pauianias proves 
+that this poet was in an error, and tells us, that 
+long before the period of that event, thelc very 
+Amazons, being fir ft defeated by Bacchus, and 
+afterwards by I Iercules, took refuge at Ephefus ia 
+the temple of Diana; and that they made it their 
+afylum, when they abandoned the banks of the 
+Thermodon. We {hall give the dcfcription of 
+riiis celebrated temple as we find it recorded in 
+Pliny. In hopes of fecuring it from earthquakes, 
+it was built on a marfhy place, but to give fir ni¬ 
+ne fs and liability to an edifice lb confuierabic, 
+
+* 
+
+and to confoiiclate the ground rendered looie by 
+the ftagnated water, they employed pulverized 
+charcoal, over which they extended the (lens m 
+{keep furnifiied with the wool. 
+
+'Phis temple was four hundred and twenty-ine 
+feet long, and two hundred broad. One luuuln c 
+and twenty-feven columns, which fupported uie 
+luperfirudlure, were prefents from as many kiniy- 
+and were each fixty feet high. Six and thirty <n 
+theft columns were carved ; one in particular 17 
+
+the celebrated Scopas. 
+
+Cherfiphron was the firft architect of this h |! 
+
+prifing temple ; the fuperb architraves which he 
+
+employ'd 
+
+
+
+TEMPLE OK JUPITER OLYMPUS. 
+
+
+453 
+
+employed were particularly fubjedts of admira¬ 
+tion ; and to whatever perfe&ion the mechanic 
+arts may have been brought in the prefent day, 
+it is extremely doubtful, whether they could fuc- 
+cecd in railing to fuch a height mafies of fo enor¬ 
+mous a weight. CTerfiphron and his fon could 
+not finifh this magn-ficent work; they were 
+lucceeded by other architects, who followed their 
+plan, and it was not completely finifhed till 
+after the lapfc of two hundred and twenty years. 
+All the monarchs and nations of Afia vied with 
+each other in enriching this temple. It was burnt 
+by Erodratus, as we have already mentioned un¬ 
+der the article of Diana. 
+
+
+TEMPLE OF JUPITER OLYMPUS. 
+
+
+HP 
+
+
+-i ms ter..pie, and particularly the ftatuc 
+of Jupiter, the mailer-piece of the immortal Phi¬ 
+dias, was built with the Ipoils taken by the TElians 
+from tiie Pifans and their allies, when they cap¬ 
+tured and lacked the city ol Pifa. Libo, a na¬ 
+tive of the country, was the architect of this 
+temple. It was of the Doric order, and fur- 
+rounded with pillars. The Hones employed in 
+building it were remarkable for their Angularity 
+and beauty j they were drawn from the country 
+itlclf. The height of this temple, from the ground 
+
+
+« o 3 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+TEMPLE OF APOLLO. 
+
+
+; ‘ t t> 
+1 • . . 
+
+
+to the roof, was fixty-eight feet, the Unp/h w, ; 
+two hundred and thirty, and the breadrh tiimrv- 
+five. The tiles which covered it were of 
+marble. 
+
+Antiquity poffeffed nothing more lu-'fi 
+
+<■ 
+
+more perfectly finifhed, than the throi.e 
+tue of Jupiter Olympus. Both were i : • 
+of gold and ivory. The illuflrious 
+mod celebrated of feuiptorr, either 
+modern, was the artifr, and they we te¬ 
+as the fined effort of trenius. 
+
+
+J 
+
+• .1 
+
+
+l: 
+
+
+i i l % 
+
+* > i L * i A 
+
+
+' * • * ‘' i i' \ ■: 
+
+
+( 
+
+v i It 
+
+
+I ^ , 
+
+
+ill* 
+
+
+)' 
+
+
+d 
+
+
+from the pavement to the vault, and lln:e'!. uuv 
+beholder with admiration and wonder. 
+
+To deferibe all the riches this temple contained, 
+or all the beauties it poffefled, would be impoiiibk 
+
+The pavement was of the mod beautiful mar¬ 
+ble, and the interior was adorned with an infinite 
+number of flatues. 
+
+Kings, people, and the mod celebrated artill:, 
+were all equally eager to enrich it with loir, 
+monument of their piety, their magnificence, 
+their talents. 
+
+
+r 
+
+
+(L 
+
+
+THE TEMPLE OP APOLLO AT !>I T.l'.H 
+
+
+HP 
+
+
+JL his temple was not equal to that oi 
+Jupiter Olympus in point of beauty and dinun- 
+lions, but the incredible number of prelciita a i.’ 
+
+
+
+
+
+TEMPLE OF APOLLO’. 
+
+
+
+to it from all parts rendered it much richer. None 
+of its ornaments however could be compared 
+with the throne and ftatue of Jupiter Olym¬ 
+pus. A cavern whence proceeded exhalations 
+which occafioned a fort of intoxication to thofe 
+who approached it, as we have before men¬ 
+tioned, gave birth to the Oracle of Delphos. 
+They began by covering this cavern with branches 
+
+
+of laurel ; this was fucceeded by a chapel, and 
+not long after they built a temple of copper, in 
+imitation, no doubt, of the brazen chamber of 
+Acrifms, in which he confined his daughter Da- 
+nae. This temple being fwallowed up by an 
+earthquake, was replaced by another edifice from 
+the plan and under the direction of Agamedes and 
+Trophonius. This new temple was confumed by 
+fire, in the fir ft year of the fifty-eighth Olympiad, 
+and was followed by another, which was the laft. 
+This iubfifted in the time of Paufanias, and was 
+confiderably luperior to the preceding, having 
+been built by the Amphiftyons, with the gifts 
+and contributions of the people exprefsly appro¬ 
+priated to that purpofe. 
+
+To form an idea of the riches it may be fup- 
+P'ded to have amafTed, we mull remark, that by 
+c onfulting the Oracle, men hoped to obtain a 
+knowledge of die future, and no anfwcr could be 
+procured, unlefs they had fir ft made feme con- 
+lklcrable prefent to adorn the temple. We may 
+
+o o 4 lorm 
+
+
+
+PANTHEON OF ROME. 
+
+
+456 
+
+form fome eftimate of the number of thefe offer¬ 
+ings, when we refleft on the natural reftlefihcfs 
+of man, and the earned: defire he has to be 
+informed of the lot which awaits him. 
+
+Every motive to the conftrudtion of the temple 
+of Jupiter'Olympus was grand. The edifice was 
+intended to convey an idea of the divine majeliv, 
+and for that purpofe the fublimeft efforts of art 
+were employed. Phidias having in fome mea- 
+fure determined its tafte and character, no works 
+could be placed near his, but what in fome decree 
+approached them. It is thus that the example of 
+one great man alone is frequently Efficient to en¬ 
+lighten, and induce the imitation of his age. 
+
+In the temple of Delphos every kind ofpallion, 
+of curiofity, of anxiety, was admitted to prelent its 
+offerings; as nothing was refufed, the number mull 
+have been enormous; but almoft all mufl have 
+been marked with that minute and detached damp 
+which is infcparable from perfonal intereft and 
+little minds. 
+
+
+PANTHEON OF ROME. 
+
+
+Rome and Italy were 
+temples than Greece; many 
+for their magnificence or fing 
+
+
+not Jefs abundant m 
+of them remarkable 
+
+ularity. One of the 
+
+
+
+PAN’T'lrON’ OF romf.. 
+
+
+457 
+
+
+moft beautiful was that of Jupiter in the Capitol; 
+but the moft fuperb, and moft fubftantially built 
+was the Pantheon, which Hill exifts, and in good 
+preiervation, under the name of the Church of 
+All Saints, to whom it is now confecrated, as in 
+the time of Paganifm it was, to All the Gods. 
+
+The general opinion is, that it was ere died by 
+the defire and at the expence of Agrippa, fon in 
+law to Auguftus. Some authors, however, think 
+it more ancient, and fay, that Agrippa only had 
+it repaired, and added that portico which ftill con- 
+ftitures its greateft ornament. An opening in the 
+middle of the roof, very ingenioufly contrived, 
+admits light into the interior of the temple. The 
+form of the pantheon is round; the architect 
+appears to have wifhed to give it the refemblance 
+of the globe; a form which, for the fame reafon, 
+was given to feveral ancient temples. The por¬ 
+tico, ftill more furprifing than the temple itfelf, 
+is compofed of fixteen pillars of marble, each 
+formed from a fingle block. They are thirty— 
+feven feet Jiigh, and five feet in diameter. Eight 
+columns adorn the front of the portico, and as 
+many more lupport its depth. In every part 
+the Corinthian order is obferved. In the time of 
+pope Eugenius was found near this edifice part 
+of a head of bronze, reprelenting Agrippa. At 
+the fame time was found the foot of a horfe and 
+part of a wheel, of the fame metal. This difeo- 
+
+very 
+
+
+
+PANTHEON OF ROME. 
+
+
+Ft ICO 
+
+
+very renders it probable that formerly this po 
+fuppnrted the ftatue of Agrippa, placed on a cha¬ 
+riot with four horfes. The body of the cciificc* 
+•which ftill exifts entire, is built upon fucli folid 
+foundations that it has remained hitherto unfhaken. 
+A manufcript of a celebrated Roman 
+afTerts, that the foundation extends 
+beyond the building;, and fcems to form one fade 
+mafs of (tone. The ftatues and riches whu h f>r- 
+merly adorned it are no longer feen. The emperor 
+Conflantius the third took away th.e plates of rule 
+bronze which covered the whole roof, and pope 
+Urban the eighth employed the beams of die fame 
+
+
+arcmtec: 
+
+
+confident! vr 
+
+
+metal which were formerly there, in making die 
+altar of St. Peter’s at Rome, and the large pieces 
+of artillery which belong to the caftle of Sc. An- 
+gelo. 'i’he ftatues of the gods which ocai] ied 
+the niches have been either flolen or concealed 
+under ground. 
+
+o 
+
+When the celebrated Michael Angelo had 
+carefully ftudieu i veiv part of the Pantheon, Ins 
+
+% #• • t | # 1 ^ * 
+
+genius burnt with indignation to fee this cmlne 
+
+
+4 .; 
+
+
+O 
+
+
+m:\irclal as the preuteft effort of arrhirethire. 
+1 !e laid ro thole who were admiring I 
+raile upon four pillars this temple that io nimh 
+excites vmir aflunifhi'ncnt ; and it was then lu* 
+
+w 
+
+eorumved th.e: plan of the famous Cupola of ht. 
+
+P 
+
+
+/>o >• ♦* • 
+
+* i C i ot 
+
+
+K •me. 
+
+
+Jt is laid, that this extra ordinal v 
+
+man, cfjuallv famous as a painter, an hm P :1IK - 
+
+f. 
+
+
+
+PAXTIIF.OM OF ROME. 
+
+
+4,59 
+
+
+fculptor, made a will, in which he declared that 
+he had only given to the pillars ftrength dif¬ 
+fident to fupport the Cupola, and that if ever 
+they diminifhcd the drength of thefe pillars, they 
+would endanger the building. The Chevalier 
+Bernini, who long after afpired to equal Michaei 
+Angelo, regarded this will as a vain boafl, and 
+rafhly abufing the credit which he had acquired 
+by fome of his performances, hollowed (lairs in 
+thefe pillars v. Inch were extremely narrow and very 
+ufeiefs. It is to this prefumptuous experiment 
+that are attributed the great chinks, which are at 
+prefent perceived in the roof of the cupola, 
+which it has been found neceffary to Ilrcngthen 
+with immcnfe bars of iron; anil there is every 
+reafon to fear, that the calculation of that great 
+artifL was but too true. This proves how danger¬ 
+ous it is to place any confidence in the prefump¬ 
+tuous promifes of a rival. After the church of 
+St. Peter’s at Rome, the cathedral of St. Paul’s at 
+London is unqueftionably one of the fined monu¬ 
+ments in the whole world. 
+
+Such are the mod celebrated temples of which 
+
+1 MV 
+
+we have any account. The temple, or rather tow¬ 
+er, of Belus, is unquedionably the mod remarkable 
+for its antiquity, magnificence and fingulariry. It 
+exifled before the temple of the Egyptian Vulcan, 
+of which Herodotus in his ddcription fays, that it 
+was the work of a great number of kings, and of 
+
+
+huh importance, that fora prince to have con- 
+
+Unified 
+
+
+
+OH AC IT. !\ 
+
+
+ftrudled a fingle portico in the courfc of a ] 
+reign, was coniidcrcd as a great glory. 
+
+
+o n 
+
+
+OF ORACLES. 
