diff --git "a/mmlu/high_school_us_history.csv" "b/mmlu/high_school_us_history.csv"
new file mode 100644--- /dev/null
+++ "b/mmlu/high_school_us_history.csv"
@@ -0,0 +1,989 @@
+0,1,2,3,4,5,correct,choiceA_probs,choiceB_probs,choiceC_probs,choiceD_probs
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens, and its congregation a Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling, owning no man master, but governed by God's natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of 'peace and good will amongst men.'""
+John L. O'Sullivan, ""The Great Nation of Futurity,"" 1839
+By what means did the United States take possession of the Oregon Territory?",The United States was granted the territory in a postwar treaty with France.,The United States bought it from the Native Americans who lived there.,U.S. settlers were the first to arrive in the region; they claimed it for their country.,Great Britain ceded it to the United States as part of a negotiated treaty.,D,False,0.023439055308699608,0.13488243520259857,0.6849895715713501,0.1190333366394043
+"This question refers to the following information.
+BECAUSE no People can be truly happy, though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understanding of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry, contrary to his or their Mind.…
+—William Penn, Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,
+esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories, October 28, 1701
+Because of Penn's Charter of Privileges, Pennsylvania became",one of the most religiously diverse colonies in British America.,one of the least religiously diverse colonies in America.,notorious for witch hunting and popular superstition.,known for its hostility to traditional religious practices.,A,True,0.6179494261741638,0.17704547941684723,0.03950418531894684,0.10738350450992584
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of ""separate but equal"" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.""
+Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
+Desegregation of schools was, in part, a response to unfulfilled promises from which of the following initiatives?",The Great Society,The Square Deal,The New Deal,Reconstruction,D,False,0.20490247011184692,0.33782705664634705,0.15957820415496826,0.2630999684333801
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Since the foundations of the American commonwealth were laid in colonial times over 300 years ago, vigorous complaint and more or less bitter persecution have been aimed at newcomers to our shores. Also the congressional reports of about 1840 are full of abuse of English, Scotch, Welsh immigrants as paupers, criminals, and so forth. Old citizens in Detroit of Irish and German descent have told me of the fierce tirades and propaganda directed against the great waves of Irish and Germans who came over from 1840 on for a few decades to escape civil, racial, and religious persecution in their native lands. The ""Know-Nothings,"" lineal ancestors of the Ku-Klux Klan, bitterly denounced the Irish and Germans as mongrels, scum, foreigners, and a menace to our institutions, much as other great branches of the Caucasian race of glorious history and antecedents are berated to-day….But to-day it is the Italians, Spanish, Poles, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Balkanians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers…..In this bill we find racial discrimination at its worst—a deliberate attempt to go back 84 years in our census taken every 10 years so that a blow may be aimed at peoples of eastern and southern Europe, particularly at our recent allies in the Great War—Poland and Italy.""
+Robert H. Clancy, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session, 1924
+Which one of the following legislative acts is most closely an example of nativism?",The Wagner Act of 1935,The Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798,The Espionage Act of 1917,The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965,B,False,0.14694534242153168,0.12967881560325623,0.06941206008195877,0.5811800956726074
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Now, we have organized a society, and we call it ""Share Our Wealth Society,"" a society with the motto ""Every Man a King.""…
+We propose to limit the wealth of big men in the country. There is an average of $15,000 in wealth to every family in America. That is right here today.
+We do not propose to divide it up equally. We do not propose a division of wealth, but we do propose to limit poverty that we will allow to be inflicted on any man's family. We will not say we are going to try to guarantee any equality … but we do say that one third of the average is low enough for any one family to hold, that there should be a guarantee of a family wealth of around $5,000; enough for a home, an automobile, a radio, and the ordinary conveniences, and the opportunity to educate their children.…
+We will have to limit fortunes. Our present plan is that we will allow no man to own more than $50,000,000. We think that with that limit we will be able to carry out the balance of the program.
+—Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, Radio Address, February 23, 1934
+President Franklin D. Roosevelt responded to political challenges like that of Senator Long by doing which of the following?",Announcing that he would not run for re-election,"Launching the Second New Deal, a series of legislative acts including Social Security",Diverting people's attention by allowing the Japanese to bomb Pearl Harbor,Urging Congress to cut taxes and deregulate the economy,B,True,0.17979761958122253,0.33590614795684814,0.08493037521839142,0.33590614795684814
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I was once a tool of oppression
+And as green as a sucker could be
+And monopolies banded together
+To beat a poor hayseed like me.
+""The railroads and old party bosses
+Together did sweetly agree;
+And they thought there would be little trouble
+In working a hayseed like me. . . .""
+—""The Hayseed""
+The song, and the movement that it was connected to, highlight which of the following developments in the broader society in the late 1800s?","Corruption in government—especially as it related to big business—energized the public to demand increased popular control and reform of local, state, and national governments.","A large-scale movement of struggling African American and white farmers, as well as urban factory workers, was able to exert a great deal of leverage over federal legislation.",The two-party system of the era broke down and led to the emergence of an additional major party that was able to win control of Congress within ten years of its founding.,Continued skirmishes on the frontier in the 1890s with American Indians created a sense of fear and bitterness among western farmers.,A,True,0.777010977268219,0.13502424955368042,0.023463698104023933,0.03868509829044342
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment….But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times.""
+Thomas Jefferson, 1816
+Which of the following statements is most accurate regarding the existence of political parties in the early United States?","After the drafting of the Constitution, continued debates about states' rights and competing economic interests led to the formation of political parties, such as the Federalists and the Democratic-Republicans.","Although Washington warned against the influence of political parties, he reluctantly accepted the endorsement of the Federalist party.","Political parties did not exist until the War of 1812, when Federalists asserted control over foreign policies with France and Britain.",Two major political parties dominated early presidential elections until John Quincy Adams founded the Whig party in 1824.,B,False,0.7113915681838989,0.15873292088508606,0.027583645656704903,0.07498011738061905
+"This question refers to the following information.
+At a meeting of working girls held at Hull House during a strike in a large shoe factory, the discussions made it clear that the strikers who had been most easily frightened, and therefore the first to capitulate, were naturally those girls who were paying board and were afraid of being put out if they fell too far behind. After a recital of a case of peculiar hardship one of them exclaimed: ""Wouldn't it be fine if we had a boarding club of our own, and then we could stand behind each other in a time like this?"" After that events moved quickly. We … discussed all the difficulties and fascinations of such an undertaking, and on the first of May, 1891, two comfortable apartments near Hull House were rented and furnished. The Settlement was responsible for the furniture and paid the first month's rent, but beyond that the members managed the club themselves.… At the end of the third year the club occupied all of the six apartments which the original building contained, and numbered fifty members.
+—Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 1912
+A settlement house worker was most likely to be motivated by which of the following?",The Social Gospel,Social Darwinism,Communism,The support of an urban political machine,A,True,0.5325709581375122,0.1729004830121994,0.09254695475101471,0.15258415043354034
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Lincoln was strongly anti-slavery, but he was not an abolitionist or a Radical Republican and never claimed to be one. He made a sharp distinction between his frequently reiterated personal wish that 'all men everywhere could be free' and his official duties as a legislator, congressman, and president in a legal and constitutional system that recognized the South's right to property in slaves. Even after issuing the Emancipation Proclamation he continued to declare his preference for gradual abolition. While his racial views changed during the Civil War, he never became a principled egalitarian in the manner of abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass or Wendell Phillips or Radical Republicans like Charles Sumner.""
+—Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial, 2010
+How did President Lincoln's issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation alter the course of the Civil War?",The war came to a swift conclusion because the Proclamation made the Confederacy realize the futility of their cause.,The war grew in scope because the Proclamation caused Great Britain to join the fight on the side of the Union.,President Jefferson Davis of the Confederacy vowed massive resistance to any Union effort to free the slaves.,The war aims of the United States were no longer exclusively focused on the preservation of the Union.,D,True,0.07350035011768341,0.050516001880168915,0.06486383080482483,0.7902032732963562
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing…the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack….The attack yesterday…has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas….As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.""
+President Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address, December 8, 1941
+Which of the following statements best characterizes the economic consequences of the declaration of war described above?",Decreased trade with Asian nations precipitated economic recession in both the United States and Europe.,The war-ravaged condition of Asia and Europe allowed the United States to emerge as one of the most prosperous nations on Earth.,"Cold War tensions isolated the economies of both the Soviet Union and the United States, leading to economic struggle for both nations.","Japan was subsequently required to pay reparations to the United States, forcing it into a prolonged depression.",B,True,0.11053554713726044,0.43717658519744873,0.206507608294487,0.206507608294487
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If any person or persons shall, from and after the passing of this act, by force and violence, take and carry away, or cause to be taken or carried away, and shall, by fraud or false pretense, seduce, or cause to be seduced, or shall attempt so to take, carry away or seduce, any negro or mulatto, from any part or parts of this commonwealth, to any other place or places whatsoever, out of this commonwealth, with a design and intention of selling and disposing of, or of causing to be sold, or of keeping and detaining, or of causing to be kept and detained, such negro or mulatto, as a slave or servant for life, or for any term whatsoever, every such person or persons, his or their aiders or abettors, shall on conviction thereof, in any court of this commonwealth having competent jurisdiction, be deemed guilty of a felony.""
+—Excerpt from Pennsylvania law, 1826
+The passage and implementation of this Pennsylvania law reflected an ongoing conflict between",rural and urban interests.,federal law and state law.,those who favored gradual emancipation and those who favored immediate emancipation.,supporters and opponents of government regulation of commerce.,B,False,0.07429812103509903,0.17823192477226257,0.6220905780792236,0.09540067613124847
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens, and its congregation a Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling, owning no man master, but governed by God's natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of 'peace and good will amongst men.'""
+John L. O'Sullivan, ""The Great Nation of Futurity,"" 1839
+Which of the following best states the principle described above?",Colonists were destined to leave the British Empire because of the distance between the New World and England.,Women are biologically predestined to lives of child rearing and domestic labor.,America's expansion to the West Coast was inevitable and divinely sanctioned.,The abolition of slavery in the United States was certain to come about because slavery was immoral.,C,True,0.015825258567929268,0.03350207209587097,0.8640298247337341,0.05523557588458061
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read…the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground…""
+Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652
+The Puritans believed that the freedom to practice religion should be extended to",Puritans only,all Protestants only,all Christians only,all Jews and Christians only,A,False,0.12971243262290955,0.2138596475124359,0.2746012210845947,0.2746012210845947
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Tonight, the daughter of a woman whose highest goal was a future for her children talks to our nation's oldest political party about a future for us all. Tonight, the daughter of working Americans tells all Americans that the future is within our reach, if we're willing to reach for it. Tonight, the daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for (vice) president in the new land my father came to love.… Americans want to live by the same set of rules. But under this administration, the rules are rigged against too many of our people. It isn't right that every year the share of taxes paid by individual citizens is going up, while the share paid by large corporations is getting smaller and smaller.… It isn't right that young couples question whether to bring children into a world of 50,000 nuclear warheads. That isn't the vision for which Americans have struggled for more than two centuries.… Tonight, we reclaim our dream. We're going to make the rules of American life work for all Americans again.… The issue is not what America can do for women, but what women can do for America.
+—Geraldine Ferraro, Vice Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address, July 19, 1984
+The ideas expressed in the passage above would most directly have strengthened which of the following during the 1980s?",Opposition to the administration's arms buildup,Efforts to deregulate many industries,Efforts to reform the welfare system,Support for the administration's cold war policies,A,True,0.3062273859977722,0.21046680212020874,0.127654567360878,0.2702447175979614
+"This question refers to the following information.
+I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat: if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not? During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, ""Logan is the friend of the white man."" I had even thought to have lived with you but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked; murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one.
+—Address attributed to Logan, an Indian leader, 1774
+Which of the following best expresses the perspective of Logan in the passage above?",Logan believes the expansion of British settlements must be stopped,Logan laments the loss of his family,Logan opposes a new peace treaty,Logan believes that Indians need to find strength in unity,B,False,0.12446080893278122,0.12446080893278122,0.1598108410835266,0.49225205183029175
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to flounder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it—we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon, and the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.… We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
+—John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962
+Kennedy's speech most directly led to which of the following?",The Vietnam War,The Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) nuclear strategy,The Apollo space program,The Great Society social programs,C,True,0.04157276824116707,0.02857251837849617,0.8350114226341248,0.0038668701890856028
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The 1980s have been born in turmoil, strife, and change. This is a time of challenge to our interests and our values and it's a time that tests our wisdom and skills.
+At this time in Iran, 50 Americans are still held captive, innocent victims of terrorism and anarchy. Also at this moment, massive Soviet troops are attempting to subjugate the fiercely independent and deeply religious people of Afghanistan. These two acts—one of international terrorism and one of military aggression—present a serious challenge to the United States of America and indeed to all the nations of the world. Together we will meet these threats to peace.…
+Three basic developments have helped to shape our challenges: the steady growth and increased projection of Soviet military power beyond its own borders; the overwhelming dependence of the Western democracies on oil supplies from the Middle East; and the press of social and religious and economic and political change in the many nations of the developing world, exemplified by the revolution in Iran.
+Each of these factors is important in its own right. Each interacts with the others. All must be faced together, squarely and courageously. We will face these challenges, and we will meet them with the best that is in us. And we will not fail.
+—Jimmy Carter, State of the Union Address, January 23, 1980
+The situation Carter described led most directly to which of the following?",The creation of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO),Carter's defeat in the next presidential election,An American invasion in the Middle East,Carter's victory in the next presidential election,B,False,0.20011797547340393,0.22676335275173187,0.12137767672538757,0.37386956810951233
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Americans have more freedom and broader rights than citizens of almost any other nation in the world, including the capacity to criticize their government and their elected officials. But we do not have the right to resort to violence—or the threat of violence—when we don't get our way. Our founders constructed a system of government so that reason could prevail over fear. Oklahoma City proved once again that without the law there is no freedom. Criticism is part of the lifeblood of democracy. No one is right all the time. But we should remember that there is a big difference between criticizing a policy or a politician and demonizing the government that guarantees our freedoms and the public servants who enforce our laws.""
+President Bill Clinton, ""What We Learned in Oklahoma City,"" 2010
+(Written on the 15th anniversary of the Oklahoma City bombing)
+""If there would not have been a Waco, I would have put down roots somewhere and not been so unsettled with the fact that my government���was a threat to me. Everything that Waco implies was on the forefront of my thoughts. That sort of guided my path for the next couple of years.""
+Timothy McVeigh, Oklahoma City bomber, 2001
+U.S. Representative John Conyers, Events Surrounding the Branch Davidian Cult Standoff in Waco, Texas: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 1993
+In the third excerpt, Representative Conyers refers to ""Wounded Knee"" as an example of",a violent cult,a federal misuse of power,the site of a bombing,a recent conflict between federal agents and Lakota Indians,B,True,0.18795114755630493,0.5109041333198547,0.11399812251329422,0.14637649059295654
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If any person or persons shall, from and after the passing of this act, by force and violence, take and carry away, or cause to be taken or carried away, and shall, by fraud or false pretense, seduce, or cause to be seduced, or shall attempt so to take, carry away or seduce, any negro or mulatto, from any part or parts of this commonwealth, to any other place or places whatsoever, out of this commonwealth, with a design and intention of selling and disposing of, or of causing to be sold, or of keeping and detaining, or of causing to be kept and detained, such negro or mulatto, as a slave or servant for life, or for any term whatsoever, every such person or persons, his or their aiders or abettors, shall on conviction thereof, in any court of this commonwealth having competent jurisdiction, be deemed guilty of a felony.""
+—Excerpt from Pennsylvania law, 1826
+Debate and conflict over the Pennsylvania law, excerpted above, reflected the fact that the framers of the Constitution","specifically declared that the institution of slavery would be protected ""in perpetuity"" in the original 13 states.",allowed for a state to be exempt from federal laws that went against that state's constitution.,postponed a solution to the problems of slavery.,declared that slaves could be both citizens and property.,C,True,0.07484579086303711,0.15844857692718506,0.4307078421115875,0.29602089524269104
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war;
+""Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States…do hereby declare and proclaim….
+""That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality….""
+Woodrow Wilson, 1914
+All of the following increased federal government power during World War I EXCEPT the",War Industries Board,Food Administration,Espionage Act,Dawes Plan,D,False,0.25677090883255005,0.29095956683158875,0.1764758974313736,0.1557394415140152
+"This question refers to the following information.
+All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would sometimes show themselves aloof off, but when any approached near them, they would run away; and once they stole away their tools where they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But about the 16th of March, a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English, which they could well understand but marveled at it. At length they understood by discourse with him, that he was not of these parts, but belonged to the eastern parts where some English ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted and could name sundry of them by their names, amongst whom he had got his language. He became profitable to them in acquainting them with many things concerning the state of the country in the east parts where he lived, which was afterwards profitable unto them; as also of the people here, of their names, number and strength, of their situation and distance from the place, and who was chief amongst them. His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself.
+—William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation
+Which of the following best expresses the perspective of William Bradford in the passage above?",The only good Indian is a dead Indian.,The native peoples of America need to be converted to Christianity.,Native Americans need to be incorporated into their new colony.,Surprise that Native Americans could learn English and serve as cultural intermediaries.,D,False,0.023045966401696205,0.04305553808808327,0.5943633317947388,0.3181397616863251
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Wherever I go—the street, the shop, the house, or the steamboat—I hear the people talk in such a way as to indicate that they are yet unable to conceive of the Negro as possessing any rights at all. Men who are honorable in their dealings with their white neighbors will cheat a Negro without feeling a single twinge of their honor. To kill a Negro they do not deem murder; to debauch a Negro woman they do not think fornication; to take the property away from a Negro they do not consider robbery. The people boast that when they get freedmen affairs in their own hands, to use their own classic expression, 'the niggers will catch hell.'
+""The reason of all this is simple and manifest. The whites esteem the blacks their property by natural right, and however much they may admit that the individual relations of masters and slaves have been destroyed by the war and the President's emancipation proclamation, they still have an ingrained feeling that the blacks at large belong to the whites at large, and whenever opportunity serves they treat the colored people just as their profit, caprice or passion may dictate.""
+—Congressional testimony of Col. Samuel Thomas, Assistant Commissioner, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, 1865
+Which of the following factors did Alexander Hamilton believe was a source for the problems in the excerpt from Federalist #15?",economic class divisions among the American people that prevented them from forging a unified vision.,a failure of American policy-makers to abandon mercantilist principles and to embrace a laissez-faire approach to trade.,a weak central government without the powers to address pressing issues.,"an unhealthy obsession among the American people with religion and individual salvation, at the expense of interest in solving practical national problems.",C,False,0.2603657841682434,0.22977200150489807,0.13936375081539154,0.33431628346443176
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I was once a tool of oppression
+And as green as a sucker could be
+And monopolies banded together
+To beat a poor hayseed like me.
+""The railroads and old party bosses
+Together did sweetly agree;
+And they thought there would be little trouble
+In working a hayseed like me. . . .""
+—""The Hayseed""
+Which of the following is an accomplishment of the political movement that was organized around sentiments similar to the one in the song lyrics above?",Establishment of the minimum wage law.,Enactment of laws regulating railroads.,Shift in U.S. currency from the gold standard to the silver standard.,Creation of a price-support system for small-scale farmers.,B,False,0.10400165617465973,0.3203476369380951,0.15132150053977966,0.36300143599510193
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.
+""We found most people didn't even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone in peace, and they practiced the art of survival by siding with whichever military force was present at a particular time, be it Viet Cong, North Vietnamese or American.""
+John Kerry, 1971
+The conflict described above is most likely a result of which of the following doctrines?",Imperialism,Containment,Big-stick diplomacy,Isolationism,B,False,0.482474148273468,0.2011251449584961,0.04487708583474159,0.12198856472969055
+"This question refers to the following information.
+One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.… A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.… Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.… With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.… It is always the people who toil that pay.
+—Calvin Coolidge, ""Economy in the Interest of All,"" June 30, 1924
+In the passage above Coolidge is reacting against which of the following?",The economic policies of his predecessor Warren G. Harding,The growing strength of radical politics in America following the Russian Revolution,Populist agitation in the West,The governmental policies of the Progressive Era,D,True,0.13324712216854095,0.171092689037323,0.11759017407894135,0.5270025730133057
+"This question refers to the following information.
+One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.… A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.… Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.… With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.… It is always the people who toil that pay.
+—Calvin Coolidge, ""Economy in the Interest of All,"" June 30, 1924
+Which of the following presidents would be most likely to share Coolidge's sentiments?",Franklin D. Roosevelt,Lyndon B. Johnson,Ronald Reagan,Barack Obama,C,True,0.2043977975845337,0.2043977975845337,0.3369949758052826,0.15918517112731934
+"This question refers to the following information.
+At a meeting of working girls held at Hull House during a strike in a large shoe factory, the discussions made it clear that the strikers who had been most easily frightened, and therefore the first to capitulate, were naturally those girls who were paying board and were afraid of being put out if they fell too far behind. After a recital of a case of peculiar hardship one of them exclaimed: ""Wouldn't it be fine if we had a boarding club of our own, and then we could stand behind each other in a time like this?"" After that events moved quickly. We … discussed all the difficulties and fascinations of such an undertaking, and on the first of May, 1891, two comfortable apartments near Hull House were rented and furnished. The Settlement was responsible for the furniture and paid the first month's rent, but beyond that the members managed the club themselves.… At the end of the third year the club occupied all of the six apartments which the original building contained, and numbered fifty members.
+—Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 1912
+Settlement houses like Hull House expressed a desire of reformers to do which of the following?",Convert immigrants to Christianity,Prevent political radicalism,Provide cheap labor for industry,Improve conditions in urban neighborhoods,D,True,0.026060355827212334,0.013949103653430939,0.05516977235674858,0.8630004525184631
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens, and its congregation a Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling, owning no man master, but governed by God's natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of 'peace and good will amongst men.'""
+John L. O'Sullivan, ""The Great Nation of Futurity,"" 1839
+Which of the following changes in westward migration is most likely to have occurred in the 1840s?",The number of pioneers headed for the Oregon territory decreased while the number headed for California greatly increased.,"The first great wave of migration ended, and the number of migrants remained extremely low until after the Civil War.","For the first time, pioneers began to settle areas west of the Mississippi River.","Large numbers of free blacks, unwelcome in the East, began to resettle in the West.",A,False,0.16555967926979065,0.1289380043745041,0.5099596977233887,0.14610591530799866
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""An act for the more effectual protection of the property of married women:
+""§1. The real property of any female who may hereafter marry, and which she shall own at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, shall not be subject to the sole disposal of her husband, nor be liable for his debts, and shall continue her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female.
+""§2. The real and personal property, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, of any female now married, shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband; but shall be her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female, except so far as the same may be liable for the debts of her husband heretofore contracted.
+""§3. Any married female may take by inheritance, or by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, and convey and devise real and personal property, and any interest or estate therein, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried, and the same shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor be liable for his debts.""
