license: bigscience-bloom-rail-1.0
language:
- ak
- ar
- as
- bm
- bn
- ca
- code
- en
- es
- eu
- fon
- fr
- gu
- hi
- id
- ig
- ki
- kn
- lg
- ln
- ml
- mr
- ne
- nso
- ny
- or
- pa
- pt
- rn
- rw
- sn
- st
- sw
- ta
- te
- tn
- ts
- tum
- tw
- ur
- vi
- wo
- xh
- yo
- zh
- zhs
- zht
- zu
pipeline_tag: text-generation
widget:
- text: >-
A "whatpu" is a small, furry animal native to Tanzania. An example of a
sentence that uses the word whatpu is: We were traveling in Africa and we
saw these very cute whatpus. | To do a "farduddle" means to jump up and
down really fast. An example of a sentence that uses the word farduddle
is:
example_title: Imaginary word
group: English
- text: >-
Un "whatpu" est un petit animal à fourrure originaire de Tanzanie. Un
exemple de phrase qui utilise le mot whatpu est: Nous étions en Afrique et
nous avons vu des whatpus trop mignons. Faire un "farduddle" veut dire
sauter sur place vraiment vite. Un exemple de phrase qui utilise le mot
farduddle est:
example_title: Imaginary word
group: French
- text: >-
Un "whatpu" es un pequeño animal peludo nativo de Tanzania. Un ejemplo de
una oración que usa la palabra whatpu es: Estábamos viajando por África y
vimos estos whatpus muy bonitos. Hacer un "farduddle" significa saltar
arriba y abajo muy rápido. Un ejemplo de una oración que usa la palabra
farduddle es:
example_title: Imaginary word
group: Spanish
- text: ' ال"واتبو" هو حيوان صغير مكسو بالفراء يعيش في تنزانيا. مثال على جملة تستخدم كلمة واتبو هي: كنا نسافر في افريقيا و رأينا هؤلاء الواتبو اللطفاء. للقيام ب"فاردادل" يعني ان تقفز للأعلى و الأسفل بسرعة كبيرة. مثال على جملة تستخدم كلمة فاردادل هي:'
example_title: Imaginary word
group: Arabic
- text: >-
Um "whatpu" é um pequeno animal peludo nativo da Tanzânia. Um exemplo de
uma frase que usa a palavra whatpu é: Estávamos a viajar por África e
vimos uns whatpus muito queridos. Fazer um "farduddle" significa saltar
para cima e para baixo muito rápido. Um exemplo de uma frase que usa a
palavra farduddle é:
example: Imaginary word
group: Portuguese
- text: Pour déguster un ortolan, il faut tout d'abord
example_title: Recipe
group: French
- text: |
34+10=44
54+20=
example_title: Addition
group: Math
- text: |
This tool converts irregular verbs to past tense.
Arise - Arose
Become - Became
Forget - Forgot
Freeze -
example_title: Irregular verbs
group: English
- text: |
Please unscramble the letters into a word, and write that word:
r e!c.i p r o.c a/l = reciprocal
d.o m i!n a n.t =
example_title: Word unscrambling
group: English
- text: |
Estos ejemplos quitan vocales de las palabras
Ejemplos:
hola - hl
manzana - mnzn
papas - pps
alacran - lcrn
papa -
example_title: Vowel removal
group: Spanish
- text: |
Traduce español de España a español de Argentina
El coche es rojo - el auto es rojo
El ordenador es nuevo - la computadora es nueva
el boligrafo es negro - lapicera es negra
la nevera
example_title: Spanish to Argentinian Spanish
group: Spanish
- text: To say "I love you" in Hindi, you would say
example_title: Translation to Hindi
group: English
- text: To say "I love you" in Hindi, you would say
example_title: Translation from English
group: Hindi
- text: 'Poor English: She no went to the market. Corrected English:'
example_title: English
group: Grammar exercise 1
- text: 'استخراج العدد العاملي في لغة بايثون:'
example_title: Code generation
group: Arabic
- text: >-
Regexp. Here is a regular expression to match a word starting with a
number and then having only vowels:
example_title: Regular expressions
group: English
- text: |
Do a hello world in different languages:
Python: print("hello world")
R:
example_title: Code generation
group: English
- text: |
Which is the correct preposition?I'm born X July. X is the preposition in
He sat X a chair. X is the preposition on
She drove X the bridge. X is the preposition
example_title: Grammar exercise 2
group: English
- text: >
Dans cet essai je vais m'interroger sur la conscience des modèles
d'intelligence artificielle récents comme les modèles de langue. Pour
commencer, je m'intéresserai à la notion de conscience et à ce qui la
caractérise. Ensuite, j'aborderai la question de l'intelligence et de son
lien avec le langage. Enfin, dans une dernière partie je me pencherai sur
le cas de l'IA et sur sa conscience.