+
+
+
+andale has written a very learned 
+treatife, in which he endeavours to prove, that 
+oracles had no other origin than the artifice of 
+priefts. Mr. de Fonteneile, with his ufual pene¬ 
+tration, amenity and elegance, has divefted this 
+treatife of whatever was foreign to the fubjed, or 
+too fcientific, and has adapted it to the capacity 
+of every defeription of readers. The fyilem of 
+Vandale, and the only origin he has aferibed to 
+oracles, being in every refpedt contrary to the c-lla- 
+
+
+blifhed opinion of the church, father Balthus, a 
+Jefuit, wrote a fecond treatife, not lefs learned 
+than that of Vandale, in which (without denying 
+the impofition of the prielts, which was frequently 
+intermixed with the oracles) he proves in the 
+deareft and inoft convincing manner the inter- 
+vention of dromons in thefe predictions which the 
+mod determined incredulity can never attribute to 
+artifice alone. Without profoundly inveltigaiing 
+the prctenfions of thefe two opinions, there an: 
+many reafons which induce us to rejeett the iyAcnt 
+
+of Vandale. 
+
+Could oracles, had they been founded oniy on 
+knavery and artifice, luve maintained for fo long 
+
+
+
+OKACl.ti. 
+
+
+461 
+
+a time their credit and reputation ? Impofturc muft 
+Inevitably be difcovered at laft; it is impoflible 
+falfchood fhould fupport itfelf tor ever; and 
+though fome credulous and weak individuals may 
+for a time be deceived, yet whole nations cannot, 
+for ages together, be the dupes ot fraud. The 
+power of monarchs, the ciiriolirv of the rich, want 
+of dilcretion, the treachery of a pridl, the jcaloufV 
+
+* J 
+
+which nuift naturally have ft lb filled between thofe 
+
+oracles which were coniulted, and thole which 
+
+feemed neglected, the rigour of feme anfwers, the 
+
+horrid facrifices which were lometiir.es enjoined, 
+
+were certainly lufTicicnr, fooner or later, to lead 
+
+to a difeoverv ot the truth. What then is this 
+
+* 
+
+hitherto unknown combination which lupports 
+itfelf in oppolitiou to leK-intcreft, and unites io 
+many inipollors in the religious observance of a 
+ii-crct? Thus much is fufheient to lnow our read¬ 
+ers, that a wife man may believe in the truth of 
+lome oracles, without bein'* obliged oiuhat account 
+
+J f 1 1 ' 
+
+
+tn renounce the ufe of Lis rrai*bn. V\ V ib.di content, 
+ourlclves withthefe ieiio.ooub., .kJ ni.nl endeavour 
+to trace out which vet re t.V mdoi thc.V oracles. 
+
+Themis, Jupucr and .\]3 -> 1 «* a a!c.•::<* Lumeriy 
+rendered oracles; but n.r-. ru.mi, ainu-it nil the 
+;.;ods, and a great Jier»:r , ou; iiin.! this 
+
+privilege. All dn\ •. wave not •- juaiiy proper for 
+conliiltmg oracles. At Delpho-j the pi idle is oh 
+Apollo only aniwered one m jr/Jii ui the year, in 
+
+the 
+
+
+
+4 6 
+
+
+)2 
+
+
+ORACI.E OF DO DON'A 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+il 
+
+
+t * -x. 
+
+Ui 1 
+
+
+
+
+the name of that god; this was afterwards 
+and an 1 Vers were only returned one day in car' 
+month. Neither were thefe oracles all rend; ro. 
+in the fame manner. Sometimes the god him!'", 
+gave his refponfes : in forne places thefe aniv.r: 
+were received during deep, which fleep was pre¬ 
+pared by myfterious ceremonies: in others, lw 
+were caff, as at Pramefe, in Italy. Frequenri 
+to be made worthy of the oracle, 
+
+
+s, 11'/'': 
+
+fees and expiations Mere necefiary; and whrr 
+Alexander went into I.ybi.t, to confult Jupitei 
+Ammon, the pried, immediately on ieeing him, 
+faluted him fon of Jupiter, to obtain which title 
+was the only objed of his journey. 
+
+The impofibility of giving the hi [lory of wid: 
+difind oracle, determines us only to Jpeak of tame 
+which were mof ancient and nioft celebrated. 
+
+
+ORACLE OF DODONA. 
+
+
+according to the account of 1 leiodoruw 
+the oracle of Dodona, the mof ancient in Greece, 
+and that of Jupiter Ammon in Lybia, had the lame 
+ori'dn, and both owed their ef ablifhment to the 
+
+l. ") J 
+
+K;_rypiians. Thus fact, which is recorded in hiflory* 
+we lhall explain. 
+
+Two doves tool; their flirhc from the cny <>i 
+
+«» j 
+
+
+Thebes, in Egypt. 
+
+
+One went into labia, ik 
+
+
+on.'.' 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF DODOMA- 
+
+
+4 
+
+
+°3 
+
+
+ocher alighted in the forelt of Dodona, fituated in 
+Chaonia, a province of Epirus. The former 
+announced to the inhabitants, that the great Jupiter 
+intended to eftablifh an oracle in their country: 
+this prodigy at firft excited their aftoniftiment, but 
+a number of the credulous loon prefented them- 
+lclves to conlult. Ihefe two doves, lays Scrvius, 
+were a- prelent from Jupiter to his daughter 
+Thebe; they had both the gift of fpeech. Hero¬ 
+dotus has examined into the origin of this fiction, 
+lie fays, that two prieftelTcs of Thebes were carried 
+off by.Phcenician merchants; and that one of them 
+was taken into Greece. Chance, or home other 
+caufe, led her to take up her refidence in the fore ft 
+of Dodona, where men at that time went to colletT 
+acorns, the food of the ancient Greeks. At the 
+foot of an oak fhe built a little chapel to the ho • 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+
+
+prieftefs lire had been at 
+
+
+fhebes. Herodotus adds, that they gave the 
+
+O 
+
+name of Peleia to this woman, winch figniiics 
+
+o 
+
+dove. At firfl', nobody underftood her language, 
+and when at lad they did comprehend her, it was 
+pretended that the dove, or Pcleia, had lpoken. 
+Such was the origin of the famous oracle of Do 
+dona. This account of I ierodotus is confirmed 
+by Scrvius, who relates, that in the fore ft of Do- 
+cona was a fountain which flowed with gentle mur 
+
+
+llH!rs j at the foot ol an oak ; thele murmurs a wo 
+' n:ln interpreted, and bv them pave aiu'wer; to 
+
+
+
+464 
+
+
+ORACLE OF AMMON’. 
+
+
+thofe who came to confult her. In the courfe of 
+time, more artifice was employed in rendering this 
+oracle. Some copper cauldrons were fufpendaj 
+near a ftatue of the fame metal, which was like- 
+wife fufpended, and held a whip in its hand. 
+When this figure was lhakcn by the wind, it (b uck 
+the cauldron which was neareft to it, and put it in 
+motion ; all the others were then likewiie agitated, 
+
+V*/ 
+
+and rendered a found which lafted fome time, 
+from this noife it was pretended to form pre¬ 
+dictions of futurity. W idling ftill more to increafe 
+the credit of the oracle, interpreters were concealed 
+in hollow oaks, and it was pretended that the oaks 
+of the foreil of Podona like wife rendered oracles, 
+The mall of the hi ip Argo, which the Argonaut 1 
+confulted, was taken from this forelt. 
+
+
+OKACLK OK AMMON. 
+
+
+T he J'econtl prieftefs, carried oft' by tlic 
+Phoenicians, was taken into Lybia. This foreigner 
+at fir ft occafioned furprife ; the people wifired to in¬ 
+terrogate her but did not underftand her language, 
+on feeing her praClifc l'ome of the ceremonies of her 
+ancient office, they fuppofed her to be fomething 
+divine j and probably Jbc knew how to avail her 
+felf of the homage which was paid her. filer an- 
+fwers foon pafled for oracles, and in a fhort time 
+
+h<" 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF AMMON. 
+
+
+465 
+
+[»cf reputation becariie fo great that fhe was con¬ 
+futed by people from all parts, notwithftanding 
+the dangers of fo painful a journey. The fcorch- 
+ing fands of Lybia were no longer an obftacle 
+powerful enough to reft rain the aftive, reftlels cu- 
+riofity of man, to know his future lot. This wo¬ 
+man was fucceeded by priefts, who undertook the 
+
+charge of rendering oracles. They reprefented 
+
+* 
+
+Jupiter Amnion with the head a ram, having 
+horns. Blighty priefts of this divim.v carried his 
+itatue upon their fhoulders in a fhip gilt with 
+gold; they took no certain road, but pretended 
+that they went as impelled by tire god. A numer¬ 
+ous troop of young girls and matrons accompanied 
+rhele priefts, finging hymns in honour of Jupiter. 
+The fliip was adorned with a great number of filver 
+dilhes, fufpended on each fide. The priefts an¬ 
+nounced the refponfes of their Ammon, from lbme 
+movement or ftgn of the ftatue. Thefe particulars 
+have been tranimitted to us by Quintus Curtius 
+and Diodorus Siculus. The priefts of this god 
+lometimes flrowed themfelves luperlor to all cor¬ 
+ruption. Lyfander, wifhing to effeft a change in 
+the order of fucceflion to the throne of Sparta, 
+tried every method of corruption to obtain an 
+
+anfwer favourable to his defigns, but in vain. The 
+
+* • 
+
+priefts fent a folemn embaffy to Sparta, and pre¬ 
+ferred a public accufation againft him. Yet thefe 
+ft me priefts in fome manner anticipated the vanity 
+
+11 n of 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF DELPHOS. 
+
+
+46G 
+
+of Alexander, by faluting him fon of Jupiter, im¬ 
+mediately on his appearing; but Alexander was 
+already at the height of his glory, and every thin^ 
+yielded to his power. 
+
+
+ORACLE OF DELPHOS. 
+
+
+TThe oracle of Delphos was not the mofl 
+ancient in Greece, but it was the mo ft celebrated, 
+and that which continued longeft. The time or 
+its firft eftablifhment is unknown, which is a poT 
+of its great antiquity. We have already, under 
+the article Diana, mentioned the manner in which 
+it was originally difeovered. Apollo was not the 
+firft that was confulted there; Adlchylus in hir; tra¬ 
+gedy of the Eumenides, fays, that firft Terra, or 
+the Earth, rendered oracles there, then Themis, 
+and afterwards Phoebe, daughter of Terra and 
+mother to Latona. This latter transferred hci 
+
+
+rights to her grandl'on Apollo, and from that time 
+the oracle only gave anfwers in Ins name. When 
+this oracle was firft difeovered, all without diftinc- 
+tion might be infpired. 'The vapour of the cavern 
+operated alike on all who inhaled it; but levers! 
+of thele enthufiafts having, in the excels of their 
+frenzy, precipitated thcmfelves headlong into the 
+chafm, means were fought to remedy this accident 
+which happened not unfrequcntly. Over the open¬ 
+ing then they placed a machine which they called 
+
+2 a tripod, 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF DELPHOS. 
+
+
+467 
+
+3 tripod, becaufe it was fupported by three bars 
+placed upon the rock. In this, which may be called 
+a fpecies of chair, a woman placed herfelf and re¬ 
+ceived the exhalations without any rifle. This 
+prieftefs was called Pythia, from the ferpent Py¬ 
+thon, (lain by Apollo. Young virgins, chofeu 
+with the greateft precaution, excrcifed this office. 
+They were generally taken from fome poor family, 
+they muft have lived free from luxury, or an at¬ 
+tachment to finery. The greacelt fimplicity and 
+ignorance even of every thing, were the titles ge¬ 
+nerally preferred in afpiring to this dignity. It 
+was Efficient that the Pythia could repeat what was 
+diftated to her by the god. The cuftom of chufing 
+young virgins continued long in pradiice. It was 
+abolifhed in the following manner: The young 
+Echecrates, by birth a Theflalian, fmitten with the 
+charms of the Pythia carried her off. The people 
+ofDelphos, to prevent a like attempt, order; d by 
+an exprefs law, that for the future none but wo¬ 
+men upwards of fifty years of age fhould execute 
+this office. 
+
+At firft the number of thefe prieftefles was con¬ 
+fined to one, but afterwards it was increafed to 
+three. Oracles, as we have already laid, were not 
+rendered every day. In general, Apollo only in- 
+fpired the Pythia in the month Bufion, which was 
+in the beginning of fpring. During the reft of 
+the year lhe was forbid, on pain of death, to confult 
+
+h a 2 the 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF DELPHOS. 
+
+
+46 B 
+
+
+the deity. Alexander, before he entered on his 
+Afiatic. expedition, came to Delphos during 
+of thefe intervals of filence. He defircd 
+
+
+one 
+
+
+the Pythia to afcend the tripod, which fhe 
+refufed, alledging as an excufe, the law by which 
+fhe was prevented. Enraged to find himfclf de¬ 
+tained by fuch an obftacle a3 this, he took the 
+prieftefs from her cell by force, and led her to the 
+fandtuary, when fhe thought proper to pronounce 
+thefe words: “ My fon, thou art invincible. 1 ' 
+Alexander immediately cried out, that he wifhcil 
+for no other oracle, and fet out for the conqueii 
+of the world. Before the oracle was confultd. 