+—Married Women's Property Act, New York State (1848)
+The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in U.S. history?",Debates about access to voting rights.,Debates about the role of federal government in marriage law.,Debates about discrimination in employment.,Debates about the legal status of women.,D,True,0.021895261481404305,0.05252400413155556,0.04090573638677597,0.7250714898109436
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Our leaders talk about stopping aggression from the north, but this was a struggle among groups of Vietnamese until we intervened. We seem bent upon saving the Vietnamese from Ho Chi Minh even if we have to kill them and demolish their country to do it. As the native people survey bombed-out villages, women and children burned by napalm, rice crops destroyed and cities overrun with our military personnel, they are doubtless saying secretly of the Vietcong guerillas and of the American forces, ""A plague on both your houses."" … Stop the bombing, north and south, end search and destroy offensive sweeps, and confine our military action to holding operations on the ground. Bombing the north has failed to halt or seriously check the flow of troops to the south and may, in fact, have prompted a much greater war effort by Hanoi.
+—Senator George McGovern, ""The Lessons of Vietnam,"" April 25, 1967
+The sentiments expressed in the speech above most directly influenced which of the following?",The passage of the War Powers Act of 1973,The Tet Offensive of 1968,The resignation of Richard Nixon in 1974,The emergence of a youth counterculture,A,False,0.25116288661956787,0.28460484743118286,0.13443781435489655,0.28460484743118286
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Clearly, no longer can a dictator count on East–West confrontation to stymie concerted United Nations action against aggression. A new partnership of nations has begun. And we stand today at a unique and extraordinary moment. The crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective—a new world order—can emerge; a new era, freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, east and west, north and south, can prosper and live in harmony.
+—President George Herbert Walker Bush, Speech to a Joint Session of Congress, September 11, 1990
+President Bush's ""new world order"" most directly resembles which of the following?",The Monroe Doctrine,"Theodore Roosevelt's ""Big Stick""",Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points,Containment policy toward the Soviet Union,C,False,0.3124237060546875,0.21472546458244324,0.21472546458244324,0.21472546458244324
+"This question refers to the following information.
+It is natural, it is a privilege, I will go farther, it is a right, which all free men claim, that they are entitled to complain when they are hurt. They have a right publicly to remonstrate against the abuses of power in the strongest terms, to put their neighbors upon their guard against the craft or open violence of men in authority, and to assert with courage the sense they have of the blessings of liberty, the value they put upon it, and their resolution at all hazards to preserve it as one of the greatest blessings heaven can bestow.… But to conclude: The question before the Court and you, Gentlemen of the jury, is not of small or private concern. It is not the cause of one poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may in its consequence affect every free man that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens, but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right to liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world at least) by speaking and writing truth.
+—Andrew Hamilton, concluding argument, libel trial of newspaper editor
+John Peter Zenger, August 4, 1735
+Hamilton's success in the Zenger case most directly reflects which of the following?",American desires for independence from Great Britain,American rejection of Enlightenment ideals,A long tradition of self-rule in the American colonies,The weakening of economic ties between America and Great Britain,C,False,0.3618287146091461,0.24868100881576538,0.1508326530456543,0.19367296993732452
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. . . . Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial 'outside agitator' idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in this country. . . .""
+—Martin Luther King, Jr., ""Letter from a Birmingham Jail,"" April 16, 1963
+Susan B. Anthony and others in the women's rights movement had a major influence on the ratification of which of the following?",The Nineteenth Amendment.,The Equal Rights Amendment.,The Fifteenth Amendment.,The Twenty-sixth Amendment.,A,True,0.8953180313110352,0.05723576620221138,0.0068358369171619415,0.018581733107566833
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform. They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires.
+""Assembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chief who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of 'the plain people,' with which class it originated. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.""
+Populist Party Platform, 1892
+Which one of the following political movements most closely shared many of the goals outlined by the Populist Party?",Progressivism of the early 1900s,Neoconservatism of the 1980s,Federalism of the late 1700s,Jacksonian Democracy of the early 1800s,A,True,0.32319357991218567,0.17299306392669678,0.06364057958126068,0.32319357991218567
+"This question refers to the following information.
+At a meeting of working girls held at Hull House during a strike in a large shoe factory, the discussions made it clear that the strikers who had been most easily frightened, and therefore the first to capitulate, were naturally those girls who were paying board and were afraid of being put out if they fell too far behind. After a recital of a case of peculiar hardship one of them exclaimed: ""Wouldn't it be fine if we had a boarding club of our own, and then we could stand behind each other in a time like this?"" After that events moved quickly. We … discussed all the difficulties and fascinations of such an undertaking, and on the first of May, 1891, two comfortable apartments near Hull House were rented and furnished. The Settlement was responsible for the furniture and paid the first month's rent, but beyond that the members managed the club themselves.… At the end of the third year the club occupied all of the six apartments which the original building contained, and numbered fifty members.
+—Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 1912
+The perspective of the passage above would most directly support which of the following political goals?",Women's suffrage,Trust-busting,Greater rights for unions,Weakening political machines,C,False,0.3732917606830597,0.19980868697166443,0.15561115741729736,0.1763305515050888
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sonnes of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, soe love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage. And because our Saviour sayeth it is impossible but that offences will come, but woe unto him by whom they cometh, our desire is not to offend one of his little ones, in whatsoever form, name or title hee appears in, whether Presbyterian, Independent, Baptist or Quaker, but shall be glad to see anything of God in any of them, desiring to doe unto all men as we desire all men should doe unto us, which is the true law both of Church and State; for our Saviour sayeth this is the law and the prophets.
+""Therefore if any of these said persons come in love unto us, we cannot in conscience lay violent hands upon them, but give them free egresse and regresse unto our Town, and houses, as God shall persuade our consciences, for we are bounde by the law of God and man to doe good unto all men and evil to noe man. And this is according to the patent and charter of our Towne, given unto us in the name of the States General, which we are not willing to infringe, and violate, but shall houlde to our patent and shall remaine, your humble subjects, the inhabitants of Vlishing (Flushing, part of the colony of New Netherlands).""
+—The Flushing Remonstrance, 1657
+Which of the following was most significant in enshrining into the U.S. legal structure the ideas contained in the Flushing Remonstrance?",The preamble of the Declaration of Independence.,The enumeration of congressional powers in the Constitution.,"The ""Free Exercise Clause"" of the First Amendment.","The ""Establishment Clause"" of the First Amendment.",C,False,0.06723600625991821,0.207101508975029,0.30133089423179626,0.38691651821136475
+"This question refers to the following information.
+One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing that the power to tax is the power to destroy and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, the authority to impose a tax on the people has been most carefully guarded.… A government which lays taxes on the people not required by urgent necessity and sound public policy is not a protector of liberty, but an instrument of tyranny. It condemns the citizen to tyranny. One of the first signs of the breaking down of free government is a disregard by the taxing power of the right of the people to their own property.… Unless the people can enjoy that reasonable security in the possession of their property, which is guaranteed by the Constitution, against unreasonable taxation, freedom is at an end.… With us economy is imperative. It is a full test of our national character.… It is always the people who toil that pay.
+—Calvin Coolidge, ""Economy in the Interest of All,"" June 30, 1924
+The ideas expressed above were influenced by which of the following?",Widespread prosperity in the 1920s,Widespread economic hardship in the 1920s,The rapid growth of the welfare state in the 1920s,Highly publicized antitrust prosecutions,A,True,0.3603343963623047,0.31799399852752686,0.10323753952980042,0.17020992934703827
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
+""This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.""
+Progressive Party Platform, 1912
+In harmony with the sentiments of the excerpt above, which of the following best characterizes the ""Square Deal"" of Theodore Roosevelt?","Conservation, trust-busting, consumer protection","Protective tariffs, centralized banking, conservation","Equal opportunity, women's suffrage, laissez-faire economics","Laissez-faire economics, support of labor unions, conservation",A,True,0.5457750558853149,0.17718720436096191,0.06518353521823883,0.15636716783046722
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The Opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. How do they know that our government would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, human, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them? And, regardless of this formula of words made only for enlightened, self-governing people, do we owe no duty to the world? Shall we turn these peoples back to the reeking hands from which we have taken them? Shall we abandon them, with Germany, England, Japan, hungering for them? Shall we save them from those nations, to give them a self-rule of tragedy?…Then, like men and not like children, let us on to our tasks, our mission, and our destiny.""
+Albert J. Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" 1898
+The sentiment expressed by Beveridge best exemplifies which of the following?",Imperialism,Anti-imperialism,Isolationism,Manifest Destiny,A,True,0.6467755436897278,0.14431512355804443,0.04134697467088699,0.06015949323773384
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""As our late Conduct at the Conestoga Manor and Lancaster have occasioned much Speculation & a great diversity of Sentiments in this and neighboring Governments; some vindicating & others condemning it; some charitably alleviating the Crime, & others maliciously painting it in the most odious & detestable Colours, we think it our duty to lay before the Publick, the whole Matter as it appeared, & still appears, to us. . . .
+""If these things are not sufficient to prove an unjustifiable Attachment in the Quakers to the Indians Savages, a fixed Resolution to befriend them & an utter insensibility to human Distresses, let us consider a few more recent Facts. When we found the last Summer that we were likely to get no Assistance from the Government, some Volunteers went out at our own Expense, determined to drive our Enemies from our Borders; & when we came near to the great Island, we understood that a Number of their Warriors had gone out against our Frontiers. Upon this we returned and came up with them and fought with them at the Munfey Hill where we lost some of our Men & killed some of their Warriors & thereby saved our Frontiers from this Story in another Expedition. But no sooner had we destroyed their Provisions on the great Island, & ruined their trade with the good People at Bethlehem, but these very Indians, who were justly suspected of having murdered our Friends in Northampton County, were by the Influence of some Quakers taken under the Protection of the Government to screen them from the Resentments of the Friends and Relations of the Murdered, & to support them thro the Winter.""
+—""Apology of the Paxton Boys"" (pamphlet), 1764 (Note: ""apology"" in this context should be read as an explanation, not an admission of guilt or regret.)
+Which of the following events from either earlier or later in the colonial period can best be seen as being part of a continuity with the events described in the passage above?",The expulsion of Anne Hutchinson from Massachusetts Bay Colony.,Bacon's Rebellion in colonial Virginia.,The Boston Tea Party.,The trial of John Peter Zenger.,B,True,0.22467949986457825,0.3269067406654358,0.13627499341964722,0.22467949986457825
+"This question refers to the following information.
+It is natural, it is a privilege, I will go farther, it is a right, which all free men claim, that they are entitled to complain when they are hurt. They have a right publicly to remonstrate against the abuses of power in the strongest terms, to put their neighbors upon their guard against the craft or open violence of men in authority, and to assert with courage the sense they have of the blessings of liberty, the value they put upon it, and their resolution at all hazards to preserve it as one of the greatest blessings heaven can bestow.… But to conclude: The question before the Court and you, Gentlemen of the jury, is not of small or private concern. It is not the cause of one poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may in its consequence affect every free man that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens, but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right to liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world at least) by speaking and writing truth.
+—Andrew Hamilton, concluding argument, libel trial of newspaper editor
+John Peter Zenger, August 4, 1735
+Andrew Hamilton assumes which of the following?",Americans have more freedoms than people in other countries.,People in other countries have more rights than Americans.,Natural rights are merely ideas that don't really exist.,Rights are granted by the government.,A,False,0.14295713603496552,0.30264025926589966,0.08670788258314133,0.44033896923065186
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
+""This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.""
+Progressive Party Platform, 1912
+Of the following policies, which was NOT a main objective of American Progressives?",Passage of the Pure Food and Water Act,Creation of national forests and protected wildlife reserves,Initiation of antitrust lawsuits against various corporate monopolies,Intervention in the affairs of Central American governments,D,True,0.18580950796604156,0.21054977178573608,0.18580950796604156,0.3063480854034424
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read…the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground…""
+Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652
+Puritan emigration from England came to a near halt between the years 1649 and 1660 because, during that period,",most English Puritans were imprisoned for heresy,most Puritans converted to Catholicism,"the New England settlement had become too overcrowded, and colonial legislatures strongly discouraged immigration",the Puritans controlled the English government,D,False,0.13504774868488312,0.15302914381027222,0.4713629484176636,0.19649331271648407
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Wherever I go—the street, the shop, the house, or the steamboat—I hear the people talk in such a way as to indicate that they are yet unable to conceive of the Negro as possessing any rights at all. Men who are honorable in their dealings with their white neighbors will cheat a Negro without feeling a single twinge of their honor. To kill a Negro they do not deem murder; to debauch a Negro woman they do not think fornication; to take the property away from a Negro they do not consider robbery. The people boast that when they get freedmen affairs in their own hands, to use their own classic expression, 'the niggers will catch hell.'
+""The reason of all this is simple and manifest. The whites esteem the blacks their property by natural right, and however much they may admit that the individual relations of masters and slaves have been destroyed by the war and the President's emancipation proclamation, they still have an ingrained feeling that the blacks at large belong to the whites at large, and whenever opportunity serves they treat the colored people just as their profit, caprice or passion may dictate.""
+—Congressional testimony of Col. Samuel Thomas, Assistant Commissioner, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, 1865
+To address the problems identified in Federalist #15, Hamilton proposed",abandoning an isolationist approach to foreign policy and adopting a more aggressive and interventionist stance.,adopting a new constitution in order to create a more national government.,forging alliances with American Indian nations to present a united front to European powers.,increasing spending on military forces and cutting spending on social programs.,B,False,0.3999795615673065,0.2140936404466629,0.12985435128211975,0.2140936404466629
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Now, we have organized a society, and we call it ""Share Our Wealth Society,"" a society with the motto ""Every Man a King.""…
+We propose to limit the wealth of big men in the country. There is an average of $15,000 in wealth to every family in America. That is right here today.
+We do not propose to divide it up equally. We do not propose a division of wealth, but we do propose to limit poverty that we will allow to be inflicted on any man's family. We will not say we are going to try to guarantee any equality … but we do say that one third of the average is low enough for any one family to hold, that there should be a guarantee of a family wealth of around $5,000; enough for a home, an automobile, a radio, and the ordinary conveniences, and the opportunity to educate their children.…
+We will have to limit fortunes. Our present plan is that we will allow no man to own more than $50,000,000. We think that with that limit we will be able to carry out the balance of the program.
+—Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, Radio Address, February 23, 1934
+Senator Long ran a political machine that made him the virtual dictator of Louisiana. As a political boss, he can best be compared to whom?",George Washington,Theodore Roosevelt,William M. Tweed,Barack Obama,C,False,0.08254597336053848,0.36994534730911255,0.25425949692726135,0.19801749289035797
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this kingdom, and for extending and securing the navigation and commerce between Great Britain and your Majesty's dominions in America, which, by the peace, have been so happily enlarged: and whereas it is just and necessary, that a revenue be raised, in your Majesty's said dominions in America, for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same; we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, being desirous to make some provision, in this present session of parliament, towards raising the said revenue in America, have resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after-mentioned….""
+The Sugar Act of 1764
+The Sugar Act of 1764 represented a major shift in British policy toward the colonies in that, for the first time, the British",attempted to control colonial exports,offered the colonists the opportunity to address Parliament with grievances,required the colonies to import English goods exclusively,levied taxes aimed at raising revenue rather than regulating trade,D,True,0.04864879697561264,0.04864879697561264,0.11670240014791489,0.7609952092170715
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. . . . Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events. . . . I am confident that the Congress will face these responsibilities squarely.""
+—President Harry S. Truman, 1947
+The passage above can best be seen as providing a rationale for",the policy of containment.,"the principle of ""massive retaliation.""",participation in the Atlantic Charter.,"embarking on a ""roll-back"" of communism.",A,False,0.27026280760765076,0.16392268240451813,0.21048089861869812,0.30624788999557495
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If you analyze it I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism. I think conservatism is really a misnomer just as liberalism is a misnomer for the liberals—if we were back in the days of the Revolution, so-called conservatives today would be the Liberals and the liberals would be the Tories. The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom and this is a pretty general description also of what libertarianism is. Now, I can't say that I will agree with all the things that the present group who call themselves Libertarians in the sense of a party say, because I think that like in any political movement there are shades, and there are libertarians who are almost over at the point of wanting no government at all or anarchy. I believe there are legitimate government functions. There is a legitimate need in an orderly society for some government to maintain freedom or we will have tyranny by individuals. The strongest man on the block will run the neighborhood. We have government to ensure that we don't each one of us have to carry a club to defend ourselves. But again, I stand on my statement that I think that libertarianism and conservatism are traveling the same path.""
+Ronald Reagan, Interview published in Reason magazine, 1975
+Which of the following groups would be most opposed to the sentiments expressed in the excerpt above?",Neoconservatives,Reagan Democrats,Progressive Liberals,Populists,C,False,0.29223230481147766,0.20084813237190247,0.12182053923606873,0.22759073972702026
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""One-half of the people of this nation to-day are utterly powerless to blot from the statute books an unjust law, or to write there a new and a just one. The women, dissatisfied as they are with this form of government, that enforces taxation without representation,—that compels them to obey laws to which they have never given their consent,—that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers, that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of their own persons, wages and children,—are this half of the people left wholly at the mercy of the other half, in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the declarations of the framers of this government, every one of which was based on the immutable principle of equal rights to all.""
+—Susan B. Anthony, ""I Stand Before You Under Indictment"" (speech), 1873
+Which of the following was NOT designed to empower the government to regulate the increasing wealth and power of the industrialists in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries?",Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890).,Interstate Commerce Act (1887).,Federal Trade Commission Act (1914).,Newlands Reclamation Act (1902).,D,False,0.3055288791656494,0.3055288791656494,0.16353783011436462,0.14432162046432495
+"This question refers to the following information.
+I come not to urge personal claims, nor to seek individual benefits; I appear as the advocate of those who cannot plead their own cause; I come as the friend of those who are deserted, oppressed, and desolate. In the Providence of God, I am the voice of the maniac whose piercing cries from the dreary dungeons of your jails penetrate not your Halls of Legislation. I am the Hope of the poor crazed beings who pine in the cells, and stalls, and cages, and waste rooms of your poor-houses. I am the Revelation of hundreds of wailing, suffering creatures, hidden in your private dwellings, and in pens and cabins—shut out, cut off from all healing influences, from all mind-restoring cares.… Could their melancholy histories be spread before you as revealed to my grieved spirit during the last three months, how promptly, how earnestly would you search out the most approved means of relief; how trifling, how insignificant, by comparison, would appear the sacrifices you are asked to make; how would a few dimes and dollars, gathered from each citizen, diminish in value as a possession, compared with the certain benefits and vast good to be secured for the suffering insane...by the consecration and application of a sufficient fund to the construction of a suitable hospital.…
+—Dorothea Dix, Memorial Soliciting a State Hospital for the Protection and Cure of the Insane,
+Submitted to the General Assembly of North Carolina, November 1848
+Which of the following best reflects the perspective of Dorothea Dix in the passage above?",The care of the mentally ill is a state concern.,The mentally ill are best left to the care of their families.,The federal government should regulate the treatment of the mentally ill.,More democracy will help the mentally ill.,A,False,0.19438160955905914,0.17154116928577423,0.41150587797164917,0.17154116928577423
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition. It is well to notice this advantage—the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The State governments, where the system of slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those States are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal Government, with its army and navy, from the chief magistracy in Washington, to the Supreme Court, and thence to the chief marshalship at New York, is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places.""
+Frederick Douglass, 1857
+In what way did the actions of Abraham Lincoln in 1860 contradict Douglass's sentiments in the excerpt above?",Lincoln promoted the freedom of settlers within territories to determine the slave status of their new state.,Lincoln passed the Homestead Act to give free land to all western settlers.,Lincoln favored the exclusion of slavery from any of the new territories.,"Lincoln enacted the policy of giving newly freed slaves ""forty acres and a mule.""",C,True,0.12179088592529297,0.12179088592529297,0.4816923141479492,0.22753535211086273
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.
+""We found most people didn't even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone in peace, and they practiced the art of survival by siding with whichever military force was present at a particular time, be it Viet Cong, North Vietnamese or American.""
+John Kerry, 1971
+Which of the following best characterizes the policy of détente?",Direct confrontation,Covert sabotage,Decolonization,Mutual coexistence,D,True,0.05486278235912323,0.09045343101024628,0.2169865220785141,0.5205236077308655
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""A drunkard in the gutter is just where he ought to be. . . . The law of survival of the fittest was not made by man, and it cannot be abrogated by man. We can only, by interfering with it, produce the survival of the unfittest. . . . The millionaires are a product of natural selection, acting on the whole body of men to pick out those who can meet the requirement of certain work to be done. In this respect they are just like the great statesmen, or scientific men, or military men. It is because they are thus selected that wealth—both their own and that entrusted to them—aggregates under their hands. Let one of them make a mistake and see how quickly the concentration gives way to dispersion.""
+—William Graham Sumner, What Social Classes Owe to Each Other, 1883
+The sociological ideas of William Graham Sumner reflect the idea that during the late 1800s",cultural and intellectual arguments justified the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.,"popular writers rejected ideas from the sciences, and based their arguments on faith.","intellectuals were critical of the cut-throat competition of the ages, and proposed radical alternatives based on creating a cooperative economy.",cultural products of the era tended to ignore the economic direction of society and looked back wistfully to the past.,A,True,0.6919163465499878,0.10610880702733994,0.08263762295246124,0.09364069253206253
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition. It is well to notice this advantage—the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The State governments, where the system of slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those States are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal Government, with its army and navy, from the chief magistracy in Washington, to the Supreme Court, and thence to the chief marshalship at New York, is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places.""
+Frederick Douglass, 1857
+Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of Frederick Douglass?",Southern Democrats in the 1880s,Western ranchers in the 1850s,Southern farmers in the 1830s,Northern Republicans in the 1860s,D,True,0.27273547649383545,0.21240662038326263,0.14598479866981506,0.3090498149394989
+"This question refers to the following information.
+On Being Brought from Africa to America
+'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,
+Taught my benighted soul to understand
+That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too;
+Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.
+Some view our sable race with scornful eye,
+""Their colour is a diabolic die.""
+Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,
+May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.
+—Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773
+The point of Wheatley's poem can best be compared to which of the following?",The Declaration of Independence,"Jonathan Edwards's sermon ""Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God""",The Seneca Falls Declaration of Rights and Sentiments,"Martin Luther King, Jr.'s ""I Have a Dream” speech",D,False,0.3507608473300934,0.3095453679561615,0.10049466788768768,0.1877487599849701
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The man who mounted the steps of the Capitol, March 4, 1801, to claim the place of an equal between Pitt and Bonaparte, possessed a character which showed itself in acts; but person and manner can be known only by contemporaries, and the liveliest description was worth less than a moment of personal contact. Jefferson was very tall, six feet two-and-a-half inches in height; sandy-complexioned; shy in manner, seeming cold; awkward in attitude, and with little in his bearing that suggested command.… His skin was thin, peeling from his face on exposure to the sun, giving it a tettered appearance. This sandy face, with hazel eyes and sunny aspect; this loose, shackling person; this rambling and often brilliant conversation, belonged to the controlling influences of American history, more necessary to the story than three-fourths of the official papers, which only hid the truth. Jefferson's personality during these eight years appeared to be the government, and impressed itself, like that of Bonaparte, although by a different process, on the mind of the nation. In the village simplicity of Washington, he was more than a king, for he was alone in social as well as in political pre-eminence. Except the British Legation, no house in Washington was open to general society; the whole mass of politicians, even the Federalists, were dependent on Jefferson and ""The Palace"" for amusement; and if they refused to go there, they ""lived like bears, brutalized and stupefied.""
