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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murphy_Institute

Murphy Institute

["1 History","1.1 Murphy Family","2 Past Directors","3 References","4 External links"]

American research and educational center The Murphy Institute is a research and educational center that supports a number of academic programs in the fields of political economy and ethics at Tulane University, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. History The Murphy Institute was founded in 1980 with a generous contribution from the Murphy family. It was established to be a research and educational center aimed at understanding and linking the economic, ethical, and political questions and practices within our society. The Institute has three core programs: an interdisciplinary undergraduate program in political economy, established in 1984; the Center for Ethics and Public Affairs, started in 2001 to address critical ethical questions and dilemmas related to citizenship, justice, community, and professional responsibility; and the Public Policy program, created in 2010 seeking to foster research and outreach on public policy. As a means to enrich teaching and research in political economy, ethics, and public policy, the Murphy Institute also regularly hosts conferences, seminars, and lectures by prominent public figures and visiting scholars and co-sponsors publications. Gary Hoover is the Director of the Murphy Institute. Murphy Family The Murphy Institute was established in memory of Charles H. Murphy, Sr. (1870–1954) by his son Charles H. Murphy, Jr. The Murphy Institute is supported by the endowment of the Tulane Murphy Foundation. Past Directors 1980–1981: William Oakland 1981–1984: Dagobert L. Brito 1984–2009: Richard F.Teichgraeber III 2010–2020: Steven M. Sheffrin 2021–present: Gary "Hoov" Hoover References ^ "Paid Notice: Deaths MURPHY, CHARLES H". The New York Times. 24 March 2002. ^ "About | the Murphy Institute". ^ "Higher-education | Page 8 - NOLA.com". Archived from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2010-11-30. ^ "Academic Publishing | Academic books, ebooks, reference books and textbooks | Cambridge University Press". ^ "Tulane University - TARP Postmortem: 'Something Had to be Done'". Archived from the original on 2012-04-02. Retrieved 2010-11-30. ^ "Encyclopedia of Arkansas". ^ "The Murphy Institute · The Murphy Institute, 1980-2005". murphy.tulane.edu. Archived from the original on 2005-11-13. ^ "Tulane University names renowned economist Gary Hoover as director of the Murphy Institute". External links http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Murphy-Oil-Corporation-Company-History.html https://web.archive.org/web/20100924002854/http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/121707_murphy.cfm http://www.nytimes.com/2002/03/24/classified/paid-notice-deaths-murphy-charles-h.html https://banksouthern.com/news/the-path-to-the-promise/

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flesh_and_Fantasy_(1943_film)

Flesh and Fantasy

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Deleted segment","5 References","6 External links"]

1943 film by Julien Duvivier This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Flesh and Fantasy" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (July 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Flesh and FantasyDirected byJulien DuvivierWritten byEllis St. Joseph (Story segment 1)Oscar Wilde (Story segment 2)László Vadnay (Story segment 3)Ernest PascalSamuel HoffensteinStarringEdward G. RobinsonCharles BoyerBarbara StanwyckBetty FieldCinematographyStanley CortezPaul IvanoEdited byArthur HiltonMusic byAlexandre TansmanDistributed byUniversal PicturesRelease date October 29, 1943 (1943-10-29) Running time94 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglishBox office$1.8 million (US rentals) Flesh and Fantasy is a 1943 American anthology film directed by Julien Duvivier and starring Edward G. Robinson, Charles Boyer, Robert Cummings, and Barbara Stanwyck. The making of this film was inspired by the success of Duvivier's previous anthology film, the 1942 Tales of Manhattan. Flesh and Fantasy tells three stories, unrelated but with a supernatural theme, by Ellis St. Joseph, Oscar Wilde, and László Vadnay. Tying together the three segments is a conversation about the occult between two clubmen, one played by humorist Robert Benchley. Plot First segment The setting is New Orleans, Louisiana. Plain and embittered, Henrietta, secretly loves law student, Michael. On Mardi Gras night, a mysterious stranger gives her a white mask of beauty that she must return at midnight. At a party, Michael falls in love with Henrietta but has yet to see her face under the mask. Henrietta encourages Michael to follow a better life although it may mean losing him forever. Henrietta removes the mask at midnight discovering she is now beautiful and that her old, selfish attitude was really the cause of her ugliness. Second segment The second story is based on Oscar Wilde's short story Lord Arthur Savile's Crime. A palmist, Septimus Podgers, is making uncannily accurate predictions at a party for the rich and bored. He tells skeptical lawyer, Marshall Tyler, to avoid a certain street intersection on the way home. The palmist also acts as if he sees more in his hand but does not admit it. Marshall eschews the advice and almost gets shot during a police chase at the intersection. Marshall goes to the palmist’s home. Under pressure, the palmist admits that he saw that Marshall is going to kill someone. The notion obsesses Marshall, who decides that he must kill someone, anyone, just to get it over with. He comes close to killing two people but is unable to do so. He finally meets Podgers by accident on a bridge one night, and blaming Podgers for his problem, strangles him to death in a rage. Trying to escape, Marshall is hit by a car. The accident is witnessed by the Great Paul Gaspar, a high-wire artist, and it leads without pause into the third segment of the film. Third segment High-wire artist the Great Paul Gaspar is haunted by dreams of falling, and in each dream of doom encounters a woman, Joan Stanley, he has never met. These dreams affect his performance as he backs down from the most dangerous stunt, jumping from one wire to another. Eventually he meets his dream girl, who has serious troubles of her own. Paul later decides that he will not let his bad dreams affect him and that his life is his own. He performs the stunt successfully, not knowing that the woman that he has now fallen in love with is about to be arrested. Cast Marshall Tyler (Robinson) gets an unpleasant surprise. Edward G. Robinson as Marshall Tyler Charles Boyer as Paul Gaspar Barbara Stanwyck as Joan Stanley Betty Field as Henrietta Robert Cummings as Michael Thomas Mitchell as Septimus Podgers Charles Winninger as King Lamarr Robert Benchley as Doakes C. Aubrey Smith as the Dean of Norwald Edgar Barrier as the Proprietor of the Mask Shop Production At one stage the film was known as For All We Know. Cummings and Field were cast in March 1943. Deleted segment John Garfield was originally signed for the segment, but changed his mind. He was replaced by Universal contract star Alan Curtis in his role intended to begin with a half-hour sequence concerning an escaped killer who finds refuge with a farmer (Frank Craven) and his blind daughter (Gloria Jean). This sequence ended with a spectacular storm scene, staged by director Duvivier and photographer Paul Ivano, in which the enraged killer races after the blind girl. The forces of nature spare the girl but strike down the killer. The preview audience raved about this scene, but Universal removed it and shelved it. (The very end of the deleted scene survives in the final print: the killer's body washes up on shore.) To replace the missing footage the studio connected the remaining three segments with new footage of humorist Robert Benchley. Not wanting to waste the Jean-Curtis footage Universal hired screenwriter Roy Chanslor to come up with additional material and Reginald LeBorg to direct a few new scenes, so that the segment could be released as a separate feature film. The studio insisted upon "framing" scenes wherein the refugee is shown to be innocent of the crimes for which he has been imprisoned, and which allowed a happy ending. The completed film was finally released in 1944 as Destiny. References ^ "Top Grossers of the Season", Variety, 5 January 1944 p 54 ^ DRAMA AND FILM: Walter Huston Joins Boyer's Starry Parade Los Angeles Times 8 Mar 1943: 8. ^ SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD New York Times 3 Mar 1943: 19. ^ "SCREEN NEWS HERE AND IN HOLLYWOOD; John Garfield Will Appear in Third Sequence of 'Flesh and Fantasy' for Universal 'THE MUMmy's TOMB' DUE Arrives at the Rialto Today -- American Premiere at 48th St. For 'Valfangare'". The New York Times. 24 October 1942. ^ a b Tom Weaver, Michael Brunas and John Brunas. Universal Horrors: The Studios Classic Films, 1931-1946, 2007. Jefferson, NC: Mcfarland & Co Inc. ISBN 978-0786429745, pp. 463-468. External links Flesh and Fantasy at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films Flesh and Fantasy at IMDb vteFilms directed by Julien DuvivierFilmography The Agony of the Eagles (1922) The Hurricane on the Mountain (1922) The Abbot Constantine (1925) The Red Head (1925) The Man with the Hispano (1926) The Marriage of Mademoiselle Beulemans (1927) The Maelstrom of Paris (1928) The Mystery of the Eiffel Tower (1928) The Divine Voyage (1929) La Vie miraculeuse de Thérèse Martin (1930) David Golder (1931) Moon Over Morocco (1931) Here's Berlin (1932) The Five Accursed Gentlemen (1932) The Red Head (1932) A Man's Neck (1933) The Little King (1933) Maria Chapdelaine (1934) Golgotha (1935) La Bandera (1935) Le Golem (1936) They Were Five (1936) The Man of the Hour (1937) Pépé le Moko (1937) Life Dances On (1937) The Great Waltz (1938) The End of the Day (1939) The Phantom Carriage (1939) Lydia (1941) Tales of Manhattan (1942) The Heart of a Nation (1943) Flesh and Fantasy (1943) The Impostor (1944) Panique (1946) Anna Karenina (1948) The Sinners (1949) Black Jack (1950) Under the Sky of Paris (1951) Little World of Don Camillo (1952) Holiday for Henrietta (1952) The Return of Don Camillo (1953) On Trial (1954) Marianne of My Youth (1955) Deadlier Than the Male (1956) The Man in the Raincoat (1957) Lovers of Paris (1957) The Female (1959) Marie-Octobre (1959) The High Life (1960) Boulevard (1960) The Burning Court (1962) The Devil and the Ten Commandments (1962) Highway Pick-Up (1963) Diabolically Yours (1967)

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Robinson, Charles Boyer, Robert Cummings, and Barbara Stanwyck. The making of this film was inspired by the success of Duvivier's previous anthology film, the 1942 Tales of Manhattan. Flesh and Fantasy tells three stories, unrelated but with a supernatural theme, by Ellis St. Joseph, Oscar Wilde, and László Vadnay. Tying together the three segments is a conversation about the occult between two clubmen, one played by humorist Robert Benchley.","title":"Flesh and Fantasy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Mardi Gras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mardi_Gras"},{"link_name":"Oscar Wilde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar_Wilde"},{"link_name":"Lord Arthur Savile's Crime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Arthur_Savile%27s_Crime_and_Other_Stories"}],"text":"First segment\nThe setting is New Orleans, Louisiana. Plain and embittered, Henrietta, secretly loves law student, Michael. On Mardi Gras night, a mysterious stranger gives her a white mask of beauty that she must return at midnight. At a party, Michael falls in love with Henrietta but has yet to see her face under the mask. Henrietta encourages Michael to follow a better life although it may mean losing him forever. Henrietta removes the mask at midnight discovering she is now beautiful and that her old, selfish attitude was really the cause of her ugliness.Second segment\nThe second story is based on Oscar Wilde's short story Lord Arthur Savile's Crime. A palmist, Septimus Podgers, is making uncannily accurate predictions at a party for the rich and bored. He tells skeptical lawyer, Marshall Tyler, to avoid a certain street intersection on the way home. The palmist also acts as if he sees more in his hand but does not admit it. Marshall eschews the advice and almost gets shot during a police chase at the intersection. Marshall goes to the palmist’s home. Under pressure, the palmist admits that he saw that Marshall is going to kill someone.The notion obsesses Marshall, who decides that he must kill someone, anyone, just to get it over with. He comes close to killing two people but is unable to do so. He finally meets Podgers by accident on a bridge one night, and blaming Podgers for his problem, strangles him to death in a rage. Trying to escape, Marshall is hit by a car. The accident is witnessed by the Great Paul Gaspar, a high-wire artist, and it leads without pause into the third segment of the film.Third segment\nHigh-wire artist the Great Paul Gaspar is haunted by dreams of falling, and in each dream of doom encounters a woman, Joan Stanley, he has never met. These dreams affect his performance as he backs down from the most dangerous stunt, jumping from one wire to another. Eventually he meets his dream girl, who has serious troubles of her own. Paul later decides that he will not let his bad dreams affect him and that his life is his own. He performs the stunt successfully, not knowing that the woman that he has now fallen in love with is about to be arrested.","title":"Plot"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Thomas_Mitchell_and_Edward_G._Robinson_-_Flesh_and_Fantasy.jpg"},{"link_name":"Edward G. Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson"},{"link_name":"Charles Boyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Boyer"},{"link_name":"Barbara Stanwyck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck"},{"link_name":"Betty Field","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Betty_Field"},{"link_name":"Robert Cummings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Cummings"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mitchell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mitchell_(actor)"},{"link_name":"Charles Winninger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Winninger"},{"link_name":"Robert Benchley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Benchley"},{"link_name":"C. Aubrey Smith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C._Aubrey_Smith"},{"link_name":"Edgar Barrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Barrier"}],"text":"Marshall Tyler (Robinson) gets an unpleasant surprise.Edward G. Robinson as Marshall Tyler\nCharles Boyer as Paul Gaspar\nBarbara Stanwyck as Joan Stanley\nBetty Field as Henrietta\nRobert Cummings as Michael\nThomas Mitchell as Septimus Podgers\nCharles Winninger as King Lamarr\nRobert Benchley as Doakes\nC. Aubrey Smith as the Dean of Norwald\nEdgar Barrier as the Proprietor of the Mask Shop","title":"Cast"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"At one stage the film was known as For All We Know.[2] Cummings and Field were cast in March 1943.[3]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"John Garfield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Garfield"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Alan Curtis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Curtis_(American_actor)"},{"link_name":"Frank Craven","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Craven"},{"link_name":"Gloria Jean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gloria_Jean"},{"link_name":"Paul Ivano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Ivano"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weaver_et_al.-5"},{"link_name":"Reginald LeBorg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_LeBorg"},{"link_name":"Destiny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destiny_(1944_film)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Weaver_et_al.-5"}],"text":"John Garfield was originally signed for the segment,[4] but changed his mind. He was replaced by Universal contract star Alan Curtis in his role intended to begin with a half-hour sequence concerning an escaped killer who finds refuge with a farmer (Frank Craven) and his blind daughter (Gloria Jean). This sequence ended with a spectacular storm scene, staged by director Duvivier and photographer Paul Ivano, in which the enraged killer races after the blind girl. The forces of nature spare the girl but strike down the killer. The preview audience raved about this scene, but Universal removed it and shelved it. (The very end of the deleted scene survives in the final print: the killer's body washes up on shore.)[5] To replace the missing footage the studio connected the remaining three segments with new footage of humorist Robert Benchley.Not wanting to waste the Jean-Curtis footage Universal hired screenwriter Roy Chanslor to come up with additional material and Reginald LeBorg to direct a few new scenes, so that the segment could be released as a separate feature film. The studio insisted upon \"framing\" scenes wherein the refugee is shown to be innocent of the crimes for which he has been imprisoned, and which allowed a happy ending. The completed film was finally released in 1944 as Destiny.[5]","title":"Deleted segment"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_Affairs_(1966_TV_series)

Foreign Affairs (1966 TV series)

["1 Background","2 Cast","3 Plot","4 Episodes","5 References"]

British TV series or programme Foreign AffairsGenreSitcomCreated byLeonard SamsonWritten byJohnnie MortimerBrian CookeLeonard SamsonStarringLeslie PhillipsRichard O'SullivanAustin TrevorDorothy FrereRonnie BarkerCountry of originUnited KingdomNo. of series1No. of episodes6ProductionProducerJohn StreetRunning time30 minutesOriginal releaseNetworkBBC1Release16 September (1966-09-16) –21 October 1966 (1966-10-21) Foreign Affairs is a British sitcom that aired on BBC1 in 1966. Starring Leslie Phillips in the lead role, it was set in the Foreign Office in Whitehall. The entire series was wiped and is no longer thought to exist. Background All six episodes were written by writing partners Johnny Mortimer and Brian Cooke, with creator Leonard Samson also co-writing one episode. Foreign Affairs introduced the writers to young actor Richard O'Sullivan and this would lead to his title role in the 1970s sitcom Man About the House. Cast Leslie Phillips as Dennis Proudfoot Richard O'Sullivan as Taplow Austin Trevor as Sir Hugh Marriot Dorothy Frere as Miss Jessup Ronnie Barker as Grischa Petrovitch Joe Melia as Serge Volchanivov Sonia Graham as Irinka Plot Womaniser Dennis Proudfoot works in the Foreign Office in Whitehall as the personal assistant to Sir Hugh Marriot, the administrator of foreign relations. The programme focuses on the conflicts between the Foreign Office and the counterparts at the Soviet Embassy in London. Serge Volchanivov is the commissar for foreign relations and his assistant is Grischa Petrovitch. Taplow is the 20-year-old post-room boy. Episodes Foreign Affairs aired on Fridays at 7.30pm. Due to the archival policies of the time, all six episodes were subsequently wiped and no longer exist. # Episode Title Original Broadcast Date 1 "The Foreign Body" 16 September 1966 2 "Can We Have Our Ball Back?" 23 September 1966 3 "The Leak" 30 September 1966 4 "Learning to Compromise" 7 October 1966 5 "One of Our Islands is Missing" 14 October 1966 6 "The Exterminator" 21 October 1966 References ^ a b c Lewishohn, Mark (2003). Radio Times Guide to TV Comedy. London: BBC Worldwide. ISBN 0-563-48755-0. ^ "LostShows.com". LostShows.com. 2013. Retrieved 9 December 2013.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luv_(Janet_Jackson_song)

Luv (Janet Jackson song)

["1 Music and lyrics","2 Critical reception","3 Commercial performance","4 Live performances","5 Charts","6 Release history","7 References"]

2008 single by Janet Jackson"Luv"Single by Janet Jacksonfrom the album Discipline ReleasedFebruary 11, 2008 (2008-02-11)Recorded2007Length3:09LabelIslandSongwriter(s) Rodney Jerkins Dernst Emile Tasleema Yasin LaShawn Daniels Producer(s) Rodney Jerkins D'Mile Janet Jackson singles chronology "Rock with U" (2008) "Luv" (2008) "Can't B Good" (2008) "Luv" is a song recorded by American singer-songwriter Janet Jackson for her tenth studio album Discipline (2008). Written by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins, Dernst "D'Mile" Emile, Tasleema Yasin, and LaShawn Daniels, the song's production was handled by Darkchild and D'Mile. Described as a "feel-good" clap-and-bounce track, "Luv" is an electro-R&B song, with Jackson relating a car crash to falling in love. "Luv" was released to urban contemporary radio on February 11, 2008, by Island Records as the third single from Discipline. The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who agreed that it resembles her early hits and highlighted it as one of the album's best tracks. "Luv" had limited chart success, managing to reach number 34 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. Music and lyrics "Luv" was written and produced by Rodney "Darkchild" Jerkins and Dernst "D'Mile" Emile II, with Tasleema Yasin and LaShawn Daniels serving as the co-writers of the track, while Jackson and Ian Cross served as the vocal producers. "Luv" was described as "a brisk, feel-good clap-and-bounce" song, by Andy Kellman of AllMusic, with Princess P. of MWZA describing the lyrics as "an extended automotive metaphor" (red lights/headlights imagery, and the line: "He hit me with his love"), with the chorus constantly repeating "Luv, luv, luv, luv". "Luv" is an R&B-hip-hop-flavored song, where Jackson relates a car crash to falling in love, singing: "He ran a red light/ And hit me with his luv, luv, luv". Princess P. saw that "vocally, it's hyper like the chorus of Chris Brown's 'With You,' but musically, it sounds like a Southern-fried sequel to Kanye West's 'Good Life'." Glenn Gamboa of Newsday wrote the song "grooves along like it could have come from Ciara's album, aside from a few trade Jackson harmonies." Critical reception Andy Kellman of AllMusic picked out the song as one of "the highlights of the album", writing that it is "as innocent, universal, and inviting as anything else in Janet's past." Dan Gennoe of Yahoo! Music agreed, calling it a "Nelly-ish synth sunshine", praising it for being "as clean, crisp and adorable as anything on her 'Design Of A Decade' hits collection." In the same vein, Michael Arceneaux of PopMatters called it "groovy and catchy follow-up to 'Feedback' that reminds listeners of the early stages of the pop star’s career when she sang about her affections innocently." Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe called it "another standout, a plump, crackling confection." Chad Grischow of IGN commented about her "touched-up vocals" on the track, writing that "actually work in her favor on infectious synth-driven 'Luv', where the computerized blurping vocals in the bouncy hook balance perfectly against her natural voice in the verses." Ann Powers of Los Angeles Times wrote a mixed review, writing that the song "grabs the essence of previous hits by Britney Spears, T-Pain and Kanye West, without so much as a patent application. The overheated production makes it stand out, but it's heartless." Commercial performance Much like its predecessor "Rock with U", "Luv" was a commercial failure. Failing to enter the US Billboard Hot 100, it peaked at number two on its extension chart Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles. The song peaked at number 34 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in mid-March 2008, becoming Jackson's 43rd top-40 single on the chart. Live performances Jackson first performed "Luv" on America United: In Support of Our Troops, which aired on September 7, 2008, on ABC, in a medley with "Rhythm Nation" (1989). During Jackson's Rock Witchu Tour the same year, "Luv" was performed during the encore, along with "Runaway" (1995). An interlude of the song was used during her Unbreakable World Tour (2015–2016). Charts Weekly chart performance for "Luv" Chart (2008) Peakposition US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles (Billboard) 2 US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs (Billboard) 34 Release history Release dates and formats for "Luv" Region Date Format(s) Label(s) Ref. United States February 11, 2008 Urban contemporary radio Island References ^ "Janet Jackson – Discipline (CD, Album) at Discogs". Discogs. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ a b Kellman, Andy. "Discipline – Janet Jackson". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2013-08-24. ^ a b c P., Princess (January 23, 2008). "Janet Jackson "Discipline" Album Review". MWZA. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2013. ^ Mayers, Norman (April 14, 2008). "Album Review: Janet Jackson - Discipline | Prefix". Prefix Magazine. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Janet Jackson - Discipline (album review) | Sputnikmusic". Sputnikmusic. August 11, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ Gamboa, Glenn (February 26, 2008). "Review: Janet Jackson's latest CD 'Discipline'". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ "Janet Jackson Discipline Album Review, New album reviews and latest album releases on Yahoo! Music". Yahoo! Music UK. May 2012. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ "Janet Jackson: Discipline". PopMatters. Retrieved 2010-07-19. ^ Anderman, Joan (2008-02-26). "Janet Jackson's hot and heavy act grows old". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-07-19. ^ Grischow, Chad (February 28, 2008). "Janet Jackson - Discipline - IGN". IGN. Retrieved November 7, 2013. ^ Powers, Ann (2008-02-25). "Still nasty after all these years - Los Angeles Times". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-07-19. ^ a b "Janet Jackson Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)". Billboard. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ a b "Janet Jackson Chart History (Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs)". Billboard. Retrieved October 17, 2017. ^ "America United: In Support of Our Troops - Janet Jackson". America United: In Support of Our Troops. September 7, 2008. 120 minutes in. American Broadcasting Company. ^ "Review: 'Janet Jackson'". Variety. September 18, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2014. ^ Dunham, Darnella (February 11, 2008). "R&R :: Going For Adds :: Urban". Radio and Records. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013. vteJanet Jackson Albums Singles Videography Filmography Awards and nominations Studio albums Janet Jackson Dream Street Control Rhythm Nation 1814 Janet The Velvet Rope All for You Damita Jo 20 Y.O. Discipline Unbreakable Compilation albums Design of a Decade: 1986–1996 Number Ones Icon: Number Ones Japanese Singles Collection Remix albums Control: The Remixes Janet Remixed Video releases Rhythm Nation 1814 The Velvet Rope Tour: Live in Concert Live in Hawaii From Janet to Damita Jo Tours Rhythm Nation World Tour 1990 Janet World Tour The Velvet Rope Tour All for You Tour Rock Witchu Tour Number Ones, Up Close and Personal Unbreakable World Tour State of the World Tour A Special 30th Anniversary Celebration of Rhythm Nation Together Again Residencies Metamorphosis Related articles True You Janet Jackson as a gay icon Super Bowl XXXVIII halftime show (controversy) René Elizondo Jr. Jackson family Malfunction: The Dressing Down of Janet Jackson Janet Jackson (documentary TV series) Category vteJanet Jackson singles Albums discography Singles discography Videography Awards and nominations Janet Jackson "Young Love" "Come Give Your Love to Me" "Say You Do" Dream Street "Don't Stand Another Chance" "Two to the Power of Love" "Fast Girls" "Dream Street" Control "What Have You Done for Me Lately" "Nasty" "When I Think of You" "Control" "Let's Wait Awhile" "The Pleasure Principle" "Funny How Time Flies (When You're Having Fun)" Rhythm Nation 1814 "Miss You Much" "Rhythm Nation" "Escapade" "Alright" "Come Back to Me" "Black Cat" "Love Will Never Do (Without You)" "State of the World" Janet "That's the Way Love Goes" "If" "Again" "Because of Love" "Any Time, Any Place" "Throb" "You Want This" "Whoops Now"/"What'll I Do" The Velvet Rope "Got 'til It's Gone" "Together Again" "I Get Lonely" "Go Deep" "You" "Every Time" All for You "Doesn't Really Matter" "All for You" "Someone to Call My Lover" "Son of a Gun (I Betcha Think This Song Is About You)" "Come On Get Up" Damita Jo "Just a Little While" "I Want You" "All Nite (Don't Stop)" "R&B Junkie" 20 Y.O. "Call on Me" "So Excited" "With U" Discipline "Feedback" "Rock with U" "Luv" "Can't B Good" Unbreakable "No Sleeep" "Burnitup!" "Unbreakable" "Dammn Baby" Other songs "And On and On" "Scream" "Runaway" "Twenty Foreplay" "Ask for More" "Megamix 04" "Make Me" "Nothing" "Made for Now" As featured artist "Diamonds" "Making Love in the Rain" "2300 Jackson Street" "The Best Things in Life Are Free" "Luv Me, Luv Me" "What's It Gonna Be?!" "Girlfriend/Boyfriend" "Feel It Boy" "Don't Worry" "We Are the World 25 for Haiti" Category

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Written by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins, Dernst \"D'Mile\" Emile, Tasleema Yasin, and LaShawn Daniels, the song's production was handled by Darkchild and D'Mile. Described as a \"feel-good\" clap-and-bounce track, \"Luv\" is an electro-R&B song, with Jackson relating a car crash to falling in love.\"Luv\" was released to urban contemporary radio on February 11, 2008, by Island Records as the third single from Discipline. The song received generally positive reviews from music critics, who agreed that it resembles her early hits and highlighted it as one of the album's best tracks. \"Luv\" had limited chart success, managing to reach number 34 on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs.","title":"Luv (Janet Jackson song)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_%22Darkchild%22_Jerkins"},{"link_name":"Dernst \"D'Mile\" Emile II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%27Mile"},{"link_name":"LaShawn Daniels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LaShawn_Daniels"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-discogs-1"},{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mwza-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mwza-3"},{"link_name":"R&B","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B"},{"link_name":"hip-hop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hip_hop_music"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-prefix-4"},{"link_name":"car crash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Car_crash"},{"link_name":"falling in love","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falling_in_love"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sputnikmusic-5"},{"link_name":"Chris Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Brown"},{"link_name":"With You","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/With_You_(Chris_Brown_song)"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"Good Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Good_Life_(Kanye_West_song)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-mwza-3"},{"link_name":"Newsday","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday"},{"link_name":"Ciara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ciara"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-newsday-6"}],"text":"\"Luv\" was written and produced by Rodney \"Darkchild\" Jerkins and Dernst \"D'Mile\" Emile II, with Tasleema Yasin and LaShawn Daniels serving as the co-writers of the track, while Jackson and Ian Cross served as the vocal producers.[1] \"Luv\" was described as \"a brisk, feel-good clap-and-bounce\" song, by Andy Kellman of AllMusic,[2] with Princess P. of MWZA describing the lyrics as \"an extended automotive metaphor\" (red lights/headlights imagery, and the line: \"He hit me with his love\"),[3] with the chorus constantly repeating \"Luv, luv, luv, luv\".[3]\"Luv\" is an R&B-hip-hop-flavored song,[4] where Jackson relates a car crash to falling in love, singing: \"He ran a red light/ And hit me with his luv, luv, luv\".[5] Princess P. saw that \"vocally, it's hyper like the chorus of Chris Brown's 'With You,' but musically, it sounds like a Southern-fried sequel to Kanye West's 'Good Life'.\"[3] Glenn Gamboa of Newsday wrote the song \"grooves along like it could have come from Ciara's album, aside from a few trade Jackson harmonies.\"[6]","title":"Music and lyrics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AllMusic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Allmusic-2"},{"link_name":"Yahoo! Music","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Music"},{"link_name":"Nelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nelly"},{"link_name":"Design Of A Decade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Design_of_a_Decade:_1986%E2%80%931996"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Michael Arceneaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Arceneaux"},{"link_name":"PopMatters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters"},{"link_name":"Feedback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feedback_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PopMatters-8"},{"link_name":"The Boston Globe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Boston_Globe-9"},{"link_name":"IGN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ign-10"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times"},{"link_name":"Britney Spears","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Britney_Spears"},{"link_name":"T-Pain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-Pain"},{"link_name":"Kanye West","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanye_West"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LA_Times-11"}],"text":"Andy Kellman of AllMusic picked out the song as one of \"the highlights of the album\", writing that it is \"as innocent, universal, and inviting as anything else in Janet's past.\"[2] Dan Gennoe of Yahoo! Music agreed, calling it a \"Nelly-ish synth sunshine\", praising it for being \"as clean, crisp and adorable as anything on her 'Design Of A Decade' hits collection.\"[7] In the same vein, Michael Arceneaux of PopMatters called it \"groovy and catchy follow-up to 'Feedback' that reminds listeners of the early stages of the pop star’s career when she sang about her affections innocently.\"[8]Joan Anderman of The Boston Globe called it \"another standout, a plump, crackling confection.\"[9] Chad Grischow of IGN commented about her \"touched-up vocals\" on the track, writing that \"actually work in her favor on infectious synth-driven 'Luv', where the computerized blurping vocals in the bouncy hook balance perfectly against her natural voice in the verses.\"[10] Ann Powers of Los Angeles Times wrote a mixed review, writing that the song \"grabs the essence of previous hits by Britney Spears, T-Pain and Kanye West, without so much as a patent application. The overheated production makes it stand out, but it's heartless.\"[11]","title":"Critical reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Rock with U","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_with_U"},{"link_name":"Billboard Hot 100","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100"},{"link_name":"Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bubbling_Under_Hot_100_Singles"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-bubbling-12"},{"link_name":"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-r&bhh-13"}],"text":"Much like its predecessor \"Rock with U\", \"Luv\" was a commercial failure. Failing to enter the US Billboard Hot 100, it peaked at number two on its extension chart Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles.[12] The song peaked at number 34 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart in mid-March 2008, becoming Jackson's 43rd top-40 single on the chart.[13]","title":"Commercial performance"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ABC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company"},{"link_name":"Rhythm Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_Nation"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Rock Witchu Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Witchu_Tour"},{"link_name":"Runaway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Runaway_(Janet_Jackson_song)"},{"link_name":"Unbreakable World Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unbreakable_World_Tour_(Janet_Jackson_tour)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Jackson first performed \"Luv\" on America United: In Support of Our Troops, which aired on September 7, 2008, on ABC, in a medley with \"Rhythm Nation\" (1989).[14] During Jackson's Rock Witchu Tour the same year, \"Luv\" was performed during the encore, along with \"Runaway\" (1995). An interlude of the song was used during her Unbreakable World Tour (2015–2016).[15]","title":"Live performances"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Charts"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Release history"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson – Discipline (CD, Album) at Discogs\". Discogs. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.discogs.com/Janet-Jackson-Discipline/release/1581350","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson – Discipline (CD, Album) at Discogs\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discogs","url_text":"Discogs"}]},{"reference":"Kellman, Andy. \"Discipline – Janet Jackson\". AllMusic. Rovi Corporation. Retrieved 2013-08-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.allmusic.com/album/discipline-r1313319/review","url_text":"\"Discipline – Janet Jackson\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AllMusic","url_text":"AllMusic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rovi_Corporation","url_text":"Rovi Corporation"}]},{"reference":"P., Princess (January 23, 2008). \"Janet Jackson \"Discipline\" Album Review\". MWZA. Archived from the original on September 13, 2012. Retrieved August 24, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.today/20120913232807/http://www.mwza.com/janet-jackson-discipline-album-review/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson \"Discipline\" Album Review\""},{"url":"http://www.mwza.com/janet-jackson-discipline-album-review/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Mayers, Norman (April 14, 2008). \"Album Review: Janet Jackson - Discipline | Prefix\". Prefix Magazine. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.prefixmag.com/reviews/janet-jackson/discipline/18002/","url_text":"\"Album Review: Janet Jackson - Discipline | Prefix\""}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson - Discipline (album review) | Sputnikmusic\". Sputnikmusic. August 11, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.sputnikmusic.com/review/26697/Janet-Jackson-Discipline/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson - Discipline (album review) | Sputnikmusic\""}]},{"reference":"Gamboa, Glenn (February 26, 2008). \"Review: Janet Jackson's latest CD 'Discipline'\". Newsday. Archived from the original on March 13, 2008. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080313050858/http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5590607feb26%2C0%2C3889834.column?track=rss","url_text":"\"Review: Janet Jackson's latest CD 'Discipline'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newsday","url_text":"Newsday"},{"url":"http://www.newsday.com/entertainment/music/ny-etdrops5590607feb26,0,3889834.column?track=rss","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson Discipline Album Review, New album reviews and latest album releases on Yahoo! Music\". Yahoo! Music UK. May 2012. Archived from the original on June 13, 2011. Retrieved 2010-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110613142854/http://uk.launch.yahoo.com/080304/33/21y8r.html","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson Discipline Album Review, New album reviews and latest album releases on Yahoo! Music\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yahoo!_Music","url_text":"Yahoo! Music UK"}]},{"reference":"\"Janet Jackson: Discipline\". PopMatters. Retrieved 2010-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.popmatters.com/pm/review/janet-jackson-discipline/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson: Discipline\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PopMatters","url_text":"PopMatters"}]},{"reference":"Anderman, Joan (2008-02-26). \"Janet Jackson's hot and heavy act grows old\". The Boston Globe. Retrieved 2010-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.boston.com/ae/music/cd_reviews/articles/2008/02/26/janet_jacksons_hot_and_heavy_act_grows_old/","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson's hot and heavy act grows old\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Boston_Globe","url_text":"The Boston Globe"}]},{"reference":"Grischow, Chad (February 28, 2008). \"Janet Jackson - Discipline - IGN\". IGN. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ign.com/articles/2008/02/28/janet-jackson-discipline","url_text":"\"Janet Jackson - Discipline - IGN\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IGN","url_text":"IGN"}]},{"reference":"Powers, Ann (2008-02-25). \"Still nasty after all these years - Los Angeles Times\". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2010-07-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://articles.latimes.com/2008/feb/25/entertainment/et-albums25","url_text":"\"Still nasty after all these years - Los Angeles Times\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times","url_text":"Los Angeles Times"}]},{"reference":"\"America United: In Support of Our Troops - Janet Jackson\". America United: In Support of Our Troops. September 7, 2008. 120 minutes in. American Broadcasting Company.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company","url_text":"American Broadcasting Company"}]},{"reference":"\"Review: 'Janet Jackson'\". Variety. September 18, 2008. Retrieved September 22, 2014.","urls":[{"url":"https://variety.com/2008/music/reviews/janet-jackson-2-1200470441/","url_text":"\"Review: 'Janet Jackson'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variety_(magazine)","url_text":"Variety"}]},{"reference":"Dunham, Darnella (February 11, 2008). \"R&R :: Going For Adds :: Urban\". Radio and Records. Archived from the original on April 28, 2014. Retrieved November 7, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20140428033806/http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=02%2F11%2F2008&Format=5","url_text":"\"R&R :: Going For Adds :: Urban\""},{"url":"http://gfa.radioandrecords.com/publishGFA/GFANextPage.asp?sDate=02/11/2008&Format=5","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knights_and_Bikes

Knights and Bikes

["1 Other media","2 Development","3 Reception","3.1 Accolades","4 References","5 External links"]

2019 video gameKnights and BikesDeveloper(s)Foam SwordPublisher(s)Double Fine ProductionsDesigner(s)Rex CrowleMoo YuProgrammer(s)Moo YuArtist(s)Rex CrowleWriter(s)Rex CrowleComposer(s)Daniel PembertonEngineUnityPlatform(s)Microsoft WindowsLinuxMacOSPlayStation 4Nintendo SwitchXbox OneReleaseWindows, Mac, Linux, PS4August 27, 2019Nintendo SwitchFebruary 6, 2020Xbox One November 5, 2020Genre(s)Action-adventureMode(s)Single-player, multiplayer Knights and Bikes is a cooperative action-adventure game inspired by The Goonies and Secret of Mana. It is created by Foam Sword, a British indie game development company made up of former Media Molecule staff. Other media Three tie-in novels have been written by children's author Gabrielle Kent, and published by indie publisher Knights Of. Knights and Bikes was published in August 2018; Rebel Bicycle Club was published in August 2019; Wheels of Legend was the final installment published in July 2020. In 2019, Tiger Aspect Productions, then part of the Endemol group before being acquired by Banijay Group the following year, optioned the IP for an animated television series. Development The Kickstarter for Knights and Bikes was launched on February 2, 2016, with a funding goal of £100,000. The goal was met and development continued on the game. The game was originally set to launch in April 2017, but was delayed until 2019. The game released for Windows, Mac, Linux and PS4 on August 27, 2019. A Nintendo Switch version was later released on February 6, 2020, and an Xbox One version was released on November 5, 2020. Reception ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 79/100PS4: 79/100NS: 83/100Review scoresPublicationScoreEdge7/10Game Informer8/10GameSpot8/10PC Gamer (US)78% Accolades The game was nominated for "Best Indie Game" at the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards, and won the award for "Game, Original Family" at the NAVGTR Awards; it was also nominated for "Audio Innovation of the Year" at the MCV/Develop Awards, and for the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award at the SXSW Gaming Awards, and won the award for "Excellence in Visual Art" at the Independent Games Festival Awards, whereas it was nominated for "Excellence in Audio". In addition, it was nominated for "Best Debut" with Foam Sword Games at the Game Developers Choice Awards, and for "Best Sound Design for an Indie Game" at the 18th Annual G.A.N.G. Awards. It was also nominated for "Artistic Achievement", "British Game", "Debut Game", and "Family" at the 16th British Academy Games Awards. References ^ Wales, Matt (January 25, 2020). "Co-op coming-of-age adventure Knights and Bikes is heading to Switch next month". Eurogamer. Retrieved February 22, 2020. ^ Spurr, Megan (October 26, 2020). "Coming Soon to Xbox Game Pass for Android, Console, and PC: Celeste, Grim Fandango, PUBG and More". Xbox Wire. Retrieved October 26, 2020. ^ Alex Wawro (2015-11-15). "Foam Sword is the new studio from a pair of Media Molecule vets". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2020-03-02. ^ Keith Stuart (2016-02-02). "Knights and Bikes: a game that combines The Goonies with Cornwall". The Guardian. Retrieved 2016-02-26. ^ "Knights And Bikes - Wheels of Legend". Round Table Books. Retrieved 9 December 2022. ^ "Tiger Aspect adapts video game". C21media. 16 September 2019. Retrieved 18 June 2020. ^ O'Connor, Alice (2019-08-27). "Knights And Bikes starts its Cornish childhood adventure today". Rock Paper Shotgun. Retrieved 2020-11-27. ^ "Knights and Bikes". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-11-27. ^ "Knights and Bikes". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-11-27. ^ "Knights and Bikes for PC Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2020-04-06. ^ "Knights and Bikes for PlayStation 4 Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2020-04-06. ^ "Knights and Bikes for Switch Reviews". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2020-04-06. ^ "Knights and Bikes Review – an Adorable Ride". Game Informer. ^ "Knights and Bikes Review - Double Trouble". ^ "Days Gone Rides off with Three Nominations in This Year's Golden Joystick Awards". 20 September 2019. ^ "2019 Winners | NAVGTR". ^ Wallace, Chris (17 February 2020). "It's your last chance to vote for the MCV/DEVELOP Awards winners 2020". MCV. ^ "2020 SXSW Gaming Awards Nominees Revealed". ^ "Mutazione, Eliza, Untitled Goose Game Are Some of the Key Nominees for the 22nd Annual Independent Games Festival" (Press release). 7 January 2020. ^ "A SHORT HIKE WINS THE SEUMAS MCNALLY GRAND PRIZE AT THE 22nd ANNUAL INDEPENDENT GAMES FESTIVAL AWARDS" (Press release). 19 March 2020. ^ "'Death Stranding' Leads Game Developers Choice Awards Nominees". The Hollywood Reporter. 8 January 2020. ^ "Awards Archive". Game Audio Network Guild. 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2023-12-10. ^ "Death Stranding and Control dominate Bafta games awards nominations". TheGuardian.com. 3 March 2020. External links Official website

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It is created by Foam Sword, a British[3] indie game development company made up of former Media Molecule staff.[4]","title":"Knights and Bikes"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tiger Aspect Productions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiger_Aspect_Productions"},{"link_name":"Endemol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Endemol_Shine_UK"},{"link_name":"Banijay Group","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banijay_Group"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"Three tie-in novels have been written by children's author Gabrielle Kent, and published by indie publisher Knights Of. Knights and Bikes was published in August 2018; Rebel Bicycle Club was published in August 2019; Wheels of Legend was the final installment published in July 2020.[5]In 2019, Tiger Aspect Productions, then part of the Endemol group before being acquired by Banijay Group the following year, optioned the IP for an animated television series.[6]","title":"Other media"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"The Kickstarter for Knights and Bikes was launched on February 2, 2016, with a funding goal of £100,000. The goal was met and development continued on the game. The game was originally set to launch in April 2017, but was delayed until 2019. The game released for Windows, Mac, Linux and PS4 on August 27, 2019.[7] A Nintendo Switch version was later released on February 6, 2020, and an Xbox One version was released on November 5, 2020.[8][9]","title":"Development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Metacritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Edge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edge_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"Game Informer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"GameSpot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GameSpot"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"PC Gamer (US)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PC_Gamer"}],"text":"ReceptionAggregate scoreAggregatorScoreMetacriticPC: 79/100[10]PS4: 79/100[11]NS: 83/100[12]Review scoresPublicationScoreEdge7/10Game Informer8/10[13]GameSpot8/10[14]PC Gamer (US)78%","title":"Reception"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2019 Golden Joystick Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2019_Golden_Joystick_Awards"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"MCV/Develop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MCV/Develop"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"SXSW Gaming Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SXSW_Gaming_Awards"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Independent Games Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Games_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Game Developers Choice Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Developers_Choice_Awards"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Game_Audio_Network_Guild_2023-22"},{"link_name":"British Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Award_for_British_Game"},{"link_name":"Debut Game","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Academy_Games_Award_for_Debut_Game"},{"link_name":"16th British Academy Games Awards","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/16th_British_Academy_Games_Awards"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Accolades","text":"The game was nominated for \"Best Indie Game\" at the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards,[15] and won the award for \"Game, Original Family\" at the NAVGTR Awards;[16] it was also nominated for \"Audio Innovation of the Year\" at the MCV/Develop Awards,[17] and for the Matthew Crump Cultural Innovation Award at the SXSW Gaming Awards,[18] and won the award for \"Excellence in Visual Art\" at the Independent Games Festival Awards, whereas it was nominated for \"Excellence in Audio\".[19][20] In addition, it was nominated for \"Best Debut\" with Foam Sword Games at the Game Developers Choice Awards,[21] and for \"Best Sound Design for an Indie Game\" at the 18th Annual G.A.N.G. Awards.[22] It was also nominated for \"Artistic Achievement\", \"British Game\", \"Debut Game\", and \"Family\" at the 16th British Academy Games Awards.[23]","title":"Reception"}]

[]

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Retrieved October 26, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.xbox.com/en-us/2020/10/26/xbox-game-pass-coming-soon-october-november-2020/","url_text":"\"Coming Soon to Xbox Game Pass for Android, Console, and PC: Celeste, Grim Fandango, PUBG and More\""}]},{"reference":"Alex Wawro (2015-11-15). \"Foam Sword is the new studio from a pair of Media Molecule vets\". Gamasutra. Retrieved 2020-03-02.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamasutra.com/view/news/258607/Foam_Sword_is_the_new_studio_from_a_pair_of_Media_Molecule_vets.php","url_text":"\"Foam Sword is the new studio from a pair of Media Molecule vets\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamasutra","url_text":"Gamasutra"}]},{"reference":"Keith Stuart (2016-02-02). \"Knights and Bikes: a game that combines The Goonies with Cornwall\". The Guardian. 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Retrieved 2020-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2019/08/27/knights-and-bikes-released/","url_text":"\"Knights And Bikes starts its Cornish childhood adventure today\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rock_Paper_Shotgun","url_text":"Rock Paper Shotgun"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/knights-and-bikes/critic-reviews/?platform=xbox-one","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes\". Metacritic. Retrieved 2020-11-27.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/knights-and-bikes/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes\""}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes for PC Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/knights-and-bikes/critic-reviews/?platform=pc","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes for PC Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes for PlayStation 4 Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/knights-and-bikes/critic-reviews/?platform=playstation-4","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes for PlayStation 4 Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes for Switch Reviews\". Metacritic. CBS Interactive. Retrieved 2020-04-06.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.metacritic.com/game/knights-and-bikes/critic-reviews/?platform=nintendo-switch","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes for Switch Reviews\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metacritic","url_text":"Metacritic"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CBS_Interactive","url_text":"CBS Interactive"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes Review – an Adorable Ride\". Game Informer.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gameinformer.com/review/knights-and-bikes/knights-and-bikes-review-an-adorable-ride","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes Review – an Adorable Ride\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Informer","url_text":"Game Informer"}]},{"reference":"\"Knights and Bikes Review - Double Trouble\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.gamespot.com/reviews/knights-and-bikes-review/1900-6417284/","url_text":"\"Knights and Bikes Review - Double Trouble\""}]},{"reference":"\"Days Gone Rides off with Three Nominations in This Year's Golden Joystick Awards\". 20 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.pushsquare.com/news/2019/09/days_gone_rides_off_with_three_nominations_in_this_years_golden_joystick_awards","url_text":"\"Days Gone Rides off with Three Nominations in This Year's Golden Joystick Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"2019 Winners | NAVGTR\".","urls":[{"url":"https://navgtr.org/2019-winners/","url_text":"\"2019 Winners | NAVGTR\""}]},{"reference":"Wallace, Chris (17 February 2020). \"It's your last chance to vote for the MCV/DEVELOP Awards winners 2020\". MCV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mcvuk.com/business-news/heres-the-shortlist-for-the-new-mcv-develop-awards-vote-online-now/","url_text":"\"It's your last chance to vote for the MCV/DEVELOP Awards winners 2020\""}]},{"reference":"\"2020 SXSW Gaming Awards Nominees Revealed\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.noobfeed.com/news/9773/2020-sxsw-gaming-awards-nominees-revealed","url_text":"\"2020 SXSW Gaming Awards Nominees Revealed\""}]},{"reference":"\"Mutazione, Eliza, Untitled Goose Game Are Some of the Key Nominees for the 22nd Annual Independent Games Festival\" (Press release). 7 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/01/07/1967446/0/en/Mutazione-Eliza-Untitled-Goose-Game-Are-Some-of-the-Key-Nominees-for-the-22nd-Annual-Independent-Games-Festival.html","url_text":"\"Mutazione, Eliza, Untitled Goose Game Are Some of the Key Nominees for the 22nd Annual Independent Games Festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"A SHORT HIKE WINS THE SEUMAS MCNALLY GRAND PRIZE AT THE 22nd ANNUAL INDEPENDENT GAMES FESTIVAL AWARDS\" (Press release). 19 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.globenewswire.com/news-release/2020/03/19/2003086/0/en/A-SHORT-HIKE-WINS-THE-SEUMAS-MCNALLY-GRAND-PRIZE-AT-THE-22nd-ANNUAL-INDEPENDENT-GAMES-FESTIVAL-AWARDS.html","url_text":"\"A SHORT HIKE WINS THE SEUMAS MCNALLY GRAND PRIZE AT THE 22nd ANNUAL INDEPENDENT GAMES FESTIVAL AWARDS\""}]},{"reference":"\"'Death Stranding' Leads Game Developers Choice Awards Nominees\". The Hollywood Reporter. 8 January 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/game-developers-choice-awards-full-list-nominees-1268040","url_text":"\"'Death Stranding' Leads Game Developers Choice Awards Nominees\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter","url_text":"The Hollywood Reporter"}]},{"reference":"\"Awards Archive\". Game Audio Network Guild. 2023-08-02. Retrieved 2023-12-10.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.audiogang.org/awards/archive/","url_text":"\"Awards Archive\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death Stranding and Control dominate Bafta games awards nominations\". TheGuardian.com. 3 March 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/games/2020/mar/03/death-stranding-and-control-dominate-bafta-games-awards-nominations","url_text":"\"Death Stranding and Control dominate Bafta games awards nominations\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TheGuardian.com","url_text":"TheGuardian.com"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confirmation_and_overclaiming_of_aerial_victories

Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II

["1 German methodology for confirming aerial victories","2 Examples of overclaiming","3 References","3.1 Citations","3.2 Bibliography"]

The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (April 2016) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In aerial warfare, the term overclaiming describes a combatant (or group) that claims the destruction of more enemy aircraft than actually achieved. The net effect is that the actual losses and claimed victories are unequal. Overclaiming by individuals can occur when more than one person attacks the same target and each claims its destruction, when an aircraft appears to be no longer in a flying condition but manages to land safely, or when an individual simply wishes to claim unjustified credit for downing an opponent. In some instances of combat over friendly territory a damaged aircraft may have been claimed as an aerial victory by its opponent while the aircraft was later salvaged and restored to an operational status. In this situation the loss may not appear in the records while the claim remains confirmed. Separate from problems with confirmation, overclaiming can also occur for political or propaganda reasons. It was common for both sides to inflate figures for "kills" or deflate figures for losses in broadcasts and news reports. Overclaiming during World War II has been the centre of much scrutiny, partly because of the significant amount of air combat relative to other conflicts. German methodology for confirming aerial victories The Luftwaffe's aerial victory confirmation procedure was based on directive 55270/41 named "Confirmation of aerial victories, destructions and sinking of ships" (German: Anerkennung von Abschüssen, Zerstörungen und Schiffsvernichtung) and was issued by the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command). This directive was first issued in 1939 and was updated several times during World War II. In theory the German approval process for the confirmation of aerial victories was very stringent and required a witness. The final destruction or explosion of an enemy aircraft in the air, or bail-out of the pilot from the aircraft, had to be observed on gun-camera film or by at least one other human witness. The witness could be the German pilot's wingman, another in the squadron, or an observer on the ground. If a pilot reported shooting down an aircraft without this confirmation it was considered only a "probable" and did not count in the victory scoring process. During the 1990s, the German archives were made available to the public in the form of microfilm rolls of wartime records that had not been seen since January 1945. The records show that, although the Luftwaffe generally did not accept a "kill" without a witness, some pilots habitually submitted unwitnessed claims and sometimes these made it through the verification process, particularly if they were made by pilots with established records. Unlike all of the other air forces that fought during World War II, the Luftwaffe did not accept shared claims, but sometimes it happened. Each claim should have referred to a particular aircraft, but some victories were awarded to other pilots who had claimed the destruction of the same aircraft. From mid-year 1943 through 1944, the Wehrmachtbericht (communiques from the head of the armed forces) often overstated Allied bomber losses by a factor of up to two; these claims existed only in the communiques and were not used in victory scoring. Defenders of the German fighter pilots maintain that overclaims were eliminated during the confirmation process, but the microfilms show that this was not always the case. Stringent reviews and comparisons of Allied archives and German archives show that 90 percent of the claims submitted were confirmed, or found to be "in order" for confirmation, up to the time the system broke down altogether in 1945. Examples of overclaiming Date Unit/Air Force Notes 10 July 1940 Luftwaffe III./ZG 26 claimed 12 Hawker Hurricanes. The RAF recorded one lost Hurricane in a collision with a Dornier Do 17 13 July 1940 Royal Air Force No. 56 Squadron RAF claimed seven Junkers Ju 87 "Stuka"s from Sturzkampfgeschwader 1 destroyed over Isle of Portland. StG 1 recorded the loss of only two Ju 87s shot down. 12 August 1940 Luftwaffe The Germans claimed 22 British aircraft destroyed, actual British losses were 3. In one engagement Bf 109s from JG 2 claimed six RAF fighters, while bombers from KG 54 claimed 14. Only one fighter was shot down and six damaged. 18 August 1940 Luftwaffe Royal Air Force The Germans claimed 147 aircraft destroyed, recorded British losses were 68, the British claimed 144 aircraft destroyed, recorded German losses were 69.By coincidence each side had overclaimed the other's losses by 50% 15 September 1940 Royal Air Force On the day termed as the "Battle of Britain Day", the RAF claimed 185 German aircraft shot down. German recorded losses were 60. 1940 Luftwaffe Royal Air Force Overall, the Germans claimed they shot down approximately 3,600 aircraft, nearly twice as many as the British lost. RAF Fighter Command reported that they shot down 2,692 German aircraft in the Battle of Britain, nearly twice as many as the Germans lost, including losses from flak and accidents. June 1941 – December 1941 Soviet Air Force The Soviets of the South Western Front claimed 85 Bf 109s. A further 53 were claimed by anti-aircraft units in October and another 54 in November. Only 31 Bf 109s were recorded as lost by the Luftwaffe in this period. VVS claims on the Eastern Front amount to 3,879, anti-aircraft units claimed 752, and a further 3,257 were claimed destroyed on the ground. The Luftwaffe reported the loss of 3,827 aircraft to all causes on the Eastern Front in 1941. The VVS overclaiming more than 100%. June 1941 – December 1941 Royal Air Force During this period RAF Fighter Command launched a sustained 'fighter offensive' over Northern Europe, designed to tie down Luftwaffe fighter units, and hence indirectly take pressure off the Eastern Front, and to hopefully draw those Luftwaffe units encountered into a war of attrition. Fighting exclusively over enemy territory, and thus usually unable to accurately verify their pilot's combat reports, Fighter Command claimed 711 Luftwaffe fighters shot down, while losing 411 of its own fighters. The loss to JG 2 and JG 26, the principal opponents, were reportedly just 103 fighters. 6 April 1942 Soviet Air Force A Red Air Force unit claimed seven Finnish Brewster Buffalos shot down in a single action over Tiiksjärvi-Rukajärvi area and four destroyed on the ground. Not a single Finnish aircraft was confirmed by Finnish records. Soviet pilot V. I. Solomatin claimed to have shot down five Brewster fighters and was later honoured with Hero of the Soviet Union. Finns claimed to have shot down 2 bombers and 12 fighters; actual USSR air losses were 1 bomber and 6 fighters. 8 June 1942 Soviet Air Force 6 GIAP/VVS ChF claimed nine German aircraft shot down in a single action. Not a single German aircraft of any type was recorded as lost. 4 June 1942 Japanese Imperial Navy In the Battle of Midway Japanese Mitusbishi A6M "Zero" pilots claimed more than 40 American fighters shot down and several probably destroyed. The U.S. Marine Corps squadron, VMF-221, had sent up 25 Brewster Buffalos and Grumman F4F Wildcats, losing 15. 20 July 1942 – 10 August 1942 Luftwaffe During this period, Fliegerkorps VIII claimed to have shot down 606 Soviet aircraft while destroying another 107 on the ground. Actual losses of 8 VA were 230 aircraft – 114 fighters, 70 Shturmoviks, 29 Pe-2s, four Su-2s and 13 night bombers. 26 July 1942 Soviet Air Force: 434 IAP and 512 IAP These units claimed 18 and 12 kills against Macchi C.200s of the Italian 21 Gruppo Autonomo C.T. during Fall Blau. The Italian unit lost three Macchis. 18 August 1942 Finnish Air Forces 24th Fighter Squadron claimed that they had inflicted on Soviet Baltic Fleet the following: 2 Pe-2, 1 Hurricane and 13 I-16 aircraft shot down. The VVS KBF Suffered 6 losses: 4 I-16 fighters and 2 Pe-2 bombers. Baltic Fleet claimed 4 "Capron" and 3 Bf 109.Actually FiAF lost just one Brewster fighter 15 September 1942 LuftwaffeDesert Air Force (Royal Air Force Royal Australian Air Force) Jagdgeschwader 27 claimed 19 aerial victories, while RAAF and RAF records report the loss of five aircraft (a further Allied fighter was lost to friendly ground fire). The Allies claimed two destroyed, two probables, and three damaged in the same engagement. The Germans lost Lt. Hoffmann of I. Gruppe and Uffz. Prien to a midair collision, killing Prien. No further losses had been reported. 9 October 1942 United States Army Air Forces The USAAF claimed that they had inflicted on the Luftwaffe the following: 56 kills, 26 probable kills, and 20 aircraft severely damaged. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt reported these numbers to the American public in a nationwide broadcast. In fact, the Luftwaffe suffered 1 loss. 15 December 1942 Imperial Japanese Army Air Forces Burma: 50th Sentai pilots submitted claims for six Hawker Hurricanes shot down over Chittagong. Not one Hurricane was even damaged. 25 December 1942 United States Army Air Forces Burma: 16th Fighter Squadron, 23rd Fighter Group pilots submitted claims for ten enemy aircraft shot down, five probable, and one damaged. The 64th Sentai lost one Ki-43 and three Ki-48s from 8th Sentai were damaged. 2 March 1943 RAF No. 54 SquadronRAAF No. 457 SquadronImperial Japanese Navy Air Service 202nd Kōkūtai Each side claimed three enemy aircraft destroyed. Neither side suffered any losses. 17 April 1943 United States Army Air Forces During a mission against the Focke-Wulf plant near Bremen, the USAAF's 91st and 306th Bomb Groups claimed 63 German fighters destroyed, 15 probable destructions, and 17 damaged. Only two were confirmed destroyed, with nine damaged. Therefore, the USAAF overstated their victories by more than 750 percent. 18 April 1943 United States Army Air Forces During the Operation Vengeance mission to kill Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto, the 339th Fighter Squadron claimed to have shot down three twin-engined Betty bombers and two Zero fighters. In fact, the Japanese lost two bombers, and no fighters. 4 July 1943 Luftwaffe III./JG 5Soviet Union 7. VA The Soviet Union sent 3 DB-3f, 2 Hampdens (9 BAP), and 2 Il-2 (46 ShAP VVS SF) attacked a German convoy near Kirkenes. In following air combat, the 7./JG 5 and 8./JG 5 Luftwaffe pilots claimed 7 Hampdens, 6 Pe-2s, 5 Il-2s, and 2 Boston bombers. Soviet records show that 6 aircraft were shot down: 1 DB-3, 2 Hampdens, 2 Il-2, and 1 Pe-2 of 118 RAP VVS SF. 5 July 1943 – 8 July 1943 Soviet Air Force: 2. VA and 16. VA During the Battle of Kursk, the Soviet 2. VA unit claimed 487 aircraft from Fliegerkorps VIII were shot down. German records show 41 losses. According to the Generalquartiemeister der Luftwaffe, 58 aircraft were lost to all causes, including those from flak and accidents. The 16. VA unit claimed 391 against Luftflotte 6. German records show 39 losses. The Soviet Union claimed that they destroyed a total of 878 German aircraft; this is significantly more airplanes than the Luftwaffe had in the air. Luftwaffe records show that there were 97 losses from all causes, including those from flak and accidents. Losses due to Soviet fighter pilots were 80. The Soviet Union overclaimed by more than 750 percent. 17 August 1943 United States Army Air ForcesLuftwaffe After the Schweinfurt-Regensburg mission, the USAAF stated that they shot down 309 German fighters, broken-down as follows: gunners on the bombers claimed 288, Spitfire pilots claimed 7, and P-47 pilots claimed 14. Luftwaffe records show 40 aircraft lost. The United States overclaimed their victories by more than 650 percent. The Luftwaffe claimed that they shot down 101 bombers and 5 fighters shot down. USAAF records show that 60 B-17s and no fighters were lost but that between 58 and 95 bombers were damaged. 14 October 1943 United States Army Air ForcesLuftwaffe After the Second Raid on Schweinfurt, USAAF gunners aboard the B-17 bombers claimed to have shot down 138 German fighters. German records show that 38 were lost and 20 were damaged. German fighter pilots claimed they shot down 121 bombers and 1 fighter. USAAF records show that 60 bombers and 1 fighter were lost, 17 bombers were scrapped, and 121 bombers were damaged. 6 November 1943 Luftwaffe The Soviet army pushed the retreating German army to the west of Kiev. The Luftwaffe attempted to hold the line. Yak fighters of 256 iad were ordered to patrol to the west of Kiev. Erich Rudorffer of II./JG 54 claimed that he shot down 13 fighters and his wingman, Tangermann claimed 5 near Kiev. Soviet data suggests that they lost 5 Yak fighters, 1 of which was shot down by AA fire, and that a Yak-1 of l-t Khalatjan was slightly damaged on c/m and bellylanded in friendly territory. However, the Soviet Union habitually, and to a high degree, overstated their victories and understated their losses throughout WWII. 6 January 1944 United States Army Air Forces The United States claimed that they destroyed 241 German fighters, broken-down as follows: bomber crews claimed 210 and their fighter escort claimed 31. German records show they lost 39 fighters. The USAAF overclaimed by more than 500 percent. 3 March 1944 United States Army Air ForcesLuftwaffe On a bombing mission to Berlin the Eighth Air Force dispatched the 1st and 2nd Air Divisions, comprising the 95th, 100th, and 390th Bomb Groups. The USAAF claimed they shot down 179 Luftwaffe fighters, broken-down as follows: B-17 gunners claimed 97 and their fighter escort claimed 82. German records show that 66 fighters were lost. The Luftwaffe claimed that they shot down 108 bombers and 20 fighters. USAAF losses were 69 bombers and 11 fighters. ? April 1944 United States Army Air Forces vs RAF An unusual incident involving friendly fire occurred during the Burma campaign when the crew of a US B-25 fired at two approaching aircraft and later claimed to have shot down two Japanese fighters. The fighters were RAF Spitfires, one of which was piloted by New Zealand ace Alan Peart who was recorded by a ground radio unit saying, "Keep clear. The bastards are shooting at us." Both Spitfires returned safely to base, without damage. 14 June 1944 United States Army Air Forces During the Oil Campaign of World War II, 15 P-38 Lightning escorts from 49th Squadron, 14 Fighter Group were engaged by 32 Bf 109G-6s from the 101. Honi Légvédelmi Vadászrepülő Osztály, Royal Hungarian Air Force over central Hungary. American fighter pilots claimed 19 victories: 13 Bf 109s destroyed, 1 probable destruction, and 5 damaged. The Hungarians suffered 2 losses: 1 Bf 109G was destroyed in air combat and 1 Bf 109G was destroyed in a forced landing as a result of air combat. The USAAF overclaimed by 850 percent. 9–15 June 1944, Karelian Isthmus Finnish Air Forces Fighter pilots of FiAF claimed they had inflicted on Soviet VVS and PVO losses of 56 aircraft including 27 fighters. VVS and PVO actually lost 8 aircraft shot in air combat: 4 bombers, 3 Il-2s and 1 Yak-9 fighter. 20 aircraft were shot down by anti aircraft artillery: 3 bombers, 14 Il-2s, 2 La-5 fighters and 1 Yak-9 fighter. One Tu-2 bomber, 3 Il-2s, 2 La-5 and 2 Airacobra fighters were missing in action. 2 badly damaged Il-4 bombers were later written off Archieves of 275 Fighter Division of VVS confirmed that 2 La-5s MIA were actually shot down in air combat (14 June, one pilot died, other wounded) while 2 Airacobras MIA were lost in collision (15 June, both pilots died). So FiAF shot down in air combat 10-14 aircraft, including 3 fighter aircraft. FiAF claimed 9 times more Soviet fighters than VVS and PVO actually lost in air combat. During this 7 days period VVS KBF, Baltic Fleet, reported to have lost 1 Il-2 shot down (15 June), 3 Il-2s damaged (14 June) by anti aircraft artillery and 1 Pe-2 force landing (10 June, reason unknown) . 17 June 1944 Luftwaffe III./JG 5 Pilots of III./JG5, Dörr and Norz claimed both 12 Soviet aircraft. Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin indicated that no Soviet aircraft were lost in that action. Most 7 VA aircraft had been deployed further south against Finnish forces in Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive. 18 June 1944 Luftwaffe The Luftwaffe claimed 39 B-24s and 5 P-51s shot down over Schleswig-Holstein. 13 B-24s and 2 P-51s were lost. 10 June to 1 August 1944 Soviet Air Force A Red Air Force unit from the 324th fighter division claimed 39 Finnish Curtiss, 18 Brewster, 6 Morane and 1 Bf 109 shot down during Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive. Finnish records are showing just 4 Morane and 2 Brewster shot down by Soviet air craft. 3 Morane and 3 Curtiss were shot down by anti aircraft artillery. Soviet 324th fighter division with 3 regiments was not only Soviet fighter unit there operating north from Lake Ladoga. Other units were 197th, 435th, 415th, 773th, 152rd, 195th, 19th Guards and 20th Guards fighter regiments. 4 July 1944 Luftwaffe III./JG 5 Pilots of III./JG 5 claimed they shot down 26 Soviet aircraft.. Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin indicated that 2 Soviet aircraft were lost. Most of 7 VA aircraft had been deployed further south against Finnish forces in Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive. 17 July 1944 Luftwaffe III./JG5 Pilots of III./JG5 claimed 37 (at 18.59–19.30)including Schuck and Glöckner both having 7. Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin found only 2 Soviet aircraft lost in that action. Most of 7 VA aircraft had been deployed further south against Finnish forces in Svir-Petrozavodsk Offensive 25 July 1944 31st Fighter Group 31st FG HQ/307th Fighter Squadron/308th Fighter Squadron/309th Fighter Squadron vs Hans Rudel's SG.2 and Hungarian Stukas of 102/2. Dive Squadron and I./Stg 77. USAF Claims of 26 to 28 Enemy aircraft. Axis loss were from 9 to 21 depending on source 17 August 1944 Luftwaffe III./JG 5 Pilots of III./JG 5 claimed 40 Soviet aircraft during that day (35 found in 'supplementary claim from lists') . Soviet data checked by Rune Rautio and Yuri Rybin: 4 shot down by German fighters, 7 shot down by AA and one destroyed for unknown reason. From early June to late August just 2 Soviet fighter regiments were operating in sector of III./JG 5. 28 October 1944 Luftwaffe II./JG54 and 2./JG54 vs Soviet Air Force 8 GvShAP/47 ShAP in Libau Pilots of II./JG54 Broch, Rudorffer, Tangermann and Thyben claimed 14 Il-2 shot down at 11.44–11.56 and Ludwig Böes of 2./JG54 two other Il-2 (half hour later). Soviet losses of that day in Libau area where just three Il-2. Two Il-2 of 47 ShAp were shot down more likely by Rudorffer or Tangermann or both (or one by Thyben). 8 GvShAP lost one Il-2 and most likely shot down by Broch. None of claims of Ludwig Böes can be found on Soviet loss data of that day. Total German claims were 16 Il-2. Soviet confirmed losses of 3 Il-2. 47 ShAp logbook states: "8 Il-2 came under attack of 8 Fw 190 and lost 2 a/c. Both Il-2 were shot up by fighters, and crashed in flames in the sea 8–9 km SW from Libau. Both crew killed." On the other hand, Soviet sources have confirmed Soviet losses been 28 aircraft failed to return and 10 force landed. Total German claims of that day in Courland: 28 by fighters, 31 by AA-troops. Details of Soviet losses are missing. 1944–1945 Luftwaffe Oberleutnant Kurt Welter, claimed perhaps 25 Mosquitoes shot down by night and two further Mosquitoes by day while flying the Me 262, adding to his previous seven Mosquito kills in "hot-rodded" Bf 109G-6/AS or Fw 190 A-8 fighters. As far as can be ascertained, just three of his Me 262 claims over Mosquitoes coincide with RAF records. 1 January 1945 Luftwaffe On this date German pilots overclaimed by between 4 and 3:1 . During Operation Bodenplatte the Luftwaffe claimed 55 destroyed and 11 probably destroyed in air-to-air combat (according to document: Fernschreiben II.JakoIc Nr.140/44 geh.vom 3.1.1945). Other German sources (according to document: Luftwaffenführungsstab Ic, Fremde Luftwaffen West, Nr. 1160/45 g.Kdos.vom 25.2.1945), quote 65 claims and 12 probables. Just 31 Allied aircraft were hit. 15 were shot down in aerial combat, two were destroyed whilst on take-off and seven were damaged by enemy action. 24 March 1945 U.S. Army Air Force The 332nd Fighter Group was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation (DUC) for a mission, flown on 24 March 1945, escorting B–17s to bomb the Daimler-Benz tank factory at Berlin. American pilots claimed 11 Me 262 jet fighters; they were credited with three Me 262 jets of the Luftwaffe's Jagdgeschwader 7 JG 7 records show four Me 262s were lost. The bombers also made substantial claims, making it impossible to tell which units were actually responsible for those individual four kills. 8 May 1945 Luftwaffe There is no evidence from either the American or the Soviet archives that Erich Hartmann of I./JG 52 shot down any aircraft on the final day of the war. No losses around the Brno area were found when checking the 5th and 17th Air Army documents, and no hostile encounter between American and Soviet aircraft were found in the documents either. References Citations ^ Spick 1996, p. 217. ^ Lorant & Goyat 2005, p. vi. ^ a b Brown 2000, pp. 281–282. ^ a b c d e Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 96." ^ Weal 1999. p. 45. ^ Ward 2004, p. 97. ^ Bungay 2000, p. 208. ^ a b Military History Journal – Vol 5 No 1 Myths of the Battle of Britain by Major D. P. Tidy ^ Bergström p. 280 ^ Bergström 2007, p. 117. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 118. (Barbarossa title) ^ Caldwell, Don. The JG 26 War Diary, Volume 1 (Grub Street, London, 1996) p. 199. ^ a b c d e f g Hannu Valtonen: Luftwaffen pohjoinen sivusta: Saksan ilmavoimat Suomessa ja Pohjois-Norjassa 1941–1944. Hannu Valtonen: The north flank of Luftwaffe ^ Geust C-F.: Geust C-F, 4/1997 p. 16, airbattle in Tiiksjärvi 6th of April 1942 ^ Suomen Ilmailuhistoriallinen lehti 4/1997. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 47. (Stalingrad title) ^ Tillman 1990, p. 53 ^ Bergström 2007, p. 62. (Stalingrad title) ^ Bergström 2007, p. 58. (Stalingrad title) ^ Keskinen, Kalevi; Stenman, Kari: Suomen ilmavoimien historia 26 – Ilmavoitot osa 1. Espoo: Kari Stenman, 2006. ISBN 952-99432-8-8. ^ A. Uitto & C.F Geust: Taistelu Suomenlahden ulkosaarista, 2016. ^ Christopher Shores and Hans Ring (Fighters over the Desert, 1969), cited by Brown 2000, p. 258. ^ Brown, pp. 166–167. ^ Prien, Rodeike, and Stemmer 1998, p. 175. ^ a b Caldwell, Donald L.; JG26: Top Guns of the Luftwaffe; 1991. ^ Shores, 2005 p. 40. ^ Shores 2005, p. 45. ^ Thomas 2008, p. 71. ^ Weal 2006, pp. 22–23. ^ Bergström 2007, p. 120 (Kursk title). ^ Hess 1994, p. 60. ^ Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 114. ^ url =http://www.historynet.com/world-war-ii-eighth-air-force-raid-on-schweinfurt.htm ^ Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 136. ^ Caldwell 2007, p. 137. ^ Hess 1994, p. 71. ^ Hess 1994, p. 84. ^ Peart, 2008. Highlight Loc 1925–29. ^ Pataky-Rozsos-Sárhidai, 1988. pp. 41–53. ^ Vaiettu Elisenvaaran pommitus : evakkohelvetti 20. kesäkuuta 1944, Erkki Rahkola, Carl Fredrik Geust ^ Caldwell & Muller 2007, p. 211. ^ Query regarding claims ^ Hinchcliffe 1996 ^ Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 272–273. ^ Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 287. ^ Manrho and Pütz 2004, p. 290. ^ a b Caldwell and Muller 2007, p. 276. ^ Air Force Historical Study 82. (PDF), AFHRA Maxwell AFB, 1969, archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-05-30, retrieved February 16, 2007 ^ Horvath, Daniel & Gabor (2022). Verified Victories: Top JG 52 Aces Over Hungary 1944–45. England: Helion & Company. p. 149. ISBN 978-1915070876. Bibliography Bergström, Christer (2007). Barbarossa – The Air Battle: July–December 1941. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1857802702. Bergstrom, Christer (2007). Stalingrad – The Air Battle: November 1942 – February 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1857802764 . Bergström, Christer (2007). Kursk – The Air Battle: July 1943. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. ISBN 978-1903223888. Bergström, Christer (2015). The Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited" London: Casemate Books. ISBN 978-1612003474 Brown, Russell (2000). Desert Warriors: Australian P-40 Pilots at War in the Middle East and North Africa, 1941–1943. Maryborough, Queensland, Australia: Banner Books. ISBN 1875593225. Bungay, Stephen (2000). The Most Dangerous Enemy: a History of the Battle of Britain. ISBN 1854108018 Caldwell, Donald & Muller, Richard (2007). The Luftwaffe over Germany: Defense of the Reich. London: Greenhill Books. ISBN 978-1853677120 Hess, William N. (1994). B-17 Flying Fortress: Combat and Development History. St. Paul, Minnesota: Motorbook International. ISBN 0879388811 Hinchcliffe, Peter. The Other Battle: Luftwaffe Night Aces vs Bomber Command. London: Zenith Press, 1996. ISBN 0760302650. Horvath, Daniel & Gabor. Verified Victories: Top JG 52 Aces Over Hungary 1944–45. England: Helion & Company, 2022. ISBN 978-1915070876. Lorant, Jean Yves; Goyat, Richard (2005). Jagdgeschwader 300 "Wilde Sau" – Volume One: June 1943 – September 1944. Hamilton, Montana: Eagle Edition. ISBN 978-0976103400. Manrho, John, Putz, Ron. Bodenplatte: The Luftwaffe's Last Hope – The Attack on Allied Airfields, New Year's Day 1945. Ottringham, United Kingdom: Hikoki Publications, 2004. ISBN 1902109406 Peart, Alan. "From North Africa to the Arakan". Grub Street Publishing, 2008. ISBN 190650203X Prien, Jochen & Rodeike, Peter & Stemmer, Gerhard (1998). Messerschmitt Bf 109 im Einsatz bei Stab und I./Jagdgeschwader 27 1939–1945. struve-druck, Eutin. ISBN 3923457464 Iván, Pataki – László, Rozsos – Gyula, Sárhidai: Légi háború Magyarország felett. Második kötet. Budapest: Zrínyi Kiadó, 1988. ISBN 9633271630 Spick, Mike (1996). Luftwaffe Fighter Aces. New York: Ivy Books. ISBN 0804116962. Shores, Christopher (2005) Air War for Burma. London: Grub Street ISBN 1904010954. Thomas, Andrew. Griffon Spitfire Aces. London: Oxford. ISBN 978-1846032981 Tillman, Barrett. Wildcat: The F4F in WW II. Annapolis: Naval Institute Press (1990). ISBN 0870217895 Ward, John. (2004). Hitler's Stuka Squadrons: The Ju 87 at war, 1936–1945. Eagles of War. London. ISBN 1862272468 Weal, John (2006). Bf 109 Defence of the Reich Aces. Oxford: Osprey. ISBN 1841768790 Weal, John. Messerschmitt Bf 110 Zerstörer Aces World War Two. London: Osprey, 1999. ISBN 1855327538.

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"aerial warfare","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_aviation"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"propaganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Propaganda"}],"text":"In aerial warfare, the term overclaiming describes a combatant (or group) that claims the destruction of more enemy aircraft than actually achieved. The net effect is that the actual losses and claimed victories are unequal.Overclaiming by individuals can occur when more than one person attacks the same target and each claims its destruction, when an aircraft appears to be no longer in a flying condition but manages to land safely, or when an individual simply wishes to claim unjustified credit for downing an opponent. In some instances of combat over friendly territory a damaged aircraft may have been claimed as an aerial victory by its opponent while the aircraft was later salvaged and restored to an operational status. In this situation the loss may not appear in the records while the claim remains confirmed.[1]Separate from problems with confirmation, overclaiming can also occur for political or propaganda reasons. It was common for both sides to inflate figures for \"kills\" or deflate figures for losses in broadcasts and news reports. Overclaiming during World War II has been the centre of much scrutiny, partly because of the significant amount of air combat relative to other conflicts.","title":"Confirmation and overclaiming of aerial victories during World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Luftwaffe"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELorantGoyat2005vi-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Brown-3"},{"link_name":"microfilm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microfilm"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell_&_Muller_2007,_p._96.-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell_&_Muller_2007,_p._96.-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell_&_Muller_2007,_p._96.-4"},{"link_name":"Wehrmachtbericht","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmachtbericht"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell_&_Muller_2007,_p._96.-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Caldwell_&_Muller_2007,_p._96.-4"}],"text":"The Luftwaffe's aerial victory confirmation procedure was based on directive 55270/41 named \"Confirmation of aerial victories, destructions and sinking of ships\" (German: Anerkennung von Abschüssen, Zerstörungen und Schiffsvernichtung) and was issued by the Oberbefehlshaber der Luftwaffe (Luftwaffe high command). This directive was first issued in 1939 and was updated several times during World War II.[2]In theory the German approval process for the confirmation of aerial victories was very stringent and required a witness.[3] The final destruction or explosion of an enemy aircraft in the air, or bail-out of the pilot from the aircraft, had to be observed on gun-camera film or by at least one other human witness. The witness could be the German pilot's wingman, another in the squadron, or an observer on the ground.[3] If a pilot reported shooting down an aircraft without this confirmation it was considered only a \"probable\" and did not count in the victory scoring process.During the 1990s, the German archives were made available to the public in the form of microfilm rolls of wartime records that had not been seen since January 1945.[4]\nThe records show that, although the Luftwaffe generally did not accept a \"kill\" without a witness, some pilots habitually submitted unwitnessed claims and sometimes these made it through the verification process, particularly if they were made by pilots with established records.[4]\nUnlike all of the other air forces that fought during World War II, the Luftwaffe did not accept shared claims, but sometimes it happened. Each claim should have referred to a particular aircraft, but some victories were awarded to other pilots who had claimed the destruction of the same aircraft.[4]\nFrom mid-year 1943 through 1944, the Wehrmachtbericht (communiques from the head of the armed forces) often overstated Allied bomber losses by a factor of up to two; these claims existed only in the communiques and were not used in victory scoring.Defenders of the German fighter pilots maintain that overclaims were eliminated during the confirmation process, but the microfilms show that this was not always the case.[4] Stringent reviews and comparisons of Allied archives and German archives show that 90 percent of the claims submitted were confirmed, or found to be \"in order\" for confirmation, up to the time the system broke down altogether in 1945.[4]","title":"German methodology for confirming aerial victories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Examples of overclaiming"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relocation_of_Serbian_industry_during_the_Informbiro_period

Relocation of Serbian industry during the Informbiro period

["1 Background","2 Aircraft industry","3 Other industries","4 Consequences","5 Aftermath","6 Analysis","7 See also","8 References","9 Sources","10 Further reading"]

Strategy of the government of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Some of this article's listed sources may not be reliable. Please help improve this article by looking for better, more reliable sources. Unreliable citations may be challenged and removed. (March 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The moving of the Serbian industry to western Yugoslav republics was a strategy of the government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia to conduct massive transfer of industrial plants, machinery, technology and experts from PR Serbia to the western republics of Yugoslavia (primarily PR Croatia and PR Slovenia) during the Informbiro period (1948—52) and shortly after it. In some cases, only parts of industrial plants were moved while in others the whole factories were dismounted and transported out of Serbia. Since the ratio of highly educated people was very low at that time, moving experts out of Serbia had substantial negative consequences for its future development. The Yugoslav communist leadership, supported by Slovene and Croatian communists, used expected Soviet invasion as an official explanation for this project while Serbian and Montenegrin communists argued against it. The Slovene and Croatian side argued that their republics' substantially higher level of average academic achievement and education among urban population of PR Slovenia and PR Croatia at the time would make it easier to find additional skilled workers than in PR Serbia or likewise replace existing Serbian ones if necessary. According to a CIA report, Josip Broz Tito supported Slovenian and Croatian communists. The number of factories moved from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics is between 70 and 76, according to texts published in contemporary media. The destination of moved Serbian industry were primarily the republics of Croatia and Slovenia, followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, while some industry ended up in Albania. The moved industry included aircraft production and heavy vehicle production. Since many new destinations for the Serbian industry were much closer to Soviet-controlled territories, i.e. Maribor in Slovenia or Varaždin in Croatia, than their original locations in Serbia, many authors concluded that the real reason for moving Serbian industries out of Serbia was not fear of Soviet invasion but communist intention to punish Serbian nationalists for their rhetoric and aspiration of reforming Yugoslavia as a Greater Serbian state. Background After the Partisans took over control of Serbia after WWII, they moved numerous factories from Serbia to other parts of Yugoslavia. The communists cited the Resolution of the Informbirou as the reasoning. The followers of Informbiro were from the ranks of Montenegrins, Serbs in Bosnia and Serbia proper, and in a smaller extent Croats and Slovenians. According to some sources the real reason was not to prevent those factories to fall in hands of Soviet enemies, but to punish Serbia for "Greater Serbian nationalism" by causing major economic damage to it. Using old communist prejudices about privileged position of Serbia within Kingdom of Yugoslavia were among the reasons for Serbia, along with Slovenia, to be programmed for the slowest industrial development. Although some industries were moved to Serbia from other republics, the balance shows that 43% industry moved out of Serbia more than moved into Serbia. CIA reported that plan of Yugoslav leaders to move factories from Serbia to Slovenia, supported by Slovenian and Croatian communists, met opposition of Serb and Montenegrin communists and that Tito supported Slovenian and Croatian communists. Aircraft industry A preserved Soko 522 (initially produced by Ikarus) exhibited at the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade. The Ikarus, the first Serbian industry of airplanes, automobiles and machines was moved from Belgrade to Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A new factory was established in Mostar using machinery brought from Ikarus. Its name was Soko. The communist authorities moved from Belgrade to Mostar both machines and the best skilled experts and technicians who knew how to operate and maintain the machines. Soko was considered as informal successor of Ikarus. Some experts who worked in Ikarus presented their opposition to the moving and destruction of the aviation program of company who had such substantial tradition in it. Prva Petoletka, Trstenik, Serbia had complete line for production of fighter aircraft received from German war reparations in late 1949's. The complete airplane production program of the Prva Petoletka, Trstenik, Serbia was also moved to Soko in Mostar. Other industries Production of the heavy truck Praga RN was moved from IMR in Serbia to TAM in Slovenia Most of the factory Jugoalat from Novi Sad, Serbia which was specialized in production of tools was moved to Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina, while foundry Partizan, Subotica, Serbia was moved to Sarajevo in 300 railway wagons. After the WWII communists nationalized Zavod Aleksandar Ranković (ZAR) in Belgrade and renamed it to Industrija Motora Rakovica (IMR). Since 1938 this factory produced trucks Praga RN according to license bought by ZAR from Praga. Based on the order of Yugoslav Ministry for heavy industry after the WWII Belgrade truck producer IMR had to give complete technical documentations, manufacturing tools and acquired know-how to Slovenian producer Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor in Maribor. Consequences In a period which was very important for laying fundaments for future industrial development of the republics, the share of Serbia in Yugoslav industrial production was reduced for 13,8% The moving of factories from Serbia to northwestern parts of Yugoslavia was one of the main reasons for Serbia to become less developed in comparison to Slovenia and Croatia, i.e. in 1947 Slovenia had 67% stronger economy than Serbia while in 1987 the ratio in favor of Slovenia grew to 254%. Aftermath On 24 July 1991 the Assembly of Serbia adopted a recommendation to stop the glorification of communist leaders who were responsible for damaging Serbia's economy through moving its factories to other parts of Yugoslavia and other political measures which damaged people of Serbia in past decades of communist rule. In the early 1990s this move of factories from Serbia was presented in school geography textbooks for 8th grade. Dubravka Stojanović believed that the motive to put such texts in school textbooks was to present arguments that Serbia and Serbs were exploited and subordinated in Yugoslavia, with final aim to create psychological basis for the war. In 2010 Boris Dežulović published text about moving factories from Serbia emphasizing that main destination of Serbian factories were not Slovenia and Croatia, but Bosnia and Herzegovina. In his text titled "Serbian industry goes home" Dežulović ridiculed with situation that many impoverished Serb workers whose factories were taken away from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics after WWII are now cheap labor for some contemporary Croatian and Slovenian entrepreneurs who moved their production plants to Serbia in the 2010s. In 2013 Oliver Antić, Serbian high representative in the Commission of Succession of Former Yugoslavia, stated that it is necessary to consider part of industries moved out of Serbia into succession agreements. Analysis According to some sources the real reason was not to prevent those factories to fall in hands of Soviet enemies, but to punish Serbia for "Greater Serbian nationalism" by causing major economic damage to it. The arguments brought by those sources are: After the danger of Soviet invasion passed, the industry has not been returned to Serbia or compensated in any way The moving of industry out of Serbia continued even after the danger of Soviet invasion passed There was no similar moving of industry out of Slovenia or Croatia during the crisis connected to Free Territory of Trieste or after the crisis because of the shooting two US airplanes in Slovenia in 1946 During the period of moving industry out of Serbia there was also a ban on industry investments valid only for the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina Moving production to ill-prepared locations resulted in difficulties of maintaining continuous production and quality The first five-year plan of economical development in Yugoslavia projected slower development and lower investment in industry of Serbia Using old communist prejudices about privileged position of Serbia within Kingdom of Yugoslavia were among the reasons for Serbia, along with Slovenia, to be programmed for the slowest industrial development. Although some industries were moved to Serbia from other republics, the balance shows that 43% industry moved out of Serbia more than moved into Serbia. Other sources say that the moving of industry was used by the SANU and media campaigns aimed at proving the difficult situation of Serbia and the Serbs in Yugoslavia and creating an image of their vulnerability and subordination, with final aim to create psychological basis for the war. These are included in school textbooks. In 2010, Boris Dežulović published an eassy about the topic in which he emphasized that the main destination of Serbian factories were not Slovenia and Croatia, but Bosnia and Herzegovina. In his text titled "Serbian industry goes home" Dežulović ridiculed with situation that many impoverished Serb workers whose factories were taken away from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics after WWII are now cheap labor for some contemporary Croatian and Slovenian entrepreneurs who moved their production plants to Serbia in the 2010s. See also List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia References ^ Sociološki pregled. Sociološko društvo Srbije, u saradnji sa Centrom za sociološka istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka. 2006. ^ Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 536 ^ Arslani, Melita (19 December 2017). "Bomba iz CIA-e: Tito iz Srbije u Hrvatsku prebacio 70 tvornica!". www.express.hr. Express. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ^ Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535 ^ FBIS Daily Report: East Europe. The Service. 1996. p. 49. Informbiro — the followers of Informbiro were from the ranks of Montenegrins, Serbs in Bosnia, and Serbs in Serbia proper, in a smaller extent Croats and Slovenians. ^ (Jovanović 2003, p. 332):"...... фабрика из Србще ни]е вршено да не би пале у руке агресора, како је причано, потвр^'е пресељење фабрике камиона ... Титов цшь ]е био да економски оштети Србију, то ]ест да је казни због „вели- косрпског национализма и ..." ^ (Jovanović 2003, p. 332) ^ Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535 ^ "Transfer of industries from Serbia to Slovenia" (PDF). www.cia.gov. CIA. 13 December 1955. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017. ^ Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. ^ Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group. 1999. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7106-1898-6. ^ Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 131. Some of the experts in Ikarus expressed a subdued opposition to the translocation and destruction of companies with a long tradition in aviation. ^ (Žutić 2002, p. 115): "Фабрика Соко у Мостару, на коју је пренет и програм производње авиона из Прве петолетке, почела је да се гради априла..." ^ Zbornik za istoriju. Матица. 1995. p. 75. ^ Milošević, Milan. "Hronika sloma našeg "fergusona"". www.vreme.com. Vreme. Retrieved 16 August 2018. a onda su, po odluci Ministarstva teške industrije, konstrukciona i tehnološka dokumentacija, alati i stečeno iskustvo bili ustupljeni Fabrici TAM u Mariboru. ^ Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 538 ^ Вуковић, Слободан (2011). Социолошки преглед. Vol. XLV. Институт друштвених наука. p. 488. ^ (Radovanović 2010, p. 8) ^ Stojanović, Dubravka (30 March 2011). "Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom". pescanik.net. Peščanik. Retrieved 16 August 2018. Da bi se pokazali razlozi zbog kojih je Srbija bila nezadovoljna u federaciji, navode se poznati argumenti o preseljenjima srpskih fabrika u druge republike. Fabrike su u udžbeniku detaljno pobrojane; uz livnice, mlinove, drugi železnički kolosek kod Jagodine, na tom spisku se našla i "najpoznatija ergela rasnih konja u Evropi", koja je iz Starih Moravica preseljena u Sloveniju. Time su argumenti poznati iz Memoranduma SANU i velike medijske kampanje usmerene na dokazivanje teškog položaja Srbije i Srba u Jugoslaviji i na stvaranje slike o njihovoj ugroženosti i potčinjenosti, ušli u obrazovanje. ....Takvi argumenti bili su neophodni da bi se stvorila psihološka osnova za rat, .... ^ Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). "Srpska industrija se vraća kući". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....činjenice su govorile i da velika većina tih mašina zapravo nije završila u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj, nego u „strateškoj" Bosni i Hercegovini .... ^ Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). "Srpska industrija se vraća kući". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....prljava, siva industrijska zona u kojoj će siromašni vijetnamci iz Rumunije i Srbije za bedne nadnice sastavljati frižidere, pakovati sardine, puniti pivo i sklapati Fiat Punto. . ^ Antić, Oliver (12 September 2013). ""Slovenci, gde su naše fabrike?"". www.b92.net. B92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. "Ako se deo industrije iz Srbije, koja je bila ne ranjena nego unakažena posle Drugog svetskog rata, iseli u Sloveniju, znate, o tome se mora voditi računa. To je isto sukcesija. To niko nije pomenuo pre mene", tvrdi Antić. Na konstataciju novinarke lista "Danas" da to ne može da stavi u već potpisani i ratifikovani Ugovor o sukcesiji, Antić odgovara: "Mogu. Nego šta ću nego ću da stavim". ^ (Jovanović 2003, p. 332):"...... фабрика из Србще ни]е вршено да не би пале у руке агресора, како је причано, потвр^'е пресељење фабрике камиона ... Титов цшь ]е био да економски оштети Србију, то ]ест да је казни због „вели- косрпског национализма и ..." ^ Слободан Вуковић, Зауимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535 ^ (Jovanović 2003, p. 332) ^ Слободан Вуковић, Заузимање стартних позиција, Социолошки преглед, vol. XXXX (2006), no. 4, page 535 ^ Stojanović, Dubravka (30 March 2011). "Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom". pescanik.net. Peščanik. Retrieved 16 August 2018. Da bi se pokazali razlozi zbog kojih je Srbija bila nezadovoljna u federaciji, navode se poznati argumenti o preseljenjima srpskih fabrika u druge republike. Fabrike su u udžbeniku detaljno pobrojane; uz livnice, mlinove, drugi železnički kolosek kod Jagodine, na tom spisku se našla i "najpoznatija ergela rasnih konja u Evropi", koja je iz Starih Moravica preseljena u Sloveniju. Time su argumenti poznati iz Memoranduma SANU i velike medijske kampanje usmerene na dokazivanje teškog položaja Srbije i Srba u Jugoslaviji i na stvaranje slike o njihovoj ugroženosti i potčinjenosti, ušli u obrazovanje. ....Takvi argumenti bili su neophodni da bi se stvorila psihološka osnova za rat, .... ^ Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). "Srpska industrija se vraća kući". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....činjenice su govorile i da velika većina tih mašina zapravo nije završila u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj, nego u „strateškoj" Bosni i Hercegovini .... ^ Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). "Srpska industrija se vraća kući". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....prljava, siva industrijska zona u kojoj će siromašni vijetnamci iz Rumunije i Srbije za bedne nadnice sastavljati frižidere, pakovati sardine, puniti pivo i sklapati Fiat Punto. . Sources Žutić, Nikola (2002). Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. Radovanović, Jovan (2010). Moje polemike. Sanimex. ISBN 9788684073305. Jovanović, Batrić (2003). Rasrbljivanje Crnogoraca: Staljinov i Titov zločin. Srpska školska knj. ISBN 9788683565115. Further reading Đorđević Života, "Preseljenje industrije Srbije od 1944. do 1953. godine" (The moving of the Serbian industry, 1944 to 1953) 1ndustrija X1X (1992), no. 4.61-67 Никола Жутић, „Пресељење (уништење) српске авио-индустрије 1952-1961. - пример ’Икаруса’ : одумирање војне авио-производње и јачање цивилних ауто-програма у ’Икарусу’ 1952-1955”, Историја 20. века, 1, Београд, 2002, стр. 115-131