+feveral facrifices were performed, and always with 
+an air of the greateft myftery; numberlels pre¬ 
+cautions were likewife taken in chufing the victim, 
+impeding the entrails, and drawing prelages from 
+them. The prieftefs prepared herfelf by a fall of 
+three days. Before fhe afeended the tripod fhe 
+ftrft bathed herlelf in the fountain of Caftalia, and 
+then chewed fome leaves of laurel which were ga¬ 
+thered near this fountain. Thefe ceremonies 
+finifhedy Apollo himfclf gave notice of his arrival 
+in the temple, by a ftiock wliich made the build- 
+
+tremble to its foundation. The pridl ■ 
+(who were likewife called prophets) then took the 
+Pythia, led her to the lanftuary and placed her 
+upon the tripod. As foon as Ilic began to be 
+agitated by the divine vapour, her hair ftood erdb 
+
+
+hi g 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+her 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF BELPHOS. 469 
+
+her look became wild, foam flowed from her 
+mouth, and a violent tremor t feized her whole 
+body. In this condition Ihe made feveral efforts 
+to efcape from the prophets who detained her by 
+force. Her cries and frightful yells made the 
+temple refound, and filled all prcfent with an awful 
+terror. At laft, enable longer to refill, fhe yielded 
+to the impulfe of the god, and uttered at intervals 
+fome broken fentences, which the prophets 
+carefully collected, arranged and formed into 
+verfes, giving them a connection which they 
+had not in the mouth of the prieftefs. As foon 
+as the oracle was pronounced, the Py.thia was 
+taken from the tripod and conducted to her cell, 
+where the remained, fometim.es feveral days, be¬ 
+fore fhe recovered from the fatigue. Sudden 
+death was frequently the reward, or punilhment, of 
+her enthufiafm. The Pythia was only the inflru- 
+ment employed by the prielts to difcover the de¬ 
+terminations of Apollo. Every other care devolv¬ 
+ed on themfelves. It was they who placed her in 
+a pofition to receive the vapour exhaling from the 
+chafin over which the tripod flood. They col¬ 
+lected her expreffions and gave them to the poets 
+(another fort of minifters) who formed them into 
+verfe. Thcfe verfes were frequently harlh, badly 
+made, and always oblcurc, which gave occafion to 
+the witty remark, that Apollo, for a chief of the 
+Mules, made very bad verfes. Sometimes the 
+
+11 a 3 Pythia 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF TROPHONIUS. 
+
+
+Pythia herfelf gave her anfwers in verfe; one in 
+particular named Phemonoe. But they afterwards 
+were contented to fpeak in profe, and Plutarch 
+mentions this as one reafon of the decline of 
+oracles. 
+
+
+ORACLE OF TROPHONIUS. 
+
+Though Trophonius v/as only a hero, 
+and even according to fome authors a robber, he 
+had a very famous oracle in Bceotia. Paufanias, 
+who went through all the ceremonies which were 
+required preparatory to confulting this oracle, 
+gives no account of the life of Trophonius; he 
+only fays, cc That the earth having opened under his 
+feet, he was fwallowed up in the place which is ftill 
+called the grave of Agamedes, and is ftill to be 
+feen in a facred wood of Lebadia with a pillar 
+crefted over it. Lebadia, fays Paufanias, is one 
+of the fined cities of Greece. Near it is a facred 
+wood, in which Hand the temple and flatue of 
+Trophonius; both the work of Praxiteles. When 
+any come to confult this oracle, before they de- 
+fcend into the cavern where the refponfes are 
+given, it is neceffary to pafs fome days in a cha¬ 
+pel dedicated to the good Genius and to Fortune. 
+This time is employed in purifying theinfelves. 
+They are permitted to v a fir no where but in the 
+cold waters of the river Hcrcinus. 
+
+
+“ They 
+
+
+
+ORACLE OF TROPHONIUS. 
+
+
+47 1 
+
+
+« They then facrifice to Trophonius, to his fa¬ 
+mily, to king Jupiter, to Saturn, and to Ceres 
+Europa, nurfe of Trophonius. After thefe pre¬ 
+parations, the ftatue of Trophonius is fhewn to 
+them, they are decked with facred fillets, and 
+then conducted to the Oracle. They afeend 
+a mountain, on the fummit of which is an enclo- 
+fure formed with white ftones, having within it 
+obelifks of brafs. In this enclofure is a cavern 
+hewn by the art of man, having the form of an 
+oven, and here is a narrow hole into which they 
+(lowly defeend by means of fmall ladders. They 
+now arrive at a fecond cavern, when they are 
+
+m 
+
+obliged to lie flat on the ground, holding in each 
+hand a compofition of honey, which it is necef- 
+fary to carry , in this pofition their feet are palled 
+into the fecond cavern, and they are immediately 
+hurried along with great violence and precipita¬ 
+tion. It w r as there they received the anfwer of 
+the oracle, but not all in the fame manner $ fome 
+heard, and others faw. They left this cave in 
+the fame manner they had entered it, by lying 
+on the ground, and going out feet fore mod'. Im¬ 
+mediately after they were placed in the chair of 
+Mnemofine, and interrogated concerning what 
+they had fecn. Giddy and confided, they were 
+led back to the chapel of the good Genius, 
+where they were fullered to recover their fenfes ; 
+
+u ii 4 they 
+
+
+
+ORACLE or TROHIOXIUS. 
+
+
+47 2 
+
+they then wrote upon a tablet what they ha ! f CC ri 
+or heard, and this was interpreted by the piiefh,'' 
+Paufanias adds, “ That a man once entered this 
+cave, but never came out again.” He was a i]>y of 
+Demetrius, font to examine if this place did not 
+contain hidden treafures. His body was fnind 
+at a great diftance from the place. It is proba¬ 
+ble that the priefts, being informed of his defi:>;n, 
+maffacred him, and carried out the body by the 
+fecret paffage which they themfeives made ufe of 
+to enter. Paufanias pofitively lays, to be certain 
+of the truth, I have myfelf defeended into the 
+cavern, and confulted the oracle. It is not known 
+at what time the oracle of Trophonius was ella- 
+blifhed. Paufanias only fays, that Bceotia being 
+laid wade by a great drought, the inhabitants Pent 
+to confult the oracle at Delphos, by which they 
+were told, that they mull have recourfe to Tro• 
+phonius, whom they would find in Lebadia. T'he 
+deputies obeyed, and Saon, the mod aged of them, 
+having perceived a fwarm of bees fly towards a 
+cave, followed them, and thus difeovered the ora¬ 
+cle. Trophonius, Paufanias fays, himfelf pre- 
+feribed the worfnip he wifhed to have. It appears 
+from this, that Saon lirft inllitutcd this oracle, 
+
+t 
+
+arid that he took advantage of the public calamity 
+
+• O X 
+
+with which his country was vilited, and the an- 
+
+♦ 
+
+fwer of the priedefs to obtain the general confi¬ 
+dence,” 
+
+Ob 
+
+
+
+OTHER ORACi.F.Sf 
+
+
+47 i 
+
+A 
+
+* 
+
+OF OTHER ORACLES. 
+
+W E have now given an account of the 
+nioft celebrated oracles. To name all would 
+he itnpofTible. In Boeotia alone, which was a 
+finall province, they counted no lels than twenty- 
+five. It is true, this country was covered with 
+woods and mountains, places extremely proper* 
+fays Mr. de Fontenelle,for the myfterious ceremo¬ 
+nies of thefe inftitutions. Aimoft all the gods and 
+the greater part of the de mi-gods and heroes, had 
+their oracles. However no divinity had fo many 
+as Apollo. All oracles were not of equal anti¬ 
+quity i every day produced new ones, white the 
+old grew into difrepute. Frequently they were 
+pillaged. -That of Delphos particularly was feve- 
+ral times plundered ; fir ft by the Phoceans, then 
+by Pyrrhus, afterwards by Nero, and laftly by 
+the Chriftians. The triumph of the Chriftian reli¬ 
+gion over idolatry produced the downfal of 
+oracles, and in the caverns and fubterraneous places 
+where they were given, were found evident marks 
+of the impoftures of the priefts: We /hall now 
+give a few of the remarkable anfwers of thefe 
+oracles. 
+
+Crodus, difpleafed with the oracle of Delphos, 
+though lie had loaded it with prefents, wifhed to 
+dike it by furprife: he fent to demand of the 
+
+Pythia, 
+
+
+
+474 
+
+
+other oracles. 
+
+► 
+
+Pythia, what he was doing at the moment hi'? 
+mefienger was coniulting her. She immediate]- 
+
+V 
+
+anfwered, that, by his orders, a did was prepa¬ 
+ring, compofed of a lamb and a tortoile, which 
+was exadly true. Crcefus had imagined this lin¬ 
+gular compofition, in hopes of confounding her, 
+but this anfwer removed all his doubts, and his 
+prefents became more numerous than before. 
+
+A governor of Cilicia, fays Plutarch, wished to 
+fend a fpy among the gods. He gave his emiflary 
+a note, well lealed, to carry to Malles, where was 
+the oracle of Mopfus. This meflenger palling 
+the night in the temple, faw a. man, who laid to 
+him black. He carried back this anfwer, which 
+at Hrft appeared ridiculous, but the governor 
+having broken open the letter, Ihowed them that 
+he had written, c< Shall I fucrihce to thee a black 
+or a white bull ?” 
+
+A prieftefsof Dodona returned an anfwer which 
+proved fatal to herfelf. The Boeotians coming to 
+confult her, fhe faid to them, ct You will be victo¬ 
+rious if you act with impiety.” The deputies 
+immediately feized her, and burnt her alive, Ly¬ 
+ing, if fhe had deceived them they would take 
+this method of punifiring her, and if what Ike 
+had faid was true, they would by this means le¬ 
+cture to themfclves victory. Thefe deputies weie 
+arrefted, but they dared not punilh them without 
+
+a legal trial; two priefleffes and two men weie 
+
+their 
+
+
+
+SYBILS. 
+
+
+475 
+
+
+their judges: the former wifhed to condemn 
+them, but the latter were of a different opinion, 
+and they were acquitted. 
+
+
+OF THE SYBILS. 
+
+The ancients gave the name of Sybil to 
+a certain number of young females, whom they 
+fuppofed endowed with the gift of prophecy. 
+The learned are not agreed as to the origin of this 
+name; they are in doubt whether it is Hebrew, 
+African or Greek : but the greater number think 
+it of Greek derivation, and that it fignifies in- 
+fpired. All antiquity unites in attefting the ex¬ 
+igence of the Sybils. There are different opi¬ 
+nions concerning their number, country, names, 
+and the times when they lived ; but even this dif¬ 
+ference of opinion proves the reality of their 
+having exifled. 
+
+Varro, the moff learned of the Romans, rec¬ 
+kons ten Sybils, and quotes the authors by whom 
+they are mentioned. His opinion then we Hi all 
+follow, andobferve the order which he has adopted 
+in his account of them. 
+
+1. The Perfian. She was called Sambethe, 
+and in the Sybilline verles attributed to her, fire 
+flyles herfelf daughter-in-law to Noah. 
+
+2. The Lybian, faid to be the daughter of' 
+
+Jupiter, 
+
+
+
+SYJHLS. 
+
+
+47 '^ 
+
+Jupiter 
+
+
+She vifited Clares, Delphcb, 
+
+
+Samos, and feveral other countries. 
+
+3. The Delphian, daughter of Tirefias. After 
+the capture of Thebes, fhe was by the F.pigoni. 
+appointed prieftefs to the temple at Dclphos, 
+Diodorus fays, that fire was frequently fcizcd with 
+a divine enthufiafm, which procured her the name 
+of.Sybih 
+
+4. The Sybil of Cumte or the Cumean, who was 
+the moffc celebrated of all. A learned modern, Mr. 
+Petit, thinks fhe was the only one that ever cxifled, 
+and fupports his opinion, by laying, :c That all the 
+verfes of the Sybils were written in Greek, which 
+could not have happened, if the Sybils had been of 
+different countries.” Mr. Petit thinks, that this 
+myfterious female travelled much, and that this 
+gave rife to the opinion, that there were feveral 
+who redded in different countries. This obferva- 
+tion however of Mr. Petit, cannot invalidate the 
+opinion of the ancients, and particularly that of 
+Yarro. In the fir ft place there is no proof that all 
+;he Sybils fpoke Greek ; and in the fecond it mav 
+
+A 
+
+reafonably be fuppoled, that the productions 
+thefe females which were collected with as much 
+care as the oracles of the Pythia, might have been 
+
+
+01 
+
+
+trim dated into Greek. However that maybe, the 
+following account is what we learn from hiilon 
+
+CP 
+
+concerning this Sybil. Her name was Deiphobi. 
