license: apache-2.0
datasets:
- allenai/dolmino-mix-1124
language:
- en
Model Details
Model Card for OLMo2 7B
OLMo2 7B November 2024 is an updated version of the original OLMo 7B model rocking a ____ point increase in ____, among other evaluations improvements, from an improved version of the Dolma dataset and staged training.
OLMo is a series of Open Language Models designed to enable the science of language models. These models are trained on the Dolma dataset. We are releasing all code, checkpoints, logs (coming soon), and associated training details. The core models released in this batch include the following:
| Size | Training Tokens | Layers | Hidden Size | Attention Heads | Context Length |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| OLMo2-7B July 2024 | 4 Trillion | 32 | 4096 | 32 | 4096 |
| OLMo2- 13B July 2024 | 5 Trillion | 40 | 5120 | 42 | 4096 |
Inference
You can use OLMo with the standard HuggingFace transformers library:
from transformers import AutoModelForCausalLM, AutoTokenizer
olmo = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("allenai/OLMo2-7B-1124")
tokenizer = AutoTokenizer.from_pretrained("allenai/OLMo2-7B-1124")
message = ["Language modeling is "]
inputs = tokenizer(message, return_tensors='pt', return_token_type_ids=False)
# optional verifying cuda
# inputs = {k: v.to('cuda') for k,v in inputs.items()}
# olmo = olmo.to('cuda')
response = olmo.generate(**inputs, max_new_tokens=100, do_sample=True, top_k=50, top_p=0.95)
print(tokenizer.batch_decode(response, skip_special_tokens=True)[0])
>> 'Language modeling is the first step to build natural language generation...'
For faster performance, you can quantize the model using the following method:
AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("allenai/OLMo2-7B-1124",
torch_dtype=torch.float16,
load_in_8bit=True) # Requires bitsandbytes
The quantized model is more sensitive to data types and CUDA operations. To avoid potential issues, it's recommended to pass the inputs directly to CUDA using:
inputs.input_ids.to('cuda')
We have released checkpoints for these models, for every 1000 training steps.
The naming convention is stepXXX-tokensYYYB.
To load a specific model revision with HuggingFace, simply add the argument revision:
olmo = AutoModelForCausalLM.from_pretrained("allenai/OLMo2-7B-1124", revision="step1000-tokens5B")
Or, you can access all the revisions for the models via the following code snippet:
from huggingface_hub import list_repo_refs
out = list_repo_refs("allenai/OLMo2-7B-1124")
branches = [b.name for b in out.branches]
Fine-tuning
Model fine-tuning can be done from the final checkpoint (the main revision of this model) or many intermediate checkpoints. Two recipes for tuning are available.
- Fine-tune with the OLMo repository:
torchrun --nproc_per_node=8 scripts/train.py {path_to_train_config} \
--data.paths=[{path_to_data}/input_ids.npy] \
--data.label_mask_paths=[{path_to_data}/label_mask.npy] \
--load_path={path_to_checkpoint} \
--reset_trainer_state
For more documentation, see the GitHub readme.
- Further fine-tuning support is being developing in AI2's Open Instruct repository. Details are here.
Model Description
- Developed by: Allen Institute for AI (Ai2)
- Supported by: Databricks, Kempner Institute for the Study of Natural and Artificial Intelligence at Harvard University, AMD, CSC (Lumi Supercomputer), UW
- Model type: a Transformer style autoregressive language model.
- Language(s) (NLP): English
- License: The code and model are released under Apache 2.0.
- Contact: Technical inquiries:
olmo at allenai dot org. Press:press at allenai dot org - Date cutoff: Oct. 2023, with most data from Feb./March 2023 based on Dolma dataset version.