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"PR Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SFR_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"PR Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Croatia"},{"link_name":"PR Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Informbiro period","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informbiro_period"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Soviet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_Union"},{"link_name":"PR Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Slovenia"},{"link_name":"PR Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Croatia"},{"link_name":"PR Serbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PR_Serbia"},{"link_name":"CIA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIA"},{"link_name":"Josip Broz Tito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor"},{"link_name":"Slovenia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovenia"},{"link_name":"Varaždin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vara%C5%BEdin"},{"link_name":"Croatia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croatia"},{"link_name":"Serbian nationalists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_nationalists"},{"link_name":"Greater Serbian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Serbia"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The moving of the Serbian industry to western Yugoslav republics was a strategy of the government of the Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia to conduct massive transfer of industrial plants, machinery, technology and experts from PR Serbia to the western republics of Yugoslavia (primarily PR Croatia and PR Slovenia) during the Informbiro period (1948—52) and shortly after it. In some cases, only parts of industrial plants were moved while in others the whole factories were dismounted and transported out of Serbia.[1] Since the ratio of highly educated people was very low at that time, moving experts out of Serbia had substantial negative consequences for its future development.[2]The Yugoslav communist leadership, supported by Slovene and Croatian communists, used expected Soviet invasion as an official explanation for this project while Serbian and Montenegrin communists argued against it. The Slovene and Croatian side argued that their republics' substantially higher level of average academic achievement and education among urban population of PR Slovenia and PR Croatia at the time would make it easier to find additional skilled workers than in PR Serbia or likewise replace existing Serbian ones if necessary. According to a CIA report, Josip Broz Tito supported Slovenian and Croatian communists. The number of factories moved from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics is between 70 and 76, according to texts published in contemporary media.[3] The destination of moved Serbian industry were primarily the republics of Croatia and Slovenia, followed by Bosnia and Herzegovina and Montenegro, while some industry ended up in Albania.[4]The moved industry included aircraft production and heavy vehicle production.Since many new destinations for the Serbian industry were much closer to Soviet-controlled territories, i.e. Maribor in Slovenia or Varaždin in Croatia, than their original locations in Serbia, many authors concluded that the real reason for moving Serbian industries out of Serbia was not fear of Soviet invasion but communist intention to punish Serbian nationalists for their rhetoric and aspiration of reforming Yugoslavia as a Greater Serbian state. [citation needed]","title":"Relocation of Serbian industry during the Informbiro period"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"After the Partisans took over control of Serbia after WWII, they moved numerous factories from Serbia to other parts of Yugoslavia. The communists cited the Resolution of the Informbirou as the reasoning.The followers of Informbiro were from the ranks of Montenegrins, Serbs in Bosnia and Serbia proper, and in a smaller extent Croats and Slovenians.[5] According to some sources the real reason was not to prevent those factories to fall in hands of Soviet enemies, but to punish Serbia for \"Greater Serbian nationalism\" by causing major economic damage to it.[6] Using old communist prejudices about privileged position of Serbia within Kingdom of Yugoslavia were among the reasons for Serbia, along with Slovenia, to be programmed for the slowest industrial development.[7] Although some industries were moved to Serbia from other republics, the balance shows that 43% industry moved out of Serbia more than moved into Serbia.[8]CIA reported that plan of Yugoslav leaders to move factories from Serbia to Slovenia, supported by Slovenian and Croatian communists, met opposition of Serb and Montenegrin communists and that Tito supported Slovenian and Croatian communists.[9]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:522uMuzejuJvBeogradSlika2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Soko 522","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soko_522"},{"link_name":"Museum of Aviation in Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Aviation_in_Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrade"},{"link_name":"Mostar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mostar"},{"link_name":"Soko","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOKO"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Prva Petoletka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_Petoletka"},{"link_name":"Trstenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trstenik,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"Prva Petoletka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prva_Petoletka"},{"link_name":"Trstenik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trstenik,_Serbia"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"text":"A preserved Soko 522 (initially produced by Ikarus) exhibited at the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade.The Ikarus, the first Serbian industry of airplanes, automobiles and machines was moved from Belgrade to Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina. A new factory was established in Mostar using machinery brought from Ikarus. Its name was Soko. The communist authorities moved from Belgrade to Mostar both machines and the best skilled experts and technicians who knew how to operate and maintain the machines.[10] Soko was considered as informal successor of Ikarus.[11] Some experts who worked in Ikarus presented their opposition to the moving and destruction of the aviation program of company who had such substantial tradition in it.[12]Prva Petoletka, Trstenik, Serbia had complete line for production of fighter aircraft received from German war reparations in late 1949's. The complete airplane production program of the Prva Petoletka, Trstenik, Serbia was also moved to Soko in Mostar.[13]","title":"Aircraft industry"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Praga_RN_early_series.jpg"},{"link_name":"Praga RN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praga_RN"},{"link_name":"IMR","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrija_Motora_Rakovica"},{"link_name":"TAM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovarna_avtomobilov_Maribor"},{"link_name":"Novi Sad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Novi_Sad"},{"link_name":"Trebinje","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trebinje"},{"link_name":"Bosnia and Herzegovina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"},{"link_name":"foundry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundry"},{"link_name":"Subotica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subotica"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Industrija Motora Rakovica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Industrija_Motora_Rakovica"},{"link_name":"Praga RN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praga_RN"},{"link_name":"Praga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praga_(company)"},{"link_name":"Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tovarna_avtomobilov_Maribor"},{"link_name":"Maribor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maribor"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"text":"Production of the heavy truck Praga RN was moved from IMR in Serbia to TAM in SloveniaMost of the factory Jugoalat from Novi Sad, Serbia which was specialized in production of tools was moved to Trebinje, Bosnia and Herzegovina, while foundry Partizan, Subotica, Serbia was moved to Sarajevo in 300 railway wagons.[14] After the WWII communists nationalized Zavod Aleksandar Ranković (ZAR) in Belgrade and renamed it to Industrija Motora Rakovica (IMR). Since 1938 this factory produced trucks Praga RN according to license bought by ZAR from Praga. Based on the order of Yugoslav Ministry for heavy industry after the WWII Belgrade truck producer IMR had to give complete technical documentations, manufacturing tools and acquired know-how to Slovenian producer Tovarna avtomobilov Maribor in Maribor.[15]","title":"Other industries"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"In a period which was very important for laying fundaments for future industrial development of the republics, the share of Serbia in Yugoslav industrial production was reduced for 13,8%[16] The moving of factories from Serbia to northwestern parts of Yugoslavia was one of the main reasons for Serbia to become less developed in comparison to Slovenia and Croatia, i.e. in 1947 Slovenia had 67% stronger economy than Serbia while in 1987 the ratio in favor of Slovenia grew to 254%.[17]","title":"Consequences"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Dubravka Stojanović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubravka_Stojanovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Boris Dežulović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_De%C5%BEulovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"}],"text":"On 24 July 1991 the Assembly of Serbia adopted a recommendation to stop the glorification of communist leaders who were responsible for damaging Serbia's economy through moving its factories to other parts of Yugoslavia and other political measures which damaged people of Serbia in past decades of communist rule.[18] In the early 1990s this move of factories from Serbia was presented in school geography textbooks for 8th grade. Dubravka Stojanović believed that the motive to put such texts in school textbooks was to present arguments that Serbia and Serbs were exploited and subordinated in Yugoslavia, with final aim to create psychological basis for the war.[19] In 2010 Boris Dežulović published text about moving factories from Serbia emphasizing that main destination of Serbian factories were not Slovenia and Croatia, but Bosnia and Herzegovina.[20] In his text titled \"Serbian industry goes home\" Dežulović ridiculed with situation that many impoverished Serb workers whose factories were taken away from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics after WWII are now cheap labor for some contemporary Croatian and Slovenian entrepreneurs who moved their production plants to Serbia in the 2010s.[21]In 2013 Oliver Antić, Serbian high representative in the Commission of Succession of Former Yugoslavia, stated that it is necessary to consider part of industries moved out of Serbia into succession agreements.[22]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"Free Territory of Trieste","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_Territory_of_Trieste"},{"link_name":"Vojvodina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojvodina"},{"link_name":"Kingdom of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"SANU","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SANU"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"Boris Dežulović","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boris_De%C5%BEulovi%C4%87"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"}],"text":"According to some sources the real reason was not to prevent those factories to fall in hands of Soviet enemies, but to punish Serbia for \"Greater Serbian nationalism\" by causing major economic damage to it.[23] The arguments brought by those sources are:[24]After the danger of Soviet invasion passed, the industry has not been returned to Serbia or compensated in any way\nThe moving of industry out of Serbia continued even after the danger of Soviet invasion passed\nThere was no similar moving of industry out of Slovenia or Croatia during the crisis connected to Free Territory of Trieste or after the crisis because of the shooting two US airplanes in Slovenia in 1946\nDuring the period of moving industry out of Serbia there was also a ban on industry investments valid only for the northern Serbian province of Vojvodina\nMoving production to ill-prepared locations resulted in difficulties of maintaining continuous production and quality\nThe first five-year plan of economical development in Yugoslavia projected slower development and lower investment in industry of SerbiaUsing old communist prejudices about privileged position of Serbia within Kingdom of Yugoslavia were among the reasons for Serbia, along with Slovenia, to be programmed for the slowest industrial development.[25] Although some industries were moved to Serbia from other republics, the balance shows that 43% industry moved out of Serbia more than moved into Serbia.[26]Other sources say that the moving of industry was used by the SANU and media campaigns aimed at proving the difficult situation of Serbia and the Serbs in Yugoslavia and creating an image of their vulnerability and subordination, with final aim to create psychological basis for the war. These are included in school textbooks.[27]In 2010, Boris Dežulović published an eassy about the topic in which he emphasized that the main destination of Serbian factories were not Slovenia and Croatia, but Bosnia and Herzegovina.[28] In his text titled \"Serbian industry goes home\" Dežulović ridiculed with situation that many impoverished Serb workers whose factories were taken away from Serbia to western Yugoslav republics after WWII are now cheap labor for some contemporary Croatian and Slovenian entrepreneurs who moved their production plants to Serbia in the 2010s.[29]","title":"Analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Histoire du vingtième siècle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ"},{"link_name":"Moje polemike","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=KldQAQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788684073305","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788684073305"},{"link_name":"Rasrbljivanje Crnogoraca: Staljinov i Titov zločin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=8WI_AQAAIAAJ"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9788683565115","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788683565115"}],"text":"Žutić, Nikola (2002). Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju.\nRadovanović, Jovan (2010). Moje polemike. Sanimex. ISBN 9788684073305.\nJovanović, Batrić (2003). Rasrbljivanje Crnogoraca: Staljinov i Titov zločin. Srpska školska knj. ISBN 9788683565115.","title":"Sources"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Preseljenje industrije Srbije od 1944. do 1953. godine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//istorija20veka.rs/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/Istorija-20.-veka-2002-1.pdf"}],"text":"Đorđević Života, \"Preseljenje industrije Srbije od 1944. do 1953. godine\" (The moving of the Serbian industry, 1944 to 1953) 1ndustrija X1X (1992), no. 4.61-67\nНикола Жутић, „Пресељење (уништење) српске авио-индустрије 1952-1961. - пример ’Икаруса’ : одумирање војне авио-производње и јачање цивилних ауто-програма у ’Икарусу’ 1952-1955”, Историја 20. века, 1, Београд, 2002, стр. 115-131","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"A preserved Soko 522 (initially produced by Ikarus) exhibited at the Museum of Aviation in Belgrade.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/522uMuzejuJvBeogradSlika2.jpg/250px-522uMuzejuJvBeogradSlika2.jpg"},{"image_text":"Production of the heavy truck Praga RN was moved from IMR in Serbia to TAM in Slovenia","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Praga_RN_early_series.jpg/220px-Praga_RN_early_series.jpg"}]

[{"title":"List of companies of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_companies_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia"}]

[{"reference":"Sociološki pregled. Sociološko društvo Srbije, u saradnji sa Centrom za sociološka istraživanja Instituta društvenih nauka. 2006.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=ln7ZAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Sociološki pregled"}]},{"reference":"Arslani, Melita (19 December 2017). \"Bomba iz CIA-e: Tito iz Srbije u Hrvatsku prebacio 70 tvornica!\". www.express.hr. Express. Retrieved 16 August 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.express.hr/top-news/bomba-iz-cia-e-tito-iz-srbije-u-hrvatsku-prebacio-70-tvornica-8775","url_text":"\"Bomba iz CIA-e: Tito iz Srbije u Hrvatsku prebacio 70 tvornica!\""}]},{"reference":"FBIS Daily Report: East Europe. The Service. 1996. p. 49. Informbiro — the followers of Informbiro were from the ranks of Montenegrins, Serbs in Bosnia, and Serbs in Serbia proper, in a smaller extent Croats and Slovenians.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Transfer of industries from Serbia to Slovenia\" (PDF). www.cia.gov. CIA. 13 December 1955. Archived from the original (PDF) on January 23, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170123233916/https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A008600430009-4.pdf","url_text":"\"Transfer of industries from Serbia to Slovenia\""},{"url":"https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A008600430009-4.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"Jane's All the World's Aircraft. Jane's Information Group. 1999. p. 14. ISBN 978-0-7106-1898-6.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=YbtTAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Jane's All the World's Aircraft"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7106-1898-6","url_text":"978-0-7106-1898-6"}]},{"reference":"Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju. 2002. p. 131. Some of the experts in Ikarus expressed a subdued opposition to the translocation and destruction of companies with a long tradition in aviation.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"Zbornik za istoriju. Матица. 1995. p. 75.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=oPZPAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Zbornik za istoriju"}]},{"reference":"Milošević, Milan. \"Hronika sloma našeg \"fergusona\"\". www.vreme.com. Vreme. Retrieved 16 August 2018. a onda su, po odluci Ministarstva teške industrije, konstrukciona i tehnološka dokumentacija, alati i stečeno iskustvo bili ustupljeni Fabrici TAM u Mariboru.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=1319858","url_text":"\"Hronika sloma našeg \"fergusona\"\""}]},{"reference":"Вуковић, Слободан (2011). Социолошки преглед. Vol. XLV. Институт друштвених наука. p. 488.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Stojanović, Dubravka (30 March 2011). \"Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom\". pescanik.net. Peščanik. Retrieved 16 August 2018. Da bi se pokazali razlozi zbog kojih je Srbija bila nezadovoljna u federaciji, navode se poznati argumenti o preseljenjima srpskih fabrika u druge republike. Fabrike su u udžbeniku detaljno pobrojane; uz livnice, mlinove, drugi železnički kolosek kod Jagodine, na tom spisku se našla i \"najpoznatija ergela rasnih konja u Evropi\", koja je iz Starih Moravica preseljena u Sloveniju.[11] Time su argumenti poznati iz Memoranduma SANU i velike medijske kampanje usmerene na dokazivanje teškog položaja Srbije i Srba u Jugoslaviji i na stvaranje slike o njihovoj ugroženosti i potčinjenosti, ušli u obrazovanje. ....Takvi argumenti bili su neophodni da bi se stvorila psihološka osnova za rat, ....","urls":[{"url":"https://pescanik.net/eksplozivna-naprava-s-odlozenim-dejstvom/","url_text":"\"Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom\""}]},{"reference":"Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). \"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....činjenice su govorile i da velika većina tih mašina zapravo nije završila u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj, nego u „strateškoj\" Bosni i Hercegovini ....","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039","url_text":"\"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\""}]},{"reference":"Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). \"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....prljava, siva industrijska zona u kojoj će siromašni vijetnamci iz Rumunije i Srbije za bedne nadnice sastavljati frižidere, pakovati sardine, puniti pivo i sklapati Fiat Punto. .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039","url_text":"\"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\""}]},{"reference":"Antić, Oliver (12 September 2013). \"\"Slovenci, gde su naše fabrike?\"\". www.b92.net. B92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. \"Ako se deo industrije iz Srbije, koja je bila ne ranjena nego unakažena posle Drugog svetskog rata, iseli u Sloveniju, znate, o tome se mora voditi računa. To je isto sukcesija. To niko nije pomenuo pre mene\", tvrdi Antić. Na konstataciju novinarke lista \"Danas\" da to ne može da stavi u već potpisani i ratifikovani Ugovor o sukcesiji, Antić odgovara: \"Mogu. Nego šta ću nego ću da stavim\".","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/srbija.php?yyyy=2013&mm=09&dd=12&nav_id=753056","url_text":"\"\"Slovenci, gde su naše fabrike?\"\""}]},{"reference":"Stojanović, Dubravka (30 March 2011). \"Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom\". pescanik.net. Peščanik. Retrieved 16 August 2018. Da bi se pokazali razlozi zbog kojih je Srbija bila nezadovoljna u federaciji, navode se poznati argumenti o preseljenjima srpskih fabrika u druge republike. Fabrike su u udžbeniku detaljno pobrojane; uz livnice, mlinove, drugi železnički kolosek kod Jagodine, na tom spisku se našla i \"najpoznatija ergela rasnih konja u Evropi\", koja je iz Starih Moravica preseljena u Sloveniju.[11] Time su argumenti poznati iz Memoranduma SANU i velike medijske kampanje usmerene na dokazivanje teškog položaja Srbije i Srba u Jugoslaviji i na stvaranje slike o njihovoj ugroženosti i potčinjenosti, ušli u obrazovanje. ....Takvi argumenti bili su neophodni da bi se stvorila psihološka osnova za rat, ....","urls":[{"url":"https://pescanik.net/eksplozivna-naprava-s-odlozenim-dejstvom/","url_text":"\"Eksplozivna naprava s odloženim dejstvom\""}]},{"reference":"Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). \"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....činjenice su govorile i da velika većina tih mašina zapravo nije završila u Sloveniji i Hrvatskoj, nego u „strateškoj\" Bosni i Hercegovini ....","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039","url_text":"\"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\""}]},{"reference":"Dežulović, Boris (1 February 2010). \"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\". www.b92.net. b92. Retrieved 16 August 2018. ....prljava, siva industrijska zona u kojoj će siromašni vijetnamci iz Rumunije i Srbije za bedne nadnice sastavljati frižidere, pakovati sardine, puniti pivo i sklapati Fiat Punto. .","urls":[{"url":"https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/region.php?yyyy=2010&mm=02&dd=01&nav_id=408039","url_text":"\"Srpska industrija se vraća kući\""}]},{"reference":"Žutić, Nikola (2002). Histoire du vingtième siècle. Institut za savremenu istoriju.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=68BmAAAAMAAJ","url_text":"Histoire du vingtième siècle"}]},{"reference":"Radovanović, Jovan (2010). Moje polemike. Sanimex. ISBN 9788684073305.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=KldQAQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Moje polemike"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788684073305","url_text":"9788684073305"}]},{"reference":"Jovanović, Batrić (2003). Rasrbljivanje Crnogoraca: Staljinov i Titov zločin. Srpska školska knj. ISBN 9788683565115.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=8WI_AQAAIAAJ","url_text":"Rasrbljivanje Crnogoraca: Staljinov i Titov zločin"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788683565115","url_text":"9788683565115"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susanne_Fuhr

Susanne Fuhr

["1 Biography","2 Discography (in selection)","2.1 Solo albums","2.2 Collaborations","3 References"]

Susanne FuhrBackground informationBorn (1953-06-13) 13 June 1953 (age 71)OriginOslo, NorwayGenresVocal jazzOccupation(s)Musician, composerMusical artist Susanne Fuhr (born 13 June 1953) is a Norwegian jazz vocalist, cabaret artist and actor, known from her own S.F. Band in the 1970s. Biography Fuhr was born in Oslo. The first edition of her Band comprised guitarist Bent Patey, pianist Rune Klakegg, bassist Åge Røthe and drummer Bjørn Jenssen, but the breakthrough was with the next edition which consisted of keyboarder Brynjulf Blix, saxophonist Arne Frang, bassist and guitarist Sveinung Hovensjø and drummer Svein Christiansen at the 1979 Moldejazz. She also had a S.F. Quartet with pianist Dag Arnesen, bassist Bjørn Kjellemyr and drummer Svein Christiansen performing at the 1982 Nattjazz in Bergen. She was also part of musical plays like Dans Med Oss Gud, and with Ove Thue, Sigvart Dagsland, Gudny Aspaas among others, she released the album Dans Med Oss Gud (1982), with lyrics by Erik Hillestad. Furthermore, she appeared in the play Stopp Verden, Jeg Vil Av at Soria Moria Theater (1986) and the musical play Annie 2 at the Chateau Neuf (2005). She released the album Don't Explain (1991) together with Odd Børretzen, with musical contributions by Dag Arnesen and Olaf Kamfjord, based on the play Billie Holiday På Grønland Torg also shown at the NRK 1991. She took part in the 1983 and 1986 Melodi Grand Prix, and participated in TV show Fortuna (1993), Morsarvet (1993) and Hem Til Byn (1999). She wrote lyrics for the music of Kurt Weill, performed in trio with pianist Olga Konkova and bassist Per Mathisen (2005). She was also central to the monologue Umettelig, assisted by accordion player Espen Leite. Fuhr has also set the voices to Edna Mode in the animated movie De Utrolige, the Hearts Queen in the Disney film Alice in Wonderland, and Asajj Ventress in the TV series Clone Wars (Star Wars). Discography (in selection) Solo albums 1981: Domino (Polydor) 1983: Sister, You Ain't Had The Blues (Sandvika Storband), with Sandvika Storband featuring Susanne Fuhr 1991: Don't Explain - En Gave Fra Billie Holiday (Bergen Digital Studio), with Odd Børretzen Collaborations 1982: Dans Med Oss Gud (Kirkelig Kulturverksted), Musical play References Norway portalJazz portal ^ a b c "Fuhr, Susanne". Biography. MIC.no. Retrieved 2015-11-08. ^ a b "Susanne Fuhr". Discography. Discogs.com. Retrieved 2015-11-08. ^ "KAMPENJAZZ presenterer SUSANNE FUHR i forestillingen UMETTELIG" (in Norwegian). Underskog.no. 2006-12-11. Retrieved 2015-11-09. ^ "Susanne Fuhr" (in Norwegian). FilmFront.no. Retrieved 2015-11-09. Authority control databases: Artists MusicBrainz

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The first edition of her Band comprised guitarist Bent Patey, pianist Rune Klakegg, bassist Åge Røthe and drummer Bjørn Jenssen, but the breakthrough was with the next edition which consisted of keyboarder Brynjulf Blix, saxophonist Arne Frang, bassist and guitarist Sveinung Hovensjø and drummer Svein Christiansen at the 1979 Moldejazz. She also had a S.F. Quartet with pianist Dag Arnesen, bassist Bjørn Kjellemyr and drummer Svein Christiansen performing at the 1982 Nattjazz in Bergen.[1]She was also part of musical plays like Dans Med Oss Gud, and with Ove Thue, Sigvart Dagsland, Gudny Aspaas among others, she released the album Dans Med Oss Gud (1982), with lyrics by Erik Hillestad. Furthermore, she appeared in the play Stopp Verden, Jeg Vil Av at Soria Moria Theater (1986) and the musical play Annie 2 at the Chateau Neuf (2005). 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventanilla_(Philippine_architecture)

Ventanilla (Philippine architecture)

["1 Gallery","2 References"]

Feature in Philippine architecture This article is about the Filipino architectural feature. For other uses, see Ventanilla. The Rizal Shrine—a reproduction of the original two-story, Spanish-colonial style house in Calamba, Laguna where José Rizal was born and grew up in—has four ventanillas at its main structure's front and two at each of its sides. In Philippine architecture, the ventanilla is a small window or opening below a larger window's casement, created—often reaching the level of the floor—to allow either additional air into a room during hot days or some air during hot nights when the main window's panes are drawn. It also allows for more light to strike the floor. The ventanilla is often used on upper floor windows, as in the bahay na bato. As the lower part of a composite window, its larger upper part is typically a window with sliding capiz-shell panes. The ventanilla is just under this upper large window's sill and is typically made with sliding panel-covers behind balusters or grills. Bobby Mañosa's traditional methods for his design of the Coconut Palace is considered as displaying a fine example of how ventanillas can be applied in modern Philippine architecture. Gallery Side view of the wooden ventanilla balusters of the Kapitan Moy Residence. Opened ventanillas at the Bahay Nakpil-Bautista, boasting their lyre-shaped grilles. The large front windows of Apolinario Mabini's bahay kubo house augmented by ventanillas. Ventanillas of Casa Manila. Juan Luna's painting Tampuhan depicts a couple beside a large ventanilla. References ^ Shewakramani, Jasmine (August 25, 2022). "5 Filipino Architecture Design Ideas". realliving.com.ph. Retrieved April 4, 2023. ^ Real Living Team (September 7, 2018). "Five Houses and Buildings Show The Best of Filipino Design". realliving.com.ph. Retrieved April 4, 2023. ^ a b Antonio, Senen. "Lean Interpretations from Philippine Vernacular Architecture | Lean Urbanism". Retrieved 2023-04-04. ^ IV, Franz Sorilla. "Bahay Na Bato: The Parts Of A Stately Filipino House During The Spanish Colonial Period". Tatler Asia. Retrieved 2023-04-04. ^ a b Ogura, Nobuyuki; David Leonides T. Yap; and Kenichi Tanoue. "Modern Architecture in the Philippines and the Quest for Filipino Style". J-STAGE (November 2002): 3–4.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ventanilla","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ventanilla_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rizal_Shrine,_Laguna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Rizal Shrine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rizal_Shrine_(Calamba)"},{"link_name":"Calamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calamba,_Laguna"},{"link_name":"Laguna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laguna_(province)"},{"link_name":"José Rizal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rizal"},{"link_name":"Philippine architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture_of_the_Philippines"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"bahay na bato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahay_na_bato"},{"link_name":"capiz-shell panes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windowpane_oyster"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Bobby Mañosa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Ma%C3%B1osa"},{"link_name":"Coconut Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coconut_Palace"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-5"}],"text":"This article is about the Filipino architectural feature. For other uses, see Ventanilla.The Rizal Shrine—a reproduction of the original two-story, Spanish-colonial style house in Calamba, Laguna where José Rizal was born and grew up in—has four ventanillas at its main structure's front and two at each of its sides.In Philippine architecture, the ventanilla is a small window or opening below a larger window's casement, created—often reaching the level of the floor—to allow either additional air into a room during hot days or some air during hot nights when the main window's panes are drawn.[1][2][3] It also allows for more light to strike the floor.[4]The ventanilla is often used on upper floor windows, as in the bahay na bato. As the lower part of a composite window, its larger upper part is typically a window with sliding capiz-shell panes. The ventanilla is just under this upper large window's sill and is typically made with sliding panel-covers behind balusters or grills.[5][3]Bobby Mañosa's traditional methods for his design of the Coconut Palace is considered as displaying a fine example of how ventanillas can be applied in modern Philippine architecture.[5]","title":"Ventanilla (Philippine architecture)"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Street_view_of_Kapitan_Moy_Bdlg..jpg"},{"link_name":"balusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"Kapitan Moy Residence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitan_Moy_Residence"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bahay_Nakpil-Bautista_-View_from_the_street.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bahay Nakpil-Bautista","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahay_Nakpil-Bautista"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Apolinario_Mabini_House_1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Apolinario Mabini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apolinario_Mabini"},{"link_name":"bahay kubo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahay_kubo"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CasaManilajf1568_04.JPG"},{"link_name":"Casa Manila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casa_Manila"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tampuhan_by_Juan_Luna.jpg"},{"link_name":"Juan Luna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juan_Luna"},{"link_name":"Tampuhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tampuhan_(painting)"}],"text":"Side view of the wooden ventanilla balusters of the Kapitan Moy Residence.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tOpened ventanillas at the Bahay Nakpil-Bautista, boasting their lyre-shaped grilles.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tThe large front windows of Apolinario Mabini's bahay kubo house augmented by ventanillas.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tVentanillas of Casa Manila.\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tJuan Luna's painting Tampuhan depicts a couple beside a large ventanilla.","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"The Rizal Shrine—a reproduction of the original two-story, Spanish-colonial style house in Calamba, Laguna where José Rizal was born and grew up in—has four ventanillas at its main structure's front and two at each of its sides.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Rizal_Shrine%2C_Laguna.jpg/220px-Rizal_Shrine%2C_Laguna.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Shewakramani, Jasmine (August 25, 2022). \"5 Filipino Architecture Design Ideas\". realliving.com.ph. Retrieved April 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realliving.com.ph/home-improvement/building-renovating/5-filipino-architecture-and-design-ideas-you-d-want-to-apply-in-your-home-a1811-20220825","url_text":"\"5 Filipino Architecture Design Ideas\""}]},{"reference":"Real Living Team (September 7, 2018). \"Five Houses and Buildings Show The Best of Filipino Design\". realliving.com.ph. Retrieved April 4, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.realliving.com.ph/lifestyle/these-five-houses-and-buildings-show-the-best-of-filipino-design-a00043-20180907?ref=article_hyperlink","url_text":"\"Five Houses and Buildings Show The Best of Filipino Design\""}]},{"reference":"Antonio, Senen. \"Lean Interpretations from Philippine Vernacular Architecture | Lean Urbanism\". Retrieved 2023-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://leanurbanism.org/lean-interpretations-from-philippine-vernacular-architecture/","url_text":"\"Lean Interpretations from Philippine Vernacular Architecture | Lean Urbanism\""}]},{"reference":"IV, Franz Sorilla. \"Bahay Na Bato: The Parts Of A Stately Filipino House During The Spanish Colonial Period\". Tatler Asia. Retrieved 2023-04-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.tatlerasia.com/homes/architecture-design/rediscovering-bahay-na-bato-the-parts-of-a-stately-filipino-house-during-the-spanish-colonial-period","url_text":"\"Bahay Na Bato: The Parts Of A Stately Filipino House During The Spanish Colonial Period\""}]},{"reference":"Ogura, Nobuyuki; David Leonides T. Yap; and Kenichi Tanoue. \"Modern Architecture in the Philippines and the Quest for Filipino Style\". J-STAGE (November 2002): 3–4.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jaabe/1/2/1_2_2_233/_pdf","url_text":"\"Modern Architecture in the Philippines and the Quest for Filipino Style\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olive_Morrell

Olive Morrell

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Personal life","4 References","5 External links"]

English actress and singer (1877–1937) Olive Morrell, born Olive Miller (1877–1937), was an English actress, singer and Gaiety Girl best known for her roles in Edwardian musical comedies. Early life Morrell was born in Highbury in 1877 and grew up in Highgate, near London. A singing teacher introduced her to theatrical producer George Edwardes, which led to roles at the Gaiety Theatre, London. Career Morrell played roles in the Edwardian musical comedies A Greek Slave (1898–1899), San Toy (1900), A Country Girl (1902–1904), The Catch of the Season (1904–1906), Sergeant Brue (1904), Under a Panama (1904), The Talk of the Town (1905), and The Spring Chicken (1905). She appeared in a benefit performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's Trial by Jury in 1906. As a Gaiety Girl, Morrell's appearance and gowns were at least as reviewed as her talents, and she was a popular subject for photo postcards. In 1904, Morrell defended actresses from criticism by writer Marie Corelli, writing: "Actresses are not more extravagant than other people." She toured as a performer in musicals and pantomime in Australia for six months in the 1906–1907 season. The press interest in her appearance continued: "She is distinctly English, with her lovely complexion of milk and roses, a skin as fine as a baby's, straight delicate features, and good grey eyes", wrote one interviewer in a Melbourne newspaper, continuing to describe her teeth ("perfect"), her smile ("bewitching"), her eyebrows, her hair, her height, and her dress. In the same 1906 interview, Morrell said: "If any girl has any ability for the stage, I never blame her for going on. ... It is really the best thing a woman can do, and now there is a very much better class upon the stage. Managers have realized, I think, that a girl who is decently educated and nicely brought up is quicker to understand and learn, and also that she generally makes a better impression than the comparatively uneducated girl." Personal life Morrell married Australian politician Willie Kelly in 1908, in London. In 1909 the couple had a daughter, Mary Wentworth Kelly, and in 1911 they were living with four servants in Knightsbridge in London. When they separated, Morrell moved back to England with their daughter. Morrell died in Hampstead in London in 1937. References ^ 1901 England Census for Olive Morrell, London, St Marylebone, via Ancestry.com (subscription required) ^ a b "Confidences of Stage Favorites: Miss Olive Morell", The Sunday Times, December 9, 1906, p. 5, via Trove ^ Wearing, J. P. The London Stage 1890–1899: A Calendar of Productions, Performers, and Personnel, Scarecrow Press (2013), p. 382. ISBN 9780810892828 ^ "Grand Theatre" The Age, April 21, 1900, p. 8, via Newspapers.com ^ "'Sergeant Brue' at the Prince of Wales", Sketch, August 31, 1904, p. 260 ^ Caryll, Ivan and Lionel Monckton, The Spring Chicken, Chappell & Company (1905), unnumbered cast page. ^ "Trial by Jury at the Terry Matinee", The Bystander, June 20, 1906, p. 603 ^ Edwards, G. Spencer. "Concerning Olive Morrell", Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, August 5, 1905, p. 894 ^ "Miss Olive Morrell", Punch, November 8, 1906, p. 8, via Trove ^ "Corelli Attacks the Women", Buffalo Times, August 28, 1904, p. 14, via Newspapers.com ^ "Miss Olive Morrell", The Sunday Sun, Sydney, October 7, 1906, p. 1, via Trove ^ a b "The Interviewer: Miss Olive Morrell", Table Talk, Melbourne, November 1, 1906, p. 12, via Trove ^ Kelly, Frederick Septimus (2004). Thérèse Radic (ed.). Race Against Time: The Diaries of F. S. Kelly. National Library Australia. p. 395. ISBN 9780642107404. ^ "Mr. William Kelly M. P., Marriage to Miss Morrell", Telegraph, Brisbane, February 20, 1908, p. 4, via Trove ^ 1911 England Census for Olive Kelly, London, St Margaret and St John, via Ancestry.com (subscription required) ^ Rutledge, Martha (1983). "Kelly, William Henry (1877–1960)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Vol. 9. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. ^ England & Wales, Civil Registration Death Index, 1916-2007 for Olive Kelly 1937, Q1, via Ancestry.com (subscription required) External links The National Portrait Gallery, London has six postcard images of Olive Morrell, by various photographic studios. The U. S. National Library of Medicine has a photograph of Olive Morrell in a nurse's uniform, from about 1908, in their digital collections. Authority control databases: National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gaiety Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Girls"},{"link_name":"Edwardian musical comedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_musical_comedies"}],"text":"Olive Morrell, born Olive Miller (1877–1937), was an English actress, singer and Gaiety Girl best known for her roles in Edwardian musical comedies.","title":"Olive Morrell"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Highbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highbury"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Highgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Highgate"},{"link_name":"George Edwardes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edwardes"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Theatre, London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Theatre,_London"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confidences-2"}],"text":"Morrell was born in Highbury in 1877[1] and grew up in Highgate, near London. A singing teacher introduced her to theatrical producer George Edwardes, which led to roles at the Gaiety Theatre, London.[2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Edwardian musical comedies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwardian_musical_comedies"},{"link_name":"A Greek Slave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Greek_Slave"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"San Toy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/San_Toy"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"A Country Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Country_Girl"},{"link_name":"The Catch of the Season","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Catch_of_the_Season"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"The Spring Chicken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Spring_Chicken"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gilbert and Sullivan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan"},{"link_name":"Trial by Jury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trial_by_Jury"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Gaiety Girl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaiety_Girls"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Marie Corelli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Corelli"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"pantomime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pantomime"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Confidences-2"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TableTalk-12"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TableTalk-12"}],"text":"Morrell played roles in the Edwardian musical comedies A Greek Slave (1898–1899),[3] San Toy (1900),[4] A Country Girl (1902–1904), The Catch of the Season (1904–1906), Sergeant Brue (1904), Under a Panama (1904),[5] The Talk of the Town (1905), and The Spring Chicken (1905).[6] She appeared in a benefit performance of Gilbert and Sullivan's Trial by Jury in 1906.[7][8]As a Gaiety Girl, Morrell's appearance and gowns were at least as reviewed as her talents, and she was a popular subject for photo postcards.[9] In 1904, Morrell defended actresses from criticism by writer Marie Corelli, writing: \"Actresses are not more extravagant than other people.\"[10]She toured as a performer in musicals and pantomime in Australia for six months in the 1906–1907 season.[2][11] The press interest in her appearance continued: \"She is distinctly English, with her lovely complexion of milk and roses, a skin as fine as a baby's, straight delicate features, and good grey eyes\", wrote one interviewer in a Melbourne newspaper, continuing to describe her teeth (\"perfect\"), her smile (\"bewitching\"), her eyebrows, her hair, her height, and her dress.[12] In the same 1906 interview, Morrell said:\"If any girl has any ability for the stage, I never blame her for going on. ... It is really the best thing a woman can do, and now there is a very much better class upon the stage. Managers have realized, I think, that a girl who is decently educated and nicely brought up is quicker to understand and learn, and also that she generally makes a better impression than the comparatively uneducated girl.\"[12]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Willie Kelly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willie_Kelly_(politician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Hampstead","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hampstead"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"Morrell married Australian politician Willie Kelly in 1908, in London.[13][14] In 1909 the couple had a daughter, Mary Wentworth Kelly, and in 1911 they were living with four servants in Knightsbridge in London.[15] When they separated, Morrell moved back to England with their daughter.[16]Morrell died in Hampstead in London in 1937.[17]","title":"Personal life"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_Eagles_football

Benedictine University

["1 History","1.1 Presidents","2 Academics","3 Rankings","4 Lisle campus","5 Benedictine University at Mesa","6 Former Springfield branch campus","7 Benedictine in Asia","8 Athletics","8.1 Lisle Eagles","8.2 Mesa Redhawks","8.3 Springfield Bulldogs","8.4 Intramurals","9 References","10 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°46′38″N 88°5′45″W / 41.77722°N 88.09583°W / 41.77722; -88.09583Catholic university in Chicago, Illinois, US. This article is about the university located in Illinois. For the college located in Kansas, see Benedictine College. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Benedictine University" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2018) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Benedictine UniversityFormer namesSt. Procopius College (1887–1971)Illinois Benedictine College (1971–1996)MottoUt In Omnibus Glorificetur Deus (Latin)Motto in EnglishThat in all things God may be glorifiedTypePrivate universityEstablished1887; 137 years ago (1887)Religious affiliationCatholic (Benedictine)Academic affiliationsABCUACCUNAICUCICPresidentCharles GregoryProvostKen NewboldStudents3,123 (Fall 2022)Undergraduates2,042 (Fall 2022)Postgraduates1,081 (Fall 2022)LocationLisle, Illinois, United States41°46′38″N 88°5′45″W / 41.77722°N 88.09583°W / 41.77722; -88.09583CampusSuburban, 108 acres (43.7 ha)ColorsLisle main campus:Red & White   Mesa campus:Red & White   NicknameLisle main campus: EaglesMesa campus: RedhawksSporting affiliationsLisle main campus:NCAA Division III – NACCNCAA Division III – MLCMesa campus:NAIA – Cal PacMascotEagle,RedhawkWebsitewww.ben.edu Benedictine University is a private Catholic university in Lisle, Illinois. It was founded in 1887 as St. Procopius College by the Benedictine monks of St. Procopius Abbey in the Pilsen community on the West Side of Chicago. The institution has retained a close relationship with the Benedictine Order, which bears the name of St. Benedict (480–543 A.D.), the acknowledged father of western monasticism. The university resides in the western Chicago metropolitan area, located near two national research facilities, Argonne National Laboratory and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The university's location along the East-West Tollway corridor provides internship and employment opportunities for students. Benedictine University also has a branch campus in Mesa, Arizona. History Benedictine University, also called BenU, was founded in 1887 as St. Procopius College by the Benedictine monks of St. Procopius Abbey, who lived in the Pilsen community of Chicago's West Side. The monks created the all-male institution just two years after their community began, with the intention of educating men of Czech and Slovak descent. While the school was called a college from its founding, it did not begin offering post-secondary courses until after it moved from Chicago to rural Lisle in 1901. It became fully accredited in 1957 and, as the area around it transitioned from rural to suburban, it grew substantially. Also in 1957, the institution's high school component began operating independently of the college and is now called Benet Academy. The college became fully coeducational in 1968, though the first female, Joan Hewitt, graduated in 1953. The school changed its name to Illinois Benedictine College in 1971, and in 1996, it became Benedictine University. While the institution continued to grow in Lisle, it expanded its reach to include campuses in other cities, including Springfield, Illinois, in 2003 and Mesa, Arizona, in 2012. The university added the Kindlon Hall of Learning and the Birck Hall of Science in 2001 and the Neff Alumni Center in 2012, and in 2015, Benedictine opened the Daniel L. Goodwin Hall of Business, which features the Trading Lab and a 600-seat auditorium. After recognizing that there is great demand for American business programs overseas, Benedictine joined forces with Shenyang University of Technology and Shenyang Jianzhu University in China to bring Master of Business Administration and Master of Science in Management Information Systems programs there. Presidents Rev. Daniel Kucera, O.S.B. – a Benedictine who later became Archbishop of Dubuque, 1959–1965, 1971–1976. Richard C. Becker, Ph.D., 1976–1995 William J. Carroll, Ph.D., 1995–2015 Michael S. Brophy, Ph.D., 2015–2018 Charles Gregory, 2018–2023 Joseph J. Foy, Ph.D., 2023–Present Academics Benedictine University offers 59 undergraduate majors through The College of Science, The College of Liberal Arts, The Daniel L. Goodwin College of Business, and The College of Education and Health Services. It also offers 19 graduate programs, 34 graduate certificates, and 4 doctoral programs. Rankings Forbes magazine named Benedictine among "America’s Top Colleges" for the ninth consecutive year in 2019 (ranked #566 in Top Colleges, #362 in Private Colleges, and #222 in Research Universities). Benedictine did not make the Forbes list in 2020. U.S. News & World Report listed Benedictine among its best colleges in 2019 (ranked #221 in National Universities). Lisle campus Daniel L. Goodwin Hall of Business Benedictine University moved to Lisle, Illinois, in the far western suburbs of Chicago and DuPage County, in 1901. After the dedication of Benedictine Hall, new buildings were added throughout the early 1900s. Although it had admitted women from time to time, the college became fully coeducational in 1968. In 1971, it changed its name to Illinois Benedictine College. In response to community needs, graduate, doctorate and adult learner programs were added. In 1996, the college was renamed Benedictine University. The Birck Hall of Science and the Kindlon Hall of Learning were built in 2001. The Village of Lisle-Benedictine University Sports Complex, a unique cooperative venture between a governmental body and private university, was dedicated in 2005. Renovation of the Dan and Ada Rice Center was completed in October 2011. The rapid growth of the Daniel L. Goodwin College of Business created the need for construction of the Daniel L. Goodwin Hall of Business – the largest classroom building on campus at 125,000 square feet – which houses the college's undergraduate and graduate business programs and doctoral programs in Organization Development and Values-Driven Leadership. The building also features classrooms, study areas, seminar rooms, offices, a 600-seat auditorium to facilitate lectures, a 40-seat real-time trading lab that provides hands-on investing experience, a 7,500-square-foot main hall and a café. The Lisle campus' additionally features the Jurica-Suchy Nature Museum, a small natural history museum located on the second floor of the Birck Hall of Science. The museum represents the work of Frs. Edmund and Hilary Jurica, O.S.B., who collected specimens for their students to use during their almost 100 combined years of teaching at Benedictine University, and Fr. Theodore Suchy, O.S.B. (d. 2012), who served as museum curator for more than 30 years. The museum has continued to collect specimens since the Juricas' deaths in the early 1970s and now has a collection numbering more than 10,000 specimens ranging from small invertebrates to a rorqual skeleton. The Jurica-Suchy Nature Museum is open to the public as well as to school groups. Benedictine's Lisle campus has 2,885 undergraduate students of which 44 percent are male and 56 percent are female, and the student body represents 50 states and territories, and 15 countries. Approximately one-third of the students are minority. Benedictine University at Mesa Benedictine University Mesa, located in Mesa, Arizona, became the first four-year Catholic university in Arizona when classes began in 2013. It is a remote campus of Benedictine University in Lisle, IL. Undergraduate majors include accounting, communication arts, computer science, criminal justice, fine arts, graphic arts and design, management and organizational behavior, nutrition, political science, psychology, theology and Spanish. As of 2019, the Mesa campus had 568 students, and 76 faculty and staff. The university also provides degree-completion programs and graduate degrees. Its athletic teams are known as the Redhawks and compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics as a member of the California Pacific Conference. Student athletes compete in men's and women's cross country, golf, basketball, soccer, baseball and softball, and volleyball, including women's beach volleyball. In 2019, Mesa established a partnership with Co+Hoots, a private co-working business based in Phoenix, Arizona, to explore innovative educational opportunities, which includes establishment of a "certificate program in entrepreneurship". The partnership, which fits into the city's plan to create a "downtown innovation district", included renovation and expansion of Mesa's downtown campus facility at 225 E. Main Street to include space which would be provided "rent-free" to Co+Hoots as a commercial co-working space. Benedictine leases this downtown facility from the city, a lease which ends in 2038, with an option to purchase beginning in 2033. Former Springfield branch campus The Springfield branch campus of Benedictine University was founded in 1929 as a separate institution known as Springfield Junior College. The college changed its name in 1967 to Springfield College in Illinois. In early 2003, Springfield College in Illinois and Benedictine University formed a partnership through which Benedictine offered bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in Springfield. This partnership resulted in a merger between the two institutions, following Illinois Board of Higher Education guidelines and those of the U.S. Department of Education. In 2010, Benedictine University established a branch campus named Benedictine University at Springfield. Springfield College in Illinois ceased all academic programs in August 2011. In fall 2014, the Benedictine University Board of Trustees decided that the Springfield campus would end undergraduate education and transition to adult-oriented academic programs. Adult programs are now offered through the university's School of Graduate, Adult and Professional Education. On February 27, 2018, The Benedictine University Board of Trustees and the Board of Springfield College in Illinois announced that the Springfield property at 1500 N. 5th St. would be offered for sale. As of the end of the 2018 spring semester, courses were no longer offered at the Springfield branch campus. Starting with summer 2018 courses, the adult degree-completion and graduate students formerly at the Springfield branch campus attended Benedictine University at employer and community sites in the Springfield area. The Springfield branch campus property was in need of capital improvements. The decision to move to other area sites provided the university's students and faculty with more accessible, comfortable and equipped-for-teaching locations. Benedictine in Asia More than 1,000 students have graduated with a Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) or Master of Science in Management Information Systems (M.S.M.I.S.) from Benedictine University through its partnerships with two Chinese universities – Shenyang University of Technology (SUT) and Shenyang Jianzu University (SJZU) – formed in the early 2000s. In 2009, Benedictine partnered with two universities in Vietnam—the Vietnam National University (VNU) in Hanoi and Binh Dong University in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon)—to offer graduate programs in business administration and management information systems. In 2012, Benedictine received approval from the Ministry of Education in China to offer a Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) through a partnership with Dalian Medical University. Athletics Dan and Ada Rice Center in Lisle Lisle Eagles The athletic teams at the Lisle campus are called the Eagles. The campus is a member at the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing in the Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference (NACC) since the 2006–07 academic year. The Eagles previously competed in the defunct Northern Illinois-Iowa Conference (NIIC) until after the 2005–06 school year. Benedictine–Lisle competes in 19 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, track & field and volleyball, while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball. Mesa Redhawks The athletic teams at the Mesa campus are called the Redhawks. The campus is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the California Pacific Conference (Cal Pac) since the 2015–16 academic year. Benedictines–Mesa competes in 15 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, golf, soccer and volleyball, while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball. Club sports include badminton, bowling, eSports and spirit squad. The men's and women's golf, cross country, volleyball and tennis teams played their first season at the club level in the 2014–15 school year. Springfield Bulldogs The athletic teams at the Springfield campus were called the Bulldogs. The campus was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing the American Midwest Conference from 2011–12 to 2014–15 (when the campus dropped its athletics program). Benedictine–Springfield competed in 14 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, distance track, golf and soccer; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, distance track, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball; and co-ed sports included cheerleading. Intramurals Both campuses also offer intramurals, group fitness classes and club sports. Benedictine students play men's tennis, men's lacrosse, ping pong, spirit squad, eSports, bowling and badminton as club sports. References ^ a b "Benedictine President Michael Brophy to Step Down". Benedictine University. August 9, 2018. Retrieved August 13, 2018. ^ "Benedictine University". Retrieved August 10, 2023. ^ "Benedictine University". Retrieved 5 September 2018. ^ "Profile for Benedictine University - HigherEdJobs". www.higheredjobs.com. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ University, Benedictine. "History and Heritage | Benedictine | Chicago | Catholic Universities". www.ben.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ "Monks sue trustees for more authority at Benedictine University". Retrieved 2018-09-05. ^ Lansing, Richard (2010-09-13). Dante Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136849718. ^ "St. Procopius Abbey". St. Procopius Abbey. Retrieved 2019-04-24. ^ a b "China-focused education programs in Illinois bring U.S. and China closer -- china.org.cn". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2019-04-24. ^ Benedictine University: Facts About Benedictine University. http://www.ben.edu/about/fastfacts.cfm. Retrieved June 21, 2016. ^ "Benedictine University". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-04-24. ^ "Rankings". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-05-15. ^ "Benedictine | Arizona | Catholic Universities". Benedictine University Mesa. Mesa, Arizona: Benedictine University. Degrees & Programs pop-open menu. Retrieved 1 Feb 2020. ^ a b c d Steinbach, Alison (December 19, 2019). "Mesa approves deal for co-work space". Arizona Business Gazette. Vol. 139, no. 51. Phoenix, Arizona: Media West. USA Today Network. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com. ^ Polletta, Maria (July 10, 2015). "Do Mesa's branch colleges have what it takes to survive?". azcentral (The Republic). Phoenix, Arizona: Republic Media (Gannett). Retrieved 1 Feb 2020. ^ "Benedictine University at Mesa (Arizona)". Benedictine Mesa Redhawks. Mesa, Arizona: Benedictine University. Sports dropdown menu. Retrieved 1 Feb 2020. ^ Nevel, Jason. "Benedictine University to sell its Springfield campus". The State Journal. Retrieved 2018-02-28. ^ "Benedictine University Eagles". Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference. Retrieved 2019-04-24. ^ "Benedictine University at Mesa". Downtown Mesa. 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2019-04-24. External links Official website Benedictine–Lisle Eagles athletics website Benedictine–Mesa Redhawks athletics website Benedictine–Springfield Bulldogs athletics website Archived May 3, 2015, at the Wayback Machine vteLisle, IllinoisEducationSchools Lisle CUSD 202 Lisle HS Naperville CUSD 203 Benet Academy Colleges and universities Benedictine U College of DuPage Center for Entrepreneurship OtherLandmarks Morton Arboretum This list is incomplete. vteBenedictine colleges and universities Belmont Abbey College Benedictine College Benedictine University College of Saint Benedict College of Saint Scholastica Mount Marty College Saint Anselm College Saint Gregory's University Saint John's University Saint Joseph Seminary College Saint Leo University Saint Martin's University Saint Vincent College Thomas More University University of Mary Catholicism portal vteNorthern Athletics Collegiate ConferenceFull members Alverno Inferno Aurora Spartans Benedictine Eagles Concordia (Chicago) Cougars Concordia (WI) Falcons Dominican Stars Edgewood Eagles Illinois Tech Scarlet Hawks Lakeland (WI) Muskies Marian (WI) Sabres MSOE Raiders Rockford Regents St. Norbert Green Knights Wisconsin Lutheran Warriors Associate members Eureka Red Devils (football) Mount Mary Blue Angels (women's cross country) vteCalifornia Pacific ConferenceFull members Benedictine University at Mesa (departing 2024) California State University Maritime Academy University of California, Merced (departing 2025) Embry–Riddle Aeronautical University (departing 2024) La Sierra University Pacific Union College Park University Gilbert (departing 2024) Providence Christian College Simpson University Soka University of America Westcliff University vteColleges and universities in metropolitan ChicagoCommunity and junior colleges DuPage Elgin Generations Harper Joliet Lake County McHenry County Moraine Valley Morton Oakton Prairie State South Suburban Triton Waubonsee City Colleges of Chicago Richard J. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benedictine College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_College"},{"link_name":"private","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_university"},{"link_name":"Catholic university","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catholic_Colleges_in_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"Lisle, Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisle,_Illinois"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pilsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilsen,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"West Side","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Side,_Chicago"},{"link_name":"Chicago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Benedictine Order","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benedictine_Order"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"St. Benedict","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Benedict"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Chicago metropolitan area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_metropolitan_area"},{"link_name":"Argonne National Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argonne_National_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fermi_National_Accelerator_Laboratory"},{"link_name":"Mesa, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"}],"text":"Catholic university in Chicago, Illinois, US.This article is about the university located in Illinois. For the college located in Kansas, see Benedictine College.Benedictine University is a private Catholic university in Lisle, Illinois.[3] It was founded in 1887 as St. Procopius College by the Benedictine monks of St. Procopius Abbey in the Pilsen community on the West Side of Chicago.[4][5] The institution has retained a close relationship with the Benedictine Order,[6] which bears the name of St. Benedict (480–543 A.D.), the acknowledged father of western monasticism.[7]The university resides in the western Chicago metropolitan area, located near two national research facilities, Argonne National Laboratory and Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. The university's location along the East-West Tollway corridor provides internship and employment opportunities for students. Benedictine University also has a branch campus in Mesa, Arizona.","title":"Benedictine University"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Benet Academy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benet_Academy"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"Benedictine University, also called BenU, was founded in 1887 as St. Procopius College by the Benedictine monks of St. Procopius Abbey, who lived in the Pilsen community of Chicago's West Side. The monks created the all-male institution just two years after their community began, with the intention of educating men of Czech and Slovak descent. While the school was called a college from its founding, it did not begin offering post-secondary courses until after it moved from Chicago to rural Lisle in 1901. It became fully accredited in 1957 and, as the area around it transitioned from rural to suburban, it grew substantially. Also in 1957, the institution's high school component began operating independently of the college and is now called Benet Academy. The college became fully coeducational in 1968, though the first female, Joan Hewitt, graduated in 1953.[8]The school changed its name to Illinois Benedictine College in 1971, and in 1996, it became Benedictine University. While the institution continued to grow in Lisle, it expanded its reach to include campuses in other cities, including Springfield, Illinois, in 2003 and Mesa, Arizona, in 2012. The university added the Kindlon Hall of Learning and the Birck Hall of Science in 2001 and the Neff Alumni Center in 2012, and in 2015, Benedictine opened the Daniel L. Goodwin Hall of Business, which features the Trading Lab and a 600-seat auditorium.After recognizing that there is great demand for American business programs overseas, Benedictine joined forces with Shenyang University of Technology and Shenyang Jianzhu University in China to bring Master of Business Administration and Master of Science in Management Information Systems programs there.[9]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Daniel Kucera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Kucera"},{"link_name":"Archbishop of Dubuque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archdiocese_of_Dubuque"},{"link_name":"Richard C. Becker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Richard_C._Becker&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2018_interim_president-1"}],"sub_title":"Presidents","text":"Rev. Daniel Kucera, O.S.B. – a Benedictine who later became Archbishop of Dubuque, 1959–1965, 1971–1976.\nRichard C. Becker, Ph.D., 1976–1995\nWilliam J. Carroll, Ph.D., 1995–2015\nMichael S. Brophy, Ph.D., 2015–2018\nCharles Gregory, 2018–2023\nJoseph J. Foy, Ph.D., 2023–Present[1]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Benedictine University offers 59 undergraduate majors through The College of Science, The College of Liberal Arts, The Daniel L. Goodwin College of Business, and The College of Education and Health Services. It also offers 19 graduate programs, 34 graduate certificates, and 4 doctoral programs.[10]","title":"Academics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Forbes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"U.S. News & World Report","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._News_%26_World_Report"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Forbes magazine named Benedictine among \"America’s Top Colleges\" for the ninth consecutive year in 2019 (ranked #566 in Top Colleges, #362 in Private Colleges, and #222 in Research Universities).[11] Benedictine did not make the Forbes list in 2020.U.S. News & World Report listed Benedictine among its best colleges in 2019 (ranked #221 [tie] in National Universities).[12]","title":"Rankings"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Goodwin_trading_lab_(2).jpg"},{"link_name":"rorqual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rorqual"}],"text":"Daniel L. Goodwin Hall of BusinessBenedictine University moved to Lisle, Illinois, in the far western suburbs of Chicago and DuPage County, in 1901. After the dedication of Benedictine Hall, new buildings were added throughout the early 1900s. Although it had admitted women from time to time, the college became fully coeducational in 1968. In 1971, it changed its name to Illinois Benedictine College. In response to community needs, graduate, doctorate and adult learner programs were added. In 1996, the college was renamed Benedictine University. The Birck Hall of Science and the Kindlon Hall of Learning were built in 2001. The Village of Lisle-Benedictine University Sports Complex, a unique cooperative venture between a governmental body and private university, was dedicated in 2005. Renovation of the Dan and Ada Rice Center was completed in October 2011.The rapid growth of the Daniel L. Goodwin College of Business created the need for construction of the Daniel L. Goodwin Hall of Business – the largest classroom building on campus at 125,000 square feet – which houses the college's undergraduate and graduate business programs and doctoral programs in Organization Development and Values-Driven Leadership. The building also features classrooms, study areas, seminar rooms, offices, a 600-seat auditorium to facilitate lectures, a 40-seat real-time trading lab that provides hands-on investing experience, a 7,500-square-foot main hall and a café.The Lisle campus' additionally features the Jurica-Suchy Nature Museum, a small natural history museum located on the second floor of the Birck Hall of Science. The museum represents the work of Frs. Edmund and Hilary Jurica, O.S.B., who collected specimens for their students to use during their almost 100 combined years of teaching at Benedictine University, and Fr. Theodore Suchy, O.S.B. (d. 2012), who served as museum curator for more than 30 years. The museum has continued to collect specimens since the Juricas' deaths in the early 1970s and now has a collection numbering more than 10,000 specimens ranging from small invertebrates to a rorqual skeleton. The Jurica-Suchy Nature Museum is open to the public as well as to school groups.Benedictine's Lisle campus has 2,885 undergraduate students of which 44 percent are male and 56 percent are female, and the student body represents 50 states and territories, and 15 countries. Approximately one-third of the students are minority.","title":"Lisle campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Mesa, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mesa,_Arizona"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Co+Hoots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Co%2BHoots&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"co-working","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-working"},{"link_name":"certificate program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Certificate_program"},{"link_name":"entrepreneurship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entrepreneurship"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-14"}],"text":"Benedictine University Mesa, located in Mesa, Arizona, became the first four-year Catholic university in Arizona when classes began in 2013. It is a remote campus of Benedictine University in Lisle, IL. Undergraduate majors include accounting, communication arts, computer science, criminal justice, fine arts, graphic arts and design, management and organizational behavior, nutrition, political science, psychology, theology and Spanish.[13] As of 2019, the Mesa campus had 568 students, and 76 faculty and staff.[14]The university also provides degree-completion programs and graduate degrees.[15]Its athletic teams are known as the Redhawks and compete in the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics as a member of the California Pacific Conference. Student athletes compete in men's and women's cross country, golf, basketball, soccer, baseball and softball, and volleyball, including women's beach volleyball.[16]In 2019, Mesa established a partnership with Co+Hoots, a private co-working business based in Phoenix, Arizona, to explore innovative educational opportunities, which includes establishment of a \"certificate program in entrepreneurship\".[14] The partnership, which fits into the city's plan to create a \"downtown innovation district\", included renovation and expansion of Mesa's downtown campus facility at 225 E. Main Street to include space which would be provided \"rent-free\" to Co+Hoots as a commercial co-working space.[14] Benedictine leases this downtown facility from the city, a lease which ends in 2038, with an option to purchase beginning in 2033.[14]","title":"Benedictine University at Mesa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Springfield College in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springfield_College_in_Illinois"},{"link_name":"U.S. Department of Education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Education"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"}],"text":"The Springfield branch campus of Benedictine University was founded in 1929 as a separate institution known as Springfield Junior College. The college changed its name in 1967 to Springfield College in Illinois. In early 2003, Springfield College in Illinois and Benedictine University formed a partnership through which Benedictine offered bachelor's, master's and doctoral degrees in Springfield. This partnership resulted in a merger between the two institutions, following Illinois Board of Higher Education guidelines and those of the U.S. Department of Education. In 2010, Benedictine University established a branch campus named Benedictine University at Springfield. Springfield College in Illinois ceased all academic programs in August 2011. In fall 2014, the Benedictine University Board of Trustees decided that the Springfield campus would end undergraduate education and transition to adult-oriented academic programs. Adult programs are now offered through the university's School of Graduate, Adult and Professional Education.On February 27, 2018, The Benedictine University Board of Trustees and the Board of Springfield College in Illinois announced that the Springfield property at 1500 N. 5th St. would be offered for sale. As of the end of the 2018 spring semester, courses were no longer offered at the Springfield branch campus. Starting with summer 2018 courses, the adult degree-completion and graduate students formerly at the Springfield branch campus attended Benedictine University at employer and community sites in the Springfield area. The Springfield branch campus property was in need of capital improvements. The decision to move to other area sites provided the university's students and faculty with more accessible, comfortable and equipped-for-teaching locations.[17]","title":"Former Springfield branch campus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-9"}],"text":"More than 1,000 students have graduated with a Master of Business Administration (M.B.A.) or Master of Science in Management Information Systems (M.S.M.I.S.) from Benedictine University through its partnerships with two Chinese universities – Shenyang University of Technology (SUT) and Shenyang Jianzu University (SJZU) – formed in the early 2000s.[9] In 2009, Benedictine partnered with two universities in Vietnam—the Vietnam National University (VNU) in Hanoi and Binh Dong University in Ho Chi Minh City (formerly Saigon)—to offer graduate programs in business administration and management information systems. In 2012, Benedictine received approval from the Ministry of Education in China to offer a Master of Public Health (M.P.H.) through a partnership with Dalian Medical University.","title":"Benedictine in Asia"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dan_and_Ada_Rice_Athletic_Center.jpg"}],"text":"Dan and Ada Rice Center in Lisle","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"NCAA Division III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NCAA_Division_III"},{"link_name":"Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Athletics_Collegiate_Conference"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Northern Illinois-Iowa Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Illinois-Iowa_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Lisle Eagles","text":"The athletic teams at the Lisle campus are called the Eagles. The campus is a member at the NCAA Division III ranks, primarily competing in the Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference (NACC) since the 2006–07 academic year.[18] The Eagles previously competed in the defunct Northern Illinois-Iowa Conference (NIIC) until after the 2005–06 school year.Benedictine–Lisle competes in 19 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, cross country, football, golf, lacrosse, soccer, track & field and volleyball, while women's sports include basketball, cross country, golf, lacrosse, soccer, softball, track & field and volleyball.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"California Pacific Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California_Pacific_Conference"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"Mesa Redhawks","text":"The athletic teams at the Mesa campus are called the Redhawks. The campus is a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing in the California Pacific Conference (Cal Pac) since the 2015–16 academic year.Benedictines–Mesa competes in 15 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports include baseball, basketball, golf, soccer and volleyball, while women's sports include basketball, beach volleyball, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball. Club sports include badminton, bowling, eSports and spirit squad.The men's and women's golf, cross country, volleyball and tennis teams played their first season at the club level in the 2014–15 school year.[19]","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Association_of_Intercollegiate_Athletics"},{"link_name":"American Midwest Conference","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Midwest_Conference"}],"sub_title":"Springfield Bulldogs","text":"The athletic teams at the Springfield campus were called the Bulldogs. The campus was a member of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), primarily competing the American Midwest Conference from 2011–12 to 2014–15 (when the campus dropped its athletics program).Benedictine–Springfield competed in 14 intercollegiate athletic programs: Men's sports included baseball, basketball, cross country, distance track, golf and soccer; while women's sports included basketball, cross country, distance track, golf, soccer, softball and volleyball; and co-ed sports included cheerleading.","title":"Athletics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Intramurals","text":"Both campuses also offer intramurals, group fitness classes and club sports. Benedictine students play men's tennis, men's lacrosse, ping pong, spirit squad, eSports, bowling and badminton as club sports.","title":"Athletics"}]

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Retrieved 2018-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.higheredjobs.com/InstitutionProfile.cfm?ProfileID=15162","url_text":"\"Profile for Benedictine University - HigherEdJobs\""}]},{"reference":"University, Benedictine. \"History and Heritage | Benedictine | Chicago | Catholic Universities\". www.ben.edu. Retrieved 2018-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ben.edu/center-for-mission-and-identity/identity/history-heritage.cfm","url_text":"\"History and Heritage | Benedictine | Chicago | Catholic Universities\""}]},{"reference":"\"Monks sue trustees for more authority at Benedictine University\". Retrieved 2018-09-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.insidehighered.com/news/2015/06/26/monks-sue-trustees-more-authority-benedictine-university","url_text":"\"Monks sue trustees for more authority at Benedictine University\""}]},{"reference":"Lansing, Richard (2010-09-13). Dante Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 9781136849718.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=FwysAgAAQBAJ","url_text":"Dante Encyclopedia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136849718","url_text":"9781136849718"}]},{"reference":"\"St. Procopius Abbey\". St. Procopius Abbey. Retrieved 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.procopius.org/","url_text":"\"St. Procopius Abbey\""}]},{"reference":"\"China-focused education programs in Illinois bring U.S. and China closer -- china.org.cn\". www.china.org.cn. Retrieved 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.china.org.cn/learning_chinese/news/2011-02/28/content_22019414.htm","url_text":"\"China-focused education programs in Illinois bring U.S. and China closer -- china.org.cn\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benedictine University\". Forbes. Retrieved 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.forbes.com/colleges/benedictine-university/","url_text":"\"Benedictine University\""}]},{"reference":"\"Rankings\". www.usnews.com. Retrieved 2019-05-15.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/benedictine-university-1767/overall-rankings","url_text":"\"Rankings\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benedictine | Arizona | Catholic Universities\". Benedictine University Mesa. Mesa, Arizona: Benedictine University. Degrees & Programs pop-open menu. Retrieved 1 Feb 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.ben.edu/mesa/","url_text":"\"Benedictine | Arizona | Catholic Universities\""}]},{"reference":"Steinbach, Alison (December 19, 2019). \"Mesa approves deal for co-work space\". Arizona Business Gazette. Vol. 139, no. 51. Phoenix, Arizona: Media West. USA Today Network. p. 4 – via Newspapers.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newspapers.com/clip/43451591/mesa_approves_deal_for_cowork_space/","url_text":"\"Mesa approves deal for co-work space\""}]},{"reference":"Polletta, Maria (July 10, 2015). \"Do Mesa's branch colleges have what it takes to survive?\". azcentral (The Republic). Phoenix, Arizona: Republic Media (Gannett). Retrieved 1 Feb 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/mesa/2015/07/10/mesas-branch-colleges-takes-survive/29932057/","url_text":"\"Do Mesa's branch colleges have what it takes to survive?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benedictine University at Mesa (Arizona)\". Benedictine Mesa Redhawks. Mesa, Arizona: Benedictine University. Sports dropdown menu. Retrieved 1 Feb 2020.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.benuredhawks.com/index.php","url_text":"\"Benedictine University at Mesa (Arizona)\""}]},{"reference":"Nevel, Jason. \"Benedictine University to sell its Springfield campus\". The State Journal. Retrieved 2018-02-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.sj-r.com/news/20180227/benedictine-university-to-sell-its-springfield-campus","url_text":"\"Benedictine University to sell its Springfield campus\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benedictine University Eagles\". Northern Athletics Collegiate Conference. Retrieved 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.naccsports.org/members/benedictine/info/","url_text":"\"Benedictine University Eagles\""}]},{"reference":"\"Benedictine University at Mesa\". Downtown Mesa. 2015-08-21. Retrieved 2019-04-24.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.downtownmesa.com/benedictine-university-at-mesa/","url_text":"\"Benedictine University at Mesa\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Christmas_Gift_from_TVXQ

The Christmas Gift from TVXQ

["1 Chart performance","1.1 Weekly charts","2 Track listing","3 \"Magic Castle\"","4 Release history","5 See also","6 References"]

2004 EP by TVXQThe Christmas Gift from TVXQEP by TVXQReleasedDecember 6, 2004Recorded2004StudioS.M. Studios(Seoul, South Korea)Genre Christmas carol K-pop Language Korean English LabelS.M.Producer Kenzie Lee Soo Man (exec.) TVXQ chronology Tri-Angle(2004) The Christmas Gift from TVXQ(2004) Rising Sun(2005) Singles from The Christmas Gift from TVXQ "Magic Castle"Released: December 6, 2004 The Christmas Gift from TVXQ (stylized as The Christmas Gift from 東方神起!) is the first Christmas EP by South Korean boy band TVXQ, released on December 6, 2004 by S.M. Entertainment. The EP features Korean and English cover versions of popular Christmas tunes. It also includes a remake of The Classic's 1994 Korean song "Mabeopui Seong (Magic Castle)" (Hangul: 마법의 성), which was promoted as the EP's lead single. For the EP, TVXQ worked closely with Kenzie, who produced the album's music and vocal arrangements. The EP features acoustic arrangements, synthesized orchestras, and harmonizing vocals performed in a choir style. It also includes a cappella renditions of Christmas carols. Chart performance The EP was released two months after TVXQ's debut album Tri-Angle, which was the eighth best-selling album in South Korea. According to the Music Industry Association of Korea (MIAK), The Christmas Gift from TVXQ sold 68,888 copies in December 2004. The EP entered the Gaon Albums Chart in 2010 and peaked at number six for the week of April 18–24, 2010. The EP has sold approximately 109,000 copies as of 2012. Weekly charts Chart (2010) Peakposition South Korean Albums Chart (Gaon) 6 Track listing No.TitleLength1."Jesus, Joy Of Man's Desiring" (a cappella ver.)1:022."The First Noel"2:563."마법의 성" (Magic Castle)4:084."기도문" (Prayer)3:455."글로리아 높으신 이의 탄생" (Angels We Have Heard On High)1:466."Santa Claus Is Coming To Town"1:517."고요한밤 거룩한밤" (Silent Night, Holy Night)2:528."마법의 성" (Magic Castle) (instrumental)4:06 "Magic Castle" "Magic Castle"Single by TVXQfrom the album The Christmas Gift from TVXQ ReleasedDecember 6, 2004Recorded2004GenreBalladLabelS.M.Songwriter(s)Kim Gwang-jinProducer(s)Gwang-jinTVXQ singles chronology "Tri-Angle" (2004) "Magic Castle" (2004) "Stay with Me Tonight" (2005) Music video"Magic Castle (마법의 성)" on YouTube "Magic Castle" (Hangul: 마법의 성; Mabeopui Seong), written by Kim Gwang-jin, is the title song of The Classic's debut album, Magic Castle (1994). The song has been covered by several Korean artists since its release, including Lee Seung-hwan, As One, and Seo Young-eun. TVXQ released their cover version of it on December 6, 2004, and it was used to promote their Christmas EP, The Christmas Gift from TVXQ. TVXQ promoted "Magic Castle" simultaneously with "Tri-Angle" and "Believe", the lead singles from their debut album Tri-Angle. The band did their first performance of "Magic Castle" on December 4, 2004 at the 2004 Mnet KM Music Festival. Their last promotional appearance for the song was on January 15, 2005, at MBC's Music Camp. The music video of TVXQ's "Magic Castle" features the first appearance of Yoona before she joined the girl group Girls' Generation. The video was filmed at Lotte World. Release history Region Date Format(s) Label South Korea December 6, 2004 Digital download S.M. Entertainment December 7, 2004 CD See also TVXQ albums discography References ^ a b "Christmas Gift From 동방신기(東方神起)" (in Korean). Melon. Retrieved 2015-01-23. ^ "Unique Carol Albums for Christmas". KBS World. 2004-12-13. Retrieved 2015-01-23. ^ a b "2004 Year End Sales" (in Korean). Music Industry Association of Korea. Archived from the original on 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2009-01-31. ^ "The Christmas Gift from TVXQ (2004)" (in Korean). Gaon Music Chart. April 18–24, 2010. Retrieved 2015-01-23. ^ "동방신기 - Christmas Gift" (in Korean). Hanteo Information System. Retrieved 2015-01-23. vteTVXQ U-Know Yunho Max Changmin Hero Jaejoong Micky Yoochun Xiah Junsu Studio albumsKorean Tri-Angle Rising Sun "O"-Jung.Ban.Hap. Mirotic Keep Your Head Down Catch Me Tense New Chapter #1: The Chance of Love 20&2 Japanese Heart, Mind and Soul Five in the Black T The Secret Code Tone Time Tree With Tomorrow XV Special albums The Christmas Gift from TVXQ Rise as God New Chapter #2: The Truth of Love Epitaph Compilation albums Best Selection 2010 Complete: Single A-side Collection Single B-side Collection Two of Us Fine Collection: Begin Again Concert toursWorld tours "O" Asia Tour Catch Me World Tour Tistory Special Tour Japan tours Heart, Mind and Soul Tour Tone Tour Time Tour Tree Tour With Tour Begin Again Tour Affiliated tours SM Town Live '10 World Tour SM Town Live World Tour III SM Town Live World Tour IV Filmography Banjun Theater I Am Analog Trip Record companies SM Entertainment Avex Group Avex Trax Rhythm Zone Avex Taiwan Related topics SM Town Lee Soo-man Yoo Young-jin JYJ Category Albums Singles Awards and nominations Tours Japan Tours Videography List of recorded songs

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eddie_Jackson_(chef)

Eddie Jackson (chef)

["1 College career","2 Professional career","2.1 Carolina Panthers","2.2 Miami Dolphins","2.3 New England Patriots","2.4 Washington Redskins","3 MasterChef and Food Network","4 References","5 External links"]

American chef This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Eddie Jackson" chef – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Eddie JacksonBornEddie Paul Jackson Jr. (1980-12-19) December 19, 1980 (age 43)Americus, Georgia, U.S.EducationUniversity of ArkansasChildren1Culinary career Television show(s) BBQ Blitz The Big Bake Christmas Cookie Challenge Kids BBQ Championship Ultimate Summer Cook-Off Yum and Yummer Outchef’d Halloween Wars judge, seasons 11 & 12 American football player American football careerNo. 34, 35, 20, 29Position:CornerbackPersonal informationHeight:6 ft 0 in (1.83 m)Weight:200 lb (91 kg)Career informationCollege:ArkansasUndrafted:2004Career history Carolina Panthers (2004) Miami Dolphins (2005–2006) New England Patriots (2007) Washington Redskins (2008)*  * Offseason and/or practice squad member only Eddie Paul Jackson Jr. (born December 19, 1980) is an American chef and former football cornerback. He was signed by the Carolina Panthers as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football for Arkansas. He is a member of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity. Jackson was also a member of the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots and Washington Redskins. College career In college, Jackson started 21 of 47 games at both the cornerback and strong safety slots for the Arkansas Razorbacks and totaled 174 tackles, 35 passes defensed, one forced fumble, and two fumble recoveries. He also ran the high hurdles for the national champion Razorback track team. Jackson was also a College All-American in Track and Field where he won four national titles. He still holds the freshman record for the 110 high hurdles. Professional career Carolina Panthers Jackson was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Carolina Panthers in 2004. Miami Dolphins He spent the 2005 and 2006 seasons with the Miami Dolphins, and ended his last year on injured reserve with a torn anterior cruciate ligament suffered in a December 25 contest. Due in part to his injury, Jackson was not tendered a contract by the Dolphins as a restricted free agent. New England Patriots On March 19, 2007, Jackson signed a two-year deal with the New England Patriots. The contract contained no signing bonus, and base salaries of $1,510,000 in 2007 and $1,605,000 in 2008. He was released by the Patriots during the 2007 season. Washington Redskins Jackson was signed by the Washington Redskins during the 2008 offseason, but was released on June 5. MasterChef and Food Network After retiring from football, Jackson became a personal trainer, as well as owning a food truck, Caribbean Grill, in Houston. Cooking had been a lifelong passion of his. Jackson first gained culinary notoriety as he competed on Season 4 of the reality cooking competition show MasterChef in 2013, finishing in eighth place. Jackson then competed on Season 11 of the Food Network series Food Network Star in 2015, and won the season, beating out eleven other contestants. As a reward for winning Food Network Star, Jackson got his own Food Network cooking competition series, BBQ Blitz, in which contestants competed to create the best barbecue dish; Jackson served as the host. The show ran for six episodes in late 2015. Since 2016 he has hosted the Food Network cooking competition series Kids BBQ Championship. For the first season in 2016 his co-host was model Camila Alves, while for the 2nd season in 2017 his co-host was fellow Food Network Star (season 9) winner Damaris Phillips. He also infrequently served as a judge on Clash of the Grandmas. Jackson is the current host of Christmas Cookie Challenge on Food Network, as well as one of the judges. Jackson has also appeared on Chopped as a judge. In 2021, he was a team captain of BBQ Brawl competing against Bobby Flay and Michael Symon. Jackson also served as a judge on seasons 11 and 12 of Halloween Wars as well as Guy's Grocery Games throughout its run on the network. He is currently the host of Outchef’d on Food Network as well as the host of Christmas Cookie Challenge with Ree Drummond. He also serves as a judge on Supermarket Stakeout. References ^ "Possessed Toys". Halloween Wars. September 19, 2021. Event occurs at 32:25. Food Network. Retrieved September 19, 2021. ^ Reiss, Mike (2007-12-19). "At linebacker, fantastic 4". Boston.com. Retrieved 2017-11-17. ^ a b Cash, Rana L. For Eddie Jackson, Food Network Star door swings open after NFL door closed Archived 2015-09-24 at the Wayback Machine, Sporting News, June 24, 2015, Retrieved 2015-06-24 ^ Nogle, Kevin. Former Dolphins DB Eddie Jackson eliminated from Master Chef, The Phinsider, August 1, 2013, Retrieved 2015-06-24 ^ Cash, Rana L. (August 16, 2015). "Eddie Jackson goes from NFL to "Food Network Star" winner | NFL | Sporting News". Sporting News. Sporting News Media. Retrieved August 16, 2015. ^ "BBQ Blitz Episodes". ^ "Kids BBQ Championship" – via www.foodnetwork.com. ^ "Kids BBQ Championship (TV Series 2016– )". IMDb. Retrieved May 29, 2016. ^ "Food Network to Premiere New Series CLASH OF THE GRANDMAS, 11/13". Broadway World. Wisdom Digital Media. November 13, 2016. Retrieved March 22, 2017. ^ "Food Network Decks The Halls Across Platforms This Holiday Season With More Than 35 New and Returning Holiday Series, Specials, Themed Episodes : Discovery Press Web". press.discovery.com. ^ "Food Network star's journey from NFL to chef". NFL.com. Retrieved 2021-06-13. External links New England Patriots bio Eddie Jackson on X Eddie Jackson Stats vteMasterChef (U.S.)Seasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11: Legends 12: Back to Win 13: United Tastes of America 14: Generations Winners Whitney Miller Christine Hà Contestants Monti Carlo Eddie Jackson David Williams Nick DiGiovanni MasterChef JuniorSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Winners Logan Guleff Contestants Troy Glass Sofia Hublitz vteFood Network StarSeasons 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners (series) Dan Smith & Steve McDonagh Guy Fieri Guy's Big Bite Amy Finley Aaron McCargo Jr. Big Daddy's House Melissa d'Arabian Ten Dollar Dinners Aarti Sequeira Aarti Party Jeff Mauro Justin Warner Rebel Eats Damaris Phillips Southern at Heart Lenny McNab Eddie Jackson BBQ Blitz Tregaye Fraser Jason Smith Best Baker in America Christian Petroni & Jess Tom Other contestants Nathan Lyon Colombe Jacobsen Kelsey Nixon Shane Lyons Jeffrey Saad Michele Ragussis Martie Duncan Nikki Martin Cristie Schoen Stacey Poon-Kinney Nikki Dinki Damiano Carrara Spin-off Food Network Star Kids Authority control databases: People World Athletics

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"chef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chef"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_football"},{"link_name":"cornerback","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornerback"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"},{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"college football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_football"},{"link_name":"Arkansas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football"},{"link_name":"Phi Beta Sigma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phi_Beta_Sigma"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Football_Team"}],"text":"Eddie Paul Jackson Jr. (born December 19, 1980) is an American chef and former football cornerback. He was signed by the Carolina Panthers as an undrafted free agent in 2004. He played college football for Arkansas. He is a member of the Phi Beta Sigma fraternity.Jackson was also a member of the Miami Dolphins, New England Patriots and Washington Redskins.","title":"Eddie Jackson (chef)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"strong safety","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Safety_(American_football_position)"},{"link_name":"Arkansas Razorbacks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkansas_Razorbacks_football"}],"text":"In college, Jackson started 21 of 47 games at both the cornerback and strong safety slots for the Arkansas Razorbacks and totaled 174 tackles, 35 passes defensed, one forced fumble, and two fumble recoveries. He also ran the high hurdles for the national champion Razorback track team. Jackson was also a College All-American in Track and Field where he won four national titles. He still holds the freshman record for the 110 high hurdles.","title":"College career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"undrafted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Undrafted_free_agent"},{"link_name":"Carolina Panthers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina_Panthers"}],"sub_title":"Carolina Panthers","text":"Jackson was signed as an undrafted free agent by the Carolina Panthers in 2004.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2005_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_NFL_season"},{"link_name":"Miami Dolphins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Dolphins"},{"link_name":"injured reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Injured_reserve"},{"link_name":"anterior cruciate ligament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anterior_cruciate_ligament"},{"link_name":"restricted free agent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted_free_agent"}],"sub_title":"Miami Dolphins","text":"He spent the 2005 and 2006 seasons with the Miami Dolphins, and ended his last year on injured reserve with a torn anterior cruciate ligament suffered in a December 25 contest.Due in part to his injury, Jackson was not tendered a contract by the Dolphins as a restricted free agent.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New England Patriots","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_England_Patriots"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"sub_title":"New England Patriots","text":"On March 19, 2007, Jackson signed a two-year deal with the New England Patriots. The contract contained no signing bonus, and base salaries of $1,510,000 in 2007 and $1,605,000 in 2008. He was released by the Patriots during the 2007 season.[2]","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Washington Redskins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Washington_Redskins"}],"sub_title":"Washington Redskins","text":"Jackson was signed by the Washington Redskins during the 2008 offseason, but was released on June 5.","title":"Professional career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"personal trainer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_trainer"},{"link_name":"Houston","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houston"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-door_swings_open-3"},{"link_name":"Season 4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_(American_season_4)"},{"link_name":"reality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reality_television"},{"link_name":"MasterChef","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MasterChef_(American_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Season 11","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network_Star_(season_11)"},{"link_name":"Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network"},{"link_name":"Food Network Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network_Star"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-door_swings_open-3"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sportingnews-5"},{"link_name":"BBQ Blitz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBQ_Blitz"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-blitz-6"},{"link_name":"Kids BBQ Championship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kids_BBQ_Championship"},{"link_name":"Camila Alves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camila_Alves"},{"link_name":"Damaris Phillips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaris_Phillips"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-i-8"},{"link_name":"judge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adjudicator"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-broadway-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Chopped","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chopped_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"BBQ Brawl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBQ_Brawl"},{"link_name":"Bobby Flay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby_Flay"},{"link_name":"Michael Symon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Symon"},{"link_name":"Halloween Wars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halloween_Wars"},{"link_name":"Guy's Grocery Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guy%27s_Grocery_Games"},{"link_name":"Food Network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Food_Network"},{"link_name":"Ree Drummond","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ree_Drummond"},{"link_name":"Supermarket Stakeout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supermarket_Stakeout"}],"text":"After retiring from football, Jackson became a personal trainer, as well as owning a food truck, Caribbean Grill, in Houston. Cooking had been a lifelong passion of his.[3]Jackson first gained culinary notoriety as he competed on Season 4 of the reality cooking competition show MasterChef in 2013, finishing in eighth place.[4]Jackson then competed on Season 11 of the Food Network series Food Network Star in 2015,[3] and won the season, beating out eleven other contestants.[5]As a reward for winning Food Network Star, Jackson got his own Food Network cooking competition series, BBQ Blitz, in which contestants competed to create the best barbecue dish; Jackson served as the host. The show ran for six episodes in late 2015.[6] Since 2016 he has hosted the Food Network cooking competition series Kids BBQ Championship. For the first season in 2016 his co-host was model Camila Alves, while for the 2nd season in 2017 his co-host was fellow Food Network Star (season 9) winner Damaris Phillips.[7][8] He also infrequently served as a judge on Clash of the Grandmas.[9] Jackson is the current host of Christmas Cookie Challenge on Food Network, as well as one of the judges.[10] Jackson has also appeared on Chopped as a judge.[11] In 2021, he was a team captain of BBQ Brawl competing against Bobby Flay and Michael Symon. Jackson also served as a judge on seasons 11 and 12 of Halloween Wars as well as Guy's Grocery Games throughout its run on the network.He is currently the host of Outchef’d on Food Network as well as the host of Christmas Cookie Challenge with Ree Drummond. He also serves as a judge on Supermarket Stakeout.","title":"MasterChef and Food Network"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Bonnets_(raceway)

Blue Bonnets (raceway)

["1 History","1.1 Presidents","1.2 Press secretaries","2 Bankruptcy and closure","3 Post-closure and uncertain future of the site","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 45°29′20.70″N 73°39′29.24″W / 45.4890833°N 73.6581222°W / 45.4890833; -73.6581222 This article possibly contains original research. Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2019) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Blue Bonnets / Hippodrome de MontréalLocationDecarie BoulevardMontreal, Quebec, CanadaDate opened1872 in LachineJune 4, 1907 on Decarie Blvd.Date closedOctober 13, 2009Course typeFlat (until 1973) and harnessNotable racesPrix d'Été The Blue Bonnets Raceway (later named Hippodrome de Montréal) was a horse racing track and casino in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. It closed on October 13, 2009, after 137 years of operation. Demolition of the site began in mid-2018, after sitting abandoned and derelict for nearly a decade. History In 1905, John F. Ryan founded the Jockey Club of Montreal, which on June 4, 1907, opened a Blue Bonnets Raceway on Decarie Boulevard. In 1958, Jean-Louis Levesque undertook major renovations that included building a multi-million-dollar clubhouse for the Blue Bonnets Raceway, and by 1961 it began to challenge the preeminence of the Ontario racing industry. From 1961 to 1975, the Raceway was home to the Quebec Derby, an annual horse race conceived by Levesque. Controversy erupted when the Namur metro station was built in close proximity to the Blue Bonnets Raceway. The Montreal Tramways Company had run streetcars right into the race track site. Some argued that the metro station site was chosen to benefit Blue Bonnets, while others argued that the tram stations would address future traffic problems. This controversy coincided with a failed Blue Bonnets development project. In 1995, a municipal government corporation, La Société d'habitation et de développement de Montréal (SHDM), purchased the track and renamed it Hippodrome de Montréal. Owned and operated by the provincial government agency Société nationale du cheval de course (SONACC), it offered harness racing, inter-track wagering from the United States, off-track betting, two restaurants, and hundreds of video lottery terminals and slot machines. Presidents H. Montagu Allan (1907–1920) J. K. L. Ross (1920–1931) Kenneth Thomas Dawes (1931–1933) Joseph Cattarinich (1933–1938) J.-Eugene Lajoie (1938–1939) Louis Letourneau (1939–1942) J. Eugene Lajoie (1942–1958) Jean-Louis Levesque (1958–1970) Raymond Lemay (1970–1973) Alban Cadieux (1973–1983) Andre Marier (1983–1994) Gilbert l'Heureux (1994–1995) Jacques Brulotte (1995–2000) Jean-Pierre Lareau (2000–2002) Richard Castonguay (2002–2007) Senator Paul Massicotte (2007–2009) Press secretaries Charles Mayer (1950s) Bankruptcy and closure On June 27, 2008, Attractions Hippiques entered bankruptcy protection, suspending horse racing and all other operations except its VLT gambling machines and inter-track wagering, which operated for a few more months. After the provincial government withdrew its support, Attractions Hippiques declared bankruptcy on October 13, 2009, and permanently closed the racetrack. Post-closure and uncertain future of the site In July 2011, the rock band U2 used the site for a massive outdoor concert. On March 23, 2012, the Government of Quebec announced it was returning ownership of the land to the City of Montreal, on the condition that it would receive half of the profits from any sale of the land. As per the agreement, the land could not be sold until 2017 and would require decontamination. In October 2014, it was brought to light that the government agreement was never signed or finalized, leaving the redevelopment project in limbo and its future in question. Plans to demolish the racetrack and clubhouse building by 2014 also fell through, leaving the buildings abandoned and grounds overgrown for nearly a decade. In the summer of 2018, demolition of the former racetrack finally began; however, plans for any future redevelopment of the site remain uncertain. See also Harness racing Horse racing Montreal References ^ Jim Alexander Coleman, A Hoofprint on My Heart (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1971), 110 ^ Timothy Lloyd Thomas, A City With a Difference: The Rise and Fall of the Montreal Citizen's Movement, (Montreal: Véhicule Press, 1997), 41. ^ Abe Limonchik, "The Montreal Economy: The Drapeau Years," in The City and Radical Social Change, ed. Dimitrios I. Roussopoulos (Montreal: Black Rose Books, 1982), 179-180, 190. ^ "Charles Mayer". Canada's Sports Hall of Fame. 1971. Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ "Journalisme – Mayer, Charles". Exploraré (in French). Retrieved December 25, 2020. ^ Attractions Hippiques restructuring. Retrieved February 17, 2011. ^ "Montreal racetrack closed under bankruptcy protection". CBC News, June 27, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2011. ^ "Concert review: U2 at the Hippodrome; July 8, 2011". ^ "Montreal's Hippodrome site to be developed". Archived from the original on March 25, 2012. Retrieved March 23, 2012. ^ "Hippodrome development threatened as agreement with Quebec stalls". Archived from the original on October 2, 2014. Retrieved October 8, 2014. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Blue Bonnets (raceway). Hippodrome closes under bankruptcy protection Public documentation on Attraction Hippiques bankruptcy available on RSM Richter's accounting services site Montreal Gazette article on closure - All Bets Are Off 45°29′20.70″N 73°39′29.24″W / 45.4890833°N 73.6581222°W / 45.4890833; -73.6581222 vteHorse racing venues in CanadaActive: Ajax Downs Assiniboia Downs Century Downs Century Mile Charlottetown Flamboro Downs Fort Erie Fraser Downs Grand River Hastings Leamington Mohawk Rideau Carleton Stampede Park Woodbine Western Fair Defunct: Blue Bonnets Raceway Connaught Park Dufferin Park Greenwood Kenilworth Park Long Branch Marquis Downs Northlands Park Polo Park Thorncliffe Windsor

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It closed on October 13, 2009, after 137 years of operation.Demolition of the site began in mid-2018, after sitting abandoned and derelict for nearly a decade.","title":"Blue Bonnets (raceway)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Decarie Boulevard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decarie_Boulevard"},{"link_name":"Jean-Louis Levesque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Louis_Levesque"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Quebec Derby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_Derby"},{"link_name":"Namur metro station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Namur_station_(Montreal_Metro)"},{"link_name":"Montreal Tramways Company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montreal_Tramways_Company"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"provincial government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Quebec"},{"link_name":"off-track betting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Off-track_betting"},{"link_name":"video lottery terminals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_lottery_terminal"},{"link_name":"slot machines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slot_machine"}],"text":"In 1905, John F. Ryan founded the Jockey Club of Montreal, which on June 4, 1907, opened a Blue Bonnets Raceway on Decarie Boulevard. In 1958, Jean-Louis Levesque undertook major renovations that included building a multi-million-dollar clubhouse for the Blue Bonnets Raceway, and by 1961 it began to challenge the preeminence of the Ontario racing industry.[1] From 1961 to 1975, the Raceway was home to the Quebec Derby, an annual horse race conceived by Levesque.Controversy erupted when the Namur metro station was built in close proximity to the Blue Bonnets Raceway. The Montreal Tramways Company had run streetcars right into the race track site. Some argued that the metro station site was chosen to benefit Blue Bonnets, while others argued that the tram stations would address future traffic problems.[2] This controversy coincided with a failed Blue Bonnets development project.[3]In 1995, a municipal government corporation, La Société d'habitation et de développement de Montréal (SHDM), purchased the track and renamed it Hippodrome de Montréal. Owned and operated by the provincial government agency Société nationale du cheval de course (SONACC), it offered harness racing, inter-track wagering from the United States, off-track betting, two restaurants, and hundreds of video lottery terminals and slot machines.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. Montagu Allan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Montagu_Allan"},{"link_name":"J. K. L. 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Eugene Lajoie (1942–1958)\nJean-Louis Levesque (1958–1970)\nRaymond Lemay (1970–1973)\nAlban Cadieux (1973–1983)\nAndre Marier (1983–1994)\nGilbert l'Heureux (1994–1995)\nJacques Brulotte (1995–2000)\nJean-Pierre Lareau (2000–2002)\nRichard Castonguay (2002–2007)\nSenator Paul Massicotte (2007–2009)","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Charles Mayer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mayer_(journalist)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Press secretaries","text":"Charles Mayer (1950s)[4][5]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"VLT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Video_Lottery_Terminal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"On June 27, 2008, Attractions Hippiques entered bankruptcy protection,[6] suspending horse racing and all other operations except its VLT gambling machines and inter-track wagering, which operated for a few more months. 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As per the agreement, the land could not be sold until 2017 and would require decontamination.[9] In October 2014, it was brought to light that the government agreement was never signed or finalized, leaving the redevelopment project in limbo and its future in question. Plans to demolish the racetrack and clubhouse building by 2014 also fell through, leaving the buildings abandoned and grounds overgrown for nearly a decade.[10] In the summer of 2018, demolition of the former racetrack finally began; however, plans for any future redevelopment of the site remain uncertain.","title":"Post-closure and uncertain future of the site"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abd%C3%BClkerim_Nadir_Pasha

Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha

["1 Career","2 Notes","3 External links"]

In this Ottoman Turkish style name, the given name is AbdülKerim Nadir, the title is Pasha, and there is no family name. AbdülKerim Nadir PashaBirth nameAbdülKerim NadirBorn1807Chirpan, Rumelia Eyalet, Ottoman EmpireDied1883 (aged 75–76)Sanjak of Rhodes, Vilayet of the Archipelago, Ottoman EmpireAllegiance Ottoman EmpireService/branch Ottoman ArmyRankGeneralBattles/warsCrimean War Russo-Turkish War (1877–78) Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (1807–1883), also known as Çırpanlı Abdi Pasha or Abdul Kerim Pasha, son of Ahmed Pasha, was an Ottoman military commander, born in Chirpan, Ottoman Bulgaria. Career He graduated from the military academy in Constantinople and was sent to Vienna to continue his education (1836–1841). He was the commander of the Ottoman forces based in eastern Anatolia during the Crimean War where he led many assaults against the Russian forces based in Gyumri. He assumed the command of the fortress at Kars and won the Battle of Bayandir. However, he was isolated from the court in Constantinople, and due to plotting by his well-connected subordinate, Ahmed Pasha, he was blamed for one of Ahmed Pasha's military failures. Subsequently, in January 1854, Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha was discharged from his position and replaced by the same Ahmed Pasha. After the war he was appointed as the governor of Thessaloniki. He was elected to the constitutional parliament in 1876 as a senator, though he retained his position in the army and dealt with several riots in Serbia in 1877. Because of his success in dealing with these riots, he was appointed as the commander of a division of the Danube forces during the Russo-Turkish War. After several command failures in this war, he was court martialed and exiled to the island of Rhodes, where he died. Notes ^ Candan Badem, The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856), Brill, 2010, p. 143., The Ottoman Anatolian army was in a much neglected state in comparison with the Rumelian army. The Anatolian army was under the command of Müşir Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (better known as Çırpanlı Abdi Pasha, 1807-1883) and this army was deployed in Erzurum, Kars, Ardahan and Bayezid. ^ Sandwith, Humphry (1856). A narrative of the siege of Kars, and of the six months' resistance by the Turkish garrison under General Williams to the Russian army: together with a narrative of travels and adventures in Armenia and Lazistan; with remarks on the present state of Turkey. London: J. Murray. pp. 92–94. OCLC 4797867. ^ Sandwith 1856, pp. 93–94 External links Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha in the Turkish History Official website of the Turkish History Association Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef İslâm Ansiklopedisi Wikimedia Commons has media related to Abdi Pasha.