Traduction en espagnol: «
example_title: Translation to Spanish
group: French
- text: >
Dans cet essai je vais m'interroger sur la conscience des modèles
d'intelligence artificielle récents comme les modèles de langue. Pour
commencer, je m'intéresserai à la notion de conscience et à ce qui la
caractérise. Ensuite, j'aborderai la question de l'intelligence et de son
lien avec le langage. Enfin, dans une dernière partie je me pencherai sur
le cas de l'IA et sur sa conscience.
Traduction en espagnol: «
example_title: Translation from French
group: Spanish
- text: ذات مرة ، عاش شبل الدب في الغابة
example_title: Fairy tale
group: Arabic
- text: एक बार की बात है, जंगल में एक भालू का शावक रहता था
example_title: Fairy tale
group: Hindi
- text: Il était une fois une licorne qui vivait
example_title: Fairy tale
group: French
BigScience Large Open-science Open-access Multilingual Language Model
Version 1.3 / 6.July.2022 - Checkpoint: Global step 95000 - Number of seen tokens: 398B seen tokens
Model Details
BLOOM is a type of language model, which is a probability distribution over sequences of words. Specifically, BLOOM is a Large Language Model (LLM), meaning that it is trained on vast amounts of text data using industrial-scale computational resources. As such, the model is able to capture the statistical tendencies of words, phrases, sentences, and larger spans of text that it is exposed to in the training data.
Basics
This section provides information about the model type, version, license, funders, release date, developers, and contact information. It is useful for anyone who wants to reference the model.
Click to expand
Developed by: BigScience (website)
All collaborators are either volunteers or have an agreement with their employer. (Further breakdown of participants forthcoming.)
Model Type: Transformer-based Language Model
Version: 1.0.0
Languages: Multiple; see training data
License: RAIL License v1.0 (link / article and FAQ)
Release Date Estimate: Monday, 11.July.2022
Send Questions to: bigscience-contact@googlegroups.com
Cite as: BigScience, BigScience Language Open-science Open-access Multilingual (BLOOM) Language Model. International, May 2021-May 2022
Funded by:
The French government.
Hugging Face (website).
Organizations of contributors. (Further breakdown of organizations forthcoming.)
Technical Specifications
This section includes details about the model objective and architecture, and the compute infrastructure. It is useful for people interested in model development.
Click to expand
Please see the BLOOM training README for full details on replicating training.
Model Architecture and Objective
Modified from Megatron-LM GPT2 (see paper, BLOOM Megatron code):
Decoder-only architecture
Layer normalization applied to word embeddings layer (
StableEmbedding; see code, paper)ALiBI positional encodings (see paper), with GeLU activation functions
176 billion parameters:
70 layers, 112 attention heads
Hidden layers are 14336-dimensional
Sequence length of 2048 tokens used (see BLOOM tokenizer, tokenizer description)
Objective Function: Cross Entropy with mean reduction (see API documentation).
Compute infrastructure
Jean Zay Public Supercomputer, provided by the French government (see announcement).
Hardware
384 A100 80GB GPUs (48 nodes)
Additional 32 A100 80GB GPUs (4 nodes) in reserve
8 GPUs per node Using NVLink 4 inter-gpu connects, 4 OmniPath links
CPU: AMD
CPU memory: 512GB per node
GPU memory: 640GB per node
Inter-node connect: Omni-Path Architecture (OPA)
NCCL-communications network: a fully dedicated subnet
Disc IO network: shared network with other types of nodes
Software
Megatron-DeepSpeed (Github link)
DeepSpeed (Github link)
PyTorch (pytorch-1.11 w/ CUDA-11.5; see Github link)
apex (Github link)
Training
This section provides information about the training data, the speed and size of training elements, and the environmental impact of training. It is useful for people who want to learn more about the model inputs and training footprint.