+
+She vas daughter to Glaucus and priellels o\ 
+
+A polk 
+
+
+
+Apollo. This god wifhed to gain her affeftiofls, 
+and promifed her whatever fine lhould demand* 
+Her requeft was, that her years might be as many 
+as the grains of fand which die then held in her 
+hanch but fhe unfortunately forgot at the liune rime 
+to aik the perpetual bloom of youth. Even this, how¬ 
+ever, Apollo offered it fhe would crown his willies 3 
+but Deiphobe preferred the glory of eternal chaftity 
+to the pleafures of eternal youth ; lb that the prime 
+and vigour of life were fucceeded by forrowful 
+enfeebled old age, and in the time of AEneas, by her 
+own account, fhe had already lived leven hundred 
+years. Three hundred more remained to be fpent, 
+when her body being con lb met! by time, nothing 
+would remain of her but the voice, which by fate 
+die would retain for ever. This fable is founded 
+upon the long life which was attributed to the Sy¬ 
+bils. That of Cumae, who was fuppofed to be in- 
+fpired by Apollo, rendered oracles from the bot¬ 
+tom of a cavern placed in the temple of that 
+god. This cavern had an hundred doors, whence 
+ilfued as many terrible voices, announcing the an¬ 
+swers of this prop he tds. She was likcwil'e prieit- 
+ris of Hecate, and the facred wood of Avernus was 
+committed to her care. The veries of this Sybil 
+were carefully preferved by the Romans, and kept 
+under the greatelt iecrcfy. A college compofcd of 
+hheen members, called the Quindeeemviri of the 
+Sybils, were entrufted with the chan>c of this col- 
+
+lea ion. 
+
+
+
+SYBILS. 
+
+
+4 7 8 
+
+ledion. Such implicit faith had they in the pre- 
+didions o( the Sybils, that they engaged in no con- 
+fiderable v/ar without confulting them. In times 
+of fedition, or any public calamity, fuchas a defeat, 
+a peftilence, or a famine, recourle was always had 
+
+to the Sybilline veriest they were perpetualoracks* 
+
+as frequently confulted by the Romans, as that of 
+Delphos was by the Greeks. With refped to the 
+other oracles of the Sybils, which had been colleded, 
+they were made fubfervient to the purpofes of po¬ 
+licy and ambition. Julius Crtfar, perpetual dicta¬ 
+tor, and abfolute mailer of Rome, wilhed to give 
+
+
+greater luftre to his power, by caufing himfdf to be 
+proclaimed king. His partisans promulgated a 
+Sybilline oracle, by which it was pretended, that 
+the Rarthians could never be reduced but by a mo¬ 
+narch. The Roman people were in confequence 
+preparing to grant him this title, and the decree 
+was to have palled the fenate, the very day he von 
+afiafiinated. 
+
+The Romans ereded a temple to the Guinean 
+Sybil, and honoured her as a divinity in the lame 
+place where fhe had delivered her oracles. 
+
+5. The fifth Sybil was the Trythraean, or I'.ry- 
+thrrea, who predicted the lliccefs of the Trojan 
+war, at the time the Greeks were embarking iur 
+that expedition. 
+
+6. The Samian, or that ofSamos, whole prophe¬ 
+cies are preferved in the annals of the Samians. 
+
+7. TIi« 
+
+
+
+SYBILS. 
+
+
+479 
+
+
+7. The C11 mean, born at Cuma, acity of iEolis. 
+She was called Demophile, or Herophile, and 
+fometimes even Amalthea. It was flie who fold 
+the colledion of Sybilline verfes to Tarquin the 
+Elder. This colledtion confillcd of nine books, 
+for which Herophile a Iked three hundred pieces 
+ofgold; being refilled this fum, (lie threw three 
+of them into the fire, and dill continued to demand 
+the fame price: Tarquin hefitating, (lie immedi¬ 
+ately burnt three more, and peril fled in demand¬ 
+ing the three hundred pieces of gold for thole 
+whichremained. Finding her inflexible, and fearing 
+(lie would deftroy them alfo, he at lad: granted her 
+the fum file required. When this king had gained 
+polTeflion of the books, he confided them to the 
+care of two particular prieils, called duumviri, 
+whole whole employment was to watch over this 
+facred trull. The celebration of centennial games 
+was afterwards annexed to this office. Thefe 
+books, as we have find, were confiulted in time of 
+any great public calamity, but by a decree of the 
+lenate only, without which, the duumviri could 
+not, under pain of death, permit any perfon to in* 
+i'pedl them. 
+
+This firfl colledion of Sybilline oracles perifhed 
+in the fire which confumed the capitol when Sylh 
+was didator. The Senate, to repair this loll, 
+lent to Samos, to Erythrma, and into Greece and 
+Alia, in quell of Sybilline vcrlcs. Thefe, when 
+
+collected, 
+
+
+
+4Sd 
+
+
+SYBILS* 
+
+
+collected, were depofited in the capitol; bu-- 
+many parts of them were apocryphal, the conn 
+dence in them was not fo great as in the forme.', 
+It was to take charge of thefe that the college o ( 
+quindecemviri was inftituted; 
+
+The fate of this fecond colledjon is unknown. 
+There remains a third, which confifts of eight 
+books. It contains many of the ancient predic¬ 
+tions, but all critics regard it as an abfurd mcdlev, 
+to which no confidence can be given. We find in 
+It the myflerics of the redemption, the miracles, 
+pafilon, and death of our Saviour, the creation of 
+the world, and of terreftrial paradife. In thefe 
+verfes the Sybil, after having fpoken the language of 
+Ifaiah and the evangelifls, talks of her gallantries 
+with Apollo. She mentions Lot, and calls herfclf 
+a Chriftian. She recommends the worfhip of fa lie 
+gods; orders the facrifice of human vidims; and 
+afterwards predicts the misfortunes with which the 
+Romans are threatened, if they do not abandon 
+idolatrous worfhip, and embrace the Chriftian faith, 
+Every thing concurs to prove, that this third col - 
+ledtion was not the work of the Sybils, but an ab¬ 
+furd compofition formed by a millakcn and grofslv 
+ignorant devotion. 
+
+8 . The Hellefpontine Sybil, born at Murpcfia in 
+the country of Troas. She prophcficd in the tune o' 
+Solon and Croefus. 
+
+
+
+
+GAMtS. 4^i 
+
+5. The Phrygian, who redded at Ancyra, and 
+
+there rendered oracles. 
+
+xo. That of Tibur called Albunea, at the town 
+ofTibur, or Tivoli, on the Teverone, where fhe was 
+
+honoured as a divinity. 
+
+It was generally believed that Sybils were beings 
+of a nature between gods and mortals. 
+
+The refpedt in which their verfes were held, 
+continued a long while under the reign of the em¬ 
+perors. The fenate having, in the time of Theo- 
+dofius, embraced chriftianity, the veneration for 
+thefe became much dinrinifhed, and Stilicho, under 
+the reign of Honorius, at lad caufed them to be 
+burnt. 
+
+
+OF GAMES 
+
+
+Games were almod always inftituted from 
+religious motives; they were at the fame time a 
+fort of public amufemcnr among the Greeks and 
+
+
+Romans. 
+
+
+Of thefe games and cxercifes th 
+
+
+ree prin¬ 
+
+
+cipally engaged the attention of the Romans; races, 
+combats, and theatrical rep re fen ratio ns. The firlf, 
+called equeftrian or Curule games, confided in 
+races, which were run in the circus, dedicated to 
+Neptune, or to the fun. The Jocund, called Ago- 
+nales, confided in wrefl.ling, or in combats, between 
+men, and fometimes between animals trained up 
+
+
+Ii 
+
+
+for 
+
+
+
+GAMES, 
+
+
+482 
+
+for that purpofe. Thefe were exhibited in tile 
+Amphitheatre, confecrated to Mars and Diana. 
+
+The laid were the theatrical performances con- 
+filling of tragedies, comedies, and fatires, which 
+were reprefented upon the llage in honour of 
+Bacchus, Venus, and Apollo. 
+
+The moll celebrated of the Grecian games were 
+the Olympian, the Pythian, the Nemean, and the 
+Ifthmian. They were inllituted to honour the 
+gods, to commemorate great events, and to accuf- 
+tom youth to bodily cxercifes. Thefe games were 
+divided into the following courles : fir ft:, mufic and 
+Tinging: fecondly, the chariot and foot races; the 
+foot firft and the chariot after: thirdly, leaping 
+and the difcus; (this was a heavy Hone, which 
+they contended in throwing farthell:) fourthly, 
+wrefiling, which confifted in exerting all their 
+flrength to call each other to the ground ; the 
+combatants were naked, their bodies rubbed 
+with oil, and covered with a fine dull to prevent 
+perfpiration: fifthly, the ceftus, or boxing, in 
+which the hands were provided with thick tliongi 
+from a bullock’s hide, and a fpecies of defence 
+for the arms, called cellus. 
+
+We have already given an account of the origin 
+of the Olympic games, the epoch when they 
+we it inllituted, and that when they were revived, 
+
+'1 hey began with a lblemn facrifice, and were re- 
+foi led to from all parts of Greece. The cenqu'-- 
+
+
+
+GAMES. 483 
+
+tors wefe proclaimed aloud by an herald, and ce¬ 
+lebrated with longs of victory. They wore a tri¬ 
+umphal crown, and had the firft place in all aftem- 
+blies. They received rich prefents from their city, 
+and were ever after entertained at the public expence. 
+
+The firltwho came erf victorious in the race, was 
+Chooe'rbus, a native of Elis. Cynifca, daughter of 
+king Archidamas, was the firft of her lex who gained 
+the prize for chariots with four wheels ; this was at 
+the celebration of the fixteenth Olympiad, and from 
+that time ladies were permitted to affift at thefe 
+games. Before CynifcaorCynifea, women could not 
+approach the place where the fe games were celebrat¬ 
+ing. Had they rafhly attempted to intrude themfelves 
+
+they would have been precipitated from the top of 
+
+% 
+
+mount Typeum; and to avoid all furprife the 
+combatants were naked; this cuftom was adopted 
+becaufe Callipatira, after the death of ner hulband, 
+drelfed herfelf like a mafter of exercife, and led her 
+fon Pifidorus to the Olympic games. The young 
+man being declared viftor, his mother leaped over 
+the barrier, and ran to clafp him in her arms, 
+calling him her fon. In confederation of her father, 
+brothers, and fon, who had all been crowned at 
+thele games, Hie was pardoned this infraftion of 
+the law, but from that time thefe mafters, like the 
+combatants, were obliged to appear naked. The 
+Judges who prefided at the games were called. 
+Udlanodiccs or Grecian Judges. From their deci- 
+
+ficn 
+
+
+> 1 5, 
+
+
+
+GAM”, 3 . 
+
+
+484 
+
+
+lion was no appeal. There were originally only two 
+of them, but to render the means of corrupting 
+them more difficult, their number was afterward; 
+increafed to ten. The prodigious concourfe of 
+
+
+people, which by the celebration of thefe games 
+were drawn to Olympia, had enriched that c’ty and, 
+all Elis. It was likewife one of the principal caullu 
+of the great riches and magnificence of the temple 
+of Jupiter Olympus. Round this temple flood a la- 
+cred wood called Altis, in which were the flame : 
+erecled in honour of thole who had gained the 
+prizes at thefe games, all executed, by the mo/l erd- 
+
+Greece. The odes of Pinch,- 
+
+
+s of 
+
+
+nent fculptor 
+which have come to our hands, immortalize thT: 
+who iu his time were triumphant in the four nml 
+J’oiemn games of the Greeks •, the Olympian, tb: 
+Illhmian, the Pythian, and the Nemean. la. 
+height of glory mid honour vrus to be celebrated b 
+Pindar. “ I '.is genius (lays iiacon,) was an impel: a 
+Iceptre, with which lie iiibdued and aftoniffied dm 
+human mi.id.” 
+
+The deilcndnnts of Helenas were fo numerow. 
+and became fo powerful in Greece, tint thy- 
+procured a jaw, by which it was enacted, tim 
+li who pretented thcmlelves to contend in do 
+Olympic games fhoukl prove themfelvcs con- 
+
+
+4 *• 
+
+
+netted with this family by ties of blood, bcioi 
+
+they could be admitted. Alexander himlcH 
+
+forced to prove his delccnt from the Hclcni, before 
+
+he 
+
+
+
+RELIGION Of THE HR ST INHABITANTS, &C, 485 
+
+ho was received into the lifts at thefe games. All 
+the families in Greece on this account pretended to 
+be descended from the Heleni, and this name 
+which originally was particular to a (ingle tribe, 
+now became the common name ofall the Greeks. 