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He was the commander of the Ottoman forces based in eastern Anatolia during the Crimean War where he led many assaults against the Russian forces based in Gyumri. He assumed the command of the fortress at Kars and won the Battle of Bayandir.[2] However, he was isolated from the court in Constantinople, and due to plotting by his well-connected subordinate, Ahmed Pasha, he was blamed for one of Ahmed Pasha's military failures. Subsequently, in January 1854, Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha was discharged from his position and replaced by the same Ahmed Pasha.[3] After the war he was appointed as the governor of Thessaloniki.He was elected to the constitutional parliament in 1876 as a senator, though he retained his position in the army and dealt with several riots in Serbia in 1877. Because of his success in dealing with these riots, he was appointed as the commander of a division of the Danube forces during the Russo-Turkish War. After several command failures in this war, he was court martialed and exiled to the island of Rhodes, where he died.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"p. 143.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DXoYJikZ7ygC&pg=PA143"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sandwith_2-0"},{"link_name":"Sandwith, Humphry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphry_Sandwith"},{"link_name":"A narrative of the siege of Kars, and of the six months' resistance by the Turkish garrison under General Williams to the Russian army: together with a narrative of travels and adventures in Armenia and Lazistan; with remarks on the present state of Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wGs0K0-VACEC"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"4797867","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/4797867"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Sandwith 1856","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSandwith1856"}],"text":"^ Candan Badem, The Ottoman Crimean War (1853-1856), Brill, 2010, p. 143., The Ottoman Anatolian army was in a much neglected state in comparison with the Rumelian army. The Anatolian army was under the command of Müşir Abdülkerim Nadir Pasha (better known as Çırpanlı Abdi Pasha, 1807-1883) and this army was deployed in Erzurum, Kars, Ardahan and Bayezid.\n\n^ Sandwith, Humphry (1856). A narrative of the siege of Kars, and of the six months' resistance by the Turkish garrison under General Williams to the Russian army: together with a narrative of travels and adventures in Armenia and Lazistan; with remarks on the present state of Turkey. London: J. Murray. pp. 92–94. OCLC 4797867.\n\n^ Sandwith 1856, pp. 93–94","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Turnbull

Herbert Turnbull

["1 Life","2 Family","3 Selected publications","4 References"]

English mathematician Herbert Turnbullfrom 1926BornHerbert Westren Turnbull(1885-08-31)31 August 1885Tettenhall, Wolverhampton, Staffordshire, EnglandDied4 May 1961(1961-05-04) (aged 75)NationalityBritishAwardsSmith's Prize (1909)Fellow of the Royal SocietyScientific careerInstitutionsUniversity of St AndrewsDoctoral studentsWalter Ledermann Prof Herbert Westren Turnbull FRS FRSE LLD (31 August 1885 – 4 May 1961) was an English mathematician. From 1921 to 1950 he was Regius Professor of Mathematics at the University of St Andrews. Life He was born in the Tettenhall district, on the outskirts of Wolverhampton on 31 August 1885, the eldest of five sons of William Peveril Turnbull, HM Inspector of Schools. He was educated at Sheffield Grammar School then studied Mathematics at Cambridge University graduating MA. After serving as lecturer at St. Catharine's College, Cambridge (1909), the University of Liverpool (1910), and the University of Hong Kong (1912), Turnbull became master at St. Stephen's College in Hong Kong (1911–15), and warden of the University Hostel (1913–15). He was a Fellow at St John's College, Oxford (1919–26), and from 1921 held a chair of mathematics at the University of St Andrews. In 1922, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. His proposers were Arthur Crichton Mitchell, Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Cargill Gilston Knott, and Herbert Stanley Allen. He won the Society's Keith Prize for 1923-25 and the Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize for 1940–1944. In 1932, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society. He was a keen mountain climber and served as President of the Scottish Mountaineering Club from 1948 to 1950. He retired in 1950 and died at Grasmere in the Lake District on 4 May 1961. Family In 1911, he married Ella Drummond Williamson, daughter of Canon H. D. Williamson. They had one daughter. Selected publications The Theory of Determinants, Matrices, and Invariants. 1928. The Great Mathematicians. 1929. Theory of Equations. 1939. The Mathematical Discoveries of Newton. 1945. with A. C. Aitken: An Introduction to the Theory of Canonical Matrices. 1945. as editor: The correspondence of Isaac Newton, first 3 vols (1959–1961) out of a total of 7 vols (1959–77). References ^ a b Aitken, A. C. (1962). "Herbert Westren Turnbull 1885-1961". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 8: 149–158. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1962.0011. JSTOR 769468. ^ a b Herbert Turnbull at the Mathematics Genealogy Project ^ "Herbert Westren Turnbull". Britannica.com. Retrieved 14 January 2013. ^ O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "Herbert Westren Turnbull", MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive, University of St Andrews ^ Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002 (PDF). The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. ISBN 0-902-198-84-X. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 1 May 2017. ^ "Fellow details". Royal Society. Retrieved 20 November 2017. ^ "Herbert Turnbull - Biography". Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Catalonia Germany Italy Israel Belgium United States Czech Republic Australia Greece Netherlands Poland Portugal Vatican Academics CiNii MathSciNet Mathematics Genealogy Project zbMATH People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other IdRef This article about a United Kingdom mathematician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitcos

Vitcos

["1 History","2 Rediscovery","3 The Rosaspata ruin","4 Footnotes","5 External links"]

Coordinates: 13°05′54″S 72°55′55″W / 13.09833°S 72.93194°W / -13.09833; -72.93194Archaeological site in Peru VitcosVitcos (Rosaspata) archaeological siteShown within PeruAlternative nameRosaspataLocationCusco Region, PeruCoordinates13°05′54″S 72°55′55″W / 13.09833°S 72.93194°W / -13.09833; -72.93194TyperuinsHistoryFoundedc. 1450 CEAbandoned1572 CECulturesIncaSite notesConditionIn ruins Vitcos was a residence of Inca nobles and a ceremonial center of the Neo-Inca State (1537–1572). The archaeological site of ancient Vitcos, called Rosaspata, is in the Vilcabamba District of La Convención Province, Cusco Region in Peru. The ruins are on a ridge overlooking the junction of two small rivers and the village of Pucyura. The Incas had occupied Vilcabamba, the region in which Vitcos is located, about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Machu Picchu, Choquequirao, Vitcos, and Vilcabamba. Vitcos was often the residence of the rulers of the Neo-Inca state until the Spanish conquest of this last stronghold of the Incas in 1572. The location of Vitcos was later forgotten until 1911 when explorer Hiram Bingham identified the ruins known to local Peruvians as Rosaspata (Quechua: Rusaspata) as ancient Vitcos. The ruins of the Inca ceremonial center of Ñusta Hispana (the "White Rock") are about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of the Inca palace that is the outstanding feature of Rosaspata. History After our arrival at Vitcos, a town thirty leagues away from Cuzco, we people who had accompanied my father took a break with the intention of staying and resting there for a few days. My father had a house built for his sleeping quarters, for the houses that were already there belonged to my ancestors Pachacuti Inca, Topa Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Capac, and others, whose bodies we had put there. -Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca Bingham's map of the Vilcabamba region. Vitcos (Rosaspata) and other important places are circled. The Vilcabama region in which Vitcos is located is extremely rugged, occupying the north-eastern slopes of the Andes and sloping down to the Amazon Basin. The terrain includes snow-covered mountains, forest, lowland jungle, and rivers running through deep canyons. Access and transportation within the area was difficult and would hinder Spanish efforts to destroy the last outposts of the Inca Empire. The Incas had occupied the Vilcabamba region since about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Vitcos, Machu Picchu, Choquequirao, and Vilcabamba. Thus, the Incas were familiar with the region when Inca emperor, Manco Inca Yupanqui, won the Battle of Ollantaytambo against the Spanish and their Indian allies in January 1537. Despite the victory Manco was under intense pressure from the Spanish. He decided that Ollantaytambo was too close to Cusco, which was controlled by the Spanish, so he withdrew westward to Vitcos. Almagro sent his lieutenant Rodrigo Orgóñez in pursuit with 300 Spaniards and numerous Indian allies. In July 1537, Orgoñez occupied and sacked Vitcos taking many prisoners, but Manco escaped. Manco Inca survived another Spain raid in 1539 by Gonzalo Pizarro, 300 Spanish soldiers, and Indian allies. The Spanish and the Incas fought a battle at Huayna Pukara (Huayna Fort), west of Vitcos. Several Spaniards and Indians were killed, but Manco again escaped. Pizarro stayed in the region for more than two months searching for Manco unsuccessfully, but capturing Manco's principal wife. The Spaniards wrote of the region that "great resources are needed to undertake a penetration of that land. It can be done only with very heavy expenditure." As the two Spanish raids demonstrated, Vitcos was accessible to the Spanish and Manco developed Vilcabamba as a more remote refuge. However, throughout the decades that the Neo-Inca state survived, Vitcos would continue to be the residence of many royal Incas and the site of many religious ceremonies, especially at the nearby shrine of Ñusta Hisp'ana (Yurak Rumi, also called the "White Rock). The Incas preferred Vitcos as a place of residence because of its higher elevation (2,980 metres (9,780 ft)) than Vilcabamba (1,450 metres (4,760 ft)). Vitcos has a cooler climate and the environment was more similar to the highland home of the Incas. Spanish attempts to conquer Vilcabamba floundered because of internecine warfare among the Spaniards. A group of seven Spanish renegades, included the assassin of Francisco Pizzaro, took refuge with Manco Inca. In 1544, they murdered him in Vitcos in an attempt to win back favor with the Spanish crown. The Spanish fled, but Manco's guards pursued and killed them. The decades following Manco's death were mostly peaceful as the Incas survived in the remote remnant of their empire while the Spanish were consolidating their conquest elsewhere. In 1570, relations between the Spanish and the Incas were sufficiently friendly that two Roman Catholic friars were allowed to settle in villages near Vitcos. The friars repaid their hosts by leading their congregation in an attack which damaged the shrine of Ňusta Hisp'ana. One of the priests was expelled. The other one was killed by the Incas, accused of killing by poison Emperor Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca. Titu Cusi's brother Tupac Amaru became emperor. Tupac Amaru was much more hostile to the Spaniards than Tuti Cusi and his supporters killed an envoy sent by Vicerory Francisco de Toledo. In response Toledo ordered the invasion of Vilcabamba by two armies totaling more than 300 Spaniards and 2,000 allies, including 500 Cañari, long-time allies of the Spaniards. In June 1572, the Spanish force was successful, capturing Vitcos, Vilcabamba, and Emperor Tupac Amaru and ending the Neo Inca state. Rediscovery The location of Vitcos was forgotten in the centuries following the conquest of the Incas. In his 1911 expedition Hiram Bingham III was searching for Vilcabamba, the last capital of the Incas. Following descriptions left by various conquistadors, he came upon a site called "Rosaspata" by local villagers. Through the same descriptions that had led him there, he was able to determine that he was in fact at the palace of Vitcos and oracle of Ñusta Hisp'ana, also called Chuqip'allta. After cursory mapping of both sites he continued on in search of the last city of the Inca. Knowing roughly where in relation to Vitcos he might find Vilcabamba, he continued on what he believed was, and actually was, the road to his goal, and he both rediscovered and correctly identified both Vitcos and Vilcabamba.: 152, 171  In the 1980s, Vincent Lee's work in the Vilcabamba led to his finding and description of more than thirty buildings and engineered structures on the eastern flank of the hill between Vitcos and Chuquipalta. Amongst these are kalankas (meeting houses), several qollqa (storehouses), and a large usnu (religious observation platform), as well as terraces and built-up trails. The Rosaspata ruin Vitcos stands on the northern side of the hill between the modern villages Huancacalle and Pucyara, and is the principal portion of a complex that covers the entire hill and portions of the valleys to the south and east. South of the hill there is Ñusta Hispana, also called Chuqip'allta and the White Rock, a giant carved stone said to have been an Inca oracle, and a series of terraces that stretch along the eastern side of the hill within the valley, which are believed to have been decorative or ceremonial gardens. The palace itself consists of two groups of buildings. The upper group is made up of eight large rooms, arranged in four pairs of two rooms back to back, all joined by a common outer wall. The common wall has doors that lead to passages between the pairs. Each room has three doors to the exterior of the common wall, but no doors to either the room behind it of the passageways between the four pairs. Each pair of rooms had a common roof. To the north of the upper group is a terrace wall, below which is the lower group of buildings. This group is made up of a dozen or more buildings arranged around an open courtyard. The exact number of buildings in this group is unclear, as it is in considerably worse condition than the upper group. Bingham measured the royal residence as being 245 feet long by 43 feet wide, and stated, "There were no windows, but it was lighted by thirty doorways, fifteen in front and the same in back." He went on to say, "It contained ten large rooms, besides three hallways running from front to rear." The lintels were made of solid block of white granite. Opposite the long palace, Bingham measured a structure 78 feet long and 25 feet wide, "containing doors on both sides, no niches, and no evidence of careful workmanship." Footnotes ^ Bauer, Brian S., Halac-Higashimori, Madeleine, and Cantarutti, Gabriel E. (2013), Voices from Vilcabamba: Accounts Chronicling the Fall of the Inca Empire, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, p. 4. Downloaded from Project MUSE. ^ Hemming, John (1970), The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., pp. 484-485 ^ Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 2005, An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, ISBN 9780870818219,p. 117 ^ Hemming, pp. 255, p. 331-332; Google Earth ^ Bauer, et al, (2013), Brian S., p. 4. Downloaded from Project MUSE. ^ Hemming, The conquest, pp. 222–225. ^ Bauer et al (2013), pp. 5-6; Hemming, p. 255 ^ Bauer et al (2013), p. 4. ^ Bauer, Brian S., Araoz Silva, Miriam Dayde, Burr, George s. (2012), "The Destruction of the Yurak Rumi Shrine (Vilcabamba, Cusco Department), Andean Past 10, p. 196 ^ MacQuarrie, Kim (2007), The Last Days of the Incas, New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 307-308 ^ Hemming, pp. 277-279 ^ MacQuarrie pp. 360-365 ^ Hemming, pg. 421-440 ^ "Yale Expedition to Peru". Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia. Vol. 10. 1912. pp. 134–136. ^ a b Bingham, Hiram (1952). Lost City of the Incas. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 149. ISBN 9781842125854. ^ Lee, Vincent R. (2000). Forgotten Vilcabamba: Final Stronghold of the Incas. Sixpac Manco Publications. External links Hiram Bingham's search for Vitcos Peru Guide images of the area St. Petersburg Times, "Empires of Mystery" Images of Vitcos' reconstruction vteArchaeological sites in Peru Acaray Ahuila Gencha Machay Amaru Marka Wasi Arhuaturo Asana Asiru Phat'jata Aspero Auga Punta Auquilohuagra Awkin Punta Awkimarka (Apurímac) Awkimarka (Huánuco) Aya Muqu Ayamachay Ayawayq'u Azángaro Baths of Boza Bandurria Buena Vista Cahuachi Cajamarquilla Cao Viejo Carachupa Carajía Caral Caves of Sumbay Cerro Baúl Cerro Pátapo Cerro Trinidad Chacamarca Chan Chan Chanquillo Chauchilla Cemetery Chavín de Huantar Chawaytiri Cheqollo Chichakuri Chipaw Marka Choquepuquio Choquequirao Choquequirao Puquio Churajón Chuya Cochabamba Cochapata Colcampata Collor Condorcaga Cota Coca Coricancha Cumbemayo Cutimbo El Brujo El Cañoncillo El Ingenio El Paraíso Garagay Gran Pajatén Gran Vilaya Guellayhuasin Guitarrero Cave Hatun Machay Hatun Misapata Hatun Rumiyoc Hatun Uchku Hatun Usnu Hatunmarka Honcopampa Huaca de la Luna Huaca del Dragón Huaca del Sol Huaca Huallamarca Huaca Prieta Huaca Pucllana Huaca San Marcos Huaca Santa Ana Huacramarca Hualpayunca Huamanmarca, La Convención Huamboy Huankarán Huaycán de Pariachi Huánuco Pampa Huari Huayna Picchu Huayrapongo Huchuy Qosqo Huiñao Inca Uyo Incahuasi, Lima Ingatambo Inka Mach'ay Inka Raqay, Apurímac Inka Raqay, Ayacucho Inka Tampu, Huayopata Inka Tampu, Vilcabamba Inka Tunuwiri Inka Wasi, Ayacucho Inka Wasi, Huancavelica Inkapintay Inkilltambo Inti Punku Inti Watana, Ayacucho Inti Watana, Calca Inti Watana, Urubamba Intikancha Intini Uyu Pata Intipa Ñawin Intiyuq K'uchu Iskuqucha Isog Jinkiori Jisk'a Iru Muqu Kanamarka Kanichi Kenko Killa Mach'ay Killarumiyuq Kotosh Kuelap Kukuli Kuntur Wasi Kunturmarka, Ayacucho Kunturmarka, Pasco Kuntuyuq Kusichaka valley Khichuqaqa Khuchi Mach'ay K'allapayuq Urqu K'ipakhara Laguna de las Momias Lauricocha Caves Layzón Llactan Llamachayuq Llamachayuq Qaqa Llamayuq Llamuqa Llaqta Qulluy, Acoria Llaqta Qulluy, Conayca Llaqta Qulluy, Tayacaja Llaqta Qulluy, Vilca Llaqtapata Machu Colca Machu Picchu Machu Pirqa Machu Pitumarka Machu Q'inti Mallkuamaya Mameria Maray Qalla Marayniyoq Marcahuamachuco Markahirka Markansaya Markapukyu Marpa Mawk'allaqta, Castilla Mawk'allaqta, Espinar Mawk'allaqta, La Unión Mawk'allaqta, Melgar Mawk'allaqta, Paruro Mawk'allaqta, Sandia Mawk'ataray Mazur Miculla Millka Miraflores Mirq'imarka Miyu Pampa Molloko Moray Mulinuyuq Mullu Q'awa Muyu Muyu Muyu Urqu Muyuq Marka Nazca Lines Nina Kiru Ninamarca Ñawpallaqta, Huanca Sancos Ñawpallaqta, Fajardo Ñawpallaqta, Lucanas Ñusta Hispana Ollantaytambo Pacatnamu Pachacamac Pachatusan Paiján Pañamarca Paracas Candelabra Paraccra Patallaqta Pikillaqta Pikimach'ay Pilluchu Pinkuylluna Pirca Pirca, La Libertad Pirca Pirca, Lima Pirhuaylla Piruro Pirwayuq Písac Puka Pukara Puka Tampu Puka Urqu Pukara, Coporaque Pukara, Fajardo Pukara, Puno Pukara, Vilcas Huamán Pukarani Pumamarka, San Sebastián Pumamarka, Urubamba Pumaq Hirka Pumawasi Punkuri Puqin Kancha Puruchuco Purunllacta, Cheto Purunllacta, Soloco Pusharo Pusuquy Pata Puyupatamarca Qaqapatan Qenko Qillqatani Qillqa Qillqay Mach'ay Quiaca Quillarumi Quishuar Qullqapampa Qulu Qulu Qunchamarka Qunchupata Quri Winchus Qurimarka, Apurímac Qurimarka, Cusco Quriwayrachina, Anta Quriwayrachina, Ayacucho Quriwayrachina, La Convención Qasa Pata Qhapaq Kancha Raqch'i Revash Rumicolca Rumiwasi Runayoc Runkuraqay Sacsayhuamán Sara Sara Sayacmarca Sayhuite Sechín Sillustani Sipán Sóndor Soro Mik'aya Patjxa Susupillu Tambo Totem Tambomachay Tampu Mach'ay, Huancavelica Tampukancha Tanqa Tanqa Tantarica Taqrachullu Tarahuasi Tarmatambo Templo del Zorro The Toads of Wiraqucha Tikra Tinyaq Tipón Titiqaqa Toquepala Caves Toro Muerto Trinchera Túcume Tunanmarca Tunay Q'asa Tupu Inka T'akaq T'uqu T'uquyuq Uchkus Inkañan Urpish Uskallaqta Usnu, Ayacucho Usnu, Huánuco Usnu Muqu Usqunta Uyu Uyu Venado cautivo Ventanillas de Otuzco Ventarron Vilcabamba Vilcashuamán Viracochapampa Vitcos Waman Pirqa Wamanilla Wamanmarka, Chumbivilcas Wamanmarka, Lima Wanakawri, Cusco Wanakawri, Huánuco Waqlamarka Waqra Pukara Waqutu Warahirka Waraqayuq Waraqu Urqu Warawtampu Wari Willka Waruq Wat'a, Cusco Wat'a, Huánuco Wayna Q'inti Wayna Tawqaray Wichama Wichqana Wich'un Wila Wilani Wilca Wilcahuaín Willkaraqay Wiñay Wayna Wiraqucha Pirqa Yanaca Yanaqi - Qillqamarka Yaynu Yuraq Mach'ay

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neo-Inca State","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-Inca_State"},{"link_name":"Vilcabamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilcabamba_District,_La_Convenci%C3%B3n"},{"link_name":"La Convención Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Convenci%C3%B3n_Province"},{"link_name":"Cusco Region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco_Region"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Machu Picchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu"},{"link_name":"Choquequirao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquequirao"},{"link_name":"Vilcabamba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilcabamba,_Peru"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Spanish conquest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_conquest_of_the_Inca_Empire"},{"link_name":"Hiram Bingham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III"},{"link_name":"Quechua","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_language"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Ñusta Hispana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91usta_Hispana"}],"text":"Archaeological site in PeruVitcos was a residence of Inca nobles and a ceremonial center of the Neo-Inca State (1537–1572). The archaeological site of ancient Vitcos, called Rosaspata, is in the Vilcabamba District of La Convención Province, Cusco Region in Peru. The ruins are on a ridge overlooking the junction of two small rivers and the village of Pucyura. The Incas had occupied Vilcabamba, the region in which Vitcos is located, about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Machu Picchu, Choquequirao, Vitcos, and Vilcabamba.[1] Vitcos was often the residence of the rulers of the Neo-Inca state until the Spanish conquest of this last stronghold of the Incas in 1572.The location of Vitcos was later forgotten until 1911 when explorer Hiram Bingham identified the ruins known to local Peruvians as Rosaspata (Quechua: Rusaspata) as ancient Vitcos.[2] The ruins of the Inca ceremonial center of Ñusta Hispana (the \"White Rock\") are about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) south of the Inca palace that is the outstanding feature of Rosaspata.","title":"Vitcos"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Cuzco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuzco"},{"link_name":"Pachacuti Inca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pachacuti"},{"link_name":"Topa Inca Yupanqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topa_Inca_Yupanqui"},{"link_name":"Huayna Capac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huayna_Capac"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bingham%27s_Vilcabamba_1915.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitcos_Archaeological_site.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitcos_-_Rosaspata_(Vilcabamba).jpg"},{"link_name":"Andes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andes"},{"link_name":"Amazon Basin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amazon_Basin"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Machu Picchu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Machu_Picchu"},{"link_name":"Choquequirao","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Choquequirao"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Manco Inca Yupanqui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manco_Inca_Yupanqui"},{"link_name":"Battle of Ollantaytambo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Ollantaytambo"},{"link_name":"Cusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cusco"},{"link_name":"Rodrigo Orgóñez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigo_Org%C3%B3%C3%B1ez"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Gonzalo Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gonzalo_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Ñusta Hisp'ana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91usta_Hisp%27ana"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizzaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizzaro"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Roman Catholic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Catholic"},{"link_name":"Titu Cusi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Titu_Cusi"},{"link_name":"Tupac Amaru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tupac_Amaru"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Francisco de Toledo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_de_Toledo"},{"link_name":"Cañari","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canari_people"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Vitcos_-_Rosaspata_(panor%C3%A1mica).jpg"}],"text":"After our arrival at Vitcos, a town thirty leagues away from Cuzco, we people who had accompanied my father took a break with the intention of staying and resting there for a few days. My father had a house built for his sleeping quarters, for the houses that were already there belonged to my ancestors Pachacuti Inca, Topa Inca Yupanqui, Huayna Capac, and others, whose bodies we had put there.\n\n\n-Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca[3]Bingham's map of the Vilcabamba region. Vitcos (Rosaspata) and other important places are circled.The Vilcabama region in which Vitcos is located is extremely rugged, occupying the north-eastern slopes of the Andes and sloping down to the Amazon Basin. The terrain includes snow-covered mountains, forest, lowland jungle, and rivers running through deep canyons. Access and transportation within the area was difficult and would hinder Spanish efforts to destroy the last outposts of the Inca Empire.[4]The Incas had occupied the Vilcabamba region since about 1450 CE, establishing major centers at Vitcos, Machu Picchu, Choquequirao, and Vilcabamba.[5] Thus, the Incas were familiar with the region when Inca emperor, Manco Inca Yupanqui, won the Battle of Ollantaytambo against the Spanish and their Indian allies in January 1537. Despite the victory Manco was under intense pressure from the Spanish. He decided that Ollantaytambo was too close to Cusco, which was controlled by the Spanish, so he withdrew westward to Vitcos. Almagro sent his lieutenant Rodrigo Orgóñez in pursuit with 300 Spaniards and numerous Indian allies. In July 1537, Orgoñez occupied and sacked Vitcos taking many prisoners, but Manco escaped.[6]Manco Inca survived another Spain raid in 1539 by Gonzalo Pizarro, 300 Spanish soldiers, and Indian allies. The Spanish and the Incas fought a battle at Huayna Pukara (Huayna Fort), west of Vitcos. Several Spaniards and Indians were killed, but Manco again escaped. Pizarro stayed in the region for more than two months searching for Manco unsuccessfully, but capturing Manco's principal wife. The Spaniards wrote of the region that \"great resources are needed to undertake a penetration of that land. It can be done only with very heavy expenditure.\" As the two Spanish raids demonstrated, Vitcos was accessible to the Spanish and Manco developed Vilcabamba as a more remote refuge.[7][8] However, throughout the decades that the Neo-Inca state survived, Vitcos would continue to be the residence of many royal Incas and the site of many religious ceremonies, especially at the nearby shrine of Ñusta Hisp'ana (Yurak Rumi, also called the \"White Rock).[9] The Incas preferred Vitcos as a place of residence because of its higher elevation (2,980 metres (9,780 ft)) than Vilcabamba (1,450 metres (4,760 ft)). Vitcos has a cooler climate and the environment was more similar to the highland home of the Incas.[10]Spanish attempts to conquer Vilcabamba floundered because of internecine warfare among the Spaniards. A group of seven Spanish renegades, included the assassin of Francisco Pizzaro, took refuge with Manco Inca. In 1544, they murdered him in Vitcos in an attempt to win back favor with the Spanish crown. The Spanish fled, but Manco's guards pursued and killed them. The decades following Manco's death were mostly peaceful as the Incas survived in the remote remnant of their empire while the Spanish were consolidating their conquest elsewhere.[11]In 1570, relations between the Spanish and the Incas were sufficiently friendly that two Roman Catholic friars were allowed to settle in villages near Vitcos. The friars repaid their hosts by leading their congregation in an attack which damaged the shrine of Ňusta Hisp'ana. One of the priests was expelled. The other one was killed by the Incas, accused of killing by poison Emperor Titu Cusi Yupanqui, son of Manco Inca. Titu Cusi's brother Tupac Amaru became emperor.[12]Tupac Amaru was much more hostile to the Spaniards than Tuti Cusi and his supporters killed an envoy sent by Vicerory Francisco de Toledo. In response Toledo ordered the invasion of Vilcabamba by two armies totaling more than 300 Spaniards and 2,000 allies, including 500 Cañari, long-time allies of the Spaniards. In June 1572, the Spanish force was successful, capturing Vitcos, Vilcabamba, and Emperor Tupac Amaru and ending the Neo Inca state.[13]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Hiram Bingham III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiram_Bingham_III"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiram-15"},{"link_name":"qollqa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qollqa"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"The location of Vitcos was forgotten in the centuries following the conquest of the Incas. In his 1911 expedition Hiram Bingham III was searching for Vilcabamba, the last capital of the Incas. Following descriptions left by various conquistadors, he came upon a site called \"Rosaspata\" by local villagers. Through the same descriptions that had led him there, he was able to determine that he was in fact at the palace of Vitcos and oracle of Ñusta Hisp'ana, also called Chuqip'allta. After cursory mapping of both sites he continued on in search of the last city of the Inca. Knowing roughly where in relation to Vitcos he might find Vilcabamba, he continued on what he believed was, and actually was, the road to his goal, and he both rediscovered and correctly identified both Vitcos and Vilcabamba.[14][15]: 152, 171In the 1980s, Vincent Lee's work in the Vilcabamba led to his finding and description of more than thirty buildings and engineered structures on the eastern flank of the hill between Vitcos and Chuquipalta. Amongst these are kalankas (meeting houses), several qollqa (storehouses), and a large usnu (religious observation platform), as well as terraces and built-up trails.[16]","title":"Rediscovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"lintels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lintel"},{"link_name":"granite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granite"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Hiram-15"}],"text":"Vitcos stands on the northern side of the hill between the modern villages Huancacalle and Pucyara, and is the principal portion of a complex that covers the entire hill and portions of the valleys to the south and east. South of the hill there is Ñusta Hispana, also called Chuqip'allta and the White Rock, a giant carved stone said to have been an Inca oracle, and a series of terraces that stretch along the eastern side of the hill within the valley, which are believed to have been decorative or ceremonial gardens.The palace itself consists of two groups of buildings. The upper group is made up of eight large rooms, arranged in four pairs of two rooms back to back, all joined by a common outer wall. The common wall has doors that lead to passages between the pairs. Each room has three doors to the exterior of the common wall, but no doors to either the room behind it of the passageways between the four pairs. Each pair of rooms had a common roof.To the north of the upper group is a terrace wall, below which is the lower group of buildings. This group is made up of a dozen or more buildings arranged around an open courtyard. The exact number of buildings in this group is unclear, as it is in considerably worse condition than the upper group.Bingham measured the royal residence as being 245 feet long by 43 feet wide, and stated, \"There were no windows, but it was lighted by thirty doorways, fifteen in front and the same in back.\" He went on to say, \"It contained ten large rooms, besides three hallways running from front to rear.\" The lintels were made of solid block of white granite. Opposite the long palace, Bingham measured a structure 78 feet long and 25 feet wide, \"containing doors on both sides, no niches, and no evidence of careful workmanship.\"[15]","title":"The Rosaspata ruin"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Project MUSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MUSE"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9780870818219","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780870818219"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Project MUSE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project_MUSE"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-14"},{"link_name":"\"Yale Expedition to Peru\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=DHBIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hiram_15-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Hiram_15-1"},{"link_name":"Lost City of the Incas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lostcityofincass00bing/page/149"},{"link_name":"149","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//archive.org/details/lostcityofincass00bing/page/149"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9781842125854","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781842125854"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-16"}],"text":"^ Bauer, Brian S., Halac-Higashimori, Madeleine, and Cantarutti, Gabriel E. (2013), Voices from Vilcabamba: Accounts Chronicling the Fall of the Inca Empire, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, p. 4. Downloaded from Project MUSE.\n\n^ Hemming, John (1970), The Conquest of the Incas, New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, Inc., pp. 484-485\n\n^ Titu Cusi Yupanqui, 2005, An Inca Account of the Conquest of Peru, Boulder: University Press of Colorado, ISBN 9780870818219,p. 117\n\n^ Hemming, pp. 255, p. 331-332; Google Earth\n\n^ Bauer, et al, (2013), Brian S., p. 4. Downloaded from Project MUSE.\n\n^ Hemming, The conquest, pp. 222–225.\n\n^ Bauer et al (2013), pp. 5-6; Hemming, p. 255\n\n^ Bauer et al (2013), p. 4.\n\n^ Bauer, Brian S., Araoz Silva, Miriam Dayde, Burr, George s. (2012), \"The Destruction of the Yurak Rumi Shrine (Vilcabamba, Cusco Department), Andean Past 10, p. 196\n\n^ MacQuarrie, Kim (2007), The Last Days of the Incas, New York: Simon and Schuster, pp. 307-308\n\n^ Hemming, pp. 277-279\n\n^ MacQuarrie pp. 360-365\n\n^ Hemming, pg. 421-440\n\n^ \"Yale Expedition to Peru\". Bulletin of the Geographical Society of Philadelphia. Vol. 10. 1912. pp. 134–136.\n\n^ a b Bingham, Hiram (1952). Lost City of the Incas. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. pp. 149. ISBN 9781842125854.\n\n^ Lee, Vincent R. (2000). Forgotten Vilcabamba: Final Stronghold of the Incas. Sixpac Manco Publications.","title":"Footnotes"}]

[{"image_text":"Bingham's map of the Vilcabamba region. Vitcos (Rosaspata) and other important places are circled.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Bingham%27s_Vilcabamba_1915.jpg/250px-Bingham%27s_Vilcabamba_1915.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Vitcos_Archaeological_site.jpg/250px-Vitcos_Archaeological_site.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Vitcos_-_Rosaspata_%28Vilcabamba%29.jpg/250px-Vitcos_-_Rosaspata_%28Vilcabamba%29.jpg"},{"image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Vitcos_-_Rosaspata_%28panor%C3%A1mica%29.jpg/250px-Vitcos_-_Rosaspata_%28panor%C3%A1mica%29.jpg"}]

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[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vitcos&params=13_05_54_S_72_55_55_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°05′54″S 72°55′55″W / 13.09833°S 72.93194°W / -13.09833; -72.93194"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Vitcos&params=13_05_54_S_72_55_55_W_type:landmark","external_links_name":"13°05′54″S 72°55′55″W / 13.09833°S 72.93194°W / -13.09833; -72.93194"},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=DHBIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA134","external_links_name":"\"Yale Expedition to Peru\""},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lostcityofincass00bing/page/149","external_links_name":"Lost City of the Incas"},{"Link":"https://archive.org/details/lostcityofincass00bing/page/149","external_links_name":"149"},{"Link":"https://www.enjoy-machu-picchu.org/history-information-machu-picchu-discovery1.php","external_links_name":"Hiram Bingham's search for Vitcos"},{"Link":"https://www.peru-guide.com/peru_02_Cusco_011_Quillabamba_and_the_surrounding_jungle.htm","external_links_name":"Peru Guide images of the area"},{"Link":"https://www.sptimes.com/peru/unraveling.html","external_links_name":"St. Petersburg Times, \"Empires of Mystery\""},{"Link":"https://www.bylandwaterandair.com/peru/huancacalle_peru/reconstucting_puchacuti_incas_vitcos,","external_links_name":"Images of Vitcos' reconstruction"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_Davydenko

Philipp Davydenko

["1 Tennis career","2 External links"]

Russian tennis player This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Philipp Davydenko" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (August 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Philipp Davydenko Филипп ДавыденкоPhilipp Davydenko at the qualifications of Nice Open 45 at OhioFull namePhilipp Eduardovich DavydenkoCountry (sports) RussiaResidenceBedburg, GermanyBorn (1992-09-02) 2 September 1992 (age 31)Volgograd, RussiaHeight1.83 m (6 ft 0 in)PlaysRight-handed (one handed-backhand)CoachEduard DavydenkoPrize money$52,981SinglesCareer record1–2 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 390 (8 December 2014)Current rankingNo. 972 (2 July 2018)DoublesCareer record0–2 (at ATP Tour level, Grand Slam level, and in Davis Cup)Career titles0Highest rankingNo. 1225 (10 September 2012)Last updated on: 5 July 2018. Philipp Eduardovich Davydenko (Russian: Филипп Эдуардович Давыденко; born 2 September 1992 in Volgograd) is a Russian tennis player. Tennis career Davydenko has a career high ATP singles ranking of 390 achieved on 8 December 2014. Davydenko made his ATP main draw debut at the 2009 Kremlin Cup in the doubles event partnering Ilya Belyaev losing in the first round to Martín Vassallo Argüello and Horacio Zeballos. At the 2014 MercedesCup, Davydenko qualified for the main draw, defeating Facundo Bagnis, Alexander Lobkov and Louk Sorensen en route. In the main draw he won his first round match defeating Blaž Rola 6–4, 7–6(10–8), before losing to Santiago Giraldo in the second round in three sets. Davydenko is the nephew of Nikolay Davydenko, a former world No.3 on the ATP tour. External links Philipp Davydenko at the Association of Tennis Professionals Philipp Davydenko at the International Tennis Federation This biographical article relating to Russian tennis is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dacre_Archer-Hind

Richard Dacre Archer-Hind

["1 Work","2 References","2.1 DNB references","3 External links"]

English classical scholar (1849–1910) Richard Dacre Archer-Hind, formerly Hodgson, (1849–1910) was an English scholar of Greek and Platonism. Born at Morris Hall, near Norham, on 18 September 1849, he came from an old Northumbrian family, being third and youngest son of Thomas Hodgson (b. 1814), who, on the death of a brother in 1869, succeeded to the estates of Stelling and Ovington and assumed the surname of Archer-Hind. The father, a learned horticulturist, graduated B.A. from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837 and M.A. in 1840. His wife was his first cousin, Mary Ann, second daughter of John Thomas Huntley, vicar of Kimbolton. Richard Dacre Hodgson was taught Latin and Greek early, by his father, and when he was at Shrewsbury School, where he went in 1862, and was the pupil of Benjamin Hall Kennedy and Henry Whitehead Moss, his father continued to assist his studies. In 1868 he won an open minor scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in the following October he went into residence at the university, living with his parents, who now moved to Cambridge, as they had formerly moved to Shrewsbury, that he might have the comforts of a home life. He was elected to a college foundation scholarship in 1869 and to a Craven University scholarship in 1871. In 1872 he was placed third in the first class of the classical tripos and won the first chancellor's medal for classical learning. He was elected to a fellowship in his college in October 1873 and was appointed assistant lecturer in April 1877 and assistant tutor in December 1878. At Easter 1899 he was made a senior lecturer, and in December 1903 he retired from the staff. During the last two years of his life Archer-Hind was an invalid. He died at Cambridge on 6 April 1910. The body was cremated at Golders Green, and the ashes were buried at Cambridge. He married on 17 March 1888 Laura, youngest daughter of Lewis Pocock. He left one son, Laurence, born in 1895. Work Both in Latin and in Greek the exceptional quality of Archer-Hind's scholarship was recognised from the beginning of his Cambridge career. But Greek came to interest him more than Latin. At a later time, while his love of Pindar, Æschylus, and Sophocles never wavered, his admiration for Plato grew exceedingly. In 1883 he published an admirable edition of the Phædo, in which he investigated the argument of the dialogue, and traced its relations to the rest of Plato's writings. A second edition appeared in 1894. In 1888 he brought out his magnum opus, an original and complete edition of the difficult, important, and neglected Timæus, which gave a new impetus to Platonic studies. The translation is exact and scholarly; the commentary is helpful, learned, many-sided; and in the introduction Archer-Hind sets out the results of his profound study of Plato's metaphysics. His aim is to "show that in this dialogue we find, as it were, the focus to which the rays of Plato's thoughts converge, that in fact the Timæus and the Timæus alone enables us to recognise Platonism as a complete and consistent scheme of monistic idealism." Archer-Hind's conception of the theory of ideas as "a thorough-going idealism" is the key at once to Platonic philosophy and to Platonic science. Papers in the Journal of Philology supplemented the editions of the Phædo and the Timæus. In 1905 Archer-Hind published a volume of Translations into Greek Verse and Prose that Henry Jenner considered to be admirable. An industrious teacher and a singularly efficient examiner, Archer-Hind took no prominent part in the affairs of the university; but his occasional allocutions at university discussions and college meetings were incisive and epigrammatic. He was always an earnest supporter of the movement for the education of women, and gave much time to the affairs of Newnham College and the instruction of its students. His literary interests were by no means limited to the classical tongues. He loved his garden, and kept an exact record of the rare plants which it contained. He took a passionate interest in music; his knowledge of certain favourite composers was intimate and minute, and had made a careful study of Greek music. References ^ a b c d e f g h Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Archer-Hind, Richard Dacre" . Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. ^ "Hodgson (post Archer-Hind), Thomas (HG832T)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^ "Hodgson (post Archer-Hind), Richard Dacre (HG868RD)". A Cambridge Alumni Database. University of Cambridge. ^  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Henry Jenner (Signing as H. J. in the DNB) (1885). "Archer-Hind, Richard Dacre (DNB12)". In Stephen, Leslie (ed.). Dictionary of National Biography. Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. pp. 49–50. Attribution  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Lee, Sidney, ed. (1912). "Archer-Hind, Richard Dacre". Dictionary of National Biography (2nd supplement). Vol. 1. London: Smith, Elder & Co. DNB references These references are found in the DNB article referred to above. ^ [Information from Mrs. Archer-Hind, Dr. J. W. L. Glaisher and Mr. R. D. Hicks ^ Personal knowledge ^ School, college, and university records. ^ See Cambridge University Review, 28 April 1910 (an article by the present writer) ^ The Times, 8 April 1910 (obituary notice by Dr. S. H. Butcher) ^ Burke's Landed Gentry, s.v. Hind.] External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Archer-Hind, Richard Dacre (DNB12) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Germany Israel United States Sweden Australia Netherlands Vatican Academics CiNii People Trove Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norham"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury_School"},{"link_name":"Benjamin Hall Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Benjamin_Hall_Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Henry Whitehead Moss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Whitehead_Moss"},{"link_name":"Trinity College, Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Cambridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge"},{"link_name":"Shrewsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shrewsbury"},{"link_name":"Craven University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Craven_University&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"classical tripos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_tripos"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Golders Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golders_Green"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"}],"text":"Richard Dacre Archer-Hind, formerly Hodgson, (1849–1910) was an English scholar of Greek and Platonism.Born at Morris Hall, near Norham, on 18 September 1849, he came from an old Northumbrian family, being third and youngest son of Thomas Hodgson (b. 1814), who, on the death of a brother in 1869, succeeded to the estates of Stelling and Ovington and assumed the surname of Archer-Hind. The father, a learned horticulturist, graduated B.A. from Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1837 and M.A. in 1840. His wife was his first cousin, Mary Ann, second daughter of John Thomas Huntley, vicar of Kimbolton.[1][2]Richard Dacre Hodgson was taught Latin and Greek early, by his father, and when he was at Shrewsbury School, where he went in 1862, and was the pupil of Benjamin Hall Kennedy and Henry Whitehead Moss, his father continued to assist his studies. In 1868 he won an open minor scholarship at Trinity College, Cambridge, and in the following October he went into residence at the university, living with his parents, who now moved to Cambridge, as they had formerly moved to Shrewsbury, that he might have the comforts of a home life. He was elected to a college foundation scholarship in 1869 and to a Craven University scholarship in 1871. In 1872 he was placed third in the first class of the classical tripos and won the first chancellor's medal for classical learning. He was elected to a fellowship in his college in October 1873 and was appointed assistant lecturer in April 1877 and assistant tutor in December 1878. At Easter 1899 he was made a senior lecturer, and in December 1903 he retired from the staff.[1][3]During the last two years of his life Archer-Hind was an invalid. He died at Cambridge on 6 April 1910. The body was cremated at Golders Green, and the ashes were buried at Cambridge. He married on 17 March 1888 Laura, youngest daughter of Lewis Pocock. He left one son, Laurence, born in 1895.[1]","title":"Richard Dacre Archer-Hind"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pindar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindar"},{"link_name":"Æschylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86schylus"},{"link_name":"Sophocles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophocles"},{"link_name":"Plato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plato"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Phædo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A6do"},{"link_name":"metaphysics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metaphysics"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Journal of Philology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Journal_of_Philology&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Henry Jenner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Jenner"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"Newnham College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newnham_College"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DNB-1"},{"link_name":"[DNB 1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[DNB 2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[DNB 3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[DNB 4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[DNB 5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[DNB 6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"Both in Latin and in Greek the exceptional quality of Archer-Hind's scholarship was recognised from the beginning of his Cambridge career. But Greek came to interest him more than Latin. At a later time, while his love of Pindar, Æschylus, and Sophocles never wavered, his admiration for Plato grew exceedingly.[1] In 1883 he published an admirable edition of the Phædo, in which he investigated the argument of the dialogue, and traced its relations to the rest of Plato's writings. A second edition appeared in 1894. In 1888 he brought out his magnum opus, an original and complete edition of the difficult, important, and neglected Timæus, which gave a new impetus to Platonic studies. The translation is exact and scholarly; the commentary is helpful, learned, many-sided; and in the introduction Archer-Hind sets out the results of his profound study of Plato's metaphysics. His aim is to \"show that in this dialogue we find, as it were, the focus to which the rays of Plato's thoughts converge, that in fact the Timæus and the Timæus alone enables us to recognise Platonism as a complete and consistent scheme of monistic idealism.\"[1]Archer-Hind's conception of the theory of ideas as \"a thorough-going idealism\" is the key at once to Platonic philosophy and to Platonic science. Papers in the Journal of Philology supplemented the editions of the Phædo and the Timæus. [1]In 1905 Archer-Hind published a volume of Translations into Greek Verse and Prose that Henry Jenner considered to be admirable.[1]An industrious teacher and a singularly efficient examiner, Archer-Hind took no prominent part in the affairs of the university; but his occasional allocutions at university discussions and college meetings were incisive and epigrammatic. He was always an earnest supporter of the movement for the education of women, and gave much time to the affairs of Newnham College and the instruction of its students. His literary interests were by no means limited to the classical tongues. He loved his garden, and kept an exact record of the rare plants which it contained. He took a passionate interest in music; his knowledge of certain favourite composers was intimate and minute, and had made a careful study of Greek music.[1][DNB 1][DNB 2][DNB 3][DNB 4][DNB 5][DNB 6][4]","title":"Work"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morrison_Records_(Seattle)

Morrison Records (Seattle)

["1 References"]

Morrison Records was an independent record label, based in Seattle, Washington, United States. It was founded in the 1940s by Howell Oakdeane "Morrie" Morrison (1888-1984) and his wife, Alice Nadine Morrison (1892-1978), and appears to have gone out of business around the time of its founders' deaths. Much of their catalogue consisted of vanity recordings by local amateur talent, but Paul Tutmarc and his wife Bonnie Guitar were among those who released records on Morrison. According to Peter Blecha, the label "generally leaned towards the old-fashioned strains preferred by ballroom dancers." Morrison began in a space in downtown Seattle at Second and Pike. In the 1950s they negotiated a national distribution deal with Vega Records and set up a warehouse and shipping center on Queen Anne Hill, a studio near Green Lake and a pressing plant in Belltown. Master tapes were sent to California to be turned into stamps to press vinyl records. Each record was hand-pressed on colored vinyl, and because of their hand-pressing process, they could put any two songs in their catalog on opposite sides of a single disc. References ^ a b c Peter Blecha, Morrison, "Morrie" and Alice -- Northwest Music Industry Pioneers, HistoryLink, November 20, 2005. Accessed online 2009-08-02. This article about a United States independent record label is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Augustus_Wright

Francis Augustus Wright

["1 Early life","2 Politics","3 See also","4 References"]

Australian politician (1835–1903) The HonourableFrancis Augustus WrightJPSecretary for Public WorksIn office28 May 1883 – 6 October 1885PremierSir Alexander StuartPreceded byHenry CopelandSucceeded byHenry BadgeryMayor of RedfernIn officeFebruary 1882 – February 1885Preceded byPatrick StanleySucceeded byGeorge LanderAlderman on the Redfern Municipal CouncilIn officeFebruary 1873 – 2 September 1886Succeeded byJohn BeveridgeConstituencyBelmore Ward Personal detailsBorn(1835-08-01)1 August 1835London, England, United KingdomDied1 October 1903(1903-10-01) (aged 68)Ryde, New South Wales, AustraliaMilitary serviceAllegiance United Kingdom AustraliaBranch/service NSW Colonial ForcesYears of service1873 – 1902RankLieutenant ColonelUnitSydney Bn. Volunteer Rifles Francis Augustus Wright (1 August 1835 – 1 October 1903) was a merchant sailor, gold miner, carrier and member of the Parliament of New South Wales. Early life Wright was born in London, England to Eliza née Lunn. His father, also named Frances Augustus Wright, was a Captain of the Royal Navy, and the family emigrated to New South Wales in 1836. Wright went to sea as an apprentice, returning to Australia in 1852 and working in the gold fields of Victoria and New South Wales for three years. He married Alice Marcia Williams on 19 December 1864. Politics In 1873 Wright was elected as an alderman for the Municipality of Redfern, serving until 1887, including a period as He became Mayor of Redfern from February 1882 until February 1885. At a by-election in 1882 he was elected as a member for Redfern in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly, He was a friend of Henry Copeland and both were appointed ministers in the Stuart ministryfrom January 1883, with Wright being allocated the portfolio of Postmaster-General. Copeland was forced to resign two months later and in May 1883 Wright was allocated Copeland's former portfolio of Secretary for Public Works,holding it until October 1885, when he joined the Dibbs ministry, and held office as Secretary for Mines until his defeat for Redfern in October 1885. Both Wright and Copeland were committed free traders, however both altered their positions, becoming members of the Protectionist Party. Wright returned to politics as a Protectionist candidate for Glen Innes, winning the seat at the 1889 election, and retaining it until his death. He was a commissioner for New South Wales for the international exhibitions in London in 1886 and Chicago in 1893. Wright died in Ryde, Sydney on 1 October 1903 (aged 68). Alice and he had 5 daughters and 5 sons and he was survived by Alice, 3 daughters and 2 sons. See also Biography portalAustralia portal Members of the New South Wales Legislative Assembly1880–18821882–18851889–18911891–18941894–18951895–18981898–19011901–1904 Results of New South Wales state elections1882 (Redfern)1885 (Redfern)1889 (Glen Innes)1891 (Glen Innes)1894 (Glen Innes)1895 (Glen Innes)1898 (Glen Innes)1901 (Glen Innes) References ^ a b c d e Rutledge, Martha. "Wright, Francis Augustus (1835–1903)". Australian Dictionary of Biography. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, Australian National University. ISBN 978-0-522-84459-7. ISSN 1833-7538. OCLC 70677943. Retrieved 18 February 2012. ^ a b c "Mr Francis Augustus Wright (1835-1903)". Former members of the Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 29 June 2020. ^ "Municipal elections". Empire. 19 February 1873. p. 2. Retrieved 1 February 2016 – via Trove. ^ Green, Antony. "1882 Redfern by-election". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 22 April 2020. ^ a b Mennell, Philip (1892). "Wright, Francis Augustus" . The Dictionary of Australasian Biography. London: Hutchinson & Co – via Wikisource. ^ Green, Antony. "1885 Redfern". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 21 April 2020. ^ Green, Antony. "1889 Glen Innes". New South Wales Election Results 1856-2007. Parliament of New South Wales. Retrieved 17 April 2020.   Parliament of New South Wales Political offices Preceded byAlexander Campbell Postmaster-General of New South Wales 1883 Succeeded byWilliam Trickett Preceded byHenry Copeland Secretary for Public Works 1883 – 1885 Succeeded byHenry Badgery Preceded byJoseph Abbott Secretary for Mines 1885 Succeeded byGeorge Thornton New South Wales Legislative Assembly Preceded byJohn SutherlandAlfred Fremlin Member for Redfern 1882 – 1885 With: Alfred FremlinJohn Sutherland Succeeded byJohn SutherlandArthur RenwickThomas Williamson Preceded byGeorge Matheson Member for Glen Innes 1889 – 1903 With: Alexander Hutchison / none Succeeded byFollett Thomas Civic offices Preceded byPatrick Stanley Mayor of Redfern 1882 – 1885 Succeeded byGeorge Lander Authority control databases: People Australia This article about an Australian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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He married Alice Marcia Williams on 19 December 1864.[1][2]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Municipality of Redfern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipality_of_Redfern"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mayor of Redfern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayor_of_Redfern"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB_Wright-1"},{"link_name":"by-election in 1882","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1882_Redfern_colonial_by-election"},{"link_name":"Redfern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Redfern"},{"link_name":"New South Wales Legislative Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_1882_Redfern-4"},{"link_name":"Henry Copeland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Copeland_(Australian_politician)"},{"link_name":"Stuart ministryfrom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart_ministry"},{"link_name":"Postmaster-General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmaster-General_of_New_South_Wales"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Public Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Public_Works_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"Dibbs ministry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dibbs_ministry_(1885)"},{"link_name":"Secretary for Mines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secretary_for_Mines_(New_South_Wales)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Parl-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennell-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_1885_Redfern-6"},{"link_name":"free traders","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_trade"},{"link_name":"Protectionist Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protectionist_Party"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB_Wright-1"},{"link_name":"Glen Innes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electoral_district_of_Glen_Innes"},{"link_name":"1889 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Results_of_the_1889_New_South_Wales_colonial_election#Glen_Innes"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Green_1889_Glen_Innes-7"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NSW_Parl-2"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mennell-5"},{"link_name":"London in 1886","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonial_and_Indian_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Chicago in 1893","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Columbian_Exposition"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB_Wright-1"},{"link_name":"Ryde, Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryde,_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ADB_Wright-1"}],"text":"In 1873 Wright was elected as an alderman for the Municipality of Redfern, serving until 1887,[3] including a period as He became Mayor of Redfern from February 1882 until February 1885.[1] At a by-election in 1882 he was elected as a member for Redfern in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly,[4] He was a friend of Henry Copeland and both were appointed ministers in the Stuart ministryfrom January 1883, with Wright being allocated the portfolio of Postmaster-General. Copeland was forced to resign two months later and in May 1883 Wright was allocated Copeland's former portfolio of Secretary for Public Works,holding it until October 1885, when he joined the Dibbs ministry, and held office as Secretary for Mines until his defeat for Redfern in October 1885.[2][5][6]Both Wright and Copeland were committed free traders, however both altered their positions, becoming members of the Protectionist Party.[1] Wright returned to politics as a Protectionist candidate for Glen Innes, winning the seat at the 1889 election,[7] and retaining it until his death.[2][5]He was a commissioner for New South Wales for the international exhibitions in London in 1886 and Chicago in 1893.[1]Wright died in Ryde, Sydney on 1 October 1903 (aged 68). Alice and he had 5 daughters and 5 sons and he was survived by Alice, 3 daughters and 2 sons.[1]","title":"Politics"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Martin_(disambiguation)

Roderick Martin

[]

Roderick Martin may refer to: Roderick Martin (athlete) (born 1959), Swedish pentathlete Roderick Martin (sociologist) (born 1940), British sociologist Topics referred to by the same termThis disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Fisher

Max Fisher

["1 Life and career","2 Philanthropic activities","3 Personal life and family","4 Wealth","5 Legacy","5.1 Historical documents","5.2 B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO) Involvement","5.3 Telegraph Road","6 References","7 External links"]

American businessman and philanthropist (1908–2005) Max FisherFisher (center), John Bugas (left), Henry Ford II (right) at Bugas's Wyoming ranchBornMax Martin Fisher(1908-07-15)July 15, 1908Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.DiedMarch 3, 2005(2005-03-03) (aged 96)Franklin, Michigan, U.S.OccupationBusinessmanSpousesSylvia Krell (1934–1952)Marjorie Switow (m. 1953)Children5, including MaryRelativesStephen M. Ross (nephew)WebsiteArchives Max Martin Fisher (July 15, 1908 – March 3, 2005) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was a benefactor/alumnus of the Fisher College of Business at Ohio State University. He spent much of his life raising money for philanthropic and political endeavors and was a supporter of charitable and civic organizations. His diplomacy skill made him an advisor on Middle East and Jewish issues to every administration from President Dwight D. Eisenhower's to President George W. Bush's. Life and career Fisher was born in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Russian Jewish immigrant parents and grew up in Salem, Ohio, where his father owned a clothing store. He attended The Ohio State University on a football scholarship and graduated with a degree in business administration in 1930. While a student at OSU, he was initiated into the Alpha Epsilon chapter of the Phi Beta Delta fraternity, which is now part of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. In 1930, Fisher joined his father's Keystone Oil Refining Company, a motor oil reclamation business, in Detroit as a $15-a-week salesman before forming his own company in 1932. He grew the business, Aurora Gasoline, into one of the largest gas station chains in the Midwest before selling the business in 1959 to Marathon Petroleum, after serving for 27 years as its chair. Following the sale of Aurora to Marathon Petroleum for $40 million, Fisher invested his fortune in real estate after retiring from business in 1963 where he sat on the board of Comerica, the consumer and investment bank, Sotheby's, and United Brands, in addition to serving as the Honorary Chairman of United Jewish Communities (UJC), Council of Jewish Federations, and the American Jewish Committee. He supported Jewish and general causes worldwide and played a major role in almost every major Jewish communal organization. He was also the subject of articles, debates, TV documentaries, and a biography, entitled Quiet Diplomat by Peter Golden. For decades Fisher also served as a trusted advisor to U.S. presidents and Israeli prime ministers, rallying for causes from the Six-Day War to Ethiopian Jewry. By quietly forging new ties between Washington and Jerusalem, he pioneered a new era in American Jewish activism and politics and was considered the elder statesman of North American Jewry. Jimmy Carter invited him to watch the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1977. He was a delegate from Michigan at the 1964, 1968, and 1976 Republican National Conventions, and an alternate in the 1988 Republican National Convention. Philanthropic activities In Detroit, Fisher backed the $60 million Max. M. Fisher Music Center, which serves as the home for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and includes a public high school for the performing arts center called The Max. In 1977, he joined with Taubman and Henry Ford II to buy the 73,000-acre (300 km2) Irvine Ranch south of Los Angeles for $337 million; Fisher's group would sell the property six years later for an estimated $1 billion. He also leveraged around $20 million to finance Ohio State University's Fisher College of Business for development of a new six-building business campus that opened in 1998. An additional pledge of $5 million was given to the Fisher College of Business in February 2005 to support Master of Business Administration programs. Fisher served as national chairman of UJC's predecessor organizations, the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) from 1965 to 1967; president of the Council of Jewish Federations from 1969 to 1972; and chairman of the United Israel Appeal, Inc. (UIA) from 1968 to 1971; and president of the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Detroit from 1959 to 1964. In addition to being honorary chair of UJC, he was founding chairman of the board of governors of UJC's overseas partner, the Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI). He was also active in the American Jewish Committee, B'nai B'rith International, and Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society. Personal life and family Fisher was married twice: In 1934, he married Sylvia Krell who died in 1952. They had one child: Jane Fisher Sherman - former chairman of the United Israel Appeal, Inc. (UIA) and former co-chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel Committee on Israel. In 1953, he married Marjorie Faith Switow. They had two children together: Julie Fisher Cummings Marjorie Fisher Aronow Switow also had two children from her prior husband, George Allen Frehling, whom Fisher adopted: Mary Fisher - AIDS activist Philip William Fisher - In 2009, he founded the charity Mission Throttle whose purpose is "to develop business tools and to brainstorm ways of creating systematic and positive change to speed the pace of assistance to underserved populations." Fisher has 15 grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren. He died March 3, 2005, at about 11:30 am in his home in Franklin, Michigan, surrounded by family and is interred at the Clover Hill Park Cemetery in Birmingham, Michigan. Fisher financed the schooling of his nephew Stephen M. Ross, who called him, "the most important role model and inspiration for me in life". Wealth In 2004, Max Fisher had amassed a net worth of $775 million. At 96, he was the oldest member of the Forbes 400. Legacy Historical documents Max Fisher's papers are available for public research at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit, Michigan. The library's website explains that, "This large collection documents Fisher's life and career as a successful Detroit industrialist and investor, influential Republican Party fundraiser and power broker, Jewish community leader, and major philanthropist. It includes correspondence, documents, speeches, interviews, photographs and other media, and documents from his biographer." B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO) Involvement In March 2006, a male chapter of BBYO was founded by 12 young men from the state of Michigan with the name of Max Fisher AZA (AZA standing for Aleph Zadik Aleph, the male sector of the organization). Following the foundation, the chapter was officially recognized by the Fisher Foundation in early April. The chapter's charter number is #337. Since Fisher's charter in 2006, the chapter has flourished at the chapter, regional, and international level. Four times has a member from Fisher AZA served as the President for all of Michigan Region BBYO; even though the chapter has only been around for 10 years, an International President has already hailed from Fisher. Fishermen always set the standard for how to behave in BBYO; in fact, they have won the Sportsmanship award at Michigan Region's Regional Convention many times since its founding. Each year several members represent Michigan Region by attending BBYO's International Convention in February, and by attending countless summer programs around the globe each summer, many of which focus on building leadership skills. Fisher has won several awards, including the Henry Monsky award which recognizes the most outstanding chapters across the International Order. On a more local level, each year several Fishermen apply for individual awards including the Bronze and Silver Stars of David (recognizing outstanding participation) and the Tree of Life Award (recognizes those individuals who bring more members into the order via recruiting). Additional awards are available for those who excel in community service as well. Recently, Fisher has received publicity for starting a Platform Database which hosts several hundred platforms of individuals' candidacy for office from around the world. The platforms range from the chapter level, to the regional and international levels as well. Telegraph Road On November 30, 2005, President George W. Bush signed the 2006 appropriations bill related to the US Department of Transportation and other agencies. Contained in that law was a provision that named a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of Telegraph Road (U.S. Route 24) from I-96 to its northern end at I-75 the "Max A. Fisher Memorial Highway"; the highway was dedicated in May 2008. References ^ a b c "Max Fisher, 96, Philanthropist and Adviser to Presidents, Dies", The New York Times, March 4, 2005. ^ Makio. Columbus: The Ohio State University. 1929. p. 211. ^ a b "Max Fisher: Giant of philanthropy". Jewish Historical Society of Michigan. West Bloomfield Township, Michigan. Retrieved January 8, 2021. ^ a b "Max Fisher: A lifetime of power and passion", Detroit News, March 4-2005. ^ "Quiet Diplomat: A Biography of Max M. Fisher (Hardcover)", Amazon.com, June-1992. ^ a b Kestenbaum, Lawrence (August 19, 2019). "Jewish Politicians in Pennsylvania (religion or ancestry)". The Political Graveyard. Retrieved January 8, 2021. ^ "The Max Rocks", Metro Times, December 3-2003. Archived November 13, 2013, at the Wayback Machine ^ a b c d e f New York Times: "Max Fisher, 96, Philanthropist and Adviser to Presidents, Dies" By THE ASSOCIATED PRESS March 4, 2005 ^ a b c d e f Detroit Free Press: "Max Fisher, Detroit benefactor, dies at 96" BY BILL MCGRAW March 4, 2005 ^ Crain's Detroit Business: "Carrying on Max's vision: Fishers continue legacy of giving" By Sherri Welch March 14, 2010 ^ Detroit Jewish News: "Phillip Fisher's Mission Throttle is breaking new ground in the world of giving" May 31, 2012 ^ "Max Fisher: A lifetime of power and passion", Detroit News, March 4-2005. ^ Murray, Tom (June 4, 2015). "Family Ties: Stephen M. Ross parlayed two family loans into a multibillion-dollar enterprise". dbusiness. Retrieved October 10, 2015. ^ "Ross' connections with Michigan". michiganross. Retrieved October 10, 2015. ^ Ergas, Aimee. "Collections Spotlight: Max M. Fisher Papers". Walter P. Reuther Library. Wayne State University. Retrieved June 24, 2015. ^ "Changing teens lives every day". Changing teens lives every day. Retrieved June 30, 2020. ^ United States Congress (November 30, 2005). Transportation, Treasury, Housing and Urban Development, the Judiciary, the District of Columbia, and Independent Agencies Appropriations Act, 2006. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Pub. L.Tooltip Public Law (United States) 109–115 (text) (PDF). ^ Hopkins, Carol (May 5, 2008). "Max Fisher Honored with Sign Dedication". Oakland Press. Pontiac, MI. OCLC 15217724. External links Membership on 2004 Forbes 400 Max M. Fisher Papers at the Walter P. Reuther Library Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany Israel United States Other NARA SNAC IdRef

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He attended The Ohio State University on a football scholarship and graduated with a degree in business administration in 1930. While a student at OSU, he was initiated into the Alpha Epsilon chapter of the Phi Beta Delta fraternity, which is now part of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity.[2] In 1930, Fisher joined his father's Keystone Oil Refining Company, a motor oil reclamation business, in Detroit as a $15-a-week salesman before forming his own company in 1932.[1][3] He grew the business, Aurora Gasoline, into one of the largest gas station chains in the Midwest before selling the business in 1959 to Marathon Petroleum, after serving for 27 years as its chair.Following the sale of Aurora to Marathon Petroleum for $40 million,[4] Fisher invested his fortune in real estate after retiring from business in 1963 where he sat on the board of Comerica, the consumer and investment bank, Sotheby's, and United Brands, in addition to serving as the Honorary Chairman of United Jewish Communities (UJC), Council of Jewish Federations, and the American Jewish Committee.[1] He supported Jewish and general causes worldwide and played a major role in almost every major Jewish communal organization. He was also the subject of articles, debates, TV documentaries, and a biography, entitled Quiet Diplomat by Peter Golden.[5]For decades Fisher also served as a trusted advisor to U.S. presidents and Israeli prime ministers, rallying for causes from the Six-Day War to Ethiopian Jewry. By quietly forging new ties between Washington and Jerusalem, he pioneered a new era in American Jewish activism and politics and was considered the elder statesman of North American Jewry. Jimmy Carter invited him to watch the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1977.[3]He was a delegate from Michigan at the 1964, 1968, and 1976 Republican National Conventions, and an alternate in the 1988 Republican National Convention.[6]","title":"Life and career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Detroit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Detroit"},{"link_name":"Max. M. 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M. Fisher Music Center, which serves as the home for the Detroit Symphony Orchestra and includes a public high school for the performing arts center called The Max.[7] In 1977, he joined with Taubman and Henry Ford II to buy the 73,000-acre (300 km2) Irvine Ranch south of Los Angeles for $337 million; Fisher's group would sell the property six years later for an estimated $1 billion.[4][dead link]He also leveraged around $20 million to finance Ohio State University's Fisher College of Business for development of a new six-building business campus that opened in 1998. An additional pledge of $5 million was given to the Fisher College of Business in February 2005 to support Master of Business Administration programs.Fisher served as national chairman of UJC's predecessor organizations, the United Jewish Appeal (UJA) from 1965 to 1967; president of the Council of Jewish Federations from 1969 to 1972; and chairman of the United Israel Appeal, Inc. (UIA) from 1968 to 1971; and president of the Jewish Federation of Metropolitan Detroit from 1959 to 1964.In addition to being honorary chair of UJC, he was founding chairman of the board of governors of UJC's overseas partner, the Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI). He was also active in the American Jewish Committee, B'nai B'rith International, and Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society.","title":"Philanthropic activities"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP1-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP1-9"},{"link_name":"United Israel Appeal, Inc.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Israel_Appeal,_Inc."},{"link_name":"Jewish Agency for Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jewish_Agency_for_Israel"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Crains1-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP1-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP1-9"},{"link_name":"Mary Fisher","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary_Fisher_(activist)"},{"link_name":"AIDS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AIDS"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP1-9"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AP1-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DFP1-9"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Franklin, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franklin,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"Birmingham, Michigan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birmingham,_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PoliticalGraveyard-6"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Stephen M. Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_M._Ross"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dbusiness-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-michiganross-14"}],"text":"Fisher was married twice:[8][9]In 1934, he married Sylvia Krell who died in 1952. They had one child:Jane Fisher Sherman[8][9] - former chairman of the United Israel Appeal, Inc. (UIA) and former co-chair of the Jewish Agency for Israel Committee on Israel.[10]In 1953, he married Marjorie Faith Switow. They had two children together:Julie Fisher Cummings[8][9]\nMarjorie Fisher Aronow[8][9]Switow also had two children from her prior husband, George Allen Frehling, whom Fisher adopted:Mary Fisher - AIDS activist[8][9]\nPhilip William Fisher[8][9] - In 2009, he founded the charity Mission Throttle whose purpose is \"to develop business tools and to brainstorm ways of creating systematic and positive change to speed the pace of assistance to underserved populations.\"[11]Fisher has 15 grandchildren and 13 great-grandchildren.He died March 3, 2005, at about 11:30 am in his home in Franklin, Michigan, surrounded by family and is interred at the Clover Hill Park Cemetery in Birmingham, Michigan.[6][12]Fisher financed the schooling of his nephew Stephen M. Ross,[13] who called him, \"the most important role model and inspiration for me in life\".[14]","title":"Personal life and family"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"net worth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Net_worth"},{"link_name":"Forbes 400","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forbes_400"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"In 2004, Max Fisher had amassed a net worth of $775 million. At 96, he was the oldest member of the Forbes 400.[citation needed]","title":"Wealth"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Walter P. Reuther Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_P._Reuther_Library"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Collections_Spotlight:_Max_M._Fisher_Papers-15"}],"sub_title":"Historical documents","text":"Max Fisher's papers are available for public research at the Walter P. Reuther Library in Detroit, Michigan. The library's website explains that, \"This large collection documents Fisher's life and career as a successful Detroit industrialist and investor, influential Republican Party fundraiser and power broker, Jewish community leader, and major philanthropist. It includes correspondence, documents, speeches, interviews, photographs and other media, and documents from his biographer.\"[15]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"BBYO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBYO"},{"link_name":"Aleph Zadik Aleph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleph_Zadik_Aleph"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"sub_title":"B'nai B'rith Youth Organization (BBYO) Involvement","text":"In March 2006, a male chapter of BBYO was founded by 12 young men from the state of Michigan with the name of Max Fisher AZA (AZA standing for Aleph Zadik Aleph, the male sector of the organization). Following the foundation, the chapter was officially recognized by the Fisher Foundation in early April. The chapter's charter number is #337. Since Fisher's charter in 2006, the chapter has flourished at the chapter, regional, and international level. Four times has a member from Fisher AZA served as the President for all of Michigan Region BBYO; even though the chapter has only been around for 10 years, an International President has already hailed from Fisher. Fishermen always set the standard for how to behave in BBYO; in fact, they have won the Sportsmanship award at Michigan Region's Regional Convention many times since its founding. Each year several members represent Michigan Region by attending BBYO's International Convention in February, and by attending countless summer programs around the globe each summer, many of which focus on building leadership skills. Fisher has won several awards, including the Henry Monsky award which recognizes the most outstanding chapters across the International Order. On a more local level, each year several Fishermen apply for individual awards including the Bronze and Silver Stars of David (recognizing outstanding participation) and the Tree of Life Award (recognizes those individuals who bring more members into the order via recruiting). Additional awards are available for those who excel in community service as well. Recently, Fisher has received publicity for starting a Platform Database which hosts several hundred platforms of individuals' candidacy for office from around the world. The platforms range from the chapter level, to the regional and international levels as well.[16]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"President","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/President_of_the_United_States"},{"link_name":"George W. Bush","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_W._Bush"},{"link_name":"US Department of Transportation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Department_of_Transportation"},{"link_name":"U.S. Route 24","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U.S._Route_24_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"I-96","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_96"},{"link_name":"I-75","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interstate_75_in_Michigan"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-op-18"}],"sub_title":"Telegraph Road","text":"On November 30, 2005, President George W. Bush signed the 2006 appropriations bill related to the US Department of Transportation and other agencies. Contained in that law was a provision that named a 30-mile (48 km) stretch of Telegraph Road (U.S. Route 24) from I-96 to its northern end at I-75 the \"Max A. Fisher Memorial Highway\";[17] the highway was dedicated in May 2008.[18]","title":"Legacy"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantin_Esarcu

Constantin Esarcu

["1 See also","2 References"]

Constantin EsarcuMinister of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of RomaniaIn officeFebruary 21, 1891 – November 26, 1891MonarchCarol I of RomaniaPreceded byAlexandru LahovarySucceeded byAlexandru Lahovary Personal detailsBorn(1836-11-05)November 5, 1836BucharestDiedJune 8, 1898(1898-06-08) (aged 61)Govora, Mihăești, Vâlcea Constantin Esarcu (November 5, 1836 – June 8, 1898) was a naturalist, physician, teacher, politician and diplomat who served as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kingdom of Romania from February 21 until November 26, 1891. Esarcu graduated from a university in Bucharest and Sorbonne University in Paris. In 1864, he received his doctoral degree in medicine. He also served as the Romanian ambassador to France. In 1884, he was elected a corresponding member of the Romanian Academy. He died on June 8, 1898, in Govora, Mihăești, Vâlcea. See also Foreign relations of Romania References ^ Kallestrup, Shona (2006). Art and design in Romania 1866-1927: local and international aspects of the search for national expression. USA: Eastern European Monographs. p. 110. ISBN 0-88033-582-3. ^ (in Romanian) Membrii Academiei Române din 1866 până în prezent at the Romanian Academy site vteForeign Ministers of RomaniaUnited PrincipalitiesPrincipality of Romania Arsache Cantacuzino I. G. Ghica Rosetti-Bălănescu Papadopol-Calimah I. Ghica Mavrogheni Știrbei Ș. Golescu Teriachiu Ș. Golescu N. Golescu D. Ghica Kogălniceanu* Calimachi-Catargiu A. Golescu Carp Calimachi-Catargiu Costa-Foru Boerescu Ion Bălăceanu Cornea Kogălniceanu Ionescu Câmpineanu* Kogălniceanu Câmpineanu Boerescu Kingdom of Romania Boerescu D. Brătianu Stătescu Sturdza Câmpineanu Ion C. Brătianu* Pherekyde Carp A. Lahovary Esarcu A. Lahovary Sturdza Stoicescu Aurelian* Sturdza Ioan Lahovary Marghiloman Sturdza Ion I. C. Brătianu Sturdza* Iacob Lahovary Ioan Lahovary Sturdza Ion I. C. Brătianu Djuvara Maiorescu Porumbaru Ion I. C. Brătianu Averescu* Arion Coandă Ion I. C. Brătianu Văitoianu* Mișu Vaida-Voevod Zamfirescu Ionescu Derussi Duca Mitilineu Știrbey* Ion I. C. Brătianu Titulescu Mironescu Mihalache Argetoianu* D. Ghika Vaida-Voevod Titulescu Tătărescu* Titulescu V. Antonescu Micescu Tătărescu* Petrescu-Comnen Gafencu Gigurtu Argetoianu Manoilescu M. Sturdza I. Antonescu* M. Antonescu Niculescu-Buzești Vișoianu Tătărescu Socialist Republic of Romania Pauker Bughici Preoteasa Maurer Bunaciu Mănescu Macovescu Andrei Văduva Totu Stoian Romania since 1989 Celac Năstase Meleșcanu Severin Pleșu Roman Geoană Ungureanu Popescu-Tăriceanu* Cioroianu Comănescu Diaconescu Predoiu* Baconschi Diaconescu Marga Corlățean Meleșcanu Aurescu Comănescu Meleșcanu Mănescu Aurescu Obdobescu * denotes interim Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Italy Vatican This article about a Romanian politician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[{"title":"Foreign relations of Romania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Romania"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecstasy_of_Saint_Theresa

The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa

["1 Band members","2 Discography","3 References","4 External links"]

Czech rock band For the sculpture by Bernini, see Ecstasy of Saint Teresa. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2020) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Ecstasy of Saint TheresaOriginPrague, CzechoslovakiaGenres Alternative rock shoegazing ambient Years active1990 (1990)–presentMembers Jan P. Muchow Kateřina Winterová Past members Jan Gregar Petr Wegner Irna Libowitz Petr Němeček Petr Macháček Ondřej Anděra Websitewww.ecstasyofsttheresa.com The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa is a Czech alternative rock band formed in 1990 by Jan Muchow, Jan Gregar, Petr Wegner, and Irna Libowitz. The band released the EP Pigment in 1991. This album, along with 1992's Susurrate, featured a feedback-drenched psychedelic rock sound. From there, the band moved into ambient and techno-influenced soundscapes, as evidenced by their 1993 album, Free-D, produced with Guy Fixsen (Laika). Free-D marked the end of the original lineup and something of a hiatus for the band. For the next six years, they only released the 1994 remix EP AstralaVista. 1999's In Dust 3 featured Muchow and actress Kateřina Winterová on eleven tracks of pop and post rock sounds. This was followed in 2003 by Slowthinking, released with the accompanying Fastmoving/Slowthinking DVD. The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa released Watching Black in 2006, and in 2011, a DVD titled 101010 came out, featuring a live performance recorded on 10 October 2010. Band members Current Jan P. Muchow – guitar, bass, programming Kateřina Winterová – vocals Past Jan Gregar (1990–1994) Petr Wegner – drums (1990–1994) Irna Libowitz – vocals (1990–1994) Petr Němeček – drums (1997–1998) Petr Macháček (1997–1998) Ondřej Anděra (2002–2003) Discography Studio albums Susurrate (1992) Free-D (1994) In Dust 3 (1999) Slowthinking (2002) Thirteen Years in Noises (2004) Watching Black (2006) EPs Pigment (1991) ...fluidtrance centauri... (1993) AstralaVista (1994) Dumb It rmx's (2000) I'm (Not Really) Optimistic (2002) Local Distortion (2003) Happy R (2003) It (2005) Compilations 4B4 (2001) DVDs Fastmoving / Slowthinking (2003) 101010 (2011) References ^ "The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa | Biography & History". AllMusic. Retrieved 21 November 2020. ^ a b "the ecstasy of saint theresa- 4B4". freemusic.cz (in Czech). 7 November 2001. Archived from the original on 20 December 2009. Retrieved 2 January 2022. ^ a b "Když byla Extáze ještě mladá a kytarová..." . musicserver.cz (in Czech). 30 October 2001. Retrieved 2 January 2022. ^ "The Ecstasy of Saint Theresa - Slowthinking". techno.cz (in Czech). 30 April 2003. Retrieved 2 January 2022. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Czech Republic Artists MusicBrainz This article on a Czech band or other musical ensemble is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constant_Ferdinand_Burille

Constant Ferdinand Burille

["1 References"]

American chess player Burille in 1897 Constant Ferdinand Burille (born 30 August 1866 – died October 1914, Boston) was an American chess master. He was a Bostonian born in Paris (according to another source - born in Boston), Burille was a member of a group of Boston chess players and theoreticians who formed a loose chess association they called the Mandarins of the Yellow Buttons. He took 15th at New York City 1889 (the 6th American Chess Congress won by Mikhail Chigorin and Max Weiss). He beat F.K. Young (13.5–1.5) in a match in 1888, and lost to Harry Nelson Pillsbury (3–7) in 1892 (Burille gave odds of pawn and move). He also played in cable chess matches New York vs. London in 1896 (won a game against Henry Edward Bird) and 1897 (lost a game to Henry Ernest Atkins). The "Burille variation" is a recognized variation in the Grünfeld defense. Burille was one of the operators of the Ajeeb, a chess-playing "automaton". References ^ The Illustrated American. Illustrated American Publishing Company. 1896. p. 414. ^ Chess Notes by Edward Winter :: Mate every minute ^ Sarah's Chess Journal :: Mandarins of the Yellow Buttons Archived 2007-07-04 at the Wayback Machine ^ Edo Historical Chess Ratings :: Burille, Constant ^ Chessgames.com :: Constant Ferdinand Burille ^ "Gruenfeld Defense: Three Variation Knights, Variation Burille - Otwory - Chess.com". Archived from the original on 2014-10-31. Retrieved 2014-10-30. ^ Chessville :: History :: Constant Ferdinand Burille Archived 2010-09-19 at the Wayback Machine ^ Chess Automatons Archived October 8, 2008, at the Wayback Machine ^ ChessBase :: Spotlights :: Der Schachtürke Archived March 12, 2009, at the Wayback Machine This biographical article relating to an American chess figure is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syed_Waliullah

Syed Waliullah

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Literature","4 Lalsalu","5 Personal life and death","6 Works","7 References"]

Bangladeshi novelist and playwright Syed WaliullahWaliullah with his wife Anne Marie in Karachi in 1956Native nameসৈয়দ ওয়ালিউল্লাহBorn(1922-08-15)August 15, 1922Sholashahar, Chittagong, Bengal Presidency, British IndiaDiedOctober 10, 1971(1971-10-10) (aged 49)Meudon, Paris, FranceResting placeMeudon, FranceOccupationnovelist, short story writer, playwright, news editorAlma materAnanda Mohan College (1943)University of CalcuttaNotable worksLalsaluNotable awardsEkushey PadakSpouse Anne Marie Thibaud ​ ​(m. 1955; till his death 1971)​RelativesSyed Ahmadullah (father)Websitewww.syedwaliullah.com Syed Waliullah (August 15, 1922 – October 10, 1971) was a Bangladeshi novelist, short-story writer and playwright. He was notable for his debut novel, Lalsalu (translated in English with the title "Tree Without Roots"). He was awarded Bangla Academy Literary Award (1961), Adamjee Prize (1965), Ekushey Padak (1984) and Bangladesh National Film for Best Story (2001). Early life and education Waliullah was born on 15 August 1922 at Sholashahar in Chittagong District to Nasim Ara Khatun and Syed Ahmadullah. His mother died when he was twelve. He has an elder brother, Syed Nasrullah. His father, Syed Ahmadullah, was a government officer. He was a district magistrate of British Raj period. Waliullah spent his childhood in Mymensingh, Feni, Krishnanagar and Kurigram. His notable novel, Lalsalu, was inspired by a shrine covered with red cloth that he would often pass when he lived in Mymensingh. Waliullah passed his matriculation examination in 1939 from Kurigram High School. He completed his IA from Dhaka Intermediate College in 1941 and bachelor's from Ananda Mohan College in Mymensingh in 1943. He then moved to Calcutta to complete his master's in economics. But he couldn't complete his master's due to untimely demise of his father. He joined The Statesman newspaper and worked until 1947. Career In 1947, Waliullah moved from Calcutta to Dhaka. He joined Radio Pakistan. In 1950, he was transferred to Karachi. In 1951, he started serving as the press attaché at the Pakistan missions in New Delhi, Sydney, Jakarta and London. In 1960, he was appointed as the First Secretary at the Pakistan embassy in Paris. In 1967, he joined the UNESCO in Paris. Literature Waliullah is often considered the pioneer of existential analysis of the characters psyche in the literature of Bangladesh. The last two of his three novels, especially ' Kando Nadi Kando (Cry, o river), (কাঁদো নদী কাঁদো) (1968), show his mastery in revealing the inner depths of his characters. Chander Amaboshay (Dark moon) (চাঁদের অমাবস্যা ), (1964) was another famous novel of him. Nayanchara (নয়নচারা), (1946) and Dui Tir O Anyanya Galpa (দুই তীর এবং অন্যান্য গল্প), (1965) are storybooks written by him. Lalsalu Main article: Lalsalu Lalsalu tells the story of Majid, a poor man from a devout Muslim background. Majid comes to a remote village. He declares an old grave to be the Mazar that of a Pir, covers it with the traditional red cloth used for mausoleums, and establishes his stronghold on the life of the people using the reflected power on him of the supposed saint. The novel shows his struggle with other religious figures trying to establish dominance, the undercurrent of pagan ideas among the people, and his own weaknesses. The novel was adapted to a Tanvir Mokammel film with the same title in 2001. Personal life and death Waliullah met Anne Marie Thibaud (1929–1997), a French woman, in Sydney. They were married in 1955 and had two children, Simine and Iraj. He was a cousin of Jamal Nazrul Islam, a physicist and mathematician. Waliullah died in Meudon in Paris on October 10, 1971. Works Novels Lalsalu (Tree without roots), 1948 Chander Amaboshay (Dark moon), 1963 Kando Nadi Kando (Cry, o river), 1966 The Ugly Asian, 1959 Dramas Bahipir (1955) Tarangabhanga (1964) Sudanga (1964) Short story collection Nayanchara (1945) Dui Teer O Anyanya Galpa (1965) References ^ Alam, Shafiul (2012). "Waliullah, Syed". In Islam, Sirajul; Jamal, Ahmed A. (eds.). Banglapedia: National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Second ed.). Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ^ a b Zaman, Niaz (13 August 2016). "Syed Waliullah Existentialism, Nostalgia, Nationalism". The Daily Star. Retrieved 13 August 2016. ^ "Syed Waliullahs Childhood". ^ Haq, Kaiser (5 January 2014). "Arts & Letters" (PDF). Dhaka Tribune. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 13 August 2016. ^ Choudhury, Serajul Islam (2005). "Introduction" Tree Without Roots. Dhaka, Bangladesh: writers.ink. pp. ix. ISBN 984-32-2546-5. ^ "জামাল নজরুল ইসলাম" (in Bengali). gunijan.org.bd. Retrieved 13 August 2016. ^ Alam, Shahid (25 March 2014). "Observations in or about politics". The Daily Star. Retrieved 13 August 2016. vteBengali TheatreBangladeshGroups Abayab Nattyadal Anannya Nattya Goshthi Anushilan Natyadal Bahurupi Natya Sangstha Nattokendro Padatik Nattya Sangsad Nandimukh Personalities Abdullah Al Mamun Abdul Kader Abul Hayat Abul Khair Afsana Mimi Ahmed Rubel Aly Zaker Asaduzzaman Noor Ashish Khandaker ATM Shamsuzzaman Azizul Hakim Bijori Barkatullah Ejajul Islam Enamul Haque Ferdousi Mazumder Golam Mustafa Hridi Haque Humayun Faridi Jayanta Chattopadhyay Khairul Alam Sabuj KS Firoz Laila Hasan Litu Anam Lucky Enam Lutfun Nahar Lata Malay Bhowmick Mamunur Rashid Abdullah Hel Mahmud Masud Ali Khan Mozammel Hossain Momtazuddin Ahmed Munier Choudhury Nasiruddin Yousuff Nazma Anwar Nazmul Huda Bachchu Nurul Momen Rahmat Ali Sara Zaker Saleh Ahmed Shabnam Shahiduzzaman Selim Shamima Nazneen Shanta Islam Sikandar Abu Zafar Selim Al Deen Subhash Dutta Suborna Mustafa Syed Waliullah Tamalika Karmakar Wahida Mollick Jolly Faiz Zahir Dramas Nemesis Bohipir NityaPurana Nondito Noroke Che'r Cycle Birangona: Women of War People's Romeo Auditoriums Guide House auditorium Mahila Samity auditorium IndiaGroups Aneek theatre group Anya Theatre Bohurupee Bratyajon Chetana Gananatya Group theatre of Kolkata Indian People's Theatre Association Nandikar Natadha Natyoshala Padatik Pancham Baidik Purba Paschim Ritwik Sanglap Kolkata Sansriti Sayak Sundaram Swapnapheri Swapnasandhani Theatre Formation Paribartak PersonalitiesMajor Ajit Bandyopadhyay Ajitesh Bandopadhyay Amrita Lal Basu Ardhendu Sekhar Mustafi Arun Mukherjee Badal Sarkar Bibhash Chakraborty Bijon Bhattacharya Bratya Basu Chandan Sen Chitra Sen Debesh Chattopadhyay Debshankar Haldar Gangapada Basu Girish Chandra Ghosh Goutam Halder Kumar Roy Kaushik Sen Khaled Choudhury Manoj Mitra Meghnad Bhattacharya Mohit Chattopadhyay Ramaprasad Banik Ritwik Ghatak Rudraprasad Sengupta Shaoli Mitra Sohini Sengupta Shobha Sen Sombhu Mitra Suman Mukhopadhyay Swatilekha Sengupta Tripti Mitra Usha Ganguly Utpal Dutt Others Churni Ganguly George Baker Gerasim Lebedev Kaushik Ganguly Paran Bandopadhyay Rajatava Dutta Riddhi Sen Shekhar Chatterjee Sudipta Chakraborty Tanima Sen Dramas Barricade Biley Bireswar Birpurush Bisarjan Meghe Dhaka Tara Nabanna Nil Darpan Pinki Buli Poshu Khamar Learned societies Paschim Banga Natya Akademi Auditoriums Academy of Fine Arts Girish Mancha Hindu Theatre Madhusudan Mancha Mahajati Sadan Minerva Theatre Rabindra Sadan Ramgopal Mancha Sisir Mancha Sujata Sadan Star Theatre See also Jatra vteBangladesh National Film Award for Best Story1977–1985 Alauddin Al Azad (1977) No Award (1978) No Award (1979) No Award (1980) No Award (1981) No Award (1982) No Award (1983) No Award(1984) Sheikh Niamat Ali (1985) 1986–2000 No Award(1986) Kazi Hayat (1987) No Award (1988) No Award (1989) No Award (1990) Mohiuddin Ahmad (1991) Humayun Ahmed (1992) Kazi Hayat (1993) Humayun Ahmed (1994) Tanvir Mokammel (1995) Selina Hossain (1996) Selina Hossain (1997) No Award (1998) Tanvir Mokammel (1999) Selim Al Deen (2000) 2001–present Syed Waliullah (2001) No Award (2002) Giasuddin Selim (2003) Amjad Hossain (2004) Zahir Raihan (2005) Kazi Morshed (2006) No Award (2007) Mohammad Rafiquzzaman (2008) Syed Wahiduzzaman Diamond (2009) Zakir Hossain Raju (2010) Muhammed Zafar Iqbal (2011) Shahnewaz Kakoli (2012) Gazi Rakayet (2013) Zahidur Rahman Anjan (2014) Masum Reza (2015) Tauquir Ahmed (2016) Azad Bulbul (2017) Sudipto Saeed Khan (2018) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Norway France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Australia Netherlands Academics CiNii Other IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"debut novel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debut_novel"},{"link_name":"Lalsalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalsalu"},{"link_name":"Bangla Academy Literary Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangla_Academy_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"Ekushey Padak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekushey_Padak"},{"link_name":"Bangladesh National Film for Best Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/26th_Bangladesh_National_Film_Awards"}],"text":"Syed Waliullah (August 15, 1922 – October 10, 1971) was a Bangladeshi novelist, short-story writer and playwright. He was notable for his debut novel, Lalsalu (translated in English with the title \"Tree Without Roots\"). He was awarded Bangla Academy Literary Award (1961), Adamjee Prize (1965), Ekushey Padak (1984) and Bangladesh National Film for Best Story (2001).","title":"Syed Waliullah"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chittagong District","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chittagong_District"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh"},{"link_name":"Feni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feni_District"},{"link_name":"Krishnanagar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Krishnanagar,_Bangladesh&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Kurigram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurigram"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-existentialism-2"},{"link_name":"Ananda Mohan College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ananda_Mohan_College"},{"link_name":"Mymensingh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mymensingh"},{"link_name":"Calcutta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcutta"},{"link_name":"The Statesman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Statesman_(India)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-existentialism-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"}],"text":"Waliullah was born on 15 August 1922 at Sholashahar in Chittagong District to Nasim Ara Khatun and Syed Ahmadullah. His mother died when he was twelve. He has an elder brother, Syed Nasrullah. His father, Syed Ahmadullah, was a government officer. He was a district magistrate of British Raj period. Waliullah spent his childhood in Mymensingh, Feni, Krishnanagar and Kurigram. His notable novel, Lalsalu, was inspired by a shrine covered with red cloth that he would often pass when he lived in Mymensingh.[2]Waliullah passed his matriculation examination in 1939 from Kurigram High School. He completed his IA from Dhaka Intermediate College in 1941 and bachelor's from Ananda Mohan College in Mymensingh in 1943. He then moved to Calcutta to complete his master's in economics. But he couldn't complete his master's due to untimely demise of his father. He joined The Statesman newspaper and worked until 1947.[2][3]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Dhaka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dhaka"},{"link_name":"Radio Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sydney"},{"link_name":"Jakarta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakarta"}],"text":"In 1947, Waliullah moved from Calcutta to Dhaka. He joined Radio Pakistan. In 1950, he was transferred to Karachi. In 1951, he started serving as the press attaché at the Pakistan missions in New Delhi, Sydney, Jakarta and London. In 1960, he was appointed as the First Secretary at the Pakistan embassy in Paris. In 1967, he joined the UNESCO in Paris.","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Waliullah is often considered the pioneer of existential analysis of the characters psyche in the literature of Bangladesh. The last two of his three novels, especially ' Kando Nadi Kando (Cry, o river), (কাঁদো নদী কাঁদো) (1968), show his mastery in revealing the inner depths of his characters.[4] Chander Amaboshay (Dark moon) (চাঁদের অমাবস্যা ), (1964) was another famous novel of him. Nayanchara (নয়নচারা), (1946) and Dui Tir O Anyanya Galpa (দুই তীর এবং অন্যান্য গল্প), (1965) are storybooks written by him.","title":"Literature"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Muslim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslim"},{"link_name":"Mazar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)"},{"link_name":"Pir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pir_(Sufism)"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Tanvir Mokammel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanvir_Mokammel"},{"link_name":"the same title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalsalu_(film)"}],"text":"Lalsalu tells the story of Majid, a poor man from a devout Muslim background. Majid comes to a remote village. He declares an old grave to be the Mazar that of a Pir, covers it with the traditional red cloth used for mausoleums, and establishes his stronghold on the life of the people using the reflected power on him of the supposed saint. The novel shows his struggle with other religious figures trying to establish dominance, the undercurrent of pagan ideas among the people, and his own weaknesses.[5]The novel was adapted to a Tanvir Mokammel film with the same title in 2001.","title":"Lalsalu"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Jamal Nazrul Islam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamal_Nazrul_Islam"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Meudon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meudon"}],"text":"Waliullah met Anne Marie Thibaud (1929–1997), a French woman, in Sydney. They were married in 1955 and had two children, Simine and Iraj. He was a cousin of Jamal Nazrul Islam, a physicist and mathematician.[6]Waliullah died in Meudon in Paris on October 10, 1971.","title":"Personal life and death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lalsalu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lalsalu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Bahipir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahipir"}],"text":"NovelsLalsalu (Tree without roots), 1948\nChander Amaboshay (Dark moon), 1963\nKando Nadi Kando (Cry, o river), 1966\nThe Ugly Asian, 1959[7]DramasBahipir (1955)\nTarangabhanga (1964)\nSudanga (1964)Short story collectionNayanchara (1945)\nDui Teer O Anyanya Galpa (1965)","title":"Works"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Segni_government

Second Segni government

["1 Composition","2 References"]

14th government of the Italian Republic Segni II Cabinet14th Cabinet of ItalyDate formed16 February 1959Date dissolved26 March 1960People and organisationsHead of stateGiovanni GronchiHead of governmentAntonio SegniTotal no. of members22Member partyDC External support: MSI, PLI, PNM, PMPStatus in legislatureOne-party governmentOpposition partiesPCI, PSI, PSDI, PRIHistoryLegislature termLegislature III (1958–1963)PredecessorFanfani II CabinetSuccessorTambroni Cabinet The Segni II Cabinet was the 14th cabinet of the Italian Republic, which held office from 16 February 1959 to 26 March 1960, for a total of 404 days (or 1 year, 1 month and 10 days). Composition Office Name Party Term Prime Minister Antonio Segni DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Foreign Affairs Giuseppe Pella DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of the Interior Antonio Segni (ad interim) DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Grace and Justice Guido Gonella DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Budget Fernando Tambroni DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Finance Paolo Emilio Taviani DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Treasury Fernando Tambroni (ad interim) DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Defence Giulio Andreotti DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Public Education Giuseppe Medici DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Public Works Giuseppe Togni DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Agriculture and Forests Mariano Rumor DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Transport Armando Angelini DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Post and Telecommunications Giuseppe Spataro DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Industry and Commerce Emilio Colombo DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Health Camillo Giardina DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Foreign Trade Rinaldo Del Bo DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Merchant Navy Angelo Raffaele Jervolino DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of State Holdings Mario Ferrari Aggradi DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Labour and Social Security Benigno Zaccagnini DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister of Tourism and Entertainment Umberto Tupini DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister for the South and the Depressed Areas (without portfolio) Giulio Pastore DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister for Parliamentary Relations (without portfolio) Giuseppe Bettiol DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Minister for Public Administration Reform (without portfolio) Giorgio Bo DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 Secretary of the Council of Ministers Carlo Russo DC 16 February 1959–26 March 1960 ^ Until 31 July 1959: Minister without portfolio References ^ Governo Segni II vteGovernments of the Italian RepublicConstituent Assembly (1946–1948) De Gasperi II De Gasperi III De Gasperi IV Legislature I (1948–1953) De Gasperi V De Gasperi VI De Gasperi VII Legislature II (1953–1958) De Gasperi VIII Pella Fanfani I Scelba Segni I Zoli Legislature III (1958–1963) Fanfani II Segni II Tambroni Fanfani III Fanfani IV Legislature IV (1963–1968) Leone I Moro I Moro II Moro III Legislature V (1968–1972) Leone II Rumor I Rumor II Rumor III Colombo Andreotti I Legislature VI (1972–1976) Andreotti II Rumor IV Rumor V Moro IV Moro V Legislature VII (1976–1979) Andreotti III Andreotti IV Andreotti V Legislature VIII (1979–1983) Cossiga I Cossiga II Forlani Spadolini I Spadolini II Fanfani V Legislature IX (1983–1987) Craxi I Craxi II Fanfani VI Legislature X (1987–1992) Goria De Mita Andreotti VI Andreotti VII Legislature XI (1992–1994) Amato I Ciampi Legislature XII (1994–1996) Berlusconi I Dini Legislature XIII (1996–2001) Prodi I D'Alema I D'Alema II Amato II Legislature XIV (2001–2006) Berlusconi II Berlusconi III Legislature XV (2006–2008) Prodi II Legislature XVI (2008–2013) Berlusconi IV Monti Legislature XVII (2013–2018) Letta Renzi Gentiloni Legislature XVIII (2018–2022) Conte I Conte II Draghi Legislature XIX (2022–present) Meloni

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Prince

Tommy Prince

["1 Early life","2 World War II","2.1 First Special Service Force (FSSF) creation","2.2 Warrior Traditions","2.3 Italy deployment","2.4 Monte Majo","2.5 Anzio","2.6 France","2.7 WWII Awards","3 Post World War II","3.1 Business","3.2 Parliamentary Committees and the Indian Act","4 Korean War","4.1 Night Assaults","4.2 Battle of Kapyong","4.3 Second Battle of the Hook","4.4 Korean War Awards","5 Later life","5.1 Access to Government Programs","5.2 Reduced circumstances","5.3 Provincial State Funeral","6 Honours and legacy","7 References","8 Further reading","9 External links"]