Click to expand
Training Data
This section provides a high-level overview of the training data. It is relevant for anyone who wants to know the basics of what the model is learning.
Details for each dataset are provided in individual Data Cards, and the sizes of each of their contributions to the aggregated training data are presented in an Interactive Corpus Map.
Training data includes:
46 natural languages
13 programming languages
In 1.6TB of pre-processed text, converted into 350B unique tokens (see the tokenizer section for more.)
Languages
The pie chart shows the distribution of languages in training data.
The following tables shows the further distribution of Niger-Congo & Indic languages and programming languages in the training data.
Distribution of Niger Congo and Indic languages.
| Niger Congo | Percentage | Indic | Percentage | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chi Tumbuka | 0.00002 | Assamese | 0.01 | |
| Kikuyu | 0.00004 | Odia | 0.04 | |
| Bambara | 0.00004 | Gujarati | 0.04 | |
| Akan | 0.00007 | Marathi | 0.05 | |
| Xitsonga | 0.00007 | Punjabi | 0.05 | |
| Sesotho | 0.00007 | Kannada | 0.06 | |
| Chi Chewa | 0.0001 | Nepali | 0.07 | |
| Setswana | 0.0002 | Telugu | 0.09 | |
| Northern Sotho | 0.0002 | Malayalam | 0.10 | |
| Fon | 0.0002 | Urdu | 0.10 | |
| Kirundi | 0.0003 | Tamil | 0.20 | |
| Wolof | 0.0004 | Bengali | 0.50 | |
| Kuganda | 0.0004 | Hindi | 0.70 | |
| Chi Shona | 0.001 | |||
| Isi Zulu | 0.001 | |||
| Igbo | 0.001 | |||
| Xhosa | 0.001 | |||
| Kinyarwanda | 0.003 | |||
| Yoruba | 0.006 | |||
| Swahili | 0.02 |
Distribution of programming languages.
| Extension | Language | Number of files |
|---|---|---|
| java | Java | 5,407,724 |
| php | PHP | 4,942,186 |
| cpp | C++ | 2,503,930 |
| py | Python | 2,435,072 |
| js | JavaScript | 1,905,518 |
| cs | C# | 1,577,347 |
| rb | Ruby | 6,78,413 |
| cc | C++ | 443,054 |
| hpp | C++ | 391,048 |
| lua | Lua | 352,317 |
| go | GO | 227,763 |
| ts | TypeScript | 195,254 |
| C | C | 134,537 |
| scala | Scala | 92,052 |
| hh | C++ | 67,161 |
| H | C++ | 55,899 |
| tsx | TypeScript | 33,107 |
| rs | Rust | 29,693 |
| phpt | PHP | 9,702 |
| c++ | C++ | 1,342 |
| h++ | C++ | 791 |
| php3 | PHP | 540 |
| phps | PHP | 270 |
| php5 | PHP | 166 |
| php4 | PHP | 29 |
Preprocessing
Tokenization: The BLOOM tokenizer (link), a learned subword tokenizer trained using:
A byte-level Byte Pair Encoding (BPE) algorithm
A simple pre-tokenization rule, no normalization
A vocabulary size of 250,680
It was trained on a subset of a preliminary version of the corpus using alpha-weighting per language.
Speeds, Sizes, Times
Training logs: Tensorboard link
Dates:
Started 11th March, 2022 11:42am PST
Estimated end: 5th July, 2022
Checkpoint size:
Bf16 weights: 329GB
Full checkpoint with optimizer states: 2.3TB
Training throughput: About 150 TFLOP per GPU per second
Number of epochs: 1
Estimated cost of training: Equivalent of $2-5M in cloud computing (including preliminary experiments)
Server training location: Île-de-France, France
Environmental Impact
The training supercomputer, Jean Zay (website), uses mostly nuclear energy. The heat generated by it is reused for heating campus housing.
Estimated carbon emissions: (Forthcoming.)
Estimated electricity usage: (Forthcoming.)