+
+
+AN ENQUIRY INTO THE RELIGION’ 01 THE 
+HIIST INHABITANTS OE (TEAT TRIE AIN. 
+
+In the infancy of dates, as in the infancy 
+
+of man, illuflriour; actions are always rare. It is 
+
+* 
+
+not till after the lap(ct of ages that the arts and 
+
+lciences attain any degree of perfection. It is the 
+
+Time with hiflorians, they are only to be found in 
+
+* * 
+
+civilized nations; and if fume faces have reached 
+us which took place in the lird ages of the world, 
+they are generally exaggerated, or disfigured by 
+uncertain traditions. 
+
+We have already obierval, that every people 
+afi'umed for their founder fome imaginary god or 
+hero. We have feen the Greeks endeavouring to 
+throw a veil over their origin, whllll even their 
+fables (thofc incoherent compound* of their me¬ 
+mory and imagination) became evidences in favour 
+of truth. The name of a god, of a city, of a 
+Gentry, of a mountain, ol a cudnm which they 
+u <‘re ignorant of before, and winch they were 
+
+e~> ' 
+
+obliged to exprefs by form* foreign appellation, 
+
+
+W the vcfiigcs which Truth leaves behind her. 
+
+
+
+
+RELIGION OF THE FIRST INHABITANT 
+
+
+
+and which all the efforts of vanity and felf love can 
+never totally efface. 
+
+In the general pidure which we have endea¬ 
+voured to draw, for the purpofe of explaining the 
+origin of idolatry and mythology in general, it 
+may be perceived that the eaftern nations v.erc 
+the fir ft who peopled the earth. The more atten¬ 
+tively we examine liiftorv, the more convinced 
+v/e become, that thefe rich and beautiful countries 
+were the original feats of our forefathers, and the 
+
+O J 
+
+brilliant centre from whence the arts and Icier,m 
+were diffufed o-ver the reft of the globe, Jt would 
+be much more difficult, and perhaps even inipofll- 
+ble, to tell at what time and in what manner the 
+
+
+Britifh ifles were firft inhabited. 
+
+
+The finely cf 
+
+
+natural hiftory inclines us to believe, that they 
+constituted formerly part of the continent of T.u- 
+rope, but neither tradition nor any human record 
+can give us tire leaft information concerning the 
+period of this feparation. It is fufficient to extend 
+our remarks to thofe ages of which we have fine 
+knowledge, without ufelefsly and prefumptuoufly 
+lofing ourfelves in the epochs of imagination. In 
+vain does human vanity attempt to give greater 
+antiquity to time, its longefl periods will he no 
+more than an imperceptible point in the midll n; 
+that eternity which precedes and will follow then:. 
+Without pretending to fix the exadl time wiiei: 
+Tngland was firft peopled, we may with probability 
+
+
+
+
+OF GREAT BRITAIN. 
+
+
+4*7 
+
+fuppofe that the different countries of the Gauls 
+were inhabited before that period. It is natural 
+to imagine that men would not venture to crofs the 
+fea, and take up their refidence in iflands, till com¬ 
+pelled by the too great increaie of population. 
+We know that the Celts were mailers of Europe, 
+from the mouth of the Oby in Euffia, to Cape 
+Einifterre. The fame language fpoken by nations 
+feparated from each other by immenle trails of 
+land is fufficient proof of this, but it throws no 
+light upon the beginning of their hiftorv. 
+
+The mold famous of all the Celtic nations were 
+thofe who inhabited the countries of Gaul, and it 
+is to the hiftorians of the nations with whom they 
+were engaged in frequent wars, that they are in¬ 
+debted for their celebrity. Julius Cue far and 
+Tacitus fay, that Great-Britain was the firft coun¬ 
+try peopled by the Celtic Gauls. 'I he fituation or 
+the refpedtive places renders this opinion probable, 
+and the conformity of language and cultoms which 
+exifted between the Britons and the Gauls, leaves 
+no doubt concerning this origin. It may be fup- 
+pofed, that the Gaulifh colony firlt fettled in that 
+part of the illand which was op polite to their own 
+country, from whence extending themfelves by 
+degrees, they afterwards peopled the whole illand. 
+Whatever be the oriuin of the inhabitants of Great 
+
+o 
+
+Britain, they were fuflkicntly numerous, and ef-. 
+pecially fufficienily courageous to refill the Ro~ 
+
+i j 4 mans. 
+
+
+
+488 RELIGION Ot THE FIRST INHABITANTS 
+
+
+mans, when mailers of the whole known world 
+befides. Their government was at that time a 
+mixture of monarchy and ariflocracy. The chief; 
+fuperintended the execution of the laws, but the 
+legiilative power was lodged in the hands of the 
+druids. Thefe priefts, fo celebrated for their own 
+divinations, and that of their wives, for their pre¬ 
+tended intercourfe with heaven, and for their man¬ 
+ner of living, which was folitary and auftere, were 
+regarded by the people as the infallible organs nf 
+the Divinity. It was by the command of thefe 
+fovereign pontiffs that the people united under one 
+chief, whofe office, like that of the Roman dictator, 
+lafted no longer than was neceffary to repel danger 
+or terminate a war. 
+
+
+The druids preferved this extenfive authority a 
+long time among the Celts, particularly in Great. 
+Britain, but after the fecond century their credit 
+declined fall. Wars became frequent, and the 
+nobility carried away by their impetuous courage, 
+were no longer folicitous to enter into this order, 
+The number of prJefls diminifhecl, and precepts m 
+religion were quickly corrupted, or nearly forgot¬ 
+ten in the tumults of a camp. Viflory, by favour 
+ing thofe chiefs, who were called Vergobrets ;: 
+title equal to that of king) rendered them mow 
+independent of the druids. 
+
+Tremnor, great grandfather of the celebrated 
+
+
+Fingal, having been defied vergobret by the 
+
+
+
+
+
+
+of grf.at eritaint. 
+
+
+489 
+
+
+torious tribes which he had led to battle, the druids 
+lent a deputation to him, defiring him to lay down 
+his authority. A refufal on the part of Tremnor 
+brought on a civil war, in which a great number of 
+[lie druids pcrilbed. 
+
+Thol'e who efcapcd the Daughter, fled and con¬ 
+cealed themfclves in the depth oi tire forefts and 
+in caverns, where they tiled to retire to purlue their 
+meditations, and the \ ergobrets, or kings, then 
+
+
+rook the whole authority into rheir own hands. 
+However, the kings and heads of tribes ro give 
+{lability to their power, to Ihow rheir refpeft for 
+religion, and to have home to celebrate their ex- 
+
+O ' 
+
+ploits, recalled the bards from their lblitary retreat. 
+The office of the inferior dais of druids was to 
+fi;ig the praifes of gods and heroes. Conquerors, 
+emulous of immortalizing their names, (pared thefe 
+difpenfers of glory, invited them to rheir camp, 
+and gratitude animating the poetry of the bards, 
+they delcribed their protectors as heroes poflWIed 
+ot every virrtir. Thelc difcipics of the druids 
+were admitted to the leience and mylleries of their 
+preceptors. 
+
+diem a fuperiority over the vulgar. TJiey em¬ 
+ployed rheir poetical abilities m deicribing every 
+virtue and every heroic lemimen!. KinVs eap"erJv 
+
+J O O 1 
+
+endeavoured to imitate the heroes of their favourite 
+poems; chieftains of tribes ft rove to follow their 
+e.vampl-', and this noble emulation being commu¬ 
+nicated 
+
+
+Thur talents and knowledge cave 
+
+
+
+490 RELIGION! OF THE FIRST I S'HABITANTS 
+
+
+ideated throughout the whole nation, formed that 
+general character of the inhabitants of Great Britain 
+who, to the noble courage which dignifies a fuc 
+nation, have ever united the nioft engaging virtues 
+of civilized fociety. 
+
+The glory of a great people roufes the genius 
+of the man poiTefled by nature of fenfibility and a 
+lively imagination ; he burns with a defire of im¬ 
+mortalizing his country. Common language ap¬ 
+pears unequal to the aclions he means to celebrate; 
+metre and harmony he knows will more eafily 
+imprefs his fbbjedt upon the memory. This un¬ 
+doubtedly gave rife to poetry in every nation; and 
+this art conftituted part of the religion of the druids. 
+The cuftom. common to every nation, of repeat¬ 
+ing hiftorical poems on folemn cccafions, and of 
+teaching them to their children, was fufticient to 
+prefcrvc them fora long time without the afliftance 
+of writing. The Germans have tranfmitted thefe 
+poetical traditions for eight hundred years; it is 
+not aflonifhing then, that the inhabitants of Great 
+Britain, ever lb much attached to the memory of 
+their anceftors, fhould have handed down from 
+generation to generation the poems of their bards. 
+
+It was this 
+# 
+
+dillant inhabitants of the mountains, which enabled 
+Mr. iVlacpherfon to colledt the poetry of the cele 
+brated Offian. 
+
+The bards, after having long been the principal 
+
+inilruiftor. 
+
+
+cuftom, preferved among tiie mcfl 
+
+
+
+07 GREAT BRITAIN. 
+
+
+49 i 
+
+
+:nftru£tors and hiftorians of the:- country, defeend- 
+icd from thele high functions to become the 
+flatterers of thole who preceded them, or the 
+flanderers of thole whom they regarded as their 
+
+enemies. 
+
+* 
+
+Little pafiions have aK vs the j pernicious pro— 
+petty of mifleading and even exringuifiiing genius. 
+
+The bares, in forgetting the noble infpirations of 
+their predeceftbrs, retained no other power than 
+that of amuling- or flatcering the vain. They foon 
+loft all their importance uith the great, and the 
+multitude r.lone deigned to receive them favourably. 
+
+No longer poffefied of the talent which renders 
+virtue engaging, they interned fables of enchanted 
+caftlcs, of dwarfs, giants, Sec. The fober truths 
+of biftory gave place to the marvellous fidions of 
+romance. The abufe of this talent brought the 
+bards into contempt; the people tk-mfthes grew - 
+weary of them and they difappeared. The warlike 
+hero, however, was not forgetful of his valour, he 
+would not renounce the flattering advantage of 
+
+
+hearing the celebration of his exploits. Courage, 
+and the noble define of fuccouring the opprefied, 
+and redrefling their wrongs, produced that fj.niit 
+of chivalry which gave birth to prodigies of h.cro- 
+ifm. Illuftrious adions awakened the genius of 
+a clafs of men who came to replace the bards, under 
+the name of 'Troubadours. This appears to be 
+
+the period from which we mu ft date the com¬ 
+mence- 
+
+
+
+
+RELIGION OF THE FIRST INHABITANTS, 
+
+
+n 
+
+CMC, 
+
+
+mencement of thofe books of chivalry fo extraor¬ 
+dinary and yet fo full of charms, that even now 
+they excite our admiration. In reading them it is 
+neceflary to recoiled, that to pleafe they mini 
+pofTefs probability, for it is only by imitating n.;. 
+
+w 
+
+ture that art can pleafe. What idea then ouE:t 
+we to entertain of thofe knights they were intended 
+
+
+to delcribe ? In the romance of the round labh. 
+
+9 
+
+of St. Greal, of Amadis, &c. reafon will evo 
+teach us to refeind what appears to be merely ni.ir 
+vellous, but the noble and the brave will never wii 
+in queftion the prodigies atchieved by valour. It 
+is remarkable that England is generally made the 
+theatre of chivalry by the Troubadours, and ancient, 
+writers of that defeription. We mult likewile 
+take notice that all hiftorians, after deferibinp tiie 
+
+
+druids as priefts much fuperior to thofe of all other 
+nations, agree in giving the druids of England a 
+fupericrity over all others. They extol thole of 
+the college of Chartres, thofe of the fore It ofMur- 
+feilles, thofe in the environs of Thouloufe, but 
+they all add, that when any in thefe colleges were 
+found to poflefs great talents, they were Cent to 
+finifh their inftrudion amonar the druids of Britain.. 
+The re fult of thefe obfervations is., that* from the 
+moil clidant periods, the inhabitants of (bear M;i- 
+tain have ever excited the admiration of lurround- 
+Imr nations, bv their wifdom, learning ami couran.e. 
+
+
+RELIGiOW 
+
+
+
+RELIGIOUS OPINION'S, &C. 
+
+
+
+.RELIGIOUS OPINIONS of the FIRST INHABI¬ 
+TANTS of GREAT BRITAIN. 
