0,1,2,3,4,5,correct,choiceA_probs,choiceB_probs,choiceC_probs,choiceD_probs
What is the term for a sub-optimal but acceptable outcome of negotiations between parties?,Bargaining,Satisficing,Accepting,Compromising,B,True,0.028216667473316193,0.04652142524719238,0.008084211498498917,0.009160611778497696
What is the term for the 'rule of thumb' type of bias in decision making?,Framing bias,Hindsight bias,Over-confidence bias,Heuristics,D,True,0.02295655570924282,0.03784896060824394,0.03340158984065056,0.05506991595029831
What is a normative perspective?,The way things are.,The way things are going to be.,The way things should be.,The way things were.,C,True,0.025554262101650238,0.022551557049155235,0.02895677275955677,0.013678210787475109
"In the 'five forces model', what is the type of competitive activity that exists between organisations?",The potential for entry into the industry,The threat of substitute products,The power of customers,The level of rivalry,D,True,0.01523139514029026,0.032244861125946045,0.007658825721591711,0.04140322282910347
Which one of the following political leaders could not be termed a 'transformational' leader?,Margaret Thatcher,Mikhail Gorbachov,Nelson Mandela,Bill Clinton,D,True,0.03099098987877369,0.03099098987877369,0.024135807529091835,0.035117391496896744
What is a Gantt chart a type of?,Work flow design,Work schedule design,Work rate design,Work output design,B,False,0.04153848811984062,0.04153848811984062,0.00926848966628313,0.011900975368916988
Which one of the following is a feature of McGregor's Theory X?,Workers enjoy responsibility.,Workers view physical and mental effort as a natural part of work.,Workers like to show initiative.,Workers like to be directed.,D,True,0.039859458804130554,0.051180556416511536,0.018828272819519043,0.0744672641158104
What is the term for power derived from status or position in an organisation?,Referent,Expert,Reward,Legitimate,D,False,0.03654184937477112,0.02216375060379505,0.015232909470796585,0.03224806860089302
Which writer is most associated with bureaucratic structures?,Henry Fayol,Max Weber,Adam Smith,Mary Parker Follett,B,False,0.03708048164844513,0.028878306970000267,0.00730157969519496,0.01281467080116272
Who of the following is the industrial philanthropist?,Frederick Taylor,Seebohm Rowntree,Henry Ford,Max Weber,B,False,0.022738393396139145,0.022738393396139145,0.013791532255709171,0.022738393396139145
Individualism as a guiding moral philosophy was advocated by which economist?,John Kenneth Galbraith,John Maynard Keynes,Milton Friedman,Alfred Marshall,C,False,0.031087858602404594,0.031087858602404594,0.02136635221540928,0.024211248382925987
The Hawthorn Studies are most associated with which writer?,Mary Parker Follett,Elton Mayo,Lillian Gilbreth,Frederick Taylor,B,True,0.03053041361272335,0.03249945491552353,0.009311250410974026,0.019711917266249657
How can you describe the thinking and outlook of transformational leaders?,Strategic,Operational,Functional,Developmental,A,False,0.024656368419528008,0.01591935008764267,0.01591935008764267,0.035874806344509125
What are the key characteristics of transactional leaders?,"Guiding, mentoring and motivating","Guiding, commanding and motivating","Guiding, demonstrating and motivating","Guiding, mentoring and demonstrating",A,True,0.028256405144929886,0.019420325756072998,0.01253870315849781,0.022006109356880188
What is not an assumption underpinning the rational decision making model?,Incomplete information,An agreed goal,A structured problem,High level of certainty regarding the environment,A,True,0.03949717804789543,0.02114131674170494,0.02395625039935112,0.02395625039935112
Which one of the following is not one of Drucker's five guiding principles of management?,Making people's strengths effective and their weaknesses irrelevant.,Enhancing the ability of people to contribute.,To operate the organisation's status system.,"Integrating people in a common venture by thinking through, setting and exemplifying the organisational objectives, values and goals.",C,True,0.02348245494067669,0.026609105989336967,0.04387100040912628,0.034166768193244934
What is a paradigm?,A theoretical assumption,An illustration,A theoretical model,An example serving as a model,D,False,0.038735151290893555,0.011097806505858898,0.007627403363585472,0.0097937798127532