Native Canadian soldier Tommy PrincePrince in 1945Nickname(s)Prince of the Brigade, Legend of KapyongBorn(1915-10-15)October 15, 1915Scanterbury, Manitoba, CanadaDiedNovember 25, 1977(1977-11-25) (aged 62)Winnipeg, Manitoba, CanadaAllegianceCanadaService/branchCanadian ArmyYears of service1940–19451950–1954RankSergeantBattles/wars World War II Italian Campaign Operation Dragoon Korean War Battle of Kapyong Second Battle of the Hook AwardsMilitary MedalSilver Star (United States) Thomas George Prince, MM (October 25, 1915 – November 25, 1977) was an Indigenous Canadian war hero and the most decorated soldier in the First Special Service Force or Devil's Brigade, an elite American-Canadian commando unit, during World War II. He was Canada's most decorated First Nations soldier, serving in World War II and the Korean War. Prince was one of only three Canadians to receive both the Canadian Military Medal and the American Silver Star during WWII. Prince's military deeds as a scout and as a forward combatant were unique and of major strategic importance. Tommy Prince was descended from First Nations chiefs. Prince's grandfather had negotiated treaty rights in Manitoba with representatives of The Crown. Prince himself would also represent First Nations concerns in Ottawa as Chairman of both the Manitoba Indian Association (currently Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs) and the First Nations of Canada national delegation. He advocated for the abolition of the governing Indian Act in Canada and proposed respect for the traditional Crown treaties as the basis of First Nations rights. Prince's position, although considered radical at the time, has been vindicated in subsequent decades by Supreme Court of Canada rulings in support of the Crown treaties and is now the basis of government policy. Early life Born in the Brokenhead Ojibwe Nation, he was one of 11 children of Henry and Arabella Prince of the Peguis First Nation (Brokenhead Ojibwe Nation) near Scanterbury, Manitoba. He was the great-grandson of the Indigenous Chief, Peguis, who, as a very young chief, had led his nation of about 200 people from Sault Ste. Marie, currently in Ontario, on a long distance migration to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg in the late 1790s, keeping their French name, the Saulteaux. Chief Peguis, who lived until 1864, gave his own name to his people, but created the Anglicized name "Prince" for his sons and successors. Tommy Prince was the grandson of Chief Henry Prince, also known as Mis-koo-kenew or Red Eagle, a son of Chief Peguis, who was an original signatory and a principal negotiator of First Nations Treaty 1 at Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba on behalf of the Peguis or Saulteaux tribe on 3 August 1871. The treaty as negotiated reserved hunting and fishing rights for the indigenous tribes of Manitoba, as well as land rights. Chief Henry Prince was also an original signatory to Treaty 2 on 23 August 1875, which reaffirmed the promises contained in Treaty 1. Tommy Prince's father Henry Prince was also a chief of the Saulteaux nation. Tommy Prince's family members had a strong military tradition, and had served in the Canadian armed forces in support of the Crown during the 1870 Red River Rebellion. Chief William Prince (a first cousin of Tommy Prince's father) had led the Nile Expedition Voyageurs in the relief of General Gordon at the Siege of Khartoum in 1885. During WWI Prince's family members had served in France. Growing up, Prince became a superb marksman with exceptional tracking and stealth skills learned from countless days spent hunting in the wilderness around his Indigenous reserve. Prince's father would teach him marksmanship and he developed the skill to shoot five bullets through a target the size of a playing card at 100 metres. He attended Elkhorn Residential School, completing grade eight, where he studied agricultural science and machinery. He joined the student Royal Canadian Army Cadets and later stated, "As soon as I put my uniform on, I felt like a better man. I even tried to wear it to class." He continued with the Army Cadets throughout his teenage years. Prince had aspirations to become a lawyer, but had to leave school at age 16 due to circumstances of the time, dire family finances during the Great Depression. He was employed at a variety of manual-labour positions but primarily as a tree feller. World War II First Special Service Force (FSSF) creation Main article: First Special Service Force At the start of World War II in September 1939 Prince volunteered to fight with the Canadian Army, although First Nations members were not subject to any conscription for national defence and were not required to join the armed forces. He easily met the requirements for recruitment, but was turned down several times. He was finally accepted on 3 June 1940 at a time when the war had reached a crisis for British and Canadian forces with defeat in the Fall of France. Prince was shortly afterwards transported by ship to England. He was originally a member of the Royal Canadian Engineers, trained as a "sapper" or member of a combat engineering platoon. He was promoted to lance corporal in February 1941. Prince eventually became bored with the routine duties spent mostly behind a desk or a lathe, and joined organized Canadian Army sports activities such as running and boxing. Later in 1942 he learned of the creation of a new unit which interested him, and he volunteered for duty with a parachute unit designated the 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion. This designation was used to disguise the true reason for the recruitment of parachute volunteers in the UK at that time: the United States and Canada had begun the formation of a special force to conduct secret sabotage and raids against German deuterium plants or heavy water production being used in atomic weapons research in German-occupied Norway. Men were recruited in Canada and in the overseas Canadian Army in Britain for this unit secretly named the First Special Service Force. The Canadians involved with this training continued to be listed on the rosters of their prior units. Although later given an official title of the 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion for administrative purposes, no such unit actually existed. Prince then reported to the UK's parachute school at RAF Ringway, near Manchester. Out of 100 initial volunteers, Prince was one of the nine graduates of the parachute course to be chosen to continue with the selection program. In September 1942 he returned to Canada where his enlistment was registered as the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion (1CPB), and was promoted to sergeant. He then formally but unofficially volunteered for the still confidential and unknown 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion and proceeded to Fort Benning, Georgia, where they were forming. The Canadians were well below strength due to injuries in training and washouts of substandard recruits. They agreed to bolster the 1st Special Service Force (later known as the "Devil's Brigade") commando unit by allowing men to volunteer, and were transported to Helena, Montana where the Americans in the Force were training. Due to security and secrecy concerns, the Americans and Canadians were transported to Montana by trains with the windows blacked out, so that no one would know where they were headed. The modern American and Canadian special operations forces trace their heritage to this unit. The Force initially consisted of 1,800 men, 900 Americans and 900 Canadians, and one-half of the officers were Canadian and the Brigade second-in-command was a Canadian. As casualties reduced the size of the Force during combat, the Canadian contingent could not be completely replaced due to manpower restrictions in the Canadian Army, and eventually about two-thirds of the brigade were American and one-third Canadian. The Brigade commander was Robert T. Frederick, who had masterminded the creation of the unit. Frederick would later be hailed by Winston Churchill as "the greatest fighting General of all time". American equipment, arms, and uniforms were used and provided by the U.S. government with a Canadian financial contribution. Prince and the other men of this unit were originally chosen for their rugged outdoor backgrounds and received rigorous training, often under live fire. Only single men were chosen for the Force, married men were not accepted. All members of this elite commando force received intensive instruction in stealth tactics, hand-to-hand combat, the use of explosives for demolition, amphibious warfare, rock climbing and mountain fighting and as ski troops. They were trained meticulously in the operation and assembly of German weapons, in the event that it became necessary to use German weapons on the battlefield during combat. This training in German weapons would later prove to be of critical importance in some of the Force's battles. Prince became a "Reconnaissance Sergeant"—or, in the Force table of organization, a "Scout"—responsible for moving into forward positions and reporting on the movements of the enemy. Warrior Traditions Prince's Ojibwe First Nations warrior traditions would be assimilated into his combat skills. The Ojibwe/Algonkian warrior traditions emphasized the skills of stealth and invisibility in their tactical methods. Even in large scale battles, once the action commenced the fighting was undertaken on a single combat basis by individual warriors. The causes and resolutions of the battle were determined by individual grievances, and loss of life was deliberately circumscribed to resolve the issues with a minimum of casualties. Italy deployment The Norwegian operations were cancelled due to changes in Allied strategy against the German deuterium plants which were instead destroyed by Norwegian commandos. To prevent the Force from being disbanded, Frederick then volunteered the FSSF to fight against the Japanese in Alaska. Following reassignment, the 1st Special Service Force was initially deployed in the Aleutians for possible actions against Japanese forces, but no battlefield situations materialized. The unique capabilities of the Force in mountain warfare were finally recognized by Allied commanders in the Italian campaign, and the Force then moved to Italy in November 1943. They would take part in the stalled Allied offensive against the Bernhard or Winter Line, which had effectively obstructed the Allied push towards Rome. In December and January, the 1st Special Service Force would be assigned to assault enemy positions which were regarded as impregnable, Monte la Difensa, Hill 720, Monte Majo and Monte Vischiataro, assignments which large assaulting formations of Allied soldiers had failed to attain, and had sustained enormous and sometimes catastrophic casualties in the attempts. After a temporary posting in Naples, the Force moved on 20 November 1943 to a permanent base at the Italian Artillery School barracks approximately one-half mile west of Santa Maria well north of Naples near Monte Cassino. It was from this location that Tommy Prince initially discovered and developed his capabilities of entering enemy locations at night without making any sound and without the enemy being aware of his presence. Prince's ability to move in complete silence wearing traditional Ojibwe moccasins into situations where the enemy could be threatened became known to senior officers such as Lt. Col. Tom Gilday, who commanded Prince's battalion. Gilday established a close working relationship with Prince and would assign him to special tasks requiring his unusual abilities. Monte Majo Monte Majo and Monte la Difensa were the critical twin mountain peaks which anchored the German defensive lines in Italy. The 1st Special Service Force managed to succeed in the Battle of Monte La Difensa on 3 to 9 December 1943 by scaling a steep cliff at night and attacking the German forces on the summit. The other principal objective planned for early January 1944 was the taking of Monte Majo, which was assigned to the Canadian contingent of the Devil's Brigade, and was an almost insurmountable problem. German artillery and machine-gun emplacements had been arranged in layers on the steep slopes. An attack on any one of them would alert the other defenses and also the main German positions on the summit. Any assaulting force would be met with withering fire. Lt. Col. Gilday, desperate to devise some strategy for the assault, assigned Tommy Prince to lead a patrol and move at night in an attempt to create a pathway for an assault on Monte Majo by eliminating the enemy gun emplacements on the lower and middle slopes of Monte Majo blocking the intended route. This would require Prince to execute his orders without making any sound or arousing the other German positions. If Prince's mission succeeded, it would allow an assault by the Force to follow immediately and climb up the steep mountain side. The offensive was planned for 8 January 1944. The commanding officer for the attack on Monte Majo, Cpt. Mark Radcliffe, remarked that Tommy Prince "moved just like a shadow" as he led his patrol away from the forward outpost into the night. Under cover of darkness, Prince led his patrol partway up the lower slopes to a position where he left his men behind as a supporting group, should they be needed to provide covering fire. Prince then single-handedly approached and entered the successive German gun emplacements one after another, commencing with the gun pits on the lower slopes and then proceeding with the higher emplacements on the middle slopes. He successfully dispatched all of the gunners and soldiers in the artillery and machine gun bunkers with complete silence and without eliciting any enemy alarms or defensive fire. Prince then returned with his patrol to Cpt. Radcliffe's forward post before dawn and reported that his mission was accomplished. All of the German gun pits located on the intended route of the Force's assault at the base and the middle of Monte Majo had been neutralized, with only the German positions on the summit remaining to defend the mountain. When the Force commenced their movement up the slopes of Monte Majo, they passed by the now silent German machine gun and artillery bunkers, and Radcliffe became aware that Prince had done "a beautiful job". Radcliffe never learned the exact details of how Prince had managed to accomplish this stunning result, beyond the fact that Prince had entered the gun emplacements and had then eliminated the gun platoons. Radcliffe's company leading the attack was able to ascend to the summit of Monte Majo without firing a single bullet. According to an interview with Radcliffe, “We were...ordered to attack Monte Majo. There was no cover, just a bald hill. I sent scouts forward to take out the German machine gun positions. The Germans didn’t even know we were on them, the attack was that well executed.” By 05:30 the last enemy positions were overrun. Prince's silent feat of arms enabled the daring assault by the Brigade on Monte Majo to proceed, the enemy taken by complete surprise. Once in control of the summit, the Force made use of captured German heavy machine guns which had been abandoned during the enemy retreat to repel a long series of fierce German counter-attacks over a period of several days. The distinctive sound of the German heavy guns were identified by the German counter-assault soldiers, who would shout out in confusion to the Force soldiers holding the summit, in German, "Stop shooting at us! We are Germans!" Prince would also be involved in these later actions to defend the summit against counter-attack. Following the taking of Monte Majo, the 1st Special Service Force had been reduced from 1,800 men at the start of the winter campaign to only 400 as a result of casualties. The Canadian contingent of the 1st Special Service Force was awarded the Battle Honour "Mount Majo" for this action by both the U.S. and Canadian governments. Tommy Prince did not receive any individual award or medal for his unparalleled and essential contribution to the successful outcome. Prince's special skills and acts of stealth at Monte Majo would have been regarded as classified information related to a secret mission. The nature of Prince's assignment at Monte Majo could not have been described in a medal nomination or citation without compromising the security of future operations. In recent years, special operations soldiers are often awarded high decorations in secret, but are not awarded the highest decorations to avoid public exposure. The 1st Special Service Force, a unit in which heroic acts were commonplace, earned many unit awards which were shared by the entire Brigade, but comparatively infrequently awarded individual medals to its men. Prince's accomplishments at Monte Majo were of singular status which surpassed the range of any existing medal. In November, 2019, a Bravery In Arms documentary was produced of the First Special Service Force assault on Monte Majo. In the documentary, Prince's accomplishment was described while showing the actual location of the battle. Anzio After breaking through the German Bernhard Line, the 1st Special Service Force was then moved to Anzio, where a U.S. and Allied landing had been contained and was heavily under attack. The 1st Special Service Force, now comprising about 1,200 men, was tasked with holding several miles of perimeter against a full German division. On 5 February 1944, near Littoria, Prince was sent forward by Lt. Col. Gilday to report the location of several German assembly points, including artillery positions. When Prince failed to return the following day, Gilday feared that he had been killed or captured by the Germans. However, Prince suddenly emerged from the darkness into Gilday's post two nights later and reported to Gilday how he had found a deserted farm house close to major German gun positions. With Prince still observing from inside the farmhouse, German patrols had then arrived and occupied the house. Prince had managed to elude the Germans searching the house without being discovered and had then hid in the attic for another day until the Germans left. The following night after this report, Prince was sent back by Gilday to the same farmhouse bearing thousands of feet of communications wire. From the abandoned farmhouse about 200 metres (660 ft) from the enemy assembly area, he could report the location of their emplacements using 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) of telephone wire. The next day, an artillery duel developed as the Allies attempted to knock out the guns reported by Prince, and one of these rounds cut the telephone wire. Prince discovered some farmer's clothes in a closet in the house, found some tools in the farm shed, and walked out dressed as a farmer weeding the crops. Locating the damaged wires, he rejoined them while pretending to tie his shoelaces. He made a show of shaking his fist at the nearby Germans, then again toward the Allied lines. Returning to his lookout spot he continued his reports, and over the next 24 hours four German batteries were knocked out of action. In all he spent three days behind enemy lines. When Prince returned to the Force positions and made his report, Lt. Col. Gilday asked Prince about the identity of the Italian farmer who had been observed near his position. When Prince replied that it was himself in disguise, Gilday pointed out to Prince that if he had been apprehended by the Germans while in the peasant clothes, he would have been executed as a spy. For this action he was awarded the Military Medal, his citation reading (in part) "Sergeant Prince's courage and utter disregard for personal safety were an inspiration to his fellows and a marked credit to his unit." Gilday's decision to recommend Prince for this medal immediately launched the reputation of Tommy Prince among the soldiers in the 1st Special Service Force as well as in other Allied units. During the Anzio campaign, Prince would change his boots and don moccasins which he carried in his backpack whenever requiring silent movement. He would reportedly sneak past German security guards at night and enter enemy sleeping locations, leaving messages or warnings, stealing boots, and sometimes using his knife to dispatch an enemy soldier. These psychological warfare attacks earned the nickname of "Geist" ("ghost" in English) or "Teufel" ("devil" or "demon" in English) from the German soldiers. Prince would also maintain a regular sniping schedule at Anzio, under his own initiative. He would venture out at night into no-man's land between the opposing armies, choose a hidden vantage point, and target any German who wandered within his sights. On one occasion he went searching for a German sniper who had been targeting the Force positions. The two ace snipers exchanged fire in a personal duel, with Prince eventually shooting the German who fell dead from a tree. Before long, the German division opposing the 1st Special Service Force had retreated nearly two and a half miles away from direct contact, apparently shaken by the night activity of the Devil's Brigade. France After being the vanguard of the US forces liberating Rome on 4 June 1944, the FSSF was moved to southern France as part of Operation Dragoon. First they would assault the Hyères Islands before going ashore at Sylvabelle on the French Riviera. There the force was ordered, as part of the 1st Airborne Task Force, to push eastward toward the Franco-Italian border. On 1 September Prince and a private were sent forward through the German lines to scout the enemy positions near L'Escarène and came across an encampment area of an enemy reserve battalion. Prince conducted a detailed observation of this German battalion at close quarters using natural foliage as a cover. He avoided being detected by the enemy. On the way back to report this discovery, Prince and the private came upon a battle between some German platoons and a squad of French partisans. Prince, an expert sniper, and the private started sniping the Germans from behind, killing about 12 of them and wounding many others, and the startled Germans eventually withdrew. Prince made contact with the French leader, who asked Prince where the rest of his company was located. When Prince pointed to the private and said "Here," the French commander exclaimed that he had thought there were about 50 men involved in his relief. The French commander recommended Prince for the Croix de Guerre, but the courier was killed en route and the message never reached the French Commander-in-Chief, Charles de Gaulle. Prince continued on and penetrated the German lines to rejoin the Force positions. He then led it back to the encampment of the German reserve forces and, together with the French squad of resistance fighters which Prince had rescued, joined in the battle which was on September 5. As a result, the entire German battalion of about 1000 men was killed or captured. From start to end Prince had been without food, water or sleep for 72 hours and had walked over 70 km across rugged, mountainous terrain. Afterwards he was recommended for the American Silver Star, his citation reading: So accurate was the report rendered by the patrol that Sergeant Prince's regiment moved forward on 5 September 1944, occupied new heights and successfully wiped out the enemy bivouac area. The keen sense of responsibility and devotion to duty displayed by Sergeant Prince is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of the Allied Nations. WWII Awards After it was determined that both US and Canadian personnel would be better suited if they were dispersed to units in their own forces, the 1st Special Service Force was disbanded in December 1944. After returning to the UK, Prince was summoned to Buckingham Palace on 12 February 1945, where King George VI presented him with his Military Medal. When King George VI made his medal presentations, they would consist of a smile and a handshake, as they did for the other recipients on this occasion. However, when the King came to Tommy Prince, he stopped and discussed for several minutes with Prince his various wartime exploits with the Force, and also asked Prince about current conditions on the Brokenhead Reserve. Prince would later receive his Silver Star from US Brigadier-General E.F. Koenig (on behalf of the American President) on 24 April 1945; he was one of 59 Canadians to receive this award during the war, and one of only three to receive both the Silver Star and Military Medal. In addition to the Military Medal and Silver Star Decorations, Prince was Mentioned in Dispatches on several occasions. As a member of the 1st Special Service Force, he received the Battle Honour "Mount Majo" for that extraordinary action, although for security reasons he received no individual award for his single-handed secret mission which neutralized the German defences in the battle. He received six service medals for his service in the Italian and North West Europe theatres of war, The 1939-1945 Star, The Italy Star, The France and Germany Star, The Defence Medal, The Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with Overseas Clasp, and The War Medal 1939-1945. The First Special Service Force as a unit was awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star, as well as the Presidential Unit Citation for extraordinary heroism. Prince was reportedly recommended for the French Croix de Guerre for his actions in rescuing a French military unit from German attack in September, 1944, but the courier carrying the information was killed before reaching General de Gaulle. However, in 2002 the Government of France issued an official certificate acknowledging the bravery and contributions of Tommy Prince to the French people and to their freedom from German occupation during WWII, which the French Ambassador to Canada presented to the Prince family. In 2006, the Canadian members of the 1st Special Service Force were each awarded the U.S. Army Combat Infantryman Badge in honour of their service in combat roles in WWII. On 3 February 2015, the U.S. Congress Congressional Gold Medal was awarded to the First Special Service Force as a unit. The war in Europe ended while Prince was in England. Post World War II Business Prince was honourably discharged on June 15, 1945, and returned to his home on the Brokenhead Reserve, working in a pulpwood camp. At this time, his father had recently died while Prince was still overseas, and Prince divorced his first wife. In 1946, a woman attacked him at a dance and cut his cheek with a beer bottle, requiring 64 stitches. After this incident he left the reserve and moved to Winnipeg, although he retained his status as a "Treaty Indian" and did not become a member of Canadian general society. No longer residing on the reserve, he was then eligible to apply for and receive some start-up business funding from the Department of Veteran's Affairs. Prince began a small but relatively prosperous cleaning service. Parliamentary Committees and the Indian Act In 1946 he was elected vice-president of the Manitoba Indian Association (currently Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs). Prince was then appointed chairman of the national delegation representing First Nations of Canada at the 1946 joint Senate and House of Commons Parliamentary Committees in Ottawa which were set up to review the Indian Act and to suggest ways to improve the conditions for Native peoples. He traveled across the country and consulted with Canadian First Nations organizations to lobby Ottawa for changes to the Indian Act. The Indian Act had imposed a paternalistic system on the First Nations, regarding them as "wards of the government". Prince advocated for the abolition of the Indian Act. The Act had made the First Nations essentially dependent upon the government to manage their lands and resources, and in the process had removed First Nations rights of access to capital markets, investment possibilities, and property ownership outside the reserves. Prince insisted that the traditional Crown treaties with the First Nations should be honoured and respected, and that the Crown treaties should form the basis of a new system for First Nations peoples. Tommy Prince's grandfather Chief Henry Prince had been a principal negotiator and signatory of Treaty 1 and Treaty 2 in Manitoba. The treaty rights had been absorbed into the Indian Act and were administered by a federal government department, the Department of Indian Affairs, on behalf of the First Nations, often with poor results. The leases and development of First Nations mineral resources were awarded to private companies owned by non-First Nations venture capitalists outside the reserves. While Prince succeeded in obtaining several revisions to the Indian Act, removing some of the more offensive and outdated provisions of the Act, little fundamental restructuring followed immediately from the 1946 deliberations. It would not be until 1959 that First Nations members obtained the right to vote in Canadian elections without any conditions by an amendment passed by the Canadian Parliament, a revision made with a different political party in power in Ottawa. Beginning in 1960, First Nations men and women could vote no matter where they lived, without having to renounce their Indian status to vote. In the Parliamentary deliberations with respect to the Indian Act and possible amendments, Prince made a positive and powerful impression during the committee meetings, his arguments cogent and well-organized. Government officials considered offering him a position with the Department of Indian Affairs. However, Prince's opposition to the Indian Act was in conflict with government policy, and in the end, no job offer eventuated. In later decades, the Canadian government would come to accept a policy of eventually phasing out the Indian Act, while at the same time affirming the traditional First Nations treaty rights as supported by Supreme Court of Canada rulings. These later developments would constitute belated vindication of Prince's position on the issues. Frustrated with the red tape of Ottawa, he returned to Winnipeg to discover that his cleaning business had folded in his absence because the friends Prince had entrusted to operate it had crashed the truck and sold the parts as scrap metal and had also sold the supplies and equipment, pocketing the money. Prince worked in lumber camps and a concrete factory to make ends meet. He also continued to work on occasion with the Manitoba Indian Association and when a tribe in northern Manitoba was in trouble for violating provincial hunting regulations, Prince successfully interceded for them in representations to the Manitoba government. Korean War In August 1950 Prince returned to the Canadian Army to fight with the United Nations troops in the Korean War. "I owed something to my friends who died" in WWII, he stated. Re-instated to his previous rank of sergeant, Prince was now a member of the 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), the first Canadian battalion to be assigned active duty in the war zone. Night Assaults In February 1951 the Patricia's joined the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade on the battlefield. Prince was sergeant and second in command of his rifle platoon, and he soon resumed his special form of stealth missions. Shortly after his arrival on the battlefield in Korea he selected, trained and led an eight-man night "snatch patrol" into an enemy encampment under cover of darkness and with silent movements. The successful mission returned with two captured heavy machine guns taken from a position which had been heavily defended by Chinese soldiers. After seizing the guns, Prince and his men returned to the Canadian lines without alerting or arousing the enemy. The stealth tactics devised by Prince and executed by his special team resulted in the complete elimination of a strong Chinese defensive position in total silence, without firing any shots, while Prince and his force sustained no casualties. Prince went on to lead his special force on several more successful nocturnal demoralization raids against Chinese forces, again with the complete neutralization of enemy positions accomplished without the loss of any casualties by Prince's assaulting force. In 2022, a 2 PPCLI Korean War veteran credited Tommy Prince with saving his life due to the special training which Prince had given him. Although his company commanding officer was aware of Prince's renown as a nocturnal operative, the company CO was unfamiliar with and professed shock at Prince's bold methods of operation. Eventually the CO began to assign Prince to lead fewer patrols because he objected that they contained too many risks which could threaten the lives of the soldiers. However, the soldiers of the platoon were impressed with Prince's battlefield skills and were supportive of Prince in this disagreement. One military historian later concluded that there existed some jealousy between the officers and Prince because the men of the company respected Prince's fighting ability and his reputation. Prince's company commanding officer refused to nominate him for any awards or medals for masterminding and leading the unparalleled and successful night raids on Chinese positions. Prince prepared his own report of the dispute and submitted it to Lt. Col. James Stone, the battalion commander. Stone was a veteran of the WWII Italian campaign, where he had won fame with creative offensive tactics, sometimes receiving objections from his superior commanding generals. Battle of Kapyong Main article: Battle of Kapyong Tommy Prince held a prominent role with the 2 PPCLI when it became the first Canadian unit awarded the United States Presidential Unit Citation for distinguished service in the Battle of Kapyong on 22–27 April 1951. The battalion defended an important strategic position on Hill 677 despite heavy assault from Chinese forces. The Kapyong Valley provided a potential route for the enemy to encircle the U.S. forces in Korea which were at that point in general retreat across the entire Korean front. The Canadian 2 PPCLI, consisting of about 700 infantrymen and several machine guns, was opposed in the Kapyong River valley by a large Chinese force consisting of two divisions and about 20,000 soldiers. Supporting UN forces initially consisted of a Royal Australian Regiment infantry battalion, fifteen Sherman tanks from an American tank regiment, and two companies of U.S. artillery. However, the Australians were hurriedly withdrawn from the Kapyong battlefield after a fierce firefight with the attacking Chinese, who chased the Australians in hot pursuit. The American tanks came under heavy assault and retreated from the battlefield. Some of the American tanks fired upon the Canadians, wounding one man, before retreating from the battlefield. The two American artillery companies simply fled on foot without firing a single round, abandoning their big guns and mortars, equipment and 50 trucks loaded with ammunition to the enemy. The U.S. artillery companies hiked about ten miles to the east, apparently convinced that a major Chinese breakthrough was imminent at Kapyong. Neither the Australians nor the Americans notified the Canadian forces of their sudden retreat, which left the Canadians encircled and alone in a two-day siege to hold the key position. Brigadier Burke, who commanded the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, personally flew over the Canadian soldiers and shouted at them through a loudspeaker that they were now cut off and would receive no support. This action angered and unsettled the Canadian soldiers, who jeered Burke as he flew away. Tommy Prince was credited with steadying and motivating many of the nervous young Canadians who voiced a desire to run in the face of overwhelming odds of about 30 to 1. The Canadian battalion commander Lt. Col. James Stone ordered his men to fight in a last stand with the words, "No retreat, no surrender." The fighting was fierce and often hand-to-hand with bayonets, the Chinese gaining access to the summit of Hill 677 through the numerous ravines along the sides of the 2,000 ft. hill. Thousands of Chinese soldiers swarmed the Canadian positions, with the Canadians running low on ammunition. The Canadian unit would three times take shelter in their shallow trenches scraped from the rocky ground and call in supporting long-distance artillery fire from 4.5 miles away targeted directly onto their own locations. The forward platoons of the 2 PPCLI were completely overrun by mass attacks of Chinese soldiers. The 2 PCCLI, with their ammunition and supplies exhausted, managed to repel the attacks and the Chinese divisions withdrew with enormous casualties of about 4,000 Chinese soldiers killed and many more wounded during the assaults on Hill 677. By contrast, the 2 PPCLI suffered 12 killed and 35 wounded. The Chinese leadership were not aware of how close to victory they had achieved against the Canadians, who were now without ammunition and supplies, and did not launch a final large-scale assault against the Canadian positions. The enemy divisions withdrew on 25 April. Brigadier Burke was summarily removed from command while the battle was in progress and UN relief forces were sent to Hill 677 on 26 April. Second Battle of the Hook Prince's wartime duty was taking a toll on his body, and his knees were subject to painful swelling and premature arthritis. He was hospitalized after a medical examination in May 1951. He was later returned to Canada, despite his vigorous protest, and assigned to administrative duties where he served as a platoon sergeant at The Officer Candidate School Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario. Here his knees improved, so in March 1952 he volunteered for a second tour of duty in the Far East. He sailed for Korea that October with the 3rd Battalion PPCLI. Though the battalion was officially still training in November 1952, when Chinese forces attacked a vital sector on the Sami-chon River known as "the Hook" the 3rd PPCLI was called to assist British UN forces in the Second Battle of the Hook to recover the exposed forward position. The Patricia's had five members killed in the daylight counter-attack, but were able to recapture the post by November 19. Prince was among the nine wounded in the battalion with shrapnel wounds to his legs, although he continued to fight until the outpost was retaken by Prince and his men. Prince refused evacuation for medical treatment, stating "I don't have time for that.", evidently unwilling to abandon his position at the outpost. He removed shrapnel from his legs with his bayonet by himself. Despite his wounds, he carried another wounded 3 PCCLI soldier on his back to the military medical station. Although he recovered from these wounds, he was hospitalized for several weeks in early 1953 for treatment on his knees. The armistice was signed during this period. Following the Korean Armistice Agreement, he remained in the army, working as an instructor of new recruits in Winnipeg, Manitoba, until his honorable discharge on October 28, 1953. He continued to work at a personnel depot in Winnipeg until September 1954. He was granted a small military disability pension due to his injured knees. Korean War Awards Prince's company commanding officers in Korea refused to nominate him for any individual award or medal for devising and leading the successful silent night assaults against Chinese forces in March/April 1951, or for leading his men in the recovery of the exposed UN forward position in the Second Battle of The Hook in November 1952. In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation for the Battle of Kapyong, Prince and his fellow 2 PPCLI members were mentioned in the December 2016 designation of Lt. Col. Stone as an official Korean War Hero by the Government of South Korea Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs. The citation of this award stated that the 2 PPCLI "achieved a milestone victory when they won the Battle of Gapyeong (Kapyong) against formidable attacks from Chinese troops" and that "with their victory in the Battle of Gapyeong (Kapyong), Stone and his soldiers are remembered as the Legends of Gapyeong to this day." Prince additionally received the Korea Medal (Canadian version) and the United Nations Korea Medal for his service. He was entitled, posthumously, to the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea after it was created in 1991. Later life Monument to Tommy Prince, Kildonan Park, Winnipeg, just a few steps from the monument to his great-grandfather Peguis Access to Government Programs Adjusting to civilian life was not easy for Prince after World War II and Korea, and with painfully arthritic knees as a result of the long, harsh conditions during his military service, his capabilities were limited. Although he had been granted a small military disability pension due to his knee injuries, as a First Nations member he was unable to access other programs. Prince was effectively denied access to the special Canadian armed forces WWII veteran benefits programs, which included WWII veterans employment programs, WWII veterans educational support, land purchase support for WWII military veterans, and supplementary income support programs for WWII veterans. The information and application forms for these programs were available only at local Royal Canadian Legion chapters. First Nations members were forbidden entrance to Royal Canadian Legion locations under the terms of the Indian Act, as alcohol was present on Legion premises. For this reason, Royal Canadian Legion chapters maintained their own bylaws forbidding the presence of First Nations members due to alcohol on the premises. These bylaws were formally removed nation-wide in 1966, some 20 years after the end of WWII. The requirement by the government to access special war veterans programs solely through Royal Canadian Legion premises, where First Nations veterans were forbidden entrance, appears to have been designed as a ruse to exclude First Nations from participation. Reduced circumstances After his active military service ended in 1953, Prince married Verna Sinclair, with whom he had five children. At the same time, Prince found a permanent position at a Winnipeg ice cream factory. However, partly due to discrimination against Native people at the time, Prince occasionally encountered hostility from his co-workers who were not aware of his military achievements. Prince never used his military record to promote his interests in civilian life, even with his own family and friends. Although the ice cream plant owner supported him, Prince eventually left the position, unable to tolerate the personal barbs. This occupational failure changed his personal outlook on society in general. In June 1955 Tommy Prince made the news for his heroism in saving a man from drowning in the Red River at the Alexander Docks in Winnipeg, using an army "stranglehold" to drag the struggling, resisting man to safety. Afterwards he quietly walked away before the media could descend on the scene. However, a bystander had recognized him and gave Prince's name to the police and also to the newspapers. In an interview resulting from this, Prince explained his decision to intervene, "I knew how I'd have felt if I were in the water unable to swim and someone just stood looking at me, not doing a thing." His life became increasingly difficult, ultimately ending in his estrangement from his family due to financial problems. Prince and his wife separated in 1964 and his children were placed in foster homes. The movement of his children to different foster homes over short periods of time made it difficult for him to keep in touch with them, although his daughter Beryl remained in one foster home and he visited her every month. Unlike other famous Canadian war heroes who also struggled in their civilian lives after the war ended, Prince was not assisted by well-off friends or offered positions by the government. His advocacy on behalf of First Nations and against the Indian Act had placed him as an opponent of prevailing government policies of the day. He spiraled into a depression, and like many war veterans, he experienced post battle stress symptoms and combat nightmares which caused him to awaken in a sweat and in terror. His personal life continued to deteriorate with alcoholism and homelessness. Winnipeg police officers knew him personally and also of his heroic war service, and would refuse to hold him for intoxication or vagrancy, instead providing transport to a Salvation Army facility. His final years were spent virtually alone, living in a Salvation Army hostel room 6' by 8' and subsisting on temporary employment such as janitorial labour. Prince's son Tommy Prince Jr. and his girlfriend offered to accommodate his father at their own address, but Prince declined, not wanting to be a burden on his family. Through courage and perseverance, Prince eventually overcame his alcoholism and would later give coherent media interviews and reminiscences of his military deeds. In order to support himself, he sold off his war medals. Despite his straitened finances, Prince remained generous to others and would give cash to people whom he judged to be worse off than himself. Prince would attend the annual Remembrance Day reunions with his PPCLI comrades-in-arms. Claude Petit, a former fellow soldier from the Korean War, later stated that he was aware of Prince's struggles. Petit believed that "someone should have done something...especially the regiment...he spent his life in there, that's all he knew." On one occasion at night in 1976 on the Winnipeg streets, Prince was assaulted and beaten by a street gang who were unaware of his identity. Later, in another incident, he was stabbed by a young man who had mistaken him for another First Nations man whom he had been targeting. These serious acts of violence possibly contributed to Prince's demise the following year at the age of 62. Provincial State Funeral He died in 1977 at Winnipeg's Deer Lodge Centre, a health care facility specializing in geriatric care and treatment of veterans, and was interred in Brookside Cemetery, Winnipeg. Despite the reduced circumstances of his later years, he had retained his fame and he was given a provincial state funeral, a notable event with significant official representatives and more than 500 people in attendance. At his state funeral service, a delegation from the Princess Patricia's Brigade served as his pallbearers. A group of men from the Saulteaux nation sang the "Death of a Warrior" song while his body was lowered into the grave. The PPCLI officer in charge of the military funeral service presented Prince's daughter Beverley Prince with the folded flag which had been draped over Tommy Prince's coffin. Official representatives included the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba on behalf of The Crown, senior officers of the Canadian Army, and the Consuls of France, of Italy and of the United States representing the respect for Prince of those nations. Prince's daughters Beryl and Beverley Prince were astonished at the impressive public response at the funeral of a man who had subsisted on menial jobs during his later years and they wondered where public officials had been during Prince's years of struggle with war wounds and unemployment. Prince had never discussed his war record with his daughters, and they were unaware of his status as a public hero before the funeral. Honours and legacy In 1976, one year before his death, Tommy Prince was awarded the Certificate of Merit by the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood (currently Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs) "for his years of dedicated service to the Indian people of Manitoba." Prince once stated later in his life, "All my life I had wanted to do something to help my people recover their good name." Since his passing, a number of honours have been bestowed in his name. Some of them are: Sgt. Tommy Prince Street – Winnipeg, Manitoba Sgt. Tommy Prince School – Scanterbury, Manitoba The "Tommy Prince Barracks" at Canadian Forces Base, Petawawa, Ontario The "Tommy Prince Drill Hall" at the 3rd Canadian division Training Center in Wainwright, Alberta Government of Canada "Sergeant Tommy Prince Army Training Initiative" for aboriginal recruiting The "Tommy Prince Award": An Assembly of First Nations scholarship The "Tommy Prince Scholarship" at Sault College, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario 553 Sgt. Tommy Prince PPCLI Cadet Corps, Winnipeg, Manitoba Tommy Prince Road in the Valour Park/Victoria Cross Park – a mixed-use development of Currie Barracks in Calgary, Alberta (2010) Tom Prince Drive - Petersfield, Manitoba In 1968, a major Hollywood film entitled "The Devil's Brigade" was produced, although Tommy Prince, the most decorated member of the Brigade, was not represented in the story line. Early in the film, an American soldier was featured in a soldier gambling scene, whose nickname was "Chief", perhaps a weak reference to Prince and his royal ancestry. In 1998, the television documentary "Fallen Hero: The Tommy Prince Story" was aired and was nominated for three Leo Awards. The film is available on loan from the Canadian War Museum and from various university libraries. After Prince's death, his military medals changed hands several times before coming up for auction in 2000 in London, Ontario. His nephew, Jim Bear, organized a pledge drive and purchased the medals on 10 August, 2000, for $75,000 on the third bid, an extraordinary bid level for military medals at the time. The bid was backed by pledges from Aboriginal groups, by the Royal Canadian Legion, and by the Canadian government Veterans Affairs Canada Minister Ron Duhamel, the latter two organizations now offering some form of support to the Prince family. The Prince war medals were verified as originals by the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa. Bear then entrusted them for permanent display purposes to the Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg, the medals remaining the property of the Prince family. In 2002, the French Ambassador to Canada presented the Prince family with an official certificate from the Government of France acknowledging the bravery and contributions of Tommy Prince to the French people and to their freedom from German occupation during WWII. In 2004, the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba unanimously passed a resolution honouring and recognizing Prince "for his contribution and sacrifice to both Canada and to the Province of Manitoba". In 2005 Historica Canada released a Heritage Minute on Prince. On 10 February 2010, it was announced that Canadian actor Adam Beach, who is (like Prince) a Manitoban of the Ojibwe and Salteaux nations, would portray the Canadian war hero in an upcoming movie about his life. Beach had previously portrayed Ira Hayes in the Clint Eastwood film Flags of Our Fathers. According to Bay Film Studios, the movie would be a "true account of Canada's most highly decorated First Nations soldier". Beach, 37, said he was honoured to play Prince, calling him a positive role model for all First Nations. The Canadian Armed Forces agreed to participate in the production of the film. The film was later reported delayed by reshooting of scenes and the film studio in bankruptcy. In 2011, Dan Bjarnason, a military historian who had interviewed Prince, described him as "perhaps Canada's greatest soldier." In 2013, the United States Congress passed a bill to award the 1st Special Service Force the Congressional Gold Medal. In 2016, a play about Prince by playwright Alanis King, "Tommy Prince Story", was published and critically acclaimed. In 2016, a plaque honouring Tommy Prince was installed in the main floor of the Legislative Building of the Province of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Manitoba. In 2019, Tommy Prince was named one of the Persons of National Historic Significance of Canada, on the advice of the national Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada. In November, 2019, a Bravery In Arms documentary was produced of the First Special Service Force assault on Monte Majo, in which Prince's unparalleled forward combat achievement had prepared the way for a strategically crucial action. In the documentary, Prince's accomplishment was described while showing the actual location of the battle. In June 2020, a group of Conservative Party of Canada Members of Parliament started a petition and sent a letter to Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Governor of the Bank of Canada Tiff Macklem advocating for Prince's face to be displayed on the Canadian $5 bill. On 17 October 2022 it was announced that Tommy Prince would be the subject of a postage stamp to be issued 28 October 2022, by Canada Post. The stamp shows Prince in his 2 PPCLI uniform from his Korean War period with a background of the Northern Lights (aurora borealis), his name with the designation MM (Military Medal), his decorations and mention of the Silver Star. The official presentation ceremony of the Tommy Prince postage stamp was attended and featured speeches by Prince's son Tommy Prince Jr. and by singer Willam Prince, a cousin of the family, who sang a song by Buffy Sainte Marie at the event. 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Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via theveteranschannel.com. ^ a b c d "Thomas Prince: Canada's Forgotten Aboriginal War Hero". 9 September 2002. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ a b c d e f g LaRue, Frank (2017-10-24). "Remembering Thomas Prince: Canada's Forgotten Aboriginal War Hero". First Nations Drum Newspaper. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ Canadian Army Newsreel No. 71. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ a b c d Tommy Prince. https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf. P. 60 ^ a b c "Home - Historica Canada". Archived from the original on 4 December 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ a b Tommy Prince: Warrior. https://scholars.wlu.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1456&context=cmh. P. 80 ^ "First Nations Peoples and the Right to Vote Case Study | Elections Canada's Civic Education". electionsanddemocracy.ca. Retrieved 10 January 2023. ^ 15 Great Canadian Stories, Ottawa Citizen. https://ottawacitizen.com/news/local-news/15-great-canadian-stories-tommy-prince-decorated-and-forgotten ^ "'They're our royalty': Hundreds march in downtown Vancouver for Indigenous Veterans' Day - BC | Globalnews.ca". Global News. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ a b Tommy Prince: Warrior. https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf. P. 46 ^ a b Prince Returns to Action ^ Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (January 2007). ""A Hell of a Warrior": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince" – via ResearchGate. ^ Tommy Prince. https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf. P. 51 ^ Tommy Prince. https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf. P. 50 ^ Canada Post is unveiling a stamp honouring Sgt. Tommy Prince | APTN News. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ "Canadian Lt. Col. Stone named Korean War Hero : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ a b Tommy Prince. https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf. P. 56 ^ a b Tommy Prince. https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf. P. 58 ^ Lackenbauer, P. 58 ^ a b "Tommy Prince". www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ a b Heritage Minutes: Tommy Prince. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Anishinabek News. http://anishinabeknews.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2011-11.pdf ^ Nadler, P. 207 ^ "Memorable Manitobans: Thomas George "Tommy" Prince (1915-1977)". www.mhs.mb.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ Fallen Hero. https://www.leoawards.com/past_winners/pdf/1999.pdf ^ Fallen Hero: The Tommy Prince Story (TV Movie 1998) - Awards - IMDb. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.imdb.com. ^ Fallen Hero. https://www.worldcat.org/title/fallen-hero-the-tommy-prince-story/oclc/639988865 ^ "Adam Beach calls Tommy Prince a 'hero' role". Retrieved 21 July 2016. ^ Anishinabe News. http://anishinabeknews.ca/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/2011-11.pdf ^ Dan Bjarnason. https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1851831327 ^ Triumph at Kapyong, Dan Bjarnason. ISBN 1554888727 Dundurn Press (March 2, 2011). P. 77. ^ "Devil's Brigade granted top U.S. honours - The World Daily". blogs.com. ^ Tatonetti, Lisa (2017). "3 Plays: If Jesus Met Nanabush; The Tommy Prince Story; Born Buffalo by Alanis King (review)". Studies in American Indian Literatures. 29 (2): 101–104. doi:10.5250/studamerindilite.29.2.0101. Project MUSE 666035. ^ "Alanis King's '3 Plays' brings thought provoking characters to life | The Manitoulin Expositor". 2024-04-18. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ "Province of Manitoba | News Releases | Province Honours Sgt. Tommy Prince". Province of Manitoba. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ "Prince, Thomas George "Tommy" National Historic Person". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ BIA FSSF EPISODE 4 BLEEDING WHITE - MONTE MAJO. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Petition hoping to honour Tommy Prince. https://www.aptnnews.ca/national-news/petition-hoping-to-honour-tommy-prince-on-new-5-bill/ ^ Petition hoping to honour Tommy Prince on new $5 bill | APTN News. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com. ^ Rollason, Kevin (June 28, 2020). "Sgt. Tommy Prince touted for new $5 bill Tory contingent seeks to honour Canada's most decorated Indigenous veteran". Winnipeg Free Press. Retrieved 5 July 2020. ^ "Tommy Prince: Permanent domestic rate stamps - pane of 5 - Canada Post". store.canadapost-postescanada.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19. ^ "Canada Post to honor war hero Tommy Prince on Oct. 28 stamp". ^ "tommy prince - Google Search". www.google.com. Retrieved 2024-04-19. Further reading Manitobans in Profile: Thomas George Prince, 1981, Penguin Publishers External links Prince, Tommy in the Canadian Encyclopedia Tommy Prince, Canadian Hero, feature article at the Youth Encyclopedia of Canada Heritage Minute video featuring Tommy Prince Authority control databases International FAST VIAF WorldCat National United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Medal"},{"link_name":"First Special Service Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force"},{"link_name":"Devil's Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devil%27s_Brigade"},{"link_name":"First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"World War II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"Military Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Medal"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Manitoba_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Indian Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Act"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"}],"text":"Thomas George Prince, MM (October 25, 1915 – November 25, 1977) was an Indigenous Canadian war hero and the most decorated soldier in the First Special Service Force or Devil's Brigade, an elite American-Canadian commando unit, during World War II. He was Canada's most decorated First Nations soldier, serving in World War II and the Korean War. Prince was one of only three Canadians to receive both the Canadian Military Medal and the American Silver Star during WWII. Prince's military deeds as a scout and as a forward combatant were unique and of major strategic importance.Tommy Prince was descended from First Nations chiefs. Prince's grandfather had negotiated treaty rights in Manitoba with representatives of The Crown. Prince himself would also represent First Nations concerns in Ottawa as Chairman of both the Manitoba Indian Association (currently Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs) and the First Nations of Canada national delegation. He advocated for the abolition of the governing Indian Act in Canada and proposed respect for the traditional Crown treaties as the basis of First Nations rights. Prince's position, although considered radical at the time, has been vindicated in subsequent decades by Supreme Court of Canada rulings in support of the Crown treaties and is now the basis of government policy.","title":"Tommy Prince"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Brokenhead Ojibwe Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenhead_Ojibway_Nation"},{"link_name":"Peguis First Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peguis_First_Nation"},{"link_name":"Brokenhead Ojibwe Nation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brokenhead_Ojibway_Nation"},{"link_name":"Peguis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peguis"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Lake Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"Saulteaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saulteaux"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Henry Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Prince_(chief)"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redriverancestry.ca-6"},{"link_name":"Treaty 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_1"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Treaty 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_2"},{"link_name":"Red River Rebellion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_River_Rebellion"},{"link_name":"Nile Expedition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_Expedition"},{"link_name":"Siege of Khartoum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Khartoum"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Indigenous reserve","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_reserve"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Residential School","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Army Cadets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Army_Cadets"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"}],"text":"Born in the Brokenhead Ojibwe Nation, he was one of 11 children of Henry and Arabella Prince of the Peguis First Nation (Brokenhead Ojibwe Nation) near Scanterbury, Manitoba. He was the great-grandson of the Indigenous Chief, Peguis,[1] who, as a very young chief,[2] had led his nation of about 200 people from Sault Ste. Marie, currently in Ontario, on a long distance migration to the southern end of Lake Winnipeg in the late 1790s, keeping their French name, the Saulteaux.[3] Chief Peguis, who lived until 1864,[4] gave his own name to his people, but created the Anglicized name \"Prince\" for his sons and successors.[5] Tommy Prince was the grandson of Chief Henry Prince,[6] also known as Mis-koo-kenew or Red Eagle, a son of Chief Peguis, who was an original signatory and a principal negotiator of First Nations Treaty 1 at Lower Fort Garry, Manitoba on behalf of the Peguis or Saulteaux tribe on 3 August 1871.[7] The treaty as negotiated reserved hunting and fishing rights for the indigenous tribes of Manitoba, as well as land rights. Chief Henry Prince was also an original signatory to Treaty 2 on 23 August 1875, which reaffirmed the promises contained in Treaty 1. Tommy Prince's father Henry Prince was also a chief of the Saulteaux nation.Tommy Prince's family members had a strong military tradition, and had served in the Canadian armed forces in support of the Crown during the 1870 Red River Rebellion. Chief William Prince (a first cousin of Tommy Prince's father) had led the Nile Expedition Voyageurs in the relief of General Gordon at the Siege of Khartoum in 1885. During WWI Prince's family members had served in France.[8]Growing up, Prince became a superb marksman with exceptional tracking and stealth skills learned from countless days spent hunting in the wilderness around his Indigenous reserve. Prince's father would teach him marksmanship and he developed the skill to shoot five bullets through a target the size of a playing card at 100 metres.[9] He attended Elkhorn Residential School, completing grade eight, where he studied agricultural science and machinery.[10] He joined the student Royal Canadian Army Cadets and later stated, \"As soon as I put my uniform on, I felt like a better man. I even tried to wear it to class.\"[11] He continued with the Army Cadets throughout his teenage years. Prince had aspirations to become a lawyer, but had to leave school at age 16 due to circumstances of the time, dire family finances during the Great Depression.[12] He was employed at a variety of manual-labour positions but primarily as a tree feller.","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"conscription","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conscription"},{"link_name":"Fall of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fall_of_France"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hero-13"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Engineers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Engineers"},{"link_name":"lance corporal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lance_corporal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"},{"link_name":"heavy water production","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_heavy_water_sabotage"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsof-history.org-14"},{"link_name":"First Special Service Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_Special_Service_Force"},{"link_name":"RAF Ringway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RAF_Ringway"},{"link_name":"Manchester","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manchester"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"1st Canadian Parachute Battalion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Canadian_Parachute_Battalion"},{"link_name":"Fort Benning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Benning"},{"link_name":"Georgia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)"},{"link_name":"Helena, Montana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helena,_Montana"},{"link_name":"special operations forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special_operations_forces"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Robert T. Frederick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_T._Frederick"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Winston Churchill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winston_Churchill"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"}],"sub_title":"First Special Service Force (FSSF) creation","text":"At the start of World War II in September 1939 Prince volunteered to fight with the Canadian Army, although First Nations members were not subject to any conscription for national defence and were not required to join the armed forces. He easily met the requirements for recruitment, but was turned down several times. He was finally accepted on 3 June 1940 at a time when the war had reached a crisis for British and Canadian forces with defeat in the Fall of France.[13] Prince was shortly afterwards transported by ship to England. He was originally a member of the Royal Canadian Engineers, trained as a \"sapper\" or member of a combat engineering platoon. He was promoted to lance corporal in February 1941. Prince eventually became bored with the routine duties spent mostly behind a desk or a lathe, and joined organized Canadian Army sports activities such as running and boxing. Later in 1942 he learned of the creation of a new unit which interested him, and he volunteered for duty with a parachute unit designated the 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion.[3] This designation was used to disguise the true reason for the recruitment of parachute volunteers in the UK at that time: the United States and Canada had begun the formation of a special force to conduct secret sabotage and raids against German deuterium plants or heavy water production being used in atomic weapons research in German-occupied Norway.[14] Men were recruited in Canada and in the overseas Canadian Army in Britain for this unit secretly named the First Special Service Force. The Canadians involved with this training continued to be listed on the rosters of their prior units. Although later given an official title of the 2nd Canadian Parachute Battalion for administrative purposes, no such unit actually existed. Prince then reported to the UK's parachute school at RAF Ringway, near Manchester. Out of 100 initial volunteers, Prince was one of the nine graduates of the parachute course to be chosen to continue with the selection program.[15]In September 1942 he returned to Canada where his enlistment was registered as the 1st Canadian Parachute Battalion (1CPB), and was promoted to sergeant. He then formally but unofficially volunteered for the still confidential and unknown 1st Canadian Special Service Battalion and proceeded to Fort Benning, Georgia, where they were forming. The Canadians were well below strength due to injuries in training and washouts of substandard recruits. They agreed to bolster the 1st Special Service Force (later known as the \"Devil's Brigade\") commando unit by allowing men to volunteer, and were transported to Helena, Montana where the Americans in the Force were training. Due to security and secrecy concerns, the Americans and Canadians were transported to Montana by trains with the windows blacked out, so that no one would know where they were headed. The modern American and Canadian special operations forces trace their heritage to this unit. The Force initially consisted of 1,800 men, 900 Americans and 900 Canadians,[16] and one-half of the officers were Canadian and the Brigade second-in-command was a Canadian. As casualties reduced the size of the Force during combat, the Canadian contingent could not be completely replaced due to manpower restrictions in the Canadian Army, and eventually about two-thirds of the brigade were American and one-third Canadian.The Brigade commander was Robert T. Frederick,[17] who had masterminded the creation of the unit. Frederick would later be hailed by Winston Churchill as \"the greatest fighting General of all time\".[18] American equipment, arms, and uniforms were used and provided by the U.S. government with a Canadian financial contribution. Prince and the other men of this unit were originally chosen for their rugged outdoor backgrounds and received rigorous training, often under live fire. Only single men were chosen for the Force, married men were not accepted.[19] All members of this elite commando force received intensive instruction in stealth tactics, hand-to-hand combat, the use of explosives for demolition, amphibious warfare, rock climbing and mountain fighting and as ski troops. They were trained meticulously in the operation and assembly of German weapons, in the event that it became necessary to use German weapons on the battlefield during combat. This training in German weapons would later prove to be of critical importance in some of the Force's battles. Prince became a \"Reconnaissance Sergeant\"—or, in the Force table of organization, a \"Scout\"—responsible for moving into forward positions and reporting on the movements of the enemy.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"}],"sub_title":"Warrior Traditions","text":"Prince's Ojibwe First Nations warrior traditions would be assimilated into his combat skills. The Ojibwe/Algonkian warrior traditions emphasized the skills of stealth and invisibility in their tactical methods.[20] Even in large scale battles, once the action commenced the fighting was undertaken on a single combat basis by individual warriors.[21] The causes and resolutions of the battle were determined by individual grievances, and loss of life was deliberately circumscribed to resolve the issues with a minimum of casualties.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Aleutians","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleutians"},{"link_name":"Bernhard or Winter Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_Line"},{"link_name":"Monte la Difensa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_la_Difensa"},{"link_name":"Naples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naples"},{"link_name":"Monte Cassino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monte_Cassino"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"Italy deployment","text":"The Norwegian operations were cancelled due to changes in Allied strategy against the German deuterium plants which were instead destroyed by Norwegian commandos. To prevent the Force from being disbanded, Frederick then volunteered the FSSF to fight against the Japanese in Alaska.[22] Following reassignment, the 1st Special Service Force was initially deployed in the Aleutians for possible actions against Japanese forces, but no battlefield situations materialized.The unique capabilities of the Force in mountain warfare were finally recognized by Allied commanders in the Italian campaign, and the Force then moved to Italy in November 1943. They would take part in the stalled Allied offensive against the Bernhard or Winter Line, which had effectively obstructed the Allied push towards Rome. In December and January, the 1st Special Service Force would be assigned to assault enemy positions which were regarded as impregnable, Monte la Difensa, Hill 720, Monte Majo and Monte Vischiataro, assignments which large assaulting formations of Allied soldiers had failed to attain, and had sustained enormous and sometimes catastrophic casualties in the attempts.After a temporary posting in Naples, the Force moved on 20 November 1943 to a permanent base at the Italian Artillery School barracks approximately one-half mile west of Santa Maria well north of Naples near Monte Cassino. It was from this location that Tommy Prince initially discovered and developed his capabilities of entering enemy locations at night without making any sound and without the enemy being aware of his presence.[23] Prince's ability to move in complete silence wearing traditional Ojibwe moccasins into situations where the enemy could be threatened became known to senior officers such as Lt. Col. Tom Gilday, who commanded Prince's battalion. Gilday established a close working relationship with Prince and would assign him to special tasks requiring his unusual abilities.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-congress.gov-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theveteranschannel.com-25"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Perfect_Hell_2006_P._151-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Perfect_Hell_2006_P._151-26"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-A_Perfect_Hell_2006_P._151-26"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-arsof-history.org-14"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theveteranschannel.com-25"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theveteranschannel.com-25"},{"link_name":"Battle Honour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_Honour"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"classified information","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classified_information"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theveteranschannel.com-25"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-braveryinarms.ca-31"}],"sub_title":"Monte Majo","text":"Monte Majo and Monte la Difensa were the critical twin mountain peaks which anchored the German defensive lines in Italy.[24] The 1st Special Service Force managed to succeed in the Battle of Monte La Difensa on 3 to 9 December 1943 by scaling a steep cliff at night and attacking the German forces on the summit. The other principal objective planned for early January 1944 was the taking of Monte Majo, which was assigned to the Canadian contingent of the Devil's Brigade, and was an almost insurmountable problem. German artillery and machine-gun emplacements had been arranged in layers on the steep slopes. An attack on any one of them would alert the other defenses and also the main German positions on the summit. Any assaulting force would be met with withering fire.Lt. Col. Gilday, desperate to devise some strategy for the assault, assigned Tommy Prince to lead a patrol and move at night in an attempt to create a pathway for an assault on Monte Majo by eliminating the enemy gun emplacements on the lower and middle slopes of Monte Majo blocking the intended route.[25] This would require Prince to execute his orders without making any sound or arousing the other German positions. If Prince's mission succeeded, it would allow an assault by the Force to follow immediately and climb up the steep mountain side. The offensive was planned for 8 January 1944.The commanding officer for the attack on Monte Majo, Cpt. Mark Radcliffe, remarked that Tommy Prince \"moved just like a shadow\" as he led his patrol away from the forward outpost into the night.[26] Under cover of darkness, Prince led his patrol partway up the lower slopes to a position where he left his men behind as a supporting group, should they be needed to provide covering fire. Prince then single-handedly approached and entered the successive German gun emplacements one after another, commencing with the gun pits on the lower slopes and then proceeding with the higher emplacements on the middle slopes. He successfully dispatched all of the gunners and soldiers in the artillery and machine gun bunkers with complete silence and without eliciting any enemy alarms or defensive fire. Prince then returned with his patrol to Cpt. Radcliffe's forward post before dawn and reported that his mission was accomplished. All of the German gun pits located on the intended route of the Force's assault at the base and the middle of Monte Majo had been neutralized, with only the German positions on the summit remaining to defend the mountain.When the Force commenced their movement up the slopes of Monte Majo, they passed by the now silent German machine gun and artillery bunkers, and Radcliffe became aware that Prince had done \"a beautiful job\".[26] Radcliffe never learned the exact details of how Prince had managed to accomplish this stunning result, beyond the fact that Prince had entered the gun emplacements and had then eliminated the gun platoons. Radcliffe's company leading the attack was able to ascend to the summit of Monte Majo without firing a single bullet.[26] According to an interview with Radcliffe, “We were...ordered to attack Monte Majo. There was no cover, just a bald hill. I sent scouts forward to take out the German machine gun positions. The Germans didn’t even know we were on them, the attack was that well executed.”[14] By 05:30 the last enemy positions were overrun. Prince's silent feat of arms enabled the daring assault by the Brigade on Monte Majo to proceed, the enemy taken by complete surprise.Once in control of the summit, the Force made use of captured German heavy machine guns which had been abandoned during the enemy retreat to repel a long series of fierce German counter-attacks over a period of several days. The distinctive sound of the German heavy guns were identified by the German counter-assault soldiers, who would shout out in confusion to the Force soldiers holding the summit, in German, \"Stop shooting at us! We are Germans!\"[25] Prince would also be involved in these later actions to defend the summit against counter-attack. Following the taking of Monte Majo, the 1st Special Service Force had been reduced from 1,800 men at the start of the winter campaign to only 400 as a result of casualties.[25]The Canadian contingent of the 1st Special Service Force was awarded the Battle Honour \"Mount Majo\" for this action by both the U.S. and Canadian governments.[27][28] Tommy Prince did not receive any individual award or medal for his unparalleled and essential contribution to the successful outcome. Prince's special skills and acts of stealth at Monte Majo would have been regarded as classified information related to a secret mission. The nature of Prince's assignment at Monte Majo could not have been described in a medal nomination or citation without compromising the security of future operations. In recent years, special operations soldiers are often awarded high decorations in secret, but are not awarded the highest decorations to avoid public exposure.[29] The 1st Special Service Force, a unit in which heroic acts were commonplace, earned many unit awards which were shared by the entire Brigade, but comparatively infrequently awarded individual medals to its men.[30] Prince's accomplishments at Monte Majo were of singular status which surpassed the range of any existing medal.In November, 2019, a Bravery In Arms documentary[25][31] was produced of the First Special Service Force assault on Monte Majo. In the documentary, Prince's accomplishment was described while showing the actual location of the battle.","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Anzio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio"},{"link_name":"Littoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latina,_Lazio"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-hero-13"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"},{"link_name":"Military Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Military_Medal"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"}],"sub_title":"Anzio","text":"After breaking through the German Bernhard Line, the 1st Special Service Force was then moved to Anzio, where a U.S. and Allied landing had been contained and was heavily under attack. The 1st Special Service Force, now comprising about 1,200 men, was tasked with holding several miles of perimeter against a full German division.On 5 February 1944, near Littoria, Prince was sent forward by Lt. Col. Gilday to report the location of several German assembly points, including artillery positions.[32] When Prince failed to return the following day, Gilday feared that he had been killed or captured by the Germans. However, Prince suddenly emerged from the darkness into Gilday's post two nights later and reported to Gilday how he had found a deserted farm house close to major German gun positions. With Prince still observing from inside the farmhouse, German patrols had then arrived and occupied the house. Prince had managed to elude the Germans searching the house without being discovered and had then hid in the attic for another day until the Germans left.The following night after this report, Prince was sent back by Gilday to the same farmhouse bearing thousands of feet of communications wire. From the abandoned farmhouse about 200 metres (660 ft) from the enemy assembly area, he could report the location of their emplacements using 1,400 metres (4,600 ft) of telephone wire. The next day, an artillery duel developed as the Allies attempted to knock out the guns reported by Prince, and one of these rounds cut the telephone wire. Prince discovered some farmer's clothes in a closet in the house, found some tools in the farm shed, and walked out dressed as a farmer weeding the crops. Locating the damaged wires, he rejoined them while pretending to tie his shoelaces.[3] He made a show of shaking his fist at the nearby Germans, then again toward the Allied lines.[13][33] Returning to his lookout spot he continued his reports, and over the next 24 hours four German batteries were knocked out of action.[3] In all he spent three days behind enemy lines.When Prince returned to the Force positions and made his report, Lt. Col. Gilday asked Prince about the identity of the Italian farmer who had been observed near his position. When Prince replied that it was himself in disguise, Gilday pointed out to Prince that if he had been apprehended by the Germans while in the peasant clothes, he would have been executed as a spy.For this action he was awarded the Military Medal, his citation reading (in part) \"Sergeant Prince's courage and utter disregard for personal safety were an inspiration to his fellows and a marked credit to his unit.\"[3] Gilday's decision to recommend Prince for this medal immediately launched the reputation of Tommy Prince among the soldiers in the 1st Special Service Force as well as in other Allied units.[34]During the Anzio campaign, Prince would change his boots and don moccasins which he carried in his backpack whenever requiring silent movement. He would reportedly sneak past German security guards at night and enter enemy sleeping locations, leaving messages or warnings, stealing boots, and sometimes using his knife to dispatch an enemy soldier.[35] These psychological warfare attacks earned the nickname of \"Geist\" (\"ghost\" in English) or \"Teufel\" (\"devil\" or \"demon\" in English) from the German soldiers.Prince would also maintain a regular sniping schedule at Anzio, under his own initiative. He would venture out at night into no-man's land between the opposing armies, choose a hidden vantage point, and target any German who wandered within his sights.[36]On one occasion he went searching for a German sniper who had been targeting the Force positions. The two ace snipers exchanged fire in a personal duel, with Prince eventually shooting the German who fell dead from a tree.[37]Before long, the German division opposing the 1st Special Service Force had retreated nearly two and a half miles away from direct contact, apparently shaken by the night activity of the Devil's Brigade.[38]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Operation Dragoon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Dragoon"},{"link_name":"Hyères Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eles_d%27Hy%C3%A8res"},{"link_name":"French Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Riviera"},{"link_name":"1st Airborne Task Force","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1st_Airborne_Task_Force"},{"link_name":"L'Escarène","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Escar%C3%A8ne"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgot-39"},{"link_name":"Croix de Guerre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945"},{"link_name":"Charles de Gaulle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgot-39"},{"link_name":"Silver Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silver_Star"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"}],"sub_title":"France","text":"After being the vanguard of the US forces liberating Rome on 4 June 1944, the FSSF was moved to southern France as part of Operation Dragoon. First they would assault the Hyères Islands before going ashore at Sylvabelle on the French Riviera. There the force was ordered, as part of the 1st Airborne Task Force, to push eastward toward the Franco-Italian border.On 1 September Prince and a private were sent forward through the German lines to scout the enemy positions near L'Escarène and came across an encampment area of an enemy reserve battalion. Prince conducted a detailed observation of this German battalion at close quarters using natural foliage as a cover. He avoided being detected by the enemy.On the way back to report this discovery, Prince and the private came upon a battle between some German platoons and a squad of French partisans.[39]\nPrince, an expert sniper, and the private started sniping the Germans from behind, killing about 12 of them and wounding many others, and the startled Germans eventually withdrew. Prince made contact with the French leader, who asked Prince where the rest of his company was located. When Prince pointed to the private and said \"Here,\" the French commander exclaimed that he had thought there were about 50 men involved in his relief. The French commander recommended Prince for the Croix de Guerre, but the courier was killed en route and the message never reached the French Commander-in-Chief, Charles de Gaulle.[39]Prince continued on and penetrated the German lines to rejoin the Force positions. He then led it back to the encampment of the German reserve forces and, together with the French squad of resistance fighters which Prince had rescued, joined in the battle which was on September 5. As a result, the entire German battalion of about 1000 men was killed or captured. From start to end Prince had been without food, water or sleep for 72 hours and had walked over 70 km across rugged, mountainous terrain. Afterwards he was recommended for the American Silver Star, his citation reading:So accurate was the report rendered by the patrol that Sergeant Prince's regiment moved forward on 5 September 1944, occupied new heights and successfully wiped out the enemy bivouac [encampment] area. The keen sense of responsibility and devotion to duty displayed by Sergeant Prince is in keeping with the highest traditions of the military service and reflects great credit upon himself and the Armed Forces of the Allied Nations.[3]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Buckingham Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckingham_Palace"},{"link_name":"King George VI","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_of_the_United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"},{"link_name":"Mentioned in Dispatches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentioned_in_Dispatches"},{"link_name":"1939-1945 Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1939-1945_Star"},{"link_name":"Italy Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy_Star"},{"link_name":"France and Germany Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_and_Germany_Star"},{"link_name":"Defence Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Defence_Medal_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Canadian Volunteer Service Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal"},{"link_name":"War Medal 1939-1945","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Medal_1939-1945"},{"link_name":"French Croix de Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945_(France)"},{"link_name":"Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Government of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufv.ca-42"},{"link_name":"Combat Infantryman Badge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Combat_Infantryman_Badge"},{"link_name":"Congressional Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-congress.gov-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-vets-3"}],"sub_title":"WWII Awards","text":"After it was determined that both US and Canadian personnel would be better suited if they were dispersed to units in their own forces, the 1st Special Service Force was disbanded in December 1944. After returning to the UK, Prince was summoned to Buckingham Palace on 12 February 1945, where King George VI presented him with his Military Medal. When King George VI made his medal presentations, they would consist of a smile and a handshake, as they did for the other recipients on this occasion. However, when the King came to Tommy Prince, he stopped and discussed for several minutes with Prince his various wartime exploits with the Force, and also asked Prince about current conditions on the Brokenhead Reserve.[40] Prince would later receive his Silver Star from US Brigadier-General E.F. Koenig (on behalf of the American President) on 24 April 1945;[41] he was one of 59 Canadians to receive this award during the war, and one of only three to receive both the Silver Star and Military Medal.[3]In addition to the Military Medal and Silver Star Decorations, Prince was Mentioned in Dispatches on several occasions. As a member of the 1st Special Service Force, he received the Battle Honour \"Mount Majo\" for that extraordinary action, although for security reasons he received no individual award for his single-handed secret mission which neutralized the German defences in the battle. He received six service medals for his service in the Italian and North West Europe theatres of war, The 1939-1945 Star, The Italy Star, The France and Germany Star, The Defence Medal, The Canadian Volunteer Service Medal with Overseas Clasp, and The War Medal 1939-1945. The First Special Service Force as a unit was awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Silver-Gilt Star, as well as the Presidential Unit Citation for extraordinary heroism.Prince was reportedly recommended for the French Croix de Guerre for his actions in rescuing a French military unit from German attack in September, 1944, but the courier carrying the information was killed before reaching General de Gaulle. However, in 2002 the Government of France issued an official certificate acknowledging the bravery and contributions of Tommy Prince to the French people and to their freedom from German occupation during WWII, which the French Ambassador to Canada presented to the Prince family.[42] In 2006, the Canadian members of the 1st Special Service Force were each awarded the U.S. Army Combat Infantryman Badge in honour of their service in combat roles in WWII. On 3 February 2015, the U.S. Congress Congressional Gold Medal was awarded to the First Special Service Force as a unit.[24]The war in Europe ended while Prince was in England.[3]","title":"World War II"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Post World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-43"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgot-39"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scholars.wlu.ca-44"},{"link_name":"Department of Veteran's Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Canada"}],"sub_title":"Business","text":"Prince was honourably discharged on June 15, 1945,[43] and returned to his home on the Brokenhead Reserve, working in a pulpwood camp. At this time, his father had recently died while Prince was still overseas, and Prince divorced his first wife. In 1946, a woman attacked him at a dance and cut his cheek with a beer bottle, requiring 64 stitches.[39] After this incident he left the reserve and moved to Winnipeg, although he retained his status as a \"Treaty Indian\" and did not become a member of Canadian general society.[44]No longer residing on the reserve, he was then eligible to apply for and receive some start-up business funding from the Department of Veteran's Affairs. Prince began a small but relatively prosperous cleaning service.","title":"Post World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Manitoba_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"Native peoples","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aboriginal_peoples_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Indian Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Act"},{"link_name":"paternalistic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paternalism"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-redriverancestry.ca-6"},{"link_name":"Indian Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Act"},{"link_name":"Treaty 1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_1"},{"link_name":"Treaty 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_2"},{"link_name":"Department of Indian Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"Supreme Court of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-forgot-39"},{"link_name":"lumber camps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lumber_camp"},{"link_name":"Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-scholars.wlu.ca-44"}],"sub_title":"Parliamentary Committees and the Indian Act","text":"In 1946 he was elected vice-president of the Manitoba Indian Association (currently Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs). Prince was then appointed chairman of the national delegation representing First Nations of Canada at the 1946 joint Senate and House of Commons Parliamentary Committees in Ottawa which were set up to review the Indian Act and to suggest ways to improve the conditions for Native peoples. He traveled across the country and consulted with Canadian First Nations organizations to lobby Ottawa for changes to the Indian Act. The Indian Act had imposed a paternalistic system on the First Nations, regarding them as \"wards of the government\".[6]Prince advocated for the abolition of the Indian Act. The Act had made the First Nations essentially dependent upon the government to manage their lands and resources, and in the process had removed First Nations rights of access to capital markets, investment possibilities, and property ownership outside the reserves. Prince insisted that the traditional Crown treaties with the First Nations should be honoured and respected, and that the Crown treaties should form the basis of a new system for First Nations peoples. Tommy Prince's grandfather Chief Henry Prince had been a principal negotiator and signatory of Treaty 1 and Treaty 2 in Manitoba. The treaty rights had been absorbed into the Indian Act and were administered by a federal government department, the Department of Indian Affairs, on behalf of the First Nations, often with poor results. The leases and development of First Nations mineral resources were awarded to private companies owned by non-First Nations venture capitalists outside the reserves.While Prince succeeded in obtaining several revisions to the Indian Act, removing some of the more offensive and outdated provisions of the Act, little fundamental restructuring followed immediately from the 1946 deliberations. It would not be until 1959 that First Nations members obtained the right to vote in Canadian elections without any conditions by an amendment passed by the Canadian Parliament, a revision made with a different political party in power in Ottawa. Beginning in 1960, First Nations men and women could vote no matter where they lived, without having to renounce their Indian status to vote.[45]In the Parliamentary deliberations with respect to the Indian Act and possible amendments, Prince made a positive and powerful impression during the committee meetings, his arguments cogent and well-organized. Government officials considered offering him a position with the Department of Indian Affairs. However, Prince's opposition to the Indian Act was in conflict with government policy, and in the end, no job offer eventuated. In later decades, the Canadian government would come to accept a policy of eventually phasing out the Indian Act, while at the same time affirming the traditional First Nations treaty rights as supported by Supreme Court of Canada rulings. These later developments would constitute belated vindication of Prince's position on the issues.Frustrated with the red tape of Ottawa, he returned to Winnipeg to discover that his cleaning business had folded in his absence because the friends Prince had entrusted to operate it had crashed the truck and sold the parts as scrap metal and had also sold the supplies and equipment, pocketing the money.[39] Prince worked in lumber camps and a concrete factory to make ends meet.He also continued to work on occasion with the Manitoba Indian Association and when a tribe in northern Manitoba was in trouble for violating provincial hunting regulations, Prince successfully interceded for them in representations to the Manitoba government.[44]","title":"Post World War II"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations"},{"link_name":"Korean War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_War"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry"}],"text":"In August 1950 Prince returned to the Canadian Army to fight with the United Nations troops in the Korean War. \"I owed something to my friends who died\" in WWII, he stated.[46] Re-instated to his previous rank of sergeant, Prince was now a member of the 2nd Battalion Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry (2 PPCLI), the first Canadian battalion to be assigned active duty in the war zone.","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"27th British Commonwealth Brigade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/27th_British_Commonwealth_Brigade"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceA-48"},{"link_name":"Lt. Col. James Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Riley_Stone"}],"sub_title":"Night Assaults","text":"In February 1951 the Patricia's joined the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade on the battlefield. Prince was sergeant and second in command of his rifle platoon, and he soon resumed his special form of stealth missions. Shortly after his arrival on the battlefield in Korea he selected, trained and led an eight-man night \"snatch patrol\" into an enemy encampment under cover of darkness and with silent movements. The successful mission returned with two captured heavy machine guns taken from a position which had been heavily defended by Chinese soldiers.[40] After seizing the guns, Prince and his men returned to the Canadian lines without alerting or arousing the enemy. The stealth tactics devised by Prince and executed by his special team resulted in the complete elimination of a strong Chinese defensive position in total silence, without firing any shots, while Prince and his force sustained no casualties. Prince went on to lead his special force on several more successful nocturnal demoralization raids against Chinese forces, again with the complete neutralization of enemy positions accomplished without the loss of any casualties by Prince's assaulting force. In 2022, a 2 PPCLI Korean War veteran credited Tommy Prince with saving his life due to the special training which Prince had given him.[47]Although his company commanding officer was aware of Prince's renown as a nocturnal operative, the company CO was unfamiliar with and professed shock at Prince's bold methods of operation. Eventually the CO began to assign Prince to lead fewer patrols because he objected that they contained too many risks which could threaten the lives of the soldiers.[40] However, the soldiers of the platoon were impressed with Prince's battlefield skills and were supportive of Prince in this disagreement.[48] One military historian later concluded that there existed some jealousy between the officers and Prince because the men of the company respected Prince's fighting ability and his reputation.[48] Prince's company commanding officer refused to nominate him for any awards or medals for masterminding and leading the unparalleled and successful night raids on Chinese positions. Prince prepared his own report of the dispute and submitted it to Lt. Col. James Stone, the battalion commander. Stone was a veteran of the WWII Italian campaign, where he had won fame with creative offensive tactics, sometimes receiving objections from his superior commanding generals.","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States Presidential Unit Citation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Presidential_Unit_Citation_(United_States)"},{"link_name":"Battle of Kapyong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Kapyong"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-49"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Lt. Col. James Stone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Riley_Stone"}],"sub_title":"Battle of Kapyong","text":"Tommy Prince held a prominent role with the 2 PPCLI when it became the first Canadian unit awarded the United States Presidential Unit Citation for distinguished service in the Battle of Kapyong on 22–27 April 1951. The battalion defended an important strategic position on Hill 677 despite heavy assault from Chinese forces.[49] The Kapyong Valley provided a potential route for the enemy to encircle the U.S. forces in Korea which were at that point in general retreat across the entire Korean front. The Canadian 2 PPCLI, consisting of about 700 infantrymen and several machine guns, was opposed in the Kapyong River valley by a large Chinese force consisting of two divisions and about 20,000 soldiers. Supporting UN forces initially consisted of a Royal Australian Regiment infantry battalion, fifteen Sherman tanks from an American tank regiment, and two companies of U.S. artillery. However, the Australians were hurriedly withdrawn from the Kapyong battlefield after a fierce firefight with the attacking Chinese, who chased the Australians in hot pursuit. The American tanks came under heavy assault and retreated from the battlefield. Some of the American tanks fired upon the Canadians, wounding one man, before retreating from the battlefield. The two American artillery companies simply fled on foot without firing a single round, abandoning their big guns and mortars, equipment and 50 trucks loaded with ammunition to the enemy. The U.S. artillery companies hiked about ten miles to the east, apparently convinced that a major Chinese breakthrough was imminent at Kapyong. Neither the Australians nor the Americans notified the Canadian forces of their sudden retreat, which left the Canadians encircled and alone in a two-day siege to hold the key position.Brigadier Burke, who commanded the 27th British Commonwealth Brigade, personally flew over the Canadian soldiers and shouted at them through a loudspeaker that they were now cut off and would receive no support. This action angered and unsettled the Canadian soldiers, who jeered Burke as he flew away. Tommy Prince was credited with steadying and motivating many of the nervous young Canadians who voiced a desire to run in the face of overwhelming odds of about 30 to 1.[50] The Canadian battalion commander Lt. Col. James Stone ordered his men to fight in a last stand with the words, \"No retreat, no surrender.\"The fighting was fierce and often hand-to-hand with bayonets, the Chinese gaining access to the summit of Hill 677 through the numerous ravines along the sides of the 2,000 ft. hill. Thousands of Chinese soldiers swarmed the Canadian positions, with the Canadians running low on ammunition. The Canadian unit would three times take shelter in their shallow trenches scraped from the rocky ground and call in supporting long-distance artillery fire from 4.5 miles away targeted directly onto their own locations. The forward platoons of the 2 PPCLI were completely overrun by mass attacks of Chinese soldiers. The 2 PCCLI, with their ammunition and supplies exhausted, managed to repel the attacks and the Chinese divisions withdrew with enormous casualties of about 4,000 Chinese soldiers killed and many more wounded during the assaults on Hill 677. By contrast, the 2 PPCLI suffered 12 killed and 35 wounded. The Chinese leadership were not aware of how close to victory they had achieved against the Canadians, who were now without ammunition and supplies, and did not launch a final large-scale assault against the Canadian positions. The enemy divisions withdrew on 25 April. Brigadier Burke was summarily removed from command while the battle was in progress and UN relief forces were sent to Hill 677 on 26 April.","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthritis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Canadian Forces Base Borden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Forces_Base_Borden"},{"link_name":"Second Battle of the Hook","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Hook"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-youtube.com-53"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-return-49"},{"link_name":"Korean Armistice Agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Armistice_Agreement"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-43"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-minute-43"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"}],"sub_title":"Second Battle of the Hook","text":"Prince's wartime duty was taking a toll on his body, and his knees were subject to painful swelling and premature arthritis. He was hospitalized after a medical examination in May 1951. He was later returned to Canada, despite his vigorous protest, and assigned to administrative duties where he served as a platoon sergeant at The Officer Candidate School Canadian Forces Base Borden in Ontario. Here his knees improved, so in March 1952 he volunteered for a second tour of duty in the Far East. He sailed for Korea that October with the 3rd Battalion PPCLI.Though the battalion was officially still training in November 1952, when Chinese forces attacked a vital sector on the Sami-chon River known as \"the Hook\" the 3rd PPCLI was called to assist British UN forces in the Second Battle of the Hook to recover the exposed forward position. The Patricia's had five members killed in the daylight counter-attack, but were able to recapture the post by November 19. Prince was among the nine wounded in the battalion with shrapnel wounds to his legs, although he continued to fight until the outpost was retaken by Prince and his men. Prince refused evacuation for medical treatment, stating \"I don't have time for that.\",[51] evidently unwilling to abandon his position at the outpost. He removed shrapnel from his legs with his bayonet by himself.[52] Despite his wounds, he carried another wounded 3 PCCLI soldier on his back to the military medical station.[53] Although he recovered from these wounds, he was hospitalized for several weeks in early 1953 for treatment on his knees.[49] The armistice was signed during this period.Following the Korean Armistice Agreement, he remained in the army, working as an instructor of new recruits in Winnipeg, Manitoba, until his honorable discharge on October 28, 1953.[43] He continued to work at a personnel depot in Winnipeg until September 1954.[43] He was granted a small military disability pension due to his injured knees.[40]","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Government of South Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Patriots_and_Veterans_Affairs"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"Korea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korea_Medal"},{"link_name":"United Nations Korea Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Nations_Korea_Medal"},{"link_name":"Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Volunteer_Service_Medal_for_Korea"}],"sub_title":"Korean War Awards","text":"Prince's company commanding officers in Korea refused to nominate him for any individual award or medal for devising and leading the successful silent night assaults against Chinese forces in March/April 1951, or for leading his men in the recovery of the exposed UN forward position in the Second Battle of The Hook in November 1952.In addition to the Presidential Unit Citation for the Battle of Kapyong, Prince and his fellow 2 PPCLI members were mentioned in the December 2016 designation of Lt. Col. Stone as an official Korean War Hero by the Government of South Korea Ministry of Patriots and Veterans Affairs. The citation of this award stated that the 2 PPCLI \"achieved a milestone victory when they won the Battle of Gapyeong (Kapyong) against formidable attacks from Chinese troops\" and that \"with their victory in the Battle of Gapyeong (Kapyong), Stone and his soldiers are remembered as the Legends of Gapyeong to this day.\"[54] Prince additionally received the Korea Medal (Canadian version) and the United Nations Korea Medal for his service. He was entitled, posthumously, to the Canadian Volunteer Service Medal for Korea after it was created in 1991.","title":"Korean War"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tommy_Prince_Kildonan_Park.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kildonan Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kildonan_Park"}],"text":"Monument to Tommy Prince, Kildonan Park, Winnipeg, just a few steps from the monument to his great-grandfather Peguis","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"arthritic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthritis"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Legion"}],"sub_title":"Access to Government Programs","text":"Adjusting to civilian life was not easy for Prince after World War II and Korea, and with painfully arthritic knees as a result of the long, harsh conditions during his military service, his capabilities were limited. Although he had been granted a small military disability pension due to his knee injuries, as a First Nations member he was unable to access other programs. Prince was effectively denied access to the special Canadian armed forces WWII veteran benefits programs, which included WWII veterans employment programs, WWII veterans educational support, land purchase support for WWII military veterans, and supplementary income support programs for WWII veterans. The information and application forms for these programs were available only at local Royal Canadian Legion chapters. First Nations members were forbidden entrance to Royal Canadian Legion locations under the terms of the Indian Act, as alcohol was present on Legion premises. For this reason, Royal Canadian Legion chapters maintained their own bylaws forbidding the presence of First Nations members due to alcohol on the premises. These bylaws were formally removed nation-wide in 1966, some 20 years after the end of WWII. The requirement by the government to access special war veterans programs solely through Royal Canadian Legion premises, where First Nations veterans were forbidden entrance, appears to have been designed as a ruse to exclude First Nations from participation.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"discrimination","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrimination"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"Alexander Docks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exchange_District#Alexander_Docks"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceB-55"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"},{"link_name":"alcoholism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alcoholism"},{"link_name":"homelessness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homelessness"},{"link_name":"vagrancy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagrancy"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"Salvation Army","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvation_Army"},{"link_name":"hostel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hostel"},{"link_name":"Remembrance Day","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remembrance_Day"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-56"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceC-56"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"}],"sub_title":"Reduced circumstances","text":"After his active military service ended in 1953, Prince married Verna Sinclair, with whom he had five children. At the same time, Prince found a permanent position at a Winnipeg ice cream factory. However, partly due to discrimination against Native people at the time, Prince occasionally encountered hostility from his co-workers who were not aware of his military achievements. Prince never used his military record to promote his interests in civilian life, even with his own family and friends. Although the ice cream plant owner supported him, Prince eventually left the position, unable to tolerate the personal barbs.[55] This occupational failure changed his personal outlook on society in general.In June 1955 Tommy Prince made the news for his heroism in saving a man from drowning in the Red River at the Alexander Docks in Winnipeg, using an army \"stranglehold\" to drag the struggling, resisting man to safety. Afterwards he quietly walked away before the media could descend on the scene. However, a bystander had recognized him and gave Prince's name to the police and also to the newspapers. In an interview resulting from this, Prince explained his decision to intervene, \"I knew how I'd have felt if I were in the water unable to swim and someone just stood looking at me, not doing a thing.\"[55]His life became increasingly difficult, ultimately ending in his estrangement from his family due to financial problems. Prince and his wife separated in 1964 and his children were placed in foster homes. The movement of his children to different foster homes over short periods of time made it difficult for him to keep in touch with them, although his daughter Beryl remained in one foster home and he visited her every month.[40] Unlike other famous Canadian war heroes who also struggled in their civilian lives after the war ended, Prince was not assisted by well-off friends or offered positions by the government. His advocacy on behalf of First Nations and against the Indian Act had placed him as an opponent of prevailing government policies of the day.He spiraled into a depression, and like many war veterans, he experienced post battle stress symptoms and combat nightmares which caused him to awaken in a sweat and in terror. His personal life continued to deteriorate with alcoholism and homelessness. Winnipeg police officers knew him personally and also of his heroic war service, and would refuse to hold him for intoxication or vagrancy, instead providing transport to a Salvation Army facility. His final years were spent virtually alone, living in a Salvation Army hostel room 6' by 8' and subsisting on temporary employment such as janitorial labour. Prince's son Tommy Prince Jr. and his girlfriend offered to accommodate his father at their own address, but Prince declined, not wanting to be a burden on his family.Through courage and perseverance, Prince eventually overcame his alcoholism and would later give coherent media interviews and reminiscences of his military deeds. In order to support himself, he sold off his war medals. Despite his straitened finances, Prince remained generous to others and would give cash to people whom he judged to be worse off than himself.Prince would attend the annual Remembrance Day reunions with his PPCLI comrades-in-arms. Claude Petit, a former fellow soldier from the Korean War, later stated that he was aware of Prince's struggles. Petit believed that \"someone should have done something...especially the regiment...he spent his life in there, that's all he knew.\"[56]On one occasion at night in 1976 on the Winnipeg streets, Prince was assaulted and beaten by a street gang who were unaware of his identity.[56] Later, in another incident, he was stabbed by a young man who had mistaken him for another First Nations man whom he had been targeting.[57] These serious acts of violence possibly contributed to Prince's demise the following year at the age of 62.","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Deer Lodge Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deer_Lodge_Centre"},{"link_name":"geriatric care","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geriatric_care"},{"link_name":"Brookside Cemetery, Winnipeg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brookside_Cemetery,_Winnipeg"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-58"},{"link_name":"The Crown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crown"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-58"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-59"}],"sub_title":"Provincial State Funeral","text":"He died in 1977 at Winnipeg's Deer Lodge Centre, a health care facility specializing in geriatric care and treatment of veterans, and was interred in Brookside Cemetery, Winnipeg. Despite the reduced circumstances of his later years, he had retained his fame and he was given a provincial state funeral, a notable event with significant official representatives and more than 500 people in attendance.[58] At his state funeral service, a delegation from the Princess Patricia's Brigade served as his pallbearers. A group of men from the Saulteaux nation sang the \"Death of a Warrior\" song while his body was lowered into the grave. The PPCLI officer in charge of the military funeral service presented Prince's daughter Beverley Prince with the folded flag which had been draped over Tommy Prince's coffin. Official representatives included the Lieutenant-Governor of Manitoba on behalf of The Crown, senior officers of the Canadian Army, and the Consuls of France, of Italy and of the United States representing the respect for Prince of those nations.[58] Prince's daughters Beryl and Beverley Prince were astonished at the impressive public response at the funeral of a man who had subsisted on menial jobs during his later years and they wondered where public officials had been during Prince's years of struggle with war wounds and unemployment.[40] Prince had never discussed his war record with his daughters, and they were unaware of his status as a public hero before the funeral.[59]","title":"Later life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_Manitoba_Chiefs"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"},{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Petawawa, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petawawa,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Wainwright, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wainwright,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Assembly of First Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assembly_of_First_Nations"},{"link_name":"Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sault_Ste._Marie,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"Winnipeg, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winnipeg,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"Currie Barracks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currie_Barracks"},{"link_name":"Calgary, Alberta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calgary,_Alberta"},{"link_name":"Petersfield, Manitoba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petersfield,_Manitoba"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-64"},{"link_name":"Canadian War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"},{"link_name":"London, Ontario","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London,_Ontario"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-firstnationsdrum.com-40"},{"link_name":"Royal Canadian Legion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Legion"},{"link_name":"Veterans Affairs Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veterans_Affairs_Canada"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufv.ca-42"},{"link_name":"Canadian War Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_War_Museum"},{"link_name":"Manitoba Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manitoba_Museum"},{"link_name":"Government of France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_France"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufv.ca-42"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ufv.ca-42"},{"link_name":"Historica Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historica_Canada"},{"link_name":"Heritage Minute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heritage_Minute"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ReferenceD-59"},{"link_name":"Adam Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Beach"},{"link_name":"Ira Hayes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ira_Hayes"},{"link_name":"Clint Eastwood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clint_Eastwood"},{"link_name":"Flags of Our Fathers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flags_of_Our_Fathers"},{"link_name":"[66]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-66"},{"link_name":"Canadian Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"[67]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-67"},{"link_name":"[68]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-68"},{"link_name":"[69]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-69"},{"link_name":"United States Congress","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Congress"},{"link_name":"Congressional Gold Medal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Congressional_Gold_Medal"},{"link_name":"[70]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-70"},{"link_name":"[71]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-71"},{"link_name":"[72]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-72"},{"link_name":"[73]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-73"},{"link_name":"Persons of National Historic Significance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance"},{"link_name":"[74]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-74"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-braveryinarms.ca-31"},{"link_name":"[75]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-75"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-theveteranschannel.com-25"},{"link_name":"Conservative Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Members of Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"[76]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-76"},{"link_name":"Finance Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_Finance_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Bill Morneau","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Morneau"},{"link_name":"Governor of the Bank of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_of_the_Bank_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Tiff Macklem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiff_Macklem"},{"link_name":"Canadian $5 bill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadian_$5_bill"},{"link_name":"[77]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-77"},{"link_name":"[78]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Rollason2020-78"},{"link_name":"Canada Post","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canada_Post"},{"link_name":"aurora borealis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_borealis"},{"link_name":"[79]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-79"},{"link_name":"[80]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-80"},{"link_name":"Willam Prince","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Prince_(musician)"},{"link_name":"Buffy Sainte Marie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buffy_Sainte_Marie"},{"link_name":"[81]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-81"},{"link_name":"Biography portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Biography"}],"text":"In 1976, one year before his death, Tommy Prince was awarded the Certificate of Merit by the Manitoba Indian Brotherhood (currently Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs) \"for his years of dedicated service to the Indian people of Manitoba.\"[60] Prince once stated later in his life, \"All my life I had wanted to do something to help my people recover their good name.\"[61]Since his passing, a number of honours have been bestowed in his name.[62] Some of them are:Sgt. Tommy Prince Street – Winnipeg, Manitoba\nSgt. Tommy Prince School – Scanterbury, Manitoba\nThe \"Tommy Prince Barracks\" at Canadian Forces Base, Petawawa, Ontario\nThe \"Tommy Prince Drill Hall\" at the 3rd Canadian division Training Center in Wainwright, Alberta\nGovernment of Canada \"Sergeant Tommy Prince Army Training Initiative\" for aboriginal recruiting\nThe \"Tommy Prince Award\": An Assembly of First Nations scholarship\nThe \"Tommy Prince Scholarship\" at Sault College, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario\n553 Sgt. Tommy Prince PPCLI Cadet Corps, Winnipeg, Manitoba\nTommy Prince Road in the Valour Park/Victoria Cross Park – a mixed-use development of Currie Barracks in Calgary, Alberta (2010)\nTom Prince Drive - Petersfield, ManitobaIn 1968, a major Hollywood film entitled \"The Devil's Brigade\" was produced, although Tommy Prince, the most decorated member of the Brigade, was not represented in the story line. Early in the film, an American soldier was featured in a soldier gambling scene, whose nickname was \"Chief\", perhaps a weak reference to Prince and his royal ancestry.In 1998, the television documentary \"Fallen Hero: The Tommy Prince Story\" was aired and was nominated for three Leo Awards.[63][64] \nThe film is available on loan from the Canadian War Museum and from various university libraries.[65]After Prince's death, his military medals changed hands several times before coming up for auction in 2000 in London, Ontario. His nephew, Jim Bear, organized a pledge drive and purchased the medals on 10 August, 2000, for $75,000 on the third bid, an extraordinary bid level for military medals at the time.[40] The bid was backed by pledges from Aboriginal groups, by the Royal Canadian Legion, and by the Canadian government Veterans Affairs Canada Minister Ron Duhamel, the latter two organizations now offering some form of support to the Prince family.[42] The Prince war medals were verified as originals by the Canadian War Museum in Ottawa. Bear then entrusted them for permanent display purposes to the Manitoba Museum in Winnipeg, the medals remaining the property of the Prince family.In 2002, the French Ambassador to Canada presented the Prince family with an official certificate from the Government of France acknowledging the bravery and contributions of Tommy Prince to the French people and to their freedom from German occupation during WWII.[42]In 2004, the Legislative Assembly of the Province of Manitoba unanimously passed a resolution honouring and recognizing Prince \"for his contribution and sacrifice to both Canada and to the Province of Manitoba\".[42]In 2005 Historica Canada released a Heritage Minute on Prince.[59]On 10 February 2010, it was announced that Canadian actor Adam Beach, who is (like Prince) a Manitoban of the Ojibwe and Salteaux nations, would portray the Canadian war hero in an upcoming movie about his life. Beach had previously portrayed Ira Hayes in the Clint Eastwood film Flags of Our Fathers.[66] According to Bay Film Studios, the movie would be a \"true account of Canada's most highly decorated First Nations soldier\". Beach, 37, said he was honoured to play Prince, calling him a positive role model for all First Nations. The Canadian Armed Forces agreed to participate in the production of the film.[67] The film was later reported delayed by reshooting of scenes and the film studio in bankruptcy.In 2011, Dan Bjarnason,[68] a military historian who had interviewed Prince, described him as \"perhaps Canada's greatest soldier.\"[69]In 2013, the United States Congress passed a bill to award the 1st Special Service Force the Congressional Gold Medal.[70]In 2016, a play about Prince by playwright Alanis King, \"Tommy Prince Story\", was published and critically acclaimed.[71][72]In 2016, a plaque honouring Tommy Prince was installed in the main floor of the Legislative Building of the Province of Manitoba in Winnipeg, Manitoba.[73]In 2019, Tommy Prince was named one of the Persons of National Historic Significance of Canada, on the advice of the national Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada.[74]In November, 2019, a Bravery In Arms[31] documentary[75] was produced of the First Special Service Force assault on Monte Majo, in which Prince's unparalleled forward combat achievement had prepared the way for a strategically crucial action.[25] In the documentary, Prince's accomplishment was described while showing the actual location of the battle.In June 2020, a group of Conservative Party of Canada Members of Parliament started a petition[76] and sent a letter to Finance Minister Bill Morneau and Governor of the Bank of Canada Tiff Macklem advocating for Prince's face to be displayed on the Canadian $5 bill.[77][78]On 17 October 2022 it was announced that Tommy Prince would be the subject of a postage stamp to be issued 28 October 2022, by Canada Post. The stamp shows Prince in his 2 PPCLI uniform from his Korean War period with a background of the Northern Lights (aurora borealis), his name with the designation MM (Military Medal), his decorations and mention of the Silver Star.[79][80] The official presentation ceremony of the Tommy Prince postage stamp was attended and featured speeches by Prince's son Tommy Prince Jr. and by singer Willam Prince, a cousin of the family, who sang a song by Buffy Sainte Marie at the event.[81]Biography portal","title":"Honours and legacy"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Manitobans in Profile: Thomas George Prince, 1981, Penguin Publishers","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"Monument to Tommy Prince, Kildonan Park, Winnipeg, just a few steps from the monument to his great-grandfather Peguis","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Tommy_Prince_Kildonan_Park.jpg/220px-Tommy_Prince_Kildonan_Park.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Lackenbauer, P. Whitney (Spring 2007). \"\"A Hell of a Warrior\": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince\" (PDF). Journal of Historical Biography. 1: 27–78.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ufv.ca/jhb/Volume_1/Volume_1_Lackenbauer.pdf","url_text":"\"\"A Hell of a Warrior\": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Peguis (1774-1864)\". www.redriverancestry.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.redriverancestry.ca/PEGUIS-1774.php","url_text":"\"Chief Peguis (1774-1864)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy Prince\". 23 January 2020. Retrieved 11 November 2021 – via veterans.gc.ca.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.veterans.gc.ca/eng/remembrance/people-and-stories/tommy-prince","url_text":"\"Tommy Prince\""}]},{"reference":"\"Manitoba History: St. Peter's and the Interpretation of the Agriculture of Manitoba's Aboriginal People\". www.mhs.mb.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/18/manitobaaboriginalagriculture.shtml","url_text":"\"Manitoba History: St. Peter's and the Interpretation of the Agriculture of Manitoba's Aboriginal People\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chief Henry Prince (1819-1902)\". www.redriverancestry.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.redriverancestry.ca/PRINCE-HENRY-1819.php","url_text":"\"Chief Henry Prince (1819-1902)\""}]},{"reference":"Remembering Tommy Prince | Canada’s Forgotten Indigenous War Hero. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=i86Yi2Tlulw","url_text":"Remembering Tommy Prince | Canada’s Forgotten Indigenous War Hero"}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy George Prince Military Medal and Silver Star Recipient\". www.ictinc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ictinc.ca/blog/tommy-george-prince-military-medal-silver-star-recipient","url_text":"\"Tommy George Prince Military Medal and Silver Star Recipient\""}]},{"reference":"\"Tommy Prince, one of Canada's Greatest Heroes\". Canada.com. Archived from the original on November 25, 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20151125164705/http://www.canada.com/national/features/remembrance2005/story.html?id=64f9ce9d-5631-4522-a44d-fb95bbc71826","url_text":"\"Tommy Prince, one of Canada's Greatest Heroes\""},{"url":"http://www.canada.com/national/features/remembrance2005/story.html?id=64f9ce9d-5631-4522-a44d-fb95bbc71826","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"\"Wars should be fought in better country than this\"\". arsof-history.org. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://arsof-history.org/articles/v5n2_better_country_page_1.html","url_text":"\"\"Wars should be fought in better country than this\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"1st Special Service Force Honored | house.gov\". www.house.gov. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.house.gov/feature-stories/2015-2-6-1st-special-service-force-honored#:~:text=They%20earned%20the%20nickname%20the,they%20lost,%20they%20killed%2025","url_text":"\"1st Special Service Force Honored | house.gov\""}]},{"reference":"\"Honoring an ARSOF Legend: Major General Robert T. Frederick\". arsof-history.org. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://arsof-history.org/articles/22apr_mg_robert_frederick_page_1.html/","url_text":"\"Honoring an ARSOF Legend: Major General Robert T. Frederick\""}]},{"reference":"\"What the Devil's Brigade Did in World War II\". Warfare History Network. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://warfarehistorynetwork.com/article/what-the-devils-brigade-did-in-world-war-ii/","url_text":"\"What the Devil's Brigade Did in World War II\""}]},{"reference":"\"Warfare and Defense | Milwaukee Public Museum\". www.mpm.edu. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.mpm.edu/educators/wirp/great-lakes-traditional-culture/warfare-defense","url_text":"\"Warfare and Defense | Milwaukee Public Museum\""}]},{"reference":"KStG, Tim Reesor- (2020-03-15). BIA FSSF EPISODE 4 BLEEDING WHITE - MONTE MAJO - The Veterans Channel. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via theveteranschannel.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://theveteranschannel.com/bia-fssf-episode-4-bleeding-white-monte-majo/","url_text":"BIA FSSF EPISODE 4 BLEEDING WHITE - MONTE MAJO - The Veterans Channel"}]},{"reference":"Baron, Thomas (2016-03-07). \"Relentless Combat, and Many Secret Awards, for America's Special Operators\". War Is Boring. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://warisboring.com/relentless-combat-and-many-secret-awards-for-americas-special-operators/","url_text":"\"Relentless Combat, and Many Secret Awards, for America's Special Operators\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bravery In Arms / Bravoure au Combat\". Bravery In Arms. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.braveryinarms.ca/english-1","url_text":"\"Bravery In Arms / Bravoure au Combat\""}]},{"reference":"\"Thomas Prince: Canada's Forgotten Aboriginal War Hero\". www.firstnationsdrum.com. 9 September 2002. Retrieved 2017-05-11.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.firstnationsdrum.com/2002/09/thomas-prince-canadas-forgotten-aboriginal-war-hero-2/","url_text":"\"Thomas Prince: Canada's Forgotten Aboriginal War Hero\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ojibway Nation's Tommy Prince Indigenous WW2 War Hero ...\" www.ddaywear.com. 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Whitney (January 2007). \"\"A Hell of a Warrior\": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince\" – via ResearchGate.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26490664","url_text":"\"\"A Hell of a Warrior\": Remembering Sergeant Thomas George Prince\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ResearchGate","url_text":"ResearchGate"}]},{"reference":"Canada Post is unveiling a stamp honouring Sgt. Tommy Prince | APTN News. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nFO72GjX_x4","url_text":"Canada Post is unveiling a stamp honouring Sgt. Tommy Prince | APTN News"}]},{"reference":"\"Canadian Lt. Col. Stone named Korean War Hero : Korea.net : The official website of the Republic of Korea\". www.korea.net. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.korea.net/NewsFocus/policies/view?articleId=142461","url_text":"\"Canadian Lt. Col. 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Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.gov.mb.ca/news/index.html?archive=&item=39772","url_text":"\"Province of Manitoba | News Releases | Province Honours Sgt. Tommy Prince\""}]},{"reference":"\"Prince, Thomas George \"Tommy\" National Historic Person\". www.pc.gc.ca. Retrieved 2024-04-19.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pc.gc.ca/apps/dfhd/page_nhs_eng.aspx?id=15733","url_text":"\"Prince, Thomas George \"Tommy\" National Historic Person\""}]},{"reference":"BIA FSSF EPISODE 4 BLEEDING WHITE - MONTE MAJO. Retrieved 2024-04-19 – via www.youtube.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g2xHmdUkcfs","url_text":"BIA FSSF EPISODE 4 BLEEDING WHITE - MONTE MAJO"}]},{"reference":"Petition hoping to honour Tommy Prince on new $5 bill | APTN News. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hack_(Medal_of_Honor)

John Hack (Medal of Honor)

