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README.md
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---
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language: en
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thumbnail: https://github.com/studio-ousia/luke/raw/master/resources/luke_logo.png
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tags:
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- luke
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- named entity recognition
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- entity typing
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- relation classification
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- question answering
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license: apache-2.0
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---
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## LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention
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**LUKE** (**L**anguage **U**nderstanding with **K**nowledge-based
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**E**mbeddings) is a new pre-trained contextualized representation of words and
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entities based on transformer. LUKE treats words and entities in a given text as
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independent tokens, and outputs contextualized representations of them. LUKE
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adopts an entity-aware self-attention mechanism that is an extension of the
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self-attention mechanism of the transformer, and considers the types of tokens
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(words or entities) when computing attention scores.
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LUKE achieves state-of-the-art results on five popular NLP benchmarks including
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**[SQuAD v1.1](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/)** (extractive
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question answering),
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**[CoNLL-2003](https://www.clips.uantwerpen.be/conll2003/ner/)** (named entity
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recognition), **[ReCoRD](https://sheng-z.github.io/ReCoRD-explorer/)**
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(cloze-style question answering),
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**[TACRED](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/tacred/)** (relation
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classification), and
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**[Open Entity](https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~eunsol/html_pages/open_entity.html)**
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(entity typing).
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Please check the [official repository](https://github.com/studio-ousia/luke) for
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more details and updates.
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This is the LUKE large model with 24 hidden layers, 1024 hidden size. The total number
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of parameters in this model is 483M. It is trained using December 2018 version of
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Wikipedia.
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### Experimental results
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The experimental results are provided as follows:
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| Task | Dataset | Metric | LUKE-large | luke-base | Previous SOTA |
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| ------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ------ | ----------------- | --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
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| Extractive Question Answering | [SQuAD v1.1](https://rajpurkar.github.io/SQuAD-explorer/) | EM/F1 | **90.2**/**95.4** | 86.1/92.3 | 89.9/95.1 ([Yang et al., 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1906.08237)) |
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| Named Entity Recognition | [CoNLL-2003](https://www.clips.uantwerpen.be/conll2003/ner/) | F1 | **94.3** | 93.3 | 93.5 ([Baevski et al., 2019](https://arxiv.org/abs/1903.07785)) |
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| Cloze-style Question Answering | [ReCoRD](https://sheng-z.github.io/ReCoRD-explorer/) | EM/F1 | **90.6**/**91.2** | - | 83.1/83.7 ([Li et al., 2019](https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/D19-6011/)) |
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| Relation Classification | [TACRED](https://nlp.stanford.edu/projects/tacred/) | F1 | **72.7** | - | 72.0 ([Wang et al. , 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01808)) |
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| Fine-grained Entity Typing | [Open Entity](https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~eunsol/html_pages/open_entity.html) | F1 | **78.2** | - | 77.6 ([Wang et al. , 2020](https://arxiv.org/abs/2002.01808)) |
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### Citation
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If you find LUKE useful for your work, please cite the following paper:
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```latex
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@inproceedings{yamada2020luke,
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title={LUKE: Deep Contextualized Entity Representations with Entity-aware Self-attention},
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author={Ikuya Yamada and Akari Asai and Hiroyuki Shindo and Hideaki Takeda and Yuji Matsumoto},
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booktitle={EMNLP},
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year={2020}
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}
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```
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