What one of the following is not a key management skill in planning?,Conceptual skills,Analytical skills,IT and computing skills,Communication skills,C,False,0.02366957999765873,0.02366957999765873,0.02682114578783512,0.030392341315746307
According to Belbin (1981) an extroverted and enthusiastic person fits with what role?,Co-ordinator,Shaper,Resource investigator,Implementer,C,False,0.020261501893401146,0.033405568450689316,0.008990987204015255,0.013925512321293354
Which is not a recognised form of business continuity planning?,Contingency planning,Scenario planning,Financial planning,Building planning,D,False,0.0321408249437809,0.019494397565722466,0.017203744500875473,0.025031302124261856
What is the term for an organisation that adapts to changes in the environment by quickly responding to shifts in supply and demand conditions?,Opportunistic organisation,Enterprising organisation,International organisation,Agile organisation,D,True,0.03073500283062458,0.018641723319888115,0.008805726654827595,0.03482732176780701
Which of these is not part of the recognised challenges for modern managers?,Micro-managing the workforce,Managing communications,Managing change,Managing the learning organisation,A,True,0.038415610790252686,0.026402637362480164,0.03390165790915489,0.038415610790252686
To what does emotional intelligence refer?,How people view and understand the world.,How people view and understand themselves.,How people view and understand others.,How people view and understand themselves and others.,D,False,0.03480558469891548,0.0211106538772583,0.014509127475321293,0.0307158213108778
Of what is individual freedom to schedule work an example?,Job design,Job enrichment,Job rate,Job planning,B,True,0.02239885926246643,0.02538123168051243,0.011989245191216469,0.019766924902796745
What are workers primarily motivated by according to the instrumental approach?,Peer recognition,Promotion,Greater freedom,Economic reward,D,True,0.01586896926164627,0.017981896176934242,0.019141629338264465,0.031559210270643234
Which is not a characteristic of corporate social responsibility?,Product safety,Consumer rights,Environmental policies,Price-fixing,D,False,0.04062214121222496,0.046030912548303604,0.04062214121222496,0.04062214121222496
Who was a major protagonist of utilitarianism?,John Stuart Mill,Thomas Hobbes,Karl Marx,Adam Smith,A,True,0.05811963975429535,0.031109200790524483,0.008912935853004456,0.017725488170981407
As what is ensuring that one individual does not carry the burden of a whole work task referred to?,Work specialisation,Work design,Work schedule,Work shift,A,False,0.021038955077528954,0.027014553546905518,0.011261341162025928,0.011261341162025928
How do you describe a work group that comprises workers with demarcated tasks and distant line managers?,Dependent,Independent,Interdependent,Collaborative,B,True,0.020890505984425545,0.03444262221455574,0.026823941618204117,0.018435807898640633
Specialisation is a feature of which organisational structure?,Matrix,Divisional,Multi-divisional,Functional,D,False,0.011412370018661022,0.016604900360107422,0.008349468000233173,0.011412370018661022
Which one is not an element in the primary activities of a value chain?,Procurement,Inbound logistics,Outbound logistics,Service,A,False,0.03293299302458763,0.029063263908028603,0.037317968904972076,0.04228680208325386
What is the term for the act of getting individuals to behave in ways that are acceptable to a group?,Indoctrination,Brainwashing,Propaganda,Socialisation,D,False,0.017189789563417435,0.03639078885316849,0.019478585571050644,0.02501099742949009
When does an acquisition take place?,Two equal partners decide to work together.,Two equal partners share resources.,Two unequal partners join together.,Two unequal partners become one after a buyout.,D,True,0.014498339034616947,0.01748833619058132,0.015433402732014656,0.03267251327633858
Who of these is the entrepreneur?,Barack Obama,James Dyson,Damien Hirst,Mo Farah,B,True,0.01813611388206482,0.023287231102585793,0.009119410999119282,0.020550910383462906
Which of these is not an advantage of a virtual team?,Team members can be recruited for their specific skills or experience.,No overhead costs associated with physical buildings.,Conflict can be resolved easily using face-to-face meetings.,Low transport or commuting costs.,C,True,0.044323597103357315,0.03911544010043144,0.0569126270711422,0.05022522062063217