["1 Medal","2 Post War","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient John HackHack c. 1915Born(1842-11-26)November 26, 1842Hessen, GermanyDiedMarch 29, 1933(1933-03-29) (aged 90)Trenton, MissouriPlace of burialMaple Grove Cemetery, Trenton, MissouriAllegianceUnited StatesService/branchUnited States ArmyUnion ArmyRankPrivateUnit Company B, 47th Ohio Volunteer Infantry RegimentBattles/warsAmerican Civil WarAwardsMedal of Honor John Hack (November 26, 1842 – March 29, 1933) was a decorated hero of the Union Army in the American Civil War. He was born in Hessen, Germany, and lived in Adrian, Michigan. Medal According to the Military Times Hall of Valor, "on 3 May 1863, while serving with Company B, 47th Ohio Infantry, in action at Vicksburg, Mississippi. Private Hack was one of a party which volunteered and attempted to run the enemy's batteries with a steam tug and two barges loaded with subsistence stores." Hodges and nine others in Company B did this while Confederate States Army batteries were shooting at them "under cover of darkness" Hodges was awarded the Medal of Honor "for extreme bravery under fire" on December 31, 1907. Rank and organization: Private, Company B, 47th Ohio Infantry. Place and date: At Vicksburg, MS., May 3, 1863 Citation: Was one of a party which volunteered and attempted to run the enemy's batteries with a steam tug and 2 barges loaded with subsistence stores. Post War Hack returned to Ohio and married Delphina Cooley (1845–1921). They had three children: Dora Delphina Hack Ripper (1865–1918), William Dunhain Hack (1869–1948), and Lenora Grace Hack Chastene (1875–1910). At his death, only his son and daughter-in-law survived him. See also Siege of Vicksburg 47th Ohio Volunteer Infantry Regiment List of Medal of Honor recipients List of American Civil War Medal of Honor recipients: G–L Notes ^ "John Hack (1842 - 1933) - Find A Grave Memorial". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2017-02-25. ^ Sightline Media Group (2020). ^ U.S. War Department (1915), p. 5. ^ CMOHS (2014). ^ VCOnline (2020). ^ Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs (1968), p. 105. ^ Find a Grave (2020). References Brown, Theodore F. (1909). Marching Through Georgia with Sherman from Atlanta to the Sea: Address Delivered at the Twenty-Third Annual Reunion of the Forty-Seventh Ohio Veteran Volunteer Infantry at Geo. H. Thomas Post Hall, Cincinnati September 28, 1909. West Alexandria, OH: Louis Mund. hdl:2027/mdp.39015065336573. OCLC 301205250. Foraker, J. B.; Axline, H. A.; Robinson, J. S. (1886). Official Roster of the Soldiers of the State of Ohio in the War on the Rebellion, 1861–1865;. Three Year's Service - 37th-53rd Regiments-Infantry. Vol. IV. Akron, OH: Werner Co. OCLC 1744402. Mitchell, Joseph B.; Otis, James (1968). The Badge of Gallantry; Recollections of Civil War Congressional Medal of Honor winners. New York: Macmillan. p. 194. hdl:2027/mdp.39015005683266. OCLC 560289389. Reid, Whitelaw (1868). Ohio in the War : Her Statesmen, Her Generals, and Soldiers. Cincinnati, OH: Moore, Wilstach, & Baldwin. ISBN 9781154801965. OCLC 00444862. Saunier, Joseph A (1903). A History of the Forty-Seventh Regiment, Ohio Veteran Volunteer Infantry: Second Brigade, Second Division, Fifteenth Army Corps, Army of Tennessee. Hillsboro, OH: Press of the Lyle Printing Company. Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Labor and Public Welfare (1968). Edward M Kennedy, Chairman (ed.). Medal of Honor, 1863-1968 : "In the Name of the Congress of the United States". Committee print (United States. Congress), 90th Congress, 2nd session. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 1087. OCLC 1049691780. U.S. War Department (1915). Medals of honor issued by the War department from September 1, 1904, to June 30, 1915. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. OCLC 1049613274. The Werner Company (1896). The Story of American Heroism: Thrilling Narratives of Personal Adventures During the Great Civil War as Told by the Medal Winners and Roll of Honor Men. New York, NY: The Werner Company. p. 798. OCLC 1085307831. "Hall of Valor: The Military Medals Database". The Hall of Valor Project. Sightline Media Group. 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020. "MOHs - victoriacross". THE COMPREHENSIVE GUIDE TO THE VICTORIA & GEORGE CROSS. VCOnline. 2020. Archived from the original on 3 May 2020. Retrieved 2 May 2020. "CMOHS.org - Official Website of the Congressional Medal of Honor Society". Congressional Medal of Honor Society. CMOHS. 2014. Retrieved 19 August 2014. "Home - The National Medal of Honor Museum The National Medal of Honor Museum". The National Medal of Honor Museum. The National Medal of Honor Museum Foundation. 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020. "John Hack (1842-1933) - Find A Grave Memorial". Find A Grave. 2020. Retrieved 19 May 2020. External links Civil War Index: 47th Ohio Infantry Soldier Roster Civil War Index: 47th Ohio Infantry in the American Civil War "John Hack". Claim to Fame: Medal of Honor recipients. Find a Grave. Retrieved 2008-04-16. Portals: American Civil War United States Germany Ohio vteAmerican Civil WarOriginsOrigins Timeline leading to the War Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry Kansas-Nebraska Act Lincoln–Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Nullification crisis Origins of the American Civil War Panic of 1857 Popular sovereignty Secession South Carolina Declaration of Secession States' rights President Lincoln's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Crittenden Compromise Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fire-Eaters Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Positive good Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom's Cabin Abolitionism Abolitionism in the United States Susan B. Anthony James G. Birney John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Lane Debates on Slavery Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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Porter Rosecrans Scott Sheridan Sherman Thomas Civilian Adams Chase Ericsson Hamlin Lincoln Pinkerton Seward Stanton Stevens Wade Welles AftermathConstitution Reconstruction Amendments 13th Amendment 14th Amendment 15th Amendment Reconstruction Alabama Claims Brooks–Baxter War Carpetbaggers Colfax riot of 1873 Compromise of 1877 Confederate refugees Confederados Eufaula riot of 1874 Freedmen's Bureau Freedman's Savings Bank Homestead Acts Southern Homestead Act of 1866 Timber Culture Act of 1873 Impeachment of Andrew Johnson trial efforts timeline first inquiry second inquiry impeachment managers investigation Kirk–Holden war Knights of the White Camelia Ku Klux Klan Ethnic violence Memphis riots of 1866 Meridian riot of 1871 New Orleans riot of 1866 Pulaski (Tennessee) riot of 1867 South Carolina riots of 1876 Reconstruction acts Habeas Corpus Act of 1867 Enforcement Act of 1870 Enforcement Act of February 1871 Enforcement Act of April 1871 Reconstruction era Reconstruction military districts Reconstruction Treaties Indian Council at Fort Smith Red Shirts Redeemers Scalawags South Carolina riots of 1876 Southern Claims Commission White League Post-Reconstruction Commemoration Centennial Civil War Discovery Trail Civil War Roundtables Civil War Trails Program Civil War Trust Confederate History Month Confederate Memorial Day Decoration Day Historical reenactment Robert E. 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You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a person of the American Civil War is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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They had three children: Dora Delphina Hack Ripper (1865–1918), William Dunhain Hack (1869–1948), and Lenora Grace Hack Chastene (1875–1910). At his death, only his son and daughter-in-law survived him.[7]","title":"Post War"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-find_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"John Hack (1842 - 1933) - Find A Grave Memorial\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Hack&GSfn=John&GSby=1842&GSbyrel=in&GSdy=1933&GSdyrel=in&GSst=26&GScntry=4&GSob=n&GRid=5959740&df=all&"},{"link_name":"Find A Grave","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Find_A_Grave"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESightline_Media_Group2020_2-0"},{"link_name":"Sightline Media Group (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSightline_Media_Group2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEU.S._War_Department19155_3-0"},{"link_name":"U.S. War Department (1915)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFU.S._War_Department1915"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECMOHS2014_4-0"},{"link_name":"CMOHS (2014)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFCMOHS2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVCOnline2020_5-0"},{"link_name":"VCOnline (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFVCOnline2020"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESubcommittee_on_Veterans'_Affairs1968105_6-0"},{"link_name":"Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs (1968)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSubcommittee_on_Veterans'_Affairs1968"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFind_a_Grave2020_7-0"},{"link_name":"Find a Grave (2020)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFFind_a_Grave2020"}],"text":"^ \"John Hack (1842 - 1933) - Find A Grave Memorial\". Find A Grave. Retrieved 2017-02-25.\n\n^ Sightline Media Group (2020).\n\n^ U.S. War Department (1915), p. 5.\n\n^ CMOHS (2014).\n\n^ VCOnline (2020).\n\n^ Subcommittee on Veterans' Affairs (1968), p. 105.\n\n^ Find a Grave (2020).","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glenbard_North_High_School

Glenbard North High School

["1 History","2 Athletics","2.1 State championships","3 Notable alumni","4 See also","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 41°55′45″N 88°08′30″W / 41.9292°N 88.14174°W / 41.9292; -88.14174Public high school in Carol Stream, Illinois, United StatesGlenbard North High SchoolGlenbard North High School, home of the PanthersAddress990 Kuhn RoadCarol Stream, Illinois 60188United StatesCoordinates41°55′45″N 88°08′30″W / 41.9292°N 88.14174°W / 41.9292; -88.14174InformationSchool typePublic high schoolOpened1968; 56 years ago (1968)School districtGlenbard Township HS Dist. 87SuperintendentDavid LarsonNCES School ID171683001989PrincipalJohn MensikTeaching staff144.90 (on an FTE basis)Grades9–12GenderCoedEnrollment2,239 (2019-20)Student to teacher ratio15.45Campus typesuburbanColour(s)  Black  Old GoldFight songFighting Panthers of NorthAthletics conferenceDuKane ConferenceNicknamePanthersNewspaperThe North CurrentYearbookAquiloWebsitewww.glenbardnorthhs.org Glenbard North High School, or GBN, and locally referred to as "Glenbard" or "North", is a public closed campus four-year high school located at the corner of Kuhn Road and Lies Road in Carol Stream, Illinois, a western suburb of Chicago, Illinois, in the United States. It is part of Glenbard Township High School District 87, which also includes Glenbard South High School, Glenbard East High School, and Glenbard West High School. The North campus is the largest among the four high schools in Glenbard Township District 87, serving approximately 2,200 students from Carol Stream, Glendale Heights, Hanover Park, and Bloomingdale. History Glenbard North opened its doors in August 1968. It was the third of the four Glenbard high schools to open. The first principal of Glenbard North was Raymond Livingston. Burt Weber served Glenbard North as principal from 1971–1989, having the longest tenure of any Glenbard North principal at 18 years. The football field, Weber Field, was named in his honor. Athletics Glenbard North teams are called the Panthers. These athletic teams compete in the DuKane Conference. The school's teams also compete in state championship tournaments sponsored by the Illinois High School Association (IHSA). The school sponsors interscholastic sports for men and women in basketball, cross country, gymnastics, golf, soccer, tennis, track & field, and volleyball. Men may also compete in baseball, football, and wrestling. Women may compete in badminton, cheerleading, swimming, and softball. While not sponsored by the IHSA, the school also sponsors a pom team for women, and a district-wide ice hockey team for men. State championships Cross Country (Girls): 1994–95 Gymnastics (Boys): 1991–92; 2008–09 Gymnastics (Girls): 1981–82; 1982—83 Wrestling: 2010-11; Notable alumni Rick Ackerman was an NFL defensive tackle (1982, 1984–87), playing most of his career for the San Diego Chargers. Billy Corgan is a musician and songwriter best known as the frontman for the Smashing Pumpkins. Ryan Diem was an offensive tackle for the NFL Indianapolis Colts (2001–2012). He was the starting right tackle for the Super Bowl XLI champions. Jim Ellison was the lead singer for late 1980s–early 1990s power pop trio Material Issue. Eric Orze is a professional baseball player in the New York Mets organization. Eric Petersen is an actor playing the titular character in the series Kevin Can F**k Himself. Michael Quigley is a United States Congressman, representing the 5th Congressional District of Illinois; a seat he won in a special election to replace Rahm Emanuel. Kiele Sanchez is an actress best known for her work on television (Lost, Related). Tony Ramos was an international freestyle wrestler and NCAA champion wrestler for Iowa. Justin Jackson is a running back for the NFL's Detroit Lions. Greg Newsome II is a defensive back for the NFL's Cleveland Browns. See also List of high schools in Illinois References ^ a b c d "Search for Public Schools - Glenbard North High School (171683001989)". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 20 December 2021. ^ Glenbard North HS, list of interscholastic athletic teams; accessed 5 September 2008 Archived 22 December 2008 at the Wayback Machine ^ "IHSA records for Glenbard North High School; accessed 5 September 2008". Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007. ^ "Boys Wrestling Champions & Runners-Up". Illinois High School Association. Retrieved 1 February 2023. ^ a b c d e f McGavin, Patrick Z. (13 October 2009). "Glenbard North". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 14 October 2009. ^ Rick Ackerman stats & bio; databasefootball.com; accessed 22 June 2009 Archived 4 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ DeRogatis, Jim; What's going on in Billy's head?!; 15 March 2009; Chicago Sun-Times; accessed 22 June 2009 ^ Cox, Ted; Radio industry snuffing performance royalty; 9 June 2009; Daily Herald; accessed 22 June 2009 ^ Ryan Diem biography; colts.com; accessed 22 June 2009 Archived 22 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine ^ Ryan Diem stats & bio; databasefootball.com; accessed 22 June 2009 Archived 30 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine ^ Herguth, Bob; Ellison, Ansani and Zelenko; 18 July 1991; Chicago Sun-Times; accessed 22 June 2009 ^ "Eric Orze College & Minor Leagues Statistics". Baseball-Reference.com. ^ Gire, Dann (December 3, 2013). "Comical Carol Stream kid hits Broadway, and now TV Land". Daily Herald. Retrieved June 24, 2021. ^ Han, Angie (June 17, 2021). "How 'Kevin Can F—k Himself' created the best worst sitcom husband". Mashable. Retrieved June 24, 2021. ^ Tribune Staff Report; Mike Quigley; 19 February 2009; Chicago Tribune accessed 22 June 2009 ^ O'Konowitz, Tom; 'Related' role could be Kiele's big break; 13 October 2005; Daily Herald; accessed 22 June 2009 ^ "Tony Ramos". National Wrestling Hall of Fame. National Wrestling Hall of Fame. 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-10. The Carroll Stream, Illinois native was a three-time Illinois state high school champion for Glenbard North High School. ^ "NFL Draft & Combine Profile - Justin Jackson". www.nfl.com. Retrieved 2018-06-04. External links Official website Authority control databases International ISNI Geographic NCES

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It is part of Glenbard Township High School District 87, which also includes Glenbard South High School, Glenbard East High School, and Glenbard West High School. The North campus is the largest among the four high schools in Glenbard Township District 87,[citation needed] serving approximately 2,200 students from Carol Stream, Glendale Heights, Hanover Park, and Bloomingdale.","title":"Glenbard North High School"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Glenbard North opened its doors in August 1968. It was the third of the four Glenbard high schools to open. The first principal of Glenbard North was Raymond Livingston. Burt Weber served Glenbard North as principal from 1971–1989, having the longest tenure of any Glenbard North principal at 18 years. 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[]

[{"title":"List of high schools in Illinois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_high_schools_in_Illinois"}]

[{"reference":"\"Search for Public Schools - Glenbard North High School (171683001989)\". National Center for Education Statistics. Institute of Education Sciences. Retrieved 20 December 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=171683001989","url_text":"\"Search for Public Schools - Glenbard North High School (171683001989)\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Center_for_Education_Statistics","url_text":"National Center for Education Statistics"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute_of_Education_Sciences","url_text":"Institute of Education Sciences"}]},{"reference":"\"IHSA records for Glenbard North High School; accessed 5 September 2008\". Archived from the original on 15 August 2007. Retrieved 16 September 2007.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070815023232/http://www.ihsa.org/school/records/sum0312.htm","url_text":"\"IHSA records for Glenbard North High School; accessed 5 September 2008\""},{"url":"http://www.ihsa.org/school/records/sum0312.htm","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Boys Wrestling Champions & Runners-Up\". Illinois High School Association. Retrieved 1 February 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ihsa.org/Sports-Activities/Boys-Wrestling/Records-History","url_text":"\"Boys Wrestling Champions & Runners-Up\""}]},{"reference":"McGavin, Patrick Z. (13 October 2009). \"Glenbard North\". Chicago Sun-Times. Retrieved 14 October 2009.","urls":[{"url":"http://yourseason.suntimes.com/schooloftheweek/1823017,101309-school-of-week-glenbard-north.article","url_text":"\"Glenbard North\""}]},{"reference":"\"Eric Orze College & Minor Leagues Statistics\". Baseball-Reference.com.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=orze--000eri","url_text":"\"Eric Orze College & Minor Leagues Statistics\""}]},{"reference":"Gire, Dann (December 3, 2013). \"Comical Carol Stream kid hits Broadway, and now TV Land\". Daily Herald. Retrieved June 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20131203/entlife/712039946/","url_text":"\"Comical Carol Stream kid hits Broadway, and now TV Land\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daily_Herald_(Arlington_Heights)","url_text":"Daily Herald"}]},{"reference":"Han, Angie (June 17, 2021). \"How 'Kevin Can F—k Himself' created the best worst sitcom husband\". Mashable. Retrieved June 24, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://mashable.com/article/kevin-can-f-himself-sitcom-husband-eric-petersen","url_text":"\"How 'Kevin Can F—k Himself' created the best worst sitcom husband\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashable","url_text":"Mashable"}]},{"reference":"\"Tony Ramos\". National Wrestling Hall of Fame. National Wrestling Hall of Fame. 2024. Retrieved 2024-02-10. The Carroll Stream, Illinois native was a three-time Illinois state high school champion for Glenbard North High School.","urls":[{"url":"https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio/2985","url_text":"\"Tony Ramos\""}]},{"reference":"\"NFL Draft & Combine Profile - Justin Jackson\". www.nfl.com. Retrieved 2018-06-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/justin-jackson?id=32462018-0002-5599-33b3-80a773b1cdde","url_text":"\"NFL Draft & Combine Profile - Justin Jackson\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glenbard_North_High_School&params=41.9292_N_88.14174_W_region:US-IL_type:edu_source:geonames","external_links_name":"41°55′45″N 88°08′30″W / 41.9292°N 88.14174°W / 41.9292; -88.14174"},{"Link":"https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Glenbard_North_High_School&params=41.9292_N_88.14174_W_region:US-IL_type:edu_source:geonames","external_links_name":"41°55′45″N 88°08′30″W / 41.9292°N 88.14174°W / 41.9292; -88.14174"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=171683001989","external_links_name":"171683001989"},{"Link":"https://www.glenbardnorthhs.org/","external_links_name":"www.glenbardnorthhs.org"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?Search=1&ID=171683001989","external_links_name":"\"Search for Public Schools - Glenbard North High School (171683001989)\""},{"Link":"http://www.glenbardnorthhs.org/sitepages/athletics/athletics","external_links_name":"Glenbard North HS, list of interscholastic athletic teams; accessed 5 September 2008"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20081222191423/http://www.glenbardnorthhs.org/sitepages/athletics/athletics","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070815023232/http://www.ihsa.org/school/records/sum0312.htm","external_links_name":"\"IHSA records for Glenbard North High School; accessed 5 September 2008\""},{"Link":"http://www.ihsa.org/school/records/sum0312.htm","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.ihsa.org/Sports-Activities/Boys-Wrestling/Records-History","external_links_name":"\"Boys Wrestling Champions & Runners-Up\""},{"Link":"http://yourseason.suntimes.com/schooloftheweek/1823017,101309-school-of-week-glenbard-north.article","external_links_name":"\"Glenbard North\""},{"Link":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=ACKERRIC01","external_links_name":"Rick Ackerman stats & bio; databasefootball.com; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090104155857/http://databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=ACKERRIC01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.suntimes.com/entertainment/derogatis/1477153,SHO-Sunday-dero15.article","external_links_name":"DeRogatis, Jim; What's going on in Billy's head?!; 15 March 2009; Chicago Sun-Times; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"http://dailyherald.com/story/print/?id=299252","external_links_name":"Cox, Ted; Radio industry snuffing performance royalty; 9 June 2009; Daily Herald; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.colts.com/sub.cfm?page=bio&player_id=65","external_links_name":"Ryan Diem biography; colts.com; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090122082701/http://www.colts.com/sub.cfm?page=bio&player_id=65","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=DIEMRYA01","external_links_name":"Ryan Diem stats & bio; databasefootball.com; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070930121857/http://www.databasefootball.com/players/playerpage.htm?ilkid=DIEMRYA01","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20121105050619/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4064026.html","external_links_name":"Herguth, Bob; Ellison, Ansani and Zelenko; 18 July 1991; Chicago Sun-Times; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"https://www.baseball-reference.com/register/player.fcgi?id=orze--000eri","external_links_name":"\"Eric Orze College & Minor Leagues Statistics\""},{"Link":"https://www.dailyherald.com/article/20131203/entlife/712039946/","external_links_name":"\"Comical Carol Stream kid hits Broadway, and now TV Land\""},{"Link":"https://mashable.com/article/kevin-can-f-himself-sitcom-husband-eric-petersen","external_links_name":"\"How 'Kevin Can F—k Himself' created the best worst sitcom husband\""},{"Link":"http://archives.chicagotribune.com/2009/feb/19/local/chi-emanuel-seat-bios-quigley-cifeb19","external_links_name":"Tribune Staff Report; Mike Quigley; 19 February 2009; Chicago Tribune accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"http://www.bookrags.com/highbeam/related-role-could-be-kieles-big-20051013-hb/","external_links_name":"O'Konowitz, Tom; 'Related' role could be Kiele's big break; 13 October 2005; Daily Herald; accessed 22 June 2009"},{"Link":"https://nwhof.org/hall_of_fame/bio/2985","external_links_name":"\"Tony Ramos\""},{"Link":"https://www.nfl.com/prospects/justin-jackson?id=32462018-0002-5599-33b3-80a773b1cdde","external_links_name":"\"NFL Draft & Combine Profile - Justin Jackson\""},{"Link":"https://www.glenbardnorthhs.org/","external_links_name":"Official website"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000405043958","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://nces.ed.gov/ccd/schoolsearch/school_detail.asp?ID=171683001989","external_links_name":"NCES"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Lima

Historic Centre of Lima

["1 History","2 List of sites","2.1 Historic Centre of Lima","2.2 Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado","2.3 Quinta and Molino de Presa","3 See also","4 Notes","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 12°3′5″S 77°2′35″W / 12.05139°S 77.04306°W / -12.05139; -77.04306World Heritage Site in Peru Historic Centre of LimaUNESCO World Heritage SiteView of the Cathedral and the main squareLocationLima, PeruCriteriaCultural: (iv)Reference500bisInscription1988 (12th Session)Extensions1991, 2023Area259.36 ha (640.9 acres)Buffer zone766.7 ha (1,895 acres)Coordinates12°3′5″S 77°2′35″W / 12.05139°S 77.04306°W / -12.05139; -77.04306Location of Historic Centre of Lima in Peru The Historic Centre of Lima (Spanish: Centro histórico de Lima) is the historic city centre of the city of Lima, the capital of Peru. Located in the city's districts of Lima and Rímac, both in the Rímac Valley, it consists of two areas: the first is the Monumental Zone established by the Peruvian government in 1972, and the second one—contained within the first one—is the World Heritage Site established by UNESCO in 1988, whose buildings are marked with the organisation's black-and-white shield. Founded on January 18, 1535, by Conquistador Francisco Pizarro, the city served as the political, administrative, religious and economic capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, as well as the most important city of Spanish South America. The evangelisation process at the end of the 16th century allowed the arrival of several religious orders and the construction of churches and convents. The University of San Marcos, the so-called "Dean University of the Americas", was founded on May 12, 1551, and began its functions on January 2, 1553 in the Convent of Santo Domingo. Originally contained by the now-demolished city walls that surrounded it, the Cercado de Lima features numerous architectural monuments that have survived the serious damage caused by a number of different earthquakes over the centuries, such as the Convent of San Francisco, the largest of its kind in this part of the world. Many buildings of the are joint creations of artisans, local artists, architects and master builders from the Old Continent. It is among the most important tourist destinations in Peru. History 1750 map of Lima and its walls. The city of Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, and given the name City of the Kings. Nevertheless, with time its original name persisted, which may come from one of two sources: Either the Aymara language lima-limaq (meaning "yellow flower"), or the Spanish pronunciation of the Quechuan word rimaq (meaning "talker", and actually written and pronounced limaq in the nearby Quechua I languages). It is worth nothing that the same Quechuan word is also the source of the name given to the river that feeds the city, the Rímac River (pronounced as in the politically dominant Quechua II languages, with an "r" instead of an "l"). Early maps of Peru show the two names displayed jointly. Under the Viceroyalty of Peru, the authority of the viceroy as a representative of the Spanish monarchy was particularly important, since its appointment supposed an important ascent and the successful culmination of a race in the colonial administration. The entrances to Lima of the new viceroys were specially lavish. For the occasion, the streets were paved with silver bars from the gates of the city to the Palace of the Viceroy. In 1988, UNESCO declared the historic centre of Lima a World Heritage Site for its originality and high concentration of historic monuments constructed during the viceregal era. In 2023, it was expanded with two exclaves to include the Quinta and Molino de Presa and the Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado. In 2021, as part of renovation works made in preparation for the bicentennial celebrations of that year, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima installed 206 different QR codes across different landmarks of the centre that, when scanned, open a video that details the selected building's history. On January 18, 2024, the city's 489th anniversary, president Dina Boluarte announced a "special regime" that targets the area in order to allow restoration and repair works to take place. List of sites The World Heritage Site, divided into three zones, features a number of landmarks. Historic Centre of Lima The main zone is that of the Historic Centre of Lima (266.17 ha; buffer zone: 806.71 ha), which features the following: Name Location Notes Photo Balconies of Lima Various Over 1,600 were built in total in both the viceregal and republican eras of the city. They have been crucial in UNESCO's declaration of the historic centre as a World Heritage Site. Acho Bullring Jr. Marañón 569Jr. Hualgayoc 332 It is the oldest bullring in the Americas and the second-oldest in the world after La Maestranza, in Spain. It opened on January 30, 1766, and has a seating capacity of 13,700 people. A watch tower overlooks the bullring since 1858. Aero Club del Perú Jr. Unión 718, 722, 726, 732 The building was owned by Juan Bautista Palacios, Knight of the Order of Santiago, and rented by the Aero Club del Perú since 1935, who used it as its headquarters. It eventually ceased to be used by the club and was later turned into a commercial gallery. Alameda Chabuca Granda The promenade is built in the site of the former Polvos Azules marketplace, itself occupying the former site of the Venetian Palace. Named after singer-songwriter Chabuca Granda, it features an auditorium and a large sculpture. Alameda de los Descalzos One of the best-known places in the district, around it stand a number of churches and the former residence of Micaela Villegas. Archbishop's Palace Jr. Junín & Carabaya The home of the Archbishop of Lima, it was turned into an episcopal seat in 1541 by Pope Paul III and rebuilt in 1924 by architects Claude Sahut and Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski as part of the city works commissioned by Augusto B. Leguía in preparation of the centennial celebrations of the Battle of Ayacucho. Banco Internacional del Perú Plazoleta de la Merced The property was purchased in 1942, where the bank constructed its building, designed by architects Rafael Marquina and José Álvarez Calderón, to house its agency. In 2011, its structure was remodelled to house two shopping malls: Oechsle and Plaza Vea. Banco Italiano Jr. Lampa & Ucayali The building, a property of the bank of the same name, was inaugurated on April 21, 1929, coinciding with both the 40th anniversary of the bank's creation and the founding of Rome. It was designed by architect Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski. Banco Wiese  Jr. Carabaya & Cuzco Originally the seat of a bank of the same name, it was designed by Enrique Seoane Ros and inaugurated on December 6, 1963, in a ceremony attended by president Fernando Belaúnde. Around 2002, the bank building was remodelled to accomodate a Metro supermarket. — Basilica and Convent of Saint Augustine Jr. Camaná & Ica Located in front of a public square of the same name, it has been run by the Augustinian friars since its foundation, and belongs to the Province of Our Lady of Grace of Peru. Basilica and Convent of Saint Dominic Jr. Camaná & Conde de Superunda The 16th century complex, originally named after Our Lady of the Rosary, is named after Saint Dominic. It is also the site where the Royal University of Lima was founded in 1551, and was elevated to basilica in 1930. Basilica and Convent of Saint Francis Jr. Áncash & Lampa The 17th century complex is named after Francis of Assisi. It is the site of the Museum of Religious Art and of the Zurbarán Room, as well as an underground network of galleries and catacombs that served as a cemetery during the Viceregal era. Basilica and Convent of Saint Peter Jr. Azángaro & Ucayali The 17th century complex, formerly named after Saint Paul and featuring a college of the same name, is named after Saint Peter since 1767. It is the burial site of Viceroy Ambrosio O'Higgins, as well as the site of the heart of the Viceroy Count of Lemos. Basilica and Convent of Our Lady of Mercy Jr. Unión & Sta. Rosa The 16th century complex is named after Our Lady of Mercy, who serves as the patroness of the Peruvian Armed Forces. Its Churrigueresque style dates back to the 18th century. The public square next to it was the location of one of José de San Martín's proclamations of the independence of Peru in 1821. Caja de Depósitos y Consignaciones Jr. Huallaga 400 Designed by Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski, the building was completed in 1917 and housed the private bank of the same name until its nationalisation in 1963. It was subsequently donated by the Peruvian government to the National Superior Autonomous School of Fine Arts on September 27, 1996. Casa de la A.A.A. Jr. Ica 323 The building houses a theatre company and cultural institution founded on June 13, 1938. — Casa Alarco Jr. Callao 482 The house is named after the family of the same name, and features two commemorative plaque at its entrance. They commemorate the lives of Antonio Alarco Espinosa, who died at the battle of Callao, and Juana Alarco de Dammert, who was born there in 1842. Casa Aliaga Jr. Unión 225 The building—the oldest in the city—dates back to May 1536, belonging to Conquistador Jerónimo de Aliaga  and built on top of a pre-Columbian sanctuary. It was destroyed by the earthquake of 1746 and rebuilt by Juan José Aliaga y Sotomayor. In the 19th century a series of works were carried out. Casa Arenas Loayza Jr. Junín 270 Unlike many other similar residences from the mid-19th century, its plan does not develop around a central patio or in general around any axis. Its interior is decorated with plasterwork with a floral motif. The ground floor is mostly intended for longitudinal shops. Casa Aspíllaga Jr. Ucayali 391 Named after politician Ántero Aspíllaga Barrera , who lived there. It was first registered in 1685, and its current design corresponds to a 19th-century neoclassical republican style. It was acquired by the state in 1953 and administered by the Foreign Ministry. It currently functions as the Inca Garcilaso Cultural Centre. Casa Barbieri Jr. Callao & Rufino Torrico Originally the property of the Cabildo of Lima prior to the 1748 earthquake and then of the counts of Villar de Fuentes, it was purchased by Manuel Fernando Barbieri Sprinborn in the 1920s, who renovated it. A devout Catholic, he died at home, having been cared for by the nuns of the convent San José, in Barrios Altos. These nuns inherited the building in 1975 and later put it up for sale. Casa Barragán  Jr. Unión & Av. Emancipación Named after Genaro Barragán Urrutia , who had it built, it was best known for housing the Palais Concert, an entertainment venue inspired by the Café de la Paix in Paris that featured a bar, coffee shop and cinema that attracted the city's intellectuals during the early 20th century. The bar closed in 1930, and the building was subsequently repurposed as a mall that included a nightclub, the Discoteca Cerebro, until it was ultimately purchased by Ripley S.A. in 2011, opening its department store a year later. Casa Bodega y Quadra Jr. Áncash 209, 213 & 217 Located on the remains of a terrain that dates back to the Viceroyalty of Peru, it illustrates the daily life of people during the Spanish and Republican era of the city. It is named after the final family that owned it during the 17th century. Casa Bolognesi Jr. Cailloma 125 Located at the birthplace of Francisco Bolognesi, it currently funcitons as a house museum dedicated to the War of the Pacific and the battle where he died in 1880. Casa Candamo Jr. Carabaya & Ucayali The building dates back to the mid 19th century, and is named after Manuel Candamo, who lived there. Candamo was twice president of Peru in 1895 and from 1093 to 1904. Casa de Correos y Telégrafos Jr. Conde de Superunda 170 Originally the city's post office since 1872, it now hosts two museums: one dedicated to philately, inaugurated in 1931, and another one dedicated to Peruvian cuisine, opened in 2011. Casa Courret Jr. Unión 459 Designed by architect Enrique Ronderas, this building housed the studio of photographer Eugène Courret until 1906, when he was succeeded by Adolphe Dubreuil . The studio was one of the most prolific of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, as the photographs taken there formed the archive that served as a graphic encyclopedia for the history of the city. Casa de la Columna Jr. Conde de Superunda Originally a cloister that formed part of the nearby Convent of Saint Dominic, it currently serves as the residence of over 200 people that have inhabited the building for generations since the 19th century. — Casa de la Cultura Criolla Jr. Moquegua 376 The 18th century building was the residence of songwriter Rosa Mercedes Ayarza for the final 29 years of her life. In 2022, a museum named after her was inaugurated in 2022, featuring a section dedicated to Ayarza and other sections detailing the history of the building, among other things. Casa de Divorciadas Jr. Carabaya 641 Built in the 18th century, it originally functioned as a residence for divorced women. It is currently operated by de Charity of Lima. Casa Fernandini Jr. Ica 400 The building was designed by Claude Sahut in an eclectic style for the miner Eulogio Fernandini and his family. It is currently a museum where cultural activities take place regularly. Casa de Goyeneche Jr. Ucayali 358 The 959.20 m2 two-storey building was built during the 18th century and is named after the family that formerly owned it. After passing through a series of different owners, it was ultimately acquired by the Banco de Crédito del Perú in 1971. Casa Grau Jr. Huancavelica 170 & 172 For 12 years, the building served as the residence of Peruvian War hero Miguel Grau. It currently functions as a house museum dedicated to his memory. Casa Gutiérrez Jr. Unión & Cuzco The 16th century building is named after Pedro Gutiérrez, the tailor who owned it in 1537. In 1872, it was remodelled by José Jiménez (also being known as the Casa Jiménez), making most of the building look like it did when it was first built. It was renovated in 1940 by the Compañía de Seguros Atlas in honour of the city's 450th anniversary. Restoration works were carried out in the 1980s under the direction of architect José Correa Orbegoso. Casa Harth Jr. Azángaro & Junín The building, which dates back to 1755, was owned by Antonio de Querejazu y Mollinedo , who served as oidor and belonged to one of the richest families of the city. It was eventually acquired by Teodoro Harth and his company, founded in 1854, receiving its current name. It was purchased by Arte Express in 2019. Casa de la Literatura Peruana Jr. Áncash & Carabaya Originally a train station named after the adjacent church, the building has since been converted into a cultural centre that was inaugurated on October 20, 2009. Casa Marcionelli Jr. Carabaya 955 Built by Swiss businessman Severino Marcionelli, it housed his offices, a consulate of Switzerland, and was eventually burned down in 2023, with only the first floor's façade remaining. Casa de Moneda Jr. Junín 781 The building's houses the national mint of the country, whose origin dates back to 1565. Casa del Oidor Jr. Junín & Carabaya The building was built on two of the four plots that made up one of the 117 blocks into which Lima was initially divided. Also damaged and rebuilt after the 1746 earthquake, it is best known for the large balcony that runs through its façade. Casa O'Higgins Jr. Unión 554 Named after Bernardo O'Higgins, who lived and died there, it is currently operated by the Riva-Agüero Institute. Casa de Osambela Jr. Conde de Superunda 298 Built on the former grounds of a novitiate of the Dominican Order that was destroyed during the 1746 earthquake, it is currently the headquarters of the Academia Peruana de la Lengua and the regional office of the Organization of Ibero-American States. Casa de Pilatos Jr. Áncash 390 Built in the late 16th century, it was occupied by various families of the aristocracy of Lima for most of its history, being purchased by the government during the 20th century. It currently functions as the de facto headquarters of the Constitutional Court. Casa Riva-Agüero Jr. Camaná 459 This house was constructed in the 18th century by the Riva Agüero family, whose last member, the intellectual José de la Riva-Agüero, donated it to the Pontifical Catholic University of Peru. It currently serves as the headquarters of the university's Riva-Agüero Institute, where its archive and library are located. Casa de San Martín de Porres Jr. Callao 534 The house is the birthplace of Martín de Porres, a member of the Dominican Order who was beatified in 1837 and canonised in 1962. It currently functions as a museum dedicated to his life, also serving as a soup kitchen and meeting place for people in need. Casa de las Trece Monedas Jr. Áncash 536 The building belonged to the López-Flores family, Counts of Puente Pelayo, owing its name to the thirteen coins featured in the family's coat of arms. It currently operates as the National Afro-Peruvian Museum. Casa de las Trece Puertas Jr Áncash & Lampa Its name comes from the number of doors it has, a total of thirteen. It originally had nine doors when it was built during the 17th century, eventually growing due to the number of businesses housed in the building. Destroyed during the 1746 earthquake, the current building was built in the Rococo style between 1864 and 1872, acquired by the Provincial Council of Lima in 1975 and ultimately restored from 2007 to 2009. Casa Welsch Jr. Unión & Ica The Art Nouveau-style building is named after the German retail company of the same name. The company's history dates back to the 19th century, although its building was inaugurated on December 11, 1909. Its architects were Raymundo and Guido Masperi. In 1942, due to the anti-German sentiment caused by World War II, its Longines clock was replaced by an IBM one instead after the building was attacked. The store ultimately closed in 1991. Catacombs of Lima Basilica and Convent of St. Francis The extensive underground network was built c. 1600 and functioned as a cemetery until 1810, with some 25,000 bodies lying within. It was reopened in 1950, currently working as a museum. Church and Monastery of Saint Rose of the Nuns Jr. Ayacucho & Sta. Rosa Built in the 17th and 18th centuries, it consists of the church and monastery next to the house in which Saint Rose of Lima lived and spent the last three months of her life until her death in her room on August 24, 1617. Said room has since been converted into a chapel. Church of Jesus, Mary, and Joseph Jr. Camaná & Moquegua Built in 1678, it functioned as a shelter for orphaned and abandoned youth owned by a couple, eventually becoming a religious complex through donations. Church of the Tabernacle Jr. Carabaya 220 Also known as the Sagrario Metropolitano de Lima, it is located between the Archbishop's Palace and the Cathedral. It dates back to 1665 and hosts a large number of records within its archive. Church of Saint Anne Italy Square Named after the former hospital, it is one of two candidates for the location of Rímac, the oracle that give the city its name. It gave the adjacent square its name until 1910, when it was renamed in honour of a statue to Antonio Raimondi, an Italian–Peruvian geographer and scientist. Church of Saint Camillus Jr. Áncash & Paruro Named after the order based there, it was rebuilt after the 1746 earthquake and currently houses a health centre. Inside of the church is a statue by Juan Martínez Montañés. Church of the Sacred Heart Jr. Azángaro 776 Rebuilt after the 1746 earthquake, it was inaugurated on April 6, 1766. It is the only Catholic temple in Peru and Latin America with an elliptical plan, similar to those of Austria, and is designed in the Rococo limeño style. Church of Saint Lazarus Av. Francisco Pizarro & Jr. Trujillo Built in 1586, it was the first church built in the area. Since then it has been rebuilt several times after being damaged due to the many earthquakes the city has experienced. Up until the 19th century, the church gave the neighbourhood of San Lázaro its name, until it separated from Lima District as Rímac District. Church of Saint Liberata Jr. 22 De Agosto 100 The church was first built in 1716, with the Cruciferous Fathers of Good Death taking charge of its administration from 1745 to 1826. Its name comes from the patron saint of Sigüenza, the hometown of then Viceroy Diego Ladrón de Guevara. Church of Saint Sebastian Jr. Chancay & Ica It is the third parish to be built in Lima, founded in 1554. Its altarpiece dates back to the 18th century, and its fountain dates back to 1888. Church of the Trinitarians Jr. Áncash 790 The land was originally occupied by the Beaterio de las Trinitarias, which became a convent. The church originated as part of that monastery and was completed in 1722. Church of Our Lady of Copacabana Jr. Chiclayo 400 Rebuilt after the 1746 earthquake with funds from its resident brotherhood and from local devotees, it is shaped like a Latin cross, with short arms and a dressing room behind the front wall. Church of Our Lady of Mount Carmel Jr. Junín & Huánuco The church was originally established as a retreat for poor girls at the beginning of the 17th century, becoming a monastery in 1625. The restoration works that followed the earthquakes 1687 and 1940 made major changes in its floor plan. Church of Our Lady of Patronage Jr. Manco Cápac 164 The beguinage and the first chapel were completed in 1688, while the temple as a whole was only completed in 1754. In 1919, the beguinage was transformed into the convent of the Dominican nuns of the Most Holy Rosary. Church of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary Av. Garcilaso de la Vega 1131 Built in 1606, it had to be restored after the earthquakes of 1687 and 1746, and a fire in 1868. A statue donated by the city's French colony was placed in the public square in front of the church as part of the centennial celebrations of 1921. Club Nacional Plaza San Martín Founded on October 19, 1855, it has been the meeting place for the Peruvian aristocracy throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, as its members are members of the most distinguished and wealthy families in the country. Club de la Unión Jr. Unión 364 Founded on October 10, 1868, it is headquartered at the palace of the same name, itself inaugurated in 1942. Its founders include notable historical figures of the history of Peru, many of which served during the War of the Pacific. Convent of Our Lady of the Angels Alameda de los Descalzos The convent was founded in 1595 by the Franciscan Order and under the auspices of Archbishop Toribio de Mogrovejo. In 1981, a museum was opened in its premises. Convent of the Venturous Mary Magdalene Plaza Francia Ownership of the Dominican convent passed on to the Charity of Lima after Peru's independence. The Pontifical Catholic University of Peru was inaugurated in this building, and its first classes were dictated in the same place. Diario El Comercio Jr. Lampa & Santa Rosa The building, which houses the newspaper of the same name, is located at the site of a single-storey building that also served as the headquarters of the newspaper, which was burned down by a mob in 1919 alongside the director's residence. It was rebuilt from 1921 to 1924 with a new fortress-inspired design. Edificio Belén Av. Uruguay & Jr. Camaná The Tambo de Belén, one of the first buildings in the country, was designed by Rafael Marquina y Bueno  built in 1930. A residential building, it was the home to figures such as Honorio Delgado. Edificio El Buque Jr. Junín & Cangallo Named after its resemblance to a ship, it was built in the 19th century in a 1,131 m² plot. Originally sporting marble staircases with bronze handrails and wooden balconies, it was built with the purpose of being the first housing complex after independence, being able to house 70 families in total. It has since been declared inhabitable, the result of a series of fires in 2012, 2014, 2016 and 2022 that neighbours blame on the drug addicts that sneak into the building through a hole made in a wall. — Edificio Fernando Belaúnde Terry Jr. Huallaga 364 The building, a property of the National Congress, houses the a bookstore in its entrance and the Library of Congress of Peru in its basement. Edificio Ferrand Av. Uruguay The building, designed by Rafael Marquina y Bueno , was where one of the first Ford del Perú S.A. stores in the country was opened, and also served as the residence of the German consul and delegation before relations were severed due to World War II. Therefore, it was the meeting place for people who supported Adolf Hitler and his system of government. Between both buildings is the first block of what would have been known as Paraguay Avenue, whose path would've continued towards the Plaza Bolognesi, but was abandoned. The Belén is one of the buildings that have been purchased by Arte Express. Edificio Giacoletti Plaza San Martín The building dates back to 1912, and originally featured Art Nouveau decorations on its façade, which were removed in the 1940s. A fire burnt down most of the building in 2018. Edificio Javier Alzamora Valdez Av. Abancay & Colmena Formerly the headquarters of the Ministry of Education, it's the main location of the Superior Court of Justice of Lima, part of the Judiciary of Peru. Government Palace Jr. Junín Originally built to be the residence of Francisco Pizarro, it was rebuilt under the presidency of Oscar R. Benavides by architects Claude Sahut and Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski, with construction works finishing in 1937. The palace currently serves as the residence of the President of the Republic, and features a memorial obelisk at its entrance. Gran Hotel Bolívar Plaza San Martín Part of a program to modernise Lima, the hotel was constructed on what was state property. The hotel was inaugurated on December 6, 1924, as part of the centennial celebrations commemorating the Battle of Ayacucho. Hotel Comercio Jr. Áncash & Carabaya The hotel, located next to Government Palace, is best known for a murder that took place on June 24, 1930, and for the Bar Cordano, located on its first floor and visited by almost every president since its inception. Hotel Maury Jr. Carabaya & Ucayali A three-star hotel, it is considered one of the oldest hotels in both Peru and the Pacific coast, having been founded in 1835. It was rebuilt in 1945, giving the building its current modernist appearance. Jurado Nacional de Elecciones Av. Nicolás de Piérola 1080 The headquarters of the government organisation, it features a museum dedicated to the electoral history of Peru in the 19th and 20th centuries. La Prensa Baquíjano 745 The building housed the newspaper of the same name, which did not survive the economic crisis of the 1980s. The building was subsequently sold to Supermercados Monterey, a local supermarket chain, in 1986. After its closure in 1993, it became a commercial building. Legislative Palace Plaza Bolívar Built during the presidency of Óscar R. Benavides on the site of one of the buildings once occupied by the University of San Marcos, it started hosting the Congress of Peru in 1938. Lima Stock Exchange Building Jr. Carabaya & Sta. Rosa The building, inaugurated in 1950, housed the Lima Stock Exchange from 1997 to 2022 until its acquisition by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, which has since repurposed the building. Maternidad de Lima Jr. Sta. Rosa 941 The maternity hospital was established through a supreme decree on October 10, 1826, moving to its current location in 1934 after a series of location changes. Metropolitan Cathedral Jr. Carabaya & Huallaga Built alongside the city in 1535, its current form was built between 1602 and 1797, and is dedicated to John the Apostle. Its interior features a gold-plated altar, as well as the tomb of Francisco Pizarro. A Te Deum mass is traditionally held annually as part of the national day celebrations. Another custom restarted by Cardinal Juan Luis Cipriani, is to celebrate mass every Sunday at 11:00 a.m. In 2005, Mayor Luis Castañeda oversaw a project of illuminating the exterior of the cathedral with new lights. Monastery of Saint Clare Jr. Jauja 449 The first building is from 1606, but the current temple is from the 19th century, occupying a large part of the extensive block in which it is located. A former mill of the same name is located across the street from the monastery. Municipal Palace Jr. Unión Built in 1939, the building serves as the city hall, housing the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima. Museo Central Jr. Lampa & Ucayali The building is located on land acquired by the Central Reserve Bank of Peru in 1922 to occupy the bank's first premises, inaugurated on January 2, 1929. It currently functions as a museum and art centre. Museo del Congreso y la inquisición Jr. Junín 548 Located in the neighbourhood of Barrios Altos, the building served as the former headquarters of the Tribunal of the Holy Office of the Inquisition and later as the seat of the Peruvian Senate until 1939. The museum dedicated to both occupants was opened on July 26, 1968. National Library of Peru Av. Abancay Founded by José de San Martín in 1821, it was looted during the military occupation of the city during the War of the Pacific and was almost completely destroyed in a fire on May 10, 1943. It has since been restored and is open to the public. Old San Bartolomé Hospital Jr. Sta. Rosa The former premises of San Bartolomé Hospital were in use from its foundation in 1651 until 1988, when it was moved to its current site in Alfonso Ugarte Avenue. Pasaje Olaya The pedestrian alleyway is named after José Olaya, who was executed by firing squad for being a spy for pro-Independence forces on June 29, 1823. Pasaje Santa Rosa The pedestrian alleyway is named after Saint Rose of Lima. It features a memorial to the last kuraka of Lima since 1985. It serves as a space for public displays. Paseo de Aguas Rímac District It was built between 1770 and 1776 by Viceroy Manuel de Amat y Juniet and inaugurated in a reduced scale from what was originally planned. During the 1950s, it was the site of a local festival and it has since been restored. Pinacotheca of Lima Plaza Francia The museum was inaugurated in 1925, under the presidency of Augusto B. Leguía and under the mayoralty of Pedro José Rada y Gamio. Located at the former Hospicio Bartolomé Manrique, it is named after Peruvian painter Ignacio Merino, and also serves as the largest collection of his paintings. Plaza Bolívar Formerly known as the site of the Tribunal of the Inquisition, it has been extensively modified throughout its history and currently houses an equestrian statue of Simón Bolívar and a tomb to an unknown soldier. Plaza de la Democracia Since 2006, it is located on the former site of the Bank of the Nation Building designed by Enrique Seoane Ros, which burned down in the year 2000 during the Four Quarters March. Its former address is Av. Nicolás de Piérola 1045. Plaza Italia Barrios Altos Formerly known as Saint Anne's Square, it was the second square built by the Spanish during the colonial era and later served as one of the four squares where the independence of Peru was declared in the city. Plaza Mayor The site of the foundation of the city, it also served as the location of one of José de San Martín's proclamations of the independence of Peru in 1821. Plaza Perú Jr. Conde de Superunda & Unión The site was originally the site of the residence of a brother of Francisco Pizarro, eventually becoming a square in Pizarro's honour featuring an equestrian statue of his that was moved from the Cathedral in 1952. The statue was again moved in 2003, with the square acquiring its current appearance soon after. Plaza San Martín The square was built to coincide with the centennial celebrations that took place in 1921, having replaced a train station and featuring an equestrial monument to José de San Martín, the work of Spanish sculptor Mariano Benlliure. Quinta Heeren Barrios Altos Originally named after the nearby church of the same name, it is named after Óscar Heeren. From 1901 to 1940, the quinta was the headquarters of the embassies of Japan, Belgium, Germany, France and the United States. Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew Jr. Huallaga 846 The first hospital in both the country and South America, it is also linked to the National University of San Marcos and its early history of healthcare studies in Peru, and once housed a number of mummies of the Inca Empire's nobility, including that of Pachacuti. Sanctuary and Monastery of the Holy Trinity Jr. Cuzco 340 Dating back to 1584, it was the second large establishment of its type established in the city, founded by Lucrecia de Sánsolas. As with other buildings in the city, it had to be restored after the earthquake of 1746. During the 20th century, it was again intervened, although this time its size was reduced. Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas Av. Tacna & Jr. Huancavelica The complex was built during the 18th century after the original building had to be demolished as it was irreparably damaged during the earthquake of 1746. It is the location of the Lord of Miracles, an icon venerated by local Catholics during festivities that take place every October. Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima Av. Tacna Inaugurated in 1992, it's located in the remains of Saint Rose of Lima's house, including the well used by her family. It is therefore also the location of the miracles attributed to her. Stone of Taulichusco Pasaje Santa Rosa Since 1985, the stone serves as a memorial to Taulichusco, the last Kuraka of Rímac Valley prior to the arrival of the Spanish. Teatro Colón Plaza San Martín Its construction began in 1911, being inaugurated on January 18, 1914. Until the 1980s, the theatre functioned normally until it became and started airing adult films, being ultimately closed in 2000. Five years later, an NGO aimed at rehabilitating the building began operating. Teatro Municipal Jirón Ica The home to the country's National Symphony Orchestra, it was inaugurated on July 28, 1920. It was bought by the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima in 1929 and renamed to its current name through a Mayor's Resolution of June 15 of that year. Damaged in a fire in 1988, it has since been restored and reopened to the public. Teatro Segura Jirón Huancavelica First built in 1615, it is considered the oldest theatre in Latin America. This original open-air theatre was destroyed by an earthquake on 1746 and rebuilt a year later. The theatre was later reformed on 1822 and 1874. The actual construction was built in 1909 under the name of "Teatro Municipal". The name was changed in 1929 to "Teatro Manuel Ascencio Segura". Among its premises is a theatre museum. Telefónica del Perú Av. Nicolás de Piérola & Jr. Contumazá The building was designed by José Álvarez Calderón in 1938 and inaugurated in 1940, housing the company of the same name. Its design was inspired by its counterpart in Madrid. It was purchased in 2021 by Arte Express at a cost of S/. 10.6 million (around €2.4 million), who agreed to allow that the first third floors continue to be used by its original owner, in order to rent its different floors to different state-owned institutions. Torre Tagle Palace Jr. Ucayali 363 Built during the early 18th century using materials from Spain, Panama and other Central American countries, it was purchased by the government in 1918 and currently serves as the main headquarters of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. University of San Marcos Campus and adjacent park Av. Colmena 1222 Formerly a Jesuit novitiate, the building and park are the property of the University of San Marcos, where its cultural centre and crypt are located. The park was built in 1870, with a clock tower being built by the German colony as part of the centennial celebrations in 1921. At noon, their bells play notes of the national anthem. University of San Marcos' Royal College Jr. Andahuaylas 348 Formerly known as Royal College of San Felipe, it dates back to the Spanish era, having housed a military barracks and an art school before currently housing three departments of the university. Walls of Lima Parque de la Muralla Formerly surrounding what is now known as the Cercado de Lima, a few remains can be seen at the park that runs alongside the Rímac River. Landmarks included within the buffer zone of the World Heritage Site Chinatown Jr. Ucayali, blocks 7 & 8 The neighborhood was founded in the mid-19th century by Chinese immigrants, but it was heavily damaged in the late 19th century by the War of the Pacific and further declined in the following decades. It experienced a revival starting in the 1970s and is now a thriving resource for Chinese-Peruvian culture. Its main feature is the monumental arch at its entrance. Casa del Maestro Paseo Colón Designed by architect Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski, it was built in 1920 and originally known as the Casa Wiese, as it the residence of banker Augusto Wiese Eslava , who founded the bank named after him. Casa Dibos Av. Nicolás de Piérola & Jr. Cañete Also known as the Casa Victoria Larco de García, the French-inspired building was designed by Claude Sahut and built in 1908. Its owners were Eduardo Dibos Pflucker and his wife Guillermina Dammert Alarco, the daughter of Juana Alarco de Dammert. The building was one of the first to be built in the new avenue. Casa García y Lastres Av. Nicolás de Piérola 412 & Jr. Chancay Named after its owner, it was designed by Claude Sahut and built in 1915. Casa Gonzales de Panizo Av. Nicolás de Piérola & Jr. Cañete The French-inspired building was designed by Claude Sahut, and currently functions as a children's therapy institute. The building was one of the first to be built in the new avenue. Casa Malachowski Av. Nicolás de Piérola & Jr. Inclán The building was designed by Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski and built in 1914. It was purchased in 2013 by Arte Express and named after its architect. Casa Mariátegui Jr. Washington 1946/1938 The museum is dedicated to the life and work of writer José Carlos Mariátegui, as well as that of his wife Anna Chiappe and partner Victoria Ferrer. Mariátegui moved into the house in 1925, where he spent the final years of his life. Casa Matusita Av. Inca Garcilaso de la Vega 1390 Dating back to the Spanish era, the house is reportedly haunted, although some conspiracy theories suggest that these urban legends were disseminated by the CIA to prevent the building's use for espionage, due to the fact that the U.S. embassy was located across the street at the time. Casa Menchaca Av. 9 de Diciembre 209 The house was built in 1920 and designed by French architect Claude Sahut. Known for its azulejos, it served as the diplomatic mission of the Empire of Japan prior to World War II. Casa Molina Av. 9 de Diciembre & Wilson Named after its owner, Dr. Wenceslao Molina, It was designed by French architect Claude Sahut and dates back to 1912. Casa Ostolaza Av. Nicolás de Piérola & Tacna The building was built in the early 20th century for the Porvenir insurance company. It was purchased in 2013 by Arte Express and annexed to two other homes and an terrain, being thus renamed the Edificio Popular y Porvenir. Casa del Pueblo Av. Alfonso Ugarte 1012 The building serves as the main headquarters of the American Popular Revolutionary Alliance, a political party. In addition to its political functions, it also provides social services, incling education, healthcare and soup kitchen. Casa Sal y Rosas Paseo Colón & Jr. Washington Designed in 1912 by Víctor Mora, it was inaugurated five years later. It owes its name to Francisco Sal y Rosas Valega, one of its owners, whose widow, Ignacia Rodulfo López Gallo, inherited the house. In this place the owner married General César Canevaro, Peruvian hero of the War of the Pacific. Cementerio Presbítero Maestro Jirón Áncash Inaugurated on May 31, 1808, it is the oldest cemetery in the city. It functions as a museum, housing some of the most important characters of the city and country's history, with 766 mausoleums and 92 historical monuments in total. Cementerio El Ángel Jirón Áncash It was inaugurated on June 27, 1959, due to the need of the city to have a new funerary space, since the capacity of the main cemetery had reached its maximum in 1955. It also houses a number of important figures of the city's history. Centre for Military Historical Studies Av. 9 de Diciembre 150 Originally the Peruvian Pavilion at the Exposition Universelle of 1900 in Paris, it was disassembled and rebuilt in Peru. It housed the National Institute of Hygiene and later a Traffic Command until 1960, when it was donated to the Armed Forces. Church of Saint Catherine of Siena Barrios Altos The church's construction dates back to 1589, when attempts were made by María de Celis to establish a monastery by requesting a licence which was granted but did not materialise due to her death. Her efforts were continued by Saint Rose of Lima starting in 1607, with the complex completed in 1624, some years after her death. Cine Tacna Av. Tacna & Jr. Moquegua The building of the same name was designed by Alejandro Alva Manfredi, and its movie theatre opened in April 1948 under the auspices of Paramount International Corporation Teatros, operating until 2006. Cine Tauro Jr. Washington The defunct movie theatre, originally planned as a multi-purpose building, was built in 1959 by Peruvian architect Walter Weberhofer. The theatre started showing pornographic films the 1990s and has been thus temporarily closed on several occasions. Cine Teatro Conde de Lemos Jr. Huánuco 889 The first theatre of Barrios Altos, it was inaugurated in 1948 next to the Plaza Buenos Aires, in the former premises of San José alleyway and functioned until 1995. It was acquired by the city's municipality, who repurposed the building as a neighbourhood unit in 2022, with cultural, recreational and medical services within its premises. — Colegio de la Inmaculada Av. Nicolás de Piérola 351 The early 20th-century building that currently houses Federico Villarreal National University originally housed the private Catholic school until 1967, when it moved to its current premises in La Molina District. College of Our Lady of Guadalupe Avenida Alfonso Ugarte The college has played an important function in the doctrinal, intellectual and political life of Peru, such as during the War of the Pacific. Many of its alumni have stood out in different professional fields. Comisaría El Sexto Avenida Alfonso Ugarte Formerly a prison, it is operated by the National Police of Peru since 1986. Within its premises is an organised collection of items of the Peruvian conflict. Cuartel Barbones Barrios Altos Originally located next to the city gate named after it, it was originally established as an Indian hospital of the Bethlehemite Brothers that was destroyed during the earthquake of 1687. After independence, it was repurposed into a military barracks. — Edificio Atlas Jr. Huancavelica & Caylloma Built for an insurance company of the same name, it won the Gold Medal from the Municipality of Lima for Best Building of 1955, awarded on the Fiestas Patrias. Edificio de la Compañía Peruana de Teléfonos Jr. Santa Rosa 159 The building was made to house the telephone company of the same name. Polish–Peruvian architect Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski oversaw the modernisation of the façade in 1929. Edificio Crillón Av. Nicolás de Piérola 589 Currently an office building, it hosted one of the most emblematic hotels in the city from 1947 until 1999, hosting well-known figures of the era, including foreign actors and musicians. Edificio Ferrand(1948) Av. Wilson The eight-storey building was designed by architects Fernando Belaúnde Terry and Alejandro Alva Manfredi. It was built opposite of Elguera Square, incorporating its orientation. The International Petroleum Company was based from its second to sixth floors. Edificio Manuel Vicente Villarán Paseo Colón & Jr. Washington Named after jurist and politician Manuel Vicente Villarán , the building dates back to 1924 and was designed by Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski. Edificio República Paseo de los Héroes Navales Built during the 1940s, it was the first building of its kind to be built in Lima. When it first opened, its first floor was occupied by shops, the second to fifth floor by offices, and the final three floors by apartments. Its air conditioning system was manufactured by Carrier Corporation and installed by Pedro Martinto, S.A. Until 1974, it housed the embassy of the United Kingdom on its fifth floor. Edificio Rímac Av. Roosevelt 101/157 & Jr. Unión 1177/1199 Designed by architect Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski, it was the first multi-family building in the city and also where one of its first Otis elevators was installed. It was owned by Manuel Prado Ugarteche between 1939 and 1945. Edificio de la Sociedad de Ingenieros Av. Nicolás de Piérola & Jr. Camaná The building was made in 1924 to house the Peruvian Engineers Association. Its construction took place under the supervision of Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski. Edificio Tacna-Colmena Av. Colmena & Tacna This 23-story building, topped by a private access penthouse with a pool, was built from 1959 to 1960, the first to have anti-seismic features in the country. It housed a cinema and a bank on its first floor, and was the reidence of Mariano Prado, son of former president Manuel Prado Ugarteche. Edificio Wilson Plaza Elguera Designed by Enrique Seoane Ros, it was built from 1945 to 1946. The modernist building currently has a commercial and residential use. Fort of Santa Catalina Jr. Inambari 790 The fort is one of the few remaining examples of military viceregal architecture that continues to exist in Peru. Built at the beginning of the 19th century, it served as the barracks for the artillery units of the army and the police forces. Hospital Arzobispo Loayza Av. Alfonso Ugarte 848 Founded in 1549 in Barrios Altos as a hospital for local Indians, it moved to its current premises in 1924, the work of Claude Sahut. Hospital Dos de Mayo Avenida Miguel Grau It is considered the first hospital of the republican history of the country, and was preceded by the Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew, itself the oldest hospital of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Hospital San Bartolomé Av. Alfonso Ugarte 825 It was founded during the viceregal era, to care for freed blacks. In 1961 it was transformed into a maternal and children's hospital, moving to its current location in 1988. Hotel Savoy Jr. Callao & Caylloma Designed by Italian architect Mario Bianco Zanaldo, construction took place between 1954 and 1957 on the property owned by Jewish-Peruvian textile businessmen Isaac and José Varón Eskenazi. It became known as the "bullfighter's hotel" due to the fact that said performers usually stayed there when visiting the city to perform in Acho. Its attendance declied starting in the 1980s due to the economic crisis and subsequent armed conflict, eventually declaring bankruptcy and closing its doors in 1992. Lima Civic Center & Sheraton Lima Historic Center Paseo de los Héroes Navales A complex composed of a multi-purpose building, a hotel and a shopping centre, it was built on top of the former grounds of the Lima Penitentiary, demolished in the 1960s. At 109 meters tall, its tower was the tallest building in the country for 34 years. Museo de Arte italiano P.° de la República 250 The only European arts museum of Peru, it was the gift from the Italian colony to the city as part of the centennial celebrations that took place in 1921. Designed by architect Gaetano Moretti , it was inaugurated on November 11 of the same year. Museo Metropolitano Av. 28 July & Wilson The neoclassical building that houses the museum was designed by French architect Claude Sahut and built in 1924, formerly housing the country's Ministry of Development and Public Works. It was inaugurated on October 10, 2010. Museo Nacional de la Cultura Peruana Avenida Alfonso Ugarte It was founded on March 30, 1946, by the Peruvian historian, anthropologist and indigenist Luis E. Valcárcel. It houses 1,500 pieces, most of which date from the 20th century. The collection includes imagery from Cuzco, mates from Huanta and altarpieces from Ayacucho. It was designed in Neo-Inca style by architect Ricardo de Jaxa Malachowski. Mesa Redonda Barrios Altos The area is a popular shopping centre surrounded by Huanta and Cuzco streets, as well as Abancay and Colmena avenues. Known for its informality, its the site of a number of fires, notably that of 2001. Mogrovejo Hospital Jr. Áncash 1271 Founded in the viceregal era with a Royal Decree of August 26, 1700, as the "Refuge for Incurables", it is currently an institute for neurology and features a museum dedicated to the human brain. Palace of the Exhibition Paseo Colón Built for the Lima International Exhibition in 1872, it has housed a number of government entities and currently hosts the Lima Art Museum since 1957. Palace of Justice Paseo de los Héroes Navales The Palace was built in a neoclassical style as its plans were based on those of the Law Courts of Brussels, Belgium, work of Joseph Poelaert. However, it lacks the dome of its Belgian counterpart. Parque de la Exposición Santa Beatriz Built for the Lima International Exhibition in 1872, it features buildings that were used as pavillions (with Byzantine, Gothic and Seismographic  themes) during the event, an open-air amphitheatre, a theatre building, a bust of Fernando Belaúnde, duck ponds and fountains (dedicated to racial harmony, a Roman god and Ricardo Palma). Paseo de los Héroes Navales Built in the 1920s under the government of President Augusto B. Leguía, it was given its current name on October 8, 1979 in commemoration of the centenary of the battle of Angamos. It features a number of landmarks on its immediate surroundings, as well as a number statues on its premises, notably La yunta and Las llamas. Public Ministry of Peru Avenida Abancay The building was built in 1952, during the government of Manuel Odría, and is the work of architect Guillermo Payet, who conceived the design according to the modernist movement, occupying an entire block of the avenue at the time of its widening. Plaza Dos de Mayo The square was built in 1874 by the Peruvian government to commemorate the Battle of Callao, which took place off the coast of Callao on May 2, 1866, between the navies of Peru and Spain. It serves as the intersection of Colonial, Alfonso Ugarte and Colmena avenues. Plaza Grau Paseo de la República It is located at the intersection of the Paseo de la República with the Paseo Colón, Miguel Grau Avenue and the Paseo de los Héroes Navales. Named after Miguel Grau Seminario, the square's monument is dedicated to him. Plaza Ramón Castilla Avenida Alfonso Ugarte One of three squares in the avenue, a monument dedicated to Ramón Castilla overlooks the square, inaugurated on May 17, 1969. Plazuela Aramburú Jr. Azángaro & Manuel Aljovín The square is one of the oldest in the city, once a garden belonging to Alonso Ramos Cervantes and his wife, Elvira de la Serna. It was previously known as "Plazuela de Guadalupe" after the church of the same name that was repurposed and eventually demolished in order to build the Palace of Justice. — Plazuela Federico Elguera Av. Wilson & Jr. Quilca Originally named "Salud" after a train station of the same name, it is named after politician Federico Elguera, whose monument is located in the middle of the square. When the city walls still existed, it was located next to one of the gates and was a gathering place for fishermen that came from Callao to sell their products. In addition to the monument, it also features a cross dedicated to the men shot during the occupation of Lima. Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado The Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado (10.2 ha) was added to the World Heritage Site in 2023. Name Location Notes Photo Alipio Ponce Vásquez Police School Av. Sebastián Lorente 769 Founded in the Quinta Cortés as a mental hospital that operated between 1859 and 1918, it was repurposed as a training academy for the Civil Guard, and continues to be used by the National Police of Peru. Bastión de Santa Lucía Jr. José de la Rivera & Dávalos 491-499 One of the few remains of the walls of Lima, preserved better than the other remains. — Cinco esquinas (partial) In the 19th century, it was a place where Lima's bohemians gathered, becoming a refuge for criminals the following century. It is located at the intersection of Junín, Miró Quesada and Huari streets. It inspired Mario Vargas Llosa's novel of the same name. — Santiago Apóstol del Cercado Jr. Conchucos 720 Rebuilt after the 1746 earthquake, the barroque church was again affected by the 1940 Lima earthquake, being restored by Emilio Harth-Terré and Alejandro Alva. A figure of the Virgin of Carmel was enshrined in the church during a ceremony attended by then president Augusto B. Leguía on July 16, 1921. Plazuela del Cercado Originally an Indian reduction, it is unique in the continent, as it has a rhomboid shape. Santo Cristo de las Maravillas Av. Sebastián Lorente & Jr. Áncash Named after the devotion of the same name, it was originally located in front of one of the city gates, which took its name from the church. It was the old starting point for funeral processions to the General Cemetery of Lima, given its location, which precedes the cemetery's foundation in 1808. Quinta and Molino de Presa The Quinta and Molino de Presa (1.62 ha) were added to the World Heritage Site in 2023. Name Location Notes Photo Quinta and Molino de Presa Jr. Chira 344 The 18th century building was built under the government of then viceroy of Peru, Manuel de Amat y Junyent. It comprises a constructed area of 15,159 square metres (163,170 sq ft). Callejón de Presa A passage and street that leads to the Quinta. — Plazuela de Presa The public square outside the Quinta. — See also Iperú Tourism in Peru Notes ^ PROLIMA member Juan Miguel Delgado explains that, although the emblem used by the Blue Shield International (officially represented in Peru by the Comité Peruano del Escudo Azul Peruano since January 30, 2019) is a blue-and-white shield, a different colour was specifically chosen to contrast with the buildings' façades, with black serving as a neutral alternative to the stardard navy blue. ^ A population centre in which dispersed indigenous people were grouped, for the purposes of evangelisation and cultural assimilation. References ^ "Centro Histórico de Lima: Patrimonio Mundial". Sitios del Patrimonio Mundial del Perú. ^ a b c d e f g h i j "Historic Centre of Lima". World Heritage Convention. UNESCO. ^ Tolentino, Scheila (9 May 2023). "Centro de Lima: ¿por qué algunas edificaciones tienen un escudo blanco y negro? Esta es la razón". La República. ^ Martínez Hoyos, Francisco (15 March 2018). "Lima, la joya del virreinato del Perú". La Vanguardia. ^ "Centro Histórico de Lima Patrimonio Cultural". UNESCO Cátedra. Universidad de San Martín de Porres. ^ Pereyra Colchado, Gladys (27 September 2020). "Los secretos de una Lima subterránea y su relación con el hallazgo en la plazuela San Francisco". El Comercio. ^ a b c "La inmortal flor de la canela". ABC. Archived from the original on 19 April 2004. ^ Augustin, Reinhard (2017). El Damero de Pizarro: El trazo y la forja de Lima (PDF) (in Spanish). Lima: Municipality of Lima. ISBN 978-9972-726-13-2. Retrieved 3 November 2017. ^ Medrano Marin, Hernán (22 September 2021). "Códigos QR y turismo cultural: la iniciativa para dar a conocer valor histórico de Casa Aliaga, edificio de El Comercio y otros sitios emblemáticos de Lima". El Comercio. ^ "Presidenta Boluarte destaca ley que crea régimen especial del Centro Histórico de Lima". El Peruano. 17 January 2024. ^ Gamarra Galindo, Marco (14 January 2011). "Historia y anécdota del mirador Ingunza". Blog PUCP. ^ Calidad en el Museo Palacio Arzobispal (PDF) (in Spanish). Universidad Ricardo Palma. 2017. pp. 7, 17. ^ a b Córdova Tábori, Lili (4 December 2013). "Edificios transformados con el tiempo: De Banco Wiese a supermercado". El Comercio. ^ Bonfiglio, Giovanni (1993). Los italianos en la sociedad peruana: una visión histórica (in Spanish). Asociación Italianos del Perú. p. 204. ^ "Ex-Banco Italiano". Grid Studio. ^ Fhon Bazan, Miguel (12 December 2016). "La antigua Iglesia de Nuestra Señora de los Desamparados". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. ^ a b Garay, Karina (28 July 2023). "Fiestas Patrias: estas son las 4 plazas de Lima donde se gritó la Independencia". ^ "Historia del Banco". Gob.pe. Banco de la Nación. 14 January 2024. ^ "Primer Héroe Bombero". Gob.pe. Municipalidad de La Punta. 3 May 2023. ^ Salmón Salazar, Gisella (1 February 2010). "Cinco Siglos de Historia: Casa de Aliaga" (PDF). Variedades. pp. 2–4. ^ "La Casa Barbieri". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. 25 July 2016. ^ Deza de la Vega, Natalia (10 January 2017). "La Casa Courret". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. ^ Coello Rodríguez, Antonio (2016). "Investigaciones histórico-arqueológicas en el antiguo claustro del noviciado, hoy Casa de la Columna, del convento de Santo Domingo de Lima". Boletín de Arqueología PUCP (21). ^ Quiroz Galvan, Diana Mery (17 October 2022). "Se inaugura la Casa de la Cultura Criolla, un reconocimiento a Rosa Mercedes Ayarza, autora del clásico "Congorito"". El Comercio. ^ Orrego Penagos, Juan Luis (16 July 2011). "Las antiguas calles de Lima". Blog PUCP. ^ Salas Pomarino, Jimena (23 March 2020). "Casa de Divorciadas: retorno a la belleza". Revista COSAS. ^ Planas, Enrique. "Las casonas del Centro de Lima". El Comercio. ^ a b c d Melgarejo, Víctor (5 April 2021). "Arte Express compra a Telefónica del Perú su antigua sede en el Centro de Lima". Gestión. ^ a b "Arte Express compra casa que perteneció a una de las familias más ricas de la época colonial". Gestión. 19 March 2019. ^ "La jornada de la "toma de Lima" termina con enfrentamientos y el incendio en un edificio en el centro histórico de la capital peruana". BBC Mundo. 20 January 2023. ^ Llerena, Paula; Pacheco Ibarra, Juan José (20 January 2023). "¿Cuál es la historia detrás de la casona que se quemó y derrumbó durante las protestas en Lima?". Trome. ^ "La casona más antigua de Lima". El Peruano. 19 November 2017. ^ Fangacio Arakaki, Juan Carlos (10 March 2018). "Balcones de Lima: levantar la mirada a la tradición". El Comercio. ^ Bromley Seminario, Juan (2019). Las viejas calles de Lima (PDF) (in Spanish). Lima: Metropolitan Municipality of Lima. p. 382. ^ Víctor Angles Vargas (1983). Historia del Cusco Colonial. Vol. II. Lima: Industrialgrafica .S.A. p. 742. ^ "Así es el Museo de San Martín de Porres en Lima". El Comercio. 9 December 2022. ^ "Casa de las trece puertas". Grid Studio. ^ Pacheco Ibarra, Juan José (18 July 2016). "La casa de las trece puertas". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. ^ "Historia de la Casa Welsch, patrimonio del Centro Histórico de Lima". Devenir. 5 (10): 47–64. 2018. doi:10.21754/devenir.v5i10.598. ISSN 2312-7562. ^ "La Casa Welsch, la primera gran tienda de Lima". Avenida Retail. 18 January 2021. ^ García, Miguel (29 September 2021). "Criptas y catacumbas en Palacio de Gobierno: los misterios de los túneles que se mostraron en 1981". El Comercio. ^ a b "Catacumbas: el cementerio colonial de Lima revela sus misterios". RPP Noticias. 25 October 2016. ^ "Perú: Catacumbas bajo Iglesias barrocas". Euronews / AFP. 18 April 2022. ^ "Santa Rosa de Lima: conoce los lugares turísticos que te cuentan su vida". El Comercio. 30 August 2022. ^ Espinoza, Carlos; Niño, Mauricio (24 February 2020). "Semana Santa: recorrido virtual por las iglesias del Perú y del mundo". El Comercio. ^ "Catálogo. Martínez Montañés". Andalucía y América. Proyecto Mutis. ^ Bonilla Di Tolla, Enrique (2009). Lima y el Callao: Guía de Arquitectura y Paisaje (PDF) (in Spanish). Junta de Andalucía. pp. 173–174. ^ "Municipio de Lima realiza obras de recuperación en histórica iglesia de La Recoleta". Andina. 2 March 2023. ^ a b "487° aniversario de Lima: trece postales de nuestra capital". El Peruano. 18 January 2022. ^ "Lima la Única publica información sobre la historia de la Plaza Francia". Federación de Periodistas del Perú. 15 March 2022. ^ a b Lima Bicentenario: recorrido por la avenida Uruguay (Motion picture) (in Spanish). Municipalidad de Lima. ^ Cayetano, José (19 June 2023). "El prometido regreso a la vida de tres casonas históricas de Lima". El Comercio. ^ Ardiles, Abby (21 May 2022). "Edificio Giacoletti: ¿Cuáles son los planes de la municipalidad para poder restaurarlo?". El Comercio. ^ García Bendezú, Luis (27 May 2014). "Historia de la vieja sede del Ministerio de Educación". El Comercio. ^ Gonzales Obando, Diana (23 June 2020). "Hotel Comercio: A 90 años del sanguinario crimen que escandalizó la Lima de los años treinta". Perú 21. ^ Angulo, Jazmine (18 January 2024). "Bar Cordano en el Centro de Lima: un tesoro gastronómico impregnado de historia y tradición". Infobae. ^ Hamann Mazuré, Johanna (2012). "Lima: espacio público en transición. La plaza de la democracia 2006". On the W@terfront (21: Public Art. Urban Design. Civic Participation. Urban Regeneration): 83–96. ^ Cayetano, José (19 June 2023). "El prometido regreso a la vida de tres casonas históricas de Lima". El Comercio. ^ a b "La historia de San Andrés, el hospital más antiguo del Perú en donde se halló un cementerio colonial". La República. 3 November 2022. ^ "Telefónica vende su antigua sede en Perú a Fernando Palazuelo por más de 2,4 millones de euros". Europa Press. Infobae. 6 April 2021. ^ "Historia del Palacio de Torre Tagle". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Peru. Archived from the original on 8 September 2012. ^ a b c d e f "El renacer de La Colmena". La República. 23 September 2019. ^ "Casa García y Lastres". Grid Studio. ^ "¿Qué relación existe entre la transitada avenida Paseo Colón y la Batalla de Ayacucho?". La República. 10 August 2022. ^ Almanaque de El Comercio (in Spanish). Empresa Editora El Comercio S.A. 1931. p. 335. ^ " Nuevas construcciones del Paseo Colón - Casa del doctor Wenceslao Molina". Revistas Culturales 2.0. ^ Historia, urbanismo, arquitectura, construcción, arte: H.U.A.C.A. (in Spanish). Facultad de Arquitectura, Urbanismo y Artes. 1987. p. 64. ^ "Cine Tacna". Catálogo Arquitectura Movimiento Moderno Perú. ^ "Cine Tacna". Grid Studio. ^ Alvarez, Renzo (18 January 2024). "Aniversario de Lima: la historia de los primeros cines de la capital y su condición actual". RPP Noticias. ^ "Lima: se inauguró Casa Municipal Vecinal "Conde de Lemos", en Barrios Altos". El Peruano. 30 October 2022. ^ "Cinema Conde de Lemos". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. 5 June 2017. ^ "Antiguo cine teatro Conde de Lemos será convertido en casa vecinal". Andina. 26 December 2018. ^ "El Cine Conde de Lemos en Barrios Altos: ¿Qué pasó con el popular cinema limeño que funcionó hasta 1995?". La República. 11 June 2024. ^ "Edificio Ferrand". Grid Studio. ^ "Edificio Ferrand". Catálogo Arquitectura Movimiento Moderno Perú. ^ a b Refrigeration Engineering. Vol. 43–44. U.S. Office of Technical Services. 1942. p. 316. ^ Bertram, Mark. "Peru: Lima". Room for Diplomacy. ^ Informaciones y memorias de la Sociedad de Ingenieros del Perú (in Spanish). Lima: Sociedad de Ingenieros del Perú. 1921. pp. 345–346. ^ "Edificio Wilson". Catálogo Arquitectura Movimiento Moderno Perú. ^ "Edificio Wilson". Grid Studio. ^ "La historia de San Andrés, el hospital más antiguo del Perú en donde se halló un cementerio colonial". La República. 3 November 2022. ^ "Hotel Savoy". Catálogo Arquitectura Movimiento Moderno Perú. ^ a b c d "El antiguo Hotel Savoy". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. 17 September 2018. ^ Angulo, Jazmine (16 January 2024). "El hotel Savoy, el imponente edificio que albergó a toreros de la Plaza de Acho: la historia detrás de la construcción que luce abandonada". Infobae. ^ "Museo Metropolitano De Lima". Recursos Turísticos. ^ "Luis Castañeda inauguró el Museo Metropolitano y negó campaña del municipio contra Susana Villarán". El Comercio. 10 October 2010. ^ "AGP inaugura el Museo Metropolitano de Lima". La República. 10 October 2010. ^ "Los 70 años de un museo que pocos conocen". RPP Noticias. 29 September 2016. ^ "Museo Nacional de la Cultura Peruana". Museos en Línea. ^ Ures (in Spanish and Portuguese). Vol. 3. Revista Ures. 2006. p. 213. ^ "Cámara de Empresarios y Comerciantes de Mesa Redonda (Comunicado)". La República. 16 September 2019. ^ "MINISTERIO DE HACIENDA". Instituto de Investigación - Universidad de Lima. ^ Mozo Mercado, Shirley Yda (6 November 2019). "Resolución Directoral N° D000023-2019-DGPC/MC" (PDF). Ministerio de Cultura. ^ Bromley Seminario, Juan (2019). Las viejas calles de Lima (PDF) (in Spanish). Lima: Metropolitan Municipality of Lima. p. 51. ^ Orrego Penagos, Juan Luis (13 September 2010). "Plazuela Federico Elguera". Blog PUCP. ^ Cubillas Soriano, Margarita (1993). Guía histórica, biográfica, e ilustrada de los monumentos de "Lima metropolitana" (in Spanish). p. 37. ^ Cueto, Alonso (4 March 2016). "Intersecciones del tiempo". El País. ISSN 1134-6582. ^ Blanco Bonilla, David (23 March 2016). "De Miraflores a Cinco esquinas, la Lima de Vargas Llosa". La Vanguardia. ^ "Iglesia Santiago Apóstol del Cercado". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. 2 October 2017. ^ "Reducción". Diccionario de la lengua española (in Spanish) (23rd ed.). Real Academia Española. 2014. ^ "Plazuela de Cercado y alrededores". Medium.com. Cultura Para Lima. 27 August 2018. ^ a b "Turismo en Iglesia de Santo Cristo de Las Maravillas". Turismoi.pe. ^ Bromley Seminario, Juan (2019). Las viejas calles de Lima (PDF) (in Spanish). Lima: Metropolitan Municipality of Lima. pp. 60–61. ^ Gamarra Galindo, Marco (13 January 2010). "De visita por la Quinta de Presa". El Comercio. ^ "Quinta Presa". Ministerio de Comercio Exterior y Turismo del Perú. ^ Gamarra Galindo, Marco (4 March 2010). "Quinta Presa: un palacio en el Rímac". Blog PUCP. ^ Pastorelli, Giuliano (27 October 2011). "Ganadores del Concurso de Tratamiento para el Espacio Público El Rímac". ArchDaily. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Historic Centre of Lima. Religion in the City of the Kings of Peru Spanish 360° view of Lima Main Square vteWorld Heritage Sites in PeruList of World Heritage Sites in PeruCultural Chan Chan Archaeological Zone Chavín Archaeological Site City of Cuzco Historic Centre of Lima Lines and Geoglyphs of Nasca and Pampas de Jumana Historical Centre of the City of Arequipa Sacred City of Caral-Supe Qhapaq Ñan, Andean Road System1 Natural Huascarán National Park Manu National Park Mixed Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu Rio Abiseo National Park 1 with Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, and Ecuador vteLima landmarksPre-Columbian buildings Huaca Huallamarca Huaca Pucllana Huaca Santa Catalina Pachacamac Puruchuco Colonial buildings Balconies of Lima Basilica and Convent of Nuestra Señora de la Merced Monument Plazoleta Basilica and Convent of San Francisco Catacombs Basilica and Convent of San Pedro Basilica of Santo Domingo Plazuela Casa de Aliaga Casa de Divorciadas Casa de Osambela Casa de Pilatos Casa del Oidor 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Royal Hospital of Saint Andrew Sanctuary and Monastery of Las Nazarenas Sanctuary of Saint Rose of Lima Seminario de Lima St. Clare's Monastery Mill St. Sebastian's Church Trinitarian Church Walls of Lima Other touristic buildings Archbishop's Palace Association of Amateur Artists Atlas Building Bar Cordano BBVA Building Begonias Tower Casa Arenas Loayza Casa de Correos y Telégrafos Casa de las Trece Monedas Casa del Pueblo Casa Fernandini, Lima Casa Fernandini, Santa María del Mar Casa Roosevelt Casa Rusa Casa Sal y Rosas Casa Suárez Chinatown Arch Chocavento Tower Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken Club de la Unión Club Nacional Country Club Lima Hotel Cristo del Pacífico Delfines Hotel & Convention Center Desamparados station Diez de Octubre School Eduardo Dibos Colosseum El Ángel Cemetery Gamarra Government Palace Obelisk Gran Hotel Bolívar Gran Hotel Maury Guadalupe College Hermitage of Barranco Hospital Civil de la Misericordia Hotel Crillón Immaculate Heart of Mary Church Monument Institute of Hygiene Interbank Building Javier Alzamora Valdez Building La Atarjea La Colmena Building La Rosa Náutica Larcomar Teatro La Plaza Library of Congress Lima Civic Center Legislative Palace Lima Convention Center Lima Stock Exchange Building Luis Gálvez Chipoco Stadium Mesa Redonda Monumental Stadium Morro Solar War Monument Mosque of Lima National Geographic Institute National Library of Peru National Maternal Perinatal Institute National Stadium of Peru Palacio de la Exposición Palacio de Miraflores Palacio Municipal Palace of Justice Petroperú Building Public Ministry of Peru Quinta Heeren Quinta Leuro Quinta Presa Rospigliosi Castle Saint Thérèse of the Child Jesus Church Sheraton Lima Historic Center Stone of Taulichusco The Westin Lima Hotel & Convention Center Torre Banco de la Nación Museums and theatres Aeronautical Museum Bodega y Quadra Museum Canout Theatre Casa Grau Naval Museum Combatants of the Morro de Arica Museum DIRCOTE Museum Gold Museum of Peru and Arms of the World Gran Teatro Nacional José Carlos Mariátegui Museum Larco Museum Lima Art Museum Metropolitan Museum Morro Solar Planetarium Municipal Theatre Museum Museum of Congress and the Inquisition Museum of Contemporary Art Museum of the Brain Museum of the Central Reserve Bank of Peru Museum of Elections and Democracy Museum of Italian Art Museum of Natural History National Afro-Peruvian Museum National Museum of Archaeology, Anthropology and History National Museum National Museum of Peruvian Culture Naval Museum Pinacotheca of Lima Teatro Colón Teatro Municipal Teatro Peruano Japonés Teatro Segura Squares and promenades Cinco esquinas Jirón de la Unión Pasaje Olaya Monument Paseo de los Héroes Navales Las llamas La yunta Paseo Colón Columbus Statue Pizza Blvd. Plaza de la Bandera Plaza Bolívar Plaza Bolognesi Plaza de la Democracia Plaza Dos de Mayo Plaza Francia Statue of Liberty Plaza Grau Monument Plaza Italia Plaza Manco Cápac Monument Plaza Mayor Fountain Plaza 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Peru Peruvian University of Applied Sciences Pontifical Catholic University of Peru Raúl Porras Barrenechea Institute Ricardo Palma University Technological University of Peru University of Engineering and Technology Campus University of Lima Health Archbishop Loayza National Hospital Dos de Mayo National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins National Hospital San Bartolomé National Hospital Víctor Larco Herrera Hospital Nearby areas with beaches Ancón Callao Base Port Chancay Chorrillos La Herradura Miraflores La Pampilla Pucusana Former Banco Comercial Barranco Lake Barranco Zoo Cabildo of Lima Casa Alcántara Casa Marcionelli Casa Oechsle Casa Tenaud Church of Our Lady of the Forsaken Cine Tauro El Sexto Prison Gate of Lima Giacoletti Building Great Clock of Lima Hipódromo de San Felipe Hipódromo de Santa Beatriz Lima Penitentiary Limatambo Airport Limatambo Building Marsano Palace Moorish Arch Museo de la Nación National Stadium San Jorge Prison San Martín barracks Venetian Palace 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spanish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_language"},{"link_name":"historic city centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_district"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima_District"},{"link_name":"Rímac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_District"},{"link_name":"Rímac Valley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_Valley"},{"link_name":"Monumental Zone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_heritage_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Peruvian government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_government"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"},{"link_name":"black-and-white shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hague_Convention_for_the_Protection_of_Cultural_Property_in_the_Event_of_Armed_Conflict"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Spanish South America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_South_America"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"University of San Marcos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_San_Marcos"},{"link_name":"Convent of Santo Domingo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_Santo_Domingo,_Lima"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"city walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"Cercado de Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cercado_de_Lima"},{"link_name":"Convent of San Francisco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilica_and_Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Lima"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Old Continent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Continent"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"},{"link_name":"Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peru"}],"text":"World Heritage Site in PeruThe Historic Centre of Lima (Spanish: Centro histórico de Lima) is the historic city centre of the city of Lima, the capital of Peru. Located in the city's districts of Lima and Rímac, both in the Rímac Valley, it consists of two areas: the first is the Monumental Zone established by the Peruvian government in 1972,[1] and the second one—contained within the first one—is the World Heritage Site established by UNESCO in 1988,[2] whose buildings are marked with the organisation's black-and-white shield.[a]Founded on January 18, 1535, by Conquistador Francisco Pizarro, the city served as the political, administrative, religious and economic capital of the Viceroyalty of Peru, as well as the most important city of Spanish South America.[4] The evangelisation process at the end of the 16th century allowed the arrival of several religious orders and the construction of churches and convents. The University of San Marcos, the so-called \"Dean University of the Americas\", was founded on May 12, 1551, and began its functions on January 2, 1553 in the Convent of Santo Domingo.[5]Originally contained by the now-demolished city walls that surrounded it, the Cercado de Lima features numerous architectural monuments that have survived the serious damage caused by a number of different earthquakes over the centuries, such as the Convent of San Francisco, the largest of its kind in this part of the world.[2][6] Many buildings of the are joint creations of artisans, local artists, architects and master builders from the Old Continent.[2] It is among the most important tourist destinations in Peru.","title":"Historic Centre of Lima"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Lima1750.jpg"},{"link_name":"walls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walls_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"Francisco Pizarro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisco_Pizarro"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Quechuan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechuan_languages"},{"link_name":"Quechua I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages#Geographic_distribution"},{"link_name":"Rímac River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%ADmac_River"},{"link_name":"Quechua II","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quechua_languages#Geographic_distribution"},{"link_name":"Viceroyalty of Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viceroy"},{"link_name":"Spanish monarchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spanish_monarchy"},{"link_name":"Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lima"},{"link_name":"gates of the city","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gate_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"Palace of the Viceroy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_Palace,_Peru"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"UNESCO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO"},{"link_name":"World Heritage Site","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Site"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-8"},{"link_name":"Quinta and Molino de Presa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quinta_and_Molino_de_Presa"},{"link_name":"Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrios_Altos#Viceregal_era"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"},{"link_name":"bicentennial celebrations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bicentennial_of_the_Independence_of_Peru"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Municipality of Lima","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Municipality_of_Lima"},{"link_name":"QR codes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QR_code"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Dina Boluarte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dina_Boluarte"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"}],"text":"1750 map of Lima and its walls.The city of Lima, the capital of Peru, was founded by Francisco Pizarro on January 18, 1535, and given the name City of the Kings.[7][8] Nevertheless, with time its original name persisted, which may come from one of two sources: Either the Aymara language lima-limaq (meaning \"yellow flower\"), or the Spanish pronunciation of the Quechuan word rimaq (meaning \"talker\", and actually written and pronounced limaq in the nearby Quechua I languages). It is worth nothing that the same Quechuan word is also the source of the name given to the river that feeds the city, the Rímac River (pronounced as in the politically dominant Quechua II languages, with an \"r\" instead of an \"l\"). Early maps of Peru show the two names displayed jointly.Under the Viceroyalty of Peru, the authority of the viceroy as a representative of the Spanish monarchy was particularly important, since its appointment supposed an important ascent and the successful culmination of a race in the colonial administration. The entrances to Lima of the new viceroys were specially lavish. For the occasion, the streets were paved with silver bars from the gates of the city to the Palace of the Viceroy.[citation needed]In 1988, UNESCO declared the historic centre of Lima a World Heritage Site for its originality and high concentration of historic monuments constructed during the viceregal era.[2][7] In 2023, it was expanded with two exclaves to include the Quinta and Molino de Presa and the Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado.[2]In 2021, as part of renovation works made in preparation for the bicentennial celebrations of that year, the Metropolitan Municipality of Lima installed 206 different QR codes across different landmarks of the centre that, when scanned, open a video that details the selected building's history.[9]On January 18, 2024, the city's 489th anniversary, president Dina Boluarte announced a \"special regime\" that targets the area in order to allow restoration and repair works to take place.[10]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"}],"text":"The World Heritage Site, divided into three zones,[2] features a number of landmarks.","title":"List of sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"}],"sub_title":"Historic Centre of Lima","text":"The main zone is that of the Historic Centre of Lima (266.17 ha; buffer zone: 806.71 ha),[2] which features the following:","title":"List of sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"}],"sub_title":"Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado","text":"The Ancient Reduction of Santiago Apostle of Cercado (10.2 ha) was added to the World Heritage Site in 2023.[2]","title":"List of sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WHC-2"}],"sub_title":"Quinta and Molino de Presa","text":"The Quinta and Molino de Presa (1.62 ha) were added to the World Heritage Site in 2023.[2]","title":"List of sites"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"PROLIMA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PROLIMA"},{"link_name":"Blue Shield International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Shield_International"},{"link_name":"navy blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navy_blue"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-103"},{"link_name":"evangelisation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evangelisation"},{"link_name":"cultural assimilation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_assimilation"},{"link_name":"[101]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-102"}],"text":"^ PROLIMA member Juan Miguel Delgado explains that, although the emblem used by the Blue Shield International (officially represented in Peru by the Comité Peruano del Escudo Azul Peruano since January 30, 2019) is a blue-and-white shield, a different colour was specifically chosen to contrast with the buildings' façades, with black serving as a neutral alternative to the stardard navy blue.[3]\n\n^ A population centre in which dispersed indigenous people were grouped, for the purposes of evangelisation and cultural assimilation.[101]","title":"Notes"}]

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[{"title":"Iperú","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iper%C3%BA"},{"title":"Tourism in Peru","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tourism_in_Peru"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorority_House_(1939_film)

Sorority House (film)

["1 Plot","2 Cast","3 Production","4 Proposed sequel","5 References","6 External links"]

1939 film by John Farrow Sorority HouseDirected byJohn FarrowScreenplay byDalton TrumboBased onthe story "Chi House"by Mary Coyle ChaseProduced byRobert SiskStarringAnne ShirleyJames EllisonCinematographyNick Musuraca, A.S.C.Edited byHarry MarkerMusic byRoy WebbProductioncompanyRKO Radio Pictures, Inc.Release date May 5, 1939 (1939-05-05) Running time64 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish Sorority House is a 1939 American drama film starring Anne Shirley and James Ellison. The film was directed by John Farrow and based upon the Mary Coyle Chase play named Chi House. Plot Alice Fisher is the daughter of Lew Fisher, a grocery store owner. She is surprised when he reveals he has college money for her. Alice goes to a boarding house and becomes friends with roommates Dotty Spencer and Merle Scott. Dotty suggests Alice join a sorority if she spikes up her looks and earns a few more bucks. Meanwhile, Alice falls in love with Bill Loomis, who is dating Neva Simpson. He asks Alice out for a date and recommends her for a sorority, stating she is actually rich but pretends not to be. When Alice writes her father a letter that she doesn't have the money for a sorority, he sells his store to a chain and receives the money. Bill and Alice soon fall in love resulting in conflicts, since Bill is still in a relationship with Neva. Cast Anne Shirley as Alice Fisher James Ellison as Bill Loomis Barbara Read as Dotty Spencer Pamela Blake as Merle Scott (billed as Adele Pearce) J. M. Kerrigan as Lew Fisher Helen Wood as Madam President Martha Lanigan Doris Davenport as Neva Simpson (billed as Doris Jordan) June Storey as Norma Hancock Elisabeth Risdon as Mrs. Scott Margaret Armstrong as Mrs. Pettingell Dawson Selmer Jackson as Mr. Grant Chill Wills as Mr. Johnson Production Mary Coyle Chase wrote a play Chi House. It had not been produced when RKO bought the screen rights in April 1938 as a vehicle for Anne Shirley. The film was originally going to star Shirley, Lucille Ball and Frances Mercer. By August, the title was changed to Sorority House and Dalton Trumbo was writing the script. Ball and Mercer do not appear in the final film. Tim Holt was originally announced as male lead, intending to be reunited with Anne Shirley from Stella Dallas but this did not eventuate. The male lead was eventually played by James Ellison. John Farrow was assigned to direct and filming began 7 February 1939. Veronica Lake was cast in a small role, her first screen part. This was removed in the edit, but the experience encouraged Lake to pursue acting. Sorority House was a loose reworking of RKO's earlier Finishing School (1934). Scripted by Dalton Trumbo, who'd later get into hot water with the House Un-American Activities Committee for another screenplay about a group of ladies living together, Tender Comrade (1943). This film was later used by the same House committee as evidence of Dalton Trumbo spreading communist propaganda. Trumbo was subsequently blacklisted. Proposed sequel The film was described as a "surprise hit" and RKO announced plans to make a sequel with Shirley, Read and Ellison, mostly likely to be directed by Farrow, called Final Exams. (This sequel was announced as early as April. However, no film resulted. References ^ Richard Jewell & Vernon Harbin, The RKO Story. New Rochelle, New York: Arlington House, 1982. p. 130. ^ Movie Mirror Plot outline ^ "Screen News Here and in Hollywood – Bobby Breen Will Be Seen in 'Hans Brinker' – Bette Davis and Warners End Feud – Two Films Open Today – Dolores Costello Has Role in 'Beloved Brat' at Strand – Jack Holt at Globe". New York Times. April 30, 1938. p. 18. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ Scheuer, P.K. (August 5, 1938). "Binnie Barnes given contract and lead". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 164880882. ^ Schallert, Edwin (12 December 1938). "Selznick Quests New Serious Lombard Idea". Los Angeles Times. p. 28. ^ Schallert, Edwin (February 1, 1939). "Second sports story lined up for O'Brien". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 164944138. ^ Strauss, Theodore (November 8, 1942). "Veronica Lake, Full Face". New York Times. p. X3. Retrieved January 25, 2018. ^ "Sorority House (1939) - John Farrow - Synopsis, Characteristics, Moods, Themes and Related - AllMovie". AllMovie. ^ Schallert, Edwin (July 7, 1939). "Drama". Los Angeles Times. ProQuest 165002710. ^ Churchill, Douglas (April 22, 1939). "Screen News Here and in Hollywood – 'Busman's Honeymoon' and 'Earl of Chicago' Listed for London Studios by Metro – 'Grapes of Wrath' Sold – Bought by Twentieth Century Fox — 'Heroes of the Maine' Has Its Premiere Today". New York Times. p. 15. Retrieved January 25, 2018. External links Sorority House at IMDb Sorority House at AllMovie Sorority House at the TCM Movie Database Sorority House at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films vteFilms directed by John Farrow The Spectacle Maker (1934) (short) Tarzan Escapes (1936) (partial) Men in Exile (1937) West of Shanghai (1937) She Loved a Fireman (1937) Broadway Musketeers (1938) Little Miss Thoroughbred (1938) The Invisible Menace (1938) My Bill (1938) Comet Over Broadway (1938) (uncredited) Women in the Wind (1939) The Saint Strikes Back (1939) Sorority House (1939) Five Came Back (1939) Full Confession (1939) Reno (1939) A Bill of Divorcement (1940) Married and in Love (1940) Wake Island (1942) Commandos Strike at Dawn (1942) China (1943) The Hitler Gang (1944) You Came Along (1945) Two Years Before the Mast (1946) California (1947) Blaze of Noon (1947) Calcutta (1947) Easy Come, Easy Go (1947) Beyond Glory (1948) The Big Clock (1948) Night Has a Thousand Eyes (1948) Red, Hot and Blue (1949) Alias Nick Beal (1949) Where Danger Lives (1950) Copper Canyon (1950) Submarine Command (1951) His Kind of Woman (1951) Ride, Vaquero! (1953) Hondo (1953) Plunder of the Sun (1953) Botany Bay (1953) A Bullet Is Waiting (1954) The Sea Chase (1955) Back from Eternity (1956) The Unholy Wife (1957) John Paul Jones (1959)

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It had not been produced when RKO bought the screen rights in April 1938 as a vehicle for Anne Shirley.[3]The film was originally going to star Shirley, Lucille Ball and Frances Mercer. By August, the title was changed to Sorority House and Dalton Trumbo was writing the script.[4] Ball and Mercer do not appear in the final film.Tim Holt was originally announced as male lead, intending to be reunited with Anne Shirley from Stella Dallas but this did not eventuate.[5] The male lead was eventually played by James Ellison.John Farrow was assigned to direct and filming began 7 February 1939.[6]Veronica Lake was cast in a small role, her first screen part. This was removed in the edit, but the experience encouraged Lake to pursue acting.[7]Sorority House was a loose reworking of RKO's earlier Finishing School (1934). Scripted by Dalton Trumbo, who'd later get into hot water with the House Un-American Activities Committee for another screenplay about a group of ladies living together, Tender Comrade (1943). This film was later used by the same House committee as evidence of Dalton Trumbo spreading communist propaganda. Trumbo was subsequently blacklisted.[8]","title":"Production"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"The film was described as a \"surprise hit\" and RKO announced plans to make a sequel with Shirley, Read and Ellison, mostly likely to be directed by Farrow, called Final Exams.[9] (This sequel was announced as early as April.[10] However, no film resulted.","title":"Proposed sequel"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mandolin_Hills