+—Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1889
+According to Henry Adams, the city of Washington in 1801 was",the hub of American economic power,"rapidly turning into the ""Paris"" of North America",still an underdeveloped cultural backwater,still under the control of the British,C,True,0.2878171503543854,0.17456994950771332,0.32613956928253174,0.17456994950771332
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war;
+""Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States…do hereby declare and proclaim….
+""That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality….""
+Woodrow Wilson, 1914
+Which of the following statements is most accurate?","After World War I, debates intensified over American involvement overseas.","After World War I, Americans generally favored the new era of American involvement overseas.",American involvement in World War I was an extension of a long tradition of involvement overseas.,"American involvement in World War I was a direct result of ""dollar diplomacy.”",A,False,0.18512360751628876,0.2693532705307007,0.23770341277122498,0.2693532705307007
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war;
+""Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States…do hereby declare and proclaim….
+""That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality….""
+Woodrow Wilson, 1914
+The statement above is most in harmony with the sentiments in which of the following speeches?",Washington's Farewell Address,"George H. W. Bush's ""A Thousand Points of Light""",Lincoln's Gettysburg Address,"Franklin D. Roosevelt's ""Day of Infamy""",A,True,0.30589401721954346,0.12751559913158417,0.14449410140514374,0.30589401721954346
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The 1980s have been born in turmoil, strife, and change. This is a time of challenge to our interests and our values and it's a time that tests our wisdom and skills.
+At this time in Iran, 50 Americans are still held captive, innocent victims of terrorism and anarchy. Also at this moment, massive Soviet troops are attempting to subjugate the fiercely independent and deeply religious people of Afghanistan. These two acts—one of international terrorism and one of military aggression—present a serious challenge to the United States of America and indeed to all the nations of the world. Together we will meet these threats to peace.…
+Three basic developments have helped to shape our challenges: the steady growth and increased projection of Soviet military power beyond its own borders; the overwhelming dependence of the Western democracies on oil supplies from the Middle East; and the press of social and religious and economic and political change in the many nations of the developing world, exemplified by the revolution in Iran.
+Each of these factors is important in its own right. Each interacts with the others. All must be faced together, squarely and courageously. We will face these challenges, and we will meet them with the best that is in us. And we will not fail.
+—Jimmy Carter, State of the Union Address, January 23, 1980
+Which of the following best expresses Carter's approach to foreign policy in the passage above?",Isolationism,Appeasement,Containment,A call for war,C,True,0.1685182899236679,0.13124217092990875,0.3148336112499237,0.11582082509994507
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus.""
+Juan de Sepulveda, Politics, 1522
+""When Latin American nations gained independence in the 19th century, those two strains converged, and merged with an older, more universalist, natural law tradition. The result was a distinctively Latin American form of rights discourse. Paolo Carozza traces the roots of that discourse to a distinctive application, and extension, of Thomistic moral philosophy to the injustices of Spanish conquests in the New World. The key figure in that development seems to have been Bartolomé de Las Casas, a 16th-century Spanish bishop who condemned slavery and championed the cause of Indians on the basis of a natural right to liberty grounded in their membership in a single common humanity. 'All the peoples of the world are humans,' Las Casas wrote, and 'all the races of humankind are one.' According to Brian Tierney, Las Casas and other Spanish Dominican philosophers laid the groundwork for a doctrine of natural rights that was independent of religious revelation 'by drawing on a juridical tradition that derived natural rights and natural law from human rationality and free will, and by appealing to Aristotelian philosophy.'""
+Mary Ann Glendon, ""The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights Idea,” 2003
+Which one of the following statements about the Spanish conquest of the Americas is most accurate?",African slavery was a direct result of Spanish settlements in Florida.,Early native civilizations in Mexico introduced Spanish explorers to cattle ranching and wheat cultivation.,Christopher Columbus was not the first European to have explored North America.,"Due to racial prejudice, Spanish explorers shunned intermarriage with native people.",C,False,0.09412472695112228,0.328527569770813,0.25585752725601196,0.2899245619773865
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.
+""We found most people didn't even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone in peace, and they practiced the art of survival by siding with whichever military force was present at a particular time, be it Viet Cong, North Vietnamese or American.""
+John Kerry, 1971
+The most important factor in the defeat of Democratic presidential candidates in the elections of 1952 and 1968 was",the American public's desire to avoid conflict and return to a more conservative political and social life,the Democratic Party platform pledge to increase taxes in order to pay off the national debt,the Democratic candidates' controversial positions on civil rights legislation,the Democratic Party's unequivocal support of the Equal Rights Amendment,A,True,0.3640819489955902,0.2208268642425537,0.19487902522087097,0.1517719328403473
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of ""separate but equal"" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.""
+Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
+In which decision did the Supreme Court validate the practice of ""separate but equal"" facilities for blacks and whites?",Marbury v. Madison,Bradwell v. Illinois,Plessy v. Ferguson,Holden v. Hardy,C,True,0.01092991977930069,0.09151510149240494,0.7662465572357178,0.048984501510858536
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The man who mounted the steps of the Capitol, March 4, 1801, to claim the place of an equal between Pitt and Bonaparte, possessed a character which showed itself in acts; but person and manner can be known only by contemporaries, and the liveliest description was worth less than a moment of personal contact. Jefferson was very tall, six feet two-and-a-half inches in height; sandy-complexioned; shy in manner, seeming cold; awkward in attitude, and with little in his bearing that suggested command.… His skin was thin, peeling from his face on exposure to the sun, giving it a tettered appearance. This sandy face, with hazel eyes and sunny aspect; this loose, shackling person; this rambling and often brilliant conversation, belonged to the controlling influences of American history, more necessary to the story than three-fourths of the official papers, which only hid the truth. Jefferson's personality during these eight years appeared to be the government, and impressed itself, like that of Bonaparte, although by a different process, on the mind of the nation. In the village simplicity of Washington, he was more than a king, for he was alone in social as well as in political pre-eminence. Except the British Legation, no house in Washington was open to general society; the whole mass of politicians, even the Federalists, were dependent on Jefferson and ""The Palace"" for amusement; and if they refused to go there, they ""lived like bears, brutalized and stupefied.""
+—Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1889
+Thomas Jefferson's victory in the election of 1800 was important because",he was the first southerner to become president.,it was the first time the presidency shifted from one political party to another.,he believed it was necessary to go to war with Great Britain.,he encouraged the rapid industrialization of the United States.,B,True,0.19680070877075195,0.5349597334861755,0.06389182806015015,0.173675999045372
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing…the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack….The attack yesterday…has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas….As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.""
+President Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address, December 8, 1941
+The above statements were most likely made after which major event?",The bombing of Pearl Harbor,The sinking of the U.S.S Maine,The bombing of the U.S.S. Liberty,The Boxer Rebellion,A,True,0.816073477268219,0.1251489222049713,0.007060419302433729,0.0017851535230875015
+"This question refers to the following information.
+It is natural, it is a privilege, I will go farther, it is a right, which all free men claim, that they are entitled to complain when they are hurt. They have a right publicly to remonstrate against the abuses of power in the strongest terms, to put their neighbors upon their guard against the craft or open violence of men in authority, and to assert with courage the sense they have of the blessings of liberty, the value they put upon it, and their resolution at all hazards to preserve it as one of the greatest blessings heaven can bestow.… But to conclude: The question before the Court and you, Gentlemen of the jury, is not of small or private concern. It is not the cause of one poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may in its consequence affect every free man that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens, but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right to liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world at least) by speaking and writing truth.
+—Andrew Hamilton, concluding argument, libel trial of newspaper editor
+John Peter Zenger, August 4, 1735
+The Zenger Case can best be compared to which of the following?",Abraham Lincoln's suspension of habeas corpus during the Civil War,Government efforts to prevent the publication of the Pentagon Papers in 1971,The trial of the accused Haymarket Square bombers in 1886,The Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision of 1954,B,True,0.2803005874156952,0.31762218475341797,0.07087109237909317,0.2803005874156952
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas the laws and treaties of the United States, without interfering with the free expression of opinion and sympathy, or with the commercial manufacture or sale of arms or munitions of war, nevertheless impose upon all persons who may be within their territory and jurisdiction the duty of an impartial neutrality during the existence of the contest; And Whereas it is the duty of a neutral government not to permit or suffer the making of its waters subservient to the purposes of war;
+""Now, Therefore, I, Woodrow Wilson, President of the United States of America, in order to preserve the neutrality of the United States…do hereby declare and proclaim….
+""That the statutes and the treaties of the United States and the law of nations alike require that no person, within the territory and jurisdiction of the United States, shall take part, directly or indirectly, in the said wars, but shall remain at peace with all of the said belligerents, and shall maintain a strict and impartial neutrality….""
+Woodrow Wilson, 1914
+Which of the following statements about the Treaty of Versailles is true?",The United States Senate rejected it because it treated Germany too leniently.,The United States Senate rejected it because it required increased American involvement in European affairs.,"The United States Senate approved it, with reservations concerning the division of Eastern Europe.",It was never voted on by the United States Senate.,B,True,0.19532322883605957,0.322033554315567,0.22133022546768188,0.22133022546768188
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Perhaps, however, I am more conscious of the importance of civil liberties in this particular moment of our history than anyone else, because I travel through the country and meet people and see things that have happened to little people, I realize what it means to democracy to preserve our civil liberties.
+All through the years we have had to fight for civil liberty, and we know that there are times when the light grows rather dim, and every time that happens democracy is in danger. Now, largely because of the troubled state of the world as a whole, civil liberties have disappeared in many other countries.
+It is impossible, of course, to be at war and keep freedom of the press and freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. They disappear automatically. And so in many countries where ordinarily they were safe, today they have gone. In other countries, even before war came, not only freedom of the press and freedom of assembly, and freedom of speech disappeared, but freedom of religion disappeared.
+And so we know here in this country, we have a grave responsibility. We are at peace. We have no reason for the fears which govern so many other peoples throughout the world; therefore, we have to guard the freedoms of democracy.
+—Eleanor Roosevelt, Address to the American Civil Liberties Union, Chicago, Illinois, March 14, 1940
+Roosevelt's concerns can most directly be compared to those of the people who debated which of the following?",The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution of 1964,The Voting Rights Act of 1965,The USA Patriot Act of 2001,The Affordable Care Act of 2010,C,False,0.3800092041492462,0.3353569209575653,0.10887446254491806,0.12337092310190201
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this kingdom, and for extending and securing the navigation and commerce between Great Britain and your Majesty's dominions in America, which, by the peace, have been so happily enlarged: and whereas it is just and necessary, that a revenue be raised, in your Majesty's said dominions in America, for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same; we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, being desirous to make some provision, in this present session of parliament, towards raising the said revenue in America, have resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after-mentioned….""
+The Sugar Act of 1764
+The goals presented in the excerpt have the most in common with which of the following?",Antitrust reforms of the Progressive Era,Free trade policies of the 1970s,Increasing federal income tax rates after World War I,Decreasing federal income tax rates in the 1980,C,False,0.2782551050186157,0.2782551050186157,0.19124174118041992,0.21670527756214142
+"This question refers to the following information.
+It is natural, it is a privilege, I will go farther, it is a right, which all free men claim, that they are entitled to complain when they are hurt. They have a right publicly to remonstrate against the abuses of power in the strongest terms, to put their neighbors upon their guard against the craft or open violence of men in authority, and to assert with courage the sense they have of the blessings of liberty, the value they put upon it, and their resolution at all hazards to preserve it as one of the greatest blessings heaven can bestow.… But to conclude: The question before the Court and you, Gentlemen of the jury, is not of small or private concern. It is not the cause of one poor printer, nor of New York alone, which you are now trying. No! It may in its consequence affect every free man that lives under a British government on the main of America. It is the best cause. It is the cause of liberty. And I make no doubt but your upright conduct this day will not only entitle you to the love and esteem of your fellow citizens, but every man who prefers freedom to a life of slavery will bless and honor you as men who have baffled the attempt of tyranny, and by an impartial and uncorrupt verdict have laid a noble foundation for securing to ourselves, our posterity, and our neighbors, that to which nature and the laws of our country have given us a right to liberty of both exposing and opposing arbitrary power (in these parts of the world at least) by speaking and writing truth.
+—Andrew Hamilton, concluding argument, libel trial of newspaper editor
+John Peter Zenger, August 4, 1735
+Which of the following best describes the significance of the Zenger Trial?",An important incident in opposing British taxation policy,An early attack on the institution of slavery,A landmark case concerning voting rights,A landmark case concerning freedom of expression,D,True,0.03363082557916641,0.023114105686545372,0.018001282587647438,0.8673503994941711
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I marvel not a little, right worshipful, that since the first discovery of America (which is now full four score and ten years), after so great conquests and plantings of the Spaniards and Portuguese there, that we of England could never have the grace to set fast footing in such fertile and temperate places as are left as yet unpossessed of them. But . . . I conceive great hope that the time approacheth and now is that we of England may share and part stakes [divide the prize] (if we will ourselves) both with the Spaniard and the Portuguese in part of America and other regions as yet undiscovered.
+""And surely if there were in us that desire to advance the honor of our country which ought to be in every good man, we would not all this while have [neglected] the possessing of these lands which of equity and right appertain unto us, as by the discourses that follow shall appear most plainly.""
+—Richard Hakluyt, Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent, 1582
+By following the ideas of Richard Hakluyt, England was eventually able to",drive the French and Portuguese governments into bankruptcy.,conquer large parts of Africa in the eighteenth century.,establish several colonies along the Atlantic coastline of North America.,destroy the Dutch commercial empire.,C,True,0.021373875439167023,0.018862377852201462,0.9088402986526489,0.014690035954117775
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. . . . Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial 'outside agitator' idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in this country. . . .""
+—Martin Luther King, Jr., ""Letter from a Birmingham Jail,"" April 16, 1963
+Which other nineteenth-century reform movement made similar arguments to those written here by Susan B. Anthony?",The temperance movement.,Utopian communities.,The abolition movement.,Public school advocates.,C,True,0.0639527216553688,0.17384152114391327,0.6875565648078918,0.026659460738301277
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Let us not, I beseech you sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope.… It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace, but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
+—Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775
+The sentiments expressed by Patrick Henry led most directly to which of the following?",The Declaration of Independence,The Albany Plan,The Boston Tea Party,The Constitution of the United States,A,True,0.7117085456848145,0.08500146120786667,0.024353325366973877,0.14014370739459991
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades. They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away. They will go away because we as Americans have the capacity now, as we've had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom. In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. . . .
+""It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people. All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government.""
+—Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 21, 1981
+Which of the following ongoing debates in U.S. history is expressed in the quotation?",Debates over the powers of the president.,Debates over participation in elections.,Debates over federal power over the economy.,Debates over federal power over international affairs.,C,True,0.060733772814273834,0.10013306885957718,0.6529495716094971,0.04729951173067093
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""An act for the more effectual protection of the property of married women:
+""§1. The real property of any female who may hereafter marry, and which she shall own at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, shall not be subject to the sole disposal of her husband, nor be liable for his debts, and shall continue her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female.
+""§2. The real and personal property, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, of any female now married, shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband; but shall be her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female, except so far as the same may be liable for the debts of her husband heretofore contracted.
+""§3. Any married female may take by inheritance, or by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, and convey and devise real and personal property, and any interest or estate therein, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried, and the same shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor be liable for his debts.""
+—Married Women's Property Act, New York State (1848)
+Which of the following groups would be most likely to support the perspective of the Married Women's Property Act?",Participants in the Seneca Falls Convention.,"Southern supporters of the concept of ""female virtue.""","Proponents of the ""cult of domesticity"" value system.",Congregational ministers.,A,True,0.3344976007938385,0.17904368042945862,0.2951931059360504,0.13943934440612793
+"This question refers to the following information.
+All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would sometimes show themselves aloof off, but when any approached near them, they would run away; and once they stole away their tools where they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But about the 16th of March, a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English, which they could well understand but marveled at it. At length they understood by discourse with him, that he was not of these parts, but belonged to the eastern parts where some English ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted and could name sundry of them by their names, amongst whom he had got his language. He became profitable to them in acquainting them with many things concerning the state of the country in the east parts where he lived, which was afterwards profitable unto them; as also of the people here, of their names, number and strength, of their situation and distance from the place, and who was chief amongst them. His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself.
+—William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation
+Samoset and Squanto can most directly be compared to whom?",Tecumseh,Crazy Horse,Sacagawea,Geronimo,C,False,0.33865514397621155,0.33865514397621155,0.18126904964447021,0.09702632576227188
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of ""separate but equal"" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.""
+Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
+Which of the following best represents an effect of the legal decision described above?","Continuing white resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking a series of social conflicts throughout the South.",The Supreme Court decision Brown v. the Board of Education led to increased enrollment in colleges and universities.,"During the 1960s, increasing numbers of high school graduates rejected the notion that a college education was desirable.","In the twentieth century, jobs in advanced technical and medical industries generally require postgraduate degrees.",A,False,0.250166118144989,0.4673718214035034,0.10428474843502045,0.13390426337718964
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I marvel not a little, right worshipful, that since the first discovery of America (which is now full four score and ten years), after so great conquests and plantings of the Spaniards and Portuguese there, that we of England could never have the grace to set fast footing in such fertile and temperate places as are left as yet unpossessed of them. But . . . I conceive great hope that the time approacheth and now is that we of England may share and part stakes [divide the prize] (if we will ourselves) both with the Spaniard and the Portuguese in part of America and other regions as yet undiscovered.
+""And surely if there were in us that desire to advance the honor of our country which ought to be in every good man, we would not all this while have [neglected] the possessing of these lands which of equity and right appertain unto us, as by the discourses that follow shall appear most plainly.""
+—Richard Hakluyt, Divers Voyages Touching the Discovery of America and the Islands Adjacent, 1582
+The ideas expressed in the passage above most closely reflect the influence of which of the following?",The Enlightenment philosophy of natural rights.,The economic policy of mercantilism.,The religious philosophy of predestination.,The social contract theory.,B,False,0.15186461806297302,0.19499804079532623,0.0921105369925499,0.5300595760345459
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Tonight, the daughter of a woman whose highest goal was a future for her children talks to our nation's oldest political party about a future for us all. Tonight, the daughter of working Americans tells all Americans that the future is within our reach, if we're willing to reach for it. Tonight, the daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for (vice) president in the new land my father came to love.… Americans want to live by the same set of rules. But under this administration, the rules are rigged against too many of our people. It isn't right that every year the share of taxes paid by individual citizens is going up, while the share paid by large corporations is getting smaller and smaller.… It isn't right that young couples question whether to bring children into a world of 50,000 nuclear warheads. That isn't the vision for which Americans have struggled for more than two centuries.… Tonight, we reclaim our dream. We're going to make the rules of American life work for all Americans again.… The issue is not what America can do for women, but what women can do for America.
+—Geraldine Ferraro, Vice Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address, July 19, 1984
+The political ideas expressed by Ferraro in the passage above most directly reflect those of which of the following?",Colonial opponents of British taxation in the 1760s and 1770s,Abolitionists of the antebellum period,Republicans of the 1920s,New Dealers of the 1930s,D,True,0.24099990725517273,0.18769091367721558,0.16563665866851807,0.3094500005245209
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens, and its congregation a Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling, owning no man master, but governed by God's natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of 'peace and good will amongst men.'""
+John L. O'Sullivan, ""The Great Nation of Futurity,"" 1839
+Between 1820 and 1854, the greatest number of immigrants to the United States came from",France,Russia,England,Ireland,D,False,0.06429236382246017,0.22440239787101746,0.4192388355731964,0.19803442060947418
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment….But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times.""
+Thomas Jefferson, 1816
+Which of the following best describes a contributing factor in the crafting of the United States Constitution?","Individual state constitutions written at the time of the Revolution tended to cede too much power to the federal government, leading to a call for reform on the part of Anti-Federalists.",The weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation led James Madison to question their efficacy and prompted a formation of the Constitutional Congress in 1787,Difficulties over trade and foreign relations led to a repeal of overly restrictive tariffs required by the Articles of Confederation.,Washington's embarrassing failure at the Whiskey Rebellion led to Federalist demands for a new framework for federal power.,B,True,0.32051143050193787,0.5284339785575867,0.0263091791421175,0.09182804822921753
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Permit us, then, earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states. Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities, under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength, to maintain and defend our common liberties….""
+Journals of the Continental Congress, 1777
+A major weakness of the Articles of Confederation was that they",created a too-powerful chief executive,did not include a mechanism for their own amendment,made it too difficult for the government to raise money through taxes and duties,denied the federal government the power to mediate disputes between states,C,False,0.0962391272187233,0.14002709090709686,0.2964373826980591,0.4313138425350189
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""An act for the more effectual protection of the property of married women:
+""§1. The real property of any female who may hereafter marry, and which she shall own at the time of marriage, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, shall not be subject to the sole disposal of her husband, nor be liable for his debts, and shall continue her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female.
+""§2. The real and personal property, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, of any female now married, shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband; but shall be her sole and separate property, as if she were a single female, except so far as the same may be liable for the debts of her husband heretofore contracted.
+""§3. Any married female may take by inheritance, or by gift, grant, devise, or bequest, from any person other than her husband, and hold to her sole and separate use, and convey and devise real and personal property, and any interest or estate therein, and the rents, issues, and profits thereof, in the same manner and with like effect as if she were unmarried, and the same shall not be subject to the disposal of her husband nor be liable for his debts.""
+—Married Women's Property Act, New York State (1848)
+The Married Women's Property Act was significant in that it",expanded women's participation in the political sphere.,challenged traditional understandings of women and property embodied in the legal concept of femme covert.,"codified the cultural assumptions implicit in the concept of ""Republican motherhood.""",relegated women to a second-class status in regard to citizenship.,B,True,0.06770390272140503,0.8248023986816406,0.041064489632844925,0.041064489632844925
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Whereas it is expedient that new provisions and regulations should be established for improving the revenue of this kingdom, and for extending and securing the navigation and commerce between Great Britain and your Majesty's dominions in America, which, by the peace, have been so happily enlarged: and whereas it is just and necessary, that a revenue be raised, in your Majesty's said dominions in America, for defraying the expenses of defending, protecting, and securing the same; we, your Majesty's most dutiful and loyal subjects, the commons of Great Britain, in parliament assembled, being desirous to make some provision, in this present session of parliament, towards raising the said revenue in America, have resolved to give and grant unto your Majesty the several rates and duties herein after-mentioned….""