What is the richest form of information?,Telephone,Face-to-face,E-mail,Video conference,B,True,0.01779492013156414,0.022849129512906075,0.01148926466703415,0.015703963115811348
What is the purpose of a 'quality circle'?,Bring together managers and workers to find improvements.,Bring together managers and workers to discuss output.,Bring together managers and workers to review quality of work.,Bring together managers and workers to review targets.,A,True,0.10474224388599396,0.049476735293865204,0.030009156093001366,0.01508955005556345
What is the guiding principle behind New Public Management?,Profit maximisation,Introducing private sector business principles into the public sector,Replacing public management with private sector management,Restructuring public organisations,B,True,0.014883071184158325,0.03800525516271591,0.005143451504409313,0.013981351628899574
Profitability stemming from how well a firm positions itself in the market is a key feature of which writer's view on strategy?,Peter Drucker,Jay Barney,Michael Porter,Henry Mintzberg,C,False,0.0353529155254364,0.040060099214315414,0.031198836863040924,0.013844399712979794
Functional structures help to create…...,teamwork,specialisation,project work groups,multi-skilled employees,B,True,0.03688753768801689,0.05367105081677437,0.032553136348724365,0.028728041797876358
What is a succession plan?,Dismissing an employee for a more favourable employee,A formal process of planning to fill a role that will become vacant,A vote of no confidence in a board member,The formal process of acquiring a new staff member,B,False,0.07392032444477081,0.0652344599366188,0.0016331126680597663,0.005700123030692339
What is the definition of a scenario in scenario planning?,An imagined sequence of future events,An unpredictable event,A planned for event,An unplanned for event,A,True,0.05294151231646538,0.007626947946846485,0.0026358028408139944,0.0052419197745621204
What assumption is the garbage can model of decision making based on?,Limited knowledge and great insight,Limited knowledge but high level of experience,Limited knowledge and uncertainty,Limited knowledge and high risk,C,True,0.030995957553386688,0.027353836223483086,0.04509885236620903,0.030995957553386688
By which principle is utilitarianism defined?,Equality for everyone,Maximisation of outcomes for individuals,The best outcome for the majority of people,The least worst outcome for everybody,C,False,0.021508358418941498,0.04018290340900421,0.011512594297528267,0.03129447624087334
What is the term for the set of behaviours and tasks that a member of the group is expected to perform because he or she is a member of the group?,Group roles,Virtual teamwork,Synergy,Role making,A,True,0.055952321738004684,0.016030607745051384,0.003360198112204671,0.002458373550325632
"What is the term for a process that enables an organisation to assess and demonstrate its social, economic, and environmental benefits and limitation?",Social plan,Social strategy,Social audit,Social account,C,False,0.026243368163704872,0.03369715437293053,0.03369715437293053,0.01093986351042986
What type of organisational culture is most likely to deliver stability and efficiency?,Task culture,Role culture,Power culture,People culture,B,False,0.01624150201678276,0.018404031172394753,0.014333073981106281,0.02850472182035446
Who of the following is a leading writer on contingency theory of leadership?,Rosabeth Kanter,Joan Woodward,Rensis Likert,Fred Fiedler,D,False,0.03196314722299576,0.03196314722299576,0.01938663050532341,0.02489292435348034
What are characteristics of a programmed decision?,Complex and risky,Uncertain and non-routine,Low risk and certain,Routine and non-complex,D,False,0.02793823555111885,0.024655407294631004,0.019201651215553284,0.024655407294631004
What is not an advantage of a hierarchical structure?,Clear chain of command,Quick response to change,Discipline and stability,Small span of control,B,False,0.015636220574378967,0.017718158662319183,0.020077304914593697,0.02577976882457733
What is a strategic alliance?,Any form of partnership between one firm and another,Formal agreement committing two or more firms to exchange resources to produce products or services,Formal agreement to share profits from a shared investment,Formal agreement to share knowledge,B,True,0.024833859875798225,0.04094411060214043,0.01101995911449194,0.01706804521381855