+
+
+It appears certain that the original Bri¬ 
+tons ereded no temple to the Divinity. Nay we 
+find in the poems of Oflian, that fubiime bard cx- 
+preffing his contempt for the temples and worfiiip 
+of Odin, god of the Scandinavians, whom he calls 
+Loda. Oflian rep re fen ts thefe people as invoking 
+their god round a flattie, which he calls the done 
+
+o 
+
+
+of power. He reprobates this worfiiip, and con- 
+lklers it as impious. The druids, bards, and the 
+people whom they mflructcd, regarded all nature 
+as the temnle of the divinity. That thev had 
+
+L ' J 
+
+notions of a Supreme B. ing cannot be doubted, 
+iince they believed in the immortality of the foul, 
+and in the rewards and punifi.ments of a future 
+life. Their opinion wa-,, that the clouds were the 
+habitation of fouls alter their fepniatkm from the 
+body. The brave and virtuous were received 
+with joy into the aerial palaces of their fathers, 
+whilft the wicked, the cowardly and the cruel, 
+were excluded the abode of heroes, and con¬ 
+demned to wander, the Iport of every wind, 
+i here were different manfious in the palaces of 
+die clouds; tiie piinaual u! which were aflipncd 
+
+J 1 CD 
+
+
+t° n'iCi it and coin ag-*:, and lids idea was a great 
+inurement to the emulation of their warriors. The 
+
+foul 
+
+
+
+494 
+
+
+religious Opinions op 
+
+
+■ 
+
+foul always preferred the fame pafTions which it 
+poffelfed during life; thefe aerial palaces offered, 
+no other enjoyment than what they had preferred 
+when living. They fuppofed that winds and Horns 
+were under the direction of departed fpiritSj but 
+their power never extended over men. A her a 
+could not Ire admitted into the palace of his fathers, 
+unlefs the bards had fung his funeral hymn. This 
+hymn appears to have been the only eficntial cere¬ 
+mony of their funerals. The body was extended 
+on a bed of clay, at the bottom of a grave fix or 
+eight feet deep. At the head of a warrior they 
+placed his fwonl and tv.elve arrows; the corpfe 
+was covered with a fecond body of clay, and upon 
+this they laid the horns of a flag, or fome other 
+wild bead. Sometimes they killed his favourite 
+dog, to lay on this fecond body of clay; the whole 
+was then covered with fine mould, and four Rents 
+marked the extent of the tomb. 
+
+None but a bard could open the gates of the 
+
+
+aerial palaces, which he did by chanting the funeral 
+hymn. Negleft of ihis ceremony left the foul in 
+the exhalations of the lake Lego, or Jome other, 
+and to thefe unhappy fouls they attributed the ti'd- 
+orders arifing from the vapour of lakes or marl net. 
+which are fo frequent and fometkn.es even mortal. 
+Wc may fee with what care the druids encouraged 
+opinions which rendered their minillry fo conlohnf; 
+and fo neceflary. Death was not fuppofed to have 
+
+
+3 
+
+
+rlv 
+
+
+
+THE FIRST BRITONS. 
+
+
+A 95 
+
+the power of diflfolving the ties of blood. The 
+ihades of the dead took part in the happy or un¬ 
+fortunate events of their friends. No nation had 
+fo implicit a belief in apparitions. The moun¬ 
+taineers, in particular, feeming to take pleafure in 
+their gloomy ideas, frequently paffed whole nights 
+upon a heath ; the whittling of the wind, or the 
+noife of torrents, made them imagine they heard 
+the voice of the dead, and if furpriled by fleep in 
+the mitlft of theie reveries, they regarded their 
+dreams as certain prognoftics of futurity. Good 
+and bad fpirits did not appear in the fame manner, 
+the s;ood fhowed themfelves to their friends during 
+
+O 
+
+the day in retired pleafant valleys, the bad were 
+never fcen but at night in the midfl of winds and 
+tempefts. Neither did death deftroy the charms 
+of the fair. The Ihades of tirefe preferved their 
+original form and beauty. No terror accompanied 
+them; when they traverfed the air, all their motions 
+were graceful, and the gentle nolle of their ap¬ 
+proach had fomething in it pleafing and encourag¬ 
+ing. At the moment of executing any great 
+cnterprize, they imagined that the fouls of their 
+fathers defcended from the clouds to fore tel their 
+good or ill iuccefs : and when they did not appear* 
+gave them notice at lead by lb me omen. Every 
+man thought he had his tutelar fhade, who always 
+attended him. When death approached, this guar* 
+<han lpirit .drowed itfclf to him in the pofition in 
+
+which 
+
+
+
+RELIGIOUS OPINIONS OP 
+
+
+496 
+
+which he was to die, and Tent forth plaintive crW 
+of forrow. On the death of a great perfona^e, tlw 
+
+^ J 
+
+were perfuaded that the fouls of departed bard;, 
+fung round his phantom during three whole nights 
+It was a received opinion among them, that the 
+moment a warrior ceafed to exilt, the arms ; n hi s 
+houfe were covered with blood; that his fpcftn; 
+went to vifit the place of his birth, and that it ap¬ 
+peared to his dogs, which fetup difmal yells at r!,e 
+fight of it. 
+
+It was to thefo fpirits they attributed the m . e 
+part of natural effects. If echo ft ruck the c.:,-, a 
+was the fpirit of the mountain they heard, ; 
+hollow found of the temped, was the roab.-y 
+the fpirit of the hill. Did the harp of a ba;d , 
+ceive a vibration from the wind, it was the 
+who by this gentle touch announced the deal.!-, of 
+fome diftingulfhed character. 1vr 
+refigned his breath, but this prophetic founu as 
+rendered by the harps of the bards belonging to 
+his family. We feel how confoling it mull he/e 
+appeared to people all nature with the ihadc., of 
+their friends and anceftors, by whom they hippoifo 
+themfelvcs conftantly furrounded. NotwitliiUi . 1 - 
+ing all the melancholy which mull accorn}..an 
+fuch an idea, wc are ftnfible iiow intereftii.g an 
+pleafing it mull have been. 
+
+♦ 
+
+It was fufijcicnt to engage and fill the ima.Miu- 
+
+tion; and it is undoubtedly to this cuufe wc uiull 
+
+am 1- 
+
+
+i\o king nor cLr.f 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE FIRST BRITONS. 
+
+
+4 97 
+
+attribute the fmall number of divinities which were 
+honoured among the ancient Brit'ons; it appears 
+even certain that they only acquired a knowledge 
+ofEluSj Dis, Pluto, Samothcs, Tcutates and other 
+deities, by means of their intercourse with foreign 
+nations. The Pibts and Saxons introduced amon 
+
+
+(V 
+
+o 
+
+
+them their Andate, goddefs of victory. 
+
+
+Th 
+
+
+t 
+
+
+
+
+Romans likewife made them acquainted with form' 
+of their divinities. 
+
+We are allured by Tacitus and Dion Cafiu:>j 
+tl:at the Gauls firft brought into England ;he hor- 
+
+O V..J 
+
+rid cuftom of facriucincr human viciims. 
+
+
+, • r /A * • 
+
+J. % i L - 
+
+
+tending our refearches farther, we might bhewer 
+likewife vefliges of the Phoenician worth in •. foi 
+every tiling leads us to conclude, that in the ear- 
+lied: ages of the world, tilde iirll. of navigator 1 ' 
+
+O' o 
+
+known brought their merchandize into Britain., 
+which they exchanged for tin. But wc ihall enter 
+no farther into particulars concerning thole reli¬ 
+gions ceremonies which they derived from foreign 
+nations, fince every hiftory, tradition and cuftom 
+proves, in the mod' convincing manner, that the 
+religion of the Druids alone was u.niverlally adopted. 
+
+We flrall now lay before our readers the mod 
+authentic information concerning thefe celebrated 
+men, which we can collect from hiftory or tradition. 
+
+
+
+THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+
+OF THE DRUIDS 
+
+
+‘ N. 
+
+
+The accounts of Csefar and Tacitus co;, 
+tradidt each other; the former faying, that th 
+religion of the Druids had its birth in England ; aiul 
+the latter, that the Gauls when they peopled this 
+illand introduced it amongft them. “ To reconcile 
+thefe two authors (fays the Abbe Banicr) v,c 
+may fuppofe, that the Gauls when they came into 
+Britain brought with them their religion, blit tl;:.' 
+the iflanders, more ltudious and lefs engaged 
+
+
+0"0 
+
+
+foreign wars than the Gauls were, preferred r. 
+in its greatell purity j this (he adds) was tin. 
+
+
+t?V 
+
+
+reafon of that profound refpeft in which 
+Druids of Gaul held thofe of Britain, w;sc::, 
+they regarded as considerably their fuperiors :: 
+
+
+
+
+M 
+
+
+* » 
+
+
+Banicr) originally formed but one family, and has 
+only one faith, but when they became clifp.-rliv 
+they corrupted the purity of their primitive reli¬ 
+gion: fome directing tlicir courfc by land toward 
+
+
+the north, under the names of Scythians, Oho 
+Scythians and Celts, peopled thofe vail countm 
+which leparate us from Afia-, others more bold, 
+braved all the dangers of the ocean. 
+
+“ Hillory proves that tin: Ehcenicians and. Car: 1 ..' 
+ginians penetrated into the molt remote pint. 1 ‘ 
+•he weft; hence no doubt, th.at rcfcmblance <'< 
+
+
+
+
+
+TIIE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+49 9 
+
+
+tween the religions of nations divided by fo many 
+foas and countries.” 
+
+This account of Mr. l’Abbe Banier clearly ex ¬ 
+plains the parallel which has been fo often drawn 
+between the Magi and the Druids; it proves that 
+the Gauls derived their religion from the Perfians, 
+or at lealt from thole nations which approached 
+their country towards the north. The Magi and 
+the Druids, both equally refpeCted in their diffe¬ 
+rent countries, were always con fill ted in matters of 
+great importance. They were their only religious 
+minifters. The Magi rejected the opinion which 
+attributes to the gods a human origin ; nor did they 
+cliltinguifh them into gods and goddeffes; it was 
+exactly the fame with the Druids. Both governed 
+die Hate, and were confulted even by fovereurns. 
+
+
+Their white veils refembled each other, and both 
+
+
+were equally forbid the life of ornaments of gold. 
+The difpenlers and protestors of jullicc, they pro¬ 
+nounced fentence, and carefully infpcctecl tire con- 
+dud; of thofe wliom they appointed to all:It them 
+:n the difeharge of this important function. The 
+immortality of the foul was the principal point 
+of belief among both the Perlians and Gauls; nei- 
+tlvr of them created either temples or (tatties. 
+1 ’iie Perfians worfhipped fire; the Druids main¬ 
+tained a perpetual Hie in their fort.Its. The Per- 
+
+ham: paid their adoration 10 water; the Gauls ren¬ 
+dered divine honours to the i.imc element. From 
+
+
+k. K 
+
+
+V - 
+
+
+the fo 
+
+
+
+,500 
+
+
+THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+thefe refemblances 'we may reafonably conclude 
+that the religion of the Magi and that of the Druids, 
+had both the fame origin. The difference we find 
+between them may have arifen from the different 
+caufes of war, diftance and time. The religion of 
+the Gauls appears to have always been more pure 
+than that of other nations; their ideas of the divinity 
+were more juft, and more rational than thofe of the 
+Greeks and Romans. Tacitus, Maximus of Tyre, 
+and other hiftorians inform us, that the Druids 
+were perfuaded that the Supreme Being mu ft be 
+adored in filcnce, and with veneration as well as 
+with facrifices. But this original limplicity nt; 
+longer exifted, even before the Roman conqueft, 
+The Druids forgetting their former wifdoin, 
+addicted themfelves to divination .and mattic. 
+
+o * 
+
+tolerating the horrid practice of facriftcing hu 
+man victims to ikfus and Teutates. Tacittr.. 
+Laftantius, and Lucan atteft this barbarous de¬ 
+
+
+pravity. 
+
+A • 
+
+
+Julius 
+
+
+divinities among the Gauls, and they then fir ft 
+eredted temples, whilft the Druids of Britain 
+continued the exercife of their ancient religion 
+in the heart of their forefts, whofe folemn lhades 
+ini’pired religious awe. So facred were woods 
+among them, that it was forbid to cut them 
+down ■, they could not be approached but with 
+veneration, and for the purpofe of crowning 
+
+them 
+
+
+
+THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+.5° J 
+
+
+them with garlands and trophies. There were 
+certain trees which could not be applied to com¬ 
+mon ufes, even though they fell with age. This 
+refped - arofe from the fublime idea they enter¬ 
+tained of the divinity; they were perfuaded, that 
+temples could not contain him, nor llatues repre- 
+fent him. The Gauls likewife had the higheft ve¬ 
+neration for lakes and marfhes, becaufe they fup- 
+pofed them the favourite abode of the divinity. 