+The Sugar Act of 1764
+In harmony with the sentiments expressed in the excerpt, which of the following does NOT represent the views of Prime Minister Grenville after the French and Indian War?",He felt that the Crown needed to control trade and raise revenue.,He felt that the colonists should help pay the debt incurred by the war.,He felt that Parliament had the right to increase taxes on the colonies.,"He wanted to reward the colonies through his extension of ""salutary neglect.""",D,False,0.17638139426708221,0.2566334009170532,0.2566334009170532,0.2264781892299652
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. . . . Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events. . . . I am confident that the Congress will face these responsibilities squarely.""
+—President Harry S. Truman, 1947
+The passage above is part of President Truman's argument to Congress in favor of",the Servicemen's Readjustment Act (G.I. Bill).,development of the hydrogen bomb.,the McCarran Internal Security Act.,an extension of aid to Greece and Turkey.,D,False,0.39341968297958374,0.12772467732429504,0.09947207570075989,0.3471916615962982
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.
+""We found most people didn't even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone in peace, and they practiced the art of survival by siding with whichever military force was present at a particular time, be it Viet Cong, North Vietnamese or American.""
+John Kerry, 1971
+The two political issues that most concerned the Counterculture Movement of the 1960s were",U.S. involvement in Vietnam and flag burning,the civil rights movement and censorship,U.S. involvement in Vietnam and the civil rights movement,censorship and the draft,C,True,0.26700708270072937,0.2079453319311142,0.30255866050720215,0.16194799542427063
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition. It is well to notice this advantage—the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The State governments, where the system of slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those States are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal Government, with its army and navy, from the chief magistracy in Washington, to the Supreme Court, and thence to the chief marshalship at New York, is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places.""
+Frederick Douglass, 1857
+The excerpt from Frederick Douglass is most clearly an example of which of the following developments in the mid-nineteenth century?",The gradual replacement of indentured servants with African slaves,The preservation of African culture through cultural adaptation,Southern influence upon the federal government to defend the institution of slavery,The success of abolitionists to sway majority public opinion,C,True,0.031194139271974564,0.08479446172714233,0.6265510320663452,0.23049527406692505
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action!
+—William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843
+The Spanish in America were interested in which of the following?",Escaping oppression at home,Expanding territories under Spanish control,Seeking religious freedom for themselves,Creating independent principalities for themselves,B,True,0.17629502713680267,0.5430269241333008,0.04457436129450798,0.19976845383644104
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform. They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires.
+""Assembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chief who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of 'the plain people,' with which class it originated. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.""
+Populist Party Platform, 1892
+Which of the following is LEAST associated with the Populist movement?",Support of labor unions,Secret ballot elections,Free coinage of silver,Deregulation of railroads and utilities,D,False,0.2566766142845154,0.22651632130146027,0.2566766142845154,0.1556822508573532
+"This question refers to the following information.
+All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would sometimes show themselves aloof off, but when any approached near them, they would run away; and once they stole away their tools where they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But about the 16th of March, a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English, which they could well understand but marveled at it. At length they understood by discourse with him, that he was not of these parts, but belonged to the eastern parts where some English ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted and could name sundry of them by their names, amongst whom he had got his language. He became profitable to them in acquainting them with many things concerning the state of the country in the east parts where he lived, which was afterwards profitable unto them; as also of the people here, of their names, number and strength, of their situation and distance from the place, and who was chief amongst them. His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself.
+—William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation
+As the passage above makes clear, the Pilgrims were not the only Europeans in what would become Massachusetts during the 1620s. The area was already becoming important because of its",fishing.,farming.,mining.,shipbuilding.,A,False,0.19204622507095337,0.5220357179641724,0.05502215772867203,0.14956574141979218
+"This question refers to the following information.
+All this while the Indians came skulking about them, and would sometimes show themselves aloof off, but when any approached near them, they would run away; and once they stole away their tools where they had been at work and were gone to dinner. But about the 16th of March, a certain Indian came boldly amongst them and spoke to them in broken English, which they could well understand but marveled at it. At length they understood by discourse with him, that he was not of these parts, but belonged to the eastern parts where some English ships came to fish, with whom he was acquainted and could name sundry of them by their names, amongst whom he had got his language. He became profitable to them in acquainting them with many things concerning the state of the country in the east parts where he lived, which was afterwards profitable unto them; as also of the people here, of their names, number and strength, of their situation and distance from the place, and who was chief amongst them. His name was Samoset. He told them also of another Indian whose name was Squanto, a native of this place, who had been in England and could speak better English than himself.
+—William Bradford, History of Plymouth Plantation
+The Pilgrims traveled to America and settled at Plymouth because",they were hoping to escape crushing debts in England.,they hoped to find gold or establish a lucrative trade in furs.,they were religious Separatists looking for a place to freely practice their faith.,they were ordered to establish an outpost to watch the French in Canada.,C,True,0.005629353225231171,0.010517017915844917,0.9467117190361023,0.010517017915844917
+"This question refers to the following information.
+BECAUSE no People can be truly happy, though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understanding of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry, contrary to his or their Mind.…
+—William Penn, Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,
+esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories, October 28, 1701
+Which of the following best describes the colony of Pennsylvania?",A charter colony in which the King granted a charter to a group of businessmen or colonists,A proprietary colony in which the King entrusted government to a proprietor and his family,A royal colony in which the King appointed the governor,An independent colony governed outside the authority of the King,B,True,0.29401686787605286,0.3331647515296936,0.12256447225809097,0.17833024263381958
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Now, we have organized a society, and we call it ""Share Our Wealth Society,"" a society with the motto ""Every Man a King.""…
+We propose to limit the wealth of big men in the country. There is an average of $15,000 in wealth to every family in America. That is right here today.
+We do not propose to divide it up equally. We do not propose a division of wealth, but we do propose to limit poverty that we will allow to be inflicted on any man's family. We will not say we are going to try to guarantee any equality … but we do say that one third of the average is low enough for any one family to hold, that there should be a guarantee of a family wealth of around $5,000; enough for a home, an automobile, a radio, and the ordinary conveniences, and the opportunity to educate their children.…
+We will have to limit fortunes. Our present plan is that we will allow no man to own more than $50,000,000. We think that with that limit we will be able to carry out the balance of the program.
+—Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, Radio Address, February 23, 1934
+Senator Huey P. Long's ""Share the Wealth Society"" was a political program intended to",demonstrate Senator Long's commitment to fighting communism.,return the United States to the economic ideas of the late nineteenth century.,persuade voters that Senator Long had a plan to combat the Great Depression.,showcase Senator Long's understanding of the constitutional ideas of the Founding Fathers.,C,True,0.050537753850221634,0.32954758405685425,0.47948887944221497,0.10698843002319336
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
+""This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.""
+Progressive Party Platform, 1912
+Would the Underwood-Simmons Tariff of 1913 be generally endorsed by Progressives of that era?","Yes, because they were largely supporters of Teddy Roosevelt's ""Square Deal""","Yes, because most Democrats advocated lower duties","No, because they were largely supporters of Teddy Roosevelt's ""New Nationalism""","No, because they were largely opponents of Woodrow Wilson",B,False,0.35531455278396606,0.24420389533042908,0.27671927213668823,0.06174440681934357
+"This question refers to the following information.
+I come not to urge personal claims, nor to seek individual benefits; I appear as the advocate of those who cannot plead their own cause; I come as the friend of those who are deserted, oppressed, and desolate. In the Providence of God, I am the voice of the maniac whose piercing cries from the dreary dungeons of your jails penetrate not your Halls of Legislation. I am the Hope of the poor crazed beings who pine in the cells, and stalls, and cages, and waste rooms of your poor-houses. I am the Revelation of hundreds of wailing, suffering creatures, hidden in your private dwellings, and in pens and cabins—shut out, cut off from all healing influences, from all mind-restoring cares.… Could their melancholy histories be spread before you as revealed to my grieved spirit during the last three months, how promptly, how earnestly would you search out the most approved means of relief; how trifling, how insignificant, by comparison, would appear the sacrifices you are asked to make; how would a few dimes and dollars, gathered from each citizen, diminish in value as a possession, compared with the certain benefits and vast good to be secured for the suffering insane...by the consecration and application of a sufficient fund to the construction of a suitable hospital.…
+—Dorothea Dix, Memorial Soliciting a State Hospital for the Protection and Cure of the Insane,
+Submitted to the General Assembly of North Carolina, November 1848
+Which of the following was a popular reform movement of the 1840s?",The free coinage of silver,Regulation of big business,The gay rights movement,The temperance movement,D,True,0.16486124694347382,0.18681229650974274,0.08824386447668076,0.5078083872795105
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We are men; we have souls, we have passions, we have feelings, we have hopes, we have desires, like any other race in the world. The cry is raised all over the world today of Canada for the Canadians, of America for the Americans, of England for the English, of France for the French, of Germany for the Germans—do you think it is unreasonable that we, the Blacks of the world, should raise the cry of Africa for the Africans?""
+—Marcus Garvey, 1920
+The passage could best be understood as",an argument in favor of restrictions on immigration into the United States.,an attempt to unite working-class African American and white men and women.,an expression of black nationalism.,a pamphlet designed to promote the advancement of African Americans in industry.,C,True,0.01878865249454975,0.039775580167770386,0.90528804063797,0.008875131607055664
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The question, therefore, should be quickly settled, whether free colored persons, born and naturalized in this country, are not American citizens, and justly entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities of citizens of the several states; and whether the Constitution of the United States makes or authorizes any invidious distinction with regard to the color or condition of free inhabitants.
+""For myself, I have not the shadow of doubt on the subject. I believe that the rights of the free colored persons need only to be vindicated before the U.S. Supreme Court, to be obtained; that no prejudice or sophistry . . . can prevent their acknowledgement . . . and that the present laws, affecting your condition, are clearly unconstitutional. The fact that you have been treated, by common consent and common usage, as aliens and brutes, is not proof that such treatment is legal, but only shows the strength, the bitterness, and the blindness of prejudice.""
+—William Lloyd Garrison, ""To the Free People of Color of the United States,"" The Liberator, January 15, 1831
+The approach of William Lloyd Garrison and The Liberator can best be seen as",an outgrowth of the Second Great Awakening.,an expression of Transcendentalist individualism.,a reflection of literary romanticism.,"a rejection of the idea of ""Republican motherhood.""",A,False,0.19279298186302185,0.21846307814121246,0.21846307814121246,0.3178618848323822
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I know that whenever the subject has occurred in conversation where I have been present, it has appeared to be the opinion of every one that we could not be taxed by a Parliament wherein we were not represented. But the payment of duties laid by an act of Parliament as regulations of commerce was never disputed. . . . An external tax is a duty laid on commodities imported; that duty is added to the first cost and other charges on the commodity, and, when it is offered for sale, makes a part of the price. If the people do not like it at that price, they refuse it; they are not obliged to pay it. But an internal tax is forced from the people without their consent if not laid by their own representatives. The Stamp Act says we shall have no commerce, make no exchange of property with each other, neither purchase nor grant, nor recover debts; we shall neither marry nor make our wills, unless we pay such and such sums; and thus it is intended to extort our money from us or ruin us by the consequence of refusing to pay it.""
+—Benjamin Franklin, Examination before Parliament, 1766
+President Jackson's policy was later altered by the",Homestead Act of 1862.,Immigration Act of 1921.,Supreme Court decision in Plessy v. Ferguson.,Dawes Act of 1887.,D,True,0.10077136009931564,0.12939298152923584,0.3103976249694824,0.39855843782424927
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The only force which is strong enough to break down social convention is economic necessity. . . . The economic necessity which has forced women out of the home and into the world of business has completely annihilated the old idea that a woman should eat only in the privacy of her household or in the homes of her friends, has created the absolutely new social phenomenon of women eating in public, unescorted by men, by the tens of thousands, and has given rise to a wholly new phase of the restaurant business.""
+—The New York Times, October 15, 1905
+Which of the following groups would have most likely supported the scenario described in this passage?",Ku Klux Klan.,American Temperance Union.,National Woman Suffrage Association.,Southern Christian Leadership Conference.,C,True,0.1354086995124817,0.22325119376182556,0.4726227819919586,0.07247905433177948
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Perhaps, however, I am more conscious of the importance of civil liberties in this particular moment of our history than anyone else, because I travel through the country and meet people and see things that have happened to little people, I realize what it means to democracy to preserve our civil liberties.
+All through the years we have had to fight for civil liberty, and we know that there are times when the light grows rather dim, and every time that happens democracy is in danger. Now, largely because of the troubled state of the world as a whole, civil liberties have disappeared in many other countries.
+It is impossible, of course, to be at war and keep freedom of the press and freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. They disappear automatically. And so in many countries where ordinarily they were safe, today they have gone. In other countries, even before war came, not only freedom of the press and freedom of assembly, and freedom of speech disappeared, but freedom of religion disappeared.
+And so we know here in this country, we have a grave responsibility. We are at peace. We have no reason for the fears which govern so many other peoples throughout the world; therefore, we have to guard the freedoms of democracy.
+—Eleanor Roosevelt, Address to the American Civil Liberties Union, Chicago, Illinois, March 14, 1940
+In her speech, Eleanor Roosevelt alluded to the earlier threat to civil liberties created by which of the following?",World War I,The New Deal,The Cold War,The Great Depression,A,False,0.16631680727005005,0.4520959258079529,0.16631680727005005,0.1467740535736084
+"This question refers to the following information.
+At a meeting of working girls held at Hull House during a strike in a large shoe factory, the discussions made it clear that the strikers who had been most easily frightened, and therefore the first to capitulate, were naturally those girls who were paying board and were afraid of being put out if they fell too far behind. After a recital of a case of peculiar hardship one of them exclaimed: ""Wouldn't it be fine if we had a boarding club of our own, and then we could stand behind each other in a time like this?"" After that events moved quickly. We … discussed all the difficulties and fascinations of such an undertaking, and on the first of May, 1891, two comfortable apartments near Hull House were rented and furnished. The Settlement was responsible for the furniture and paid the first month's rent, but beyond that the members managed the club themselves.… At the end of the third year the club occupied all of the six apartments which the original building contained, and numbered fifty members.
+—Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House, 1912
+Which of the following best reflects the perspective of Jane Addams in the passage above?",Poor people need the leadership of reformers like herself.,Poor people need support in helping themselves.,Poor people don't need outside help.,Poor people don't deserve help.,B,True,0.0718211904168129,0.874961256980896,0.016025474295020103,0.005895442795008421
+"This question refers to the following information.
+They ask us how we shall govern these new possessions. I answer: Out of local conditions and the necessities of the case methods of government will grow. If England can govern foreign lands, so can America. If Germany can govern foreign lands, so can America. If they can supervise protectorates, so can America. Why is it more difficult to administer Hawaii than New Mexico or California? Both had a savage and an alien population; both were more remote from the seat of government when they came under our dominion than the Philippines are to-day.
+Will you say by your vote that American ability to govern has decayed; that a century's experience in self-rule has failed of a result? Will you affirm by your vote that you are an infidel to American power and practical sense? Or will you say that ours is the blood of government; ours the heart of dominion; ours the brain and genius of administration? Will you remember that we do but what our fathers did—we but pitch the tents of liberty farther westward, farther southward—we only continue the march of the flag?
+—Albert Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" Indianapolis, September 16, 1898
+The theme of Beveridge's speech can most directly be compared to which of the following?",The Monroe Doctrine,Containment,Manifest Destiny,The ideology of states' rights,C,False,0.3341701030731201,0.29490408301353455,0.1788683831691742,0.06580199301242828
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Here is the case of a woman employed in the manufacturing department of a Broadway house. It stands for a hundred like her own. She averages three dollars a week. Pay is $1.50 for her room; for breakfast she has a cup of coffee; lunch she cannot afford. One meal a day is her allowance. This woman is young, she is pretty. She has ""the world before her."" Is it anything less than a miracle if she is guilty of nothing less than the ""early and improvident marriage,"" against which moralists exclaim as one of the prolific causes of the distresses of the poor? Almost any door might seem to offer a welcome escape from such slavery as this. ""I feel so much healthier since I got three square meals a day,"" said a lodger in one of the Girls' Homes. Two young sewing-girls came in seeking domestic service, so that they might get enough to eat. They had been only half-fed for some time, and starvation had driven them to the one door at which the pride of the American-born girl will not permit her to knock, though poverty be the price of her independence.
+—Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890
+The situation faced by the young women in the passage above is most directly comparable to which of the following?",American revolutionaries in the 1770s,Slaves in the antebellum South,Populist farmers in the 1890s,Detroit autoworkers in the 1930s,D,False,0.32228466868400574,0.3651963770389557,0.10463051497936249,0.15223649144172668
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.
+""We found most people didn't even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone in peace, and they practiced the art of survival by siding with whichever military force was present at a particular time, be it Viet Cong, North Vietnamese or American.""
+John Kerry, 1971
+Which of the following pairs of words best characterizes the differences between the approaches of Presidents Lyndon Johnson (1963–1969) and Richard Nixon (1969–1974) to the Vietnam conflict?",Aggression vs. pacifism,Competency vs. failure,Insurgence vs. retreat,Appeasement vs. provocation,C,False,0.2919224798679352,0.1562548577785492,0.10739228874444962,0.2576206922531128
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""With 78 percent of the Union electorate casting ballots, Lincoln was reelected in an Electoral College landslide, 212 to McClellan's 21. The 55% popular vote for the president was the third largest in the nineteenth century, surpassed only by Jackson's first victory in 1828 and Grant's reelection in 1872. McClellan won only New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. Republicans drew support from native-born farmers, skilled and professional workers, those of New England descent, younger voters, and military personnel. Democrats were strongest in the cities and among Irish- and German-Americans (the most populous immigrant groups). It has been estimated that Lincoln received 78% of the vote of Union soldiers and sailors. The figure was not necessary for his reelection, but was perhaps the margin of victory in a few close states and, more importantly, of great symbolic value. Republicans also gained seats in Congress to retain unassailable control, 149 to 42 in the House and 42 to 10 in the Senate; took back several state legislatures; and lost only the governorship of New Jersey (McClellan's home state).""
+Election of 1864, Harpweek.com
+Which of the following conclusions is best supported by the excerpt above?","Lincoln received more votes in the heavily populated states of the North, while McClellan won more sparsely populated states.",Lincoln won the Election of 1864 due to Union successes during the Civil War.,The Emancipation Proclamation mobilized black voters in the South to vote for Lincoln in the Election of 1864.,Republicans managed to gain control of Congress through the efforts of Lincoln to campaign on their behalf.,A,False,0.08732065558433533,0.4434508979320526,0.09894727170467377,0.3453598916530609
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. . . . Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial 'outside agitator' idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in this country. . . .""
+—Martin Luther King, Jr., ""Letter from a Birmingham Jail,"" April 16, 1963
+On which of these documents is Susan B. Anthony basing her appeal for women's equality?",Articles of Confederation.,Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction.,Compromise of 1850.,Declaration of Independence.,D,True,0.07423122227191925,0.08411499112844467,0.12238658219575882,0.6215304136276245
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The petition of several poor negroes and mulattoes, who are inhabitants of the town of Dartmouth, humbly showeth,—
+""That we being chiefly of the African extract, and by reason of long bondage and hard slavery, we have been deprived of enjoying the profits of our labor or the advantage of inheriting estates from our parents, as our neighbors the white people do, having some of us not long enjoyed our own freedom; yet of late, contrary to the invariable custom and practice of the country, we have been, and now are, taxed both in our polls and that small pittance of estate which, through much hard labor and industry, we have got together to sustain ourselves and families withall. We apprehend it, therefore, to be hard usage, and will doubtless (if continued) reduce us to a state of beggary, whereby we shall become a burthen to others, if not timely prevented by the interposition of your justice and your power.
+""Your petitioners further show, that we apprehend ourselves to be aggrieved, in that, while we are not allowed the privilege of freemen of the State, having no vote or influence in the election of those that tax us, yet many of our colour (as is well known) have cheerfully entered the field of battle in the defence of the common cause, and that (as we conceive) against a similar exertion of power (in regard to taxation), too well known to need a recital in this place.""
+—Paul Cuffe's Petition, Massachusetts, 1780
+The petition by Paul Cuffe, above, best illustrates which of the following developments?",The rhetoric of the American Revolution raised awareness of social inequalities and inspired groups and individuals to call for greater political democracy.,"Slave rebellions, such as the Stono Rebellion, inspired enslaved Americans throughout North America to engage in similar behavior.",African Americans who had fought alongside the British during the American Revolution felt doubly vulnerable—as African Americans and as traitors to the patriot cause—after the British defeat.,African Americans received worse treatment under the state government of Massachusetts than they had under British law during the colonial period.,A,True,0.631955087184906,0.14100824296474457,0.045778676867485046,0.159783273935318
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Your sentiments, that our affairs are drawing rapidly to a crisis, accord with my own. What the event will be is also beyond the reach of my foresight. We have errors to correct. We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us that men will not adopt and carry into execution measures the best calculated for their own good without the intervention of a coercive power. I do not conceive that we can exist long as a nation without having lodged somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states. . . .
+""What astonishing changes a few years are capable of producing. I am told that even respectable characters speak of a monarchical form of government without horror. . . . What a triumph for our enemies to verify their predictions! What a triumph for the advocates of despotism to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves, and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal and fallacious. . . .""
+—George Washington, letter to John Jay, August 1, 1786
+Based on the context of the letter, which of the following most closely describes the meaning of Washington's phrase, ""We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature""?","Contemporary Deist spiritual beliefs were misguided in that they abandoned the Calvinist notions of ""original sin.""",The United States had overestimated the good will and honor of Great Britain in terms of following the stipulations of the Treaty of Paris (1783).,The U.S. Army misread the willingness of American Indians in the Ohio Valley and Great Lakes regions to live side-by-side with white settlers.,The framers of the Articles of Confederation made a mistake in allowing for too great a degree of democracy in the new republic.,D,True,0.02358907088637352,0.0726594477891922,0.08233394473791122,0.7811627388000488
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Tonight, the daughter of a woman whose highest goal was a future for her children talks to our nation's oldest political party about a future for us all. Tonight, the daughter of working Americans tells all Americans that the future is within our reach, if we're willing to reach for it. Tonight, the daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for (vice) president in the new land my father came to love.… Americans want to live by the same set of rules. But under this administration, the rules are rigged against too many of our people. It isn't right that every year the share of taxes paid by individual citizens is going up, while the share paid by large corporations is getting smaller and smaller.… It isn't right that young couples question whether to bring children into a world of 50,000 nuclear warheads. That isn't the vision for which Americans have struggled for more than two centuries.… Tonight, we reclaim our dream. We're going to make the rules of American life work for all Americans again.… The issue is not what America can do for women, but what women can do for America.