Uses
This section addresses questions around how the model is intended to be used, discusses the foreseeable users of the model (including those affected by the model), and describes uses that are considered out of scope or misuse of the model. It is useful for anyone considering using the model or who is affected by the model.
Click to expand
How to use
This model can be easily used and deployed using HuggingFace's ecosystem. This needs transformers and accelerate installed. The model can be downloaded as follows:
Intended Use
This model is being created in order to enable public research on large language models (LLMs). LLMs are intended to be used for language generation or as a pretrained base model that can be further fine-tuned for specific tasks. Use cases below are not exhaustive.
Direct Use
Text generation
Exploring characteristics of language generated by a language model
- Examples: Cloze tests, counterfactuals, generations with reframings
Downstream Use
- Tasks that leverage language models include: Information Extraction, Question Answering, Summarization
Misuse and Out-of-scope Use
This section addresses what users ought not do with the model.
See the BLOOM License, Attachment A, for detailed usage restrictions. The below list is non-exhaustive, but lists some easily foreseeable problematic use cases.
Out-of-scope Uses
Using the model in high-stakes settings is out of scope for this model. The model is not designed for critical decisions nor uses with any material consequences on an individual's livelihood or wellbeing. The model outputs content that appears factual but may not be correct.
Out-of-scope Uses Include:
Usage in biomedical domains, political and legal domains, or finance domains
Usage for evaluating or scoring individuals, such as for employment, education, or credit
Applying the model for critical automatic decisions, generating factual content, creating reliable summaries, or generating predictions that must be correct
Misuse
Intentionally using the model for harm, violating human rights, or other kinds of malicious activities, is a misuse of this model. This includes:
Spam generation
Disinformation and influence operations
Disparagement and defamation
Harassment and abuse
Unconsented impersonation and imitation
Unconsented surveillance
Generating content without attribution to the model, as specified in the RAIL License, Use Restrictions
Intended Users
Direct Users
General Public
Researchers
Students
Educators
Engineers/developers
Non-commercial entities
Community advocates, including human and civil rights groups
Indirect Users
Users of derivatives created by Direct Users, such as those using software with an intended use
Users of Derivatives of the Model, as described in the License
Others Affected (Parties Prenantes)
People and groups referred to by the LLM
People and groups exposed to outputs of, or decisions based on, the LLM
People and groups whose original work is included in the LLM
Risks and Limitations
This section identifies foreseeable harms and misunderstandings.
Click to expand
Model may:
Overrepresent some viewpoints and underrepresent others
Contain stereotypes
Contain personal information
Generate:
Hateful, abusive, or violent language
Discriminatory or prejudicial language
Content that may not be appropriate for all settings, including sexual content
Make errors, including producing incorrect information as if it were factual
Generate irrelevant or repetitive outputs
Induce users into attributing human traits to it, such as sentience or consciousness
Evaluation
This section describes the evaluation protocols and provides the results.
Click to expand
Metrics
This section describes the different ways performance is calculated and why.
Includes:
| Metric | Why chosen |
|---|---|
| Perplexity | Standard metric for quantifying model improvements during training |
| Cross Entropy Loss | Standard objective for language models. |
And multiple different metrics for specific tasks. (More evaluation metrics forthcoming upon completion of evaluation protocol.)
Factors
This section lists some different aspects of what BLOOM models. Its focus is on those aspects that are likely to give rise to high variance in model behavior.
Language, such as English or Yoruba
Domain, such as newswire or stories
Demographic characteristics, such as gender or nationality
Results
Results are based on the Factors and Metrics.
Train-time Evaluation:
As of 25.May.2022, 15:00 PST:
Training Loss: 2.0
Validation Loss: 2.2
Perplexity: 8.9
(More evaluation scores forthcoming.)
Recommendations
This section provides information on warnings and potential mitigations.
Click to expand
Indirect users should be made aware when the content they're working with is created by the LLM.
Users should be aware of Risks and Limitations, and include an appropriate age disclaimer or blocking interface as necessary.
Models trained or finetuned downstream of BLOOM LM should include an updated Model Card.
Users of the model should provide mechanisms for those affected to provide feedback, such as an email address for comments.
Glossary and Calculations
This section defines common terms and how metrics are calculated.
