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--- |
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language: |
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- en |
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tags: |
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- pytorch |
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- causal-lm |
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license: apache-2.0 |
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datasets: |
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- the_pile |
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--- |
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# GPT-J 6B |
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## Model Description |
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GPT-J 6B is a transformer model trained using Ben Wang's [Mesh Transformer JAX](https://github.com/kingoflolz/mesh-transformer-jax/). "GPT-J" refers to the class of model, while "6B" represents the number of trainable parameters. |
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<figure> |
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| Hyperparameter | Value | |
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|----------------------|------------| |
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| \\(n_{parameters}\\) | 6053381344 | |
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| \\(n_{layers}\\) | 28* | |
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| \\(d_{model}\\) | 4096 | |
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| \\(d_{ff}\\) | 16384 | |
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| \\(n_{heads}\\) | 16 | |
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| \\(d_{head}\\) | 256 | |
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| \\(n_{ctx}\\) | 2048 | |
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| \\(n_{vocab}\\) | 50257/50400† (same tokenizer as GPT-2/3) | |
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| Positional Encoding | [Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE)](https://arxiv.org/abs/2104.09864) | |
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| RoPE Dimensions | [64](https://github.com/kingoflolz/mesh-transformer-jax/blob/f2aa66e0925de6593dcbb70e72399b97b4130482/mesh_transformer/layers.py#L223) | |
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<figcaption><p><strong>*</strong> Each layer consists of one feedforward block and one self attention block.</p> |
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<p><strong>†</strong> Although the embedding matrix has a size of 50400, only 50257 entries are used by the GPT-2 tokenizer.</p></figcaption></figure> |
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The model consists of 28 layers with a model dimension of 4096, and a feedforward dimension of 16384. The model |
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dimension is split into 16 heads, each with a dimension of 256. Rotary Position Embedding (RoPE) is applied to 64 |
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dimensions of each head. The model is trained with a tokenization vocabulary of 50257, using the same set of BPEs as |
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GPT-2/GPT-3. |
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## Intended Use and Limitations |
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GPT-J learns an inner representation of the English language that can be used to |
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extract features useful for downstream tasks. The model is best at what it was |
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pretrained for however, which is generating text from a prompt. |
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### Out-of-scope use |
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GPT-J-6B is **not** intended for deployment without fine-tuning, supervision, |
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and/or moderation. It is not a in itself a product and cannot be used for |
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human-facing interactions. For example, the model may generate harmful or |
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offensive text. Please evaluate the risks associated with your particular use case. |
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GPT-J-6B was trained on an English-language only dataset, and is thus **not** |
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suitable for translation or generating text in other languages. |
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GPT-J-6B has not been fine-tuned for downstream contexts in which |
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language models are commonly deployed, such as writing genre prose, |
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or commercial chatbots. This means GPT-J-6B will **not** |
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respond to a given prompt the way a product like ChatGPT does. This is because, |
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unlike this model, ChatGPT was fine-tuned using methods such as Reinforcement |
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Learning from Human Feedback (RLHF) to better “follow” human instructions. |
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### Limitations and Biases |
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The core functionality of GPT-J is taking a string of text and predicting the next token. While language models are widely used for tasks other than this, there are a lot of unknowns with this work. When prompting GPT-J it is important to remember that the statistically most likely next token is often not the token that produces the most "accurate" text. Never depend upon GPT-J to produce factually accurate output. |
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GPT-J was trained on the Pile, a dataset known to contain profanity, lewd, and otherwise abrasive language. Depending upon use case GPT-J may produce socially unacceptable text. See [Sections 5 and 6 of the Pile paper](https://arxiv.org/abs/2101.00027) for a more detailed analysis of the biases in the Pile. |
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As with all language models, it is hard to predict in advance how GPT-J will respond to particular prompts and offensive content may occur without warning. We recommend having a human curate or filter the outputs before releasing them, both to censor undesirable content and to improve the quality of the results. |
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### How to use |
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This model can be easily loaded using the `AutoModelForCausalLM` functionality: |
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```python |
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from transformers import AutoTokenizer, AutoModelForCausalLM |
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tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B") |
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model = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("EleutherAI/gpt-j-6B") |
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``` |
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## Training data |
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GPT-J 6B was trained on [the Pile](https://pile.eleuther.ai), a large-scale curated dataset created by [EleutherAI](https://www.eleuther.ai). |
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## Training procedure |
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This model was trained for 402 billion tokens over 383,500 steps on TPU v3-256 pod. It was trained as an autoregressive language model, using cross-entropy loss to maximize the likelihood of predicting the next token correctly. |
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## Evaluation results |
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<figure> |
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| Model | Public | Training FLOPs | LAMBADA PPL ↓ | LAMBADA Acc ↑ | Winogrande ↑ | Hellaswag ↑ | PIQA ↑ | Dataset Size (GB) | |