+—Geraldine Ferraro, Vice Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address, July 19, 1984
+Geraldine Ferraro can be most directly compared to which of the following women?",Abigail Adams,Sandra Day O'Connor,Jane Addams,Rosa Parks,B,True,0.25954970717430115,0.2941083312034607,0.10819642245769501,0.15742485225200653
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Clearly, no longer can a dictator count on East–West confrontation to stymie concerted United Nations action against aggression. A new partnership of nations has begun. And we stand today at a unique and extraordinary moment. The crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective—a new world order—can emerge; a new era, freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, east and west, north and south, can prosper and live in harmony.
+—President George Herbert Walker Bush, Speech to a Joint Session of Congress, September 11, 1990
+President Bush was responding to which of the following?",Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein's conquest of Kuwait,The fall of the Berlin Wall,Terror attacks by Al-Qaeda,The break-up of Yugoslavia and the start of the Bosnian War,A,True,0.34217265248298645,0.2664843201637268,0.04086669534444809,0.30196627974510193
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Lincoln was strongly anti-slavery, but he was not an abolitionist or a Radical Republican and never claimed to be one. He made a sharp distinction between his frequently reiterated personal wish that 'all men everywhere could be free' and his official duties as a legislator, congressman, and president in a legal and constitutional system that recognized the South's right to property in slaves. Even after issuing the Emancipation Proclamation he continued to declare his preference for gradual abolition. While his racial views changed during the Civil War, he never became a principled egalitarian in the manner of abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass or Wendell Phillips or Radical Republicans like Charles Sumner.""
+—Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial, 2010
+Which of these statements best describes the Emancipation Proclamation?",It guaranteed the freedom of all slaves living within the boundaries of the United States at the conclusion of the Civil War.,It freed only the slaves in states and portions of states in rebellion against the United States at the time it was issued.,It declared that the freedom of the slaves was conditional upon the agreement of individual southern states to sign a peace treaty with the U.S. government.,It prohibited the use of slaves in combat in both the Union and Confederate Armies.,B,True,0.09933968633413315,0.8317609429359436,0.019561143592000008,0.0118644330650568
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Let us not, I beseech you sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope.… It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace, but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
+—Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775
+In this passage, Henry expresses an abiding American concern about which of the following?",No entangling alliances with foreign countries,The dangers of standing armies,Self-government,The separation of church and state,C,True,0.08565259724855423,0.10998010635375977,0.632891833782196,0.12462378293275833
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We are men; we have souls, we have passions, we have feelings, we have hopes, we have desires, like any other race in the world. The cry is raised all over the world today of Canada for the Canadians, of America for the Americans, of England for the English, of France for the French, of Germany for the Germans—do you think it is unreasonable that we, the Blacks of the world, should raise the cry of Africa for the Africans?""
+—Marcus Garvey, 1920
+The passage above presents a position in which of the following ongoing debates in American history?",The debate between interventionism and isolationism in foreign policy.,The debate between separatism and integration when it came to the place of African Americans in American society.,The debate between exclusion and inclusion when it came to immigration policy.,The debate between laissez-faire policies and government intervention in economic affairs.,B,True,0.034163519740104675,0.8810888528823853,0.02660657837986946,0.03871234133839607
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""When we were kids the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world; the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United Nations that we thought would distribute Western influence throughout the world. Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these American values we found good, principles by which we could live as men. Many of us began maturing in complacency.
+""As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the permeating and victimizing fact of human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. Second, the enclosing fact of the Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract 'others' we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time. . . .""
+—Port Huron Statement, 1962
+The primary intended audience for the Port Huron Statement was",African Americans in the South.,government officials.,middle-class college students.,factory workers.,C,True,0.047152720391750336,0.12817437946796417,0.7375926375389099,0.06860680133104324
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy.
+""We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do.""
+South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860
+The sentiments above are most consistent with which of the following ideologies?",States' Rights,Nullification,Neutrality,Civil disobedience,A,True,0.472888708114624,0.2233768254518509,0.03881707042455673,0.17396605014801025
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in a bank that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country? The president of the bank has told us that most of the State banks exist by its forbearance. Should its influence become concentrated, as it may under the operation of such an act as this, in the hands of a self-elected directory whose interests are identified with those of the foreign stockholders, will there not be cause to tremble for the purity of our elections in peace and for the independence of our country in war? Their power would be great whenever they might choose to exert it; but if this monopoly were regularly renewed every fifteen or twenty years on terms proposed by themselves, they might seldom in peace put forth their strength to influence elections or control the affairs of the nation. But if any private citizen or public functionary should interpose to curtail its powers or prevent a renewal of its privileges, it cannot be doubted that he would be made to feel its influence.""
+President Andrew Jackson, Veto of the Bank of the United States, 1832
+The election of 1824 marked a turning point in presidential politics because, for the first time,",the presidency was won by someone who was not a member of the Federalist Party,a presidential and vice-presidential candidate ran together on one ticket,all the candidates campaigned widely throughout the states,the system of choosing nominees by congressional caucus failed,D,False,0.34423938393592834,0.20879174768924713,0.11175816506147385,0.3037901818752289
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Americans have more freedom and broader rights than citizens of almost any other nation in the world, including the capacity to criticize their government and their elected officials. But we do not have the right to resort to violence—or the threat of violence—when we don't get our way. Our founders constructed a system of government so that reason could prevail over fear. Oklahoma City proved once again that without the law there is no freedom. Criticism is part of the lifeblood of democracy. No one is right all the time. But we should remember that there is a big difference between criticizing a policy or a politician and demonizing the government that guarantees our freedoms and the public servants who enforce our laws.""
+President Bill Clinton, ""What We Learned in Oklahoma City,"" 2010
+(Written on the 15th anniversary of the Oklahoma City bombing)
+""If there would not have been a Waco, I would have put down roots somewhere and not been so unsettled with the fact that my government…was a threat to me. Everything that Waco implies was on the forefront of my thoughts. That sort of guided my path for the next couple of years.""
+Timothy McVeigh, Oklahoma City bomber, 2001
+U.S. Representative John Conyers, Events Surrounding the Branch Davidian Cult Standoff in Waco, Texas: Hearing Before the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, 1993
+The above excerpts most closely support which of the following inferences?","In the 1990s, anti-government sentiment, in response to excessive uses of federal power to resolve domestic conflicts, inspired militia groups and lone vigilantes, such as Timothy McVeigh.","In 1993 Attorney General Janet Reno launched an offensive against the Branch Davidian cult led by Timothy McVeigh, later drawing criticism from Congress for her heavy-handed approach.","Fearing a rise in anti-government sentiment after the Oklahoma City bombing, Attorney General Janet Reno sent troops to quell the Branch Davidian Cult Standoff, and later faced congressional criticism.",Attorney General Janet Reno resigned from office in part due to Congressional pressure put on President Clinton by Representative John Conyers.,A,False,0.11333660781383514,0.23993360996246338,0.4482550024986267,0.16490381956100464
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I am in Birmingham because injustice is here. . . . Moreover, I am cognizant of the interrelatedness of all communities and states. I cannot sit idly by in Atlanta and not be concerned about what happens in Birmingham. Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere. We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial 'outside agitator' idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere in this country. . . .""
+—Martin Luther King, Jr., ""Letter from a Birmingham Jail,"" April 16, 1963
+The language of this passage by Susan B. Anthony demonstrates which of the following continuities in U.S. history?",Debates over free speech.,Debates over voting rights.,Debates over federal power and states' rights.,Debates over the procedures of amending the Constitution.,B,True,0.13096120953559875,0.4570995271205902,0.09000822901725769,0.06186169013381004
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The petition of several poor negroes and mulattoes, who are inhabitants of the town of Dartmouth, humbly showeth,—
+""That we being chiefly of the African extract, and by reason of long bondage and hard slavery, we have been deprived of enjoying the profits of our labor or the advantage of inheriting estates from our parents, as our neighbors the white people do, having some of us not long enjoyed our own freedom; yet of late, contrary to the invariable custom and practice of the country, we have been, and now are, taxed both in our polls and that small pittance of estate which, through much hard labor and industry, we have got together to sustain ourselves and families withall. We apprehend it, therefore, to be hard usage, and will doubtless (if continued) reduce us to a state of beggary, whereby we shall become a burthen to others, if not timely prevented by the interposition of your justice and your power.
+""Your petitioners further show, that we apprehend ourselves to be aggrieved, in that, while we are not allowed the privilege of freemen of the State, having no vote or influence in the election of those that tax us, yet many of our colour (as is well known) have cheerfully entered the field of battle in the defence of the common cause, and that (as we conceive) against a similar exertion of power (in regard to taxation), too well known to need a recital in this place.""
+—Paul Cuffe's Petition, Massachusetts, 1780
+The main purpose of the petition by Paul Cuffe, excerpted above, was to demand",that the petitioners be released from slavery because slavery was incompatible with the Massachusetts constitution.,that the Massachusetts legislature extend reparations to the petitioners as compensation for their time in slavery.,that the petitioners receive land that had been expropriated from loyalists in order to reward them for their service to the Continental Army during the American Revolution.,that the Massachusetts legislature either grant the petitioners the right to vote or that it excuse them from paying taxes.,D,True,0.04307124391198158,0.2808597981929779,0.11707978695631027,0.5247151851654053
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""One-half of the people of this nation to-day are utterly powerless to blot from the statute books an unjust law, or to write there a new and a just one. The women, dissatisfied as they are with this form of government, that enforces taxation without representation,—that compels them to obey laws to which they have never given their consent,—that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers, that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of their own persons, wages and children,—are this half of the people left wholly at the mercy of the other half, in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the declarations of the framers of this government, every one of which was based on the immutable principle of equal rights to all.""
+—Susan B. Anthony, ""I Stand Before You Under Indictment"" (speech), 1873
+Which of the following statements best represents the criticism of Andrew Carnegie found in this cartoon?",Carnegie was able to give away a great deal of money only because he violated his workers’ rights.,Carnegie did not give enough of his considerable fortune to charity.,Carnegie was dividing his attention and was therefore not as successful in either of his main endeavors.,Carnegie's ruthless business practices were causing him to lose touch with his working-class origins.,A,False,0.10097448527812958,0.21376298367977142,0.1886451691389084,0.4525362253189087
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens, and its congregation a Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling, owning no man master, but governed by God's natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of 'peace and good will amongst men.'""
+John L. O'Sullivan, ""The Great Nation of Futurity,"" 1839
+Which of the following presidents is most closely associated with the concept of Manifest Destiny?",James K. Polk,Andrew Johnson,Woodrow Wilson,Ronald Reagan,A,True,0.5657573938369751,0.12623754143714905,0.0867617130279541,0.11140423268079758
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization….The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor.""
+Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1964
+All of the following were part of Johnson's Great Society program EXCEPT",the Civil Rights Act of 1964,Medicare and Medicaid,the establishment of the Department of Housing and Urban Development,the balanced budget mandate,D,False,0.41846755146980286,0.25381338596343994,0.15394562482833862,0.08240114152431488
+"This question refers to the following information.
+I come not to urge personal claims, nor to seek individual benefits; I appear as the advocate of those who cannot plead their own cause; I come as the friend of those who are deserted, oppressed, and desolate. In the Providence of God, I am the voice of the maniac whose piercing cries from the dreary dungeons of your jails penetrate not your Halls of Legislation. I am the Hope of the poor crazed beings who pine in the cells, and stalls, and cages, and waste rooms of your poor-houses. I am the Revelation of hundreds of wailing, suffering creatures, hidden in your private dwellings, and in pens and cabins—shut out, cut off from all healing influences, from all mind-restoring cares.… Could their melancholy histories be spread before you as revealed to my grieved spirit during the last three months, how promptly, how earnestly would you search out the most approved means of relief; how trifling, how insignificant, by comparison, would appear the sacrifices you are asked to make; how would a few dimes and dollars, gathered from each citizen, diminish in value as a possession, compared with the certain benefits and vast good to be secured for the suffering insane...by the consecration and application of a sufficient fund to the construction of a suitable hospital.…
+—Dorothea Dix, Memorial Soliciting a State Hospital for the Protection and Cure of the Insane,
+Submitted to the General Assembly of North Carolina, November 1848
+A key motivating factor for many reformers of the 1840s was",Marxism.,Evangelical Christianity.,distrust of big government.,laissez-faire economics.,B,True,0.04655700549483299,0.8252426385879517,0.04655700549483299,0.02823824994266033
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We found that not only was it a civil war, an effort by a people who had for years been seeking their liberation from any colonial influence whatsoever, but also we found that the Vietnamese whom we had enthusiastically molded after our own image were hard put to take up the fight against the threat we were supposedly saving them from.
+""We found most people didn't even know the difference between communism and democracy. They only wanted to work in rice paddies without helicopters strafing them and bombs with napalm burning their villages and tearing their country apart. They wanted everything to do with the war, particularly with this foreign presence of the United States of America, to leave them alone in peace, and they practiced the art of survival by siding with whichever military force was present at a particular time, be it Viet Cong, North Vietnamese or American.""
+John Kerry, 1971
+From the quote above, it is reasonable to infer that",many Vietnamese viewed the United States as a colonial influence,most Vietnamese were opposed to Communism,most Vietnamese favored Communism,some Viet Cong fought alongside American troops in opposition to North Vietnam,A,True,0.2919299900531769,0.22735531628131866,0.17706449329853058,0.25762730836868286
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The Opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. How do they know that our government would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, human, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them? And, regardless of this formula of words made only for enlightened, self-governing people, do we owe no duty to the world? Shall we turn these peoples back to the reeking hands from which we have taken them? Shall we abandon them, with Germany, England, Japan, hungering for them? Shall we save them from those nations, to give them a self-rule of tragedy?…Then, like men and not like children, let us on to our tasks, our mission, and our destiny.""
+Albert J. Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" 1898
+Which of the following rationales does Beveridge employ in his argument?",The closing of the western frontier impels the United States to expand its territory overseas.,Governing territories confers economic benefits to both European and nonwhite nations.,Powerful nations have a moral duty to govern less developed nations.,Racial superiority confers responsibility to the United States and Europe over the affairs of developing nations.,C,True,0.05598389729857445,0.1185179054737091,0.46874740719795227,0.3221650719642639
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read…the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground…""
+Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652
+Which of the following documents encouraged church membership in the Massachusetts Bay Colony?",The Mayflower Compact,The Fundamental Orders,The Halfway Covenant,The Cambridge Agreement,C,False,0.27143964171409607,0.23954463005065918,0.1865575611591339,0.21139740943908691
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The economic ills we suffer have come upon us over several decades. They will not go away in days, weeks, or months, but they will go away. They will go away because we as Americans have the capacity now, as we've had in the past, to do whatever needs to be done to preserve this last and greatest bastion of freedom. In this present crisis, government is not the solution to our problem; government is the problem. . . .
+""It is my intention to curb the size and influence of the Federal establishment and to demand recognition of the distinction between the powers granted to the Federal Government and those reserved to the States or to the people. All of us need to be reminded that the Federal Government did not create the States; the States created the Federal Government.""
+—Ronald Reagan, First Inaugural Address, January 21, 1981
+The conservative political revival that led to President Ronald Reagan's election in 1980 held the view that",political leaders in the 1960s and 1970s did not do enough to challenge the racial and economic status quo.,the United States had relied too heavily on military solutions and needed to pursue a more isolationist foreign policy.,religious leaders had become too assertive in governmental policy and had blurred the separation of church and state.,liberal laws and court decisions in the 1960s and a general moral decline were undermining the United States.,D,True,0.06234978511929512,0.09071840345859528,0.13199450075626373,0.670323371887207
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I know that whenever the subject has occurred in conversation where I have been present, it has appeared to be the opinion of every one that we could not be taxed by a Parliament wherein we were not represented. But the payment of duties laid by an act of Parliament as regulations of commerce was never disputed. . . . An external tax is a duty laid on commodities imported; that duty is added to the first cost and other charges on the commodity, and, when it is offered for sale, makes a part of the price. If the people do not like it at that price, they refuse it; they are not obliged to pay it. But an internal tax is forced from the people without their consent if not laid by their own representatives. The Stamp Act says we shall have no commerce, make no exchange of property with each other, neither purchase nor grant, nor recover debts; we shall neither marry nor make our wills, unless we pay such and such sums; and thus it is intended to extort our money from us or ruin us by the consequence of refusing to pay it.""
+—Benjamin Franklin, Examination before Parliament, 1766
+The policy described most immediately led to",peace between Indian tribes and white settlers.,the forced removal of the Cherokee from their homeland.,"the first Treaty of Fort Laramie, which guaranteed Indian possession of lands west of the Mississippi River.","a negotiated settlement between the tribes of the Southeast and the U.S. government, by which the tribes were allowed to remain on their lands for ten years.",B,True,0.07101702690124512,0.40867480635643005,0.13267728686332703,0.3606542646884918
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to flounder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it—we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon, and the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.… We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
+—John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962
+Kennedy's speech can best be compared to which of the following?","Dwight Eisenhower's speech on the ""military-industrial complex""",George Washington's Farewell Address,Abraham Lincoln's Gettysburg Address,"Franklin D. Roosevelt's ""Arsenal of Democracy"" speech",D,True,0.16529440879821777,0.2725243866443634,0.06080840900540352,0.44931674003601074
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If any person or persons shall, from and after the passing of this act, by force and violence, take and carry away, or cause to be taken or carried away, and shall, by fraud or false pretense, seduce, or cause to be seduced, or shall attempt so to take, carry away or seduce, any negro or mulatto, from any part or parts of this commonwealth, to any other place or places whatsoever, out of this commonwealth, with a design and intention of selling and disposing of, or of causing to be sold, or of keeping and detaining, or of causing to be kept and detained, such negro or mulatto, as a slave or servant for life, or for any term whatsoever, every such person or persons, his or their aiders or abettors, shall on conviction thereof, in any court of this commonwealth having competent jurisdiction, be deemed guilty of a felony.""
+—Excerpt from Pennsylvania law, 1826
+Critics challenged the constitutionality of this 1826 law in the Supreme Court on the grounds that it",violated the Constitutional injunction against bills of attainder.,undermined the intent of the fugitive slave clause of the Constitution.,circumvented the three-fifths clause of the Constitution.,"was inconsistent with the ""eminent domain"" clause of the Fifth Amendment of the Constitution.",B,False,0.469417542219162,0.2512611150741577,0.09243378788232803,0.15239755809307098
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Wherever I go—the street, the shop, the house, or the steamboat—I hear the people talk in such a way as to indicate that they are yet unable to conceive of the Negro as possessing any rights at all. Men who are honorable in their dealings with their white neighbors will cheat a Negro without feeling a single twinge of their honor. To kill a Negro they do not deem murder; to debauch a Negro woman they do not think fornication; to take the property away from a Negro they do not consider robbery. The people boast that when they get freedmen affairs in their own hands, to use their own classic expression, 'the niggers will catch hell.'
+""The reason of all this is simple and manifest. The whites esteem the blacks their property by natural right, and however much they may admit that the individual relations of masters and slaves have been destroyed by the war and the President's emancipation proclamation, they still have an ingrained feeling that the blacks at large belong to the whites at large, and whenever opportunity serves they treat the colored people just as their profit, caprice or passion may dictate.""
+—Congressional testimony of Col. Samuel Thomas, Assistant Commissioner, Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands, 1865
+Which of the following specific developments contributed to the general sentiment expressed in Federalist #15?",Great Britain refused to evacuate forts in the Great Lakes region.,Spanish forces retook Florida from the United States.,French forces aided American Indians in conducting raids on New England.,Dutch traders forced American ships to extend tribute payments in order to dock in Holland.,A,True,0.3195444643497467,0.3195444643497467,0.11755385249853134,0.1938135176897049
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Tonight, the daughter of a woman whose highest goal was a future for her children talks to our nation's oldest political party about a future for us all. Tonight, the daughter of working Americans tells all Americans that the future is within our reach, if we're willing to reach for it. Tonight, the daughter of an immigrant from Italy has been chosen to run for (vice) president in the new land my father came to love.… Americans want to live by the same set of rules. But under this administration, the rules are rigged against too many of our people. It isn't right that every year the share of taxes paid by individual citizens is going up, while the share paid by large corporations is getting smaller and smaller.… It isn't right that young couples question whether to bring children into a world of 50,000 nuclear warheads. That isn't the vision for which Americans have struggled for more than two centuries.… Tonight, we reclaim our dream. We're going to make the rules of American life work for all Americans again.… The issue is not what America can do for women, but what women can do for America.
+—Geraldine Ferraro, Vice Presidential Nomination Acceptance Address, July 19, 1984
+The nomination of Geraldine Ferraro for vice president was most directly a continuation of which of the following?",The successful assimilation of immigrants to the United States,The struggle for civil rights for ethnic minorities,Increased economic and political opportunities for women,The increasing democratization of the political nomination process,C,True,0.21702861785888672,0.1915270835161209,0.4054628014564514,0.13163450360298157
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Permit us, then, earnestly to recommend these articles to the immediate and dispassionate attention of the legislatures of the respective states. Let them be candidly reviewed under a sense of the difficulty of combining in one system the various sentiments and interests of a continent divided into so many sovereign and independent communities, under a conviction of the absolute necessity of uniting all our councils and all our strength, to maintain and defend our common liberties….""
+Journals of the Continental Congress, 1777
+The most notable achievement of the United States under the Articles of Confederation was",the creation of a strong executive office to lead the national government,the empowerment of Congress to regulate commerce,the empowerment of Congress to collect taxes,the provision for land sales in the Northwest that would benefit the entire nation,D,False,0.2394503653049469,0.27133283019065857,0.21131421625614166,0.2394503653049469
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Perhaps, however, I am more conscious of the importance of civil liberties in this particular moment of our history than anyone else, because I travel through the country and meet people and see things that have happened to little people, I realize what it means to democracy to preserve our civil liberties.
+All through the years we have had to fight for civil liberty, and we know that there are times when the light grows rather dim, and every time that happens democracy is in danger. Now, largely because of the troubled state of the world as a whole, civil liberties have disappeared in many other countries.
+It is impossible, of course, to be at war and keep freedom of the press and freedom of speech and freedom of assembly. They disappear automatically. And so in many countries where ordinarily they were safe, today they have gone. In other countries, even before war came, not only freedom of the press and freedom of assembly, and freedom of speech disappeared, but freedom of religion disappeared.
+And so we know here in this country, we have a grave responsibility. We are at peace. We have no reason for the fears which govern so many other peoples throughout the world; therefore, we have to guard the freedoms of democracy.
+—Eleanor Roosevelt, Address to the American Civil Liberties Union, Chicago, Illinois, March 14, 1940
+An example of the threat to civil liberties that concerned Roosevelt was which of the following?",The Social Security Act,Executive Order 9066 interning Japanese Americans,The G.I. Bill,The Baby Boom,B,False,0.46109920740127563,0.3591044247150421,0.033401913940906525,0.06240298971533775
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in a bank that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country? The president of the bank has told us that most of the State banks exist by its forbearance. Should its influence become concentrated, as it may under the operation of such an act as this, in the hands of a self-elected directory whose interests are identified with those of the foreign stockholders, will there not be cause to tremble for the purity of our elections in peace and for the independence of our country in war? Their power would be great whenever they might choose to exert it; but if this monopoly were regularly renewed every fifteen or twenty years on terms proposed by themselves, they might seldom in peace put forth their strength to influence elections or control the affairs of the nation. But if any private citizen or public functionary should interpose to curtail its powers or prevent a renewal of its privileges, it cannot be doubted that he would be made to feel its influence.""