Mandolin Hills

["1 References"]

Coordinates: 69°55′S 67°20′W / 69.917°S 67.333°W / -69.917; -67.333Antarctic area Mandolin HillsMandolin HillsPalmer Land, Antarctica Highest pointCoordinates69°55′S 67°20′W / 69.917°S 67.333°W / -69.917; -67.333GeographyLocationPalmer Land, Antarctica The Mandolin Hills are an isolated group of nunataks which rise 300 metres (1,000 ft) above the ice, 9 nautical miles (17 km) east of Mount Noel, Traverse Mountains, in northwestern Palmer Land, Antarctica. The group was so named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1977 from its shape when viewed in plan suggestive of a mandolin. References ^ "Mandolin Hills". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey, United States Department of the Interior. Retrieved 2013-08-01.  This article incorporates public domain material from "Mandolin Hills". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. This Palmer Land location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Greenland_Expedition

German Greenland Expedition

["1 Preparatory expedition 1929","2 Main expedition 1930-1931","2.1 The Western Station","2.2 The Central station","2.3 The Eastern Station","3 Aftermath","4 Literature","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

1930–1931 Wegener expedition For the 19th century venture, see German North Polar Expedition. Alfred Wegener (left) and Rasmus Villumsen shortly before their ill-fated journey to the Western Station. The German Greenland Expedition (German: Deutsche Grönlandexpedition), also known as the Wegener Expedition, was an expedition to Greenland in 1930–1931. It was led by German scientist Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), who had previously taken part in two other ventures to Greenland. His purpose was to make a systematic study of the Greenland ice sheet. In 1929, as a preliminary expedition (German: Vorexpedition), Wegener went to Greenland to explore a suitable place to reach the Greenland Ice Sheet. The main expedition would begin the following year with the goal to establish three Arctic stations on the same parallel. The central station was named Eismitte and was located at 71°11′N 39°56′W / 71.183°N 39.933°W / 71.183; -39.933 near the center of the ice sheet. In the end this venture would claim Wegener's life during a return trip from the Eismitte station together with expedition member Rasmus Villumsen. Wegener had experience as an Arctic explorer. Previously he had taken part as a meteorologist in the 1906–1908 Danmark Expedition and the 1912-1913 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land. Preparatory expedition 1929 Boat Krabbe of the minor expedition near Uummannaq Mountain. The first phase was an exploratory trip in 1929 to prepare the ground for the actual expedition which would take place the following year. Finances came from the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft. Wegener was accompanied by Johannes Georgi, Fritz Loewe and Ernst Sorge. They sailed on the ship Gertrud Rask to the western shore of Greenland. After arrival Wegener recruited, among others, Greenlandic Inuit Tobias Gabrielsen, with whom he was acquainted from the Danmark Expedition. The goal of this minor expedition was to find a suitable location to reach the Greenland ice sheet. It should be far enough to the south for the landing to be feasible as early as possible in the spring season, but also not too far from the northern latitudes, so that the temperature of the glaciers would be low enough. The preliminary expedition also sought a good place to build the Western base station, as well as to assess the equipment and materiel that would be needed for the expedition; especially the means of transport. Wegener decided to bring dogsledges and ponies as well as aerosledges. He also used the occasion to carry out preliminary scientific research, including ice-drilling in order to gain knowledge about the melting and accumulation of the ice, as well as a seismic method to measure the thickness of the Greenland ice sheet. During the search for a satisfactory route to reach the ice sheet, the expedition members made a number of journeys on dogsledges, totaling 850 km (530 mi), including a 209 km (130 mi) eastward trip by Wegener and Georgi reaching a height of 2,500 m (8,200 ft). Main expedition 1930-1931 One of the aerosledges of the expedition bogged in snow. The following year on 1 April the expedition left Copenhagen on ship Disko. Led by Wegener, the expedition ran into difficulties from the onset. The goal was to establish three Arctic stations on the same parallel —one on the east coast, one in the middle, and one on the west coast— working together in order to take meteorological and atmospheric records and observations for a year between 1 August 1930 and 1 August 1931. However, precious time was lost owing to adverse ice conditions on the western shore of Greenland. The wasted 38 days could not be caught up. The Western Station The three German Greenland Expedition stations 1930-1931 Qaamarujuk Fjord, at 71°08′N 51°14′W / 71.133°N 51.233°W / 71.133; -51.233 was chosen as the place where the ship would anchor. It arrived near Uummannaq on 4 May 1930 and sailed to Uvkusigsat Fjord, close to the projected landing site. However, because of unfavorable ice conditions the sledges could not be used to transport the materiel at Qaamarujuk. Only on 16 June the coastal camp was set up and the work of transporting the equipment up to the ice sheet began. Since the Qaamarujuk Glacier was rapidly melting because of the advanced season, a way was found up the lateral moraine. In this manner roughly 125 t (123 long tons; 138 short tons) of materiel, including equipment, provisions and two propeller-driven aerosledges, were transported to a height of over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) on the ice sheet by Icelandic ponies and Greenlandic Inuit carriers. The transport of so much equipment to establish the Western Station (German: Weststation) at the edge of the upper Qaamarujuk Glacier took 120 days. Finally the wintering station building was erected and the scientific observations and measurements began. The aerosledges, on which Wegener had initially laid great store, were a disappointment owing to the poor performance of their engines and because they tended to become bogged in deep snow. The Central station Main article: Eismitte View of the central station of the expedition. Dogsledges were used by Georgi and a party of Greenlandic helpers to carry the materiel further inland. They went to set up the Ice-Centre (German: Eismitte) station 400 km (250 mi) to the east in a central position on the Greenland Ice Sheet. Sorge later joined Georgi in order to spend the winter at the central camp. Both would be wintering at Eismitte camp, gathering meteorological data and measuring the thickness of the ice sheet by means of seismic readings after detonating explosives. Since the tents on the surface were too cold, they burrowed underground dwellings in the ice where the cold was not that intense. Sorge had sent a note to Wegener telling that unless he and Georgi got supplies by 20 October, they would not survive the winter. On 21 September Wegener finally left the Western Station accompanied by Loewe and 13 Greenlandic Inuit with fifteen sleds loaded with supplies pulled by 130 dogs. While on his way he received the note sent by Georgi and Sorge. The eastward journey across the ice sheet took 40 days and conditions were so harsh that most of the Inuit turned back. Finally only Wegener, Loewe and dogsledge driver Rasmus Villumsen reached Eismitte at the end of October. After celebrating his birthday, Wegener decided to return to the Western Station together with Villumsen. They left on 1 November, but they never made it to the base. Wegener's body was found on the ice sheet by a search party in April of the following year, but no trace was found of Villumsen. Wegener's journals were also lost. The Eastern Station View of the Eastern Station in the spring 1931. The Eastern scientific station (German: Oststation) doing meteorological and atmospheric groundwork as part of the German Greenland Expedition was located by the Scoresby Sound, a large fjord area in East Greenland. Research began in July 1930, carried out by a team of three led by Walther Kapp that had arrived on Ship Gertrud Rask of the Royal Greenland Trading Department. First they made observations in the vicinity of Scoresbysund village, now Ittoqqortoormiit. Later, in early September the scientists moved north to the west coast of Jameson Land at 71°03′N 24°15′W / 71.050°N 24.250°W / 71.050; -24.250, assisted by Scoresbysund Greenlandic Inuit. They built a wooden house where they established their Oststation wintering base, which their Greenlandic helpers named Tyskit Nunaat. From there the Germans carried out further surveys during the winter. By May 1931 the scientists wrapped up their studies and headed back to Scoresbysund. After over a month in the village they were picked up by steamer Gertrud Rask in July and sailed back to Germany. Located near Gurreholm, the Danish scientific station built by Lauge Koch further north in 1937, no traces are left of the German expedition's Eastern station. Hence, it was possibly dismantled by the expedition members before they left and the materials were gifted to their Greenlandic helpers. Aftermath Photographs of the German expedition and overwintering in Greenland in 1930/31 Kurt Wegener, Alfred Wegener's brother, took command of the expedition in order to avoid an abrupt end. Thus the experiments and observations continued during the first half of 1931 until 1 August, which was the original plan. During that period of time a wealth of atmospheric and meteorological data were collected by the three stations throwing light on the climate conditions of Greenland. Also the numerous glaciological observations helped to understand the dynamics of ice sheets for the first time ever, making it possible to measure the structure of the Greenland ice sheet for the first time in scientific history. Wegener had put into practice the seismological methods developed by geophysicist Emil Wiechert of the University of Göttingen physics institute. His aim was to find out the thickness of the Greenland ice sheet, as well as the geological structure of the terrain underneath the thick ice. Small explosions were caused on the ice and the sound waves travelling through it were registered. Seismic readings of tests conducted at station Ice-Centre showed that the bedrock at the bottom of the ice sheet was 2,500 m (8,200 ft) to 2,700 m (8,900 ft) below the surface, indicating that central Greenland was lower than its coastal periphery. Else Köppen, Wegener's widow, requested that the body of her husband be left where it was found. A 6 m (20 ft) high iron cross was planted in the ice sheet above the spot where his remains lie. Literature Murphy, D. T. (2002). German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870–1940. Else Wegener & Fritz Loewe eds. Greenland journey, the story of Wegener's German expedition to Greenland in 1930-31 as told by members of the expedition and the leader's diary, translated by Winifred M. Deans. Blackie & Son Limited, London and Glasgow, 1939 See also Cartographic expeditions to Greenland List of research stations in the Arctic References ^ Alfred Wegener. Vertraulicher Bericht über die Grönland-Expedition 1929, 2017 ISBN 978-3744875295 ^ The German Greenland Expedition 1930–1931 ^ Summary of the Work of the German Greenland Expedition, 1930–31 ^ a b Alfred Wegener: Mit Motorboot und Schlitten in Grönland (mit Beiträgen von Johannes Georgi, Fritz Loewe und Ernst Sorge) im Projekt Gutenberg-DE Verlag von Velhagen & Klasing, Bielefeld / Leipzig 1930 ^ a b Die Deutsche Inlandeis-Expedition 1929/31, in Polarforschung, 1 - 1 ^ a b c AWI - Die Deutsche Grönland Expedition 1930/31 ^ "Place names, northern East Greenland". data.geus.dk. Retrieved 2023-11-23. ^ Exploration history of East Greenland 69°–82°N ^ The Scientific Results of the German Greenland Expedition, Alfred Wegener, 1929 and 1930–31 ^ NASA Earth Observatory - Alfred Wegener External links Media related to German Greenland Expedition at Wikimedia Commons Overwintering in "Eismitte". German Greenland Expedition 1930-31 Exploration history of East Greenland 69°–82°N Grönland-Tagebücher Dr. Walter Böhmes nach 86 Jahren aufgetaucht Cruising the Eastern Arctic – Kangerlussuaq

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It was led by German scientist Alfred Wegener (1880–1930), who had previously taken part in two other ventures to Greenland. His purpose was to make a systematic study of the Greenland ice sheet.In 1929, as a preliminary expedition (German: Vorexpedition), Wegener went to Greenland to explore a suitable place to reach the Greenland Ice Sheet.[1] The main expedition would begin the following year with the goal to establish three Arctic stations on the same parallel. The central station was named Eismitte and was located at 71°11′N 39°56′W / 71.183°N 39.933°W / 71.183; -39.933 near the center of the ice sheet. In the end this venture would claim Wegener's life during a return trip from the Eismitte station together with expedition member Rasmus Villumsen.[2]Wegener had experience as an Arctic explorer. Previously he had taken part as a meteorologist in the 1906–1908 Danmark Expedition and the 1912-1913 Danish Expedition to Queen Louise Land.","title":"German Greenland Expedition"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1929_10.jpg"},{"link_name":"Uummannaq Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uummannaq_(mountain)"},{"link_name":"Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notgemeinschaft_der_Deutschen_Wissenschaft"},{"link_name":"Fritz Loewe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Loewe"},{"link_name":"Greenlandic Inuit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenlandic_Inuit"},{"link_name":"Tobias Gabrielsen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Gabrielsen&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Greenland ice sheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenland_ice_sheet"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JP-3"},{"link_name":"dogsledges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogsledge"},{"link_name":"seismic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismic"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGW-4"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PGW-4"}],"text":"Boat Krabbe of the minor expedition near Uummannaq Mountain.The first phase was an exploratory trip in 1929 to prepare the ground for the actual expedition which would take place the following year. Finances came from the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft. Wegener was accompanied by Johannes Georgi, Fritz Loewe and Ernst Sorge. They sailed on the ship Gertrud Rask to the western shore of Greenland. After arrival Wegener recruited, among others, Greenlandic Inuit Tobias Gabrielsen, with whom he was acquainted from the Danmark Expedition. The goal of this minor expedition was to find a suitable location to reach the Greenland ice sheet. It should be far enough to the south for the landing to be feasible as early as possible in the spring season, but also not too far from the northern latitudes, so that the temperature of the glaciers would be low enough.[3] The preliminary expedition also sought a good place to build the Western base station, as well as to assess the equipment and materiel that would be needed for the expedition; especially the means of transport. Wegener decided to bring dogsledges and ponies as well as aerosledges. He also used the occasion to carry out preliminary scientific research, including ice-drilling in order to gain knowledge about the melting and accumulation of the ice, as well as a seismic method to measure the thickness of the Greenland ice sheet.[4]During the search for a satisfactory route to reach the ice sheet, the expedition members made a number of journeys on dogsledges, totaling 850 km (530 mi), including a 209 km (130 mi) eastward trip by Wegener and Georgi reaching a height of 2,500 m (8,200 ft).[4]","title":"Preparatory expedition 1929"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1930_27.jpg"},{"link_name":"aerosledges","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aerosledge"},{"link_name":"meteorological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meteorological"},{"link_name":"atmospheric","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_science"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PF-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWI-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-PF-5"}],"text":"One of the aerosledges of the expedition bogged in snow.The following year on 1 April the expedition left Copenhagen on ship Disko. 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The wasted 38 days could not be caught up.[6][5]","title":"Main expedition 1930-1931"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:German_Greenland_Expedition_stations_1930-1931.png"},{"link_name":"71°08′N 51°14′W / 71.133°N 51.233°W / 71.133; -51.233","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=German_Greenland_Expedition&params=71_08_N_51_14_W_"},{"link_name":"Uummannaq","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uummannaq"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"sub_title":"The Western Station","text":"The three German Greenland Expedition stations 1930-1931Qaamarujuk Fjord, at 71°08′N 51°14′W / 71.133°N 51.233°W / 71.133; -51.233 was chosen as the place where the ship would anchor. It arrived near Uummannaq on 4 May 1930 and sailed to Uvkusigsat Fjord, close to the projected landing site. However, because of unfavorable ice conditions the sledges could not be used to transport the materiel at Qaamarujuk. Only on 16 June the coastal camp was set up and the work of transporting the equipment up to the ice sheet began. Since the Qaamarujuk Glacier was rapidly melting because of the advanced season, a way was found up the lateral moraine. In this manner roughly 125 t (123 long tons; 138 short tons) of materiel, including equipment, provisions and two propeller-driven aerosledges, were transported to a height of over 1,000 m (3,300 ft) on the ice sheet by Icelandic ponies and Greenlandic Inuit carriers. The transport of so much equipment to establish the Western Station (German: Weststation) at the edge of the upper Qaamarujuk Glacier took 120 days. 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Both would be wintering at Eismitte camp, gathering meteorological data and measuring the thickness of the ice sheet by means of seismic readings after detonating explosives. Since the tents on the surface were too cold, they burrowed underground dwellings in the ice where the cold was not that intense. Sorge had sent a note to Wegener telling that unless he and Georgi got supplies by 20 October, they would not survive the winter. On 21 September Wegener finally left the Western Station accompanied by Loewe and 13 Greenlandic Inuit with fifteen sleds loaded with supplies pulled by 130 dogs. While on his way he received the note sent by Georgi and Sorge. The eastward journey across the ice sheet took 40 days and conditions were so harsh that most of the Inuit turned back. Finally only Wegener, Loewe and dogsledge driver Rasmus Villumsen reached Eismitte at the end of October. After celebrating his birthday, Wegener decided to return to the Western Station together with Villumsen. 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Wegener's journals were also lost.[6]","title":"Main expedition 1930-1931"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1930_012.jpg"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Scoresby Sound","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoresby_Sound"},{"link_name":"Gertrud Rask","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrud_Rask_(ship)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Royal Greenland Trading Department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Greenland_Trading_Department"},{"link_name":"Scoresbysund","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoresbysund"},{"link_name":"Jameson Land","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jameson_Land"},{"link_name":"71°03′N 24°15′W / 71.050°N 24.250°W / 71.050; -24.250","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=German_Greenland_Expedition&params=71_03_N_24_15_W_"},{"link_name":"Lauge Koch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauge_Koch"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cat-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The Eastern Station","text":"View of the Eastern Station in the spring 1931.The Eastern scientific station (German: Oststation) doing meteorological and atmospheric groundwork as part of the German Greenland Expedition was located by the Scoresby Sound, a large fjord area in East Greenland. Research began in July 1930, carried out by a team of three led by Walther Kapp that had arrived on Ship Gertrud Rask of the Royal Greenland Trading Department. First they made observations in the vicinity of Scoresbysund village, now Ittoqqortoormiit. Later, in early September the scientists moved north to the west coast of Jameson Land at 71°03′N 24°15′W / 71.050°N 24.250°W / 71.050; -24.250, assisted by Scoresbysund Greenlandic Inuit. They built a wooden house where they established their Oststation wintering base, which their Greenlandic helpers named Tyskit Nunaat. From there the Germans carried out further surveys during the winter. By May 1931 the scientists wrapped up their studies and headed back to Scoresbysund. After over a month in the village they were picked up by steamer Gertrud Rask in July and sailed back to Germany.Located near Gurreholm, the Danish scientific station built by Lauge Koch further north in 1937, no traces are left of the German expedition's Eastern station. Hence, it was possibly dismantled by the expedition members before they left and the materials were gifted to their Greenlandic helpers.[7][8]","title":"Main expedition 1930-1931"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wegener_Expedition-1930_46.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kurt Wegener","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Wegener"},{"link_name":"glaciological","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glaciological"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-AWI-6"},{"link_name":"Emil Wiechert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emil_Wiechert"},{"link_name":"University of Göttingen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-WE-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-NA-10"}],"text":"Photographs of the German expedition and overwintering in Greenland in 1930/31Kurt Wegener, Alfred Wegener's brother, took command of the expedition in order to avoid an abrupt end. Thus the experiments and observations continued during the first half of 1931 until 1 August, which was the original plan. During that period of time a wealth of atmospheric and meteorological data were collected by the three stations throwing light on the climate conditions of Greenland. Also the numerous glaciological observations helped to understand the dynamics of ice sheets for the first time ever, making it possible to measure the structure of the Greenland ice sheet for the first time in scientific history.[6]Wegener had put into practice the seismological methods developed by geophysicist Emil Wiechert of the University of Göttingen physics institute. His aim was to find out the thickness of the Greenland ice sheet, as well as the geological structure of the terrain underneath the thick ice. Small explosions were caused on the ice and the sound waves travelling through it were registered. Seismic readings of tests conducted at station Ice-Centre showed that the bedrock at the bottom of the ice sheet was 2,500 m (8,200 ft) to 2,700 m (8,900 ft) below the surface, indicating that central Greenland was lower than its coastal periphery.[9]Else Köppen, Wegener's widow, requested that the body of her husband be left where it was found. A 6 m (20 ft) high iron cross was planted in the ice sheet above the spot where his remains lie.[10]","title":"Aftermath"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Murphy, D. T. (2002). German Exploration of the Polar World: A History, 1870–1940.\nElse Wegener & Fritz Loewe eds. Greenland journey, the story of Wegener's German expedition to Greenland in 1930-31 as told by members of the expedition and the leader's diary, translated by Winifred M. Deans. Blackie & Son Limited, London and Glasgow, 1939","title":"Literature"}]

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[{"title":"Cartographic expeditions to Greenland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cartographic_expeditions_to_Greenland"},{"title":"List of research stations in the Arctic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_research_stations_in_the_Arctic"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ex_Pistols

Ex Pistols

["1 Music","2 Sex Pistols lawsuit","3 Band members","4 Discography","5 References","6 External links"]

English 1979 punk rock band from london For the American band, see X-Pistols. This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Ex Pistols" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (February 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Ex PistolsOriginLondon, EnglandGenresPunk rockYears active1979–1992LabelsVirgin RecordsVAPMandala RecordsPast membersDave SpiersAlan LeeDave SlaveBryson GrahamDave Goodman The Ex Pistols were an English punk rock band from London, England formed in 1979 by former Sex Pistols producer Dave Goodman. Goodman put the group together after his services were substituted for those of other producers on the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols. The Ex Pistols existed as a sound-alike band meant to mislead fans due to the similar music, name, and artwork, until 1992 when the Sex Pistols successfully sued Dave Goodman and he was no longer allowed to use the name. Music The first Ex Pistols release "Land of Hope and Glory" was a punk rock version of the old English classic "Land of Hope and Glory" by Edward Elgar. Not only did it confuse fans but it also caused legal trouble between Dave Goodman and the publisher of the original piece, Boosey & Hawkes. The next recordings would appear on numerous Sex Pistols compilation albums including the songs "Schools Are Prisons" and "Revolution in the Classroom". The "band" re-appeared in 1988 with an album released in Japan, The Swindle Continues. The album was made up of the band performing Ex and Sex Pistols tracks. It came in the form of a double picture disc collectable LP, and was also released in plain vinyl form (and later, CD). In 1992 their tracks surfaced again on a limited promo album, Deny. The album consisted entirely of original Ex Pistols tracks, and was never merchandised but instead given to fans of the Sex Pistols or left in Virgin stores with a "Free" sticker. A short while before he died, Dave Goodman released an album, Denial of a Good Man via his website, featuring remixed versions of some songs from the Deny LP, a video to the song "Don't Fear", and a version of "Anarchy in the UK" by the Sex Pistols with rewritten lyrics, named "Wedding Day". Sex Pistols lawsuit While Glen Matlock played on two songs from the Deny LP and co-wrote "Happy Families", John Lydon was not so forthcoming. After winning the rights to the Sex Pistols music and documentation from Malcolm McLaren and Glitterbest, he was outraged by Dave Goodman using the band's name and image to promote "inferior recordings" to cash in on their name and tarnish the Sex Pistols' reputation, and for using their photographs and likenesses on the Ex Pistols' records without permission. This includes the "Land of Hope and Glory" 7" single (which has the Sex Pistols' figures on the disk, albeit with their faces crossed out), the "Revolution In The Classroom" single and The Swindle Continues. The image on the sleeve of the Deny LP is not actually Johnny, rather Ex Pistols associate Tony Barber (of the Buzzcocks), who resembles John Lydon. After a lawsuit ensued, Dave Goodman was banned from producing any more records made to look or sound like Sex Pistols recordings. The Ex Pistols next album, Denial Of A Good Man, was put on indefinite hold and the band changed their name to Dave Goodman & Friends. After that they re-released one more single entitled "Justifiable Homicide" (originally released in August 1978 and made commercially available and available for download on Dave Goodman's website) and recorded and released a music video for "Don't Fear", segments of which were featured on the Chaos! The Ex Pistols' Secret History DVD. All the manufactured Denial Of A Good Man CDs were sold through Dave's website. Dave Goodman and Kim Thraves owned a rehearsal studio with 4-track recording facilities where the Sex Pistols recorded some early demos. Goodman owned a PA system and became the Sex Pistols regular live sound engineer until 1977. Goodman produced the recordings that formed the Spunk album. Goodman's collection of very poor live sound recordings of the Sex Pistols have been released as Live Worldwide (Konexion Records, Belgium) and other titles. Some of these titles contain live Sex Pistols recordings interspersed with recordings of the Ex Pistols making it appear that these tracks were performed by the Sex Pistols. Band members Pseudonyms used on the releases were Rotten Johnny (parody of Johnny Rotten) Pull Cock (parody of Paul Cook) Steal Jones (parody of Steve Jones) Posh Pen Bollocks (parody of Glen Matlock) Actual musicians were Dave Slave - vocals Alan Lee - guitar, vocals Dave Goodman - bass guitar, vocals Bryson Graham - drums Del Bartle - guitar Andy Boreman - drums Dave MacIntosh - drums Kevin Murphy - drums Dave Rose - keyboards Discography Year Title Format Label Country 1984 "Land of Hope and Glory" 12" Single Virginia Records France "Land of Hope and Glory" 7" Single Virginia Records UK 1988 The Swindle Continues 12" Double LP VAP Japan 1989 Revolution in the Classroom 7" Single S.T.P. Records UK 1992 Deny LP 12" Promo LP Mandala Records UK 2000 Denial of a Good Man Promo CD Vagina UK "Land of Hope and Glory" reached No. 2 on the UK Indie Chart. References ^ "Indie Hits "E"". 9 April 2001. Archived from the original on 9 April 2001. Retrieved 31 May 2020. External links "Not the Sex Pistols" - a site documenting Ex Pistols and Dave Goodman activity Dave Goodman's page on the Ex Pistols Ex Pistols discography at Discogs Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz

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Goodman put the group together after his services were substituted for those of other producers on the Sex Pistols album Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's the Sex Pistols.[citation needed]The Ex Pistols existed as a sound-alike band meant to mislead fans due to the similar music, name, and artwork, until 1992 when the Sex Pistols successfully sued Dave Goodman and he was no longer allowed to use the name.[citation needed]","title":"Ex Pistols"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"punk rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punk_rock"},{"link_name":"Land of Hope and Glory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land_of_Hope_and_Glory"},{"link_name":"Edward Elgar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Elgar"},{"link_name":"Boosey & Hawkes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boosey_%26_Hawkes"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"Revolution in the Classroom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolution_in_the_Classroom"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Swindle Continues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swindle_Continues"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deny_LP"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Deny","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deny_LP"},{"link_name":"Anarchy in the UK","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anarchy_in_the_UK"},{"link_name":"Sex Pistols","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex_Pistols"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"The first Ex Pistols release \"Land of Hope and Glory\" was a punk rock version of the old English classic \"Land of Hope and Glory\" by Edward Elgar. Not only did it confuse fans but it also caused legal trouble between Dave Goodman and the publisher of the original piece, Boosey & Hawkes.[citation needed]The next recordings would appear on numerous Sex Pistols compilation albums including the songs \"Schools Are Prisons\" and \"Revolution in the Classroom\".[citation needed]The \"band\" re-appeared in 1988 with an album released in Japan, The Swindle Continues. The album was made up of the band performing Ex and Sex Pistols tracks.[citation needed] It came in the form of a double picture disc collectable LP, and was also released in plain vinyl form (and later, CD).[citation needed]In 1992 their tracks surfaced again on a limited promo album, Deny. The album consisted entirely of original Ex Pistols tracks, and was never merchandised but instead given to fans of the Sex Pistols or left in Virgin stores with a \"Free\" sticker.[citation needed]A short while before he died, Dave Goodman released an album, Denial of a Good Man via his website, featuring remixed versions of some songs from the Deny LP, a video to the song \"Don't Fear\", and a version of \"Anarchy in the UK\" by the Sex Pistols with rewritten lyrics, named \"Wedding Day\".[citation needed]","title":"Music"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Glen Matlock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Matlock"},{"link_name":"John Lydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Lydon"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Malcolm McLaren","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malcolm_McLaren"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"The Swindle Continues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swindle_Continues"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Tony Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Barber_(bassist)"},{"link_name":"Buzzcocks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buzzcocks"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"Spunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spunk_(album)"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"While Glen Matlock played on two songs from the Deny LP and co-wrote \"Happy Families\", John Lydon was not so forthcoming.[citation needed] After winning the rights to the Sex Pistols music and documentation from Malcolm McLaren and Glitterbest, he was outraged by Dave Goodman using the band's name and image to promote \"inferior recordings\" to cash in on their name and tarnish the Sex Pistols' reputation, and for using their photographs and likenesses on the Ex Pistols' records without permission.[citation needed] This includes the \"Land of Hope and Glory\" 7\" single (which has the Sex Pistols' figures on the disk, albeit with their faces crossed out), the \"Revolution In The Classroom\" single and The Swindle Continues.[citation needed] The image on the sleeve of the Deny LP is not actually Johnny, rather Ex Pistols associate Tony Barber (of the Buzzcocks), who resembles John Lydon.[citation needed]After a lawsuit ensued, Dave Goodman was banned from producing any more records made to look or sound like Sex Pistols recordings. The Ex Pistols next album, Denial Of A Good Man, was put on indefinite hold and the band changed their name to Dave Goodman & Friends.[citation needed] After that they re-released one more single entitled \"Justifiable Homicide\" (originally released in August 1978 and made commercially available and available for download on Dave Goodman's website) and recorded and released a music video for \"Don't Fear\", segments of which were featured on the Chaos! The Ex Pistols' Secret History DVD. 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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Cooper

Dennis Cooper

["1 Early life","2 Career","3 Google controversy","4 Influence","5 George Miles Cycle","6 Other books","6.1 Fiction","6.2 Poetry","6.3 Collaborations and nonfiction","7 Works written for the theater","8 Further reading","9 References","10 External links"]

American writer (born 1953) Dennis CooperCooper in 2018Born (1953-01-10) January 10, 1953 (age 71)Pasadena, California, U.S.Occupation Novelist poet critic editor blogger performance artist Alma materFlintridge Preparatory SchoolPasadena City CollegePitzer CollegeSubjectSexual fantasy, gay desire, existentialism, death, troubled teenagers, drug use, the inadequacy of languageWebsiteOfficial website Dennis Cooper (born January 10, 1953) is an American novelist, poet, critic, editor and performance artist. He is best known for the George Miles Cycle, a series of five semi-autobiographical novels published between 1989 and 2000 and described by Tony O'Neill "as intense a dissection of human relationships and obsession that modern literature has ever attempted." Cooper is the founder and editor of Little Caesar Magazine, a punk zine, that ran between 1976 and 1982. Early life Cooper was born in Pasadena, California and raised in Arcadia, the son of Clifford Cooper, a self-made businessman who was one of the early designers of parts for uncrewed space expeditions. His parents were politically conservative, with his father acting as an advisor to several presidents, including Richard Nixon, with whom he cultivated a close friendship. One of his brothers, Richard, was named after Nixon. Cooper's parents divorced when he was in his early teens. Cooper attended public schools before he started attending Flintridge Preparatory School in high school; he was expelled in 11th grade. He attended Pasadena City College and Pitzer College. Cooper began reading French literature at 15 and was drawn to Marquis de Sade in particular for his risqué depictions of libertine sex. He was also inspired by French novelists/directors such as Jean Cocteau, Alain Robbe-Grillet, and Marguerite Duras. Though he had started writing surreal stories at age 12, he became a more focused writer at 15 and tried to imitate the writing styles of Arthur Rimbaud and de Sade. He began planning out a five-book series that would later become The George Miles Cycle. Punk subculture was a major part of his twenties. In 1976, Cooper moved to London for a brief period. Career Cooper started Little Caesar Magazine in 1976; the punk zine, which ran for 12 issues between 1976 and 1982, featured multimedia contributions from Andy Warhol, David Wojnarowicz, Debbie Harry, Bob Flanagan, and Toby Ross. In 1978, he started Little Caesar Press, which would go on to help establish artists such as Amy Gerstler, Peter Schjeldahl, and Elaine Equi. Cooper published his first book of poetry, Idols, in 1979 and his second, Tenderness of the Wolves, in 1981. Tenderness of Wolves was nominated for a Los Angeles Times Book Prize the same year. In 1979, he began working as the Director of Programming at the Beyond Baroque Literary Arts Center, where he continued to produce Little Caesar Magazine. He held this position until 1983, when he moved to New York City. Shortly after, he published his first novella, Safe, and became serious about writing the five-book series he had been planning since he was fifteen. He left New York in 1985 to follow a boyfriend to Amsterdam, where he finished Closer, the first book in the George Miles Cycle and Cooper's first novel. To get into the right headspace to write Closer, Cooper regularly took meth. The book later won the very first Ferro-Grumley Award for gay literature. During this time, he supported himself financially by writing for American magazines such as The Advocate, Art in America, and Artforum, the latter eventually taking him on as a regular. Cooper returned to New York in 1987, where he worked on Frisk and several projects including co-curating an exhibit with Richard Hawkins entitled AGAINST NATURE: A Group Show of Work by Homosexual Men, which was open at the LACE in 1988. Cooper returned to Los Angeles in 1990 and continued collaborating with other artists, including composer John Zorn, painter Lari Pittman, sculptors Jason Meadows and Nayland Blake, and others. He also started the Little House on the Bowery curated imprint, which included works from Travis Jeppesen, Richard Hell, James Greer, Trinie Dalton, Derek McCormack, and others, under the independent publisher Akashic Books. In the 1990s, he wrote for Spin and published Period, the last book in the George Miles Cycle, in 2000. His novel The Sluts won the 2007 Prix Sade award in France and a Lammy. Cooper moved to Paris in 2005 and has collaborated with French theater director Gisèle Vienne, composers Peter Rehberg and Stephen O'Malley, and the performer Jonathan Capdevielle on six works for the theater, I Apologize (2004), Un Belle Enfant Blonde (2005), Kindertotenlieder (2007), a stage adaption of his novella Jerk (2008), This Is How You Will Disappear (2010), and Last Spring, a Prequel (2011). The Weaklings was published in limited numbers by Fanzine Press in 2008 and was followed by a full-length collection The Weaklings (XL) in 2013. Since living in France, Cooper has published a number of novels, had a cameo in Christophe Honoré's Homme au Bain, released a book/CD collaboration with Gisèle Vienne and Peter Rehberg, reissued the graphic novel Horror Hospital Unplugged he released with Keith Mayerson in 1997, and curated part of the 2012 Un Nouveau Festival with Gisèle Vienne. In 2012, Kunstverein Amsterdam held CLOSER: The Dennis Cooper Papers, a multimedia exhibit celebrating The George Miles Cycle. In 2015, Cooper worked with artist Zac Farley to write and direct an anthology of short films titled Like Cattle Towards Glow. The two later collaborated for Permanent Green Light, which premiered in 2018 at the International Film Festival Rotterdam. Google controversy In mid-2016, Cooper engaged in a two-month standoff with Google after it deleted his blog and Gmail accounts without warning, due to what the company described as unspecified violations of their terms of use policy. Ten years of Cooper's writings were lost, including a novel. Cooper termed the situation "a nightmare". Cooper's plight attracted media attention, including from The New York Times, The New Yorker, The Guardian, Le Figaro, and Die Welt. Google's attorneys contacted Cooper and after long negotiations, returned his data. Influence Cooper's work has been acknowledged as an influence on a number of writers, including Travis Jeppesen, Kay Gabriel, Tony O'Neill, Jackie Ess, Noah Cicero, Shiv Kotecha, Jon Lindsey, Dominic Lyne and Poppy Z. Brite. Cooper's poetry, including the first poem he ever wrote (about David Cassidy) appear in the film Luster as the work of lead character Jackson. American indie rock band Deerhunter, and grindcore act Pig Destroyer have both cited Dennis Cooper as a lyrical influence. Cooper has also influenced a number of artists such as Ryan Trecartin, Jonathan Mayhew, Lizz Brady, Chris Kelso, Daniel Portland, Jared Pappas-Kelley, Ken Baumann, Blair Mastbaum, which he has included in exhibitions such as the Weaklings or who he has showcased over the years. Within his work Cooper is often inspired by and quotes from underground and independent music; as with the lyrics of the band Hüsker Dü in the novel Try, and the naming of the 1992 curated show The Freed Weed, from a compilation by the band Sebadoh, which has been discussed in a number of interviews and analyses. George Miles Cycle The cycle has now been translated into 18 foreign languages and is the subject of numerous academic studies. They include two volumes of critical essays devoted to the cycle: Enter at Your Own Risk (2004), edited by Leora Lev, and Dennis Cooper: Writing at the Edge (2008), edited by Paul Hegarty and Danny Kennedy. In the spring of 2000 Cooper published Period, the last of a series of five novels known as the George Miles cycle (ISBNs refer to the Grove Press paperback editions): Closer (1989), ISBN 0-8021-3212-X Frisk (1991), ISBN 0-8021-3289-8 Try (1994), ISBN 0-8021-3338-X Guide (1997), ISBN 0-8021-3580-3 Period (2000), ISBN 0-8021-3783-0 "… n the ninth grade Cooper met his beloved friend George Miles. Miles had deep psychological problems and Cooper took him under his wing. Years later, when Cooper was 30, he had a brief love affair with the 27-year-old Miles. The cycle of books … came later, and were an attempt by Cooper to get to the bottom of both his fascination with sex and violence and his feelings for Miles."       — 3:AM Magazine, November 2001, "American Psycho: An Interview With Dennis Cooper" by Stephen Lucas "George in Closer, whose room is full of Disney figures, himself becomes the toy of two forty-year-old men obsessed with the beauty of pain and suffering. In Frisk, an ex-friend is writing Julian letters: reports or fantasies of sex and violence. The description of the sexual murdering of young men is a melange of blood and slippery internal organs, too unappetizing to quote. The letters are being sent from a Holland windmill, in its isolation an ideal place for exploring the raw reality of sex, violence and death."       — VPRO Television; article in Dutch In 2021, Cooper published I Wished, a sort of coda of the George Miles Cycle, through Soho Press. According to writer Justin Taylor, the novel is, "a postscript that functions just as handily as an introduction, deconstruction, or reboot." Other books Fiction Antoine Monnier (fiction, Anon Press, 1978) My Mark (fiction, Sherwood Press, 1982) Safe (novella, SeaHorse Press, 1985) Wrong (short fiction, Grove Press, 1992) My Loose Thread (novel, Canongate, 2002) The Sluts (novel, Void Books, 2004; Carroll & Graf, 2005) God Jr. (novel, Grove Press, 2005) Ugly Man (short fiction, Harper Perennial, 2009) French Hole, being 15 outtakes from 'The Marbled Swarm' (Kiddiepunk, 2011) The Marbled Swarm (novel, Harper Perennial, November 2011) The Pyre/Le Bucher (short fiction, limited edition book given to the audience of Gisèle Vienne's performance work 'The Pyre', Editions POL, 2013) Zac's Haunted House (HTML Novel, Kiddiepunk, 2015) Zac's Control Panel (HTML Book, Kiddiepunk, 2015) I Wished (novel, Soho Press, 2021) Poetry The Terror of Earrings (Kinks Press, 1973) Tiger Beat (Little Caesar Press, 1978) Idols (SeaHorse Press, 1979; Amethyst Press, 1989) Tenderness of the Wolves (The Crossing Press, 1981) The Missing Men (Am Here Books/Immediate Editions, 1981) He Cried (Black Star Series, 1985) The Dream Police: Selected Poems '69–93 (Grove Press, 1994) Thee Tight Lung Split Roar Hums (with Thurston Moore, Byron Coley; Slow Toe Press, 2004) The Weaklings (with illustrations by Jarrod Anderson, Fanzine Press, limited edition, 2008) The Weaklings (XL) (Sententia Books, 2013) Collaborations and nonfiction Jerk (collaboration with artist Nayland Blake, Artspace Books, 1994) Horror Hospital Unplugged (graphic novel with illustrations by artist Keith Mayerson, Juno Books, 1997) All Ears (criticism and journalism, Soft Skull Press, 1997) Weird Little Boy' (provided texts for CD collaboration by John Zorn, Mike Patton, Trey Spruance, Chris Cochrane, William Winant, Avant, 1998) Violence, faits divers, littérature (non-fiction, POL, France, 2004) Dennis (CD/book, Don Waters Editions/AK Press, 2006) Two Texts for a Puppet Play by David Brooks (with Stephen O'Malley, Jean-Luc Verna; DACM, limited edition, 2008) SAFE with Dennis Cooper Ugly Man CD (Dot Dot Music, 2008) Peter Rehberg/Dennis Cooper Music for GV (Mego Records, 2008) Smothered in Hugs: Essays, Interviews, Feedback, Obituaries (Harper Perennial, 2010) Jerk / Through Their Tears CD/book (w/ Gisèle Vienne, Peter Rehberg, DisVoir, March 2011) Last Spring: The Maps multi-volume zine (w/ Gisèle Vienne, Le Cooperative Fanzine, 2011–2012) Gisèle Vienne 40 Portraits 2003 - 2008 (Editions POL, 2012) GONE: Scrapbook '80 - '82 (Infinity Land Press, 2014) Works written for the theater The Pyre (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley, Peter Rehberg; 2013) Last Spring, a Prequel (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley, Peter Rehberg; 2011) This Is How You Will Disappear (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg, Visual Effects: Fujiko Nakaya & Shiro Takatani; 2010) Dedans/Dehors/David (Writer/Director: David Bobee, based on Cooper's novel "Closer", 2008) Jerk (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2008) Jerk, radio play (France Culture/Radio France, 2007) Kindertotenlieder (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2007) Une Belle Enfant Blonde (Co-written with Catherine Robbe Grillet, Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2005) I Apologize (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2004) The Undead (Director: Ishmael Houston-Jones, Score: Tom Recchion; Visual Design: Robert Flynt; 1990) Knife/Tape/Rope (Director: Ishmael Houston-Jones, Sets: John De Fazio; 1985) Them (Director: Ishmael Houston-Jones, Score: Chris Cochrane; 1984, 2010) Further reading Earl Jackson Jr. "Death Drives Across Pornotopia: Dennis Cooper on the Extremities of Being, Strategies of Deviance (Indiana University Press, 1995) Elizabeth Young and Graham Caveney "Death in Disneyland: Dennis Cooper", Shopping in Space: Essays on America's Blank Fiction (Serpents Tail, 1996) James Bolton, director, Dennis Cooper, a 20-minute documentary film (2000) Julian Murphet,"Postcards from Sim City," in *Literature and Race in Los Angeles* (Cambridge University Press, 2001) Elizabeth Young "Dennis Cooper: Closer", Pandora's Handbag (Serpents Tail, 2003) Leora Lev, editor, Enter at Your Own Risk: The Dangerous Art of Dennis Cooper (FDU Press, 2006) Includes essays on Cooper's work by William Burroughs, Michael Cunningham, Dodie Bellamy, John Waters, Kevin Killian, Matthew Stadler, Robert Gluck, Elizabeth Young, and others. Avital Ronell "The Philosophical Code: Dennis Cooper's Pacific Rim", The ÜberReader: Selected Works of Avital Ronell (University of Illinois Press, 2007) Paul Hegarty and Danny Kennedy, editors, Writing at the Edge: The Work of Dennis Cooper (Sussex University Press, March 2008) Martin Dines Gay Suburban Narratives in American and British Culture (Macmillan, 2009) Marvin J. Taylor and Krist Gruijthujsen Geometries of Desire: An Interview with Dennis Cooper (Kunstverein Amsterdam, 2012) Stacey D'Erasmo The Art of Intimacy: The Space Inbetween (Graywolf Press, 2013) Christopher Hennessy Our Deep Gossip: Conversations with Gay Writers on Poetry and Desire (The University of Wisconsin Press, 2014) Diarmuid Hester Wrong: A Critical Biography of Dennis Cooper (The University of Iowa Press, 2020) Kay Gabriel A Xerox of Feeling: Dennis Cooper's Frisk (Journal of Narrative Theory, Eastern Michigan University, 2021) References ^ O'Neill, Tony (4 October 2007). "A good writer as bad as you'll find". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 5 September 2020. ^ a b Ehrenstein, David (2007-04-29). "Setting a love story in Paris". LA Times. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b c d e f g Reitz, Daniel (2000-05-04). "Dennis Cooper". Salon. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b c d Mogutin, Slave (2000). ""I've always imagined myself a serial killer"". Slava Mogutin. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Biography". Dennis Cooper. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b Wolf, Kate (2012-06-28). "The Charismatic Voice". LA Review of Books. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Dennis Cooper". Poetry Foundation. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b c d e Grau, Donatien (2015). "DENNIS COOPER". Purple. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b Felsenthal, Daniel (2018-10-19). "The Devils of Our Better Nature: On Dennis Cooper and His New Film". LA Review of Books. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b c d e f Hammond, Stuart (2014-02-07). "The dA-Zed guide to Dennis Cooper". Dazed. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b "Little Caesar". Dennis Cooper. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Author: Dennis Cooper". Small Press Distribution. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ About The Book. Grove Atlantic. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ a b Silverberg, Ira (2011). "Dennis Cooper, The Art of Fiction No. 213". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "VIOLATIONS: AN EVENING OF INTERPRETIVE READINGS OF DENNIS COOPER'S GIF NOVELS". PEN America. 2016. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Krasinski, Jennifer (2016-07-24). "Why Did Google Erase Dennis Cooper's Beloved Literary Blog?". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Clemens, Daniel (2020-11-04). "Cult author Dennis Cooper on meth, the death of NYC and Miley Cyrus". The Face. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "The Ferro-Grumley Awards". The Publishing Triangle. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "An interview with Dennis Cooper". Antimusee. 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Against Nature". LACE. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Chris Cochrane/Dennis Cooper/Ishmael Houston-Jones : Them". Tzadik. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Shane Campbell Gallery". Shane Campbell Gallery. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Catalog Tag: Dennis Cooper's Little House on the Bowery series". Akashic Books. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "THIS IS AS MUCH AS YOU'LL GRASP: DENNIS COOPER AND THE AESTHETICS OF VACUITY". Entropy Magazine. 2015-06-17. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Dennis Cooper Wins Prix Sade". GalleyCat. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Milks, Megan (2012-01-23). ""Is this for real? Is that a stupid question?": A Review of Dennis Cooper's The Sluts". electronic book review. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "I Apologize". Festival D'Avignon. 2005. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "UNE BELLE ENFANT BLONDE / A YOUNG, BEAUTIFUL BLONDE GIRL". Festival D'Avignon. 2005. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Cooper, Dennis (2010). "Kindertotenlieder 1". Pank Magazine. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "JERK". MITSP. 2008. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "THIS IS HOW YOU WILL DISAPPEAR". Festival D'Avignon. 2005. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Gisèle Vienne, Dennis Cooper, Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg". Whitney Museum of American Art. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Kelly, Alan (n.d.). "dennis says relax". 3AM Magazine. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Hammond, Stuart (2013-11-01). "Dennis Cooper". Dazed Digital. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Blaney, Martin (2014-04-08). "Raspberry&Cream boards 'explicit sex' project". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Jerk. artbook. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ Butler, Blake (2011-07-28). "Dennis Cooper & Keith Mayerson's Horror Hospital Unplugged". HTML Giant. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Teenage Hallucination / Nouveau festival". Centre Pompidou. 2012. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ "Closer – The Dennis Cooper Papers". e-flux. 2012. Retrieved 2021-08-03. ^ McBride, Jason (2017-08-10). "Dennis Cooper Is a Notorious Novelist. What Kind of Filmmaker Will He Be?". Vulture. Retrieved 2024-04-01. ^ "International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR)". ^ "Dennis Cooper - The Weaklings". Denniscooper-theweaklings.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2020-06-05. ^ "Dennis Cooper's Blog | Facebook". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ "Google borra el blog de Dennis Cooper - Estandarte". Estandarte.com. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ Romano, Aja (2016-07-30). "A writer kept a blog for 10 years. Google deleted it. Why?". Vox. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ "Dennis Cooper: erased by Google Pixarthinking". 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ Gay, Roxane (2016-07-29). "The Blog That Disappeared". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ "Why Did Google Erase Dennis Cooper's Beloved Literary Blog?". The New Yorker. 2016-07-24. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ Sidahmed, Mazin (2016-07-14). "Dennis Cooper fears censorship as Google erases blog without warning". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ Romanacce, Thomas (2016-07-22). "Le romancier Dennis Cooper trop hardcore pour Google". Le Figaro (in French). ISSN 0182-5852. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ Reichwein, Marc (2016-08-01). "Google schaltet Blog von US-Schriftsteller ab". Welt Online. Retrieved 2016-08-28. ^ "Dennis Cooper's Blog | Facebook". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2018-02-14. ^ "Crushed by History » 3:AM Magazine". 3ammagazine.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ Guran, Paula (January 1998). "Poppy Z. Brite: Just Not That Weird". OMNI Online. DarkEcho. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22. ^ Lewis, Everett and Shulevitz, Robert (2001). Commentary, Luster (DVD). TLA Releasing. ^ "Deerhunter: Cryptograms | Album Reviews". Pitchfork. 2007-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ Cooper, Dennis. "Some recent works by artists who also hang around here sometimes, Volume Four". The Weaklings. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ "The Weaklings - Curated by Dennis Cooper". Five Years. Retrieved 18 February 2015. ^ Hegarty, Paul; Kennedy, Danny (2012). Dennis Cooper: Writing at the Edge. Apollo Books. ISBN 9781845195526. ^ Steinbrecher, Matthew (November 2012). "Dennis Cooper". Artwrit. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-13. ^ "Biography: Dennis Cooper". Bookreporter. ^ "Literature: Interview With Dennis Cooper". 3ammagazine.com. Retrieved 2016-01-24. ^ "Dennis Cooper". VPRO Television. July 25, 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16. ^ a b "I Wished". Publishers Weekly. ^ "Get Lit". www.bookforum.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03. External links Official website NYU's Fales Library and Special Collections Guide to the Dennis Cooper Papers Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National Spain France BnF data Germany Israel United States Japan Czech Republic Netherlands Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Trove Other SNAC IdRef

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"editor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Editor_in_chief"},{"link_name":"performance artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_artist"},{"link_name":"Tony O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"}],"text":"Dennis Cooper (born January 10, 1953) is an American novelist, poet, critic, editor and performance artist. He is best known for the George Miles Cycle, a series of five semi-autobiographical novels published between 1989 and 2000 and described by Tony O'Neill \"as intense a dissection of human relationships and obsession that modern literature has ever attempted.\"[1] Cooper is the founder and editor of Little Caesar Magazine, a punk zine, that ran between 1976 and 1982.","title":"Dennis Cooper"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Pasadena, California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasadena,_California"},{"link_name":"Arcadia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arcadia,_California"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-latimes-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon-3"},{"link_name":"politically conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politically_conservative"},{"link_name":"Richard 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grade.[5][6] He attended Pasadena City College and Pitzer College.[7]Cooper began reading French literature at 15 and was drawn to Marquis de Sade in particular for his risqué depictions of libertine sex.[8] He was also inspired by French novelists/directors such as Jean Cocteau, Alain Robbe-Grillet, and Marguerite Duras.[9] Though he had started writing surreal stories at age 12, he became a more focused writer at 15 and tried to imitate the writing styles of Arthur Rimbaud and de Sade.[8][4] He began planning out a five-book series that would later become The George Miles Cycle.[8] Punk subculture was a major part of his twenties.[3][8][9] In 1976, Cooper moved to London for a brief period.[10]","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"zine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zine"},{"link_name":"Andy Warhol","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andy_Warhol"},{"link_name":"David Wojnarowicz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Wojnarowicz"},{"link_name":"Debbie Harry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Debbie_Harry"},{"link_name":"Bob Flanagan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bob_Flanagan_(performance_artist)"},{"link_name":"Toby Ross","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toby_Ross"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazed-10"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon-3"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-little-11"},{"link_name":"Amy Gerstler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amy_Gerstler"},{"link_name":"Peter Schjeldahl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Schjeldahl"},{"link_name":"Elaine Equi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elaine_Equi"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-little-11"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazed-10"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Times Book Prize","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times_Book_Prize"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Beyond Baroque Literary Arts Center","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beyond_Baroque_Literary_Arts_Center"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazed-10"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-charismatic-6"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paris-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazed-10"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-paris-14"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon-3"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"meth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methamphetamine"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"Ferro-Grumley Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferro-Grumley_Award"},{"link_name":"gay literature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gay_literature"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"The Advocate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Advocate_(LGBT_magazine)"},{"link_name":"Art in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_in_America"},{"link_name":"Artforum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artforum"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-slava-4"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-antimusee-19"},{"link_name":"Frisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisk_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Richard Hawkins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hawkins_(artist)"},{"link_name":"LACE","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Contemporary_Exhibitions"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon-3"},{"link_name":"John Zorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Zorn"},{"link_name":"Lari Pittman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lari_Pittman"},{"link_name":"Nayland Blake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nayland_Blake"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-dazed-10"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-purple-8"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Travis Jeppesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Jeppesen"},{"link_name":"Richard Hell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Hell"},{"link_name":"James Greer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Greer_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Trinie Dalton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trinie_Dalton"},{"link_name":"Derek McCormack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derek_McCormack_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Akashic Books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akashic_Books"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Spin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin_(magazine)"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-salon-3"},{"link_name":"The Sluts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sluts"},{"link_name":"Prix Sade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Sade"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"Lammy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda_Literary_Award"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"Gisèle Vienne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gis%C3%A8le_Vienne&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Peter Rehberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rehberg"},{"link_name":"Stephen O'Malley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_O%27Malley"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"Jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerk_(play)"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"Christophe Honoré's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christophe_Honor%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Homme au Bain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Man_at_Bath"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"Peter Rehberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Rehberg"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-37"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-38"},{"link_name":"[39]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-39"},{"link_name":"[40]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-40"},{"link_name":"Permanent Green Light","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent_Green_Light"},{"link_name":"International Film Festival Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Film_Festival_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"[41]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-41"}],"text":"Cooper started Little Caesar Magazine in 1976; the punk zine, which ran for 12 issues between 1976 and 1982, featured multimedia contributions from Andy Warhol, David Wojnarowicz, Debbie Harry, Bob Flanagan, and Toby Ross.[10][3][11] In 1978, he started Little Caesar Press, which would go on to help establish artists such as Amy Gerstler, Peter Schjeldahl, and Elaine Equi.[11] Cooper published his first book of poetry, Idols, in 1979 and his second, Tenderness of the Wolves, in 1981.[10][12] Tenderness of Wolves was nominated for a Los Angeles Times Book Prize the same year.[13]In 1979, he began working as the Director of Programming at the Beyond Baroque Literary Arts Center, where he continued to produce Little Caesar Magazine.[10][6] He held this position until 1983,[14] when he moved to New York City.[15] Shortly after, he published his first novella, Safe, and became serious about writing the five-book series he had been planning since he was fifteen.[10][14] He left New York in 1985 to follow a boyfriend to Amsterdam, where he finished Closer, the first book in the George Miles Cycle and Cooper's first novel.[3][16] To get into the right headspace to write Closer, Cooper regularly took meth.[17] The book later won the very first Ferro-Grumley Award for gay literature.[18] During this time, he supported himself financially by writing for American magazines such as The Advocate, Art in America, and Artforum, the latter eventually taking him on as a regular.[4][19]Cooper returned to New York in 1987, where he worked on Frisk and several projects including co-curating an exhibit with Richard Hawkins entitled AGAINST NATURE: A Group Show of Work by Homosexual Men, which was open at the LACE in 1988.[20][3] Cooper returned to Los Angeles in 1990 and continued collaborating with other artists, including composer John Zorn, painter Lari Pittman, sculptors Jason Meadows and Nayland Blake, and others.[10][8][21][22] He also started the Little House on the Bowery curated imprint, which included works from Travis Jeppesen, Richard Hell, James Greer, Trinie Dalton, Derek McCormack, and others, under the independent publisher Akashic Books.[23] In the 1990s, he wrote for Spin[24] and published Period, the last book in the George Miles Cycle, in 2000.[3] His novel The Sluts won the 2007 Prix Sade award in France[25] and a Lammy.[26]Cooper moved to Paris in 2005 and has collaborated with French theater director Gisèle Vienne, composers Peter Rehberg and Stephen O'Malley, and the performer Jonathan Capdevielle on six works for the theater, I Apologize (2004),[27] Un Belle Enfant Blonde (2005),[28] Kindertotenlieder (2007),[29] a stage adaption of his novella Jerk (2008),[30] This Is How You Will Disappear (2010),[31] and Last Spring, a Prequel (2011).[32] The Weaklings was published in limited numbers by Fanzine Press in 2008 and was followed by a full-length collection The Weaklings (XL) in 2013.[33][34]Since living in France, Cooper has published a number of novels, had a cameo in Christophe Honoré's Homme au Bain,[35] released a book/CD collaboration with Gisèle Vienne and Peter Rehberg,[36] reissued the graphic novel Horror Hospital Unplugged he released with Keith Mayerson in 1997,[37] and curated part of the 2012 Un Nouveau Festival with Gisèle Vienne.[38] In 2012, Kunstverein Amsterdam held CLOSER: The Dennis Cooper Papers, a multimedia exhibit celebrating The George Miles Cycle.[39]In 2015, Cooper worked with artist Zac Farley to write and direct an anthology of short films titled Like Cattle Towards Glow.[40] The two later collaborated for Permanent Green Light, which premiered in 2018 at the International Film Festival Rotterdam.[41]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Google","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Google"},{"link_name":"[42]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-42"},{"link_name":"[43]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-43"},{"link_name":"[44]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-44"},{"link_name":"[45]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-45"},{"link_name":"[46]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-46"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"[47]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-47"},{"link_name":"The New Yorker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Yorker"},{"link_name":"[48]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-48"},{"link_name":"The Guardian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian"},{"link_name":"[49]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-49"},{"link_name":"Le Figaro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro"},{"link_name":"[50]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-50"},{"link_name":"Die Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt"},{"link_name":"[51]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-51"},{"link_name":"[52]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-52"}],"text":"In mid-2016, Cooper engaged in a two-month standoff with Google after it deleted his blog[42] and Gmail accounts without warning, due to what the company described as unspecified violations of their terms of use policy. Ten years of Cooper's writings were lost, including a novel. Cooper termed the situation \"a nightmare\".[43] Cooper's plight attracted media attention,[44][45][46] including from The New York Times,[47] The New Yorker,[48] The Guardian,[49] Le Figaro,[50] and Die Welt.[51] Google's attorneys contacted Cooper and after long negotiations, returned his data.[52]","title":"Google controversy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Travis Jeppesen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Travis_Jeppesen"},{"link_name":"Kay Gabriel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kay_Gabriel"},{"link_name":"Tony O'Neill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_O%27Neill"},{"link_name":"Noah Cicero","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah_Cicero"},{"link_name":"Dominic Lyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic_Lyne"},{"link_name":"[53]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-53"},{"link_name":"Poppy Z. Brite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poppy_Z._Brite"},{"link_name":"[54]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-54"},{"link_name":"David Cassidy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Cassidy"},{"link_name":"Luster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luster_(film)"},{"link_name":"[55]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-55"},{"link_name":"Deerhunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deerhunter"},{"link_name":"grindcore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grindcore"},{"link_name":"Pig Destroyer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pig_Destroyer"},{"link_name":"[56]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-56"},{"link_name":"Ryan Trecartin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ryan_Trecartin"},{"link_name":"Chris Kelso","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Kelso"},{"link_name":"Jared Pappas-Kelley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jared_Pappas-Kelley"},{"link_name":"Ken Baumann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Baumann"},{"link_name":"Blair Mastbaum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blair_Mastbaum"},{"link_name":"[57]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-57"},{"link_name":"[58]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-58"},{"link_name":"Hüsker Dü","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCsker_D%C3%BC"},{"link_name":"Sebadoh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sebadoh"},{"link_name":"[59]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-59"},{"link_name":"[60]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-60"}],"text":"Cooper's work has been acknowledged as an influence on a number of writers, including Travis Jeppesen, Kay Gabriel, Tony O'Neill, Jackie Ess, Noah Cicero, Shiv Kotecha, Jon Lindsey, Dominic Lyne[53] and Poppy Z. Brite.[54] Cooper's poetry, including the first poem he ever wrote (about David Cassidy) appear in the film Luster as the work of lead character Jackson.[55] American indie rock band Deerhunter, and grindcore act Pig Destroyer have both cited Dennis Cooper as a lyrical influence.[56] Cooper has also influenced a number of artists such as Ryan Trecartin, Jonathan Mayhew, Lizz Brady, Chris Kelso, Daniel Portland, Jared Pappas-Kelley, Ken Baumann, Blair Mastbaum, which he has included in exhibitions such as the Weaklings or who he has showcased over the years.[57][58] Within his work Cooper is often inspired by and quotes from underground and independent music; as with the lyrics of the band Hüsker Dü in the novel Try, and the naming of the 1992 curated show The Freed Weed, from a compilation by the band Sebadoh, which has been discussed in a number of interviews and analyses.[59][60]","title":"Influence"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[61]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-61"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3212-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3212-X"},{"link_name":"Frisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisk_(novel)"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3289-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3289-8"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3338-X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3338-X"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3580-3","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3580-3"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0-8021-3783-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8021-3783-0"},{"link_name":"3:AM Magazine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/3:AM_Magazine"},{"link_name":"[62]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-62"},{"link_name":"Frisk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frisk_(novel)"},{"link_name":"[63]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-63"},{"link_name":"Soho Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Press"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-64"},{"link_name":"[65]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-65"}],"text":"The cycle has now been translated into 18 foreign languages and is the subject of numerous academic studies. They include two volumes of critical essays devoted to the cycle: Enter at Your Own Risk (2004), edited by Leora Lev, and Dennis Cooper: Writing at the Edge (2008), edited by Paul Hegarty and Danny Kennedy.[61]In the spring of 2000 Cooper published Period, the last of a series of five novels known as the George Miles cycle (ISBNs refer to the Grove Press paperback editions):Closer (1989), ISBN 0-8021-3212-X\nFrisk (1991), ISBN 0-8021-3289-8\nTry (1994), ISBN 0-8021-3338-X\nGuide (1997), ISBN 0-8021-3580-3\nPeriod (2000), ISBN 0-8021-3783-0\"… [I]n the ninth grade Cooper met his beloved friend George Miles. Miles had deep psychological problems and Cooper took him under his wing. Years later, when Cooper was 30, he had a brief love affair with the 27-year-old Miles. The cycle of books … came later, and were an attempt by Cooper to get to the bottom of both his fascination with sex and violence and his feelings for Miles.\"       — 3:AM Magazine, November 2001, \"American Psycho: An Interview With Dennis Cooper\" by Stephen Lucas[62]\"George in Closer, whose room is full of Disney figures, himself becomes the toy of two forty-year-old men obsessed with the beauty of pain and suffering. In Frisk, an ex-friend is writing Julian letters: reports or fantasies of sex and violence. The description of the sexual murdering of young men is a melange of blood and slippery internal organs, too unappetizing to quote. The letters are being sent from a Holland windmill, in its isolation an ideal place for exploring the raw reality of sex, violence and death.\"       — VPRO Television; article in Dutch[63]In 2021, Cooper published I Wished, a sort of coda of the George Miles Cycle, through Soho Press.[64] According to writer Justin Taylor, the novel is, \"a postscript that functions just as handily as an introduction, deconstruction, or reboot.\"[65]","title":"George Miles Cycle"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Other books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Grove Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grove_Press"},{"link_name":"The Sluts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Sluts"},{"link_name":"Carroll & Graf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carroll_%26_Graf"},{"link_name":"Harper Perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial"},{"link_name":"Kiddiepunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddiepunk"},{"link_name":"Harper Perennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harper_Perennial"},{"link_name":"Kiddiepunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddiepunk"},{"link_name":"Kiddiepunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiddiepunk"},{"link_name":"Soho Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soho_Press"},{"link_name":"[64]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-64"}],"sub_title":"Fiction","text":"Antoine Monnier (fiction, Anon Press, 1978)\nMy Mark (fiction, Sherwood Press, 1982)\nSafe (novella, SeaHorse Press, 1985)\nWrong (short fiction, Grove Press, 1992)\nMy Loose Thread (novel, Canongate, 2002)\nThe Sluts (novel, Void Books, 2004; Carroll & Graf, 2005)\nGod Jr. (novel, Grove Press, 2005)\nUgly Man (short fiction, Harper Perennial, 2009)\nFrench Hole, being 15 outtakes from 'The Marbled Swarm' (Kiddiepunk, 2011)\nThe Marbled Swarm (novel, Harper Perennial, November 2011)\nThe Pyre/Le Bucher (short fiction, limited edition book given to the audience of Gisèle Vienne's performance work 'The Pyre', Editions POL, 2013)\nZac's Haunted House (HTML Novel, Kiddiepunk, 2015)\nZac's Control Panel (HTML Book, Kiddiepunk, 2015)\nI Wished (novel, Soho Press, 2021)[64]","title":"Other books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Thurston Moore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Moore"}],"sub_title":"Poetry","text":"The Terror of Earrings (Kinks Press, 1973)\nTiger Beat (Little Caesar Press, 1978)\nIdols (SeaHorse Press, 1979; Amethyst Press, 1989)\nTenderness of the Wolves (The Crossing Press, 1981)\nThe Missing Men (Am Here Books/Immediate Editions, 1981)\nHe Cried (Black Star Series, 1985)\nThe Dream Police: Selected Poems '69–93 (Grove Press, 1994)\nThee Tight Lung Split Roar Hums (with Thurston Moore, Byron Coley; Slow Toe Press, 2004)\nThe Weaklings (with illustrations by Jarrod Anderson, Fanzine Press, limited edition, 2008)\nThe Weaklings (XL) (Sententia Books, 2013)","title":"Other books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Soft Skull Press","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_Skull_Press"},{"link_name":"Weird Little Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_Little_Boy"},{"link_name":"Mike Patton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Patton"},{"link_name":"Trey Spruance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trey_Spruance"},{"link_name":"William Winant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Winant"},{"link_name":"Avant","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avant_Records"},{"link_name":"David Brooks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brooks_(murderer)"}],"sub_title":"Collaborations and nonfiction","text":"Jerk (collaboration with artist Nayland Blake, Artspace Books, 1994)\nHorror Hospital Unplugged (graphic novel with illustrations by artist Keith Mayerson, Juno Books, 1997)\nAll Ears (criticism and journalism, Soft Skull Press, 1997)\nWeird Little Boy' (provided texts for CD collaboration by John Zorn, Mike Patton, Trey Spruance, Chris Cochrane, William Winant, Avant, 1998)\nViolence, faits divers, littérature (non-fiction, POL, France, 2004)\nDennis (CD/book, Don Waters Editions/AK Press, 2006)\nTwo Texts for a Puppet Play by David Brooks (with Stephen O'Malley, Jean-Luc Verna; DACM, limited edition, 2008)\nSAFE with Dennis Cooper Ugly Man CD (Dot Dot Music, 2008)\nPeter Rehberg/Dennis Cooper Music for GV (Mego Records, 2008)\nSmothered in Hugs: Essays, Interviews, Feedback, Obituaries (Harper Perennial, 2010)\nJerk / Through Their Tears CD/book (w/ Gisèle Vienne, Peter Rehberg, DisVoir, March 2011)\nLast Spring: The Maps multi-volume zine (w/ Gisèle Vienne, Le Cooperative Fanzine, 2011–2012)\nGisèle Vienne 40 Portraits 2003 - 2008 (Editions POL, 2012)\nGONE: Scrapbook '80 - '82 (Infinity Land Press, 2014)","title":"Other books"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Fujiko Nakaya","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fujiko_Nakaya"},{"link_name":"Shiro Takatani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiro_Takatani"},{"link_name":"Jerk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerk_(play)"},{"link_name":"Ishmael Houston-Jones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ishmael_Houston-Jones"}],"text":"The Pyre (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley, Peter Rehberg; 2013)\nLast Spring, a Prequel (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley, Peter Rehberg; 2011)\nThis Is How You Will Disappear (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg, Visual Effects: Fujiko Nakaya & Shiro Takatani; 2010)\nDedans/Dehors/David (Writer/Director: David Bobee, based on Cooper's novel \"Closer\", 2008)\nJerk (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2008)\nJerk, radio play (France Culture/Radio France, 2007)\nKindertotenlieder (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2007)\nUne Belle Enfant Blonde (Co-written with Catherine Robbe Grillet, Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2005)\nI Apologize (Director: Gisèle Vienne, Score: Peter Rehberg/Pita; 2004)\nThe Undead (Director: Ishmael Houston-Jones, Score: Tom Recchion; Visual Design: Robert Flynt; 1990)\nKnife/Tape/Rope (Director: Ishmael Houston-Jones, Sets: John De Fazio; 1985)\nThem (Director: Ishmael Houston-Jones, Score: Chris Cochrane; 1984, 2010)","title":"Works written for the theater"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Earl Jackson Jr. \"Death Drives Across Pornotopia: Dennis Cooper on the Extremities of Being, Strategies of Deviance (Indiana University Press, 1995)\nElizabeth Young and Graham Caveney \"Death in Disneyland: Dennis Cooper\", Shopping in Space: Essays on America's Blank Fiction (Serpents Tail, 1996)\nJames Bolton, director, Dennis Cooper, a 20-minute documentary film (2000)\nJulian Murphet,\"Postcards from Sim City,\" in *Literature and Race in Los Angeles* (Cambridge University Press, 2001)\nElizabeth Young \"Dennis Cooper: Closer\", Pandora's Handbag (Serpents Tail, 2003)\nLeora Lev, editor, Enter at Your Own Risk: The Dangerous Art of Dennis Cooper (FDU Press, 2006) Includes essays on Cooper's work by William Burroughs, Michael Cunningham, Dodie Bellamy, John Waters, Kevin Killian, Matthew Stadler, Robert Gluck, Elizabeth Young, and others.\nAvital Ronell \"The Philosophical Code: Dennis Cooper's Pacific Rim\", The ÜberReader: Selected Works of Avital Ronell (University of Illinois Press, 2007)\nPaul Hegarty and Danny Kennedy, editors, Writing at the Edge: The Work of Dennis Cooper (Sussex University Press, March 2008)\nMartin Dines Gay Suburban Narratives in American and British Culture (Macmillan, 2009)\nMarvin J. Taylor and Krist Gruijthujsen Geometries of Desire: An Interview with Dennis Cooper (Kunstverein Amsterdam, 2012)\nStacey D'Erasmo The Art of Intimacy: The Space Inbetween (Graywolf Press, 2013)\nChristopher Hennessy Our Deep Gossip: Conversations with Gay Writers on Poetry and Desire (The University of Wisconsin Press, 2014)\nDiarmuid Hester Wrong: A Critical Biography of Dennis Cooper (The University of Iowa Press, 2020)\nKay Gabriel A Xerox of Feeling: Dennis Cooper's Frisk (Journal of Narrative Theory, Eastern Michigan University, 2021)","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"O'Neill, Tony (4 October 2007). \"A good writer as bad as you'll find\". Theguardian.com. Retrieved 5 September 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2007/oct/04/agoodwriterasbadasyoull","url_text":"\"A good writer as bad as you'll find\""}]},{"reference":"Ehrenstein, David (2007-04-29). \"Setting a love story in Paris\". LA Times. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2007-apr-29-ca-cooper29-story.html","url_text":"\"Setting a love story in Paris\""}]},{"reference":"Reitz, Daniel (2000-05-04). \"Dennis Cooper\". Salon. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.salon.com/2000/05/04/cooper/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"Mogutin, Slave (2000). \"\"I've always imagined myself a serial killer\"\". Slava Mogutin. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://slavamogutin.com/dennis-cooper/","url_text":"\"\"I've always imagined myself a serial killer\"\""}]},{"reference":"\"Biography\". Dennis Cooper. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dennis-cooper.net/biography.htm","url_text":"\"Biography\""}]},{"reference":"Wolf, Kate (2012-06-28). \"The Charismatic Voice\". LA Review of Books. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-charismatic-voice/","url_text":"\"The Charismatic Voice\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper\". Poetry Foundation. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/dennis-cooper","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"Grau, Donatien (2015). \"DENNIS COOPER\". Purple. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://purple.fr/magazine/fw-2015-issue-24/dennis-cooper/","url_text":"\"DENNIS COOPER\""}]},{"reference":"Felsenthal, Daniel (2018-10-19). \"The Devils of Our Better Nature: On Dennis Cooper and His New Film\". LA Review of Books. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://lareviewofbooks.org/article/the-devils-of-our-better-nature-on-dennis-cooper-and-his-new-film/","url_text":"\"The Devils of Our Better Nature: On Dennis Cooper and His New Film\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Stuart (2014-02-07). \"The dA-Zed guide to Dennis Cooper\". Dazed. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/18740/1/the-da-zed-guide-to-dennis-cooper","url_text":"\"The dA-Zed guide to Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Little Caesar\". Dennis Cooper. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.dennis-cooper.net/littlecaesar.htm","url_text":"\"Little Caesar\""}]},{"reference":"\"Author: Dennis Cooper\". Small Press Distribution. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.spdbooks.org/Author/Default.aspx?AuthorId=3395","url_text":"\"Author: Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"About The Book. Grove Atlantic. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://groveatlantic.com/book/the-dream-police/","url_text":"About The Book"}]},{"reference":"Silverberg, Ira (2011). \"Dennis Cooper, The Art of Fiction No. 213\". The Paris Review. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/6098/the-art-of-fiction-no-213-dennis-cooper","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper, The Art of Fiction No. 213\""}]},{"reference":"\"VIOLATIONS: AN EVENING OF INTERPRETIVE READINGS OF DENNIS COOPER'S GIF NOVELS\". PEN America. 2016. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://pen.org/event/violations-an-evening-of-interpretive-readings-of-dennis-coopers-gif-novels/","url_text":"\"VIOLATIONS: AN EVENING OF INTERPRETIVE READINGS OF DENNIS COOPER'S GIF NOVELS\""}]},{"reference":"Krasinski, Jennifer (2016-07-24). \"Why Did Google Erase Dennis Cooper's Beloved Literary Blog?\". The New Yorker. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/why-did-google-erase-dennis-coopers-beloved-literary-blog","url_text":"\"Why Did Google Erase Dennis Cooper's Beloved Literary Blog?\""}]},{"reference":"Clemens, Daniel (2020-11-04). \"Cult author Dennis Cooper on meth, the death of NYC and Miley Cyrus\". The Face. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://theface.com/culture/dennis-cooper-diarmuid-hester-wrong-meth-miley-cyrus-interview","url_text":"\"Cult author Dennis Cooper on meth, the death of NYC and Miley Cyrus\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Ferro-Grumley Awards\". The Publishing Triangle. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://publishingtriangle.org/awards/ferro-grumley-awards/","url_text":"\"The Ferro-Grumley Awards\""}]},{"reference":"\"An interview with Dennis Cooper\". Antimusee. 2020. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://antimusee.fr/dennis-cooper/","url_text":"\"An interview with Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Against Nature\". LACE. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://welcometolace.org/lace/against-nature-2/","url_text":"\"Against Nature\""}]},{"reference":"\"Chris Cochrane/Dennis Cooper/Ishmael Houston-Jones : Them\". Tzadik. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.tzadik.com/index.php?catalog=7637","url_text":"\"Chris Cochrane/Dennis Cooper/Ishmael Houston-Jones : Them\""}]},{"reference":"\"Shane Campbell Gallery\". Shane Campbell Gallery. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.shanecampbellgallery.com/jason-meadows/bio","url_text":"\"Shane Campbell Gallery\""}]},{"reference":"\"Catalog Tag: Dennis Cooper's Little House on the Bowery series\". Akashic Books. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.akashicbooks.com/catalog-tag/dennis-coopers-little-house-on-the-bowery-series/","url_text":"\"Catalog Tag: Dennis Cooper's Little House on the Bowery series\""}]},{"reference":"\"THIS IS AS MUCH AS YOU'LL GRASP: DENNIS COOPER AND THE AESTHETICS OF VACUITY\". Entropy Magazine. 2015-06-17. Archived from the original on 2021-08-04. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20210804044320/https://entropymag.org/this-is-as-much-as-youll-grasp-dennis-cooper-and-the-aesthetics-of-vacuity/","url_text":"\"THIS IS AS MUCH AS YOU'LL GRASP: DENNIS COOPER AND THE AESTHETICS OF VACUITY\""},{"url":"https://entropymag.org/this-is-as-much-as-youll-grasp-dennis-cooper-and-the-aesthetics-of-vacuity/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper Wins Prix Sade\". GalleyCat. 2007-12-06. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.adweek.com/galleycat/dennis-cooper-wins-prix-sade/7125","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper Wins Prix Sade\""}]},{"reference":"Milks, Megan (2012-01-23). \"\"Is this for real? Is that a stupid question?\": A Review of Dennis Cooper's The Sluts\". electronic book review. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://electronicbookreview.com/essay/is-this-for-real-is-that-a-stupid-question-a-review-of-dennis-coopers-the-sluts/","url_text":"\"\"Is this for real? Is that a stupid question?\": A Review of Dennis Cooper's The Sluts\""}]},{"reference":"\"I Apologize\". Festival D'Avignon. 2005. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival-avignon.com/en/edition-2005/programme/i-apologize-27180","url_text":"\"I Apologize\""}]},{"reference":"\"UNE BELLE ENFANT BLONDE / A YOUNG, BEAUTIFUL BLONDE GIRL\". Festival D'Avignon. 2005. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival-avignon.com/en/edition-2005/programme/une-belle-enfant-blonde-a-young-beautiful-blonde-girl-27179","url_text":"\"UNE BELLE ENFANT BLONDE / A YOUNG, BEAUTIFUL BLONDE GIRL\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Dennis (2010). \"Kindertotenlieder 1\". Pank Magazine. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://pankmagazine.com/piece/dennis-cooper/","url_text":"\"Kindertotenlieder 1\""}]},{"reference":"\"JERK\". MITSP. 2008. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://mitsp.org/2020/en/jerk/","url_text":"\"JERK\""}]},{"reference":"\"THIS IS HOW YOU WILL DISAPPEAR\". Festival D'Avignon. 2005. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://festival-avignon.com/en/edition-2010/programme/this-is-how-you-will-disappear-23168","url_text":"\"THIS IS HOW YOU WILL DISAPPEAR\""}]},{"reference":"\"Gisèle Vienne, Dennis Cooper, Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg\". Whitney Museum of American Art. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://whitney.org/exhibitions/2012-biennial/gisele-vienne-dennis-cooper-stephen-o-malley-and-peter-rehberg","url_text":"\"Gisèle Vienne, Dennis Cooper, Stephen O'Malley and Peter Rehberg\""}]},{"reference":"Kelly, Alan (n.d.). \"dennis says relax\". 3AM Magazine. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/dennis-says-relax/","url_text":"\"dennis says relax\""}]},{"reference":"Hammond, Stuart (2013-11-01). \"Dennis Cooper\". Dazed Digital. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.dazeddigital.com/artsandculture/article/17701/1/dennis-cooper","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"Blaney, Martin (2014-04-08). \"Raspberry&Cream boards 'explicit sex' project\". ScreenDaily. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.screendaily.com/news/randc-boards-explicit-sex-project/5070482.article","url_text":"\"Raspberry&Cream boards 'explicit sex' project\""}]},{"reference":"Jerk. artbook. n.d. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.artbook.com/9782914563635.html","url_text":"Jerk"}]},{"reference":"Butler, Blake (2011-07-28). \"Dennis Cooper & Keith Mayerson's Horror Hospital Unplugged\". HTML Giant. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://htmlgiant.com/author-spotlight/dennis-cooper-keith-mayersons-horror-hospital-unplugged/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper & Keith Mayerson's Horror Hospital Unplugged\""}]},{"reference":"\"Teenage Hallucination / Nouveau festival\". Centre Pompidou. 2012. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.centrepompidou.fr/en/program/calendar/event/cynnKBB","url_text":"\"Teenage Hallucination / Nouveau festival\""}]},{"reference":"\"Closer – The Dennis Cooper Papers\". e-flux. 2012. Retrieved 2021-08-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.e-flux.com/announcements/34438/closer-the-dennis-cooper-papers/","url_text":"\"Closer – The Dennis Cooper Papers\""}]},{"reference":"McBride, Jason (2017-08-10). \"Dennis Cooper Is a Notorious Novelist. What Kind of Filmmaker Will He Be?\". Vulture. Retrieved 2024-04-01.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vulture.com/2017/08/dennis-cooper-novelist-filmmaker.html","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper Is a Notorious Novelist. What Kind of Filmmaker Will He Be?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulture_(website)","url_text":"Vulture"}]},{"reference":"\"International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://iffr.com/en/iffr/2018/films/permanent-green-light","url_text":"\"International Film Festival Rotterdam (IFFR)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper - The Weaklings\". Denniscooper-theweaklings.blogspot.com. Archived from the original on 2016-03-20. Retrieved 2020-06-05.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160320141050/http://www.denniscooper-theweaklings.blogspot.com/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper - The Weaklings\""},{"url":"http://www.denniscooper-theweaklings.blogspot.com/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper's Blog | Facebook\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/Dennis-Coopers-Blog-214073142012494/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper's Blog | Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Google borra el blog de Dennis Cooper - Estandarte\". Estandarte.com. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.estandarte.com/noticias/autores/google-borra-el-blog-de-dennis-cooper_3674.html","url_text":"\"Google borra el blog de Dennis Cooper - Estandarte\""}]},{"reference":"Romano, Aja (2016-07-30). \"A writer kept a blog for 10 years. Google deleted it. Why?\". Vox. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vox.com/2016/7/30/12303070/dennis-cooper-blog-deleted-google","url_text":"\"A writer kept a blog for 10 years. Google deleted it. Why?\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper: erased by Google Pixarthinking\". 2016-08-08. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.pixartprinting.co.uk/blog/dennis-cooper-erased-by-google/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper: erased by Google Pixarthinking\""}]},{"reference":"Gay, Roxane (2016-07-29). \"The Blog That Disappeared\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/07/30/opinion/sunday/the-blog-that-disappeared.html","url_text":"\"The Blog That Disappeared\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"}]},{"reference":"\"Why Did Google Erase Dennis Cooper's Beloved Literary Blog?\". The New Yorker. 2016-07-24. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/why-did-google-erase-dennis-coopers-beloved-literary-blog","url_text":"\"Why Did Google Erase Dennis Cooper's Beloved Literary Blog?\""}]},{"reference":"Sidahmed, Mazin (2016-07-14). \"Dennis Cooper fears censorship as Google erases blog without warning\". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/books/2016/jul/14/dennis-cooper-google-censorship-dc-blog","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper fears censorship as Google erases blog without warning\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Guardian","url_text":"The Guardian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077","url_text":"0261-3077"}]},{"reference":"Romanacce, Thomas (2016-07-22). \"Le romancier Dennis Cooper trop hardcore pour Google\". Le Figaro (in French). ISSN 0182-5852. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.lefigaro.fr/livres/2016/07/22/03005-20160722ARTFIG00006-le-romancier-dennis-cooper-trop-hardcore-pour-google.php","url_text":"\"Le romancier Dennis Cooper trop hardcore pour Google\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_Figaro","url_text":"Le Figaro"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0182-5852","url_text":"0182-5852"}]},{"reference":"Reichwein, Marc (2016-08-01). \"Google schaltet Blog von US-Schriftsteller ab\". Welt Online. Retrieved 2016-08-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.welt.de/kultur/literarischewelt/article157438065/Google-schaltet-Blog-von-US-Schriftsteller-ab.html","url_text":"\"Google schaltet Blog von US-Schriftsteller ab\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper's Blog | Facebook\". Facebook.com. Retrieved 2018-02-14.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1114019298684536&id=214073142012494","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper's Blog | Facebook\""}]},{"reference":"\"Crushed by History » 3:AM Magazine\". 3ammagazine.com. 2006-02-02. Retrieved 2016-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3ammagazine.com/3am/crushed-by-history/","url_text":"\"Crushed by History » 3:AM Magazine\""}]},{"reference":"Guran, Paula (January 1998). \"Poppy Z. Brite: Just Not That Weird\". OMNI Online. DarkEcho. Archived from the original on 2017-12-22.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20171222052238/https://darkecho.com/darkecho/archives/brite.html","url_text":"\"Poppy Z. Brite: Just Not That Weird\""},{"url":"http://www.darkecho.com/darkecho/archives/brite.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Lewis, Everett and Shulevitz, Robert (2001). Commentary, Luster (DVD). TLA Releasing.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Deerhunter: Cryptograms | Album Reviews\". Pitchfork. 2007-01-30. Retrieved 2016-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/9824-cryptograms/","url_text":"\"Deerhunter: Cryptograms | Album Reviews\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Dennis. \"Some recent works by artists who also hang around here sometimes, Volume Four\". The Weaklings. Archived from the original on 18 February 2015. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150218141815/http://denniscooper-theweaklings.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/some-recent-works-by-artists-who-also.html","url_text":"\"Some recent works by artists who also hang around here sometimes, Volume Four\""},{"url":"http://denniscooper-theweaklings.blogspot.co.uk/2009/04/some-recent-works-by-artists-who-also.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"The Weaklings - Curated by Dennis Cooper\". Five Years. Retrieved 18 February 2015.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.fiveyears.org.uk/archive2/pages/081/THE_WEAKLINGS/081.html","url_text":"\"The Weaklings - Curated by Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"Hegarty, Paul; Kennedy, Danny (2012). Dennis Cooper: Writing at the Edge. Apollo Books. ISBN 9781845195526.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=0dfmzCsEnsUC&q=dennis+cooper+and+indie+music&pg=PA10","url_text":"Dennis Cooper: Writing at the Edge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781845195526","url_text":"9781845195526"}]},{"reference":"Steinbrecher, Matthew (November 2012). \"Dennis Cooper\". Artwrit. Archived from the original on 2017-01-16. Retrieved 2017-01-13.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170116145403/http://www.artwrit.com/article/ohi-dennis-cooper/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper\""},{"url":"http://www.artwrit.com/article/ohi-dennis-cooper","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Biography: Dennis Cooper\". Bookreporter.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bookreporter.com/authors/dennis-cooper","url_text":"\"Biography: Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Literature: Interview With Dennis Cooper\". 3ammagazine.com. Retrieved 2016-01-24.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.3ammagazine.com/litarchives/nov2001/cooper_interview.html","url_text":"\"Literature: Interview With Dennis Cooper\""}]},{"reference":"\"Dennis Cooper\". VPRO Television. July 25, 2004. Archived from the original on 2012-07-16.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120716231341/http://www.vpro.nl/programma/ram/afleveringen/17939577/items/17019455/","url_text":"\"Dennis Cooper\""},{"url":"http://www.vpro.nl/programma/ram/afleveringen/17939577/items/17019455/","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"I Wished\". Publishers Weekly.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.publishersweekly.com/978-1-64129-304-4","url_text":"\"I Wished\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publishers_Weekly","url_text":"Publishers Weekly"}]},{"reference":"\"Get Lit\". www.bookforum.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bookforum.com/print/2804/writers-on-their-favorite-books-of-2021-24700","url_text":"\"Get Lit\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhynchoryza

Rhynchoryza

["1 References"]

Genus of plants Rhynchoryza Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Monocots Clade: Commelinids Order: Poales Family: Poaceae Subfamily: Oryzoideae Tribe: Oryzeae Subtribe: Zizaniinae Genus: RhynchoryzaBaill. Species: R. subulata Binomial name Rhynchoryza subulata(Nees) Baill. Synonyms Oryza sect. Rhynchoryza (Baill.) Roshev. Oryza subg. Rhynchoryza (Baill.) Pilg. Oryza subulata Nees Oryza caudata Döll Rhynchoryza is a genus of plants in the grass family. The only known species is Rhynchoryza subulata, native to Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Argentina (Santa Fe, Buenos Aires, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Chaco), Paraguay and Uruguay. References ^ a b Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ^ Tropicos, Rhynchoryza Baill. ^ Baillon, Henri Ernest. 1893. Histoire des Plantes 12: 291-292 in Latin ^ Grassbase - The World Online Grass Flora ^ Zuloaga, F. O., E. G. Nicora, Z. E. Rúgolo de Agrasar, O. Morrone, J. F. Pensiero & A. M. Cialdella. 1994. Catálogo de la familia Poaceae en la República Argentina. Monographs in systematic botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 47: 1–178 ^ Rosengurtt, B., B. R. A. Maffei & P. I. Artucio. 1970. Gramíneas Uruguayas , 1–489. Universidad de la República, Montevideo Taxon identifiersRhynchoryza Wikidata: Q3309722 Wikispecies: Rhynchoryza BOLD: 434274 CoL: 8W35H EoL: 5850572 GBIF: 4142345 GrassBase: gen00551 GRIN: 10448 iNaturalist: 577294 IPNI: 295594-2 IRMNG: 1299162 ITIS: 781278 NCBI: 110452 Open Tree of Life: 858814 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295594-2 Tropicos: 40025440 WFO: wfo-4000033143 Rhynchoryza subulata Wikidata: Q15521708 Wikispecies: Rhynchoryza subulata BOLD: 434275 CoL: 4SSCV GBIF: 4142344 GrassBase: imp08903 GRIN: 31735 IPNI: 220021-2 ITIS: 784845 NCBI: 110453 Open Tree of Life: 858810 Plant List: kew-439206 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:220021-2 Tropicos: 25519657 WFO: wfo-0000895854 This Poaceae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syl_Apps_Jr.

Syl Apps Jr.