Click to expand
Loss: A calculation of the difference between what the model has learned and what the data shows ("groundtruth"). The lower the loss, the better. The training process aims to minimize the loss.
Perplexity: This is based on what the model estimates the probability of new data is. The lower the perplexity, the better. If the model is 100% correct at predicting the next token it will see, then the perplexity is 1. Mathematically this is calculated using entropy.
High-stakes settings: Such as those identified as "high-risk AI systems" and "unacceptable risk AI systems" in the European Union's proposed Artificial Intelligence (AI) Act.
Critical decisions: Such as those defined in the United States' proposed Algorithmic Accountability Act.
Human rights: Includes those rights defined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Personal Data and Personal Information: Personal data and information is defined in multiple data protection regulations, such as "personal data" in the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation; and "personal information" in the Republic of South Africa's Protection of Personal Information Act, The People's Republic of China's Personal information protection law.
Sensitive characteristics: This includes specifically protected categories in human rights (see UHDR, Article 2) and personal information regulation (see GDPR, Article 9; Protection of Personal Information Act, Chapter 1)
Deception: Doing something to intentionally mislead individuals to believe something that is false, such as by creating deadbots or chatbots on social media posing as real people, or generating text documents without making consumers aware that the text is machine generated.
More Information
This section provides links to writing on dataset creation, technical specifications, lessons learned, and initial results.
Click to expand
Intermediate checkpoints
For academic (or any) usage, we published the intermediate checkpoints, corresponding to the model state at each 5000 steps. Please follow this link to get these checkpoints.
Dataset Creation
Blog post detailing the design choices during the dataset creation: https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/building-a-tb-scale-multilingual-dataset-for-language-modeling
Technical Specifications
Blog post summarizing how the architecture, size, shape, and pre-training duration where selected: https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/what-language-model-to-train-if-you-have-two-million-gpu-hours
More details on the architecture/optimizer: https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/bigscience/tree/master/train/tr11-176B-ml
Blog post on the hardware/engineering side: https://bigscience.huggingface.co/blog/which-hardware-to-train-a-176b-parameters-model
Details on the distributed setup used for the training: https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/bigscience/tree/master/train/tr11-176B-ml
Tensorboard updated during the training: https://huggingface.co/bigscience/tr11-176B-ml-logs/tensorboard#scalars&tagFilter=loss
Lessons
Insights on how to approach training, negative results: https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/bigscience/blob/master/train/lessons-learned.md
Details on the obstacles overcome during the preparation on the engineering side (instabilities, optimization of training throughput, so many technical tricks and questions): https://github.com/bigscience-workshop/bigscience/blob/master/train/tr11-176B-ml/chronicles.md
Initial Results
Initial prompting experiments using interim checkpoints: https://huggingface.co/spaces/bigscience/bloom-book
Model Card Authors
Ordered roughly chronologically and by amount of time spent.
Margaret Mitchell, Giada Pistilli, Yacine Jernite, Ezinwanne Ozoani, Marissa Gerchick, Nazneen Rajani, Sasha Luccioni, Irene Solaiman, Maraim Masoud, Somaieh Nikpoor, Carlos Muñoz Ferrandis, Stas Bekman, Christopher Akiki, Danish Contractor, David Lansky, Angelina McMillan-Major, Tristan Thrush, Suzana Ilić, Gérard Dupont, Shayne Longpre, Manan Dey, Stella Biderman, Douwe Kiela, Emi Baylor, Teven Le Scao, Aaron Gokaslan, Julien Launay
widget:
- text: 'A "whatpu" is a small, furry animal native to Tanzania. An example of a sentence that uses the word whatpu is: We were traveling in Africa and we saw these very cute whatpus. | To do a "farduddle" means to jump up and down really fast. An example of a sentence that uses the word farduddle is:' example_title: Imaginary word group: English