+President Andrew Jackson, Veto of the Bank of the United States, 1832
+John Taylor of Caroline was a Virginia senator who served in office from 1792 to 1824. He distrusted large banking institutions and generally defended the institution of slavery. He was once quoted as saying that ""…if Congress could incorporate a bank, it might emancipate a slave."" Taylor is best categorized as",a Jeffersonian Democrat,a Jacksonian Democrat,a Republican,a Whig,A,True,0.42125871777534485,0.3717595040798187,0.03918316215276718,0.10651087760925293
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The 1980s have been born in turmoil, strife, and change. This is a time of challenge to our interests and our values and it's a time that tests our wisdom and skills.
+At this time in Iran, 50 Americans are still held captive, innocent victims of terrorism and anarchy. Also at this moment, massive Soviet troops are attempting to subjugate the fiercely independent and deeply religious people of Afghanistan. These two acts—one of international terrorism and one of military aggression—present a serious challenge to the United States of America and indeed to all the nations of the world. Together we will meet these threats to peace.…
+Three basic developments have helped to shape our challenges: the steady growth and increased projection of Soviet military power beyond its own borders; the overwhelming dependence of the Western democracies on oil supplies from the Middle East; and the press of social and religious and economic and political change in the many nations of the developing world, exemplified by the revolution in Iran.
+Each of these factors is important in its own right. Each interacts with the others. All must be faced together, squarely and courageously. We will face these challenges, and we will meet them with the best that is in us. And we will not fail.
+—Jimmy Carter, State of the Union Address, January 23, 1980
+Which of the following has some of its roots in the conditions discussed by Jimmy Carter in this passage?",The War on Terror,High unemployment,Tensions with China,High budget deficits,A,True,0.4630124270915985,0.21871158480644226,0.09117254614830017,0.17033275961875916
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The power . . . given to the commanding officer over all the people of each district is that of an absolute monarch. His mere will is to take the place of all law. . . . It reduces the whole population of the ten states—all persons, of every color, sex, and condition, and every stranger within their limits—to the most abject and degrading slavery.""
+The political sentiment of the veto message above is most similar to which of the following political positions taken in the twentieth century?","Justice Frank Murphy's dissent in the Supreme Court case, Korematsu v. United States in 1944.",U.S. Army lawyer Joseph Welsh's opposition to Senator Joseph McCarthy in the Army-McCarthy hearings in 1954.,Governor Orval Faubus's response to the steps taken by President Dwight Eisenhower to resolve the Little Rock crisis in 1957.,John Lewis's endorsement of the Voting Rights Act in 1965.,C,False,0.2161291390657425,0.24490639567375183,0.19073329865932465,0.31446602940559387
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Is there no danger to our liberty and independence in a bank that in its nature has so little to bind it to our country? The president of the bank has told us that most of the State banks exist by its forbearance. Should its influence become concentrated, as it may under the operation of such an act as this, in the hands of a self-elected directory whose interests are identified with those of the foreign stockholders, will there not be cause to tremble for the purity of our elections in peace and for the independence of our country in war? Their power would be great whenever they might choose to exert it; but if this monopoly were regularly renewed every fifteen or twenty years on terms proposed by themselves, they might seldom in peace put forth their strength to influence elections or control the affairs of the nation. But if any private citizen or public functionary should interpose to curtail its powers or prevent a renewal of its privileges, it cannot be doubted that he would be made to feel its influence.""
+President Andrew Jackson, Veto of the Bank of the United States, 1832
+Which of the following events most directly caused the formation of the Second Bank of the United States?",The failure of the Specie Circular,Unregulated currency and federal debts after the War of 1812,Efforts by Alexander Hamilton to stabilize the national economy,Federalist counter-reaction to the extreme budget-cutting under Jefferson,B,False,0.3691321313381195,0.3691321313381195,0.0933312177658081,0.11983965337276459
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The Opposition tells us that we ought not to govern a people without their consent. I answer, the rule of liberty that all just government derives its authority from the consent of the governed, applies only to those who are capable of self-government. We govern the Indians without their consent, we govern our territories without their consent, we govern our children without their consent. How do they know that our government would be without their consent? Would not the people of the Philippines prefer the just, human, civilizing government of this Republic to the savage, bloody rule of pillage and extortion from which we have rescued them? And, regardless of this formula of words made only for enlightened, self-governing people, do we owe no duty to the world? Shall we turn these peoples back to the reeking hands from which we have taken them? Shall we abandon them, with Germany, England, Japan, hungering for them? Shall we save them from those nations, to give them a self-rule of tragedy?…Then, like men and not like children, let us on to our tasks, our mission, and our destiny.""
+Albert J. Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" 1898
+The United States became politically engaged with the Philippines after what military conflict?",Mexican-American War,World War II,Spanish-American War,The Boxer Rebellion,C,True,0.026983827352523804,0.0941828116774559,0.7885830402374268,0.005313430447131395
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""In the new Code of Laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make I desire you would Remember the Ladies, and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the Husbands. Remember all Men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the Ladies we are determined to foment a Rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any Laws in which we have no voice, or Representation.""
+Abigail Adams, in a letter to John Adams, 1776
+""Special legislation for woman has placed us in a most anomalous position. Women invested with the rights of citizens in one section—voters, jurors, office-holders—crossing an imaginary line, are subjects in the next. In some States, a married woman may hold property and transact business in her own name; in others, her earnings belong to her husband. In some States, a woman may testify against her husband, sue and be sued in the courts; in others, she has no redress in case of damage to person, property, or character. In case of divorce on account of adultery in the husband, the innocent wife is held to possess no right to children or property, unless by special decree of the court. But in no State of the Union has the wife the right to her own person, or to any part of the joint earnings of the co-partnership during the life of her husband. In some States women may enter the law schools and practice in the courts; in others they are forbidden. In some universities girls enjoy equal educational advantages with boys, while many of the proudest institutions in the land deny them admittance, though the sons of China, Japan and Africa are welcomed there. But the privileges already granted in the several States are by no means secure.""
+Susan B. Anthony, ""Declaration of Rights for Women,"" July 4, 1876
+The sentiments expressed in the first excerpt by Abigail Adams best exemplify which of the following ideologies?",Second-wave feminism,Jeffersonian democracy,Republican motherhood,Libertarianism,C,True,0.2558671534061432,0.2258019745349884,0.28993546962738037,0.15519128739833832
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""When we were kids the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world; the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United Nations that we thought would distribute Western influence throughout the world. Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these American values we found good, principles by which we could live as men. Many of us began maturing in complacency.
+""As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the permeating and victimizing fact of human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. Second, the enclosing fact of the Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract 'others' we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time. . . .""
+—Port Huron Statement, 1962
+Through the remainder of the 1960s, the growth of the organization that published the Port Huron Statement can best be understood in the context of","rapid industrialization, urban growth and congestion, and corporate consolidation.","the baby boom, economic growth, and a rapid expansion of higher education.","economic polarization, supply-side economic policies, and the disappearance of the middle class.","the proliferation of personal computer technologies, the rise of Christian fundamentalism, and an increase in student apathy.",B,True,0.23364698886871338,0.43651002645492554,0.0973985567688942,0.1819644570350647
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""With 78 percent of the Union electorate casting ballots, Lincoln was reelected in an Electoral College landslide, 212 to McClellan's 21. The 55% popular vote for the president was the third largest in the nineteenth century, surpassed only by Jackson's first victory in 1828 and Grant's reelection in 1872. McClellan won only New Jersey, Delaware, and Kentucky. Republicans drew support from native-born farmers, skilled and professional workers, those of New England descent, younger voters, and military personnel. Democrats were strongest in the cities and among Irish- and German-Americans (the most populous immigrant groups). It has been estimated that Lincoln received 78% of the vote of Union soldiers and sailors. The figure was not necessary for his reelection, but was perhaps the margin of victory in a few close states and, more importantly, of great symbolic value. Republicans also gained seats in Congress to retain unassailable control, 149 to 42 in the House and 42 to 10 in the Senate; took back several state legislatures; and lost only the governorship of New Jersey (McClellan's home state).""
+Election of 1864, Harpweek.com
+Which of the following provides the best explanation for why Radical Republicans opposed Lincoln in 1861?",Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation was done without congressional oversight.,"The Radical Republicans wanted immediate emancipation of slaves, but Lincoln refused to cooperate.",Lincoln's Ten Percent Plan provided no assurance of black suffrage.,Lincoln's appointment of Andrew Johnson as vice president clashed with the Reconstruction goals of the Senate.,B,True,0.16790860891342163,0.517194926738739,0.0898749977350235,0.19026540219783783
+"This question refers to the following information.
+I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat: if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not? During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, ""Logan is the friend of the white man."" I had even thought to have lived with you but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked; murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one.
+—Address attributed to Logan, an Indian leader, 1774
+Which of the following in later years would be most likely to see themselves in Logan's position?",An opponent of big government in the 1930s,An opponent of consumerism in the 1950s,A supporter of liberalism in the 1960s,A supporter of feminism in the 1970s,A,True,0.34850162267684937,0.27141332626342773,0.12820659577846527,0.18653947114944458
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I come to present the strong claims of suffering humanity. I come to place before the Legislature of Massachusetts the condition of the miserable, the desolate, the outcast. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane and idiotic men and women; of beings, sunk to a condition from which the most unconcerned would start with real horror; of beings wretched in our Prisons, and more wretched in our Alms-Houses. . . .
+""If my pictures are displeasing, coarse, and severe, my subjects, it must be recollected, offer no tranquil, refined, or composing features. The condition of human beings, reduced to the extremest states of degradation and misery, cannot be exhibited in softened language, or adorn a polished page.
+""I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!""
+—Dorothea Dix, ""Memorial to the Massachusetts Legislature"" (1843)
+Dorothea Dix's research and testimony is best understood in the context of",women gaining the right to vote in many states.,an economic downturn that was responsible for the closure of many state institutions.,an evolving relationship between the federal government and issues of health and poverty.,the rise of voluntary organizations to promote religious and secular reforms.,D,False,0.06999079138040543,0.13076001405715942,0.6640541553497314,0.10183601081371307
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Now, we have organized a society, and we call it ""Share Our Wealth Society,"" a society with the motto ""Every Man a King.""…
+We propose to limit the wealth of big men in the country. There is an average of $15,000 in wealth to every family in America. That is right here today.
+We do not propose to divide it up equally. We do not propose a division of wealth, but we do propose to limit poverty that we will allow to be inflicted on any man's family. We will not say we are going to try to guarantee any equality … but we do say that one third of the average is low enough for any one family to hold, that there should be a guarantee of a family wealth of around $5,000; enough for a home, an automobile, a radio, and the ordinary conveniences, and the opportunity to educate their children.…
+We will have to limit fortunes. Our present plan is that we will allow no man to own more than $50,000,000. We think that with that limit we will be able to carry out the balance of the program.
+—Senator Huey P. Long of Louisiana, Radio Address, February 23, 1934
+Senator Long's ""Share the Wealth Society"" attracted many followers in 1934 because",the New Deal had not ended the Great Depression.,a flourishing economy and a baby boom had led people to desire greater incomes.,the Second World War encouraged an egalitarian ethos.,Socialistic ideas were becoming popular in the United States.,A,False,0.1258862167596817,0.18316338956356049,0.14264777302742004,0.4978896379470825
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
+""This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.""
+Progressive Party Platform, 1912
+Which of the following regulatory laws was passed as a result of Upton Sinclair's The Jungle?",The Clayton Antitrust act,The Hepburn Act,The Sherman Antitrust Act,The Pure Food and Drug Act,D,False,0.2207164466381073,0.28340551257133484,0.1718941479921341,0.1947815865278244
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The far-reaching, the boundless future will be the era of American greatness. In its magnificent domain of space and time, the nation of many nations is destined to manifest to mankind the excellence of divine principles; to establish on earth the noblest temple ever dedicated to the worship of the Most High—the Sacred and the True. Its floor shall be a hemisphere—its roof the firmament of the star-studded heavens, and its congregation a Union of many Republics, comprising hundreds of happy millions, calling, owning no man master, but governed by God's natural and moral law of equality, the law of brotherhood—of 'peace and good will amongst men.'""
+John L. O'Sullivan, ""The Great Nation of Futurity,"" 1839
+Which of the following best describes the effect of the American rail system in the nineteenth century?",Government subsidy of the railroads enabled markets to expand and for production to become more efficient.,The entire national system was planned before the first railway was constructed.,The development of the rails had little effect on the development of American industry.,A more highly developed rail system gave the Confederacy a decided advantage in the Civil War.,A,True,0.3482705354690552,0.21123676002025604,0.16451136767864227,0.23936261236667633
+"This question refers to the following information.
+On Being Brought from Africa to America
+'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,
+Taught my benighted soul to understand
+That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too;
+Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.
+Some view our sable race with scornful eye,
+""Their colour is a diabolic die.""
+Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,
+May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.
+—Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773
+The sentiments expressed in Wheatley's poem most directly reflect which of the following continuities in U.S. history?",Debates over religious freedom,Debates over social justice,Debates over immigration,Debates over freedom of expression,B,False,0.5981255769729614,0.19418294727802277,0.023191845044493675,0.08094749599695206
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The question, therefore, should be quickly settled, whether free colored persons, born and naturalized in this country, are not American citizens, and justly entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities of citizens of the several states; and whether the Constitution of the United States makes or authorizes any invidious distinction with regard to the color or condition of free inhabitants.
+""For myself, I have not the shadow of doubt on the subject. I believe that the rights of the free colored persons need only to be vindicated before the U.S. Supreme Court, to be obtained; that no prejudice or sophistry . . . can prevent their acknowledgement . . . and that the present laws, affecting your condition, are clearly unconstitutional. The fact that you have been treated, by common consent and common usage, as aliens and brutes, is not proof that such treatment is legal, but only shows the strength, the bitterness, and the blindness of prejudice.""
+—William Lloyd Garrison, ""To the Free People of Color of the United States,"" The Liberator, January 15, 1831
+The reform that William Lloyd Garrison is advocating in the passage was later enacted as a result of the",issuing of the Emancipation Proclamation (1863).,passage of the Reconstruction Act of 1867.,ratification of the Fourteenth Amendment (1868).,passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1875.,C,True,0.17297405004501343,0.2221030592918396,0.47019216418266296,0.10491405427455902
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Since the foundations of the American commonwealth were laid in colonial times over 300 years ago, vigorous complaint and more or less bitter persecution have been aimed at newcomers to our shores. Also the congressional reports of about 1840 are full of abuse of English, Scotch, Welsh immigrants as paupers, criminals, and so forth. Old citizens in Detroit of Irish and German descent have told me of the fierce tirades and propaganda directed against the great waves of Irish and Germans who came over from 1840 on for a few decades to escape civil, racial, and religious persecution in their native lands. The ""Know-Nothings,"" lineal ancestors of the Ku-Klux Klan, bitterly denounced the Irish and Germans as mongrels, scum, foreigners, and a menace to our institutions, much as other great branches of the Caucasian race of glorious history and antecedents are berated to-day….But to-day it is the Italians, Spanish, Poles, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Balkanians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers…..In this bill we find racial discrimination at its worst—a deliberate attempt to go back 84 years in our census taken every 10 years so that a blow may be aimed at peoples of eastern and southern Europe, particularly at our recent allies in the Great War—Poland and Italy.""
+Robert H. Clancy, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session, 1924
+The excerpt above is most likely a response to",World War I patriotism,immigration quotas,labor strikes,the Red Scare,B,False,0.08814895898103714,0.21145838499069214,0.07779118418693542,0.5748034119606018
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We conclude that, in the field of public education, the doctrine of ""separate but equal"" has no place. Separate educational facilities are inherently unequal. Therefore, we hold that the plaintiffs and others similarly situated for whom the actions have been brought are, by reason of the segregation complained of, deprived of the equal protection of the laws guaranteed by the Fourteenth Amendment.""
+Brown v. Board of Education, 1954
+All of the following are social movements inspired by the Civil Rights movement EXCEPT",women's rights,gay and lesbian rights,states' rights,Native American rights,C,False,0.2348916083574295,0.2661670744419098,0.1614384800195694,0.2661670744419098
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus.""
+Juan de Sepulveda, Politics, 1522
+""When Latin American nations gained independence in the 19th century, those two strains converged, and merged with an older, more universalist, natural law tradition. The result was a distinctively Latin American form of rights discourse. Paolo Carozza traces the roots of that discourse to a distinctive application, and extension, of Thomistic moral philosophy to the injustices of Spanish conquests in the New World. The key figure in that development seems to have been Bartolomé de Las Casas, a 16th-century Spanish bishop who condemned slavery and championed the cause of Indians on the basis of a natural right to liberty grounded in their membership in a single common humanity. 'All the peoples of the world are humans,' Las Casas wrote, and 'all the races of humankind are one.' According to Brian Tierney, Las Casas and other Spanish Dominican philosophers laid the groundwork for a doctrine of natural rights that was independent of religious revelation 'by drawing on a juridical tradition that derived natural rights and natural law from human rationality and free will, and by appealing to Aristotelian philosophy.'""
+Mary Ann Glendon, ""The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights Idea,” 2003
+Maize cultivation among the native peoples of Mexico is most analogous to which of the following?",Buffalo hunting among the Lakota Sioux,Wolf domestication by the Algonquians,Mixed agriculture among the Iroquois,Seal hunting among the Inuit,C,False,0.1923423409461975,0.27985644340515137,0.2179524153470993,0.16974151134490967
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to flounder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it—we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon, and the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.… We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
+—John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962
+John F. Kennedy in this passage is urging his fellow Americans to emulate which of the following?",The pioneers,Progressive reformers,Captains of industry,The Green Berets,A,True,0.6086124777793884,0.2537074089050293,0.04995795339345932,0.03890729323029518
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I come to present the strong claims of suffering humanity. I come to place before the Legislature of Massachusetts the condition of the miserable, the desolate, the outcast. I come as the advocate of helpless, forgotten, insane and idiotic men and women; of beings, sunk to a condition from which the most unconcerned would start with real horror; of beings wretched in our Prisons, and more wretched in our Alms-Houses. . . .
+""If my pictures are displeasing, coarse, and severe, my subjects, it must be recollected, offer no tranquil, refined, or composing features. The condition of human beings, reduced to the extremest states of degradation and misery, cannot be exhibited in softened language, or adorn a polished page.
+""I proceed, Gentlemen, briefly to call your attention to the present state of Insane Persons confined within this Commonwealth, in cages, closets, cellars, stalls, pens! Chained, naked, beaten with rods, and lashed into obedience!""
+—Dorothea Dix, ""Memorial to the Massachusetts Legislature"" (1843)
+Dorothea Dix's testimony to the Massachusetts legislature reflects the influence of which of the following?",Social Darwinism.,The Second Great Awakening.,Second-wave feminism.,The Christian Science movement.,B,True,0.3644963204860687,0.41302844882011414,0.07177358120679855,0.08133012056350708
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""When we were kids the United States was the wealthiest and strongest country in the world; the only one with the atom bomb, the least scarred by modern war, an initiator of the United Nations that we thought would distribute Western influence throughout the world. Freedom and equality for each individual, government of, by, and for the people—these American values we found good, principles by which we could live as men. Many of us began maturing in complacency.
+""As we grew, however, our comfort was penetrated by events too troubling to dismiss. First, the permeating and victimizing fact of human degradation, symbolized by the Southern struggle against racial bigotry, compelled most of us from silence to activism. Second, the enclosing fact of the Cold War, symbolized by the presence of the Bomb, brought awareness that we ourselves, and our friends, and millions of abstract 'others' we knew more directly because of our common peril, might die at any time. . . .""
+—Port Huron Statement, 1962
+The Port Huron Statement, excerpted above, can most clearly be seen as an important document in which of the following movements?",The labor union movement.,The civil rights movement.,The New Right.,The New Left.,D,False,0.050486546009778976,0.8948953747749329,0.014464636333286762,0.018572960048913956
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Those whose condition is such that their function is the use of their bodies and nothing better can be expected of them, those, I say, are slaves of nature. It is better for them to be ruled thus.""
+Juan de Sepulveda, Politics, 1522
+""When Latin American nations gained independence in the 19th century, those two strains converged, and merged with an older, more universalist, natural law tradition. The result was a distinctively Latin American form of rights discourse. Paolo Carozza traces the roots of that discourse to a distinctive application, and extension, of Thomistic moral philosophy to the injustices of Spanish conquests in the New World. The key figure in that development seems to have been Bartolomé de Las Casas, a 16th-century Spanish bishop who condemned slavery and championed the cause of Indians on the basis of a natural right to liberty grounded in their membership in a single common humanity. 'All the peoples of the world are humans,' Las Casas wrote, and 'all the races of humankind are one.' According to Brian Tierney, Las Casas and other Spanish Dominican philosophers laid the groundwork for a doctrine of natural rights that was independent of religious revelation 'by drawing on a juridical tradition that derived natural rights and natural law from human rationality and free will, and by appealing to Aristotelian philosophy.'""
+Mary Ann Glendon, ""The Forgotten Crucible: The Latin American Influence on the Universal Human Rights Idea,” 2003
+Which of the following presidents was most involved in Latin American politics in the twentieth century?",James K. Polk,James Monroe,Theodore Roosevelt,Chester Arthur,C,False,0.14141561090946198,0.2641991376876831,0.23315492272377014,0.23315492272377014
+"This question refers to the following information.
+On Being Brought from Africa to America
+'Twas mercy brought me from my Pagan land,
+Taught my benighted soul to understand
+That there's a God, that there's a Saviour too;
+Once I redemption neither sought nor knew.
+Some view our sable race with scornful eye,
+""Their colour is a diabolic die.""
+Remember, Christians, Negroes, black as Cain,
+May be refin'd, and join th' angelic train.
+—Phillis Wheatley, Poems on Various Subjects, Religious and Moral, 1773
+The ideas expressed in Phillis Wheatley's poem most directly reveal the influence of which of the following?",The First Great Awakening,The natural rights theory of John Locke,British ideas about social hierarchy,Eighteenth century scientific racism,A,False,0.19180968403816223,0.16927143931388855,0.07995817065238953,0.5213927626609802
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The question, therefore, should be quickly settled, whether free colored persons, born and naturalized in this country, are not American citizens, and justly entitled to all the rights, privileges and immunities of citizens of the several states; and whether the Constitution of the United States makes or authorizes any invidious distinction with regard to the color or condition of free inhabitants.