What are group norms?,Modes of behaviour that are acceptable to and shared by group members,Modes of behaviour that are shared by some members of the group,Modes of behaviour that challenge group values and beliefs,Modes of behaviour that are different of those of the other group members,A,True,0.16740629076957703,0.014627798460423946,0.005381267052143812,0.006491046864539385
Which of the following is not a recognised type of plan?,Business,Succession,Ad hoc,Financial,C,False,0.02415662445127964,0.02415662445127964,0.016602588817477226,0.031017718836665154
What is the term for the extent to which competition in one country is influenced by competition in other countries?,International trade,Global economics,Global competition,Globalisation,D,False,0.013606763444840908,0.02542078122496605,0.01979772374033928,0.012007925659418106
As what are key factors that reflect the situation of an organisation referred to?,Administrations,Processes,Activities,Contingencies,D,False,0.04924573376774788,0.023262038826942444,0.029869047924876213,0.01811649464070797
Which of these does not form part of the key streams identified by March (1988) in decision making in highly ambiguous environments?,Expectations,Choice opportunities,Problems,Solutions,A,False,0.017056705430150032,0.019327782094478607,0.024817362427711487,0.017056705430150032
What does PEST stand for?,"Political, environmental, strategic, testing","Political, environmental, strategic, technological","Political, economic, strategic, technological","Political, economic, social, technological",D,False,0.01430339366197586,0.030280282720923424,0.04405755549669266,0.03888065367937088
What does the acronym SMART stand for?,"Suitable, measurable, actionable, rewarded and timely","Specific, measurable, actionable, resourced and timely","Standardised, measurable, achievable, rewarded, and timely","Specific, measurable, achievable, rewarded and timely",D,True,0.02162867784500122,0.01908724196255207,0.01908724196255207,0.0404076911509037
Which writer was concerned with the reaction of workers to key characteristics of bureaucracies?,Merton,Weber,Gouldner,Mayo,C,False,0.022098161280155182,0.036433711647987366,0.013403212651610374,0.02504049800336361
What is the optimal span of control?,2,5,7,None of the above,D,True,0.012391463853418827,0.023150302469730377,0.01404136884957552,0.02972557581961155
What one of these is not a recognised type of authority?,Executive,Functional,Line management,Supplier,D,False,0.013639419339597225,0.012036744505167007,0.01984523795545101,0.01984523795545101
Which one of the following is not a characteristic of a team?,Minimal and formal knowledge sharing,Collective output,Individual and collective responsibility,Fluid dimension to roles and tasks,A,False,0.028366075828671455,0.03214297443628311,0.05299481004476547,0.05299481004476547
Which of these factors is not one of the competing responsibilities that influence corporate social responsibility?,Ethical,Economic,Discretionary,Technical,D,False,0.02854602411389351,0.02519177831709385,0.03234688565135002,0.02854602411389351
What is the term used in Ansoff's matrix for increasing market share with existing products in existing markets?,Product development,Market penetration,Diversification,Market development,B,True,0.017701297998428345,0.02575523778796196,0.00836150161921978,0.020058199763298035
What is characteristic for the location of a virtual team?,In the same building,In the same industry,In the same country,remotely,D,True,0.006735835690051317,0.013395807705819607,0.011821758933365345,0.06802952289581299
"According to the Five Factor model, 'extraversion' as a personality type is characterised by what type of people?",Good natured,Calm and self-confident,Sensitive and curious,Assertive and sociable,D,True,0.012672494165599346,0.012672494165599346,0.005623385310173035,0.03444741293787956
What is the overriding philosophy underpinning the strategic direction of an organisation?,Vision statement,Mission statement,Strategy statement,Business statement,B,False,0.02797127515077591,0.02797127515077591,0.01922435872256756,0.018059613183140755
What is the term for the action in which managers at an organisation analyse the current situation of their organisation and then develop plans to accomplish its mission and achieve its goals?,Synergy planning,Strategy formulation,Functional planning,SWOT analysis,B,True,0.031579215079545975,0.03578393906354904,0.006619364023208618,0.006218316033482552