Model Sources
- Project Page: https://allenai.org/olmo
- Repositories:
- Core repo (training, inference, fine-tuning etc.): https://github.com/allenai/OLMo
- Evaluation code: https://github.com/allenai/OLMo-Eval
- Further fine-tuning code: https://github.com/allenai/open-instruct
- Paper: Link
- Technical blog post: https://blog.allenai.org/olmo-1-7-7b-a-24-point-improvement-on-mmlu-92b43f7d269d
- W&B Logs: pretraining, annealing
Evaluation
Core model results for OLMo2 7B models are found below.
| Task | Llama-7b | Llama2-7b | Falcon-7b | Mpt-7b | OLMo-7B | Llama2-13b | OLMo 7B April 2024 | OLMo2 7B |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arc_c | 44.5 | 48.5 | 47.5 | 46.5 | 48.5 | 52.8 | 42.5 | 43.8 |
| arc_e | 67.9 | 69.5 | 70.4 | 70.5 | 65.4 | 73.7 | 67.2 | 68.8 |
| boolq | 75.4 | 80.2 | 74.6 | 74.2 | 73.4 | 82.2 | 83.7 | 78.9 |
| copa | 91.0 | 86.0 | 86.0 | 85.0 | 90.0 | 90.0 | 86.0 | 84.0 |
| hellaswag | 76.2 | 76.8 | 75.9 | 77.6 | 76.4 | 78.6 | 75.5 | 77.4 |
| openbookqa | 51.2 | 48.4 | 53.0 | 48.6 | 50.4 | 51.8 | 50.0 | 48.2 |
| piqa | 77.2 | 76.7 | 78.5 | 77.3 | 78.4 | 79.0 | 77.5 | 78.2 |
| sciq | 93.9 | 94.5 | 93.9 | 93.7 | 93.8 | 95.5 | 96.7 | 97.0 |
| winogrande | 70.5 | 69.4 | 68.9 | 69.9 | 67.9 | 73.5 | 69.8 | 68.8 |
| truthfulQA (MC2) | 33.9 | 38.5 | 34.0 | 33.0 | 36.0 | 36.8 | 35.8 | 36.5 |
| MMLU (5 shot MC) | 31.5 | 45.0 | 24.0 | 30.8 | 28.3 | 55.5 | 52.0 | 53.4 |
| GSM8k | 10.0 | 12.0 | 4.0 | 4.5 | 8.5 | 25.0 | 29.0 | 35.0 |
| Full average | 60.3 | 62.1 | 59.2 | 59.3 | 59.8 | 66.2 | 63.8 | 64.2 |
And for OLMo 13B model:
| task | random | StableLM 2 1.6b* | Pythia 1B | TinyLlama 1.1B | OLMo 1.0 1B | OLMo 1B July 2024 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| arc_challenge | 25 | 43.81 | 33.11 | 34.78 | 34.45 | 36.5 |
| arc_easy | 25 | 63.68 | 50.18 | 53.16 | 58.07 | 55.3 |
| boolq | 50 | 76.6 | 61.8 | 64.6 | 60.7 | 67.5 |
| copa | 50 | 84 | 72 | 78 | 79 | 83.0 |
| hellaswag | 25 | 68.2 | 44.7 | 58.7 | 62.5 | 66.9 |
| openbookqa | 25 | 45.8 | 37.8 | 43.6 | 46.4 | 46.4 |
| piqa | 50 | 74 | 69.1 | 71.1 | 73.7 | 74.9 |
| sciq | 25 | 94.7 | 86 | 90.5 | 88.1 | 93.4 |
| winogrande | 50 | 64.9 | 53.3 | 58.9 | 58.9 | 61.4 |
| Average | 36.11 | 68.41 | 56.44 | 61.48 | 62.42 | 65.0 |
*Unlike OLMo, Pythia, and TinyLlama, StabilityAI has not disclosed yet the data StableLM was trained on, making comparisons with other efforts challenging.
Model Details
Data
For training data details, please see the Dolma documentation. This model uses the new 1.7 version with more data sources, better deduplication, and quality filtering. During the annealing phase we use a higher quality subset of Dolma with a linearly decaying learning rate to 0.
Staged training / annealing
In contrast to OLMo 1.0, we trained OLMo 7B July with a two-stage curriculum:
- In the first stage, we trained the model from scratch on the Dolma 1.7 dataset. We set a cosine learning rate schedule with a warmup of 2500 steps, a peak learning rate of 3e-4, and a cosine decay to 3e-5 after 3T tokens. We cut off this stage after 2.7T tokens, when the learning rate is still somewhat high.