["1 Playing career","2 Personal","3 Career statistics","3.1 Regular season and playoffs","4 Transactions","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

For his father, the ice hockey player born in 1915, see Syl Apps. Canadian ice hockey player Ice hockey player Syl Apps Jr.Born (1947-08-01) August 1, 1947 (age 76)Toronto, Ontario, CanadaHeight 6 ft 0 in (183 cm)Weight 185 lb (84 kg; 13 st 3 lb)Position CentreShot RightPlayed for NHLPittsburgh PenguinsLos Angeles KingsNew York RangersAHLBuffalo BisonsCHLOmaha KnightsOHASrKingston AcesNHL draft 21st overall, 1964New York RangersPlaying career 1968–1980 Sylvanus Marshall Apps (born August 1, 1947) is a Canadian former professional ice hockey centre who played 10 seasons in the National Hockey League for the New York Rangers, Los Angeles Kings and Pittsburgh Penguins. Apps was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is the son of Hockey Hall of Fame member Syl Apps. Playing career Apps played in the inaugural 1960 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Scarboro Lions. He was originally drafted by the New York Rangers in 1964 but did not play his first big league season until 1970. That season, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins, the team with which he made his mark, becoming one of the franchise's first stars. Between 1973 and 1976, Apps centered the Century Line with left wing Lowell MacDonald and right wing Jean Pronovost. He led the team in scoring three times and was named to play in the 1975 All-Star Game. Apps set a team record with 59 points in 1971–72, broke his own record in 1972–73 with 85 points, and tied that in 1973–74. Apps's best season was 1975–76, when he scored 32 goals and 67 assists for 99 points, although this was not a team record, as during this season Pierre Larouche scored 111 points and Jean Pronovost tallied 104. With Apps's numbers declining, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings in the 1977–78 season as the Penguins started to remake the team (Pierre Larouche, Dennis Owchar and Hartland Monahan were all dealt during this season. Dave Burrows and Jean Pronovost would be as well at the season's conclusion.) Apps retired two years later, finishing his career as the Penguins' career assist leader and second in goals and points. He played 727 career NHL games, scoring 183 goals and 423 assists for 606 points. Personal Syl Apps Jr.'s son, Syl Apps III, was a hockey player in his own right, starring at Princeton University before spending four years in the minor leagues, retiring in 2003. His daughter, Gillian Apps, graduated from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, and majored in psychology. She played for the Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey program and was a top 10 finalist for the 2007 Patty Kazmaier Award. In addition, she was a two-time member of the Canadian Olympic team, and won gold medals in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics and ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics. His oldest daughter, Amy Apps, was a member of the Canadian national women’s soccer team and an OUA All Star in 1998 and 1999. His nephew, Darren Barber, won a gold medal in the men's eight at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, as a member of the Canadian rowing team. Barber also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he finished 4th. Career statistics Regular season and playoffs Regular season Playoffs Season Team League GP G A Pts PIM GP G A Pts PIM 1965–66 Kingston Frontenacs EJHL — — — — — — — — — — 1966–67 Princeton University ECAC — — — — — — — — — — 1967–68 Kingston Aces OHA-Sr. 35 16 22 38 28 — — — — — 1968–69 Kingston Aces OHA-Sr. 27 14 22 36 17 — — — — — 1968–69 Buffalo Bisons AHL 2 1 2 3 4 — — — — — 1969–70 Omaha Knights CHL 68 16 38 54 43 12 10 9 19 4 1969–70 Buffalo Bisons AHL — — — — — 7 2 3 5 6 1970–71 Omaha Knights CHL 11 0 5 5 4 — — — — — 1970–71 New York Rangers NHL 31 1 2 3 11 — — — — — 1970–71 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 31 9 16 25 21 — — — — — 1971–72 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 72 15 44 59 78 4 1 0 1 2 1972–73 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 77 29 56 85 18 — — — — — 1973–74 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 75 24 61 85 37 — — — — — 1974–75 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 79 24 55 79 43 9 2 3 5 9 1975–76 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 80 32 67 99 24 3 0 1 1 0 1976–77 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 72 18 43 61 20 3 1 0 1 12 1977–78 Pittsburgh Penguins NHL 9 0 7 7 0 — — — — — 1977–78 Los Angeles Kings NHL 70 19 26 45 0 — — — — — 1978–79 Los Angeles Kings NHL 80 7 30 37 29 2 1 0 1 0 1979–80 Los Angeles Kings NHL 51 5 16 21 12 — — — — — NHL totals 727 183 423 606 311 23 5 5 10 23 Transactions On June 11, 1964 the New York Rangers selected Syl Apps Jr. in the fourth-round (#21 overall) of the 1964 NHL draft. On January 26, 1971 the New York Rangers traded Syl Apps Jr. and Sheldon Kannegiesser to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Glen Sather. On November 2, 1977 the Pittsburgh Penguins traded Syl Apps Jr. and Hartland Monahan to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Dave Schultz, Gene Carr and a 1978 fourth-round pick (#61-Shane Pearsall). See also Notable families in the NHL References ^ "Pee-Wee players who have reached NHL or WHA" (PDF). Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament. 2018. Retrieved January 1, 2019. ^ http://www.wcha.com/sports/w-hockey/spec-rel/030507aac.html ^ "CanadaSoccer.com Profile". Archived from the original on August 22, 2009. Retrieved July 30, 2023. ^ "West Division" (PDF). p. 1. Archived from the original on July 13, 2011. Retrieved July 29, 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link) ^ Profile: Darren Barber sports.reference.com (Retrieved on 12 December 2008) External links Biographical information and career statistics from NHL.com, or Eliteprospects.com, or Hockey-Reference.com, or The Internet Hockey Database

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Apps was born in Toronto, Ontario. He is the son of Hockey Hall of Fame member Syl Apps.","title":"Syl Apps Jr."},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_International_Pee-Wee_Hockey_Tournament"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"1964","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_NHL_Amateur_Draft"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Century Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Century_Line&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Lowell MacDonald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lowell_MacDonald"},{"link_name":"Jean Pronovost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pronovost"},{"link_name":"1971–72","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1971%E2%80%9372_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1972–73","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1972%E2%80%9373_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1973–74","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1973%E2%80%9374_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"1975–76","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1975%E2%80%9376_NHL_season"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Pierre Larouche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre_Larouche"},{"link_name":"Dennis Owchar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dennis_Owchar"},{"link_name":"Hartland Monahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartland_Monahan"},{"link_name":"Dave Burrows","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Burrows"},{"link_name":"Jean Pronovost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Pronovost"}],"text":"Apps played in the inaugural 1960 Quebec International Pee-Wee Hockey Tournament with the Scarboro Lions.[1] He was originally drafted by the New York Rangers in 1964 but did not play his first big league season until 1970. That season, he was traded to the Pittsburgh Penguins, the team with which he made his mark, becoming one of the franchise's first stars. Between 1973 and 1976, Apps centered the Century Line with left wing Lowell MacDonald and right wing Jean Pronovost. He led the team in scoring three times and was named to play in the 1975 All-Star Game. Apps set a team record with 59 points in 1971–72, broke his own record in 1972–73 with 85 points, and tied that in 1973–74. Apps's best season was 1975–76, when he scored 32 goals and 67 assists for 99 points, although this was not a team record, as during this season Pierre Larouche scored 111 points and Jean Pronovost tallied 104.With Apps's numbers declining, he was traded to the Los Angeles Kings in the 1977–78 season as the Penguins started to remake the team (Pierre Larouche, Dennis Owchar and Hartland Monahan were all dealt during this season. Dave Burrows and Jean Pronovost would be as well at the season's conclusion.) Apps retired two years later, finishing his career as the Penguins' career assist leader and second in goals and points. He played 727 career NHL games, scoring 183 goals and 423 assists for 606 points.","title":"Playing career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Syl Apps III","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syl_Apps_III"},{"link_name":"Princeton University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princeton_University"},{"link_name":"Gillian Apps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gillian_Apps"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth College","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_College"},{"link_name":"Hanover, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanover,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"psychology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychology"},{"link_name":"Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dartmouth_Big_Green_women%27s_ice_hockey"},{"link_name":"Patty Kazmaier Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patty_Kazmaier_Award"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2006_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_hockey_at_the_2010_Winter_Olympics"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Darren Barber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darren_Barber"},{"link_name":"1992 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1992_Summer_Olympics"},{"link_name":"Barcelona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barcelona"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-sports-ref-5"},{"link_name":"1996 Summer Olympics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_Summer_Olympics"}],"text":"Syl Apps Jr.'s son, Syl Apps III, was a hockey player in his own right, starring at Princeton University before spending four years in the minor leagues, retiring in 2003. His daughter, Gillian Apps, graduated from Dartmouth College in Hanover, New Hampshire, and majored in psychology. She played for the Dartmouth Big Green women's ice hockey program and was a top 10 finalist for the 2007 Patty Kazmaier Award.[2] In addition, she was a two-time member of the Canadian Olympic team, and won gold medals in ice hockey at the 2006 Winter Olympics and ice hockey at the 2010 Winter Olympics. His oldest daughter, Amy Apps, was a member of the Canadian national women’s soccer team[3] and an OUA All Star in 1998 and 1999.[4] His nephew, Darren Barber, won a gold medal in the men's eight at the 1992 Summer Olympics in Barcelona, as a member of the Canadian rowing team.[5] Barber also competed at the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, where he finished 4th.","title":"Personal"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Regular season and playoffs","title":"Career statistics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"1964 NHL draft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1964_NHL_Entry_Draft#Round_four"},{"link_name":"New York Rangers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_Rangers"},{"link_name":"Sheldon Kannegiesser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheldon_Kannegiesser"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Glen Sather","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glen_Sather"},{"link_name":"Pittsburgh Penguins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pittsburgh_Penguins"},{"link_name":"Hartland Monahan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartland_Monahan"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles Kings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles_Kings"},{"link_name":"Dave Schultz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dave_Schultz_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"Gene Carr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Carr_(ice_hockey)"},{"link_name":"1978 fourth-round pick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1978_NHL_Entry_Draft#Round_four"},{"link_name":"Shane Pearsall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shane_Pearsall&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"On June 11, 1964 the New York Rangers selected Syl Apps Jr. in the fourth-round (#21 overall) of the 1964 NHL draft.\nOn January 26, 1971 the New York Rangers traded Syl Apps Jr. and Sheldon Kannegiesser to the Pittsburgh Penguins in exchange for Glen Sather.\nOn November 2, 1977 the Pittsburgh Penguins traded Syl Apps Jr. and Hartland Monahan to the Los Angeles Kings in exchange for Dave Schultz, Gene Carr and a 1978 fourth-round pick (#61-Shane Pearsall).","title":"Transactions"}]

[]

[{"title":"Notable families in the NHL","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Notable_families_in_the_NHL"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyclothiazide

Methyclothiazide

["1 References"]

Diuretic drug MethyclothiazideClinical dataAHFS/Drugs.comConsumer Drug InformationMedlinePlusa682569ATC codeC03AA08 (WHO) Identifiers IUPAC name 6-Chloro-3-(chloromethyl)-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2,4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide CAS Number135-07-9 YPubChem CID4121IUPHAR/BPS7235DrugBankDB00232 NChemSpider3978 NUNIIL3H46UAC61KEGGD00656 NChEMBLChEMBL1577 NCompTox Dashboard (EPA)DTXSID6023313 ECHA InfoCard100.004.703 Chemical and physical dataFormulaC9H11Cl2N3O4S2Molar mass360.22 g·mol−1 NY (what is this?)  (verify) Methyclothiazide is a thiazide diuretic. References ^ Wirfs MJ (2022). "Hypertension: Primary Essential". APRN and PAS complete guide to prescribing drug therapy 2022. : Springer. p. 366. ISBN 978-0-8261-8549-5. vteSymporter inhibitorsNa+-Cl− Thiazides: Bendroflumethiazide Chlorothiazide Cyclopenthiazide Cyclothiazide Hydrochlorothiazide Hydroflumethiazide Methyclothiazide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide; Others: Chlortalidone (chlorthalidone) Metolazone Na+-K+-Cl− Bumetanide Furosemide See also: Receptor/signaling modulators vteDiuretics (C03)Sulfonamides(and etacrynic acid)CA inhibitors (at PT) Acetazolamide Loop (Na-K-Cl at AL) Furosemide# Azosemide Bumetanide Etacrynic acid Etozolin Indacrinone Muzolimine Ozolinone Piretanide Tienilic acid‡ Torasemide Thiazides (Na-Cl at DCT,Calcium-sparing) Altizide Bendroflumethiazide Butizide Chlorothiazide Cyclopenthiazide Cyclothiazide Epitizide Hydrochlorothiazide Hydroflumethiazide Mebutizide Methyclothiazide Polythiazide Trichlormethiazide Thiazide-likes (primarily DCT) Chlortalidone Clofenamide Clopamide Clorexolone Fenquizone Indapamide Mefruside Meticrane Metolazone Quinethazone Xipamide Potassium-sparing (at CD)ESC blockers Amiloride# Benzamil Triamterene Aldosterone antagonists Spirolactones Spironolactone# Canrenone Eplerenone Potassium canrenoate Nonsteroidal Finerenone Osmotic diuretics (PT, DL) Mannitol# Glycerol Urea Vasopressin receptor inhibitors(DCT and CD) Vaptans Conivaptan Mozavaptan Satavaptan Tolvaptan Others Demeclocycline Lithium carbonate Other Ethanol, Isopropanol, 2M2B mercurial diuretics (Chlormerodrin, Mersalyl, Meralluride) Theobromine Cicletanine Combination products Hydrochlorothiazide/triamterene #WHO-EM ‡Withdrawn from market Clinical trials: †Phase III §Never to phase III This drug article relating to the cardiovascular system is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardamom_Research_Station

Indian Cardamom Research Institute

["1 References","2 External links"]

Coordinates: 9°53′18″N 77°09′21″E / 9.8884°N 77.1559°E / 9.8884; 77.1559Research station Indian Cardamom Research InstituteGeneral informationCountryIndia Indian Cardamom Research Institute(ICRI) is the only research station under Kerala Agricultural University dedicated to Cardamom. Started in 1956 and came under KAU in 1972. It is situated in Pampadumpara, Idukki. References ^ "Indian Cardamom Research Institute | Spices Board". ^ "Climate change affecting cardamom hills in CRS, Pampadumpara". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ "HPM's focus on strengthening Customer Relationship By conducting "Farmer Meeting"". Krishi Jagran. Retrieved 18 September 2017. ^ "Cropping pattern affecting cardamom ecology in the Ghats; According to a survey conducted by the CRS, Pampadumpara". The Hindu. Retrieved 18 September 2017. External links Official website 9°53′18″N 77°09′21″E / 9.8884°N 77.1559°E / 9.8884; 77.1559 This article about a school in Kerala, India is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Station_Zero

Station Zero

["1 Characters","2 Episodes","3 Broadcast","4 Reception","5 References","6 External links"]

American animated television series Station ZeroThe main cast of Station Zero.GenreAdult animationComedyMusicalCreated byTramp DalyBased onA View From Da' Unda'Groundby Tramp DalyWritten byJason CentenoDon "Lava" MurphyTramp DalyCarlito RodriguezQuanzillaDirected byMichael FerraroVoices ofCarlito RodriguezRiggs MoralesQuanzillaScratchTheme music composerRandall LawrenceOpening theme"We're On Station Zero"Ending theme"Station Zero Freestyle Rap"ComposerBarry S. BookhardCountry of originUnited StatesOriginal languagesEnglishSpanishNo. of seasons1No. of episodes20ProductionExecutive producersTramp DalyAbby TerkuhleProducersJanine CirincioneBarry S. BookhardJody Milano VanderputtenCarlito RodriguezTramp DalyMerle Becker (supervising producer)John W. Lynn Jr (studio supervising producer)AnimatorPossible WorldsEditorMolly McEwanRunning time22 minutesProduction companiesPossible WorldsC-Traze StudiosUpfront EntertainmentMTV AnimationOriginal releaseNetworkMTVReleaseMarch 8 (1999-03-08) –April 6, 1999 (1999-04-06) Station Zero is an American daily adult animated/live-action hybrid series that aired on MTV for one season in early 1999, airing Monday through Friday at 6:30 pm. The show followed a group of four Bronx teenagers who ran a fictional public-access television show called Live from the Bronx, where they watched hip hop videos and critiqued them in a similar manner as that of Beavis and Butt-head. It was based on A View From Da' Unda'Ground, a comic strip from the same team which ran in The Source from 1991 to 1994. Characters Chino: A 17-year-old Latino kid, who is the host of the show, the MC and the hip-hop purist and re-represents the underground such as Rakim and KRS-One. His catchphrase is "Oh man!", "Wha-what!", "Aw, come on, man!". Karaz: A 18-year-old African-American kid, who is very shy and timid, He is the co-host of the show, the pop-loving “hustler/politician” and Chino's rival. He is really get into the mainstream hip-hop such as Diddy and Jay-Z. His catchphrase is "Don't talk about my mom, Man." DJ Tech: A 18-year-old silent DJ, who speaks with his cuts using the turntables. Scooter: A 14-year-old black kid, who is Karaz's best friend and the self-proclaimed director and producer of the show. He's the smartest and intelligent kid in the Bronx. His catchphrase is "We're on the air here." The Man: He is the unseen character. His signature scare chord plays after the teenagers says "The Man". Episodes No.TitleOriginal air dateProd.code1"Pilot"March 8, 1999 (1999-03-08)101 Featured videos: "The Rain (Supa Dupa Fly)", "Jump Around", "Tha Crossroads", "I'll Never Break Your Heart", "Woo Hah!! Got You All in Check (Remix)" 2"Balls-O-Meter"March 9, 1999 (1999-03-09)102 The boys are watching "Blue Angels" video. Karaz is doing the spoken word while the boys watches the "On & On" video. During the "In My Bed (Remix)" video, Chino is annoyed by Da Brat. DJ Tech plays the Aerosmith's 1987 song before Karaz tells him that the song is not cool. In the end, Scooter breaks the camera after they disrespect his grandma. Featured videos: "Blue Angels", "On & On", "In My Bed (So So Def Remix)", "Summertime" 3"Uptown, Baby"March 10, 1999 (1999-03-10)103 The boys are doing the "Uptown, Baby!" freestyle rap. Chino, Karaz, DJ Tech and Scooter watches Mya's 1998 video called "It's All About Me". Chino thinks that Mya was Chino's wife. Karaz accidentally knocks out the power. DJ Tech plays Redman's 1997 song "Whateva Man" while Scooter fix the power. They watches Ginuwine's video "Same Ol' G" and Karaz sings the song off-key. Scooter is very angry when he tells the boys that The Man is not going to like this video. Chino swears at Scooter, causing the lights to go dim. The boys are having an interview with Method Man. Featured videos: "Déjà Vu (Uptown Baby)", "It's All About Me", "Same Ol' G", "I'll Be There for You/You're All I Need to Get By" 4"Old-School Thursday"March 11, 1999 (1999-03-11)104 The boys watches 2 break dancing music videos, Karaz is moved by the video. 5"Episode 5"March 12, 1999 (1999-03-12)105 6"Episode 6"March 15, 1999 (1999-03-15)106 7"Episode 7"March 16, 1999 (1999-03-16)107 8"Episode 8"March 17, 1999 (1999-03-17)108 9"Episode 9"March 18, 1999 (1999-03-18)109 10"Episode 10"March 22, 1999 (1999-03-22)110 11"Episode 11"March 23, 1999 (1999-03-23)111 12"Episode 12"March 24, 1999 (1999-03-24)112 13"Episode 13"March 25, 1999 (1999-03-25)113 14"Episode 14"March 26, 1999 (1999-03-26)114 15"Episode 15"March 29, 1999 (1999-03-29)115 16"Episode 16"March 30, 1999 (1999-03-30)116 17"Episode 17"March 31, 1999 (1999-03-31)117 18"Episode 18"April 1, 1999 (1999-04-01)118 19"Episode 19"April 5, 1999 (1999-04-05)119 20"Episode 20"April 6, 1999 (1999-04-06)120 Broadcast In the United Kingdom, the show aired on MTV Base in 1999, being among the first shows to air on the newly created network. Reception The show was eventually canceled after only one season of twenty episodes. While it was primarily canceled for its lower ratings, it's speculated that it was because the producers and writers knew of this show's quick demise because of low ratings, and the animated cast walks off into the sunset in the finale. References ^ "POP NOTES". The Washington Post. March 7, 1999. Retrieved February 12, 2022. ^ "We Watch Channel Zero". Vibe. 7 (3): 168. April 1999. Retrieved October 10, 2019. ^ "Station Zero". Spin. 15 (3): 49. March 1999. Retrieved June 13, 2021. ^ "MTV base kicks off with Station Zero animation". Broadcastnow.co.uk. June 24, 1999. Retrieved June 8, 2024. ^ Leszczak, Bob (August 31, 2018). Single Season Sitcoms of the 1990s: A Complete Guide. McFarland. ISBN 978-1-4766-7077-5. Retrieved June 13, 2021. External links United States portalTelevision portalAnimation portal Wikiquote has quotations related to Station Zero. Station Zero at IMDb Jump The Shark - "Station Zero" at the Wayback Machine (archived October 13, 2007) Station Zero at TV Guide vteMTV AnimationCurrent Beavis and Butt-Head (1993–97; 2011; since 2022) Clone High (since 2023) South Park (since 2022) Upcoming Jodie Ren & Stimpy 1990s debuts Liquid Television (1991–95) Æon Flux (1991–95) The Brothers Grunt (1994–95) The Head (1994–96) The Maxx (1995) Daria (1997–2002) Cartoon Sushi (1997–98) Celebrity Deathmatch (1998–2002, 2006–07) Station Zero (1999) Downtown (1999–2000) 2000s debuts Spy Groove (2000–02) Undergrads (2001) 3-South (2002–03) Clone High (2002–03) Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003) Video Mods (2004–05) Wonder Showzen (2005–06) Where My Dogs At? (2006) The Adventures of Chico and Guapo (2006) Friday: The Animated Series (2007) DJ & the Fro (2009) Popzilla (2009) 2010s debuts Good Vibes (2011) Greatest Party Story Ever (2016) 2020s debuts Fairview (2022) See also MTV Comedy Central Nickelodeon Animation Studio CBS Eye Animation Productions vteMTV original programmingCurrent All Star Shore (since 2023) Catfish: The TV Show (since 2012) Caught in the Act: Unfaithful (since 2023) The Challenge (since 1998) Couples Retreat (since 2023) MTV Cribs (2000–2011; since 2021) Ex on the Beach (since 2018) The Exhibit: Finding the Next Great Artist (since 2023) Help! I'm in a Secret Relationship! 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Karaoke (1998–2003) FANatic (1998–2000) True Life (1998–2017, 2020) The Cut (1998) Say What? (1998–1999) The Sifl and Olly Show (1998–1999) Super Adventure Team (1998) The Blame Game (1999–2000) Station Zero (1999) Making the Video (1999–2009) Undressed (1999–2002) Downtown (1999) webRIOT (1999–2000) The Tom Green Show (1999–2000) 2000sdebuts The Lyricist Lounge Show (2000–2001) Diary (2000–2014) Spy Groove (2000–2002) Fear (2000–2002) Jackass (2000–2002) WWE Heat (2000–2003) Live Through This (2000) Kathy's So-Called Reality (2001) The Andy Dick Show (2001–2002) Undergrads (2001) Spyder Games (2001) WWE Tough Enough (2001–2003) Sex 2K (2001–2004) Becoming (2001) Dismissed (2001–2003) MTV Icon (2001–2004) The Osbournes (2002–2005) The Sausage Factory (2002) Made (2002–2014) I Bet You Will (2002) Sorority Life (2002–2004) Clone High (2002–2003) 3-South (2002–2003) Doggy Fizzle Televizzle (2002–2003) Carmen and Dave: An MTV Love Story (2002) Making the Band 2 (2002–2004) Scratch and Burn (2002) Fraternity Life (2003–2005) Punk'd (2003–2007, 2012) Surf Girls (2003) Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (2003) The New Tom Green Show (2003) Newlyweds: Nick and Jessica (2003–2005) Viva La Bam (2003–2005) Wildboyz (2003–2004) Rich Girls (2003) Room Raiders (2003–2009) Boiling Points (2004–2005) 'Til Death Do Us Part: Carmen and Dave (2004) High School Stories (2004–2006) Pimp My Ride (2004–2007) I Want a Famous Face (2004–2005) Wanna Come In? 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(2008) Rock the Cradle (2008) The Paper (2008) A Shot at Love II with Tila Tequila (2008) Legally Blonde: The Musical: The Search for Elle Woods (2008) FNMTV (2008) From G's to Gents (2008–2009) Buzzin' (2008) MTV's Top Pop Group (2008) Paris Hilton's My New BFF (2008–2009) 50 Cent: The Money and the Power (2008–2009) A Double Shot at Love (2008–2009) Bromance (2008–2009) The City (2008–2010) 16 and Pregnant (2009–2014; 2020–2021) Daddy's Girls (2009) How's Your News? (2009) Is She Really Going Out with Him? (2009–2010) Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory (2009–2015) The CollegeHumor Show (2009) T.I.'s Road to Redemption (2009) Dogg After Dark (2009) $5 Cover (2009) Making His Band (2009) Taking the Stage (2009–2010) Bully Beatdown (2009–2012) Music Feed (2009–2017) College Life (2009) The Phone (2009) DJ & the Fro (2009) It's On with Alexa Chung (2009) Silent Library (2009–2011) Nitro Circus (2009) Pranked (2009–2012) Popzilla (2009) Disaster Date (2009–2011) Valemont (2009) Gone Too Far (2009) Jersey Shore (2009–2012) Teen Mom OG (2009–2012; 2015–2021) 2010sdebuts My Life as Liz (2010–2011) The Buried Life (2010) The Dudesons in America (2010) Hired (2010) When I Was 17 (2010–2011) Downtown Girls (2010) The Hard Times of RJ Berger (2010–2011) The Ride (2010) Warren the Ape (2010) If You Really Knew Me (2010) Lucha Libre USA (2010–2011) The Seven (2010–2011) I Used to Be Fat (2010–2011, 2013) World of Jenks (2010–2013) Cuff'd (2011) Skins (2011) Teen Wolf (2011–2017) Awkward (2011–2016) I Just Want My Pants Back (2011–2012) Death Valley (2011) Plain Jane (2011) Good Vibes (2011) Friendzone (2011–2014) Teen Mom 2 (2011–2022) Caged (2012) The Pauly D Project (2012) Savage U (2012) Snooki & Jwoww (2012–2015) The Inbetweeners (2012) This Is How I Made It (2012–2013) Underemployed (2012–2013) Money from Strangers (2012–2013) The Alectrix (2013) Buckwild (2013) Girl Code (2013–2015) Nikki & Sara Live (2013) Kesha: My Crazy Beautiful Life (2013) The Show with Vinny (2013) Zach Stone Is Gonna Be Famous (2013) Teen Mom 3 (2013) Big Tips Texas (2013) Scrubbing In (2013) Are You the One? 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(2018–2019) Teen Mom: Young and Pregnant (2018–2022) Game of Clones (2019) Lindsay Lohan's Beach Club (2019) True Life/Now (2019) Made in Staten Island (2019) Double Shot at Love (2019–2021) Ghosted: Love Gone Missing (2019–2021) The Hills: New Beginnings (2019, 2021) Teen Mom: Young Moms Club (2019) 2020sdebuts 16 and Recovering (2020) The Busch Family Brewed (2020) Deliciousness (2020–2022) Families of the Mafia (2020–2021) Revenge Prank (2020–2021) True Life Crime (2020–2021) Adorableness (2021) Messyness (2021–2022) Becoming a Popstar (2022) Buckhead Shore (2022) The Challenge: Untold History (2022) Love at First Lie (2022) vteMusic-based programs on MTVAlternative rock 120 Minutes Alternative Nation PostModern MTV Behind the scenes programs Becoming Making the Video Chart programs Dial MTV Total Request Total Request Live Dance and Electronic music Amp Club MTV The Grind Street Party We're Dancin' General blocks AMTV FNMTV MTV Beach House (MTV Malibu Beach House) Heavy metal music Headbangers Ball Hip-hop and R&B music Direct Effect MTV Jams Station Zero Yo! MTV Raps The Week in Jams Game shows Lip Service Say What? Say What? Karaoke Turn It Up! Live performance shows I.R.S. Records Presents The Cutting Edge MTV Live MTV Unplugged Specials Camp MTV MTV Icon MTV New Year's MTV Spring Break MTV Video Music Awards MTV2 programs Definitive Subterranean International Coke Studio India The Dewarists MTV Select Euro Top 20 MTV Hustle MTV Rock On MTV Sound Trippin MTV Unplugged India Misc. subjectsControversies/criticisms 12 Angry Viewers Censorship on MTV Listings Buzz Bin First music videos aired on MTV VJs This animated television series–related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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[{"Link":"https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/lifestyle/style/1999/03/07/pop-notes/28deb9e0-a2bd-44c2-9acb-204bfa434cfa","external_links_name":"\"POP NOTES\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=sigEAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA168","external_links_name":"\"We Watch Channel Zero\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=3R7GZ8ghL8wC&pg=PA49","external_links_name":"\"Station Zero\""},{"Link":"http://www.broadcastnow.co.uk/mtv-base-kicks-off-with-station-zero-animation/1216002.article","external_links_name":"\"MTV base kicks off with Station Zero animation\""},{"Link":"https://books.google.com/books?id=C3JuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171","external_links_name":"Single Season Sitcoms of the 1990s: A Complete Guide"},{"Link":"https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0398572/","external_links_name":"Station Zero"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071013224330/http://jumptheshark.com/topic/Station-Zero/Station-Zero-General-Comments/1873","external_links_name":"Jump The Shark - \"Station Zero\""},{"Link":"https://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/station-zero/1000005053/","external_links_name":"Station Zero"},{"Link":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Station_Zero&action=edit","external_links_name":"expanding it"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saty

Aeon (company)

["1 Naming","2 History","3 International ventures","3.1 Malaysia","3.2 Vietnam","3.3 Cambodia","3.4 Mainland China","3.4.1 Hong Kong","3.5 Taiwan","3.6 Thailand","4 Other countries","5 See also","6 References"]

Japanese multinational retail holding company AeonHeadquarters in ÆON Tower, Chiba, JapanCompany typePublic (Kabushiki gaisha)Traded asTYO: 8267Nikkei 225 componentTOPIX Large70 componentIndustryRetailFoundedSeptember 21, 1926; 97 years ago (1926-09-21) (as Kabushiki gaisha Okada-ya Gofukuten, in Yokkaichi, Mie Prefecture)HeadquartersAeon's headquarters in Mihama-ku, Chiba, Chiba Prefecture, JapanNumber of locations20,008 stores (2023)Area servedAsiaKey peopleMotoya Okada (岡田 元也 Okada Motoya), PresidentServices Apparel/footwear specialty Convenience store Department store Discount store Pharmacy Home improvement Hypermarket Supermarket Revenue ¥8,176,732 million (FY 2016)Net income ¥52,707 million (FY 2016)Total assets ¥8,225,874 million (FY 2016)Total equity ¥1,819,474 million (FY 2017)Owners MTBJ investment trusts (6.37%) JTSB investment trusts (5.88%) Mizuho Bank (3.93%) AEON Environmental Foundation (2.56%) Okada family (2.51%) Norinchukin Bank (2.14%) Number of employees560,000+ (2023)Subsidiaries List Aeon Hokkaidō Aeon Tōhoku Aeon Kyūshū Aeon Ryūkyū Aeon Retail BonBelta Sunday Aeon Super Center Topvalu Collection Aeon Bike Aeon Liqour Origin Tōshū United Super Market Holdings (53.67%) Maxvalu Minami-Tōhoku Maxvalu Kantō Maxvalu Tōkai Maxvalu Hokuriku Maxvalu Nishi-nihon Aeon Market Maruetsu Kasumi Kohyo Daiei Fuji Retailing Red Cabbage Aeon Maxvalu (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd. Aeon Big Ministop My Basket Bio c’ Bon Japon Marudai Sakurai Pharmacy Aeon Body Aeon Wellness Welcia Holdings (50.54%) Aeon Bank Aeon Product Finance Aeon Credit Service AFA Corporation Aeon Insurance Service Aeon Allianz Life Insurance Aeon Mortgage Loan Service Aeon Mall Aeon Town OPA Aeon Fantasy Aeon Delight Miraiya Shoten Mega Sports Aeon Eaheart Aeon Pet Aeon Entertainment G-Foot (66.88) Can Do (51.15%) Aeon Topvalu Aeon Agri Creat Aeon Bakery Aeon Food Supply Websiteaeon.info Aeon Co., Ltd. (イオン株式会社, Ion Kabushiki gaisha, ; occasionally stylized as ÆON), formerly Jusco Co., Ltd. (ジャスコ株式会社, Jasuko Kabushiki gaisha), is a Japanese diversified retail holding company. It is one of the largest retail companies in Japan, owning Aeon hypermarkets, Aeon Mall and Aeon Town shopping malls, Daiei, MaxValu, Maruetsu, and My Basket supermarkets, Ministop convenience store, Welcia drugstore, and Aeon Cinema movie theaters. Aeon traces its origins back to 1758 during the Edo period in Japan when it was established as a small sundry goods store called Shinohara-ya. Later, it was renamed Okada-ya after the founding family. In 1970, Okada-ya merged with several other companies it had established and became Jusco. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, Jusco expanded and in 2001 changed its name to Aeon, which was its own brand. In 2010, Aeon merged with its subsidiary retail companies and consolidated all its hypermarket brands such as Jusco and Saty under the Aeon name. In 2021, Aeon was reportedly the 17th largest retailer in the world in terms of revenue. Naming The name Aeon is a transliteration from the koine Greek word ὁ αἰών (ho aion), from the archaic αἰϝών (aiwon). The name and symbolism used in the branding (i.e., aeon) implies the eternal nature of the company. History Aeon supermarket in Chiba JUSCO (ジャスコ, Jasuko) is the acronym for Japan United Stores Company, a chain of "general merchandise stores" (or hypermarket) and the largest of its type in Japan. The company was legally incorporated in September 1926 as Okadaya (founded in 1758). In 1970, Okadaya merged with Futagi and Shiro to form Jusco Co., Ltd. The employees voted to name the company "Japan United Stores Company". The various Jusco companies are subsidiaries of the Aeon supermarket chain. The Jusco name was adopted from a company founded as a kimono silk trader in 1758. Renamed Aeon in 1989, it operates stores throughout Japan under Jusco and other names and also has a presence in Malaysia, Hong Kong, mainland China and Thailand. On August 21, 2001, the company became Aeon Co., Ltd. The largest Jusco (also the largest single-building shopping center in Japan) opened in 2005 in Mito. On August 21, 2008, the corporate structure changed. Aeon Co., Ltd. became a holding company while Aeon Retail Co., Ltd. took over the retail operations formerly held by Aeon Co., Ltd. As of March 1, 2011, all Jusco and SATY stores under the Aeon umbrella in Japan changed their names to Aeon while all the Jusco stores and shopping centres in Malaysia have been fully re-branded into Aeon since March 2012. The Hong Kong and Mainland China subsidiaries officially changed their name to Aeon on 1 March 2013. International ventures Countries with Aeon Malls Malaysia AEON Mall in Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, next to Metro Prima MRT station In 1985, the first Jusco store outside Japan was opened in Plaza Dayabumi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, as a jointly-owned company with Cold Storage and three local companies, known as Jaya Jusco. It was the first time that a Japanese company had entered into a significant joint venture in the Malaysian retail industry. Jusco assumed total operational control of the chain in 1988. Currently. there are 62 Aeon (formerly known as Jusco) retail stores and shopping centres in operation throughout Malaysia. A plaque commemorating the opening of Jusco Taman Maluri on 30 October 1989 The oldest (though not the first) Jusco store in Malaysia is Jusco Taman Maluri located in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. It opened on 30 October 1989. The Aeon Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre in Bandar Bukit Tinggi, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia is the largest Aeon store in Malaysia and overall in Southeast Asia, with over 200,000 square metres (2,200,000 sq ft) of built-up area and 5,000 car park bays. Jusco in Malaysia is notable for being among the first general merchandise chains to introduce biodegradable polybags made from sweet potatoes. In March 2012, all the Jusco stores and shopping centres in Malaysia were rebranded to Aeon, following the decision of Aeon in Japan. In November 2012, Aeon acquired the operation of Carrefour Malaysia with an enterprise value of €250 million. All of the current Carrefour hypermarkets and supermarkets in Malaysia were then fully re-branded into Aeon BiG. The acquisition of Carrefour Malaysia made Aeon as the second largest retailer in Malaysia, which combined the sales from Aeon Retail stores (formerly known as Jusco) and the former Carrefour outlets. Post-acquisition, Aeon's ASEAN business vice president said the retail giant targeted to open 100 outlets in various formats in the country by year 2020. In April 2018, Aeon expanded to East Malaysia by opening their first mall in Kuching. Vietnam The first Jusco store "AEON MALL Tan Phu Celadon" opened on January 11, 2014, in Ho Chi Minh City at Tân Phú district. On October 28, 2015, Hanoi opened its first Jusco store "AEON MALL Long Bien" with an investment of 200m USD. Vietnam has currently about 200 Junco stores including 6 malls and several supermarkets. Junco has announced in 2023 that the first Aeon mall will open in Central Vietnam in the city of Huế in 2024. Cambodia The first Jusco store in Cambodia was opened on June 30, 2014, in Phnom Penh at Tonlé Bassac district. As of September 2023, Cambodia has three Aeon Malls, all of them located in the capital Phnom Penh. Mainland China A Jusco store in Shenzhen, China In Mainland China, Jusco uses Aeon and Jusco for its name. From 1996, Aeon Co., Ltd created many shopping mall named Jusco. In Shanghai, there was a Jusco before, but it divested finance finally because of poor management. In Guangdong, Guangdong Jusco Co., Ltd used the name "Jusco" to operate the first Jusco at 1996. Now, there are thirteen shops in Guangdong. Otherwise, Aeon also operated large shopping mall in Beijing and Shunde. It also planned to expand to North China. In Shenzhen, Aeon (永旺) has a number of large stores including one at Coastal city (Houhai station 后海). Hong Kong An Aeon store in Hong Kong Aeon Stores (Hong Kong) Co., Limited was established in Hong Kong in November 1987 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in February 1994. Aeon aims to develop a chain operation in Hong Kong and offer value-for-money merchandise to Hong Kong customers. The Hong Kong Jusco subsidiary was established in November 1987 as Jusco Department Store Co. Ltd. The first Jusco store opened in Kornhill in December 1987 (another name for this store was Quarry Bay Main and Flagship store). It was listed in Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited on 4 February 1994 with the stock code 984. Hong Kong Jusco has now been renamed as Aeon Stores (Hong Kong), and mainly manages shopping malls and other retail shops such as supermarkets, discount shops, home places, convenience stores and department stores. They offer low-cost and convenient daily necessities to customers including food, clothes, household items and electrical appliances. As of March 2013, there are eight Aeon General Merchandise Stores (GMS) in Hong Kong, seven branches of Aeon Supermarkets, 22 branches of Living Plaza by Aeon, 4 branches of BENTO EXPRESS by Aeon, 2 Aeon Style stores and only one branch of Aeon MaxValu Prime, which is located at The One, Tsim Sha Tsui. Taiwan Taiwan Jusco are subsidiaries of Taiwan Aeon Stores Co., Ltd. The first Jusco was in Windance in Hsinchu City. It was operated in 2003. The second Jusco was operated in December 2005 at New Taipei city global mall. Thailand All Juscos have been closed down in Bangkok, Thailand. Aeon Co., Ltd. and now use the MaxValu name instead. Other countries Aeon has a presence in other ASEAN countries including malls in Indonesia and Myanmar. See also Japan portal Companies portal Don Quijote (store) Maxvalu Tokai References ^ "企業情報". .aeon.info. ^ "AEON CO. (M) BHD". AEON CO. (M) BHD. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "AEON MALL BSD CITY". aeonmall-bsdcity.com. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "Aeon 2011 Group Profile gp_2011.pdf Archived 2016-03-04 at the Wayback Machine." Æon. Retrieved on September 15, 2011. "Head Office: 1-5-1 Nakase, Mihama-ku, Chiba-shi, Chiba 261-8515, Japan" ^ "Maxvalu". www.aeonthailand.co.th. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "AEON Vietnam". Archived from the original on 2011-05-16. ^ "Japan Inc comes together to accelerate vaccination rollout". Nikkei Asia. Tokyo-based petroleum company Eneos Holdings and Aeon, Japan's biggest retail group, are also weighing the possibility ^ "Aeon Profit Hit by March Natural Disasters". WSJ. July 6, 2011. ^ "AEON Co., Ltd". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "First in Asia! Participating in the Fairtrade Sourcing Programs" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2021-12-29. ^ "Introduction". aeonmall-tanphuceladon-en.com/. Retrieved 2023-09-17. ^ "Mall Information". aeonmall-long-bien-en.com/. Retrieved 2023-09-17. ^ "Japan's Aeon to step up Vietnam expansion, triple number of malls". asia.nikkei.com/. Retrieved 2023-09-16. ^ "Aeon Mall Cambodia". www.aeonmallcambodia.com/. Retrieved 2023-09-17. ^ "AEON CAMBODIA CO., LTD". aeoncambodia.com. Retrieved 2021-12-29. ^ "ASEAN | Mall Information | AEON MALL". www.aeonmall.com. Retrieved 2024-03-26. vteMajor retail companiesCompanies with global retail sales of over US$25 billion (according to Kantar Group, in order of decreasing revenue) Walmart Amazon (incl. Whole Foods Market) Costco Schwarz Gruppe (incl. Lidl and Kaufland) Kroger Walgreens Boots Alliance Aldi The Home Depot Carrefour JD.com Seven & i Tesco CVS Pharmacy Ahold Delhaize Target Corporation AEON Lowe's Auchan Edeka Albertsons Apple IKEA REWE Group Groupe Casino Alibaba Group E.Leclerc Intermarché Best Buy Woolworths Group (Australia) Metro AG TJX Companies Publix Sainsbury's FamilyMart Mercadona Loblaw Companies Coles Group H&M Suning.com China Resources Enterprise X5 Group (incl. Pyaterochka and Perekrestok) H-E-B Dollar General Ceconomy (incl. MediaMarkt) Macy's vteTOPIX 100 companies of JapanCore 30 Astellas Daiichi Sankyo Daikin FANUC Hitachi Honda Hoya Itochu KDDI Keyence Mitsubishi Corporation MUFG Mitsui & Co Mizuho Murata Nidec Nintendo NTT Recruit Seven & I Holdings Shin-Etsu SMC SoftBank SoftBank Group Sony Group Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Takeda Tokio Marine Tokyo Electron Toyota Large 70 ÆON Ajinomoto ANA Asahi Group Holdings Asahi Kasei Bandai Namco Holdings Bridgestone Canon Chugai Pharmaceutical Dai-ichi Life Daiwa House Denso Eisai ENEOS Fast Retailing Fujifilm Fujitsu Japan Exchange Group Japan Post Holdings JR Central JR East JR West JT Kao Kirin Komatsu Kubota Kyocera Lasertec M3.com Marubeni Mitsubishi Chemical Mitsubishi Electric Mitsubishi Estate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsui Fudosan MS&AD Nippon Steel Nippon Yusen Nissan Nitori Nomura Olympus Omron Ono Pharmaceutical Oriental Land Orix Otsuka Panasonic Renesas Electronics Resona Secom Sekisui House Shimano Shionogi Shiseido Sompo Holdings Subaru Sumitomo Corporation Sumitomo Electric Sumitomo Metal Mining Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Sumitomo Realty & Development Suzuki Sysmex Terumo Toray Toshiba Unicharm Z Holdings vte Nikkei 225 companies of Japan 7&i Advantest ÆON AGC Ajinomoto Alps ANA Amada Aozora Bank Asahi Breweries Asahi Kasei Astellas Bandai Namco Holdings Bridgestone Canon Casio Chiba Bank Chiyoda Chuden Chugai Citizen Holdings Comsys Concordia Financial Credit Saison Dai-ichi Life Daiichi Sankyo Daikin Daiwa House Daiwa Securities Denka Denso Dentsu DNP Dowa Ebara Eisai ENEOS Fanuc Fast Retailing Fuji Electric Fujifilm Fujikura Fujitsu Fukuoka Financial Furukawa Group Furukawa Electric GS Yuasa Heiwa Real Estate Hino Hitachi Hitachi Construction Machinery Hitz Hokuetsu Paper Honda IHI INPEX Isetan-Mitsukoshi Isuzu Itochu JFE J. Front Retailing JGC JR Central JR East JR West JSW JT JTEKT Kajima KEPCO Kao Kawasaki KDDI Keio Keisei Keyence Kikkoman Kirin K Line Kobelco Komatsu Konami Konica Minolta Kubota Kuraray Kyocera Kyowa Hakko Kirin Marubeni Maruha Nichiro Marui Matsui Securities Mazda Meidensha Meiji Holdings MES Minebea Mitsubishi Chemical Mitsubishi Corporation Mitsubishi Electric Mitsubishi Estate Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Mitsubishi Logistics Mitsubishi Materials Mitsubishi Motors Mitsui & Co Mitsui Chemicals Mitsui Fudosan Mitsui Kinzoku Mitsumi Electric Mizuho MOL MS&AD MUFG Murata Manufacturing NEC Nexon NEG NGK Nichirei Nikon Nintendo Nippon Express Nippon Kayaku Nippon Light Metal Nippon Ham Nippon Paper Industries Nippon Soda Nissan Motor Company Nissan Chemical Nisshin Seifun Nisshin Steel Nissui Nittobo Nitto Denko Sompo Japan Nipponkoa Holdings Nomura NSG NSK NSSMC NTN NTT NTT Data NYK Obayashi Odakyu Oji Holdings Corporation OKI Okuma Olympus Osaka Gas Pacific Metals Panasonic Pioneer Resona Ricoh Sapporo Holdings SCREEN Secom Sekisui House Sharp Shimz Shin-Etsu Shinsei Bank Shionogi Shiseido Shizuoka Bank Showa Denko Showa Shell SoftBank Sojitz Sony Subaru Corporation SUMCO Sumitomo Chemical Sumitomo Corporation Sumitomo Electric Sumitomo Heavy Industries Sumitomo Metal Mining Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Sumitomo Mitsui Trust Sumitomo Osaka Cement Sumitomo Pharma Sumitomo Realty Suzuki T&D Taiheiyo Cement Taisei Taiyo Yuden Takara Takashimaya Takeda TDK Teijin TEPCO Terumo Tobu Toho Toho Zinc Tokai Carbon Tokuyama Corporation Tokio Marine Tokyo Dome Tokyo Electron Tokyo Gas Tokyo Tatemono Tokyu Tokyu Land Toppan Toray Toshiba Tosoh Toto Toyobo Toyota Toyota Tsusho Trend Micro UBE Unitika Uny Yahoo! Japan Yamaha Yamato Transport Yasakawa Yokogawa Electric Yokohama Rubber Authority control databases International VIAF National Japan Academics CiNii

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"},{"link_name":"[iꜜoɴ]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese"},{"link_name":"Kabushiki gaisha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabushiki_gaisha"},{"link_name":"hypermarkets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"link_name":"Daiei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daiei"},{"link_name":"MaxValu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MaxValu"},{"link_name":"Ministop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministop"}],"text":"Aeon Co., Ltd. (イオン株式会社, Ion Kabushiki gaisha, [iꜜoɴ]; occasionally stylized as ÆON), formerly Jusco Co., Ltd. (ジャスコ株式会社, Jasuko Kabushiki gaisha), is a Japanese diversified retail holding company. It is one of the largest retail companies in Japan, owning Aeon hypermarkets, Aeon Mall and Aeon Town shopping malls, Daiei, MaxValu, Maruetsu, and My Basket supermarkets, Ministop convenience store, Welcia drugstore, and Aeon Cinema movie theaters.Aeon traces its origins back to 1758 during the Edo period in Japan when it was established as a small sundry goods store called Shinohara-ya. Later, it was renamed Okada-ya after the founding family. In 1970, Okada-ya merged with several other companies it had established and became Jusco. Through a series of mergers and acquisitions, Jusco expanded and in 2001 changed its name to Aeon, which was its own brand. In 2010, Aeon merged with its subsidiary retail companies and consolidated all its hypermarket brands such as Jusco and Saty under the Aeon name. In 2021, Aeon was reportedly the 17th largest retailer in the world in terms of revenue.","title":"Aeon (company)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"koine Greek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koine_Greek"},{"link_name":"αἰών","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%B1%E1%BC%B0%CF%8E%CE%BD"},{"link_name":"aeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aeon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"The name Aeon is a transliteration from the koine Greek word ὁ αἰών (ho aion), from the archaic αἰϝών (aiwon). The name and symbolism used in the branding (i.e., aeon) implies the eternal nature of the company.[2]","title":"Naming"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Aeon_Makuhari.JPG"},{"link_name":"Chiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba,_Chiba"},{"link_name":"acronym","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acronym"},{"link_name":"hypermarket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypermarket"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Mito","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mito,_Ibaraki"},{"link_name":"holding company","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holding_company"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-profile-4"}],"text":"Aeon supermarket in ChibaJUSCO (ジャスコ, Jasuko) is the acronym for Japan United Stores Company, a chain of \"general merchandise stores\" (or hypermarket) and the largest of its type in Japan.The company was legally incorporated in September 1926 as Okadaya (founded in 1758). In 1970, Okadaya merged with Futagi and Shiro to form Jusco Co., Ltd. The employees voted to name the company \"Japan United Stores Company\". The various Jusco companies are subsidiaries of the Aeon supermarket chain. The Jusco name was adopted from a company founded as a kimono silk trader in 1758. Renamed Aeon in 1989, it operates stores throughout Japan under Jusco and other names and also has a presence in Malaysia, Hong Kong, mainland China and Thailand.[3]On August 21, 2001, the company became Aeon Co., Ltd. The largest Jusco (also the largest single-building shopping center in Japan) opened in 2005 in Mito. On August 21, 2008, the corporate structure changed. Aeon Co., Ltd. became a holding company while Aeon Retail Co., Ltd. took over the retail operations formerly held by Aeon Co., Ltd.[4]As of March 1, 2011, all Jusco and SATY stores under the Aeon umbrella in Japan changed their names to Aeon while all the Jusco stores and shopping centres in Malaysia have been fully re-branded into Aeon since March 2012. The Hong Kong and Mainland China subsidiaries officially changed their name to Aeon on 1 March 2013.","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Countries_with_Aeon_Malls.png"}],"text":"Countries with Aeon Malls","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AEON_Mall_Metro_Prima,_Kuala_Lumpur_20230529_132419.jpg"},{"link_name":"Kepong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepong"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Metro Prima MRT station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metro_Prima_MRT_station"},{"link_name":"Plaza Dayabumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayabumi_Complex"},{"link_name":"Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysia"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Cold Storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cold_Storage_(supermarket)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JUSCOMaluri01327.jpg"},{"link_name":"Maluri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maluri"},{"link_name":"Cheras, Kuala Lumpur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheras,_Kuala_Lumpur"},{"link_name":"Aeon Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AEON_Bukit_Tinggi_Shopping_Centre"},{"link_name":"Bandar Bukit Tinggi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bandar_Bukit_Tinggi"},{"link_name":"Klang","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klang,_Malaysia"},{"link_name":"Selangor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selangor"},{"link_name":"Southeast Asia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southeast_Asia"},{"link_name":"sweet potatoes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweet_potato"},{"link_name":"Carrefour Malaysia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrefour"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Jusco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JUSCO"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"ASEAN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ASEAN"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Kuching","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuching"}],"sub_title":"Malaysia","text":"AEON Mall in Kepong, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, next to Metro Prima MRT stationIn 1985, the first Jusco store outside Japan was opened in Plaza Dayabumi, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,[5][6] as a jointly-owned company with Cold Storage and three local companies, known as Jaya Jusco. It was the first time that a Japanese company had entered into a significant joint venture in the Malaysian retail industry. Jusco assumed total operational control of the chain in 1988. Currently. there are 62 Aeon (formerly known as Jusco) retail stores and shopping centres in operation throughout Malaysia.A plaque commemorating the opening of Jusco Taman Maluri on 30 October 1989The oldest (though not the first) Jusco store in Malaysia is Jusco Taman Maluri located in Cheras, Kuala Lumpur. It opened on 30 October 1989. The Aeon Bukit Tinggi Shopping Centre in Bandar Bukit Tinggi, Klang, Selangor, Malaysia is the largest Aeon store in Malaysia and overall in Southeast Asia, with over 200,000 square metres (2,200,000 sq ft) of built-up area and 5,000 car park bays. Jusco in Malaysia is notable for being among the first general merchandise chains to introduce biodegradable polybags made from sweet potatoes.In March 2012, all the Jusco stores and shopping centres in Malaysia were rebranded to Aeon, following the decision of Aeon in Japan. In November 2012, Aeon acquired the operation of Carrefour Malaysia with an enterprise value of €250 million.[7] All of the current Carrefour hypermarkets and supermarkets in Malaysia were then fully re-branded into Aeon BiG.[8] The acquisition of Carrefour Malaysia made Aeon as the second largest retailer in Malaysia, which combined the sales from Aeon Retail stores (formerly known as Jusco) and the former Carrefour outlets.[9] Post-acquisition, Aeon's ASEAN business vice president said the retail giant targeted to open 100 outlets in various formats in the country by year 2020.[10]In April 2018, Aeon expanded to East Malaysia by opening their first mall in Kuching.","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ho Chi Minh City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"Tân Phú district","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A2n_Ph%C3%BA_district,_Ho_Chi_Minh_City"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Hanoi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanoi"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Huế","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%E1%BA%BF"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Vietnam","text":"The first Jusco store \"AEON MALL Tan Phu Celadon\" opened on January 11, 2014, in Ho Chi Minh City at Tân Phú district.[11] On October 28, 2015, Hanoi opened its first Jusco store \"AEON MALL Long Bien\" with an investment of 200m USD.[12] Vietnam has currently about 200 Junco stores including 6 malls and several supermarkets. Junco has announced in 2023 that the first Aeon mall will open in Central Vietnam in the city of Huế in 2024.[13]","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Phnom Penh","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phnom_Penh"},{"link_name":"Tonlé Bassac","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%A9_Bassac_(commune)"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Cambodia","text":"The first Jusco store in Cambodia was opened on June 30, 2014, in Phnom Penh at Tonlé Bassac district. As of September 2023, Cambodia has three Aeon Malls, all of them located in the capital Phnom Penh.[14]","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Juscoshenzhen_july_05.jpg"},{"link_name":"Mainland China","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mainland_China"},{"link_name":"Houhai station","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houhai_station"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Mainland China","text":"A Jusco store in Shenzhen, ChinaIn Mainland China, Jusco uses Aeon and Jusco for its name. From 1996, Aeon Co., Ltd created many shopping mall named Jusco. In Shanghai, there was a Jusco before, but it divested finance finally because of poor management. In Guangdong, Guangdong Jusco Co., Ltd used the name \"Jusco\" to operate the first Jusco at 1996. Now, there are thirteen shops in Guangdong. Otherwise, Aeon also operated large shopping mall in Beijing and Shunde. It also planned to expand to North China. In Shenzhen, Aeon (永旺) has a number of large stores including one at Coastal city (Houhai station 后海).[15]","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JUSCO_Lai_Chi_Kok_Store_(Hong_Kong).jpg"},{"link_name":"Kornhill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kornhill"},{"link_name":"The One","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_One_(shopping_centre)"},{"link_name":"Tsim Sha Tsui","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsim_Sha_Tsui"}],"sub_title":"Mainland China - Hong Kong","text":"An Aeon store in Hong KongAeon Stores (Hong Kong) Co., Limited was established in Hong Kong in November 1987 and listed on the Hong Kong Stock Exchange in February 1994. Aeon aims to develop a chain operation in Hong Kong and offer value-for-money merchandise to Hong Kong customers.The Hong Kong Jusco subsidiary was established in November 1987 as Jusco Department Store Co. Ltd. The first Jusco store opened in Kornhill in December 1987 (another name for this store was Quarry Bay Main and Flagship store). It was listed in Hong Kong Exchanges and Clearing Limited on 4 February 1994 with the stock code 984.Hong Kong Jusco has now been renamed as Aeon Stores (Hong Kong), and mainly manages shopping malls and other retail shops such as supermarkets, discount shops, home places, convenience stores and department stores. They offer low-cost and convenient daily necessities to customers including food, clothes, household items and electrical appliances. As of March 2013, there are eight Aeon General Merchandise Stores (GMS) in Hong Kong, seven branches of Aeon Supermarkets, 22 branches of Living Plaza by Aeon, 4 branches of BENTO EXPRESS by Aeon, 2 Aeon Style stores and only one branch of Aeon MaxValu Prime, which is located at The One, Tsim Sha Tsui.","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Taiwan","text":"Taiwan Jusco are subsidiaries of Taiwan Aeon Stores Co., Ltd. The first Jusco was in Windance in Hsinchu City. It was operated in 2003. The second Jusco was operated in December 2005 at New Taipei city global mall.","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MaxValu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maxvalu_Tokai"}],"sub_title":"Thailand","text":"All Juscos have been closed down in Bangkok, Thailand. Aeon Co., Ltd. and now use the MaxValu name instead.","title":"International ventures"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"}],"text":"Aeon has a presence in other ASEAN countries including malls in Indonesia and Myanmar.[16]","title":"Other countries"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiyoshi_%C5%8Ckubo

Kiyoshi Ōkubo

["1 Early life","2 Murders","3 Trial and execution","4 TV drama","5 See also","6 External links"]

Japanese serial killer and rapist This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (July 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Kiyoshi ŌkuboBornKiyoshi Ōkubo(1935-01-17)January 17, 1935Gunma, JapanDiedJanuary 22, 1976(1976-01-22) (aged 41)Tokyo Detention House, Tokyo, JapanCause of deathExecution by hangingOther namesGunma’s StalinCriminal penaltyDeathDetailsVictims8Span of crimesMarch 31 – May 10, 1971CountryJapanState(s)GunmaDate apprehendedMay 14, 1971 Kiyoshi Ōkubo (大久保 清, Ōkubo Kiyoshi, January 17, 1935 – January 22, 1976) was a Japanese serial killer. Between March 31, 1971, and May 10, 1971, he raped and murdered eight women. He used a pen name, Tanigawa Ivan (谷川伊凡). Early life Ōkubo was born in Takasaki, Gunma Prefecture. He was a quarter Russian. His mother, who was half Russian and half Japanese, doted on him even after he grew up. He was bullied by other children after the Pacific War began on December 8, 1941. He raped a woman on July 12, 1955. On December 26, 1955, he attempted to rape another woman, but was unsuccessful. He was arrested, put in jail, and then released on December 15, 1959. On April 16, 1960, he attempted to rape another woman, but was again unsuccessful. The victim, however, withdrew the charge. On May 5, 1961, he married a woman and had a son and a daughter. He threatened a man on June 3, 1965, and then raped two women on December 23, 1966, and February 24, 1967. On June 7, 1967, he went to prison. He was released on March 3, 1971. Murders Between March 31 and May 10, 1971, he killed eight women. On May 13, a 21-year-old woman disappeared, and her brother traced her. He found Ōkubo and the police finally arrested him on May 14, 1971. Miyako Tsuda (津田 美也子 Tsuda Miyako) - 17 years old Mieko Oikawa (老川 美枝子 Oikawa Mieko) - 17 years old Chieko Ida (伊田 千恵子 Ida Chieko) - 19 years old Seiko Kawabata (川端 成子 Kawabata Seiko) - 17 years old Akemi Sato (佐藤 明美 Satō Akemi) - 16 years old Kazuyo Kawaho (川保 和代 Kawaho Kazuyo) - 18 years old Reiko Takemura (竹村 礼子 Takemura Reiko) - 21 years old Naoko Takanohashi (鷹嘴 直子 Takanohashi Naoko) - 21 years old Trial and execution The district court in Maebashi sentenced Ōkubo to death by hanging on February 22, 1973. He did not appeal and was executed on January 22, 1976. It was reported that he couldn't stand up on the day of his execution. TV drama On August 29, 1983, Ōkubo's crime became a TV drama, The Crime of Kiyoshi Ōkubo (大久保清の犯罪, Ōkubo Kiyoshi no Hanzai). Takeshi Kitano played Ōkubo in the drama. See also List of serial killers by country External links Profile Laboratory: Kiyoshi Ōkubo (in Japanese) Serial murders of Kiyoshi Ōkubo (in Japanese) Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan Academics CiNii

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[]

[{"title":"List of serial killers by country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_serial_killers_by_country"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernie_Zaleha

Bernie Zaleha

["1 References","2 External links"]

American environmentalist This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject, potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral. Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable, independent, third-party sources. (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Zaleha at LeConte Lodge, 2003 Daniel Bernard Daley Zaleha (born July 19, 1957) is an American environmentalist who served two terms on the national board of directors of the Sierra Club. He was nominated by committee and then elected by the national membership in April 2003, and was re-elected in April 2006. From March 2004 to May 2006, he served as the 62nd national vice president of the club. He has been an environmental activist with the Sierra Club and other organizations since 1981. He also serves as Vice President of the Constitutional Law Foundation. Zaleha is a graduate of California State University, San Bernardino in 1983, receiving his bachelor's degree in Environmental Studies and Physical Geography. He received his Juris Doctor in 1987 from Lewis and Clark College’s Northwestern School of Law, with a certificate in Environmental and Natural Resource Law. While at Lewis and Clark Law School, Zaleha served as the Executive Director of the Northwest Environmental Defense Center in Portland, Oregon. He received his Master of Arts in Religion at the University of Florida in 2008. His thesis is titled “The Only Paradise We Ever Need”: An Investigation into Pantheism's Sacred Geography in the Writings of Edward Abbey, Thomas Berry, and Matthew Fox, and a Preliminary Survey of Signs of Emerging Pantheism in American Culture. He received his Doctor of Philosophy in Sociology & Environmental Studies at the University of California, Santa Cruz in 2018. His dissertation is titled “A Tale of Two Christianities”: The Religiopolitical Clash Over Climate Change Within America's Dominant Religion. Zaleha was fired from a Boise firm in 1992 after his employer found out he was a Sierra Club activist. Some of the firm’s clients were polluters, and the firm worried that extractive industry clients would go elsewhere for legal representation if they knew a Sierra Club leader was employed by the firm. In a lawsuit that received coverage from various national media outlets, he sued his former firm for religious discrimination under the Civil Rights Act of 1964, claiming that his Sierra Club activism was religiously mandated by his Unitarian Universalist faith. That suit was eventually settled while on appeal to the Idaho Supreme Court. After being fired, Zaleha took on the criminal and civil defense of various Earth First activists. From 1998 to 2002, he headed the Sierra Club’s national priority campaign to end commercial logging on federal public lands. He also represented various environmental, sporting, and conservation groups in litigation against the U.S. Forest Service, challenging proposed timber sales in the Intermountain West. Zaleha is also the founding president of the Fund for Christian Ecology, and has received recognition as a lay eco-theologian, primarily for authoring two essays, Recovering Christian Pantheism as a Lost Gospel of Creation and Befriending the Earth, which are published on the Fund's website. References ^ Zaleha, Bernard Daley. “The Only Paradise We Ever Need”: An Investigation into Pantheism’s Sacred Geography in the Writings of Edward Abbey, Thomas Berry, and Matthew Fox, and a Preliminary Survey of Signs of Emerging Pantheism in American Culture. ^ Zaleha, Bernard Daley. “A Tale of Two Christianities”: The Religiopolitical Clash Over Climate Change Within America’s Dominant Religion. ^ Zaleha, Bernard. "Recovering Christian Pantheism as the Lost Gospel of Creation". Fund for Christian Ecology. Archived from the original on July 17, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2011. ^ Zaleha, Bernard; Greene, Elizabeth. "Befriending the Earth - The Eco-Theology of Thomas Berry". Fund for Christian Ecology. Archived from the original on July 30, 2012. Retrieved March 30, 2011. External links Constitutional Law Foundation Fund for Christian Ecology Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathus

Anurognathus

["1 Discovery","2 Description","3 Classification","4 Paleobiology","5 See also","6 References"]

Genus of anurognathid pterosaur from the Late Jurassic AnurognathusTemporal range: Late Jurassic, 150.8–148.5 Ma PreꞒ Ꞓ O S D C P T J K Pg N ↓ Diagram of the holotype specimen Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Order: †Pterosauria Family: †Anurognathidae Subfamily: †AnurognathinaeNopcsa, 1928 Genus: †AnurognathusDöderlein, 1923 Species: †A. ammoni Binomial name †Anurognathus ammoniDöderlein, 1923 Anurognathus (from the Greek ανоυρα γναθος "frog jaw") is an extinct genus of small pterosaur from the Late Jurassic Altmühltal Formation of Germany. Anurognathus was first named and described by Ludwig Döderlein in 1923. The type species is Anurognathus ammoni. The specific name ammoni honours the Bavarian geologist Ludwig von Ammon, from whose collection Döderlein had acquired the fossil in 1922. Discovery The genus is based on holotype BSP 1922.I.42 (Bayerische Staatssammlung für Palaeontologie und Geologie), found in the Solnhofen limestone near Eichstätt no later than 1922. It consists of a crushed, relatively complete skeleton on a slab. The counterslab is missing and with it most of the bones: much of the skeleton is only visible as an impression. Description Skeleton in Museum of Natural History, Karlsruhe Anurognathus had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects and although it traditionally is ascribed to the long-tailed pterosaur group "Rhamphorhynchoidea", its tail was comparatively short, allowing it more maneuverability for hunting. According to Döderlein the reduced tail of Anurognathus was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds. Its more typical "rhamphorhynchoid" characters include its elongated fifth toe and short metacarpals and neck. With an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: in 2008 Mark Paul Witton estimated a mass of 40 g (1.4 oz) for a specimen with a 35 cm (14 in) wingspan. The holotype was redescribed by Peter Wellnhofer in 1975. Later a second, smaller specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections; neither has an official registration. It was described by S. Christopher Bennet in 2007. This second exemplar is much more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long. It transpired that Wellnhofer had incorrectly reconstructed the skull in 1975, mistaking the large eye sockets for the fenestrae antorbitales, skull openings that in most pterosaurs are larger than the orbits but in Anurognathus are small and together with the nostrils placed at the front of the flat snout. The eyes pointed forwards to a degree, providing some binocular vision. Most of the skull consisted of bone struts. The presumed pygostyle was absent; investigating the real nine tail vertebrae instead of impressions showed that they were unfused, though very reduced. The wing finger lacked the fourth phalanx. According to Bennett a membrane, visible near the shin, showed that the wing contacted the ankle and was thus rather short and broad. Bennett also restudied the holotype, interpreting bumps on the jaws as an indication that hairs forming a protruding bristle were present on the snout. Classification Restored skull Anurognathus was assigned by Oskar Kuhn to the family Anurognathidae in 1937. In the modern clade Anurognathidae, Anurognathus is the sister taxon of the clade Batrachognathinae, which contains the species Batrachognathus, Dendrorhynchoides and Jeholopterus. In 2021, a phylogenetic analysis conducted by Xuefang Wei and colleagues recovered Anurognathus within the subfamily Anurognathinae, a subfamily within the family Anurognathidae. Anurognathus was found to have been the sister taxon to Vesperopterylus in the study. Below is a cladogram representing their phylogenetic analysis: Anurognathidae "Dimorphodon" weintraubi Batrachognathinae Sinomacrops bondei Batrachognathus volans Anurognathinae Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus Luopterus mutoudengensis Jeholopterus ningchengensis Anurognathus ammoni Vesperopterylus lamadongensis Paleobiology Illustrated hunting a lacewing Kalligramma haeckeli According to Döderlein Anurognathus was, with its long wings, a swift flyer, surprising its prey, similar to the modern nightjar. Bennett, however, infers from the discovery of the true shorter size of the wings, combined with the short tail, that it was a slower flying predator, specialised in hunting by manoeuvrability, its large eyes adapted to a crepuscular way of life. This would also be supported by a very large flexibility of the wing finger joints. Researcher Chris Bennett published a paper in 1995 that looked into the growth rates of pterosaurs. With the fossils found of Rhamphorhynchus, he was able to see that all bones that were preserved on few-day-old species were very hard from ossifications just as would be seen with adults. This developmental stage was rapidly progressing compared to that of modern-day birds. This would lead to the young pterosaurs being less dependent on their parents or for shorter durations and be able to fly away sooner at an earlier stage compared to how we see in modern-day birds. Habib and Witton also went in to describe how insectivory evolved with pterosaurs, just like what is seen with Anurognathus ammoni and Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus, and how that relates to their functional morphology. They explained that with the great locomotion and flexibility that their wings showed, Anurognathus ammoni, Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus, and some other small species, were able to catch insects and maneuver between low areas and potentially around/under trees. When predicting the gape measurements for these small pterosaurs, they used measurements of the premaxillary tip all the way to the jaw tips and then the width between the sections as references. They predicted 1734mm^2 for the estimated gaps provided from the holotype of Anurognathus, Dendrorhynchoides, and Jeholopterus. The research team ended up concluding that consumed prey would have to be very small in length, around 11 mm total. See also Pterosaur size List of pterosaur genera Timeline of pterosaur research References ^ Döderlein, L. (1923). "Anurognathus Ammoni, ein neuer Flugsaurier". Sitzungsberichte der Mathematisch-Naturwissenschaftlichen Abteilung der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu München, 1923, 306-307. ^ Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-13-146308-X. ^ a b Ingrid Cranfield (ed.). "Anurognathus". The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books. pp. 292–295. ^ Witton, M.P. (2008) "A new approach to determining pterosaur body mass and its implications for pterosaur flight". Zitteliania B28: 143-159 ^ Bennett, S. C. (2007). "A second specimen of the pterosaur Anurognathus ammoni", Paläontologische Zeitschrift, 81: 376-398 ^ Wei, X.; Pêgas, R. V.; Shen, C.; Guo, Y.; Ma, W.; Sun, D.; Zhou, X. (2021). "Sinomacrops bondei, a new anurognathid pterosaur from the Jurassic of China and comments on the group". PeerJ. 9: e11161. doi:10.7717/peerj.11161. PMC 8019321. PMID 33850665. ^ Bennett S. C. (1995). "A statistical study of Rhamphorhynchus from the Solnhofen Limestone of Germany: Year-classes of a single large species". Journal of Paleontology. 69: 569–580 ^ Habib, M., & Witton, M. (n.d.). Early Pterosaurs and Dimorphodontidae PTEROSAURIA > PREONDACTYLUS DIMORPHODONTIDAE. Pterosaurs, 74-76. vtePterosauria Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Sauropsida Clade: Archosauria Clade: Avemetatarsalia Clade: Pterosauromorpha Avemetatarsalia see Avemetatarsalia Pterosauria see below↓ PterosauriaPterosauria Daohugoupterus Preondactylia Austriadactylus Preondactylus Caviramidae? Carniadactylus? Caviramus Raeticodactylus? Austriadraconidae Arcticodactylus? Austriadraco Seazzadactylus Eopterosauria Austriadraco? Peteinosaurus? Preondactylia? EudimorphodontoideaRaeticodactylidae Caviramus? Pachagnathus Raeticodactylus Yelaphomte Eudimorphodontidae Arcticodactylus? Eudimorphodontinae Carniadactylus? Eudimorphodon Zambellisauria? Peteinosaurus? Macronychoptera Herbstosaurus Dimorphodontidae Allkaruen? Caelestiventus Dimorphodon Parapsicephalus? Peteinosaurus? Rhamphinion? Lonchognatha? Eudimorphodon? NovialoideaCampylognathoididae Bergamodactylus Campylognathoides BreviquartossaRhamphorhynchidae Dolicorhamphus? Klobiodon Parapsicephalus? Scaphognathinae? Rhamphorhynchinae Bellubrunnus Cacibupteryx Dorygnathus Harpactognathus Nesodactylus Orientognathus Qinglongopterus RhamphorhynchaeAngustinaripterini Angustinaripterus Dearc Harpactognathus? Qinglongopterus? Sericipterus Rhamphorhynchini Cacibupteryx? Nesodactylus? Rhamphorhynchus Digibrevisauria?Scaphognathidae? Fenghuangopterus Jianchangnathus Jianchangopterus Scaphognathus Sordes? Pterodactylomorpha see below↓ PterodactylomorphaPterodactylomorpha Allkaruen? Sordes? Monofenestrata Archaeoistiodactylus Normannognathus Anurognathidae? Darwinoptera Ceoptera Pterorhynchus Wukongopteridae Kunpengopterus Wukongopterinae Archaeoistiodactylus? Cuspicephalus Darwinopterus Douzhanopterus? Wukongopterus Pterodactyliformes Changchengopterus? Douzhanopterus CaelidraconesAnurognathidae Mesadactylus Anurognathinae Anurognathus Dendrorhynchoides? Jeholopterus? Luopterus Vesperopterylus Batrachognathinae Batrachognathus Cascocauda Dendrorhynchoides? Jeholopterus? Sinomacrops Pterodactyloidea Dermodactylus Eurolimnornis Herbstosaurus? Kryptodrakon Ningchengopterus Pangupterus Samrukia? Wenupteryx Lophocratia see below↓ LophocratiaArchaeopterodactyloidea Prejanopterus Germanodactylidae Altmuehlopterus? Germanodactylus Normannognathus? Tendaguripterus? Euctenochasmatia Diopecephalus Pterodactylus CtenochasmatoideaGallodactylidae Aurorazhdarcho? Cycnorhamphus Normannognathus? Petrodactyle? Moganopterinae? Aurorazhdarchia Aerodactylus Gallodactylidae? Aurorazhdarchidae Ardeadactylus? Aurorazhdarcho Huanhepterus? Ctenochasmatidae Ardeadactylus? Balaenognathus Cathayopterus Cratonopterus Elanodactylus Forfexopterus Gladocephaloideus Kepodactylus Liaodactylus Otogopterus Petrodactyle Pterofiltrus Moganopterinae? Feilongus Moganopterus Gnathosaurinae Gnathosaurus Huanhepterus? Lusognathus Plataleorhynchus Tacuadactylus Ctenochasmatinae Ctenochasma Pterodaustrini Beipiaopterus Eosipterus Gegepterus Pterodaustro Eupterodactyloidea Altmuehlopterus? Ornithocheiroidea see below↓ OrnithocheiroideaOrnithocheiroidea Piksi? TapejaroideaDsungaripteridae Banguela? Lonchognathosaurus? Noripterus Ordosipterus Puntanipterus? Tendaguripterus? Dsungaripterinae Domeykodactylus Dsungaripterus Azhdarchoidea Argentinadraco Keresdrakon? Leptostomia? Montanazhdarcho Ornithostoma NeoazhdarchiaTapejaromorpha Bennettazhia Keresdrakon? Thalassodromidae? Aerotitan? Alanqa? Argentinadraco? Banguela? Kariridraco Lacusovagus? Leptostomia? Thalassodromeus Tupuxuara Xericeps? TapejariformesCaupedactylia? Aymberedactylus Caupedactylus Tapejaridae Afrotapejara Sinopterinae Afrotapejara? Bakonydraco? Eopteranodon? Huaxiadraco Huaxiapterus Nemicolopterus Sinopterus Wightia Tapejarinae Aymberedactylus? Caupedactylus? Keresdrakon? Lacusovagus? Vectidraco Tapejarini Bakonydraco? Europejara Tapejara Tupandactylus Caiuajarina Caiuajara Torukjara Azhdarchomorpha Cretornis? Microtuban Xericeps Dsungaripteromorpha? Alanqidae? Alanqa Argentinadraco? Keresdrakon? Leptostomia? Montanazhdarcho? Xericeps? Neopterodactyloidea Eoazhdarcho Chaoyangopteridae Apatorhamphus? Argentinadraco? Eoazhdarcho? Lacusovagus Meilifeilong Microtuban? Xericeps? Chaoyangopterinae Chaoyangopterus Jidapterus Shenzhoupterus Azhdarchiformes Montanazhdarcho? Radiodactylus Alanqidae? Azhdarchidae Alanqa? Bogolubovia Navajodactylus? Palaeocursornis Tethydraco? Volgadraco? Azhdarchinae Aerotitan? Albadraco Azhdarcho Mistralazhdarcho Quetzalcoatlinae Aralazhdarcho Arambourgiania Cryodrakon Eurazhdarcho Hatzegopteryx Phosphatodraco Quetzalcoatlus Thanatosdrakon Wellnhopterus? Zhejiangopterus Pteranodontoidea see below↓ PteranodontoideaPteranodontoidea Santanadactylus PteranodontiaPteranodontidae Bogolubovia? Dawndraco Ornithostoma? Pteranodon Tethydraco? Volgadraco? Nyctosauromorpha Alamodactylus Cretornis? Aponyctosauria Alcione Epapatelo Simurghia Nyctosauridae Barbaridactylus Muzquizopteryx Nyctosaurus Volgadraco? Ornithocheiromorpha Aussiedraco Serradraco Unwindia Lonchodectidae Hongshanopterus? Ikrandraco? Lonchodectes Lonchodraco? Targaryendraco? Lanceodontia Draigwenia? Lonchodraconidae Ikrandraco Lonchodraco Istiodactyliformes Hongshanopterus Linlongopterus Yixianopterus Lonchodectidae? Mimodactylidae Haopterus Linlongopterus Mimodactylus Istiodactylidae Lingyuanopterus Longchengpterus Luchibang Nurhachius Istiodactylinae Istiodactylus Liaoxipterus Ornithocheiriformes Barbosania Brasileodactylus Cearadactylus Hamipterus Boreopteridae Boreopterus Zhenyuanopterus OrnithocheiraeOrnithocheiridae Araripesaurus Arthurdactylus Camposipterus? Caulkicephalus? Cimoliopterus? Haliskia? Tropeognathus? Ornithocheirinae Aetodactylus? Camposipterus? Coloborhynchus? Draigwenia? Ferrodraco? Guidraco? Ludodactylus? Mythunga? Ornithocheirus Siroccopteryx? Uktenadactylus? Targaryendraconia?Cimoliopteridae Aetodactylus Camposipterus? Cimoliopterus Targaryendraconidae Aussiedraco? Barbosania? Targaryendraco Anhangueria Brasileodactylus? Ornithocheiridae? Hamipteridae? Hamipterus Iberodactylus AnhangueridaeTropeognathinae? Amblydectes? Ferrodraco? Haliskia? Mythunga? Siroccopteryx? Thapunngaka Tropeognathus Coloborhynchinae? Aerodraco Coloborhynchus Nicorhynchus Siroccopteryx? Uktenadactylus Anhanguerinae Anhanguera Caulkicephalus? Cearadactylus? Guidraco Liaoningopterus Ludodactylus Maaradactylus Taxon identifiersAnurognathus Wikidata: Q131784 Wikispecies: Anurognathus EoL: 47449505 GBIF: 4818448 IRMNG: 1358324 Open Tree of Life: 4947109 Paleobiology Database: 162691 Portals: Paleontology Germany

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"genus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genus"},{"link_name":"pterosaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur"},{"link_name":"Late Jurassic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late_Jurassic"},{"link_name":"Altmühltal Formation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altm%C3%BChltal_Formation"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Döderlein","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_D%C3%B6derlein_(biologist)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-doderlein1923-1"},{"link_name":"type species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type_species"},{"link_name":"specific name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)"},{"link_name":"Ludwig von Ammon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ludwig_von_Ammon&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Anurognathus (from the Greek ανоυρα γναθος \"frog jaw\") is an extinct genus of small pterosaur from the Late Jurassic Altmühltal Formation of Germany.Anurognathus was first named and described by Ludwig Döderlein in 1923.[1] The type species is Anurognathus ammoni. The specific name ammoni honours the Bavarian geologist Ludwig von Ammon, from whose collection Döderlein had acquired the fossil in 1922.","title":"Anurognathus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"holotype","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holotype"},{"link_name":"Bayerische Staatssammlung für Palaeontologie und Geologie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bayerische_Staatssammlung_f%C3%BCr_Palaeontologie_und_Geologie&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Solnhofen limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solnhofen_limestone"},{"link_name":"Eichstätt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eichst%C3%A4tt"}],"text":"The genus is based on holotype BSP 1922.I.42 (Bayerische Staatssammlung für Palaeontologie und Geologie), found in the Solnhofen limestone near Eichstätt no later than 1922. It consists of a crushed, relatively complete skeleton on a slab. The counterslab is missing and with it most of the bones: much of the skeleton is only visible as an impression.","title":"Discovery"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anurognathus_ammoni_34.jpg"},{"link_name":"insects","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insect"},{"link_name":"Rhamphorhynchoidea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhamphorhynchoidea"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-DU06-2"},{"link_name":"pygostyle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pygostyle"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cranfield-Anurognathus-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-cranfield-Anurognathus-3"},{"link_name":"Mark Paul Witton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_P._Witton"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Peter Wellnhofer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wellnhofer"},{"link_name":"S. Christopher Bennet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=S._Christopher_Bennet&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Skeleton in Museum of Natural History, KarlsruheAnurognathus had a short head with pin-like teeth for catching insects and although it traditionally is ascribed to the long-tailed pterosaur group \"Rhamphorhynchoidea\", its tail was comparatively short, allowing it more maneuverability for hunting.[2] According to Döderlein the reduced tail of Anurognathus was similar to the pygostyle of modern birds.[3] Its more typical \"rhamphorhynchoid\" characters include its elongated fifth toe and short metacarpals and neck.[3] With an estimated wingspan of fifty centimetres (20 inches) and a nine centimetre long body (skull included), its weight was limited: in 2008 Mark Paul Witton estimated a mass of 40 g (1.4 oz) for a specimen with a 35 cm (14 in) wingspan.[4] The holotype was redescribed by Peter Wellnhofer in 1975.Later a second, smaller specimen was found, probably of a subadult individual. Its slab and counterslab are separated and both were sold to private collections; neither has an official registration. It was described by S. Christopher Bennet in 2007. This second exemplar is much more complete and better articulated. It shows impressions of a large part of the flight membrane and under UV-light remains of the muscles of the thigh and arm become visible. It provided new information on many points of the anatomy. The skull was shown to have been very short and broad, wider than long. It transpired that Wellnhofer had incorrectly reconstructed the skull in 1975, mistaking the large eye sockets for the fenestrae antorbitales, skull openings that in most pterosaurs are larger than the orbits but in Anurognathus are small and together with the nostrils placed at the front of the flat snout. The eyes pointed forwards to a degree, providing some binocular vision. Most of the skull consisted of bone struts. The presumed pygostyle was absent; investigating the real nine tail vertebrae instead of impressions showed that they were unfused, though very reduced. The wing finger lacked the fourth phalanx. According to Bennett a membrane, visible near the shin, showed that the wing contacted the ankle and was thus rather short and broad. Bennett also restudied the holotype, interpreting bumps on the jaws as an indication that hairs forming a protruding bristle were present on the snout.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Anurognathus_skull.jpg"},{"link_name":"Oskar Kuhn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oskar_Kuhn"},{"link_name":"family","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Family_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Anurognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathid"},{"link_name":"clade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clade"},{"link_name":"Batrachognathinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachognathinae"},{"link_name":"Batrachognathus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachognathus"},{"link_name":"Dendrorhynchoides","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrorhynchoides"},{"link_name":"Jeholopterus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeholopterus"},{"link_name":"phylogenetic analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phylogenetic_analysis"},{"link_name":"Anurognathinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathinae"},{"link_name":"Anurognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathidae"},{"link_name":"Vesperopterylus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesperopterylus"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Sinomacrops-6"},{"link_name":"Anurognathidae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathidae"},{"link_name":"\"Dimorphodon\" weintraubi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dimorphodon_weintraubi"},{"link_name":"Batrachognathinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachognathinae"},{"link_name":"Sinomacrops bondei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinomacrops_bondei"},{"link_name":"Batrachognathus volans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batrachognathus_volans"},{"link_name":"Anurognathinae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anurognathinae"},{"link_name":"Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendrorhynchoides_curvidentatus"},{"link_name":"Luopterus mutoudengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luopterus_mutoudengensis"},{"link_name":"Jeholopterus ningchengensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeholopterus_ningchengensis"},{"link_name":"Vesperopterylus lamadongensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vesperopterylus_lamadongensis"}],"text":"Restored skullAnurognathus was assigned by Oskar Kuhn to the family Anurognathidae in 1937. In the modern clade Anurognathidae, Anurognathus is the sister taxon of the clade Batrachognathinae, which contains the species Batrachognathus, Dendrorhynchoides and Jeholopterus.\nIn 2021, a phylogenetic analysis conducted by Xuefang Wei and colleagues recovered Anurognathus within the subfamily Anurognathinae, a subfamily within the family Anurognathidae. Anurognathus was found to have been the sister taxon to Vesperopterylus in the study.[6] Below is a cladogram representing their phylogenetic analysis:Anurognathidae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\"Dimorphodon\" weintraubi\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBatrachognathinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nSinomacrops bondei\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nBatrachognathus volans\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnurognathinae\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nDendrorhynchoides curvidentatus\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nLuopterus mutoudengensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nJeholopterus ningchengensis\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nAnurognathus ammoni\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nVesperopterylus lamadongensis","title":"Classification"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:AnurognathusDB.jpg"},{"link_name":"lacewing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacewing"},{"link_name":"Kalligramma haeckeli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalligramma_haeckeli"},{"link_name":"nightjar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightjar"},{"link_name":"crepuscular","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crepuscular"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Illustrated hunting a lacewing Kalligramma haeckeliAccording to Döderlein Anurognathus was, with its long wings, a swift flyer, surprising its prey, similar to the modern nightjar. Bennett, however, infers from the discovery of the true shorter size of the wings, combined with the short tail, that it was a slower flying predator, specialised in hunting by manoeuvrability, its large eyes adapted to a crepuscular way of life. This would also be supported by a very large flexibility of the wing finger joints.Researcher Chris Bennett published a paper in 1995[7] that looked into the growth rates of pterosaurs. With the fossils found of Rhamphorhynchus, he was able to see that all bones that were preserved on few-day-old species were very hard from ossifications just as would be seen with adults. This developmental stage was rapidly progressing compared to that of modern-day birds. This would lead to the young pterosaurs being less dependent on their parents or for shorter durations and be able to fly away sooner at an earlier stage compared to how we see in modern-day birds.Habib and Witton[8] also went in to describe how insectivory evolved with pterosaurs, just like what is seen with Anurognathus ammoni and Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus, and how that relates to their functional morphology. They explained that with the great locomotion and flexibility that their wings showed, Anurognathus ammoni, Dendrorhynchoides curvidentatus, and some other small species, were able to catch insects and maneuver between low areas and potentially around/under trees. When predicting the gape measurements for these small pterosaurs, they used measurements of the premaxillary tip all the way to the jaw tips and then the width between the sections as references. They predicted 1734mm^2 for the estimated gaps provided from the holotype of Anurognathus, Dendrorhynchoides, and Jeholopterus. The research team ended up concluding that consumed prey would have to be very small in length, around 11 mm total.","title":"Paleobiology"}]

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[{"title":"Pterosaur size","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pterosaur_size"},{"title":"List of pterosaur genera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pterosaur_genera"},{"title":"Timeline of pterosaur research","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_pterosaur_research"}]

[{"reference":"Unwin, David M. (2006). The Pterosaurs: From Deep Time. New York: Pi Press. p. 246. ISBN 0-13-146308-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-146308-X","url_text":"0-13-146308-X"}]},{"reference":"Ingrid Cranfield (ed.). \"Anurognathus\". The Illustrated Directory of Dinosaurs and Other Prehistoric Creatures. London: Salamander Books. pp. 292–295.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Wei, X.; Pêgas, R. V.; Shen, C.; Guo, Y.; Ma, W.; Sun, D.; Zhou, X. (2021). \"Sinomacrops bondei, a new anurognathid pterosaur from the Jurassic of China and comments on the group\". PeerJ. 9: e11161. doi:10.7717/peerj.11161. PMC 8019321. PMID 33850665.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019321","url_text":"\"Sinomacrops bondei, a new anurognathid pterosaur from the Jurassic of China and comments on the group\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.7717%2Fpeerj.11161","url_text":"10.7717/peerj.11161"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMC_(identifier)","url_text":"PMC"},{"url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8019321","url_text":"8019321"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PMID_(identifier)","url_text":"PMID"},{"url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33850665","url_text":"33850665"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_Ganz

Ábrahám Ganz

["1 Life","1.1 Early years","1.2 Escher Wyss AG","1.3 Josef Rollmill Company (József Hengermalom Társulat)","1.4 Ganz Works","2 Personal life","3 Death","4 Legacy","5 See also","6 References","7 External links","8 Literature"]

Ábrahám GanzPortrait of GanzBornAbraham Ganz(1814-11-06)6 November 1814Unter-Embrach, SwitzerlandDied(1867-12-15)15 December 1867Pest, Austria-HungaryNationalitySwiss HungarianOccupationEngineerSpouseJozefa HeissChildrenJozefina Anna PospechParent(s)Johann Ulrich Ganz Katharina RemiEngineering careerDisciplinemechanical engineer entrepreneur iron manufacturer father of Ganz WorksInstitutionsEscher Wyss AG Josef Rollmill Company (József Hengermalom Társulat) Ganz WorksProjectsmold made of cast iron (23.04.1855) improving the hardness of the surface of cast iron for steel making (27.11.1856) hard cast wheels for railroad cars (13.06.1857) improved heart pieces of railway crossings (02.12.1861) distillation unit (16.01.1865) reversing the intersection of railways (20.05.1865) Ábrahám Ganz (born as Abraham Ganz; 6 November 1814 – 15 December 1867) was a Swiss-born iron manufacturer, machine and technical engineer, entrepreneur, father of Ganz Works. He was the founder and the manager of the company that he made the flagship of the Hungarian economy in the 19th century. Despite his early death in 1867 the company remained one of the strongest manufacturing enterprise in Austria-Hungary. Many famous engineers worked at Ganz Works inter alia Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri, András Mechwart, Kálmán Kandó, Donát Bánki, János Csonka and Theodore von Kármán and several world-famous inventions were done there, like the first railway electric traction, or the invention of the roller mill, the carburetor, the transformer and the Bánki-Csonka engine. Life Early years Unter-Embrach, Switzerland, the birthplace of Ábrahám Ganz He was born into a Swiss Calvinist family in Unter-Embrach. His father, Johann Ulrich Ganz, was a cantor teacher. His mother, Katharina Remi, died when he was just 10 years old. He was the oldest son out of nine children. Escher Wyss AG Because of financial difficulties he had to work as a carpenter's apprentice, but before his liberation he went to Zürich to work at the foundry of Escher Wyss AG as a casting apprentice. At the age of twenty he travelled a lot in Germany, France, Austria and Italy, and worked in different factories where he gathered experience. In 1841 he arrived in Buda where he was involved in the construction of the Szechenyi Mill. Josef Rollmill Company (József Hengermalom Társulat) Ábrahám Ganz István Széchenyi initiated the building of a steam mill in Buda, and he established the Josef Rollmill Company (József Hengermalom Társulat). Ábrahám Ganz started to work there as a mechanic. He saw that there was a lack of good iron industry experts in the quickly developing Hungarian manufacturing industry. Soon, he became the first casting master of the foundry of the steam mill. The foundry could achieve, with the new technology of indirect casting, very pure casts which made it easier to combine different metals. The finished casts were introduced to the public at the first Hungarian Industrywork Exhibition (Magyar Iparmű Kiállítás) in 1842. Their special combination and purity was praised even by Lajos Kossuth. After that Ganz was nominated to be the head of the foundry and the machine repairing yard. In the same year he gave a job to his brother, Konrád Ganz, who was also a casting master. In 1843, while he was working in the foundry, the cast splashed out. He became blind in one of his eyes. According to some sources he said then: "One eye is lost, but the casting was successful."— Ábrahám Ganz Ganz Works Main article: Ganz Works The building of the foundry (today 20 Bem József Street, Budapest) Hard cast wheel according to Ábrahám Ganz's own patent Interior of the Foundry Museum (Öntödei Múzeum)(today 20 Bem József Street, Budapest) The management of the steam mill paid a share of the profit to Ganz. This enabled him to buy, in 1844, land and a house for 4500 Forints in Víziváros. He built his own foundry on this site and started to work there with seven assistants. They made mostly casting products for the needs of the people of the city. In 1845, he bought the neighbouring site and expanded his foundry with a cupola furnace. He gave his brother, Henrik a job as a clerk, because of the growing administration work. He made a profit in the first year, and his factory grew, even though he had not yet engaged in mass production. In 1846, at the third Hungarian Industrywork Exhibition (Magyar Iparmű Kiállítás), he introduced his stoves to the public. He won the silver medaille of the exhibition committee and the bronze medaille from Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary. During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 to 1849 the foundry made ten cannons and many cannonballs for the Hungarian army. Because of this, the Military Court of Austria impeached him. He got seven weeks in prison as penalty, but because of his Swiss citizenship he was acquitted of the charge. Ganz recognized that, to develop his factory, he had to make products that were mass-produced. In 1846 the Pest-Vác railway line was built. At that time, European foundries made wrought iron rims for spoked wagon wheels by pouring the casts in shapes in sand, and leaving them to cool down. Meanwhile, in the United States and England a better method was being used. This was chill casting, which was invented by the Englishman John Burn in 1812. The essence of this process is to cool the cast faster. The metal will then be harder, and have better wear-resistance. This is possible if the casting frame is made of a good heat conductor. Ganz made one for the first time in 1853 and he was able to improve the method further by using antimony. He got a patent for this invention in 1856. Ganz describes thus the essence of his process: "To get a hard cast, the so-called casting crust, as main equipment we use antimony. We grind it tiny and we make paint or dollop of it. We cover the walls of the casting shape with it, then we dry it and pull it together. Finally, we heat it to 100 degrees, and the liquid iron is poured into the mold. At the place where the mould walls are coated with said material, a glass hard crust is formed, which - depending on whether the wall of the cover is thinner or thicker - is two, three or four millimeters in thickness. That is why I have found antimony the best material for the production ..."— Ábrahám Ganz He used antimony for covering the inner surface of the mold casting to separate the fluid iron from the cooling iron. This was the source of his success. Between 1852 and 1862 he built and ran Europe's first, and for a long time only, crust wheel foundry. His customers were Austro-Hungarian, German, French and Russian railway companies. Because of the large number of orders his foundry proved to be too small, so he built a new factory in 1858. Between 1853 and 1866 his company delivered 86,074 wheels to 59 railway companies. Ganz also bought an English patent, the invention of Ransomes and Biddel, which concerned parts for rail switches. He improved this also, and got two patents in 1861 and in 1865. Between 1860 and 1866, his company delivered 6,293 crust cast rail switch parts to railway companies. The company did not only produce parts for railways. They also made parts for bridges (e.g. most of the Lánchíd's cast iron cross beams and the molding pieces of the Szeged Bridge in Szeged), as well as crust cast notched cylinders for the mill industry. Later the company achieved world-famous success with this product, under the leadership of András Mechwart. The number of employees at Ganz Works was 60 in 1854, 106 in 1857 and 371 in 1867. The daily production was 2-3 tonnes of casts (with 50-60 wheels). The products of the company obtained international recognition: at the World's Fairs in Paris (three bronze medals Exposition Universelle (1855)), in London (bronze medaile 1862 International Exhibition) and, at the Swiss Industrywork Exhibition, a silver medal in 1867. Personal life Statue of Ábrahám Ganz On the 24 October 1849 he married Jozefa Heiss, the daughter of the city judge of Buda, Laurentius Heiss. They could not have their own children, so they adopted two related orphan girls, Anna Pospech and Jozefina Ganz. He was nominated honorary citizen of Buda by the city council on 4 September 1863. In 1865 the emperor, Francis Joseph I, personally expressed his highest appreciation to Ábrahám Ganz. On the 23 November 1867 they celebrated the production of the hundredth wheel, made by chill casting, and Ganz gave a dinner for all his employees and their families. During his life he spent a lot of money for social purposes. In his company he uniquely opened a retirement fund and a patient fund. He kept his Swiss citizenship. There is no evidence that he learned or could speak any Hungarian. He spoke with his family in German, and the employees of his factory spoke with him in German also. Death Tomb of Ábrahám Ganz In his last years he worked a lot, but was not happy with his life. He saw all his brothers going crazy and he was convinced that he would have the same future. After the death of his brother, Konrád, he committed suicide on 15 December 1867. His ashes were buried in the Kerepesi Cemetery. In 1872, Miklós Ybl built him a mausoleum. After the death of his widow in 1913, they both lie there forever. Legacy He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Hungarian heavy industry. With his works he contributed a lot to the development of the Hungarian casting and machine manufacturing industry. After the death of Ábrahám Ganz, András Mechwart continued his plans and managed the company. With his leadership, under the name of Ganz & Co. Foundry and Machine Manufacturing Inc. (Ganz és Társa Vasöntöde és Gépgyártó Rt.), it became the most significant group of companies in Hungary. It was active in the machine, vehicle and electrical manufacturing industries with world-famous inventions and technical solutions. In the original foundry production stopped in 1964 and the building, with all the objects left, became the Foundry Museum (Öntödei Múzeum). The building is, since 1997, under monument protection. See also Anton Eichleiter References ^ "Ganz történet (1. Rész): A magyar gépgyártás innovációja". 2 August 2015. ^ a b c "Abraham Ganz". Retrieved 2020-03-06. ^ a b c d e f Hendrickson, Kenneth E. (2015): The Encyclopedia of the Industrial Revolution in World History (Band 3), p. 352. ^ "Budapest and its surroundings" (PDF). Retrieved 2020-03-17. ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-04-17. Retrieved 2017-04-17.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) ^ a b Berend, Ivan T. (2013): Case Studies on Modern European Exonomy: Entrepreneurship, Invention, Institutions, p. 151. External links "GANZ ÁBRAHÁM". 20 November 2014. Retrieved 2017-04-17. Magyar nagylexikon, Vol. 8 (Ff–Gyep). Budapest: Magyar Nagylexikon Kiadó. 1999. p. 468. ISBN 963-85773-9-8. (Vol.). "Ganz Ábrahám élete, munkássága". Archived from the original on 2008-02-26. Retrieved 2009-08-28. "Az Országos Műszaki Múzeum Öntödei Múzeuma története". Archived from the original on 2009-11-27. Retrieved 2009-08-28. Literature Terplán, Zénó (translated from the original German biography of Antal Eichleiter): Ki vezette a gyárat Ganz Ábrahám (1814-1867) halála után? (Who lead the factory after the death of Ábrahám Ganz?) Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany People Deutsche Biographie Other Historical Dictionary of Switzerland

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people"},{"link_name":"iron manufacturer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_founder"},{"link_name":"Ganz Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganz_Works"},{"link_name":"Hungarian economy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_economy"},{"link_name":"Austria-Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austria-Hungary"},{"link_name":"Ganz Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganz_Works"},{"link_name":"Károly Zipernowsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Zipernowsky"},{"link_name":"Ottó Bláthy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ott%C3%B3_Bl%C3%A1thy"},{"link_name":"Miksa Déri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miksa_D%C3%A9ri"},{"link_name":"András Mechwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Mechwart"},{"link_name":"Kálmán Kandó","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A1lm%C3%A1n_Kand%C3%B3"},{"link_name":"Donát Bánki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don%C3%A1t_B%C3%A1nki"},{"link_name":"János Csonka","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Csonka"},{"link_name":"Theodore von Kármán","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodore_von_K%C3%A1rm%C3%A1n"},{"link_name":"railway electric traction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railway_electric_traction"},{"link_name":"roller mill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roller_mill"},{"link_name":"carburetor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carburetor"},{"link_name":"transformer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformer"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Ábrahám Ganz (born as Abraham Ganz; 6 November 1814 – 15 December 1867) was a Swiss-born iron manufacturer, machine and technical engineer, entrepreneur, father of Ganz Works. He was the founder and the manager of the company that he made the flagship of the Hungarian economy in the 19th century. Despite his early death in 1867 the company remained one of the strongest manufacturing enterprise in Austria-Hungary. Many famous engineers worked at Ganz Works inter alia Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy, Miksa Déri, András Mechwart, Kálmán Kandó, Donát Bánki, János Csonka and Theodore von Kármán and several world-famous inventions were done there, like the first railway electric traction, or the invention of the roller mill, the carburetor, the transformer and the Bánki-Csonka engine.[1]","title":"Ábrahám Ganz"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Embrach_mit_alter_Kirche.jpg"},{"link_name":"Unter-Embrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrach"},{"link_name":"Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland"},{"link_name":"Swiss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss_people"},{"link_name":"Calvinist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvinist"},{"link_name":"Unter-Embrach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embrach"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-2"},{"link_name":"cantor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cantor"}],"sub_title":"Early years","text":"Unter-Embrach, Switzerland, the birthplace of Ábrahám GanzHe was born into a Swiss Calvinist family in Unter-Embrach.[2] His father, Johann Ulrich Ganz, was a cantor teacher. His mother, Katharina Remi, died when he was just 10 years old. He was the oldest son out of nine children.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Zürich","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich"},{"link_name":"Escher Wyss AG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Escher_Wyss_AG"},{"link_name":"Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-2"}],"sub_title":"Escher Wyss AG","text":"Because of financial difficulties he had to work as a carpenter's apprentice, but before his liberation he went to Zürich to work at the foundry of Escher Wyss AG as a casting apprentice. At the age of twenty he travelled a lot in Germany, France, Austria and Italy, and worked in different factories where he gathered experience. In 1841 he arrived in Buda where he was involved in the construction of the Szechenyi Mill.[2]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_Ganz.jpg"},{"link_name":"István Széchenyi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istv%C3%A1n_Sz%C3%A9chenyi"},{"link_name":"Lajos Kossuth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajos_Kossuth"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"}],"sub_title":"Josef Rollmill Company (József Hengermalom Társulat)","text":"Ábrahám GanzIstván Széchenyi initiated the building of a steam mill in Buda, and he established the Josef Rollmill Company (József Hengermalom Társulat). Ábrahám Ganz started to work there as a mechanic. He saw that there was a lack of good iron industry experts in the quickly developing Hungarian manufacturing industry. Soon, he became the first casting master of the foundry of the steam mill. The foundry could achieve, with the new technology of indirect casting, very pure casts which made it easier to combine different metals. The finished casts were introduced to the public at the first Hungarian Industrywork Exhibition (Magyar Iparmű Kiállítás) in 1842. Their special combination and purity was praised even by Lajos Kossuth. After that Ganz was nominated to be the head of the foundry and the machine repairing yard. In the same year he gave a job to his brother, Konrád Ganz, who was also a casting master.In 1843, while he was working in the foundry, the cast splashed out. He became blind in one of his eyes. According to some sources he said then:\"One eye is lost, but the casting was successful.\"— Ábrahám Ganz[3]","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:A_M%C3%81VAG_kezdete.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hard_cast_wheel_patent_ganz.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Interior_of_the_Foundry_Museum-6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Forints","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forints"},{"link_name":"Víziváros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADziv%C3%A1ros"},{"link_name":"casting products","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Casting_(metalworking)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"cupola furnace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cupola_furnace"},{"link_name":"Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archduke_Joseph,_Palatine_of_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Hungarian Revolution of 1848","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"Pest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest,_Hungary"},{"link_name":"Vác","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%A1c"},{"link_name":"rims","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rim_(wheel)"},{"link_name":"chill casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill_(casting)"},{"link_name":"John Burn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Burn_(engineer)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"heat conductor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_conductor"},{"link_name":"antimony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antimony"},{"link_name":"Austro-Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austro-Hungarian"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"},{"link_name":"rail switches","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Railroad_switch"},{"link_name":"Lánchíd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1nch%C3%ADd"},{"link_name":"Szeged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szeged"},{"link_name":"András Mechwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Mechwart"},{"link_name":"Ganz Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganz_Works"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-one-2"},{"link_name":"tonnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonnes"},{"link_name":"World's Fairs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_Fair"},{"link_name":"Exposition Universelle (1855)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1855)"},{"link_name":"1862 International Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1862_International_Exhibition"}],"sub_title":"Ganz Works","text":"The building of the foundry (today 20 Bem József Street, Budapest)Hard cast wheel according to Ábrahám Ganz's own patentInterior of the Foundry Museum (Öntödei Múzeum)(today 20 Bem József Street, Budapest)The management of the steam mill paid a share of the profit to Ganz. This enabled him to buy, in 1844, land and a house for 4500 Forints in Víziváros. He built his own foundry on this site and started to work there with seven assistants. They made mostly casting products for the needs of the people of the city.[3] In 1845, he bought the neighbouring site and expanded his foundry with a cupola furnace. He gave his brother, Henrik a job as a clerk, because of the growing administration work. He made a profit in the first year, and his factory grew, even though he had not yet engaged in mass production. In 1846, at the third Hungarian Industrywork Exhibition (Magyar Iparmű Kiállítás), he introduced his stoves to the public. He won the silver medaille of the exhibition committee and the bronze medaille from Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary.During the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 to 1849 the foundry made ten cannons and many cannonballs for the Hungarian army. Because of this, the Military Court of Austria impeached him. He got seven weeks in prison as penalty, but because of his Swiss citizenship he was acquitted of the charge.[3]Ganz recognized that, to develop his factory, he had to make products that were mass-produced. In 1846 the Pest-Vác railway line was built. At that time, European foundries made wrought iron rims for spoked wagon wheels by pouring the casts in shapes in sand, and leaving them to cool down. Meanwhile, in the United States and England a better method was being used. This was chill casting, which was invented by the Englishman John Burn in 1812. The essence of this process is to cool the cast faster. The metal will then be harder, and have better wear-resistance.[3] This is possible if the casting frame is made of a good heat conductor. Ganz made one for the first time in 1853 and he was able to improve the method further by using antimony. He got a patent for this invention in 1856.Ganz describes thus the essence of his process:\"To get a hard cast, the so-called casting crust, as main equipment we use antimony. We grind it tiny and we make paint or dollop of it. We cover the walls of the casting shape with it, then we dry it and pull it together. Finally, we heat it to 100 degrees, and the liquid iron is poured into the mold. At the place where the mould walls are coated with said material, a glass hard crust is formed, which - depending on whether the wall of the cover is thinner or thicker - is two, three or four millimeters in thickness. That is why I have found antimony the best material for the production ...\"— Ábrahám GanzHe used antimony for covering the inner surface of the mold casting to separate the fluid iron from the cooling iron. This was the source of his success. Between 1852 and 1862 he built and ran Europe's first, and for a long time only, crust wheel foundry. His customers were Austro-Hungarian, German, French and Russian railway companies. Because of the large number of orders his foundry proved to be too small, so he built a new factory in 1858.[3]Between 1853 and 1866 his company delivered 86,074 wheels to 59 railway companies. Ganz also bought an English patent, the invention of Ransomes and Biddel, which concerned parts for rail switches. He improved this also, and got two patents in 1861 and in 1865. Between 1860 and 1866, his company delivered 6,293 crust cast rail switch parts to railway companies. The company did not only produce parts for railways. They also made parts for bridges (e.g. most of the Lánchíd's cast iron cross beams and the molding pieces of the Szeged Bridge in Szeged), as well as crust cast notched cylinders for the mill industry. Later the company achieved world-famous success with this product, under the leadership of András Mechwart.The number of employees at Ganz Works was 60 in 1854, 106 in 1857 and 371 in 1867.[2] The daily production was 2-3 tonnes of casts (with 50-60 wheels). The products of the company obtained international recognition: at the World's Fairs in Paris (three bronze medals Exposition Universelle (1855)), in London (bronze medaile 1862 International Exhibition) and, at the Swiss Industrywork Exhibition, a silver medal in 1867.","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Abraham_Ganz_1814-1867.jpg"},{"link_name":"Buda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buda"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Francis Joseph I","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Joseph_I"},{"link_name":"chill casting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chill_(casting)"},{"link_name":"Hungarian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hungarian_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"}],"text":"Statue of Ábrahám GanzOn the 24 October 1849 he married Jozefa Heiss, the daughter of the city judge of Buda,[4] Laurentius Heiss. They could not have their own children, so they adopted two related orphan girls, Anna Pospech and Jozefina Ganz.[5]He was nominated honorary citizen of Buda by the city council on 4 September 1863. In 1865 the emperor, Francis Joseph I, personally expressed his highest appreciation to Ábrahám Ganz. On the 23 November 1867 they celebrated the production of the hundredth wheel, made by chill casting, and Ganz gave a dinner for all his employees and their families. During his life he spent a lot of money for social purposes. In his company he uniquely opened a retirement fund and a patient fund.He kept his Swiss citizenship. There is no evidence that he learned or could speak any Hungarian. He spoke with his family in German, and the employees of his factory spoke with him in German also.","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ganz.jpg"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-6"},{"link_name":"Kerepesi Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerepesi_Cemetery"},{"link_name":"Miklós Ybl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_Ybl"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-two-3"}],"text":"Tomb of Ábrahám GanzIn his last years he worked a lot, but was not happy with his life. He saw all his brothers going crazy and he was convinced that he would have the same future. After the death of his brother, Konrád, he committed suicide on 15 December 1867.[6] His ashes were buried in the Kerepesi Cemetery. In 1872, Miklós Ybl built him a mausoleum. After the death of his widow in 1913, they both lie there forever.[3]","title":"Death"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"heavy industry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heavy_industry"},{"link_name":"András Mechwart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%A1s_Mechwart"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-six-6"},{"link_name":"Hungary","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary"}],"text":"He is considered to be one of the pioneers of Hungarian heavy industry. With his works he contributed a lot to the development of the Hungarian casting and machine manufacturing industry.After the death of Ábrahám Ganz, András Mechwart continued his plans and managed the company.[6] With his leadership, under the name of Ganz & Co. Foundry and Machine Manufacturing Inc. (Ganz és Társa Vasöntöde és Gépgyártó Rt.), it became the most significant group of companies in Hungary. It was active in the machine, vehicle and electrical manufacturing industries with world-famous inventions and technical solutions.In the original foundry production stopped in 1964 and the building, with all the objects left, became the Foundry Museum (Öntödei Múzeum). The building is, since 1997, under monument protection.","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q117463#identifiers"},{"link_name":"VIAF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//viaf.org/viaf/18307125"},{"link_name":"WorldCat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqfKCt4dQ4BhmwhYTKKh3"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/129585769"},{"link_name":"Deutsche Biographie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd129585769.html?language=en"},{"link_name":"Historical Dictionary of Switzerland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/030948"}],"text":"Terplán, Zénó (translated from the original German biography of Antal Eichleiter): Ki vezette a gyárat Ganz Ábrahám (1814-1867) halála után? (Who lead the factory after the death of Ábrahám Ganz?)Authority control databases International\nVIAF\nWorldCat\nNational\nGermany\nPeople\nDeutsche Biographie\nOther\nHistorical Dictionary of Switzerland","title":"Literature"}]