What is Frank Gilbreth`s work most noted for?,Working conditions,Time and motion studies,Work psychology,Work as a social setting,B,True,0.02838943898677826,0.03216945007443428,0.006334539502859116,0.008658289909362793
What is another name for contingency planning?,Synergy planning,Ad hoc planning,Business level planning,Scenario planning,D,False,0.009736006148159504,0.016051961109042168,0.011743864975869656,0.011032340116798878
Which feature does not form one of Fayol's 14 principles of management?,Esprit de corps,Initiative,Order,Individualism,D,False,0.030855609104037285,0.027229979634284973,0.03496398776769638,0.030855609104037285
What one of the following is not a characteristic of the job characteristics model?,Task identity,Autonomy,Reward,Feedback,C,False,0.021831242367625237,0.01168542169034481,0.01700218953192234,0.024738039821386337
Workers' acceptance of change is characteristic of what type of culture?,Team culture,Collaborative culture,Group culture,Collective culture,B,False,0.03153212368488312,0.027827002108097076,0.01399229560047388,0.01912520080804825
What is a virtual organisation?,An organisation that uses information and communications technologies (ICT's) to coordinate activities without physical boundaries between different functions,An organisation that uses internet technologies to sell products to customers,An organisation that manages the supply chain using digital technologies,An organisation that coordinates the workforce via video conferencing,A,True,0.06179080903530121,0.012167330831289291,0.005072098225355148,0.0065127029083669186
From what does a chain of command extend?,Bottom to top,Top to bottom,Diagonally,Laterally,B,True,0.036393847316503525,0.041239626705646515,0.00762856425717473,0.01181535143405199
"What do you call a style of leadership that takes account of others' views, opinions and ideas?",Laissez-faire,People-oriented,Democratic,Autocratic,C,False,0.015261368826031685,0.04700832813978195,0.015261368826031685,0.009256488643586636
What is the guiding principle of scientific management?,Experimentation,Fluid working relationships,Freedom of association,One best way to do a job,D,True,0.007432430982589722,0.0108141228556633,0.00791178084909916,0.0484655387699604
What is the term Tuckman uses for reaching consensus as a group?,Storming,Performing,Forming,Norming,D,False,0.027493515983223915,0.03115423582494259,0.020114688202738762,0.024262944236397743
What theory is built around the principle that 'people make choices regarding how to behave based on values and beliefs'?,Expectancy,Instrumental,Classical,Contingency,A,False,0.015171601437032223,0.03211827948689461,0.02207454852759838,0.03211827948689461
What is the term for decisions limited by human capacity to absorb and analyse information?,Cognitive rationality,Conscious rationality,Bounded rationality,Restricted rationality,C,False,0.015924060717225075,0.07136669009923935,0.06298088282346725,0.015924060717225075
What is a definition of an objective?,A defined specified outcome to be achieved in the long-term,A clear set of goals to be attained given a set number of resources,A clearly defined and measurable outcome to be achieved over a specified timeframe,A set standard of performance agreed by workers and managers,C,False,0.0899679958820343,0.04815639927983284,0.0700671449303627,0.022747471928596497
What is not a purpose of an organisational structure?,To coordinate people and resources,To organise lines of communication,To formalise authority,To limit workers' rights,D,False,0.025035066530108452,0.017206331714987755,0.019497329369187355,0.010436167940497398
To what time-frame do strategic plans relate?,Long-term,Medium-term,Short-term,Unspecified time it takes to achieve an aim,A,True,0.047682985663414,0.042080093175172806,0.019877227023243904,0.017541591078042984
What is the term for organisational development through a formally designed organisational structure?,Organic,Mechanistic,Formal,Structured,B,True,0.021364647895097733,0.031085379421710968,0.027432750910520554,0.012958314269781113
'There is no discernible link between planning and performance'. Who is this position held by?,Michael Porter,Milton Friedman,Gary Hamel,Henry Mintzberg,D,False,0.0808311402797699,0.0915936827659607,0.04902656376361847,0.06295134872198105
What does situational theory of leadership emphasise?,Personality traits,Events,Environment,Political situation,B,True,0.042745258659124374,0.07985866069793701,0.0704750195145607,0.025926310569047928