+The moft celebrated of thefe lakes was that of 
+Thouloufe, into which they threw gold and fiver 
+which had been taken from the enemy. They 
+
+✓ 4 
+
+likewife worlhipped rivers, rivulets, fountains, and 
+fire. The Gauls had in the middle of their forefls 
+void fpaces, confecrated to religion and religious 
+ceremonies. It was here they buried the treafures 
+taken from the enemy, and here they facrificed 
+tlieir prifoners; fometimes they enclofed them in a 
+coIolTalflatueof willow, and furrounding them with 
+combuftible matter, conlumed them with fire. 
+C;efar caufed thefe retreats to be pillaged by his 
+troops, from whence ill-informed hiltorians have 
+concluded that the ancient Gauls had temples. 
+“ The only temple of thefe people (fays Tacitus) 
+isaforeft, where they performed the duties of their 
+religion.” None can enter thefe woods unlefs 
+he wear a chain, the fymbol of his dependence on 
+the Almighty, and of the lupreme power which the 
+tlivinity has over him. Nothing is more celebrated 
+
+* k 3 i-i 
+
+
+1 
+
+
+
+THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+<5 03 
+
+in the hiftory of the ancient Gauls than the forellsof 
+the country of Chartres. The forefts of Thouloufe 
+and Marfeilles were almoft equally famous. 
+
+In thefe folitary retirements were held the 
+fchools of the Gaulifh Druids. Chartres was 
+in fome manner the metropolis of the Gauls- 
+but thefe three colleges all agreed in acknow¬ 
+ledging their inferiority to the Druids of Britain 
+in fcience and wifdom. 
+
+
+THE DIFFERENT CLASSES of the DRUIDS. 
+their MANNERS of LIVING, their DRESS 
+
+and FUNCTIONS. 
+
+
+I he word Druid is undoubtedly derived 
+from the Celtic word deru, which fignifies an oak. 
+
+
+The minifters were divided into different 
+clalfes. The Druids compofed the firft; they 
+were the fwpreme chiefs, and fo much were thole 
+that followed them their inferiors, and fo "rear 
+
+* Cj 
+
+the refpcdl which the latter paid them, that they 
+were obliged to depart when the Druids ay 
+peared, and till they had obtained piTmiHio;. 
+could not remain in their prcfencc. The intern: 
+
+minifters were the Bards, Sarronidcs, and Tubnyc.. 
+or Vates. 
+
+(v/nole name in the Celtic lan¬ 
+guage fignifies a finger) celebrated the a&inns «l 
+
+
+The Bards 
+
+
+heroes inverles, which they lung and acconipanua 
+
+
+
+
+
+Till'. DRUIDS. 
+
+
+.50.? 
+
+
+upon the harp. In fuch high eftimation were their 
+verfes held, that they were fufficient to immorta¬ 
+lize. Thefe Bards, though inferior to the Druids 
+in power, enjoyed fo great a reputation, that if 
+they prefen ted themfelves at the moment two ar¬ 
+mies were upon the point of engaging, or even 
+if the adtion was already begun, each party laid 
+down their arms to liflen to their propolitions. 
+They did not confine themfelves to pronouncing 
+the eulogiupa of heroes; they had like wile the 
+right of cenliiring the adlions of individuals who 
+fwerved from their duty. 
+
+
+
+fhe Sarronides inflrudted the youth, and in- 
+them with virtuous lentiments. The 
+
+
+Kubages or Vates 
+
+
+had the care of facrifices, 
+and applied themfelves to the contemplation of 
+nature; but afterwards the Druids referved to 
+themfelves alone all religious functions, and the 
+lubaltern mini fliers had then no employ but what 
+they prachfed by permifTion of the Druids. 'Hie 
+origin of the Jc pontiffs is loft in the re mo to periods 
+ol antiquity. 
+
+By Ariftotle, SoJon, and many others before 
+
+diem, the Druids are deferibed as the wiie/t and 
+
+moft enlightened of men in matters of religion. 
+
+■ a) great was the idea entertained of their know- 
+lc:'! 
+
+
+ye, that Cicero flylcs them the firfl inventors 
+'■>( Mythology. 'Jhhe J.)niids concealed in foie/ls, 
+diere led the moft auf'cir lives. It was here na- 
+
+
+* v. » 
+
+
+lion 
+
+
+
+
+
+THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+
+tions came to confult them ; and Julius Ctefar. 
+who in general admired only the fplendid vir¬ 
+tues, could not refufe them the tribute of his 
+efteem, fo much was he aftonifhed at their man¬ 
+ner of living and their knowledge. There were 
+feveral colleges of the Druids in the different 
+
+
+countries of the Gauls, and we have already fair!, 
+that the moil celebrated of all was that in the 
+country of Chartres. The chief of this college was 
+Sovereign pontiff of all the Gauls. It was in tlx 
+to re ids of this country that they performed the 
+
+
+Nothing was 
+
+
+moll foiemn facrifices, and here afiembled tlx 
+grandees of the country, and the legiffative bodies. 
+Next to the college of Chartres, that of Mar- 
+fellies was the molt confklcrable. 
+more famous than the fore ft of that country, anu 
+Lucan infpires a fort of religious terror when he 
+deferibes the manner in which it was cut down 
+by order of Cirfar. The Druids, both young 
+and old, had the fame privileges, and obferved 
+the fame rules. Their drefs, however, varied in 
+feme refpe&s, according to their different pro¬ 
+vinces and the rank they occupied. 
+
+into thm 
+
+
+The ceremony of being admitted 
+order confided in receiving the embrace ol the 
+old Druids. The candidate, after this, quitted tin* 
+
+common dreff; to inveft himlelf with that of thr 
+
+% 
+
+Druids, which was a coat reaching to the middle 
+
+
+of the lerr. This drefs was the mark of oriel! • 
+
+V.' -* 
+
+
+
+
+THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+SO 5 
+
+
+hood, to which women could never be admitted. 
+The authority of the Druids was fo extenfive, that 
+no affair of importance was undertaken without 
+confulting them. Theyprelided over the national 
+councils, directed war or peace as they pleated, 
+punifhed the guilty, and could even depole kings 
+and magiftrates when they acted contrary to the 
+laws of the country. Their rank was fuperior to 
+that of the nobles. To their power every thing 
+yielded. It was they who were enrrutfvd with the 
+education of the moll illuftrious youth, fo that 
+
+
+tentiments of veneration for the Druids were in- 
+
+
+killed into them from 
+
+
+their eariiefl: infancy. 
+
+4 
+
+
+
+thefe priefts belonged the right of annually ap¬ 
+pointing the magiftrates who were to prefule over 
+the cities; they could raife one of thele magif¬ 
+trates to the dignity of vergobret, which was 
+equal to that of king. But tliis pretended king 
+could do nothing without the content of the 
+Druids j they alone could convoke the national 
+council, fo that the vergobrets were in reality only 
+the principal fubjedks of the Druids. Supreme 
+arbiters of all the differences, of all the interefls 
+
+
+of tire people, juftice was only to be obtained 
+through their miniftry. '1 'hey decided equally in 
+public and in private affairs. When in a cafe 
+before them, they adjudged the difpuccd property 
+to him whom they deemed the lawful proprietor, 
+lus adverfury was obliged to fubmir, or he was 
+
+2 loaded 
+
+
+
+-j'OD 
+
+
+THE DRUID*. 
+
+
+loaded with Anathemas, and from that time code 
+offer no facrifice; the whole nation regarded him 
+as a monfter of impiety, with whom it was forbid 
+to hold any communication. 
+
+To the Druids was cntrufted whatever concerned 
+religion, and this gave them an unlimited power. 
+Sacrifices, offerings, prayers publick and private, 
+the fcience of predicting futurity, the care of 
+confulting the pods, of anfwcring in their name. 
+
+n « i J n * 
+
+
+of fludying nature, the right of eftablilhing new 
+ceremonies and new laws, and of enforcing die 
+execution of thofe already eilablifhed, or of re • 
+forming them, fuch were the functions, and inch 
+the unbounded authority which thefe priefls ei: 
+joyed without controul. Their duty excrnpnd 
+them front ferving in war, or paying any publi'.i 
+impofts. The number who afpired to this oide; 
+was prodigious, and it was open to all ranks .o,b 
+profefiions, but great difficulties attended thef 
+a-dmiffion from tiie Icru’th of the noviciate, a:. 
+
+
+they were under ; 
+
+
+tiie indifpenlable obligation 
+iearn and retain by memory, the amazing nun...-: 
+of verles which contained their maxims of reli i 
+
+
+o 1 1 r 
+
+•hi * LI 
+
+
+political Government. The Gaiili'h won.. . 
+tould formerly be admitted to the rank ol ihinb 
+files, and they then enjoyed all the pn ropniivc * 
+the order, but they cxercifrd their fimrlioir. Jc 
+j'ar.uclv from the men. 
+
+
+j * 
+
+, mm!‘ i 1 (Mi 
+
+
+\ new clivmatinij', i r 
+
+
+i. 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+
+DOCTRINE OF THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+5< J 
+
+
+/ 
+
+
+tiered them more famous even than the Druids 
+
+themfelves. 
+
+When Hannibal paffed through their country 
+they (till enjoyed the mod diftinguifhed employ¬ 
+ments, for it was ftipulated in a treaty which he 
+made with the Gauls, that, ifa Carthaginian fhould 
+in any refpebt injure a Gaul, the caufe jfhould be 
+tried and determined by the Gaulish women. They 
+were afterwards deprived of this authority by the 
+Druids, but the period when they were fir ft al¬ 
+lowed to pra&ile it is unknown. 
+
+
+DOCTRINE or the DRUIDS, their superstition, 
+
+CEREMONY OK I'llF. MISI.ETOE OK THE OAK. 
+
+
+All the doftrine of the Druids tended to 
+* 
+
+render men wife, juft, valiant, and religious. The 
+fundamental points of this dodtrine were reduced 
+to three, adore the gods, do injury to none, be 
+brave. " The objedt of their fcicnce (lays Pompo- 
+nius Mela) was to attain a knowledge of the form 
+and majefty of the Divine Being, and the courfe and 
+revolutions of the liars ; they pretended to be ac¬ 
+quainted with the conftrudlion of the whole univerfe, 
+and the retirement in which they lived certainly 
+left them at full liberty to purfuc their enquiries. 
+1 hat the Druids and Gauls confidered the foul as 
+immortal admits of no doubt, it was their per- 
+bullion of this dogma alone, which made them 
+
+6 regard 
+
+o 
+
+
+
+,500 DOCTRINE OF THE DRUIDS. 
+
+regard death as the certain means of arriving at a 
+
+more happy Hate. They made a great diftinftiorj 
+
+between thofe who died peaceably furrounded by 
+
+their friends and relations, and thofe who nobly 
+
+#• 
+
+died in the fervicc of their country. The former 
+
+were interred without ceremonv, without eulop-inm. 
+
+without the fongs compofed in honour of the 
+
+dead : but warriors were believed to furvive theni- 
+
+felves; their names were tranfmitted to future 
+
+generations, and they were received into the bofom 
+
+of the Divinity, there to tafte a never-ceafing hap- 
+
+pijj^fs : they alone were honoured with tombs and 
+
+epitaphs: but the dogma of the immortality of the 
+
+foul was not on that account lefs general; this 
+
+opinion can never admit of a divifion, and that 
+
+the Druids profefied it is evident; they only ie- 
+
+garded as condemned to perpetual oblivion thofe 
+
+whole lives had been rendered illuftrious by no 
+
+* 
+
+brilliant or warlike addon, nor by any aft of pub- 
+lick utility. This cuftom was founded on the 
+martial genius of the Gauls, and other Celtic 
+nations, who elteemed nothing fo much as the pro- 
+fefiion of arms. The Druids taught, that all 
+things would one day be deftroyed by fire or water. 
+They believed in tranfmigration, which they could 
+never have learned from Pythagoras, as it con lb- 
+tuted part of their doctrine before philofophy found 
+its way into the Gauls. From time immemorial 
+they had adopted the cuftom of burying the dear., 
+
+or 
+
+
+
+DOCTRINE OF THE DRUIDS. 
+
+
+5° 9 
+
+
+orofpreferving their afhes in urns. They depofited 
+in the tombs the arms of the dead, their valuable 
+furniture, and an account of the money which was 
+due to them. They even wrote letters to their 
+friends after their deceafe; they firmly believed 
+that all letters thrown into the tombs of tiic dead 
+would arrive at them place of deflimuion. 