- At this point we switch to the second stage, in which we train on a higher-quality subset of Dolma 1.7 (see below) for another 50B tokens, while linearly decaying the learning rate to 0. Our high-quality subset includes (1) using all available Wikipedia, OpenWebMath and Flan data, (2) removing Dolma CC, CC News, and Megawika, and (3) rebalancing remaining sources to achieve approximately equal proportions of each. See exact token counts and relative proportions of this second stage mix below. Both stages contribute equally to the final performance of the OLMo model. After the first stage, OLMo 1.7 already outperforms OLMo 1.0. The second stage consistently adds 2 to 3 points of performance on top.
Architecture
OLMo 7B architecture with peer models for comparison.
| OLMo2 7B | OLMo2 13B | Llama 2 7B | OpenLM 7B | Falcon 7B | PaLM 8B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| d_model | 4096 | 4096 | 4096 | 4096 | 4544 | 4096 |
| num heads | 32 | 42 | 32 | 32 | 71 | 16 |
| num layers | 32 | 40 | 32 | 32 | 32 | 32 |
| MLP ratio | ~8/3 | ~8/3 | ~8/3 | ~8/3 | 4 | 4 |
| LayerNorm type | RMS Norm | RMS Norm | RMSNorm | parametric LN | parametric LN | parametric LN |
| pos embeddings | RoPE | RoPE | RoPE | RoPE | RoPE | RoPE |
| attention variant | full | full | GQA | full | MQA | MQA |
| biases | none | none | none | in LN only | in LN only | none |
| block type | sequential | sequential | sequential | sequential | parallel | parallel |
| activation | SwiGLU | SwiGLU | SwiGLU | SwiGLU | GeLU | SwiGLU |
| sequence length | 4096 | 4096 | 4096 | 2048 | 2048 | 2048 |
| batch size (instances) | 1024 | 2048 | 1024 | 2048 | 2304 | 512 |
| batch size (tokens) | ~4M | ~4M | ~4M | ~4M | ~4M | ~1M |
| weight tying | no | no | no | no | no | yes |
Hyperparameters
AdamW optimizer parameters are shown below.
| Size | Peak LR | Betas | Epsilon | Weight Decay |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 7B | 3.0E-4 | (0.9, 0.95) | 1.0E-8 | 0.1 |
| 13B | 9.0E-4 | (0.9, 0.95) | 1.0E-8 | 0.1 |
Optimizer settings comparison with peer models.
| OLMo2 7B | OLMo2 13B | Llama 2 7B | OpenLM 7B | Falcon 7B | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| warmup steps | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 2000 | 1000 |
| peak LR | 3.0E-04 | 9.0E-04 | 3.0E-04 | 3.0E-04 | 6.0E-04 |
| minimum LR | 3.0E-05 | 3.0E-05 | 3.0E-05 | 3.0E-05 | 1.2E-05 |
| weight decay | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.1 |
| beta1 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.9 | 0.99 |
| beta2 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.95 | 0.999 |
| epsilon | 1.0E-08 | 1.0E-08 | 1.0E-05 | 1.0E-05 | 1.0E-05 |
| LR schedule | cosine | cosine | cosine | cosine | cosine |
| gradient clipping | global 1.0 | global 1.0 | global 1.0 | global 1.0 | global 1.0 |
| gradient reduce dtype | FP32 | FP32 | FP32 | FP32 | BF16 |
| optimizer state dtype | FP32 | FP32 | most likely FP32 | FP32 | FP32 |
Bias, Risks, and Limitations
Like any base language model or fine-tuned model without safety filtering, these models can easily be prompted by users to generate harmful and sensitive content. Such content may also be produced unintentionally, especially in cases involving bias, so we recommend that users consider the risks when applying this technology. Additionally, many statements from OLMo or any LLM are often inaccurate, so facts should be verified.
Model Card Contact
For errors in this model card, contact Aman, {amanr} at allenai dot org.