+""For myself, I have not the shadow of doubt on the subject. I believe that the rights of the free colored persons need only to be vindicated before the U.S. Supreme Court, to be obtained; that no prejudice or sophistry . . . can prevent their acknowledgement . . . and that the present laws, affecting your condition, are clearly unconstitutional. The fact that you have been treated, by common consent and common usage, as aliens and brutes, is not proof that such treatment is legal, but only shows the strength, the bitterness, and the blindness of prejudice.""
+—William Lloyd Garrison, ""To the Free People of Color of the United States,"" The Liberator, January 15, 1831
+The argument put forth by William Lloyd Garrison in the passage was later contradicted in which of the following Supreme Court decisions?",Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857),Ex parte Milligan (1866),Plessy v. Ferguson (1896),Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954),A,False,0.14836174249649048,0.16811589896678925,0.14836174249649048,0.45698636770248413
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Your sentiments, that our affairs are drawing rapidly to a crisis, accord with my own. What the event will be is also beyond the reach of my foresight. We have errors to correct. We have probably had too good an opinion of human nature in forming our confederation. Experience has taught us that men will not adopt and carry into execution measures the best calculated for their own good without the intervention of a coercive power. I do not conceive that we can exist long as a nation without having lodged somewhere a power which will pervade the whole Union in as energetic a manner as the authority of the state governments extends over the several states. . . .
+""What astonishing changes a few years are capable of producing. I am told that even respectable characters speak of a monarchical form of government without horror. . . . What a triumph for our enemies to verify their predictions! What a triumph for the advocates of despotism to find that we are incapable of governing ourselves, and that systems founded on the basis of equal liberty are merely ideal and fallacious. . . .""
+—George Washington, letter to John Jay, August 1, 1786
+The sentiments in the letter by George Washington, above, reflect which of the following continuities in American history?",Debates about the proper balance between liberty and order.,Debates about reconciling republicanism with the institution of slavery.,Debates about the relationship among the three branches of government.,Debates about the use of the military in subduing domestic disturbances.,A,True,0.622460126876831,0.1573825627565384,0.03979254141449928,0.05109463632106781
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The man who mounted the steps of the Capitol, March 4, 1801, to claim the place of an equal between Pitt and Bonaparte, possessed a character which showed itself in acts; but person and manner can be known only by contemporaries, and the liveliest description was worth less than a moment of personal contact. Jefferson was very tall, six feet two-and-a-half inches in height; sandy-complexioned; shy in manner, seeming cold; awkward in attitude, and with little in his bearing that suggested command.… His skin was thin, peeling from his face on exposure to the sun, giving it a tettered appearance. This sandy face, with hazel eyes and sunny aspect; this loose, shackling person; this rambling and often brilliant conversation, belonged to the controlling influences of American history, more necessary to the story than three-fourths of the official papers, which only hid the truth. Jefferson's personality during these eight years appeared to be the government, and impressed itself, like that of Bonaparte, although by a different process, on the mind of the nation. In the village simplicity of Washington, he was more than a king, for he was alone in social as well as in political pre-eminence. Except the British Legation, no house in Washington was open to general society; the whole mass of politicians, even the Federalists, were dependent on Jefferson and ""The Palace"" for amusement; and if they refused to go there, they ""lived like bears, brutalized and stupefied.""
+—Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1889
+As the great-grandson of President John Adams, the historian Henry Adams might have been expected to be which of the following?",Critical of the policies of Thomas Jefferson,Supportive of the policies of Thomas Jefferson,Critical of the Constitutional Convention,More interested in the French and Indian War,A,True,0.43970969319343567,0.3880424201488495,0.05251583456993103,0.05251583456993103
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If it be conceded, as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition. In fact, to divide power, and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each, is, in reality, not to divide it at all; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department to be exercised), is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights, It is impossible to understand the force of terms, and to deny so plain a conclusion.""
+—John C. Calhoun, ""South Carolina Exposition and Protest,"" 1828
+The language of ""protest"" that Calhoun used in his ""Exposition and Protest"" was similar to the language of which of the following political positions?","The response of supporters of Andrew Jackson to the ""corrupt bargain"" of 1824.",The response of New England Federalists to the War of 1812.,"The response of the Jefferson administration to the actions of the ""Barbary pirates.""",The response of Daniel Shays to fiscal policies of the Massachusetts legislature in the 1780s.,B,False,0.2874391973018646,0.2874391973018646,0.10574298352003098,0.2874391973018646
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform. They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires.
+""Assembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chief who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of 'the plain people,' with which class it originated. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.""
+Populist Party Platform, 1892
+Which of the following was most directly a cause of the success of the Populist party?",Western farmers and ranchers favored conservation and organized to promote the National Parks system.,The growth of corporate power and banking interests inspired rural activists to lobby for political reform.,Western farmers resisted the mechanization of agriculture and resented government interference in rural affairs.,"After the Civil War, westward migration slowed, causing a long-term recession in many Western territories.",B,True,0.05744417756795883,0.8985781669616699,0.007774224039167166,0.01281752809882164
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Those who came before us made certain that this country rode the first waves of the industrial revolutions, the first waves of modern invention, and the first wave of nuclear power, and this generation does not intend to flounder in the backwash of the coming age of space. We mean to be a part of it—we mean to lead it. For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon, and the planets beyond, and we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.… We choose to go to the moon. We choose to go to the moon in this decade and do the other things, not because they are easy, but because they are hard, because that goal will serve to organize and measure the best of our energies and skills, because that challenge is one that we are willing to accept, one we are unwilling to postpone, and one which we intend to win, and the others, too.
+—John F. Kennedy, September 12, 1962
+Kennedy's statement best reflects which of the following?",American unease in a time of troubles,American confidence in a time of prosperity,A liberal concern for social justice,A conservative fear of big government,B,False,0.2723941206932068,0.2723941206932068,0.128669872879982,0.2723941206932068
+"This question refers to the following information.
+They ask us how we shall govern these new possessions. I answer: Out of local conditions and the necessities of the case methods of government will grow. If England can govern foreign lands, so can America. If Germany can govern foreign lands, so can America. If they can supervise protectorates, so can America. Why is it more difficult to administer Hawaii than New Mexico or California? Both had a savage and an alien population; both were more remote from the seat of government when they came under our dominion than the Philippines are to-day.
+Will you say by your vote that American ability to govern has decayed; that a century's experience in self-rule has failed of a result? Will you affirm by your vote that you are an infidel to American power and practical sense? Or will you say that ours is the blood of government; ours the heart of dominion; ours the brain and genius of administration? Will you remember that we do but what our fathers did—we but pitch the tents of liberty farther westward, farther southward—we only continue the march of the flag?
+—Albert Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" Indianapolis, September 16, 1898
+The policy advocated by Beveridge foreshadowed which of the following?",The rise of the United States to the status of a great power,A period of growing isolationism,A period of laissez-faire economics,Growing support for constitutional strict constructionism,A,True,0.5528165698051453,0.15838459134101868,0.051419947296381,0.2033698707818985
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If it be conceded, as it must be by every one who is the least conversant with our institutions, that the sovereign powers delegated are divided between the General and State Governments, and that the latter hold their portion by the same tenure as the former, it would seem impossible to deny to the States the right of deciding on the infractions of their powers, and the proper remedy to be applied for their correction. The right of judging, in such cases, is an essential attribute of sovereignty, of which the States cannot be divested without losing their sovereignty itself, and being reduced to a subordinate corporate condition. In fact, to divide power, and to give to one of the parties the exclusive right of judging of the portion allotted to each, is, in reality, not to divide it at all; and to reserve such exclusive right to the General Government (it matters not by what department to be exercised), is to convert it, in fact, into a great consolidated government, with unlimited powers, and to divest the States, in reality, of all their rights, It is impossible to understand the force of terms, and to deny so plain a conclusion.""
+—John C. Calhoun, ""South Carolina Exposition and Protest,"" 1828
+The issue that precipitated the passage excerpted above was",the removal of American Indians from the South.,the rechartering of the Second Bank of the United States.,the passage of an act creating higher tariff rates.,"the funding of ""internal improvements.""",C,False,0.08006401360034943,0.13200323283672333,0.21763654053211212,0.5220829248428345
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform. They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires.
+""Assembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chief who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of 'the plain people,' with which class it originated. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.""
+Populist Party Platform, 1892
+The ""free silver"" campaign of 1896 received its greatest popular support from","New England businessmen, who were discriminated against under the existing banking system","Southern women, who incorporated it into a larger campaign for economic equality","bankers, who had run out of paper currency to invest","farmers, who hoped that a more generous money supply would ease their debt burdens",D,True,0.16272127628326416,0.16272127628326416,0.16272127628326416,0.4423222541809082
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
+""This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.""
+Progressive Party Platform, 1912
+""Muckraking"" author Jacob A. Riis's How the Other Half Lives best exemplifies which of the following quotes from the excerpt above?",the duty laid upon us by our fathers,masters of their Constitution,an instrument of injustice,without which no republic can endure,C,False,0.33419013023376465,0.2026965618133545,0.13931116461753845,0.22968529164791107
+"This question refers to the following information.
+They ask us how we shall govern these new possessions. I answer: Out of local conditions and the necessities of the case methods of government will grow. If England can govern foreign lands, so can America. If Germany can govern foreign lands, so can America. If they can supervise protectorates, so can America. Why is it more difficult to administer Hawaii than New Mexico or California? Both had a savage and an alien population; both were more remote from the seat of government when they came under our dominion than the Philippines are to-day.
+Will you say by your vote that American ability to govern has decayed; that a century's experience in self-rule has failed of a result? Will you affirm by your vote that you are an infidel to American power and practical sense? Or will you say that ours is the blood of government; ours the heart of dominion; ours the brain and genius of administration? Will you remember that we do but what our fathers did—we but pitch the tents of liberty farther westward, farther southward—we only continue the march of the flag?
+—Albert Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" Indianapolis, September 16, 1898
+Beveridge's speech was a response to which of the following?",The purchase of Alaska,The Mexican War,The Spanish–American War,World War I,C,True,0.10153698921203613,0.3127559423446655,0.45505720376968384,0.07907707989215851
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization….The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor.""
+Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1964
+Along with his goals of establishing a Great Society, Johnson was also engaged in which of the following initiatives?",Undermining Communism in Cuba with the Bay of Pigs Invasion,Undermining Communism in Vietnam after the Tet Offensive,Undermining Communism in Turkey and Greece using economic aid,Undermining Communism in the Eastern Block by demanding a removal of the Berlin Wall,B,False,0.25455543398857117,0.25455543398857117,0.07293135672807693,0.3268556594848633
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The 1980s have been born in turmoil, strife, and change. This is a time of challenge to our interests and our values and it's a time that tests our wisdom and skills.
+At this time in Iran, 50 Americans are still held captive, innocent victims of terrorism and anarchy. Also at this moment, massive Soviet troops are attempting to subjugate the fiercely independent and deeply religious people of Afghanistan. These two acts—one of international terrorism and one of military aggression—present a serious challenge to the United States of America and indeed to all the nations of the world. Together we will meet these threats to peace.…
+Three basic developments have helped to shape our challenges: the steady growth and increased projection of Soviet military power beyond its own borders; the overwhelming dependence of the Western democracies on oil supplies from the Middle East; and the press of social and religious and economic and political change in the many nations of the developing world, exemplified by the revolution in Iran.
+Each of these factors is important in its own right. Each interacts with the others. All must be faced together, squarely and courageously. We will face these challenges, and we will meet them with the best that is in us. And we will not fail.
+—Jimmy Carter, State of the Union Address, January 23, 1980
+The problems that Carter faced in 1980 can best be compared to those of which of the following?",Abraham Lincoln in the 1860s,Theodore Roosevelt in the 1900s,Warren Harding in the 1920s,Franklin D. Roosevelt in the 1930s,D,True,0.2443944811820984,0.2443944811820984,0.13081493973731995,0.31380870938301086
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Some men look at constitutions with sanctimonious reverence, and deem them like the ark of the covenant, too sacred to be touched. They ascribe to the men of the preceding age a wisdom more than human, and suppose what they did to be beyond amendment….But I know also, that laws and institutions must go hand in hand with the progress of the human mind. As that becomes more developed, more enlightened, as new discoveries are made, new truths disclosed, and manners and opinions change with the change of circumstances, institutions must advance also, and keep pace with the times.""
+Thomas Jefferson, 1816
+Which of following Amendments to the Constitution is most directly an example of the sentiments expressed above?","The First Amendment, which guaranteed the right to free speech","The Tenth Amendment, which allows powers not granted to the federal government be granted to the states","The Nineteenth Amendment, which guaranteed all women the right to vote","The Twenty-first Amendment, which repealed the prohibition of alcohol",D,False,0.32708415389060974,0.12032754719257355,0.2886507511138916,0.1983865648508072
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""One-half of the people of this nation to-day are utterly powerless to blot from the statute books an unjust law, or to write there a new and a just one. The women, dissatisfied as they are with this form of government, that enforces taxation without representation,—that compels them to obey laws to which they have never given their consent,—that imprisons and hangs them without a trial by a jury of their peers, that robs them, in marriage, of the custody of their own persons, wages and children,—are this half of the people left wholly at the mercy of the other half, in direct violation of the spirit and letter of the declarations of the framers of this government, every one of which was based on the immutable principle of equal rights to all.""
+—Susan B. Anthony, ""I Stand Before You Under Indictment"" (speech), 1873
+Which of the following was another common criticism of Andrew Carnegie?","As an immigrant, Carnegie had no right to own controlling interests in major American industries.",Carnegie did nothing to prevent the use of violence against his workers when they asked for better wages and working conditions.,"Carnegie was seen as the epitome of American success, but he was not even the richest man in America.","Too much of Carnegie's philanthropic efforts were concentrated on his homeland of Scotland, denying Americans the benefits of his charity.",B,False,0.09512189030647278,0.29299604892730713,0.20137305557727814,0.3762143850326538
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read…the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground…""
+Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652
+The ""First Great Awakening"" can be seen as a direct response to which of the following?",Puritanism,The Enlightenment,Transcendentalism,Existentialism,B,False,0.6117183566093445,0.22503864765167236,0.05689867213368416,0.05021290108561516
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy.
+""We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do.""
+South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860
+Which of the following best explains why South Carolina chose to secede from the Union in 1860?","The failures of the Compromise of 1850 hindered South Carolina's trade relationships with Western states, leading to severe economic recession.","The Battle of Fort Sumter occurred in Charleston, prompting public outrage over Union aggression.","President Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation, thus undermining slavery in the South.",Lincoln's election on a Free-Soil platform led Southern politicians to conclude that secession was necessary.,D,True,0.09095752984285355,0.24724823236465454,0.1699310690164566,0.46192046999931335
+"This question refers to the following information.
+They ask us how we shall govern these new possessions. I answer: Out of local conditions and the necessities of the case methods of government will grow. If England can govern foreign lands, so can America. If Germany can govern foreign lands, so can America. If they can supervise protectorates, so can America. Why is it more difficult to administer Hawaii than New Mexico or California? Both had a savage and an alien population; both were more remote from the seat of government when they came under our dominion than the Philippines are to-day.
+Will you say by your vote that American ability to govern has decayed; that a century's experience in self-rule has failed of a result? Will you affirm by your vote that you are an infidel to American power and practical sense? Or will you say that ours is the blood of government; ours the heart of dominion; ours the brain and genius of administration? Will you remember that we do but what our fathers did—we but pitch the tents of liberty farther westward, farther southward—we only continue the march of the flag?
+—Albert Beveridge, ""The March of the Flag,"" Indianapolis, September 16, 1898
+In ""The March of the Flag,"" Albert Beveridge supported which of the following?",Populism,War with Great Britain,Constitutional reform in the United States,The creation of an American overseas empire,D,True,0.014412306249141693,0.03457332402467728,0.023761875927448273,0.891657829284668
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The law of love, peace and liberty in the states extending to Jews, Turks and Egyptians, as they are considered sonnes of Adam, which is the glory of the outward state of Holland, soe love, peace and liberty, extending to all in Christ Jesus, condemns hatred, war and bondage. And because our Saviour sayeth it is impossible but that offences will come, but woe unto him by whom they cometh, our desire is not to offend one of his little ones, in whatsoever form, name or title hee appears in, whether Presbyterian, Independent, Baptist or Quaker, but shall be glad to see anything of God in any of them, desiring to doe unto all men as we desire all men should doe unto us, which is the true law both of Church and State; for our Saviour sayeth this is the law and the prophets.
+""Therefore if any of these said persons come in love unto us, we cannot in conscience lay violent hands upon them, but give them free egresse and regresse unto our Town, and houses, as God shall persuade our consciences, for we are bounde by the law of God and man to doe good unto all men and evil to noe man. And this is according to the patent and charter of our Towne, given unto us in the name of the States General, which we are not willing to infringe, and violate, but shall houlde to our patent and shall remaine, your humble subjects, the inhabitants of Vlishing (Flushing, part of the colony of New Netherlands).""
+—The Flushing Remonstrance, 1657
+Which of the following most accurately describes the context in which the above document was written?","The Dutch West India Company had sought to establish a model community in the New World, based on Enlightenment principles; the document grew out of this mandate.",The policies of the Dutch West Indian company had discouraged non-Dutch immigrants from settling in New Netherlands; the document was an attempt to diversify the colony.,Religious toleration had become the norm in the neighboring New England colonies in the seventeenth century; the document was an attempt to bring New Amsterdam to the same levels of toleration.,"The director-general of the colony of New Netherlands, Peter Stuyvesant, was attempting to enforce conformity in New Netherlands despite the multi-ethnic makeup of the colony; the document was an attempt to accommodate the diverse population.",D,True,0.06532956659793854,0.12205170094966888,0.22802259027957916,0.5469977855682373
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it. . . . There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization. . . .
+""This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. . . .""
+—President Andrew Jackson, 1829
+Based on this quotation, what can you infer about the efforts of Martin Luther King and others in the civil rights movement of the 1950s?",The civil rights movement was not finding success through nonviolent methods.,Advocates for civil rights were coordinating their efforts to raise awareness of racial segregation across the country.,King was focused on ending segregation in Birmingham only.,King was willing to compromise his principles and would be a violent agitator if necessary.,B,True,0.1377059370279312,0.792443037033081,0.012808648869395256,0.011303592473268509
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action!
+—William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843
+As Prescott makes clear in the passage above, an important reason for Cortes's military success was which of the following?",The advantage of superior numbers,The superior military skill of mercenaries,Taking advantage of divisions among the Indians,Effective use of European artillery,C,False,0.11611924320459366,0.24582445621490479,0.216939315199852,0.35767245292663574
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I observe the great and wonderful mistake, both our own and our fathers, as to the civil powers of this world, acting in spiritual matters. I have read…the last will and testament of the Lord Jesus over many times, and yet I cannot find by one tittle of that testament that if He had been pleased to have accepted of a temporal crown and government that ever He would have put forth the least finger of temporal or civil power in the matters of His spiritual affairs and Kingdom. Hence must it lamentably be against the testimony of Christ Jesus for the civil state to impose upon the souls of the people a religion, a worship, a ministry, oaths (in religious and civil affairs), tithes, times, days, marryings, and buryings in holy ground…""
+Roger Williams, The Hireling Ministry None of Christ's, 1652
+Consistent with the excerpt above, Roger Williams was banished from Massachusetts Bay in 1636 for advocating",the separation of church and state,women's suffrage,bigamy,the export of tobacco,A,True,0.842103898525238,0.047508254647254944,0.025429334491491318,0.03265191242098808
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Yesterday, December 7, 1941—a date which will live in infamy—the United States of America was suddenly and deliberately attacked by naval and air forces of the Empire of Japan. The United States was at peace with that nation and, at the solicitation of Japan, was still in conversation with its Government and its Emperor looking toward the maintenance of peace in the Pacific. Indeed, one hour after Japanese air squadrons had commenced bombing…the Japanese Ambassador to the United States and his colleague delivered to the Secretary of State a formal reply to a recent American message. While this reply stated that it seemed useless to continue the existing diplomatic negotiations, it contained no threat or hint of war or armed attack….The attack yesterday…has caused severe damage to American naval and military forces. Very many American lives have been lost. In addition American ships have been reported torpedoed on the high seas….As Commander-in-Chief of the Army and Navy, I have directed that all measures be taken for our defense.""
+President Franklin D. Roosevelt, radio address, December 8, 1941
+Which of the following was the most immediate consequence of the events described in the excerpt above?",Trade embargoes with Japan extending up through the 1980s,The Battle of Normandy,The internment of Japanese-Americans,The bombing of Nagasaki,C,True,0.10530129075050354,0.13520953059196472,0.4719276428222656,0.22292283177375793
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The conscience of the people, in a time of grave national problems, has called into being a new party, born of the nation's sense of justice. We of the Progressive party here dedicate ourselves to the fulfillment of the duty laid upon us by our fathers to maintain the government of the people, by the people and for the people whose foundations they laid. We hold with Thomas Jefferson and Abraham Lincoln that the people are the masters of their Constitution, to fulfill its purposes and to safeguard it from those who, by perversion of its intent, would convert it into an instrument of injustice. In accordance with the needs of each generation the people must use their sovereign powers to establish and maintain equal opportunity and industrial justice, to secure which this Government was founded and without which no republic can endure.
+""This country belongs to the people who inhabit it. Its resources, its business, its institutions and its laws should be utilized, maintained or altered in whatever manner will best promote the general interest. It is time to set the public welfare in the first place.""
+Progressive Party Platform, 1912
+Progressive Theodore Roosevelt's ""Big Stick"" policy in Latin America was best characterized by his",repudiation of the Monroe Doctrine,belief that European nations had the right to protect their economic interests in any remaining colonies throughout the region,recognition of the sovereignty of newly independent nations in the Western hemisphere,belief that the United States had an obligation to protect security and stability by assuming a protective role throughout the Western hemisphere,D,True,0.016596078872680664,0.031005557626485825,0.10822002589702606,0.799643874168396
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The power . . . given to the commanding officer over all the people of each district is that of an absolute monarch. His mere will is to take the place of all law. . . . It reduces the whole population of the ten states—all persons, of every color, sex, and condition, and every stranger within their limits—to the most abject and degrading slavery.""
+The excerpt from the presidential veto message above is from",President Thomas Jefferson's veto of the Alien and Sedition Acts.,President James Monroe's veto of an act for the preservation and repair of the Cumberland Road.,President Andrew Jackson's veto of the bill rechartering the Second Bank of the United States.,President Andrew Johnson's veto of one of the Reconstruction Acts of 1867.,D,False,0.4090255796909332,0.15047211945056915,0.10341785848140717,0.21893562376499176
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The only force which is strong enough to break down social convention is economic necessity. . . . The economic necessity which has forced women out of the home and into the world of business has completely annihilated the old idea that a woman should eat only in the privacy of her household or in the homes of her friends, has created the absolutely new social phenomenon of women eating in public, unescorted by men, by the tens of thousands, and has given rise to a wholly new phase of the restaurant business.""