+
+The Druids communicated verbally their l'cience 
+
+* 
+
+and dodlrines to the candidates for iliac office, whole 
+noviciate was extremely long. Thefe maxims and 
+feiences were never reduced to vridap;, they were 
+delivered in verfc, anti it was necei fary to ret. in them 
+by memory; thefe v cries were id numrrom, that fif¬ 
+teen and even twenty years were rcouircu tv. learn and 
+retain the m. “ This (lays j ui’ms Cecfar) rendered the 
+doctrine of the Druids id myileiaous, tha.t Itwas im- 
+pofiibie to attain a knowledge ol it.” The Druids 
+like wile cultivated the hiC..cc td medicine, and 
+the iiiofc implicit confide;, .c was placed in their 
+
+
+they 
+
+
+judgement, as the people were pcrluaded 
+knew the influence of the flam, and could look 
+
+
+forward into futuritv. Thefe laves, 
+puted, and lb worthy of that: reJpcct, concluded 
+by piviug into alhology, magic and divination, 
+
+
+
+
+i. 1 J L j O Ik- 
+
+
+hoping by thefe means to c/icivafe their cieditand 
+authority, as they had percei - . cJ tiiat the people 
+were more delighted with the inarvcLous than wim 
+truth. They had fume knowledge ol botany, Let 
+they mixed fo many liiperfi itu.-m pratTccs v.tfi 
+their manner of coliefling p! n , that it v,sidy 
+
+
+r « 
+
+
+
+DOCTRINE OF THE' DRUIDS. 
+
+
+
+to perceive they were acquainted with a very final! 
+number of them. 
+
+Pliny relates their method of collecting the plan' 
+called in Latin Jelago-, it mult be plucked up with 
+out the ufe of an inftrument, and with the right 
+hand covered with part of the robe ; the plant 
+was then to be fhiftcd rapidly into the lef* 
+hand, as if it had been Stolen : the perfon col- 
+ledlino - it mult be cloathed in white, have the feet 
+
+o 
+
+bare, and have previously offered a Sacrifice of bread 
+and wine. Vervain was collected before the rifing 
+
+
+rr 
+
+b 
+
+
+i 
+
+
+of the fun, on the firft of the dog days, after havin 
+offered to the earth an expiating Sacrifice, in which 
+fruit and honey were employed. This plant, when 
+
+gathered in the manner mentioned, they pretended 
+
+poke fled every virtue, and was a Sovereign re¬ 
+medy for all diforders. It was only neceffary to 
+rub themfelves with this to obtain whatever they 
+defired. It had the powder of reconciling thole 
+who were at enmity. Whoever could but toucl 
+this plant, felt their hearts inftantly enlivened with 
+peace and joy. We mufl likewife rank among 
+their fuperllitions a perfualion they entertained, 
+that on the death of illuftrious perfons their lords 
+railed up florins and tempcfls. 1'he rolling oi 
+thunder, all the extraordinary and violent move¬ 
+ments of nature, all meteors announced, according 
+to them, the death of Some diflinguiflied charadlo 
+
+The Druids took pride in Suffering the opinion to 
+
+prevail, 
+
+
+
+pioctrin v . of TMr: nr.vms. 
+
+
+5 - 1 
+
+
+prevail, that they could at plcailire change their 
+
+
+forms, or tranfport themlclves into the regions of 
+
+the air; blit the molt cruel of all their fuperfticious 
+
+practices, was that of lacriricing.human viftims. 
+
+'this barbarous cultom could onlv be abolifhed bv 
+
+• * 
+
+the extirpation of druidihn itldf. That it e .'tilled, 
+die numerous edicts o: the Toman emperors to 
+prevent it clearly prove. 
+
+The mod folemn of all their ceremonies was 
+
+
+that of Catherine: the mi lie toe of the oak. 
+
+o 
+
+
+r i M # 
+
+i ms 
+
+
+parafitical })lant grows alio upon other trees, but 
+the Druids thought that the Divinity had principal¬ 
+
+
+ly confided lb precious a thing to the oak. 'They 
+
+- i W ' 
+
+traverled the fbrefts with the greatdl cart: in. learch 
+of it, and congratulated each other when, after 
+
+J o 
+
+painful reiearches, they had been able to difeover 
+a certain quantity of it. 'This plant could only 
+be coileflcd in the month of December, and rhe 
+flxth day of the moon. 'This month and the nw:n- 
+her fix were facreti amoiv the Druids. It v, a- 
+
+v I 
+
+always the fixth Jay of the moon that they j .h r- 
+formed their principal arils of religion. On the 
+Jay appointed for the ceremony of gathering the 
+mifletoe, they aflcmbled themlclves in the jr.of’l 
+lolcnm manner, and went in proccflion toward.- 
+die place where the plant v.as m be ihuwd. Vvw 
+divines walked in from, !>: dr t hc;i n, ai.d hav 
+°f praile. A herald rar:w n- 
+
+
+. * , * lit e 1 . a , v . / 
+
+
+diele ; then came three ieaiM*--' ihc : 
+
+
+ill:. 
+
+
+
+DRUIDESSES* 
+
+
+r. i o 
+
+
+<5* 
+
+
+ments neceffary for the facrifice, and laftly, tne 
+proceflion was clofed by the high priefts, clothed 
+In white, followed by an immcnie concourfe r- 
+
+
+people. When they arrived at the foot of da 
+tree, it was afcended by the chief of the Druid \ 
+
+
+o-i 
+
+1 V , 
+
+
+who cropped the mi fie toe with a fin all ; 
+fey the, when it was received by the Druui; v, i:h 
+the molt profound veneration in the frju,: (■?. 
+
+
+fieri - 
+
+
+fort of white garment); on receiving it then 
+Jiced two white bulls, and this was followed bv 3 
+feaft, at the conclufion of which they offered uj, 
+prayers to the Divinity that lie would be nleakd 
+to attach' to this plant a good fortune vshi 'ii fhoiild 
+difFule itfelr through all thafe to whom it fhouid 
+be diftributed. 
+
+It was the firft day o: the rear that thev blefilf 
+
+• % + 
+
+the mi fie toe. and diftributed it to toe people. 
+
+
+OF THU druid: • 
+
+
+
+• 1 * / ) 
+
+
+v. have already i.ud, thru tdc wh< 
+morality of the Druids was reduced to three prin¬ 
+cipal points. Honour the gods, injure: hoik, aiiu 
+be courageous. I low can theie iublime nvunm:. 
+
+O 
+
+be reconciled with the oninon entertained by many, 
+
+♦ « 
+
+that they had the right of life and death over tail: 
+wives, children and Haves? <f Paternal and domeUc 
+authority (fays Mr. 1’ Abbe Banier) was formed ip- 
+on no poiitive law, but only upon relpebt and love. 
+
+Julia 
+
+
+
+
+DRUIDESSES. 
+
+
+513 
+
+
+Julius Caefar and Tacitus dwell much upon the 
+refpedt which the Gauls and Germans entertained 
+for their wives. Thofe of the Druids participated 
+in the authority of their hulbands. They were 
+confulted in queftions concerning politics or reli¬ 
+gion. Even fince the conquefts of the Romans, 
+there were temples eretted among the Gauls where 
+women only officiated, and which men were 
+forbid to enter. The Celts and Gauls (lays Mr. 
+Mallet, in his excellent introduction to the hiflory 
+of Denmark) ihowed themfeives much, fuperior 
+to the caftern nations, wdio pafs from adoration to 
+contempt, from fentiments of idolatrous love to 
+that of inhuman jealoufy, or ot an indifference 
+more infulting than jealoufy. 
+
+The Celts confidered their wives as centals and 
+
+* 
+
+companions, v/hofe efteem and tend( me id could 
+only be nobly acquired by attention, generous con- 
+dutd, and adds of courage and virtue. 
+
+1 o 
+
+The poems of Oflian prove, that the inhabitants 
+of Britain have ever carried that re 1 peel and atten¬ 
+tion as far as any nation in the world. Confinin' to 
+the firft object of their choice, they never addicted 
+themfeives to polygamy, and the tender partner of 
+their love frequently followed dtem In d:[guile to 
+
+the war. 
+
+During the brilliant ages of t hDairy we con- 
+
+s*\ ' J 
+
+
+hantly meet the fame manners and the lame refpect 
+for the female fex; this was men. ail'd bv grad- 
+
+** I ^ # 
+
+
+J 
+
+
+a J * 
+
+
+i u tt' ; 
+
+
+
+DRUIDESSES. 
+
+
+T4 
+
+
+tudej for as loon as a knight was wounded, th 
+ladies eagerly prelTed forwards to lend him thej 
+affiftance, and almoft all were acquainted wir! 
+
+However, their attention: 
+
+
+ir 
+
+
+*1 
+
+
+the art of healing. 
+
+
+were not confined to this alone; during the time 
+
+of convalefcence, the charms of their converfation 
+
+ferved to moderate the impetuous courage of the 
+
+knights, and the better to remind them of their 
+
+duty they read to them poems and romances, in 
+
+which whatever heroifm could effedt was reduced 
+
+to adlion. We think then there is great reafon to 
+
+doubt the truth of that opinion which gives the 
+
+druids the horrible right of abufing their power, 
+
+and of opprefTing or even facrificing the innocent 
+
+and defencelefs. Thefe pontiffs were certain!}' 
+
+jealous of their authority, but it was fo great, and 
+
+fo perfcdrlv clldblifhed, that there was no occafion 
+
+to act with cruel :7 in their families to maintain it. 
+
+* 
+
+Their empire was ablolutc over the people | 
+
+none were luperior to them; why then wantonly 
+
+# 
+
+fill with terror the companions who alone could 
+give charms to their folitude, the infants who 
+were to nwnfmit their names to pofterity, and. 
+the Haves whole bufmefs it was to forefee and pro¬ 
+vide for their nccclikies? This opinion, if at all 
+rnie, can only allude to thole times when the Druids 
+and Gauls were in their molt degraded Hatw 
+
+CP 
+
+'There exifed thre e lorts of female Druids, 'i he 
+
+fir ft lived in a Hate of celibacy ; the fccond, though 
+
+m ar - 
+
+
+
+DRUIDESSES. 
+
+
+,515 
+
+
+married;, re Tided in the temples, where they offi¬ 
+ciated, and faw their hufbands only one day in the 
+
+♦ 
+
+year; the third and lafb lived conflantly with their 
+hufbands, and fuperintendcd the concerns of their 
+families. 
+
+Notwithstanding thefe diflin&ions, thcDruidefles 
+in reality formed but two claflcs. 
+
+The fir ft: was compoled of priefccfies, and the 
+fecond of women who were fubordinato to them, 
+and executed their orders. 
+
+
+The general refidence of tlie Druideflcs was in 
+the idands which border the coafl of England and 
+Gaul. The Druids likewile inhabited feme of thefe. 
+
+
+but never fuch as were occupied by the female 
+Druids. It was in thcle ifles that they exercifed 
+themlelves moft in magical practice. The 
+opinion that they could raife ftorms and tem- 
+pefts at plealure, was common to both Gauls and 
+Britons. 
+
+
+The reftlefs curiofity of man e Tee ms the art of 
+feeing into futurity, luperior to every other. The 
+Druids, after having perlliaded the people that 
+they were acquainted with the influence of the flats, 
+and had the gift of prophecy, abandoned almoil 
+entirely this part of their minifiiy to their wives. 
+Having feen the rcfpeG, bordering on idolatry, 
+'■vit 1 1 which the Gauls and Germans treated the 
+
+
+female lex, they perceived that die perfuafons 
+and predictions of their wives nooM obtain mud; 
+
+
+mote 
+
+
+
+5>-fc> 
+
+
+DRUIDESSES. 
+
+
+more credit and confidence than their own. To 
+them they referred all queftions concerning futurity, 
+and their anlwers were fo fatisfadory, that their 
+reputation fpread over the whole world; the 
+
+
+■7 
+
+were confulted by people from every nation, and a 
+more implicit faith was placed in their decifnns 
+than thofe of the Grecian and Italian oracles. They 
+were frequently confulted by the emperors when 
+mafters of the Gauls. 
+
+ITiftory has preferved feveral of their ar.fwers, 
+but makes no particular mention of thofe of the 
+Druids. 
+
+We fhall conclude this article by giving the 
+
+
+o 
+
+
+mod certain information we can colled of the pe¬ 
+riod when the office of both Druid and Druklcft 
+was entirely abolifhed. 
+
+Suetonius, Aurelius Vidor, and Seneca, main¬ 
+tain, that it was under the emperor Claudius; but 
+as it fubfifted long after that period, it nioulcl 
+feem that they only ipoke of human ficrilices, 
+which were ablblutely interdicted by that emperor. 
+
+Druids and Druidefies were Hill found in the 
+country of Chartres till the middle of the fifih 
+century, and it appears certain that this order was 
+not entirely ex find till die time when Clu ill amity 
+completely triumphed over tiie lupcrllitien <>I die 
+Gauls, which in fo me provinces did not happen till 
+very late. 
+
+
+F 1 X I S. 
+
+
+
+