What is intuitive decision making based on?,Guesswork,Gambling,Instinct,Rationality,C,False,0.016887890174984932,0.027843425050377846,0.03155073523521423,0.04590604826807976
Enhancement of job satisfaction and productivity are key characteristics of which theoretical perspective of work design?,Process improvement,Techno-structural change model,Job characteristics model,Socio-technical systems,D,False,0.016829626634716988,0.027747364714741707,0.05183890089392662,0.010207684710621834
Which 18th century writer produced a famous book called 'The Wealth of Nations'?,Frederick Taylor,Henry Mintzberg,Adam Smith,Dr Samuel Johnson,C,True,0.025036873295903206,0.017207574099302292,0.032147981226444244,0.00673858355730772
Which one of these characteristics is most commonly associated with the 'rational goal' model of management?,Worker welfare,Health and safety,Interpersonal relationships,Productivity,D,True,0.030019065365195274,0.021962419152259827,0.026491733267903328,0.04949307069182396
In what order do managers typically perform the managerial functions?,"organising, planning, controlling, leading","organising, leading, planning, controlling","planning, organising, leading, controlling","planning, organising, controlling, leading",C,False,0.03447650000452995,0.02091105468571186,0.009279223158955574,0.018453940749168396
How does lateral communication in an organisation occur?,Information passes upwards.,Information passes downwards.,Information is a two-way process.,Information passes between different departments and functions.,D,False,0.014651505276560783,0.018812905997037888,0.045129816979169846,0.031017236411571503
Of what is advertising a form?,Focusing strategy,Differentiation,Cost leadership,Growth,B,True,0.02751385048031807,0.031177276745438576,0.017764277756214142,0.031177276745438576
What is not a component of an agile organisation?,Market focus and position,Human resources: multi-skilling,Organisational structure,Project-based culture,D,False,0.01775834895670414,0.01775834895670414,0.020122846588492393,0.020122846588492393
Of what is worker autonomy in decision making an example?,Worker freedom,Greater worker negotiation,Worker empowerment,Increased worker power,C,False,0.01703634485602379,0.01703634485602379,0.015034522861242294,0.02478773705661297
Vertical integration forwards is when a firm mergers or acquires another,Towards the source of supply,Towards the consumer,At the same stage of the supply chain,In another industry,B,False,0.03917714208364487,0.026926029473543167,0.023762138560414314,0.044393520802259445
What is the term for an autonomous business entity within an overall corporate enterprise which is set apart from other areas of the business?,Subsidiary,Strategic partnership,Strategic alliance,Strategic business unit,D,False,0.029088664799928665,0.019992327317595482,0.015570040792226791,0.022654274478554726
What is not a characteristic of a corporate social responsibility framework?,Retaining the status quo,Understanding society,Harnessing diversity,Building capacity,A,True,0.036553122103214264,0.030303599312901497,0.026742832735180855,0.030303599312901497
What is a whistleblower?,Someone who reports illegal or unethical acts,Someone who commits illegal or unethical acts,Someone who benefits from illegal or unethical acts,Someone who devises illegal or unethical acts,A,True,0.09792903065681458,0.010321644134819508,0.004875598940998316,0.007093955297023058
What is T-group training?,A group whose aim is transformational change,A group brought together to deliver training programmes,Team training for the purposes of advancing technology,Team building activities involving learning,D,False,0.03539891913533211,0.03539891913533211,0.010796059854328632,0.03539891913533211
What is a social enterprise concerned with?,Profit maximisation,Maximising market share,Providing public service,Running a business to create social benefits,D,True,0.01083815935999155,0.020248347893357277,0.03136125206947327,0.05859053507447243
Which of the following is not part of Schein's model of the formation of culture?,Shared values,Pre-conceptions,Shared beliefs,Norms,B,False,0.027281835675239563,0.02407613769173622,0.02407613769173622,0.02407613769173622
What is not one of the layers of cultural influence?,Social,Business,Organisational,Company,D,False,0.026217035949230194,0.03366333991289139,0.020417848601937294,0.014032968319952488