+—The New York Times, October 15, 1905
+The scenario described in the passage above is most directly reflected in the ideas of which of the following?",Civil Rights Act of 1964.,Equal Rights Amendment.,Pure Food and Drug Act.,Interstate Commerce Act.,B,False,0.18819297850131989,0.2738191485404968,0.14656482636928558,0.35159075260162354
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization….The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor.""
+Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1964
+Johnson's Great Society most represented an extension of which of the following initiatives?",The New Deal,The Square Deal,The Truman Doctrine,The Monroe Doctrine,A,True,0.6365808844566345,0.20666755735874176,0.040695253759622574,0.0861518606543541
+"This question refers to the following information.
+The man who mounted the steps of the Capitol, March 4, 1801, to claim the place of an equal between Pitt and Bonaparte, possessed a character which showed itself in acts; but person and manner can be known only by contemporaries, and the liveliest description was worth less than a moment of personal contact. Jefferson was very tall, six feet two-and-a-half inches in height; sandy-complexioned; shy in manner, seeming cold; awkward in attitude, and with little in his bearing that suggested command.… His skin was thin, peeling from his face on exposure to the sun, giving it a tettered appearance. This sandy face, with hazel eyes and sunny aspect; this loose, shackling person; this rambling and often brilliant conversation, belonged to the controlling influences of American history, more necessary to the story than three-fourths of the official papers, which only hid the truth. Jefferson's personality during these eight years appeared to be the government, and impressed itself, like that of Bonaparte, although by a different process, on the mind of the nation. In the village simplicity of Washington, he was more than a king, for he was alone in social as well as in political pre-eminence. Except the British Legation, no house in Washington was open to general society; the whole mass of politicians, even the Federalists, were dependent on Jefferson and ""The Palace"" for amusement; and if they refused to go there, they ""lived like bears, brutalized and stupefied.""
+—Henry Adams, History of the United States During the Administration of Thomas Jefferson, 1889
+Although Jefferson believed that government should be small and limited, once in office he",created a spoils system that bloated the size of the bureaucracy,laid the foundations of the welfare state,called for an ambitious program of road building and public works,vigorously exercised federal power in foreign affairs,D,True,0.2011616975069046,0.17752456665039062,0.1566648930311203,0.4258593022823334
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Our leaders talk about stopping aggression from the north, but this was a struggle among groups of Vietnamese until we intervened. We seem bent upon saving the Vietnamese from Ho Chi Minh even if we have to kill them and demolish their country to do it. As the native people survey bombed-out villages, women and children burned by napalm, rice crops destroyed and cities overrun with our military personnel, they are doubtless saying secretly of the Vietcong guerillas and of the American forces, ""A plague on both your houses."" … Stop the bombing, north and south, end search and destroy offensive sweeps, and confine our military action to holding operations on the ground. Bombing the north has failed to halt or seriously check the flow of troops to the south and may, in fact, have prompted a much greater war effort by Hanoi.
+—Senator George McGovern, ""The Lessons of Vietnam,"" April 25, 1967
+Political discord during the Vietnam War most closely resembled the political dissensions during which of the following?",The Spanish-American War,The Mexican War,World War I,World War II,B,True,0.2727738618850708,0.30909326672554016,0.14600533246994019,0.2124364972114563
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action!
+—William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843
+Prescott's interpretation of the conquest of Mexico resembles which contemporary nineteenth-century American political movement?",Support for Manifest Destiny,Support for Southern secessionism,Support for abolitionism,Support for Know-Nothingism,A,True,0.5830850601196289,0.16705666482448578,0.05423535779118538,0.11481624841690063
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Of all the band of adventurous cavaliers, whom Spain, in the sixteenth century, sent forth on the career of discovery and conquest, there was none more deeply filled with the spirit of romantic enterprise than Hernando Cortes. Dangers and difficulties, instead of deterring, seemed to have a charm in his eyes.… He conceived, at the first moment of his landing in Mexico, the design of its conquest. When he saw the strength of its civilization, he was not turned from his purpose.… This spirit of knight-errantry might lead us to undervalue his talents as a general, and to regard him merely in the light of a lucky adventurer. But this would be doing him injustice; for Cortes was certainly a great general, if that man be one, who performs great achievements with the resources which his own genius has created. There is probably no instance in history, where so vast an enterprise has been achieved by means apparently so inadequate.… He brought together the most miscellaneous collection of mercenaries who ever fought under one standard: adventurers from Cuba and the Isles, craving for gold; hidalgos, who came from the old country to win laurels; … wild tribes of the natives from all parts of the country, who had been sworn enemies from their cradles, and who had met only to cut one another's throats, and to procure victims for sacrifice; men, in short, differing in race, in language, and in interests, with scarcely anything in common among them. Yet this motley congregation was assembled in one camp, compelled to bend to the will of one man, to consort together in harmony, to breathe, as it were, one spirit, and to move on a common principle of action!
+—William Hickling Prescott, History of the Conquest of Mexico, 1843
+Given the perspective of the passage above, William Hickling Prescott believed which of the following about the conquest of the Aztec Empire?",The actions of Hernando Cortes were irrational.,The conquest of Mexico was a racist atrocity.,Cortes was chiefly motivated by a desire for wealth.,The Aztec Empire had to give way to the superior civilization of Spain.,D,False,0.039525844156742096,0.1217481791973114,0.42494288086891174,0.37501078844070435
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy.
+""We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do.""
+South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860
+In the excerpt above, the reference to ""the sanctions of a more erroneous religious belief"" most probably refers to",Southern Baptist justification of slavery on the grounds of white racial superiority,the Puritan abolition of slavery in New England states,Jewish acceptance of slavery in the Torah,Christian abolitionist rejection of slavery on moral grounds,D,True,0.24853885173797607,0.19356223940849304,0.04894020035862923,0.4643316864967346
+"This question refers to the following information.
+BECAUSE no People can be truly happy, though under the greatest Enjoyment of Civil Liberties, if abridged of the Freedom of their Consciences, as to their Religious Profession and Worship: And Almighty God being the only Lord of Conscience, Father of Lights and Spirits; and the Author as well as Object of all divine Knowledge, Faith and Worship, who only doth enlighten the Minds, and persuade and convince the Understanding of People, I do hereby grant and declare, That no Person or Persons, inhabiting in this Province or Territories, who shall confess and acknowledge One almighty God, the Creator, Upholder and Ruler of the World; and profess him or themselves obliged to live quietly under the Civil Government, shall be in any Case molested or prejudiced, in his or their Person or Estate, because of his or their conscientious Persuasion or Practice, nor be compelled to frequent or maintain any religious Worship, Place or Ministry, contrary to his or their Mind.…
+—William Penn, Charter of Privileges Granted by William Penn,
+esq. to the Inhabitants of Pennsylvania and Territories, October 28, 1701
+William Penn was a member of which of the following persecuted religious groups?",Roman Catholics,Puritans,Quakers,Anglicans,C,True,0.012652807869017124,0.03897339478135109,0.8870303630828857,0.00985401775687933
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition. It is well to notice this advantage—the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The State governments, where the system of slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those States are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal Government, with its army and navy, from the chief magistracy in Washington, to the Supreme Court, and thence to the chief marshalship at New York, is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places.""
+Frederick Douglass, 1857
+In his opinion on the case Dred Scott v. Sandford, Chief Justice Roger Taney upheld the sentiment above by stating that",separate but equal facilities for people of different races was constitutional,corporations were entitled to the same protections guaranteed to individuals under the Fourteenth Amendment,"school prayer violated the principle of ""separation of church and state""",Congress had no right to regulate slavery in United States territories,D,True,0.014435523189604282,0.03462902083992958,0.03462902083992958,0.8930942416191101
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""On the 4th of March next this party [the Republican party] will take possession of the government. It has announced that the South shall be excluded from the common territory, that the judicial tribunal shall be made sectional, and that a war must be waged against slavery until it shall cease throughout the United States. The guarantees of the Constitution will then no longer exist; the equal rights of the states will be lost. The slaveholding states will no longer have the power of self-government or self-protection, and the federal government will have become their enemy.
+""We, therefore, the people of South Carolina, by our delegates in convention assembled, have solemnly declared that the Union heretofore existing between this state and the other states of North America is dissolved; and that the state of South Carolina has resumed her position among the nations of the world, as [a] separate and independent state, with full power to levy war, conclude peace, contract alliances, establish commerce, and to do all other acts and things which independent states may of right do.""
+South Carolina defines the causes of secession, 1860
+Which of the following was an immediate consequence of the secession of South Carolina?",Southern Democrats appealed to the powers of Congress to stop military action against South Carolina.,Abraham Lincoln signed the Emancipation Proclamation.,"Other Southern states seceded from the Union, forming the Confederacy.","Jefferson Davis drafted Confederate soldiers into war, defending the siege on Fort Sumter.",C,True,0.012261311523616314,0.07995379716157913,0.6694449186325073,0.19179917871952057
+"This question refers to the following information.
+I appeal to any white man to say, if ever he entered Logan's cabin hungry, and he gave him not meat: if ever he came cold and naked, and he clothed him not? During the course of the last long and bloody war, Logan remained idle in his cabin, an advocate for peace. Such was my love for the whites, that my countrymen pointed as they passed, and said, ""Logan is the friend of the white man."" I had even thought to have lived with you but for the injuries of one man. Colonel Cresap, the last spring, in cold blood and unprovoked; murdered all the relations of Logan, not even sparing my women and children. There runs not a drop of my blood in the veins of any living creature. This called on me for revenge. I have sought it: I have killed many; I have fully glutted my vengeance. For my country, I rejoice at the beams of peace. But do not harbor a thought that mine is the joy of fear. Logan never felt fear. He will not turn on his heel to save his life. Who is there to mourn for Logan? Not one.
+—Address attributed to Logan, an Indian leader, 1774
+A sympathetic reader of Logan's Address in the early years of the United States would be most likely to support which of the following Indian policies?",Exterminating all Indians,Respecting Indian territory and sovereignty,Encouraging Indians to migrate to Canada and Mexico,Building reservations and encouraging Indians to change their ways,D,False,0.16703055799007416,0.5144903063774109,0.05422687903046608,0.18927043676376343
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""We have witnessed for more than a quarter of a century the struggles of the two great political parties for power and plunder, while grievous wrongs have been inflicted upon the suffering people. We charge that the controlling influences dominating both these parties have permitted the existing dreadful conditions to develop without serious effort to prevent or restrain them. Neither do they now promise us any substantial reform. They have agreed together to ignore, in the coming campaign, every issue but one. They propose to drown the outcries of a plundered people with the uproar of a sham battle over the tariff, so that capitalists, corporations, national banks, rings, trusts, watered stock, the demonetization of silver and the oppressions of the usurers may all be lost sight of. They propose to sacrifice our homes, lives, and children on the altar of mammon; to destroy the multitude in order to secure corruption funds from the millionaires.
+""Assembled on the anniversary of the birthday of the nation, and filled with the spirit of the grand general and chief who established our independence, we seek to restore the government of the Republic to the hands of 'the plain people,' with which class it originated. We assert our purposes to be identical with the purposes of the National Constitution; to form a more perfect union and establish justice, insure domestic tranquillity, provide for the common defence, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty for ourselves and our posterity.""
+Populist Party Platform, 1892
+The sentiments expressed in the excerpt above about political parties are most similar to those expressed by","George McGovern, Democratic Party, 1972","Theodore Roosevelt, Progressive Party, 1912","Andrew Jackson, Democratic Party, 1829","H. Ross Perot, Reform Party, 1996",D,False,0.24575097858905792,0.3155505061149597,0.11608456075191498,0.19139106571674347
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Since the foundations of the American commonwealth were laid in colonial times over 300 years ago, vigorous complaint and more or less bitter persecution have been aimed at newcomers to our shores. Also the congressional reports of about 1840 are full of abuse of English, Scotch, Welsh immigrants as paupers, criminals, and so forth. Old citizens in Detroit of Irish and German descent have told me of the fierce tirades and propaganda directed against the great waves of Irish and Germans who came over from 1840 on for a few decades to escape civil, racial, and religious persecution in their native lands. The ""Know-Nothings,"" lineal ancestors of the Ku-Klux Klan, bitterly denounced the Irish and Germans as mongrels, scum, foreigners, and a menace to our institutions, much as other great branches of the Caucasian race of glorious history and antecedents are berated to-day….But to-day it is the Italians, Spanish, Poles, Jews, Greeks, Russians, Balkanians, and so forth, who are the racial lepers…..In this bill we find racial discrimination at its worst—a deliberate attempt to go back 84 years in our census taken every 10 years so that a blow may be aimed at peoples of eastern and southern Europe, particularly at our recent allies in the Great War—Poland and Italy.""
+Robert H. Clancy, Congressional Record, 68th Congress, 1st Session, 1924
+What best accounts for the sharp increase of immigrants during the period 1880–1910?",Many Southern and Eastern Europeans turned to America for financial gain and political freedom.,Irish farmers were forced to leave their homes due to agricultural disasters.,Germans were seeking ways to avoid military conscription.,The United States welcomed immigrants by providing housing and employment.,A,True,0.6786723136901855,0.13363848626613617,0.06312635540962219,0.09184830635786057
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""As a means of effecting this end I suggest for your consideration the propriety of setting apart an ample district west of the Mississippi, and without the limit of any State or Territory now formed, to be guaranteed to the Indian tribes as long as they shall occupy it. . . . There they may be secured in the enjoyment of governments of their own choice, subject to no other control from the United States than such as may be necessary to preserve peace on the frontier and between the several tribes. There the benevolent may endeavor to teach them the arts of civilization. . . .
+""This emigration would be voluntary, for it would be as cruel and unjust to compel the aborigines to abandon the graves of their fathers and seek a home in a distant land. But they should be distinctly informed that if they remain within the limits of the States they must be subject to their laws. . . .""
+—President Andrew Jackson, 1829
+Which of the following Supreme Court decisions was the primary contributor to the system of segregation that Martin Luther King and others were trying to end?",Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857).,"Brown v.Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954).",Worcester v. Georgia (1831).,Plessy v. Ferguson (1896).,D,True,0.06175064295530319,0.2767471969127655,0.04244055226445198,0.5170317888259888
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. We must keep that hope alive. . . . Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events. . . . I am confident that the Congress will face these responsibilities squarely.""
+—President Harry S. Truman, 1947
+The ideas expressed in the passage above most directly reflect which of the following continuities in U.S. history?",Debates about the relationship between Congress and the president.,Debates about the use of military force in volatile situations.,Debates about the role of the United States in world affairs.,Debates about the proper role of political parties.,C,True,0.05192975699901581,0.1245730072259903,0.6326339840888977,0.1245730072259903
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""Lincoln was strongly anti-slavery, but he was not an abolitionist or a Radical Republican and never claimed to be one. He made a sharp distinction between his frequently reiterated personal wish that 'all men everywhere could be free' and his official duties as a legislator, congressman, and president in a legal and constitutional system that recognized the South's right to property in slaves. Even after issuing the Emancipation Proclamation he continued to declare his preference for gradual abolition. While his racial views changed during the Civil War, he never became a principled egalitarian in the manner of abolitionists such as Frederick Douglass or Wendell Phillips or Radical Republicans like Charles Sumner.""
+—Eric Foner, The Fiery Trial, 2010
+Which of the following statements best describes Eric Foner's argument about President Abraham Lincoln's views on slavery?",President Lincoln was a consistent supporter of the abolitionist cause.,President Lincoln was reluctant to be ideologically associated with advocates like Frederick Douglass.,"In his ambition to become president, Abraham Lincoln declared his desire to use his constitutional powers to end slavery.",President Lincoln had continually changing views on slavery and abolition that did not always fit into the prevailing political categories.,D,True,0.0077045392245054245,0.023731650784611702,0.05023990944027901,0.8905236124992371
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""If you analyze it I believe the very heart and soul of conservatism is libertarianism. I think conservatism is really a misnomer just as liberalism is a misnomer for the liberals—if we were back in the days of the Revolution, so-called conservatives today would be the Liberals and the liberals would be the Tories. The basis of conservatism is a desire for less government interference or less centralized authority or more individual freedom and this is a pretty general description also of what libertarianism is. Now, I can't say that I will agree with all the things that the present group who call themselves Libertarians in the sense of a party say, because I think that like in any political movement there are shades, and there are libertarians who are almost over at the point of wanting no government at all or anarchy. I believe there are legitimate government functions. There is a legitimate need in an orderly society for some government to maintain freedom or we will have tyranny by individuals. The strongest man on the block will run the neighborhood. We have government to ensure that we don't each one of us have to carry a club to defend ourselves. But again, I stand on my statement that I think that libertarianism and conservatism are traveling the same path.""
+Ronald Reagan, Interview published in Reason magazine, 1975
+All of the following are factors that contributed to the prominence of conservatism in the late 1970s and 1980s EXCEPT",the success of the Libertarian party in national elections,the growth of religious fundamentalism,perceived economic and foreign policy failures under President Carter,social changes following the Civil Rights movement and Vietnam War,A,False,0.15735942125320435,0.2020534873008728,0.2020534873008728,0.3331298828125
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""In one view the slaveholders have a decided advantage over all opposition. It is well to notice this advantage—the advantage of complete organization. They are organized; and yet were not at the pains of creating their organizations. The State governments, where the system of slavery exists, are complete slavery organizations. The church organizations in those States are equally at the service of slavery; while the Federal Government, with its army and navy, from the chief magistracy in Washington, to the Supreme Court, and thence to the chief marshalship at New York, is pledged to support, defend, and propagate the crying curse of human bondage. The pen, the purse, and the sword, are united against the simple truth, preached by humble men in obscure places.""
+Frederick Douglass, 1857
+Frederick Douglass was most influenced by which of the following social movements?",First Great Awakening,Second Great Awakening,Manifest Destiny,Popular Sovereignty,B,True,0.3597395718097687,0.4076383709907532,0.06251336634159088,0.11679034680128098
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""I was once a tool of oppression
+And as green as a sucker could be
+And monopolies banded together
+To beat a poor hayseed like me.
+""The railroads and old party bosses
+Together did sweetly agree;
+And they thought there would be little trouble
+In working a hayseed like me. . . .""
+—""The Hayseed""
+The song lyrics above would most likely have appeared in",an abolitionist newspaper in the 1830s.,a Republican leaflet in the 1870s.,a populist newspaper in the 1890s.,a civil rights pamphlet in the 1950s.,C,True,0.16354237496852875,0.3055373728275299,0.3462192118167877,0.12736694514751434
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Clearly, no longer can a dictator count on East–West confrontation to stymie concerted United Nations action against aggression. A new partnership of nations has begun. And we stand today at a unique and extraordinary moment. The crisis in the Persian Gulf, as grave as it is, also offers a rare opportunity to move toward an historic period of cooperation. Out of these troubled times, our fifth objective—a new world order—can emerge; a new era, freer from the threat of terror, stronger in the pursuit of justice, and more secure in the quest for peace. An era in which the nations of the world, east and west, north and south, can prosper and live in harmony.
+—President George Herbert Walker Bush, Speech to a Joint Session of Congress, September 11, 1990
+President George Herbert Walker Bush's vision of a ""new world order"" was most directly made possible by",American economic prosperity.,President Ronald Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative.,the Iranian Hostage Crisis.,the end of the Cold War.,D,True,0.016113441437482834,0.026566574349999428,0.0386541374027729,0.8797641396522522
+"This question refers to the following information.
+""The challenge of the next half century is whether we have the wisdom to use wealth to enrich and elevate our national life, and to advance the quality of our American civilization….The Great Society rests on abundance and liberty for all. It demands an end to poverty and racial injustice, to which we are totally committed in our time. But that is just the beginning. The Great Society is a place where every child can find knowledge to enrich his mind and to enlarge his talents. It is a place where leisure is a welcome chance to build and reflect, not a feared cause of boredom and restlessness. It is a place where the city of man serves not only the needs of the body and the demands of commerce but the desire for beauty and the hunger for community. It is a place where man can renew contact with nature. It is a place which honors creation for its own sake and for what it adds to the understanding of the race. It is a place where men are more concerned with the quality of their goals than the quantity of their goods. But most of all, the Great Society is not a safe harbor, a resting place, a final objective, a finished work. It is a challenge constantly renewed, beckoning us toward a destiny where the meaning of our lives matches the marvelous products of our labor.""
+Lyndon Johnson, Remarks at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1964
+Which one of the following was an unintended consequence of the liberal successes of the 1960s?",Liberal Democrats abandoned anti-war protests in a show of support for President Johnson.,Conservative Republicans mobilized to defend traditional mores and curb government authority.,"Economic recession catalyzed by increased government spending causing ""stagflation.""","A majority of Northern black voters abandoned the Democrat party, siding with Republicans.",B,False,0.10258377343416214,0.24608567357063293,0.27885159850120544,0.3159802556037903
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Let us not, I beseech you sir, deceive ourselves. Sir, we have done everything that could be done, to avert the storm which is now coming on. We have petitioned; we have remonstrated; we have supplicated; we have prostrated ourselves before the throne, and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and Parliament. Our petitions have been slighted; our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult; our supplications have been disregarded; and we have been spurned, with contempt, from the foot of the throne. In vain, after these things, may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation. There is no longer any room for hope.… It is in vain, sir, to extenuate the matter. Gentlemen may cry, Peace, Peace, but there is no peace. The war is actually begun! The next gale that sweeps from the north will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms! Our brethren are already in the field! Why stand we here idle? What is it that gentlemen wish? What would they have? Is life so dear, or peace so sweet, as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery? Forbid it, Almighty God! I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death!
+—Patrick Henry, March 23, 1775
+The ""storm"" that Henry refers to was most directly the result of which of the following?",American efforts to trade with Spain and France,British efforts to shrink a budget deficit after the French and Indian War,British unwillingness to fight Indian tribes on the frontier,British impressments of American sailors and interference with American trade,B,False,0.06213318929076195,0.16889552772045135,0.06213318929076195,0.6679947376251221
+"This question refers to the following information.
+Here is the case of a woman employed in the manufacturing department of a Broadway house. It stands for a hundred like her own. She averages three dollars a week. Pay is $1.50 for her room; for breakfast she has a cup of coffee; lunch she cannot afford. One meal a day is her allowance. This woman is young, she is pretty. She has ""the world before her."" Is it anything less than a miracle if she is guilty of nothing less than the ""early and improvident marriage,"" against which moralists exclaim as one of the prolific causes of the distresses of the poor? Almost any door might seem to offer a welcome escape from such slavery as this. ""I feel so much healthier since I got three square meals a day,"" said a lodger in one of the Girls' Homes. Two young sewing-girls came in seeking domestic service, so that they might get enough to eat. They had been only half-fed for some time, and starvation had driven them to the one door at which the pride of the American-born girl will not permit her to knock, though poverty be the price of her independence.
+—Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives, 1890
+Riis's work as an investigator of the lives of the poor can most directly be associated with which of the following?",Yellow Journalism,Abolitionism,The muckrakers,Socialism,C,True,0.1163308396935463,0.21733462810516357,0.35832422971725464,0.24627240002155304