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|--------------------------|-------------|----------------|--- |--- |--- |--- |--- |-------------------| |
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| Random Chance | ✓ | 0 | ~a lot | ~0% | 50% | 25% | 25% | 0 | |
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| GPT-3 Ada‡ | ✗ | ----- | 9.95 | 51.6% | 52.9% | 43.4% | 70.5% | ----- | |
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| GPT-2 1.5B | ✓ | ----- | 10.63 | 51.21% | 59.4% | 50.9% | 70.8% | 40 | |
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| GPT-Neo 1.3B‡ | ✓ | 3.0e21 | 7.50 | 57.2% | 55.0% | 48.9% | 71.1% | 825 | |
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| Megatron-2.5B* | ✗ | 2.4e21 | ----- | 61.7% | ----- | ----- | ----- | 174 | |
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| GPT-Neo 2.7B‡ | ✓ | 6.8e21 | 5.63 | 62.2% | 56.5% | 55.8% | 73.0% | 825 | |
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| GPT-3 1.3B*‡ | ✗ | 2.4e21 | 5.44 | 63.6% | 58.7% | 54.7% | 75.1% | ~800 | |
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| GPT-3 Babbage‡ | ✗ | ----- | 5.58 | 62.4% | 59.0% | 54.5% | 75.5% | ----- | |
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| Megatron-8.3B* | ✗ | 7.8e21 | ----- | 66.5% | ----- | ----- | ----- | 174 | |
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| GPT-3 2.7B*‡ | ✗ | 4.8e21 | 4.60 | 67.1% | 62.3% | 62.8% | 75.6% | ~800 | |
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| Megatron-11B† | ✓ | 1.0e22 | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | ----- | 161 | |
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| **GPT-J 6B‡** | **✓** | **1.5e22** | **3.99** | **69.7%** | **65.3%** | **66.1%** | **76.5%** | **825** | |
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| GPT-3 6.7B*‡ | ✗ | 1.2e22 | 4.00 | 70.3% | 64.5% | 67.4% | 78.0% | ~800 | |
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| GPT-3 Curie‡ | ✗ | ----- | 4.00 | 69.3% | 65.6% | 68.5% | 77.9% | ----- | |
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| GPT-3 13B*‡ | ✗ | 2.3e22 | 3.56 | 72.5% | 67.9% | 70.9% | 78.5% | ~800 | |
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| GPT-3 175B*‡ | ✗ | 3.1e23 | 3.00 | 76.2% | 70.2% | 78.9% | 81.0% | ~800 | |
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| GPT-3 Davinci‡ | ✗ | ----- | 3.0 | 75% | 72% | 78% | 80% | ----- | |
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<figcaption><p>Models roughly sorted by performance, or by FLOPs if not available.</p> |
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<p><strong>*</strong> Evaluation numbers reported by their respective authors. All other numbers are provided by |
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running <a href="https://github.com/EleutherAI/lm-evaluation-harness/"><code>lm-evaluation-harness</code></a> either with released |
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weights or with API access. Due to subtle implementation differences as well as different zero shot task framing, these |
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might not be directly comparable. See <a href="https://blog.eleuther.ai/gpt3-model-sizes/">this blog post</a> for more |
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details.</p> |
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<p><strong>†</strong> Megatron-11B provides no comparable metrics, and several implementations using the released weights do not |
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reproduce the generation quality and evaluations. (see <a href="https://github.com/huggingface/transformers/pull/10301">1</a> |
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<a href="https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/issues/2358">2</a> <a href="https://github.com/pytorch/fairseq/issues/2719">3</a>) |
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Thus, evaluation was not attempted.</p> |
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<p><strong>‡</strong> These models have been trained with data which contains possible test set contamination. The OpenAI GPT-3 models |
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failed to deduplicate training data for certain test sets, while the GPT-Neo models as well as this one is |
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trained on the Pile, which has not been deduplicated against any test sets.</p></figcaption></figure> |
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## Citation and Related Information |
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### BibTeX entry |
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To cite this model: |
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```bibtex |
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@misc{gpt-j, |
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author = {Wang, Ben and Komatsuzaki, Aran}, |
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title = {{GPT-J-6B: A 6 Billion Parameter Autoregressive Language Model}}, |
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howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/kingoflolz/mesh-transformer-jax}}, |
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year = 2021, |
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month = May |
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} |
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``` |
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To cite the codebase that trained this model: |
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```bibtex |
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@misc{mesh-transformer-jax, |
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author = {Wang, Ben}, |
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title = {{Mesh-Transformer-JAX: Model-Parallel Implementation of Transformer Language Model with JAX}}, |
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howpublished = {\url{https://github.com/kingoflolz/mesh-transformer-jax}}, |
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year = 2021, |
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month = May |
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} |
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``` |
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If you use this model, we would love to hear about it! Reach out on [GitHub](https://github.com/kingoflolz/mesh-transformer-jax), Discord, or shoot Ben an email. |
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## Acknowledgements |
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This project would not have been possible without compute generously provided by Google through the |
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[TPU Research Cloud](https://sites.research.google/trc/), as well as the Cloud TPU team for providing early access to the [Cloud TPU VM](https://cloud.google.com/blog/products/compute/introducing-cloud-tpu-vms) Alpha. |
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Thanks to everyone who have helped out one way or another (listed alphabetically): |
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- [James Bradbury](https://twitter.com/jekbradbury) for valuable assistance with debugging JAX issues. |
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- [Stella Biderman](https://www.stellabiderman.com), [Eric Hallahan](https://twitter.com/erichallahan), [Kurumuz](https://github.com/kurumuz/), and [Finetune](https://github.com/finetuneanon/) for converting the model to be compatible with the `transformers` package. |
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- [Leo Gao](https://twitter.com/nabla_theta) for running zero shot evaluations for the baseline models for the table. |
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- [Laurence Golding](https://github.com/researcher2/) for adding some features to the web demo. |
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- [Aran Komatsuzaki](https://twitter.com/arankomatsuzaki) for advice with experiment design and writing the blog posts. |
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- [Janko Prester](https://github.com/jprester/) for creating the web demo frontend. |