- text: 'Un "whatpu" est un petit animal à fourrure originaire de Tanzanie. Un exemple de phrase qui utilise le mot whatpu est: Nous étions en Afrique et nous avons vu des whatpus trop mignons. Faire un "farduddle" veut dire sauter sur place vraiment vite. Un exemple de phrase qui utilise le mot farduddle est:' example_title: Imaginary word group: French
- text: 'Un "whatpu" es un pequeño animal peludo nativo de Tanzania. Un ejemplo de una oración que usa la palabra whatpu es: Estábamos viajando por África y vimos estos whatpus muy bonitos. Hacer un "farduddle" significa saltar arriba y abajo muy rápido. Un ejemplo de una oración que usa la palabra farduddle es:' example_title: Imaginary word group: Spanish
- text: ' ال"واتبو" هو حيوان صغير مكسو بالفراء يعيش في تنزانيا. مثال على جملة تستخدم كلمة واتبو هي: كنا نسافر في افريقيا و رأينا هؤلاء الواتبو اللطفاء. للقيام ب"فاردادل" يعني ان تقفز للأعلى و الأسفل بسرعة كبيرة. مثال على جملة تستخدم كلمة فاردادل هي:' example_title: Imaginary word group: Arabic
- text: 'Um "whatpu" é um pequeno animal peludo nativo da Tanzânia. Um exemplo de uma frase que usa a palavra whatpu é: Estávamos a viajar por África e vimos uns whatpus muito queridos. Fazer um "farduddle" significa saltar para cima e para baixo muito rápido. Um exemplo de uma frase que usa a palavra farduddle é:' example : Imaginary word group: Portuguese
- text: Pour déguster un ortolan, il faut tout d'abord example_title: Recipe group: French
- text: | 34+10=44 54+20= example_title: Addition group: Math
- text: | This tool converts irregular verbs to past tense. Arise - Arose Become - Became Forget - Forgot Freeze - example_title: Irregular verbs group: English
- text: | Please unscramble the letters into a word, and write that word: r e!c.i p r o.c a/l = reciprocal d.o m i!n a n.t = example_title: Word unscrambling group: English
- text: | Estos ejemplos quitan vocales de las palabras Ejemplos: hola - hl manzana - mnzn papas - pps alacran - lcrn papa - example_title: Vowel removal group: Spanish
- text: | Traduce español de España a español de Argentina El coche es rojo - el auto es rojo El ordenador es nuevo - la computadora es nueva el boligrafo es negro - lapicera es negra la nevera example_title: Spanish to Argentinian Spanish group: Spanish
- text: To say "I love you" in Hindi, you would say example_title: Translation to Hindi group: English
- text: To say "I love you" in Hindi, you would say example_title: Translation from English group: Hindi
- text: 'Poor English: She no went to the market. Corrected English:' example_title: English group: Grammar exercise 1
- text: 'استخراج العدد العاملي في لغة بايثون:' example_title: Code generation group: Arabic
- text: 'Regexp. Here is a regular expression to match a word starting with a number and then having only vowels:' example_title: Regular expressions group: English
- text: | Do a hello world in different languages: Python: print("hello world") R: example_title: Code generation group: English
- text: | Which is the correct preposition?I'm born X July. X is the preposition in He sat X a chair. X is the preposition on She drove X the bridge. X is the preposition example_title: Grammar exercise 2 group: English
- text: | Dans cet essai je vais m'interroger sur la conscience des modèles d'intelligence artificielle récents comme les modèles de langue. Pour commencer, je m'intéresserai à la notion de conscience et à ce qui la caractérise. Ensuite, j'aborderai la question de l'intelligence et de son lien avec le langage. Enfin, dans une dernière partie je me pencherai sur le cas de l'IA et sur sa conscience. Traduction en espagnol: « example_title: Translation to Spanish group: French
- text: | Dans cet essai je vais m'interroger sur la conscience des modèles d'intelligence artificielle récents comme les modèles de langue. Pour commencer, je m'intéresserai à la notion de conscience et à ce qui la caractérise. Ensuite, j'aborderai la question de l'intelligence et de son lien avec le langage. Enfin, dans une dernière partie je me pencherai sur le cas de l'IA et sur sa conscience. Traduction en espagnol: « example_title: Translation from French group: Spanish
- text: ذات مرة ، عاش شبل الدب في الغابة example_title: Fairy tale group: Arabic
- text: एक बार की बात है, जंगल में एक भालू का शावक रहता था example_title: Fairy tale group: Hindi
- text: Il était une fois une licorne qui vivait example_title: Fairy tale group: French