[{"image_text":"Unter-Embrach, Switzerland, the birthplace of Ábrahám Ganz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Embrach_mit_alter_Kirche.jpg/250px-Embrach_mit_alter_Kirche.jpg"},{"image_text":"Ábrahám Ganz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_Ganz.jpg/250px-%C3%81brah%C3%A1m_Ganz.jpg"},{"image_text":"The building of the foundry (today 20 Bem József Street, Budapest)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/A_M%C3%81VAG_kezdete.jpg/250px-A_M%C3%81VAG_kezdete.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hard cast wheel according to Ábrahám Ganz's own patent","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Hard_cast_wheel_patent_ganz.jpg/250px-Hard_cast_wheel_patent_ganz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Interior of the Foundry Museum (Öntödei Múzeum)(today 20 Bem József Street, Budapest)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Interior_of_the_Foundry_Museum-6.jpg/250px-Interior_of_the_Foundry_Museum-6.jpg"},{"image_text":"Statue of Ábrahám Ganz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Abraham_Ganz_1814-1867.jpg/250px-Abraham_Ganz_1814-1867.jpg"},{"image_text":"Tomb of Ábrahám Ganz","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Ganz.jpg/220px-Ganz.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Anton Eichleiter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anton_Eichleiter"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Alexander_Ayton

William Alexander Ayton

["1 References","2 Notes","3 External links"]

British Anglican clergyman "William Ayton" redirects here. For people named William Aiton, see William Aiton (disambiguation). William Alexander Ayton William Alexander Ayton (28 April 1816 – 1 January 1909) was a British Anglican clergyman with an interest in alchemy. He was Vicar of Chacombe (in Northamptonshire) from 1873 to 1894. In 1894 he retired on a small pension, and he died at Saffron Walden (in Hertfordshire) in 1909. He translated from Latin the life of John Dee written by Thomas Smith. He is generally thought to have been a member of the shadowy Society of Eight founded in 1883. He became a member of the successor Order of the Golden Dawn. He was a supporter of the reforms of Arthur Edward Waite, which split the Order as the Holy Order of the Golden Dawn and the Stella Matutina. Ayton became a vegetarian in 1868 after visiting the family of his friend Joseph Wallace. Ayton converted to Wallace's dietary system. References The Alchemist of the Golden Dawn, The Letters of Revd. W. A. Ayton to F. L. Gardner and Others 1886-1905 (1985) edited Ellic Howe Notes ^ Ronald Decker and Michael Dummett, A History of the Occult Tarot 1870-1970 (2003) p.62, 'a clergyman of the Church of England and well known in occult circles as an alchemist'. ^ The Reverend William Alexander Ayton was one of the oldest initiates of the original Golden Dawn, joining (along with his wife Anne) among William Wynn Westcott's earliest recruits just a few months after the founding of the Hermetic Order in 1888. As G. H. Frater Virtute Orta Occidunt Rarius (those rising by virtue rarely decline), Ayton achieved the grade of 5= 6 a year later, at the age of 74. He was at the time still active as a priest, and as the Vicar of Chacombe in Oxfordshire; he had been a freemason for twenty years, and was also associated with the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light. He retired on a pension in 1894 and lived into his 92nd year, dying in 1909 in Hertfordshire. ^ William Alexander Ayton (1816-1909), Vicar of Chacombe, Northamptonshire. He had an alchemical laboratory in his cellar and was afraid that his Bishop would learn of its existence ^ First published 1908. ^ Founded by Frederick Holland, or Kenneth Mackenzie. Decker-Dummett p.45 makes Holland the founder, and members F. G. Irwin, Benjamin Cox, Frederick Hockley, Mackenzie, John Yarker, William Wynn Westcott, as well as Ayton. ^ In July 1888, as Virtute orta, occidunt rarius. R. A. Gilbert, The Golden Dawn Companion (1986), p.140. ^ Gregory, James. (2002). "The Vegetarian Movement in Britain c. 1840-1901". eprints.soton.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2022. External links Modern Rosicrucian groups at www.alchemywebsite.com Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Netherlands

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For people named William Aiton, see William Aiton (disambiguation).William Alexander AytonWilliam Alexander Ayton (28 April 1816 – 1 January 1909) was a British Anglican clergyman with an interest in alchemy. He was Vicar of Chacombe (in Northamptonshire) from 1873 to 1894. In 1894 he retired on a small pension, and he died at Saffron Walden (in Hertfordshire) in 1909.[1][2][3] He translated from Latin the life of John Dee written by Thomas Smith.[4]He is generally thought to have been a member of the shadowy Society of Eight founded in 1883.[5] He became a member of the successor Order of the Golden Dawn.[6] He was a supporter of the reforms of Arthur Edward Waite, which split the Order as the Holy Order of the Golden Dawn and the Stella Matutina.Ayton became a vegetarian in 1868 after visiting the family of his friend Joseph Wallace. Ayton converted to Wallace's dietary system.[7]","title":"William Alexander Ayton"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Michael Dummett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dummett"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"William Wynn Westcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wynn_Westcott"},{"link_name":"Chacombe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chacombe"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.billheidrick.com/tlc2003/tlc0603.htm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//freemasonry.bcy.ca/aqc/fringe/notes.html#85"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Frederick Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Holland"},{"link_name":"Kenneth Mackenzie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_R._H._Mackenzie"},{"link_name":"Frederick Hockley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Hockley"},{"link_name":"John Yarker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Yarker"},{"link_name":"William Wynn Westcott","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Wynn_Westcott"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"\"The Vegetarian Movement in Britain c. 1840-1901\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//eprints.soton.ac.uk/467032/2/886115_v.2.pdf"}],"text":"^ Ronald Decker and Michael Dummett, A History of the Occult Tarot 1870-1970 (2003) p.62, 'a clergyman of the Church of England and well known in occult circles as an alchemist'.\n\n^ The Reverend William Alexander Ayton was one of the oldest initiates of the original Golden Dawn, joining (along with his wife Anne) among William Wynn Westcott's earliest recruits just a few months after the founding of the Hermetic Order in 1888. As G. H. Frater Virtute Orta Occidunt Rarius (those rising by virtue rarely decline), Ayton achieved the grade of 5= 6 a year later, at the age of 74. He was at the time still active as a priest, and as the Vicar of Chacombe in Oxfordshire; he had been a freemason for twenty years, and was also associated with the Hermetic Brotherhood of Light. He retired on a pension in 1894 and lived into his 92nd year, dying in 1909 in Hertfordshire.[1]\n\n^ William Alexander Ayton (1816-1909), Vicar of Chacombe, Northamptonshire. He had an alchemical laboratory in his cellar and was afraid that his Bishop would learn of its existence[2]\n\n^ First published 1908.\n\n^ Founded by Frederick Holland, or Kenneth Mackenzie. Decker-Dummett p.45 makes Holland the founder, and members F. G. Irwin, Benjamin Cox, Frederick Hockley, Mackenzie, John Yarker, William Wynn Westcott, as well as Ayton.\n\n^ In July 1888, as Virtute orta, occidunt rarius. R. A. Gilbert, The Golden Dawn Companion (1986), p.140.\n\n^ Gregory, James. (2002). \"The Vegetarian Movement in Britain c. 1840-1901\". eprints.soton.ac.uk. Retrieved 1 October 2022.","title":"Notes"}]

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Round_Britain_Quiz

Round Britain Quiz

["1 References","2 External links"]

British panel game show broadcast on BBC Radio 4 Radio show Round Britain QuizOther namesRBQGenrePanel showGeneral knowledge quizRunning time30 minsCountry of originUnited KingdomLanguage(s)EnglishHome stationBBC Radio 4Hosted byKirsty Lang (2022– )Produced byPaul BajoriaOriginal release2 November 1947 (1947-11-02)Opening themeTangled by Philip GuylerWebsitewww.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007qxprPodcastwww.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p02nrw21/episodes/downloads Round Britain Quiz (or RBQ for short) is a panel game that has been broadcast on BBC Radio since 1947, making it the oldest quiz still broadcast on British radio. It was based on a format called Transatlantic Quiz, a contest between American and British teams on which Alistair Cooke was an early participant. The format of the quiz is that teams from various regions around the United Kingdom play in a tournament of head-to-head battles. In a half-hour programme, each team is given four multi-part cryptic questions, each worth up to six points, to be awarded on the host's judgement. The parts of the question are generally centred on a common theme, and a degree of lateral thinking is necessary to score full marks. One question for each team has a music or sound component, and at least one other is submitted by listeners. Points are awarded to each team by the host. Team members may ask questions, to narrow the field; but the more they ask, or the more clues the host supplies to assist them, the fewer marks the team will score. Until 1995, there was a "resident London team" which was challenged by teams from other parts of the UK (and sometimes the Republic of Ireland). There were two hosts, one with each team. In the 1950s, the hosts were Gilbert Harding and Lionel Hale. Later hosts, in various combinations, included Roy Plomley, Jack Longland, Anthony Quinton, Louis Allen, and, for many years, Gordon Clough. The programme was formally taken out of production after the death of Gordon Clough in 1996, but was revived a year later with a single chairman and a new format of six teams playing four matches each. From 1997 it was hosted by broadcaster Nick Clarke until his death in 2006. He was succeeded at the start of the 2007 series by Tom Sutcliffe. Kirsty Lang took over hosting in March 2022. Regional contestants have included Irene Thomas, John Julius Norwich, Fred Housego, Polly Devlin, Brian J. Ford, Antonia Fraser, Patrick Hannan, Patrick Nuttgens and Philippa Gregory. Current contestants include Marcus Berkmann, Cariad Lloyd, Adèle Geras, Stuart Maconie, Val McDermid, Paul Sinha and Frankie Fanko. The original theme tune was Radioscopie by Georges Delerue and then, until the end of the 2023 series, Scherzo and Trio performed by the Penguin Cafe Orchestra. For the 2024 series the theme tune is the library music track Tangled by Philip Guyler. Puzzles like those in Round Britain Quiz (a series of cryptic clues linked by a common theme) have appeared in written form in publications such as BBC MindGames Magazine. References ^ "BBC Radio 4 - Comedy - Round Britain Quiz". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2024. ^ "Kirsty Lang to host Radio 4's Round Britain Quiz". www.bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 May 2024. ^ "Tangled – 'sprightly piano & cello melody with a pulsing rhythm & homemade percussion'". Audio Networks. Retrieved 24 March 2024. External links Round Britain Quiz at BBC Online Brief history UK Game Shows - Round Britain Quiz vteBBC Radio 4ProgrammesComedy Bunk Bed Dead Ringers Ed Reardon's Week I'm Sorry I Haven't a Clue The Infinite Monkey Cage John Finnemore's Souvenir Programme Just a Minute Mark Steel's in Town Meet David Sedaris Thanks a Lot, Milton Jones! The Museum of Curiosity The News Quiz The Now Show The Skewer The Unbelievable Truth Drama and fiction The Archers BBC National Short Story Award Book at Bedtime Drama Saturday Drama Short Works Entertainment A Good Read Book of the Week Bookclub Brain of Britain Counterpoint Desert Island Discs Loose Ends Pick of the Week Poetry Please Round Britain Quiz Saturday Live The 3rd Degree The Poet Laureate Has Gone To His Shed With Great Pleasure Factual All in the Mind Analysis Archive on 4 The Bottom Line Case Notes Costing the Earth Crossing Continents Feedback The Food Programme Front Row Gardeners' Question Time Great Lives In Business In Our Time In Touch Inside Health Inside Science The Kitchen Cabinet Last Word The Life Scientific The Listening Project The Media Show Money Box The Moral Maze More or Less Open Book Reith Lectures Soul Music Start the Week The Reunion Thinking Allowed Tweet of the Day Uncanny Woman's Hour Word of Mouth You and Yours News andcurrent affairs Any Answers? Any Questions? Broadcasting House Farming Today File on 4 From Our Own Correspondent PM Today Today in Parliament The Westminster Hour The World at One The World Tonight Religious Bells on Sunday Beyond Belief The Daily Service Prayer for the Day Something Understood Sunday Thought for the Day Other Radio 4 Appeal Shipping Forecast Test Match Special Other Radio 4 UK Theme Sailing By Greenwich Time Signal BBC Home Service Radio 4 News FM BBC Radio 4 Extra Timeline of BBC Radio 4 Category

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It was based on a format called Transatlantic Quiz, a contest between American and British teams on which Alistair Cooke was an early participant.The format of the quiz is that teams from various regions around the United Kingdom play in a tournament of head-to-head battles. In a half-hour programme, each team is given four multi-part cryptic questions, each worth up to six points, to be awarded on the host's judgement. The parts of the question are generally centred on a common theme, and a degree of lateral thinking is necessary to score full marks.One question for each team has a music or sound component, and at least one other is submitted by listeners. Points are awarded to each team by the host. Team members may ask questions, to narrow the field; but the more they ask, or the more clues the host supplies to assist them, the fewer marks the team will score.Until 1995, there was a \"resident London team\" which was challenged by teams from other parts of the UK (and sometimes the Republic of Ireland). There were two hosts, one with each team. In the 1950s, the hosts were Gilbert Harding and Lionel Hale. Later hosts, in various combinations, included Roy Plomley, Jack Longland, Anthony Quinton, Louis Allen, and, for many years, Gordon Clough.[1]The programme was formally taken out of production after the death of Gordon Clough in 1996, but was revived a year later with a single chairman and a new format of six teams playing four matches each. From 1997 it was hosted by broadcaster Nick Clarke until his death in 2006. He was succeeded at the start of the 2007 series by Tom Sutcliffe. Kirsty Lang took over hosting in March 2022.[2]Regional contestants have included Irene Thomas, John Julius Norwich, Fred Housego, Polly Devlin, Brian J. Ford, Antonia Fraser, Patrick Hannan, Patrick Nuttgens and Philippa Gregory. Current contestants include Marcus Berkmann, Cariad Lloyd, Adèle Geras, Stuart Maconie, Val McDermid, Paul Sinha and Frankie Fanko.The original theme tune was Radioscopie by Georges Delerue and then, until the end of the 2023 series, Scherzo and Trio performed by the Penguin Cafe Orchestra. For the 2024 series the theme tune is the library music track Tangled by Philip Guyler. [3]Puzzles like those in Round Britain Quiz (a series of cryptic clues linked by a common theme) have appeared in written form in publications such as BBC MindGames Magazine.","title":"Round Britain Quiz"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale

Biennale

["1 Characteristics","1.1 The Venice Biennale as an archetype","1.2 Biennials after the 1990s","2 International biennales","3 See also","4 References","5 Further reading","6 External links"]

Event occurring every two years The Venice International Film Festival is part of the Venice Biennale. The famous Golden Lion is awarded to the best film screening at the competition. In the art world, a Biennale (Italian: ), Italian for "biennial" or "every other year", is a large-scale international contemporary art exhibition. The term was popularised by the Venice Biennale, which was first held in 1895, but the concept of such a large scale, and intentionally international event goes back to at least the 1851 Great Exhibition in London. Although typically used to refer to art festivals or exhibitions which occur every two years, the term is not always applied strictly. Since the 1990s, the terms biennale and biennial have both been used to refer to large-scale international survey shows of contemporary art that recur at regular intervals (Documenta is held every five years, and Skulptur Projekte Münster every ten). The term has also been adopted for other creative events, such as "Berlinale" for the Berlin International Film Festival and "Viennale" for Vienna's international film festival, both of which are held annually. Characteristics According to author Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic and international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on the present (the "here and now" where the cultural event takes place and their effect of "spectacularisation of the everyday"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to, produce or frame the history of the site and communities' collective memory. The Great Exhibition in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, in 1851, the first attempt to condense the representation of the world within a unitary exhibition space. A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the Crystal Palace, the gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the Great Exhibition in 1851. According to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk, the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks. The Venice Biennale as an archetype The structure of the Venice Biennale in 2005 with an international exhibition and the national pavilions. The Venice Biennale, a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a World Fair focused on contemporary art, the Venice Biennale used as a pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the Grand Tour model and the weakening of the Venetian school of painting. Furthermore, the Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today: a mix of city marketing, internationalism, gentrification issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event. Biennials after the 1990s The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there is little consensus on the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time. Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of the contemporary art "ethnic marketing", and also challenged the Venetian and World Fair's national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of the Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model. International biennales In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent art exhibitions: Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art, South Australia Asian Art Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts) Athens Biennale, in Athens, Greece Diriyah Contemporary Art Biennale, in Diriyah, Saudi Arabia Bienal de Arte Paiz, in Guatemala City, Guatemala Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale (Arts in Marrakech Festival) Bamako Encounters, a biennale of photography in Mali Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism Beijing Biennale Berlin Biennale (contemporary art biennale, to be distinguished from Berlinale, which is a film festival) Bergen Assembly (triennial for contemporary art in Bergen, Norway)www.bergenassembly.no Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\Architecture, in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China Bienal de Arte de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico Biënnale van België, Biennial of Belgium, Belgium BiennaleOnline Online biennial exhibition of contemporary art from the most promising emerging artists. Biennial of Hawaii Artists Biennale de la Biche, the smallest biennale in the world held at deserted island near Guadeloupe, French overseas region Biwako Biennale , in Shiga, Japan La Biennale de Montreal Biennale of Luanda : Pan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace, Angola Boom Festival, international music and culture festival in Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal Bucharest Biennale in Bucharest, Romania Bushwick Biennial, in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York Canakkale Biennial, in Canakkale, Turkey Cello Biennale, Amsterdam, the Netherlands Cerveira International Art Biennial, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal Changwon Sculpture Biennale in Changwon, South Korea Dakar Biennale, also called Dak'Art, biennale in Dakar, Senegal Documenta, contemporary art exhibition held every five years in Kassel, Germany Estuaire (biennale), biennale in Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, France EVA International, biennial in Limerick, Republic of Ireland Göteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, in Gothenburg, Sweden Greater Taipei Contemporary Art Biennial, in Taipei, Taiwan Gwangju Biennale, Asia's first and most prestigious contemporary art biennale Havana biennial, in Havana, Cuba Helsinki Biennial, in Helsinki, Finland Herzliya Biennial For Contemporary Art, in Herzliya, Israel Incheon Women Artists' Biennale, in Incheon, South Korea Iowa Biennial, in Iowa, US Istanbul Biennial, in Istanbul, Turkey International Roaming Biennial of Tehran, in Tehran and Istanbul Jakarta Biennale, in Jakarta, Indonesia Jerusalem Biennale, in Jerusalem, Israel Jogja Biennale, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Karachi Biennale, in Karachi, Pakistan Keelung Harbor Biennale, in Keelung, Taiwan Kochi-Muziris Biennale, largest art exhibition in India, in Kochi, Kerala, India Kortrijk Design Biennale Interieur, in Kortrijk, Belgium Kobe Biennale, in Japan Kuandu Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan Lagos Biennial, in Lagos, Nigeria Light Art Biennale Austria, in Austria Liverpool Biennial, in Liverpool, UK Lofoten International Art Festival  (LIAF), on the Lofoten archipelago, Norway Manifesta, European Biennale of contemporary art in different European cities Mediations Biennale, in Poznań, Poland Melbourne International Biennial 1999 Mediterranean Biennale in Sakhnin 2013 MOMENTA Biennale de l'image  (formerly known as Le Mois de la Photo à Montréal), in Montreal, Canada MOMENTUM , in Moss, Norway Moscow Biennale, in Moscow, Russia Munich Biennale, new opera and music-theatre in even-numbered years Mykonos Biennale Nakanojo Biennale NGV Triennial, contemporary art exhibition held every three years at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia October Salon – Belgrade Biennale , organised by the Cultural Center of Belgrade , in Belgrade, Serbia OSTEN Biennial of Drawing Skopje, North Macedonia Biennale de Paris Riga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (RIBOCA), in Riga, Latvia São Paulo Art Biennial, in São Paulo, Brazil SCAPE Public Art Christchurch Biennial in Christchurch, New Zealand Prospect New Orleans Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism Sequences, in Reykjavík, Iceland Shanghai Biennale Sharjah Biennale, in Sharjah, UAE Singapore Biennale, held in various locations across the city-state island of Singapore Screen City Biennial, in Stavanger, Norway String Quartet Biennale Amsterdam, the Netherlands Biennale of Sydney Taipei Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan Taiwan Arts Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts) Taiwan Film Biennale, in Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, U.S. Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art , in Thessaloniki, Greece Dream city, produced by ART Rue Association in Tunisia Vancouver Biennale Visayas Islands Visual Arts Exhibition and Conference (VIVA ExCon) in the Philippines Venice Biennale, in Venice, Italy, which includes: Venice Biennale of Contemporary Art Venice Biennale of Architecture Venice Film Festival Vladivostok biennale of Visual Arts, in Vladivostok, Russia Whitney Biennial, hosted by the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York City, NY, US Web Biennial, produced with teams from Athens, Berlin and Istanbul. West Africa Architecture Biennale, Virtual in Lagos, Nigeria. WRO Biennale, in Wrocław, Poland Music Biennale Zagreb The International Biennale of Performance, Collaborative and Participatory Arts, Nomadic, International, Scotland, UK. Yerevan Print Biennale See also World's fair Art exhibition Art festival Art biennials in Africa References ^ Niemojewski, Rafal (2021). Biennials : the exhibitions we love to hate. London. ISBN 978-1-84822-388-2. OCLC 1205590577.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) ^ Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini, Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials, Postmedia Books, 2011 ISBN 88-7490-060-0, ISBN 978-88-7490-060-2. ^ Im Weltinnenraum des Kapitals, 2005. ^ "In Guatemala, the Bienal de Arte Paiz Offers an Object Lesson in Community-Based Art Done Right". artnet News. September 7, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ ArtReview: World's 'smallest' biennial on Ilet la Biche, Guadeloupe ^ "Welcome to the world's smallest art fair – on a disappearing speck of sand". The Guardian. January 24, 2017. ^ "Home | Biennale of Luanda 2021". ^ "Bienal de Cerveira". Bienal de Cerveira. ^ "GIBCA • home". www.gibca.se. ^ Dunmall, Giovanna (July 26, 2023). "Art and island-hopping in Finland's cultural capital". The National (Abu Dhabi). Retrieved July 27, 2023. ^ "Lagos Biennial (Nigeria)". Biennial Foundation. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2021. ^ "Lofoten International Art Festival LIAF (Norway)". Biennial Foundation. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2021. ^ "Momentum (Norway)". Biennial Foundation. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ "ENGLISH｜NAKANOJO BIENNALE". June 12, 2013. ^ "October Salon (Serbia)". Biennial Foundation. Retrieved August 2, 2020. ^ Gallery, Osten. "Drawing". osten.mk. ^ "RIBOCA - Riga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (Latvia)". Biennial Foundation. Retrieved August 3, 2020. ^ "Scape Public Art". Retrieved July 7, 2016. ^ "Sequences (Iceland)". Biennial Foundation. Retrieved June 26, 2021. ^ "Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art (Greece)". Biennial Foundation. Retrieved July 25, 2021. ^ "About Us – VIVA ExCon Organization". ^ "West Africa Architecture Biennale". A3 Africa. Retrieved March 1, 2023. ^ "Biennale WRO". WRO ART CENTER. November 24, 2009. Further reading Filipovic, Elena (2010). Marieke van Hal, Solveig Øvsteø (ed.). The Biennial Reader. Bergen, Norway: Bergen Biennial Conference. (Spanish) Niemojewski, Rafal (2013) "Venecia o La Habana: Una polémica sobre la génesis de la bienal contemporánea." Denken Pensée Thought Mysl... Criterios, Issue 47 (October). (Spanish) Ojeda, D, de la Nuez, R (eds), Trazos discontinuos. Antología crítica sobre las bienales de arte en Asia Pacífico. (Discontinuous strokes. Critical anthology of art biennials in Asia Pacific). Leiden: Almenara Press. ISBN 978-94-92260-47-5 Jones, Caroline (March 29, 2006), Biennial Culture, Institute national d'histoire de l'art, Paris{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link) (in English and Italian) Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini, Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials, Postmedia Books, 2011 ISBN 88-7490-060-0, ISBN 978-88-7490-060-2 Federica Martini, Cultural event in Mobile A2K Methodology guide, 2002. Manifesta Journal No 2 Winter 2003/ Spring 2004 - Biennials. Artimo Foundation. June 1, 2003. ISBN 90-75380-95-X. Morris, Jane (May 1, 2019). "Why is the Venice Biennale still so important?". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved May 4, 2019. Niemojewski, Rafal (2006) "Whence Come You, and Whither Are you Going? On the Memory and Identity of Biennials" Manifesta Journal, MJ – Journal of Contemporary Curatorship, N°6 Winter 2005/06 Niemojewski, Rafal (2014) "Turning the Tide: the oppositional past and uncertain future of the contemporary biennial" Seismopolite: Journal of Art and Politics, Volume 1, Issue 6, (February). Niemojewski, Rafal (2018) "Contemporary Art Biennials: Decline or Resurgence?" Cultural Politics, Duke University Press, Volume 14, Issue 1, (Spring). Niemojewski, Rafal (2021) Biennials: The Exhibitions We Love to Hate, Lund Humphries. ISBN 9781848223882 Vanderlinden, Barbara (June 2, 2006). Elena Filipovic (ed.). The Manifesta Decade: Debates on Contemporary Art Exhibitions and Biennials in Post-Wall Europe (illustrated ed.). The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-22076-8. External links Biennial Foundation site dedicated to biennales around the world "Global Exhibitions: Contemporary Art and the African Diaspora". Liverpool. February 19, 2010. Byrne, John (2005). "Contemporary Art and Globalisation: Biennials and the Emergence of the De-Centred Artist". Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2013. vteMajor international art exhibitions and biennalesAfrica African Photography Encounters Arts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale Dakar Biennale Asia Asian Art Biennial Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism Chengdu Biennale Gwangju Biennale Herzliya Biennial Incheon Women Artists' Biennale Istanbul Biennial International Roaming Biennial of Tehran Kochi-Muziris Biennale Nanjing Biennale Shanghai Biennale Singapore Biennale Europe ART Ii Biennale Berlin Biennale Biennale of Design Brighton Photo Biennial Bucharest Biennale Coruche Biennial Courtray Design Biennale Interieur Documenta Estuaire Florence Biennale Kyiv Biennial Light Art Biennale Austria 2010 Liverpool Biennial Manifesta Moscow Biennale Munich Biennale Mykonos Biennale Netmage Biennale de Paris Prague Biennale International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam Venice Venice Biennale of Architecture Venice Biennale Venice Film Festival Vienna Biennale Vladivostok biennale Music Biennale Zagreb North America Biennial of Hawaii Artists Chicago Architecture Biennial Iowa Biennial Havana Biennial Quilt National Whitney Biennial Visual Collaborative Oceania Melbourne International Biennial 1999 Biennale of Sydney South America São Paulo Art Biennial Online BiennaleOnline Web Biennial vteVisual arts and the art worldArtwork Appropriation Collage Conceptual art Cultural artifact Drawing Fine art Fine-art photograph Found object Installation art Kinetic art Mixed media bricolage Mural fresco graffiti New media art history digital virtual Painting Performance art Plastic arts Portrait Printmaking Public art street art Sculpture carving relief statue tallest Site-specific art Social sculpture Soft sculpture Stained glass Artwork title Roles Artist Collector Conservator-restorer paintings frescos Critic Curator Dealer Model Patron Visual arts education Europe Placesand events Art auction Art colony Art commune Art exhibition alternative exhibition space Art gallery Contemporary art gallery Art museum Single-artist museum Art school Europe Arts centre Arts festival Artist collective Artist cooperative Artist-in-residence program Artist-run initiative Artist-run space Biennale Commission Sculpture garden Sculpture trail Virtual museum History of art Timeline of art Art history (academic study) Art manifesto Art movements Criticism feminist History of painting outline Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America Related Art market The arts Catalogue raisonné Classificatory disputes Museum collection management deaccessioning Conservation-restoration paintings Cultural policy Destination painting Eclecticism in art Economics of art art finance art valuation Elements of art Index of painting-related articles Outline of the visual arts painting sculpture Provenance Sociology of art Style Lists Art magazines Art media Art techniques Art movements Art museums largest most visited sculpture parks single artist Art reference books Colossal sculptures in situ Contemporary artists Contemporary art galleries Modern artists National galleries Painters by name by nationality Photographers Sculptors female Stolen paintings Most expensive paintings, sculptures, works by living artists Painting portal Visual arts portal Arts portal Authority control databases: National Germany Israel United States

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:65th_venice_film_festival.jpg"},{"link_name":"Venice International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Golden Lion","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golden_Lion"},{"link_name":"art world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_world"},{"link_name":"[bi.enˈnaːle]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian"},{"link_name":"Italian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian_language"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Documenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta"},{"link_name":"Skulptur Projekte Münster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skulptur_Projekte_M%C3%BCnster"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"Berlin International Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Viennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_International_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna"}],"text":"The Venice International Film Festival is part of the Venice Biennale. The famous Golden Lion is awarded to the best film screening at the competition.In the art world, a Biennale (Italian: [bi.enˈnaːle]), Italian for \"biennial\" or \"every other year\", is a large-scale international contemporary art exhibition. The term was popularised by the Venice Biennale, which was first held in 1895, but the concept of such a large scale, and intentionally international event goes back to at least the 1851 Great Exhibition in London.Although typically used to refer to art festivals or exhibitions which occur every two years, the term is not always applied strictly. Since the 1990s, the terms biennale and biennial have both been used to refer to large-scale international survey shows of contemporary art that recur at regular intervals (Documenta is held every five years, and Skulptur Projekte Münster every ten).[1]The term has also been adopted for other creative events, such as \"Berlinale\" for the Berlin International Film Festival and \"Viennale\" for Vienna's international film festival, both of which are held annually.","title":"Biennale"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"who?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions"},{"link_name":"collective memory","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collective_memory"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Crystal_Palace_-_Queen_Victoria_opens_the_Great_Exhibition.jpg"},{"link_name":"The Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Crystal Palace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Crystal_Palace"},{"link_name":"Great Exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Exhibition"},{"link_name":"Peter Sloterdijk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"page needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources"}],"text":"According to author Federica Martini, what is at stake in contemporary biennales is the diplomatic and international relations potential as well as urban regeneration plans. Besides being mainly focused on the present (the \"here and now\" where the cultural event takes place and their effect of \"spectacularisation of the everyday\"), because of their site-specificity cultural events may refer back to,[who?] produce or frame the history of the site and communities' collective memory.[2]The Great Exhibition in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, in 1851, the first attempt to condense the representation of the world within a unitary exhibition space.A strong and influent symbol of biennales and of large-scale international exhibitions in general is the Crystal Palace, the gigantic and futuristic London architecture that hosted the Great Exhibition in 1851. According to philosopher Peter Sloterdijk,[3][page needed] the Crystal Palace is the first attempt to condense the representation of the world in a unitary exhibition space, where the main exhibit is society itself in an a-historical, spectacular condition. The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Map_of_Venice_Biennial.pdf"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"World Fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Fair"},{"link_name":"contemporary art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art"},{"link_name":"Grand Tour","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Tour"},{"link_name":"city marketing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City_marketing"},{"link_name":"gentrification","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gentrification"}],"sub_title":"The Venice Biennale as an archetype","text":"The structure of the Venice Biennale in 2005 with an international exhibition and the national pavilions.The Venice Biennale, a periodical large-scale cultural event founded in 1895, served as an archetype of the biennales. Meant to become a World Fair focused on contemporary art, the Venice Biennale used as a pretext the wedding anniversary of the Italian king and followed up to several national exhibitions organised after Italy unification in 1861. The Biennale immediately put forth issues of city marketing, cultural tourism and urban regeneration, as it was meant to reposition Venice on the international cultural map after the crisis due to the end of the Grand Tour model and the weakening of the Venetian school of painting. Furthermore, the Gardens where the Biennale takes place were an abandoned city area that needed to be re-functionalised. In cultural terms, the Biennale was meant to provide on a biennial basis a platform for discussing contemporary art practices that were not represented in fine arts museums at the time. The early Biennale model already included some key points that are still constitutive of large-scale international art exhibitions today: a mix of city marketing, internationalism, gentrification issues and destination culture, and the spectacular, large scale of the event.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"sub_title":"Biennials after the 1990s","text":"The situation of biennials has changed in the contemporary context: while at its origin in 1895 Venice was a unique cultural event, but since the 1990s hundreds of biennials have been organized across the globe. Given the ephemeral and irregular nature of some biennials, there is little consensus on the exact number of biennials in existence at any given time.[citation needed] Furthermore, while Venice was a unique agent in the presentation of contemporary art, since the 1960s several museums devoted to contemporary art are exhibiting the contemporary scene on a regular basis. Another point of difference concerns 19th century internationalism in the arts, that was brought into question by post-colonial debates and criticism of the contemporary art \"ethnic marketing\", and also challenged the Venetian and World Fair's national representation system. As a consequence of this, Eurocentric tendency to implode the whole word in an exhibition space, which characterises both the Crystal Palace and the Venice Biennale, is affected by the expansion of the artistic geographical map to scenes traditionally considered as marginal. The birth of the Havana Biennial in 1984 is widely considered an important counterpoint to the Venetian model for its prioritization of artists working in the Global South and curatorial rejection of the national pavilion model.","title":"Characteristics"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"art exhibitions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_exhibition"},{"link_name":"Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adelaide_Biennial_of_Australian_Art"},{"link_name":"Asian Art Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Asian_Art_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Athens Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Diriyah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diriyah"},{"link_name":"Saudi Arabia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saudi_Arabia"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Arts in Marrakech Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_in_Marrakech_Festival"},{"link_name":"Bamako Encounters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/African_Photography_Encounters"},{"link_name":"Mali","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mali"},{"link_name":"Bat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-Yam_International_Biennale_of_Landscape_Urbanism"},{"link_name":"Berlin Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Berlinale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlinale"},{"link_name":"Bergen Assembly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bergen_Assembly&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Bi-City Biennale of Urbanism\\Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi-City_Biennale_of_Urbanism/Architecture"},{"link_name":"Shenzhen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenzhen"},{"link_name":"Hong Kong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong_Kong"},{"link_name":"Bienal de Arte de Ponce","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bienal_de_Arte_de_Ponce"},{"link_name":"BiennaleOnline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiennaleOnline"},{"link_name":"Biennial of Hawaii Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_of_Hawaii_Artists"},{"link_name":"Guadeloupe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guadeloupe"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Biwako Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Biwako_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"ja","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%93%E3%82%A8%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC"},{"link_name":"La Biennale de Montreal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Biennale_de_Montreal"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Boom Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boom_Festival"},{"link_name":"Idanha-a-Nova","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idanha-a-Nova"},{"link_name":"Bucharest Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Bushwick, Brooklyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bushwick,_Brooklyn"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Vila Nova de Cerveira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vila_Nova_de_Cerveira"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Changwon Sculpture Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Changwon_Sculpture_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Dakar Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dakar_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Documenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta"},{"link_name":"Kassel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kassel"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"Estuaire (biennale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaire_(biennale)"},{"link_name":"EVA International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exhibition_of_Visual_Art_(EVA/EV%2BA/eva_international),_Limerick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Greater Taipei Contemporary Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Greater_Taipei_Contemporary_Art_Biennial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Gwangju Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Havana biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_biennial"},{"link_name":"Helsinki Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Helsinki_Biennial&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-tn_2023-07-26-10"},{"link_name":"Herzliya Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Herzliya, Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya"},{"link_name":"Incheon Women Artists' Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon_Women_Artists%27_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Incheon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon"},{"link_name":"Iowa Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial"},{"link_name":"International Roaming Biennial of Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Roaming_Biennial_of_Tehran"},{"link_name":"Jakarta Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jakarta_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jerusalem Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jerusalem_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Jogja Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jogja_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karachi Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Karachi_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Karachi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karachi"},{"link_name":"Pakistan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistan"},{"link_name":"Keelung Harbor Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Keelung_Harbor_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Keelung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keelung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Kochi-Muziris Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi-Muziris_Biennale"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/India"},{"link_name":"Kochi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi"},{"link_name":"Kerala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerala"},{"link_name":"Kortrijk Design Biennale Interieur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kortrijk_Design_Biennale_Interieur"},{"link_name":"Kobe Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kobe_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Lagos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagos"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"Light Art Biennale Austria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Art_Biennale_Austria_2010"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Lofoten International Art Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lofoten_International_Art_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofoten_International_Art_Festival"},{"link_name":"Lofoten archipelago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lofoten#Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Manifesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesta"},{"link_name":"Mediations Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mediations_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Poznań","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozna%C5%84"},{"link_name":"Poland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poland"},{"link_name":"Melbourne International Biennial 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_International_Biennial_1999"},{"link_name":"MOMENTA Biennale de l'image","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOMENTA_Biennale_de_l%27image&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"fr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momenta_Biennale_de_l%27image"},{"link_name":"MOMENTUM","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MOMENTUM&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"no","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Momentum_(Moss)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"Moscow Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Munich Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Mykonos Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos_Biennale"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"NGV Triennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria#NGV_Triennial"},{"link_name":"National Gallery of Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Victoria"},{"link_name":"Melbourne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne"},{"link_name":"Australia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia"},{"link_name":"October Salon – Belgrade Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=October_Salon_%E2%80%93_Belgrade_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD"},{"link_name":"Cultural Center of Belgrade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cultural_Center_of_Belgrade&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"sr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Biennale de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"SCAPE Public Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SCAPE_Public_Art"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Prospect New Orleans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospect_New_Orleans"},{"link_name":"Seoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seoul_Biennale_of_Architecture_and_Urbanism&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Sequences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequences_Art_Festival"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Sharjah Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Sharjah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharjah"},{"link_name":"Singapore Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Screen City Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Screen_City_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Biennale of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"Taipei Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taipei_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taipei","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taipei"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Arts Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Arts_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Taichung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taichung"},{"link_name":"Taiwan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiwan"},{"link_name":"National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Taiwan_Museum_of_Fine_Arts"},{"link_name":"Taiwan Film Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Taiwan_Film_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Hammer Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hammer_Museum"},{"link_name":"Los Angeles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Angeles"},{"link_name":"U.S.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Thessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thessaloniki_Biennale_of_Contemporary_Art&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"el","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B5_%CE%A3%CF%8D%CE%B3%CF%87%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%A4%CE%AD%CF%87%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%B7%CF%82"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Tunisia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunisia"},{"link_name":"Vancouver Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Visayas Islands Visual Arts Exhibition and Conference (VIVA ExCon)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Visayas_Islands_Visual_Arts_Exhibition_and_Conference_(VIVA_ExCon)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Philippines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philippines"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok_biennale"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russia"},{"link_name":"Whitney Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Whitney Museum of American Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Museum_of_American_Art"},{"link_name":"Web Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Biennial"},{"link_name":"West Africa Architecture Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=West_Africa_Architecture_Biennale&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"Wrocław","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"},{"link_name":"Music Biennale Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Biennale_Zagreb"}],"text":"In the term's most commonly used context of major recurrent art exhibitions:Adelaide Biennial of Australian Art, South Australia\nAsian Art Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts)\nAthens Biennale, in Athens, Greece\nDiriyah Contemporary Art Biennale, in Diriyah, Saudi Arabia\nBienal de Arte Paiz, in Guatemala City, Guatemala[4]\nArts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale (Arts in Marrakech Festival)\nBamako Encounters, a biennale of photography in Mali\nBat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism\nBeijing Biennale\nBerlin Biennale (contemporary art biennale, to be distinguished from Berlinale, which is a film festival)\nBergen Assembly (triennial for contemporary art in Bergen, Norway)www.bergenassembly.no\nBi-City Biennale of Urbanism\\Architecture, in Shenzhen and Hong Kong, China\nBienal de Arte de Ponce in Ponce, Puerto Rico\nBiënnale van België, Biennial of Belgium, Belgium\nBiennaleOnline Online biennial exhibition of contemporary art from the most promising emerging artists.\nBiennial of Hawaii Artists\nBiennale de la Biche, the smallest biennale in the world held at deserted island near Guadeloupe, French overseas region[5][6]\nBiwako Biennale [ja], in Shiga, Japan\nLa Biennale de Montreal\nBiennale of Luanda : Pan-African Forum for the Culture of Peace,[7] Angola\nBoom Festival, international music and culture festival in Idanha-a-Nova, Portugal\nBucharest Biennale in Bucharest, Romania\nBushwick Biennial, in Bushwick, Brooklyn, New York\nCanakkale Biennial, in Canakkale, Turkey\nCello Biennale, Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nCerveira International Art Biennial, Vila Nova de Cerveira, Portugal [8]\nChangwon Sculpture Biennale in Changwon, South Korea\nDakar Biennale, also called Dak'Art, biennale in Dakar, Senegal\nDocumenta, contemporary art exhibition held every five years in Kassel, Germany\nEstuaire (biennale), biennale in Nantes and Saint-Nazaire, France\nEVA International, biennial in Limerick, Republic of Ireland\nGöteborg International Biennial for Contemporary Art, in Gothenburg, Sweden[9]\nGreater Taipei Contemporary Art Biennial, in Taipei, Taiwan\nGwangju Biennale, Asia's first and most prestigious contemporary art biennale\nHavana biennial, in Havana, Cuba\nHelsinki Biennial, in Helsinki, Finland[10]\nHerzliya Biennial For Contemporary Art, in Herzliya, Israel\nIncheon Women Artists' Biennale, in Incheon, South Korea\nIowa Biennial, in Iowa, US\nIstanbul Biennial, in Istanbul, Turkey\nInternational Roaming Biennial of Tehran, in Tehran and Istanbul\nJakarta Biennale, in Jakarta, Indonesia\nJerusalem Biennale, in Jerusalem, Israel\nJogja Biennale, in Yogyakarta, Indonesia\nKarachi Biennale, in Karachi, Pakistan\nKeelung Harbor Biennale, in Keelung, Taiwan\nKochi-Muziris Biennale, largest art exhibition in India, in Kochi, Kerala, India\nKortrijk Design Biennale Interieur, in Kortrijk, Belgium\nKobe Biennale, in Japan\nKuandu Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan\nLagos Biennial, in Lagos, Nigeria[11]\nLight Art Biennale Austria, in Austria\nLiverpool Biennial, in Liverpool, UK\nLofoten International Art Festival [no] (LIAF), on the Lofoten archipelago, Norway[12]\nManifesta, European Biennale of contemporary art in different European cities\nMediations Biennale, in Poznań, Poland\nMelbourne International Biennial 1999\nMediterranean Biennale in Sakhnin 2013\nMOMENTA Biennale de l'image [fr] (formerly known as Le Mois de la Photo à Montréal), in Montreal, Canada\nMOMENTUM [no], in Moss, Norway[13]\nMoscow Biennale, in Moscow, Russia\nMunich Biennale, new opera and music-theatre in even-numbered years\nMykonos Biennale\nNakanojo Biennale[14]\nNGV Triennial, contemporary art exhibition held every three years at the National Gallery of Victoria, Melbourne, Australia\nOctober Salon – Belgrade Biennale [sr], organised by the Cultural Center of Belgrade [sr], in Belgrade, Serbia[15]\nOSTEN Biennial of Drawing Skopje, North Macedonia[16]\nBiennale de Paris\nRiga International Biennial of Contemporary Art (RIBOCA), in Riga, Latvia[17]\nSão Paulo Art Biennial, in São Paulo, Brazil\nSCAPE Public Art Christchurch Biennial in Christchurch, New Zealand[18]\nProspect New Orleans\nSeoul Biennale of Architecture and Urbanism\nSequences, in Reykjavík, Iceland[19]\nShanghai Biennale\nSharjah Biennale, in Sharjah, UAE\nSingapore Biennale, held in various locations across the city-state island of Singapore\nScreen City Biennial, in Stavanger, Norway\nString Quartet Biennale Amsterdam, the Netherlands\nBiennale of Sydney\nTaipei Biennale, in Taipei, Taiwan\nTaiwan Arts Biennale, in Taichung, Taiwan (National Taiwan Museum of Fine Arts)\nTaiwan Film Biennale, in Hammer Museum, Los Angeles, U.S.\nThessaloniki Biennale of Contemporary Art [el], in Thessaloniki, Greece[20]\nDream city, produced by ART Rue Association in Tunisia\nVancouver Biennale\nVisayas Islands Visual Arts Exhibition and Conference (VIVA ExCon) in the Philippines [21]\nVenice Biennale, in Venice, Italy, which includes:\nVenice Biennale of Contemporary Art\nVenice Biennale of Architecture\nVenice Film Festival\nVladivostok biennale of Visual Arts, in Vladivostok, Russia\nWhitney Biennial, hosted by the Whitney Museum of American Art, in New York City, NY, US\nWeb Biennial, produced with teams from Athens, Berlin and Istanbul.\nWest Africa Architecture Biennale,[22] Virtual in Lagos, Nigeria.\nWRO Biennale, in Wrocław, Poland[23]\nMusic Biennale Zagreb\n[SHIFT:ibpcpa] The International Biennale of Performance, Collaborative and Participatory Arts, Nomadic, International, Scotland, UK.\nYerevan Print Biennale","title":"International biennales"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Almenara 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Urbanism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bat-Yam_International_Biennale_of_Landscape_Urbanism"},{"link_name":"Chengdu Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chengdu_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Gwangju Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwangju_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Herzliya Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herzliya_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Incheon Women Artists' Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Incheon_Women_Artists%27_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Istanbul Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Istanbul_Biennial"},{"link_name":"International Roaming Biennial of Tehran","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Roaming_Biennial_of_Tehran"},{"link_name":"Kochi-Muziris Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kochi-Muziris_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Nanjing Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanjing_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Shanghai Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shanghai_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Singapore Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Singapore_Biennale"},{"link_name":"ART Ii Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ART_Ii_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Berlin Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Biennale of Design","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_of_Design"},{"link_name":"Brighton Photo Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brighton_Photo_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Bucharest Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bucharest_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Coruche Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coruche_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Courtray Design Biennale Interieur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtray_Design_Biennale_Interieur"},{"link_name":"Documenta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta"},{"link_name":"Estuaire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estuaire_(biennale)"},{"link_name":"Florence Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florence_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Kyiv Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyiv_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Light Art Biennale Austria 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Light_Art_Biennale_Austria_2010"},{"link_name":"Liverpool Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Manifesta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manifesta"},{"link_name":"Moscow Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moscow_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Munich Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munich_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Mykonos Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mykonos_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Netmage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Netmage"},{"link_name":"Biennale de Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_de_Paris"},{"link_name":"Prague Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prague_Biennale"},{"link_name":"International Architecture Biennale Rotterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Architecture_Biennale_Rotterdam"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale of Architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale_of_Architecture"},{"link_name":"Venice Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Venice Film Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival"},{"link_name":"Vienna Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Biennale"},{"link_name":"Vladivostok biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladivostok_biennale"},{"link_name":"Music Biennale Zagreb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Music_Biennale_Zagreb"},{"link_name":"Biennial of Hawaii Artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennial_of_Hawaii_Artists"},{"link_name":"Chicago Architecture Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chicago_Architecture_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Iowa Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iowa_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Havana Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Quilt National","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quilt_National"},{"link_name":"Whitney Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whitney_Biennial"},{"link_name":"Visual Collaborative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_Collaborative"},{"link_name":"Melbourne International Biennial 1999","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melbourne_International_Biennial_1999"},{"link_name":"Biennale of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"São Paulo Art Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Art_Biennial"},{"link_name":"BiennaleOnline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BiennaleOnline"},{"link_name":"Web Biennial","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_Biennial"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Art_world"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world"},{"link_name":"Visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"art world","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_world"},{"link_name":"Appropriation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appropriation_(art)"},{"link_name":"Collage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collage"},{"link_name":"Conceptual art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conceptual_art"},{"link_name":"Cultural artifact","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_artifact"},{"link_name":"Drawing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drawing"},{"link_name":"Fine art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine_art"},{"link_name":"Fine-art photograph","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-art_photography"},{"link_name":"Found object","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Found_object"},{"link_name":"Installation art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Installation_art"},{"link_name":"Kinetic art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic_art"},{"link_name":"Mixed media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mixed_media"},{"link_name":"bricolage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bricolage"},{"link_name":"Mural","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mural"},{"link_name":"fresco","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco"},{"link_name":"graffiti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graffiti"},{"link_name":"New media art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_media_art"},{"link_name":"history","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_art_history"},{"link_name":"digital","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_art"},{"link_name":"virtual","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_art"},{"link_name":"Painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Painting"},{"link_name":"Performance art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance_art"},{"link_name":"Plastic arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plastic_arts"},{"link_name":"Portrait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portrait"},{"link_name":"Printmaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Printmaking"},{"link_name":"Public art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_art"},{"link_name":"street art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Street_art"},{"link_name":"Sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture"},{"link_name":"carving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carving"},{"link_name":"relief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief"},{"link_name":"statue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statue"},{"link_name":"tallest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues"},{"link_name":"Site-specific art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Site-specific_art"},{"link_name":"Social sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Soft sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Stained glass","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass"},{"link_name":"Artwork title","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artwork_title"},{"link_name":"Artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist"},{"link_name":"Collector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_collection"},{"link_name":"Conservator-restorer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservator-restorer"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paintings_conservator"},{"link_name":"frescos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos"},{"link_name":"Critic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_critic"},{"link_name":"Curator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curator"},{"link_name":"Dealer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_dealer"},{"link_name":"Model","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_(art)"},{"link_name":"Patron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patronage"},{"link_name":"Visual arts education","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Visual_arts_education"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Art auction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_auction"},{"link_name":"Art colony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_colony"},{"link_name":"Art commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_commune"},{"link_name":"Art exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_exhibition"},{"link_name":"alternative exhibition space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space"},{"link_name":"Art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_gallery"},{"link_name":"Contemporary art gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery"},{"link_name":"Art museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_museum"},{"link_name":"Single-artist museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single-artist_museum"},{"link_name":"Art school","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_school"},{"link_name":"Europe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe"},{"link_name":"Arts centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_centre"},{"link_name":"Arts festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_festival"},{"link_name":"Artist collective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_collective"},{"link_name":"Artist cooperative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist_cooperative"},{"link_name":"Artist-in-residence program","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist-in-residence"},{"link_name":"Artist-run initiative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist-run_initiative"},{"link_name":"Artist-run space","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artist-run_space"},{"link_name":"Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Commission","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commission_(art)"},{"link_name":"Sculpture garden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_garden"},{"link_name":"Sculpture trail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sculpture_trail"},{"link_name":"Virtual museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtual_museum"},{"link_name":"History of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_art"},{"link_name":"Timeline of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_art"},{"link_name":"Art history (academic study)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_history"},{"link_name":"Art manifesto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_manifesto"},{"link_name":"Art movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_movement"},{"link_name":"Criticism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_criticism"},{"link_name":"feminist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism"},{"link_name":"History of painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_painting"},{"link_name":"outline","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history"},{"link_name":"Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America"},{"link_name":"Art market","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_market"},{"link_name":"The arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_arts"},{"link_name":"Catalogue raisonné","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9"},{"link_name":"Classificatory disputes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art"},{"link_name":"Museum collection management","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy"},{"link_name":"deaccessioning","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)"},{"link_name":"Conservation-restoration","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage"},{"link_name":"paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings"},{"link_name":"Cultural policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultural_policy"},{"link_name":"Destination painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Destination_painting"},{"link_name":"Eclecticism in art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art"},{"link_name":"Economics of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature"},{"link_name":"art finance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_finance"},{"link_name":"art valuation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_valuation"},{"link_name":"Elements of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elements_of_art"},{"link_name":"Index of painting-related articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles"},{"link_name":"Outline of the visual arts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts"},{"link_name":"painting","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_painting"},{"link_name":"sculpture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture"},{"link_name":"Provenance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provenance"},{"link_name":"Sociology of art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sociology_of_art"},{"link_name":"Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)"},{"link_name":"Art magazines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_magazines"},{"link_name":"Art media","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_media"},{"link_name":"Art techniques","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_techniques"},{"link_name":"Art movements","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_movements"},{"link_name":"Art museums","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_museums"},{"link_name":"largest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums"},{"link_name":"most visited","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums"},{"link_name":"sculpture parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks"},{"link_name":"single artist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums"},{"link_name":"Art reference books","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books"},{"link_name":"Colossal sculptures in situ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ"},{"link_name":"Contemporary artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists"},{"link_name":"Contemporary art galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries"},{"link_name":"Modern artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_modern_artists"},{"link_name":"National galleries","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_national_galleries"},{"link_name":"Painters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_painters"},{"link_name":"by name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name"},{"link_name":"by nationality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality"},{"link_name":"Photographers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_photographers"},{"link_name":"Sculptors","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sculptors"},{"link_name":"female","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors"},{"link_name":"Stolen paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings"},{"link_name":"Most expensive paintings","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings"},{"link_name":"sculptures","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures"},{"link_name":"works by living artists","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists"},{"link_name":"Painting portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Painting"},{"link_name":"Visual arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts"},{"link_name":"Arts portal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Arts"},{"link_name":"Authority control databases","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:Authority_control"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182683#identifiers"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//d-nb.info/gnd/4634328-3"},{"link_name":"Israel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007384488705171"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2015002477"}],"text":"Filipovic, Elena (2010). Marieke van Hal, Solveig Øvsteø (ed.). The Biennial Reader. Bergen, Norway: Bergen Biennial Conference.\n(Spanish) Niemojewski, Rafal (2013) \"Venecia o La Habana: Una polémica sobre la génesis de la bienal contemporánea.\" Denken Pensée Thought Mysl... Criterios, Issue 47 (October).\n(Spanish) Ojeda, D, de la Nuez, R (eds), Trazos discontinuos. Antología crítica sobre las bienales de arte en Asia Pacífico. (Discontinuous strokes. Critical anthology of art biennials in Asia Pacific). Leiden: Almenara Press. ISBN 978-94-92260-47-5\nJones, Caroline (March 29, 2006), Biennial Culture, Institute national d'histoire de l'art, Paris{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)\n(in English and Italian) Vittoria Martini e Federica Martini, Just another exhibition. Histories and politics of biennials, Postmedia Books, 2011 ISBN 88-7490-060-0, ISBN 978-88-7490-060-2\nFederica Martini, Cultural event in Mobile A2K Methodology guide, 2002.\nManifesta Journal No 2 Winter 2003/ Spring 2004 - Biennials. Artimo Foundation. June 1, 2003. ISBN 90-75380-95-X.\nMorris, Jane (May 1, 2019). \"Why is the Venice Biennale still so important?\". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved May 4, 2019.\nNiemojewski, Rafal (2006) \"Whence Come You, and Whither Are you Going? On the Memory and Identity of Biennials\" Manifesta Journal, MJ – Journal of Contemporary Curatorship, N°6 Winter 2005/06\nNiemojewski, Rafal (2014) \"Turning the Tide: the oppositional past and uncertain future of the contemporary biennial\" Seismopolite: Journal of Art and Politics, Volume 1, Issue 6, (February).\nNiemojewski, Rafal (2018) \"Contemporary Art Biennials: Decline or Resurgence?\" Cultural Politics, Duke University Press, Volume 14, Issue 1, (Spring).\nNiemojewski, Rafal (2021) Biennials: The Exhibitions We Love to Hate, Lund Humphries. ISBN 9781848223882\nVanderlinden, Barbara (June 2, 2006). Elena Filipovic (ed.). The Manifesta Decade: Debates on Contemporary Art Exhibitions and Biennials in Post-Wall Europe (illustrated ed.). The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-22076-8.\nExternal links[edit]\nBiennial Foundation site dedicated to biennales around the world\n\"Global Exhibitions: Contemporary Art and the African Diaspora\". Liverpool. February 19, 2010.\nByrne, John (2005). \"Contemporary Art and Globalisation: Biennials and the Emergence of the De-Centred Artist\". Cambridge: University of Cambridge. Archived from the original on September 1, 2007. Retrieved June 5, 2013.vteMajor international art exhibitions and biennalesAfrica\nAfrican Photography Encounters\nArts in Marrakech (AiM) International Biennale\nDakar Biennale\nAsia\nAsian Art Biennial\nBat-Yam International Biennale of Landscape Urbanism\nChengdu Biennale\nGwangju Biennale\nHerzliya Biennial\nIncheon Women Artists' Biennale\nIstanbul Biennial\nInternational Roaming Biennial of Tehran\nKochi-Muziris Biennale\nNanjing Biennale\nShanghai Biennale\nSingapore Biennale\nEurope\nART Ii Biennale\nBerlin Biennale\nBiennale of Design\nBrighton Photo Biennial\nBucharest Biennale\nCoruche Biennial\nCourtray Design Biennale Interieur\nDocumenta\nEstuaire\nFlorence Biennale\nKyiv Biennial\nLight Art Biennale Austria 2010\nLiverpool Biennial\nManifesta\nMoscow Biennale\nMunich Biennale\nMykonos Biennale\nNetmage\nBiennale de Paris\nPrague Biennale\nInternational Architecture Biennale Rotterdam\nVenice\nVenice Biennale of Architecture\nVenice Biennale\nVenice Film Festival\nVienna Biennale\nVladivostok biennale\nMusic Biennale Zagreb\nNorth America\nBiennial of Hawaii Artists\nChicago Architecture Biennial\nIowa Biennial\nHavana Biennial\nQuilt National\nWhitney Biennial\nVisual Collaborative\nOceania\nMelbourne International Biennial 1999\nBiennale of Sydney\nSouth America\nSão Paulo Art Biennial\nOnline\nBiennaleOnline\nWeb BiennialvteVisual arts and the art worldArtwork\nAppropriation\nCollage\nConceptual art\nCultural artifact\nDrawing\nFine art\nFine-art photograph\nFound object\nInstallation art\nKinetic art\nMixed media\nbricolage\nMural\nfresco\ngraffiti\nNew media art\nhistory\ndigital\nvirtual\nPainting\nPerformance art\nPlastic arts\nPortrait\nPrintmaking\nPublic art\nstreet art\nSculpture\ncarving\nrelief\nstatue\ntallest\nSite-specific art\nSocial sculpture\nSoft sculpture\nStained glass\nArtwork title\nRoles\nArtist\nCollector\nConservator-restorer\npaintings\nfrescos\nCritic\nCurator\nDealer\nModel\nPatron\nVisual arts education\nEurope\nPlacesand events\nArt auction\nArt colony\nArt commune\nArt exhibition\nalternative exhibition space\nArt gallery\nContemporary art gallery\nArt museum\nSingle-artist museum\nArt school\nEurope\nArts centre\nArts festival\nArtist collective\nArtist cooperative\nArtist-in-residence program\nArtist-run initiative\nArtist-run space\nBiennale\nCommission\nSculpture garden\nSculpture trail\nVirtual museum\nHistory of art\nTimeline of art\nArt history (academic study)\nArt manifesto\nArt movements\nCriticism\nfeminist\nHistory of painting\noutline\nTimeline of 20th century printmaking in America\nRelated\nArt market\nThe arts\nCatalogue raisonné\nClassificatory disputes\nMuseum collection management\ndeaccessioning\nConservation-restoration\npaintings\nCultural policy\nDestination painting\nEclecticism in art\nEconomics of art\nart finance\nart valuation\nElements of art\nIndex of painting-related articles\nOutline of the visual arts\npainting\nsculpture\nProvenance\nSociology of art\nStyle\nLists\nArt magazines\nArt media\nArt techniques\nArt movements\nArt museums\nlargest\nmost visited\nsculpture parks\nsingle artist\nArt reference books\nColossal sculptures in situ\nContemporary artists\nContemporary art galleries\nModern artists\nNational galleries\nPainters\nby name\nby nationality\nPhotographers\nSculptors\nfemale\nStolen paintings\nMost expensive paintings, sculptures, works by living artists\n\nPainting portal\nVisual arts portal\nArts portalAuthority control databases: National \nGermany\nIsrael\nUnited States","title":"Further reading"}]

[{"image_text":"The Venice International Film Festival is part of the Venice Biennale. The famous Golden Lion is awarded to the best film screening at the competition.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/65th_venice_film_festival.jpg/220px-65th_venice_film_festival.jpg"},{"image_text":"The Great Exhibition in The Crystal Palace in Hyde Park, London, in 1851, the first attempt to condense the representation of the world within a unitary exhibition space.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Crystal_Palace_-_Queen_Victoria_opens_the_Great_Exhibition.jpg/220px-Crystal_Palace_-_Queen_Victoria_opens_the_Great_Exhibition.jpg"},{"image_text":"The structure of the Venice Biennale in 2005 with an international exhibition and the national pavilions.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Map_of_Venice_Biennial.pdf/page1-220px-Map_of_Venice_Biennial.pdf.jpg"}]

[{"title":"World's fair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World%27s_fair"},{"title":"Art exhibition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_exhibition"},{"title":"Art festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_festival"},{"title":"Art biennials in Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Art_biennials_in_Africa"}]

[{"reference":"Niemojewski, Rafal (2021). Biennials : the exhibitions we love to hate. London. ISBN 978-1-84822-388-2. OCLC 1205590577.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1205590577","url_text":"Biennials : the exhibitions we love to hate"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84822-388-2","url_text":"978-1-84822-388-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1205590577","url_text":"1205590577"}]},{"reference":"\"In Guatemala, the Bienal de Arte Paiz Offers an Object Lesson in Community-Based Art Done Right\". artnet News. September 7, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.artnet.com/exhibitions/bienal-de-arte-paiz-1341554","url_text":"\"In Guatemala, the Bienal de Arte Paiz Offers an Object Lesson in Community-Based Art Done Right\""}]},{"reference":"\"Welcome to the world's smallest art fair – on a disappearing speck of sand\". The Guardian. January 24, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2017/jan/24/biennale-de-la-biche-guadeloupe","url_text":"\"Welcome to the world's smallest art fair – on a disappearing speck of sand\""}]},{"reference":"\"Home | Biennale of Luanda 2021\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.unesco.org/forum/biennale-of-luanda","url_text":"\"Home | Biennale of Luanda 2021\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bienal de Cerveira\". Bienal de Cerveira.","urls":[{"url":"http://bienaldecerveira.pt/","url_text":"\"Bienal de Cerveira\""}]},{"reference":"\"GIBCA • home\". www.gibca.se.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.gibca.se/en/home","url_text":"\"GIBCA • home\""}]},{"reference":"Dunmall, Giovanna (July 26, 2023). \"Art and island-hopping in Finland's cultural capital\". The National (Abu Dhabi). Retrieved July 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thenationalnews.com/travel/2023/07/26/art-and-island-hopping-in-finlands-cultural-capital/","url_text":"\"Art and island-hopping in Finland's cultural capital\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_National_(Abu_Dhabi)","url_text":"The National (Abu Dhabi)"}]},{"reference":"\"Lagos Biennial (Nigeria)\". Biennial Foundation. Archived from the original on April 24, 2017. Retrieved February 23, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/lagos-biennial-nigeria/","url_text":"\"Lagos Biennial (Nigeria)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170424102901/http://www.biennialfoundation.org:80/biennials/lagos-biennial-nigeria/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Lofoten International Art Festival LIAF (Norway)\". Biennial Foundation. Archived from the original on June 7, 2013. Retrieved July 1, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/lofoten-international-art-festival-liaf/","url_text":"\"Lofoten International Art Festival LIAF (Norway)\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20130607082318/http://www.biennialfoundation.org/biennials/lofoten-international-art-festival-liaf/","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Momentum (Norway)\". Biennial Foundation. 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November 24, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://wrocenter.pl/en/biennale-wro/","url_text":"\"Biennale WRO\""}]},{"reference":"Filipovic, Elena (2010). Marieke van Hal, Solveig Øvsteø (ed.). The Biennial Reader. Bergen, Norway: Bergen Biennial Conference.","urls":[]},{"reference":"Jones, Caroline (March 29, 2006), Biennial Culture, Institute national d'histoire de l'art, Paris","urls":[]},{"reference":"Manifesta Journal No 2 Winter 2003/ Spring 2004 - Biennials. Artimo Foundation. June 1, 2003. ISBN 90-75380-95-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-75380-95-X","url_text":"90-75380-95-X"}]},{"reference":"Morris, Jane (May 1, 2019). \"Why is the Venice Biennale still so important?\". The Art Newspaper. Retrieved May 4, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://theartnewspaper.com/comment/does-venice-still-matter","url_text":"\"Why is the Venice Biennale still so important?\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Art_Newspaper","url_text":"The Art Newspaper"}]},{"reference":"Vanderlinden, Barbara (June 2, 2006). Elena Filipovic (ed.). The Manifesta Decade: Debates on Contemporary Art Exhibitions and Biennials in Post-Wall Europe (illustrated ed.). The MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-22076-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/manifestadecaded0000unse","url_text":"The Manifesta Decade: Debates on Contemporary Art Exhibitions and Biennials in Post-Wall Europe"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-22076-8","url_text":"0-262-22076-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Global Exhibitions: Contemporary Art and the African Diaspora\". Liverpool. 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Retrieved June 5, 2013.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070901003603/http://h05.cgpublisher.com/proposals/631/index_html","url_text":"\"Contemporary Art and Globalisation: Biennials and the Emergence of the De-Centred Artist\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cambridge","url_text":"Cambridge"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Cambridge","url_text":"University of Cambridge"},{"url":"http://h05.cgpublisher.com/proposals/631/index_html","url_text":"the original"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya

Ostrya

["1 Species","1.1 Fossil record","2 References","3 External links"]

Genus of trees Hophornbeam Ostrya virginiana Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Fagales Family: Betulaceae Subfamily: Coryloideae Genus: OstryaScop. Synonyms Zugilus Raf. Ostrya is a genus of eight to 10 small deciduous trees belonging to the birch family Betulaceae. Common names include hop-hornbeam and hophornbeam. It may also be called ironwood, a name shared with a number of other plants. The genus is native in southern Europe, southwest and eastern Asia, and North and Central America. They have a conical or irregular crown and a scaly, rough bark. They have alternate and double-toothed birch-like leaves 3–10 cm long. The flowers are produced in spring, with male catkins 5–10 cm long and female aments 2–5 cm long. The fruit form in pendulous clusters 3–8 cm long with 6–20 seeds; each seed is a small nut 2–4 mm long, fully enclosed in a bladder-like involucre. The wood is very hard and heavy. The genus name Ostrya is derived from the Greek word ὀστρύα (ostrúa), which may be related to ὄστρακον (óstrakon) "shell (of an animal)". Regarded as a weed tree by some foresters, this hard and stable wood was historically used to fashion plane soles. Ostrya species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including winter moth, walnut sphinx, and Coleophora ostryae. Species Ostrya has the following species: Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. – European hop-hornbeam - Mediterranean region of southern Europe, Middle-east, Turkey, Lebanon, Caucasus Ostrya chisosensis Correll – Chisos hophornbeam, Big Bend hophornbeam - endemic to Big Bend National Park in Texas Ostrya japonica Sarg. – Japanese hophornbeam - Japan, Korea, northern China Ostrya knowltonii Coville – Knowlton hophornbeam, western hophornbeam, wolf hophornbeam - Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas Ostrya multinervis Rehd. – Central Chinese hop-hornbeam - central China Ostrya rehderiana Chun – Zhejiang hop-hornbeam - Zhejiang Province in China Ostrya trichocarpa D.Fang & Y.S.Wang – Guangxi Province in China Ostrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch – eastern hophornbeam, American hophornbeam, ironwood - eastern US, eastern Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras Ostrya yunnanensis W.K.Hu – Yunnan hop-hornbeam - Yunnan Province in China †Ostrya oregoniana (fossil) †Ostrya scholzii (fossil) Fossil record †Ostrya scholzii fossil seeds of the Chattian stage, Oligocene, are known from the Oberleichtersbach Formation in the Rhön Mountains, central Germany. References ^ a b c Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families ^ Flora of North America, vol 3, hop-hornbeam, Ostrya Scopoli, Fl. Carniol. 414. 1760. ^ "Ostrya". Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Retrieved 2019-03-03. ^ Biota of North America Program, 2013 county distribution maps ^ The floral change in the tertiary of the Rhön mountains (Germany) by Dieter Hans Mai - Acta Paleobotanica 47(1): 135-143, 2007. Rushforth, K. (1985). "Ostrya". The Plantsman 7: 208-212. Flora of China: Ostrya Flora Europaea: Ostrya External links Media related to Ostrya at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersOstrya Wikidata: Q605290 Wikispecies: Ostrya CoL: 8VZZB EoL: 107847 EPPO: 1OSTG FNA: 123370 FoC: 123370 GBIF: 5332281 GRIN: 8643 iNaturalist: 54772 IPNI: 331819-2 ITIS: 19508 NBN: NHMSYS0020823400 NCBI: 13621 NZOR: e2467e73-af0a-4e95-9f38-95c0d329139d Open Tree of Life: 747776 Paleobiology Database: 157332 PLANTS: OSTRY Plazi: EC30B96A-FFB6-FFFB-56D0-8A4EFE48FA2D POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:331819-2 Tropicos: 40034662 VASCAN: 1494 WFO: wfo-4000027418

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Common names include hop-hornbeam and hophornbeam. It may also be called ironwood, a name shared with a number of other plants.The genus is native in southern Europe, southwest and eastern Asia, and North and Central America.[1] They have a conical or irregular crown and a scaly, rough bark. They have alternate and double-toothed birch-like leaves 3–10 cm long. The flowers are produced in spring, with male catkins 5–10 cm long and female aments 2–5 cm long. The fruit form in pendulous clusters 3–8 cm long with 6–20 seeds; each seed is a small nut 2–4 mm long, fully enclosed in a bladder-like involucre.[2]The wood is very hard and heavy. The genus name Ostrya is derived from the Greek word ὀστρύα (ostrúa), which may be related to ὄστρακον (óstrakon) \"shell (of an animal)\".[3] Regarded as a weed tree by some foresters[who?][citation needed], this hard and stable wood was historically used to fashion plane soles.Ostrya species are used as food plants by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species, including winter moth, walnut sphinx, and Coleophora ostryae.","title":"Ostrya"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-wcsp-1"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Ostrya carpinifolia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya_carpinifolia"},{"link_name":"Turkey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turkey"},{"link_name":"Lebanon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lebanon"},{"link_name":"Ostrya chisosensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya_chisosensis"},{"link_name":"Big Bend National Park","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Big_Bend_National_Park"},{"link_name":"Ostrya japonica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya_japonica"},{"link_name":"Japan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan"},{"link_name":"Ostrya knowltonii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya_knowltonii"},{"link_name":"Utah","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utah"},{"link_name":"Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona"},{"link_name":"New Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Mexico"},{"link_name":"Texas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Texas"},{"link_name":"Ostrya multinervis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrya_multinervis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostrya rehderiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya_rehderiana"},{"link_name":"Zhejiang Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zhejiang_Province"},{"link_name":"Ostrya trichocarpa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrya_trichocarpa&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Guangxi Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guangxi_Province"},{"link_name":"Ostrya virginiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrya_virginiana"},{"link_name":"Guatemala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guatemala"},{"link_name":"El Salvador","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/El_Salvador"},{"link_name":"Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honduras"},{"link_name":"Ostrya yunnanensis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrya_yunnanensis&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Yunnan Province","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yunnan_Province"},{"link_name":"Ostrya oregoniana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrya_oregoniana&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Ostrya scholzii","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ostrya_scholzii&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"Ostrya has the following species:[1][4]Ostrya carpinifolia Scop. – European hop-hornbeam - Mediterranean region of southern Europe, Middle-east, Turkey, Lebanon, Caucasus\nOstrya chisosensis Correll – Chisos hophornbeam, Big Bend hophornbeam - endemic to Big Bend National Park in Texas\nOstrya japonica Sarg. – Japanese hophornbeam - Japan, Korea, northern China\nOstrya knowltonii Coville – Knowlton hophornbeam, western hophornbeam, wolf hophornbeam - Utah, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas\nOstrya multinervis Rehd. – Central Chinese hop-hornbeam - central China\nOstrya rehderiana Chun – Zhejiang hop-hornbeam - Zhejiang Province in China\nOstrya trichocarpa D.Fang & Y.S.Wang – Guangxi Province in China\nOstrya virginiana (Mill.) K. Koch – eastern hophornbeam, American hophornbeam, ironwood - eastern US, eastern Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras\nOstrya yunnanensis W.K.Hu – Yunnan hop-hornbeam - Yunnan Province in China\n†Ostrya oregoniana (fossil)\n†Ostrya scholzii (fossil)","title":"Species"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Chattian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chattian"},{"link_name":"Oligocene","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oligocene"},{"link_name":"Rhön Mountains","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rh%C3%B6n_Mountains"},{"link_name":"Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"sub_title":"Fossil record","text":"†Ostrya scholzii fossil seeds of the Chattian stage, Oligocene, are known from the Oberleichtersbach Formation in the Rhön Mountains, central Germany.[5]","title":"Species"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Spirit_Regional_Park

Pacific Spirit Regional Park

["1 External links","1.1 Notes"]

Coordinates: 49°15′N 123°13′W / 49.25°N 123.21°W / 49.25; -123.21Park in the city of Vancouver, British Columbia Pacific Spirit Regional ParkAcadia BeachTypeRegional ParkLocationUniversity Endowment LandsNearest cityVancouver, British Columbia, CanadaCoordinates49°15′N 123°13′W / 49.25°N 123.21°W / 49.25; -123.21Area874 hectares (2,160 acres)Established1989Operated byMetro Vancouver Regional DistrictWebsitemetrovancouver.org/services/regional-parks/park/pacific-spirit-regional-park Pacific Spirit Regional Park is a 874 hectares (2,160 acres) park located in the University Endowment Lands, on Point Grey to the west of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. It surrounds the endowment lands of the University of British Columbia on the shores of Georgia Strait in the Pacific Ocean. It is a nature preserve of the British Columbia government and classified under Electoral Area A. The park contains over 73 km of walking/hiking trails, 50 km of which are designated multi-use and available for cycling and horseback riding as well. There is a Park Centre which is located on W 16th Avenue. In 1975, BC Parks established ninety hectares of Pacific Spirit Regional Park as the UBC Endowment Lands Ecological Reserve. This area is designated for forest research, and is not open to the public. The entire section of beach in Pacific Spirit (running from Acadia Beach in the north to Trail #7 in the south), including Wreck Beach, is designated as clothing optional. The beach at the end of Trail #7 There are free parking lots at Acadia, Spanish Banks and Jericho beaches, and at the information center on 16th Avenue. Pay parking can be found in a lot near Gate 7 to UBC (see map), at the UBC Museum of Anthropology, by the UBC Botanical gardens and in various visitor lots around UBC. Additionally, parking is available at different places along 16th Avenue, on SW Marine Drive from Gate 8 to the Museum of Anthropology, and along Old Marine Drive. Many of the UBC buses stop along the trails. "Dogs must be under control at all times. There are on-leash and leash-optional areas in the park. Check local signs for details. Please show courtesy to other park visitors by removing your dog’s droppings." There are washrooms at the head of Trail #7, Acadia Beach and at the head and base of Trail #6. "The washrooms and picnic table at the Park Centre on 16th Avenue are wheelchair-accessible. Other accessible facilities include Cleveland, Heron and Imperial Trails, as well as the Clinton Meadow picnic area. However, trails are subject to use and weathering which may degrade them to the point where their original accessible design has been compromised. It is advisable to take an able-bodied person with you." "Pacific Spirit Park Society is actively involved in Pacific Spirit Regional Park. For more information or to get involved with this association, contact the Community Development Coordinator at the West Area Parks Office." External links Official website Pacific Spirit Park Society Pacific Spirit Walking Trail Guide Notes ^ "Pacific Spirit Park - Pacific Spirit Park Society". Retrieved July 10, 2022. ^ http://www.spdf2013.com/program/Docs/BogsCreeks-PacificSpirit.pdf ^ a b c d Pacific Spirit Regional Park Profile vteProtected areas of British Columbia CRHP Alberni-Clayoquot RD BC Coast Capital RD Kootenay RD Columbia-Shuswap RD Comox Valley RD Cowichan Valley RD East Kootenay RD Fraser Valley RD Kootenay Boundary RD Nanaimo RD New Westminster North Okanagan RD North Shore Northern/Central BC Interior Okanagan-Similkameen RD Squamish-Lillooet RD Strathcona RD Surrey Thompson-Nicola RD Vancouver Victoria International RecognitionWorld Heritage Sites Canadian Rocky Mountain Parks Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs (proposed) Kluane / Wrangell–St. Elias / Glacier Bay / Tatshenshini-Alsek SGang Gwaay Stein Valley (proposed) Biosphere Reserves Clayoquot Sound Biosphere Reserve Mount Arrowsmith Biosphere Region National Parks and affiliated areasNational Parks Glacier Gulf Islands Reserve Gwaii Haanas Reserve Kootenay Mount Revelstoke Pacific Rim Reserve South Okanagan—Similkameen (proposed) Yoho Marine Conservation Areas Gwaii Haanas Reserve Southern Strait of Georgia Reserve (proposed) National Historic Sites Chilkoot Trail Fisgard Lighthouse Fort Langley Fort Rodd Hill Fort St. James Gitwangak Battle Hill Gulf of Georgia Cannery Kicking Horse Pass Kootanae House Nan Sdins Rogers Pass Stanley Park Twin Falls Tea House more... National Wildlife AreasNational Wildlife Areas Alaksen Columbia Qualicum Scott Islands Marine Vaseux-Bighorn Widgeon Valley Migratory Bird Sanctuaries Christie Islet Esquimalt Lagoon George C. Reifel Nechako River Shoal Harbour Vaseux Lake Victoria Harbour Marine Protected AreasMarine Protected Areas Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Hecate Strait and Queen Charlotte Sound Glass Sponge Reefs SGaan Kinghlas-Bowie Seamount Marine Refuges Gwaxdlala/Nalaxdlala (Lull/Hoeya) Offshore Pacific Seamounts and Vents Strait of Georgia and Howe Sound Glass Sponge Reef Provincial Parks & affiliated areasParksAlberni-Clayoquot RD Clayoquot Arm Clayoquot Plateau Dawley Passage Epper Passage Flores Island Fossli Gibson Marine Hesquiat Lake Hesquiat Peninsula Hitchie Creek Kennedy Lake Kennedy River Bog Maquinna Nitinat River Sproat Lake Stamp River Strathcona Sulphur Passage Sydney Inlet Taylor Arm Tranquil Creek Vargas Island Bulkley-Nechako RD Atna River Babine Lake Marine Babine Mountains Babine River Corridor Beaumont Burns Lake Call Lake Dead Man's Island Driftwood Canyon Entiako Ethel F. Wilson Memorial Finger-Tatuk François Lake Little Andrews Bay Marine Morice Lake Mount Blanchet Mount Pope Mudzenchoot Nadina Mountain Nation Lakes Nenikëkh/Nanika-Kidprice Netalzul Meadows Nilkitkwa Lake Old Man Lake Omineca Paarens Beach Rainbow Alley Red Bluff Rubyrock Lake Stuart Lake Stuart Lake Marine Stuart River Sutherland River Takla Lake Marine Tazdli Wyiez Bin/Burnie-Shea Topley Landing Trembleur Lake Tweedsmuir North Tweedsmuir South Tyhee Lake Uncha Mountain Red Hills Wistaria Capital RD Beaver Point Bellhouse Bodega Ridge Burgoyne Bay Collinson Point Dionisio Point Discovery Island Marine French Beach Goldstream Gowland Tod ȽÁU,WELṈEW̱/John Dean Juan de Fuca Montague Harbour Mount Erskine Mount Maxwell Ruckle Sooke Mountain Sooke Potholes Wallace Island Cariboo RD Beaver Valley Big Creek Bowron Lake Bridge Lake Bull Canyon Canim Beach Cariboo Mountains Cariboo Nature Cariboo River Cedar Point Cottonwood River Donnely Lake Dragon Mountain Flat Lake Horsefly Lake Itcha Ilgachuz Junction Sheep Range Kluskoil Lake Lac La Hache Moose Valley Nazko Lake Nuntsi Pinnacles Puntchesakut Lake Punti Island Rainbow-Qiwentem Ruth Lake Schoolhouse Lake Ten Mile Lake Titetown Ts'il?os Wells Gray Wendle White Pelican Central Coast RD Codville Lagoon Marine Oliver Cove Marine Penrose Island Marine Sir Alexander Mackenzie Tweedsmuir South Central Kootenay RD Arrow Lakes Champion Lakes Cody Caves Drewry Point Erie Creek Gladstone Goat Range Grohman Narrows Kianuko Kokanee Creek Kokanee Glacier Kootenay Lake Lockhart Beach Lockhart Creek McDonald Creek Pilot Bay Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Rosebery Ryan Stagleap Summit Lake Syringa Valhalla West Arm Yahk Central Okanagan RD Bear Creek Browne Lake Fintry Graystokes Kalamalka Lake Myra-Bellevue Okanagan Mountain Trepanier Wrinkly Face Columbia-Shuswap RD Adams Lake Anstey-Hunakwa Arrow Lakes Blanket Creek Bugaboo Burges James Gadsden Cinnemousun Narrows Cummins Lakes English Lake Hamber Herald Kingfisher Creek Marl Creek Martha Creek Oregana Creek Pukeashun Shuswap Lake Marine Shuswap Lake Shuswap River Islands Silver Beach Skookumchuck Rapids Sunnybrae Tsútswecw Upper Seymour River Victor Lake White Lake Yard Creek Comox Valley RD Boyle Point Denman Island Fillongley Helliwell Jáji7em and Kw’ulh (Sandy Island) Marine Kin Beach Kitty Coleman Miracle Beach Mount Geoffrey Escarpment Rosewall Creek Strathcona Tribune Bay Cowichan Valley RD Bamberton Carmanah Walbran Chemainus River Cowichan River Eves Gordon Bay Koksilah River Memory Island Nitinat River Spectacle Lake Wakes Cove West Shawnigan Lake Whaleboat Island Marine East Kootenay RD Akamina-Kishinena Bugaboo Columbia Lake Crowsnest Dry Gulch Elk Lakes Elk Valley Gilnockie Height of the Rockies Inonoaklin James Chabot Jimsmith Lake Kikomun Creek Morrissey Mount Assiniboine Mount Fernie Moyie Lake Norbury Lake Purcell Wilderness Conservancy Premier Lake Ryan St. Mary's Alpine Thunder Hill Top of the World Wardner Wasa Lake Whiteswan Lake Windermere Lake Fraser-Fort George RD Ancient Forest/Chun T’oh Whudujut Arctic Pacific Lakes Bijoux Falls Bobtail Mountain Carp Lake Close-To-The-Edge Crooked River Dahl Lake Erg Mountain Eskers Evanoff Fort George Canyon Fraser River Heather-Dina Lakes Jackman Flats Kakwa Monkman Mount Robson Mount Terry Fox Pine Le Moray Ptarmigan Creek Purden Lake Rearguard Falls Slim Creek Small River Caves Sowchea Bay Sugarbowl-Grizzly Den Three Sisters Lakes Tudyah Lake West Lake West Twin Whiskers Point Fraser Valley RD Alexandra Bridge Bridal Veil Falls Chilliwack River Coquihalla Canyon Coquihalla River Cultus Lake Davis Lake E.C. Manning Emory Creek F.H. Barber Ferry Island Garibaldi Golden Ears Kilby Mehatl Creek Nahatlatch Nicolum River Rolley Lake Sasquatch Silver Lake Skagit Valley Sx̱ótsaqel/Chilliwack Lake Kitimat-Stikine RD Anderson Flats Bear Glacier Border Lake Boulder Creek Bulkley Junction Tazdli Wyiez Bin/Burnie-Shea Choquette Hot Springs Coste Rocks Dala-Kildala Rivers Estuaries Eagle Bay Exchamsiks River Foch-Gilttoyees Gitnadoiks River Great Glacier Green Inlet Marine Hai Lake–Mount Herman Iskut River Hot Springs Jackson Narrows Marine Kinaskan Lake Kitimat River Kitsumkalum Kitwanga Mountain Kleanza Creek Lakelse Lake Lakelse Lake Wetlands Lava Forks Lowe Inlet Marine Meziadin Lake Mount Edziza Nalbeelah Creek Wetlands Netalzul Meadows Ningunsaw Nisga'a Memorial Lava Bed Owyacumish River Ross Lake Seeley Lake Seven Sisters Protected Area Sleeping Beauty Mountain Stikine River Sue Channel Swan Lake Kispiox River Todagin South Slope Union Passage Marine Kootenay Boundary RD Beaver Creek Boothman's Oxbow Boundary Creek Champion Lakes Christina Lake Conkle Lake Gilpin Grasslands Gladstone Granby Jewel Lake Johnstone Creek King George VI Nancy Greene Metro Vancouver RD Apodaca Cypress Golden Ears Mount Seymour Peace Arch Pinecone Burke Say Nuth Khaw Yum (Indian Arm) Mount Waddington RD Allison Harbour Marine Broughton Archipelago Marine Cape Scott Claud Elliott Lake Cormorant Channel Marine Echo Bay Marine God's Pocket Marine Lanz and Cox Islands Lawn Point Lower Nimpkish Lower Tsitika Marble River Mquqᵂin/Brooks Peninsula Nimpkish Lake Quatsino Raft Cove Schoen Lake Woss Lake Nanaimo RD Arbutus Grove Drumbeg Englishman River Falls Gabriola Sands Gerald Island Hemer Horne Lake Caves Little Qualicum River Falls MacMillan Morden Colliery Historic Petroglyph Pirates Cove Marine Rathtrevor Beach Roberts Memorial Sandwell Saysutshun (Newcastle Island) Spider Lake North Coast RD Diana Lake Khutzeymateen Kitson Island Marine Klewnuggit Inlet Marine Lower Skeena River Naikoon Prudhomme Lake Pure Lake North Okanagan RD Denison - Bonneau Echo Lake Ellison Enderby Cliffs Granby Graystokes Kalamalka Lake Kekuli Bay Kingfisher Creek Mabel Lake Mara Mara Meadows Monashee Mount Griffin Shuswap River Islands Silver Star Skookumchuck Rapids Upper Violet Creek Wap Creek Northern Rockies RM Andy Bailey Jackpine Remnant Kotcho Lake Village Liard River Corridor Liard River Hot Springs Maxhamish Lake Muncho Lake Northern Rocky Mountains Scatter River Old Growth Sikanni Old Growth Smith River Falls – Fort Halkett Stone Mountain Tetsa River Toad River Hot Springs Okanagan-Similkameen RD Allison Lake Bromley Rock Cathedral Darke Lake E.C. Manning Eneas Lakes Inkaneep Keremeos Columns Kickininee Nickel Plate Okanagan Lake Okanagan Mountain Otter Lake Skaha Bluffs Stemwinder Sun-Oka Beach sw̓iw̓s (Haynes Point) sx̌ʷəx̌ʷnitkʷ (Okanagan Falls) Vaseux Lake Peace River RD Bearhole Lake Beatton Beatton River Bocock Peak Buckinghorse River Wayside Butler Ridge Charlie Lake Chase East Pine Ed Bird – Estella Lakes Finlay-Russel Graham-Laurier Gwillim Lake Hole-in-the-Wall Kakwa Kiskatinaw Kwadacha Wilderness Milligan Hills Moberly Lake Monkman Muscovite Lakes Omineca One Island Lake Peace River Corridor Pine Le Moray Pine River Breaks Pink Mountain Prophet River Hotsprings Prophet River Wayside Redfern-Keily Sukunka Falls Swan Lake Tatlatui Taylor Landing Wapiti Lake qathet RD Anderson Bay Copeland Islands Marine Desolation Sound Marine Inland Lake Malaspina Okeover Arm Jedediah Island Marine Sabine Channel Marine Saltery Bay South Texada Island Squitty Bay Squamish-Lillooet RD Alice Lake Birkenhead Lake Blackcomb Glacier Brackendale Eagles Brandywine Falls Bridge River Delta Callaghan Lake Clendinning Duffey Lake Edge Hills Fred Antoine Garibaldi Gwyneth Lake Joffre Lakes Marble Canyon Murrin Nairn Falls Porteau Cove Seton Portage Historic Shannon Falls South Chilcotin Mountains Stawamus Chief Tantalus Upper Lillooet Yalakom Stikine Region Atlin/Áa Tlein Téix'i Dall River Old Growth Denetiah Dune Za Keyih Horneline Creek Hyland River Omineca Spatsizi Headwaters Spatsizi Plateau Wilderness Stikine River Sustut Tā Ch’ilā (Boya Lake) Tarahne Tatshenshini-Alsek Tuya Mountains Strathcona RD Artlish Caves Big Bunsby Marine Bishop River Bligh Island Catala Island Marine Dixie Cove Marine Elk Falls Gold Muchalat Háthayim (Von Donop) Marine Homathko Estuary Loveland Bay Main Lake Mansons Landing Mitlenatch Island Nature Morton Lake Mquqᵂin/Brooks Peninsula Nuchatlitz Octopus Islands Marine Read Island Rebecca Spit Marine Rendezvous Island South Rock Bay Marine Roscoe Bay Rugged Point Marine Santa Gertrudis - Boca del Infierno Marine Small Inlet Marine Smelt Bay Strathcona Strathcona-Westmin Surge Narrows Tahsish-Kwois Teakerne Arm Thurston Bay Marine Walsh Cove Weymer Creek White Ridge White River Sunshine Coast RD Buccaneer Bay Francis Point Garden Bay Marine Halkett Bay Marine Hardy Island Marine Harmony Islands Marine Mount Elphinstone Mount Richardson Musket Island Marine Plumper Cove Marine Porpoise Bay Princess Louisa Marine Roberts Creek Sargeant Bay Sechelt Inlets Marine Simson Marine Skookumchuck Narrows Smuggler Cove Marine Spipiyus Tetrahedron Thompson-Nicola RD Arrowstone Banana Island Bedard Aspen Big Bar Lake Blue Earth Lake Blue River Black Spruce Blue River Pine Bonaparte Buse Lake Caligata Lake Castle Rock Hoodoos Chasm Chu Chua Cottonwood Churn Creek Coldwater River Copper Johnny Cornwall Hills Downing Dunn Peak Eakin Creek Canyon Eakin Creek Floodplain Edge Hills Elephant Hill Emar Lakes Epsom Finn Creek Flat Lake French Bar Creek Goldpan Green Lake Greenstone Mountain Harbour Dudgeon Lakes Harry Lake Aspen High Lakes Basin Juniper Beach Kentucky Alleyne Loon Lake Marble Canyon Marble Range McConnell Lake Momich Lakes Monck Monte Creek Monte Lake Mount Savona Mud Lake Delta Niskonlith Lake North Thompson Islands North Thompson Oxbows East North Thompson Oxbows Jensen Island North Thompson River Oregon Jack Painted Bluffs Paul Lake Pennask Creek Pennask Lake Pillar Porcupine Meadows Pritchard Pyramid Creek Falls Roche Lake Skihist Steelhead Stein Valley Nlaka'pamux Taweel Tsintsunko Lakes Tunkwa Upper Adams River Walhachin Oxbows Walloper Lake Wells Gray Wire Cache Conservancies Alty Banks Nii Łuutiksm Bishop Bay – Monkey Beach Bishop Bay – Monkey Beach Corridor Broughton Archipelago Burdwood Group Calvert Island Cascade-Sutslem Cetan/Thurston Bay Crab Lake Daawuuxusda Heritage Dean River Duu Guusd Heritage Dzawadi/Upper Klinaklini River Ecstall Headwaters Ecstall-Sparkling Ecstall-Spokskuut Ellerslie-Roscoe Ethelda Bay – Tennant Island Europa Lake Fiordland Forward Harbour/ƛəx̌əᵂəyəm Gitxaala Nii Luutiksm/Kitkatla Gunboat Harbour Hakai Lúxvbálís Hanna-Tintina Hotsprings-No Name Creek Kamdis Huchsduwachsdu Nuyem Jees / Kitlope Heritage Hunwadi/Ahnuhati-Bald Indian Lake – Hitchcock Creek/Át Ch'îni Shà Jump Across Kennedy Island K'distsausk/Turtle Point Khtada Lake Khutzeymateen Inlet Khyex Kitasoo Spirit Bear K’lgaan/Klekane K’mooda/Lowe-Gamble K'nabiyaaxl/Ashdown Koeye K’ootz/Khutze Ksgaxl/Stephens Island Ksi X’anmaas Ksi xts'at'kw/Stagoo Ktisgaidz/MacDonald Bay Kts'mkta'ani/Union Lake Kun⨱alas Heritage K'uuna Gwaay Heritage K'waal Lady Douglas-Don Peninsula Lax ka’gaas/Campania Lax Kul Nii Luutiksm/Bonilla Lax Kwaxl/Dundas and Melville Islands Lax Kwil Dziidz/Fin Lockhart-Gordon Lucy Islands Mahpahkum-Ahkwuna/Deserters-Walker Maxtaktsm'aa/Union Passage Moksgm’ol/Chapple–Cornwall Monckton Nii Luutiksm Nakina – Inklin Rivers (Kuthai Area)/Yáwu Yaa Nakina – Inklin Rivers/Yáwu Yaa Namu Nang Xaldangaas Heritage Neʼāhʼ Outer Central Coast Islands Owikeno Pa-aat Polkinghorne Islands Q’altanaas/Aaltanhash Qudǝs/Gillard-Jimmy Judd Island Conservancy Qwiquallaaq/Boat Bay Shearwater Hot Springs Tenh Dẕetle Tlall Heritage Tsa-Latĺ/Smokehouse Tutshi Lake/T’ooch’ Áayi Ugʷiwa’/Cape Caution Upper Elaho Valley Upper Gladys River/Watsíx Deiyi Upper Kimsquit River Upper Rogers kóḻii7 Upper Soo Willison Creek – Nelson Lake/Sít’ Héeni Yaaguun Gandlaay Yaaguun Suu Ecological reserves Aleza Lake Ambrose Lake Anne Vallée (Triangle Island) Baeria Rocks Ballingall Islets Baynes Island Bednesti Lake Beresford Island Big Creek Big White Mountain Blackwater Creek Bowen Island Bowser Browne Lake Buck Hills Road Burnt Cabin Bog Byers-Conroy-Harvey-Sinnett Islands Canoe Islets Checleset Bay Claud Elliott Creek Columbia Lake Drizzle Lake Duke of Edinburgh (Pine/Storm/Tree Islets) Dewdney and Glide Islands East Redonda Island Gingietl Creek Gladys Lake Ilgachuz Range Klanawa River Misty Lake Mount Derby Mount Elliott Mount Tzouhalem Nitinat Lake Race Rocks Robson Bight Rose Spit San Juan River Estuary Sikanni Chief River Solander Island Tow Hill Trial Islands Tsitika Mountain Vladimir J. Krajina Protected areas Anarchist Brent Mountain Brim River Hot Springs Chukachida Churn Creek Craig Headwaters Damdochax Homathko River - Tatlayoko Klua Lakes Lac du Bois Grasslands Lucy Islands Nechako Canyon Pitman River Snowy South Okanagan Grasslands Thinahtea Thunderbird's Nest (T'iitsk'in Paawats) Upper Raush Vaseux White Lake Grasslands Recreation areas Coquihalla Summit Kettle River Mount Edziza (former) Wildlife Management Areas Bert Brink Boundary Bay Chilanko Marsh Cluxewe Columbia Wetlands Coquitlam River Cranberry Marsh/Starratt Dewdrop-Rosseau Creek East Side Columbia Lake Green Mountain Hamling Lakes Lhá:lt/Harrison-Chehalis Lazo Marsh-North East Comox McTaggart-Cowan/Nsək'łniw't Midge Creek Parksville-Qualicum Beach Pemberton Wetlands Pitt-Addington Marsh Quatse Estuary Roberts Bank S'amunu Serpentine Skwelwil'em Squamish Estuary South Arm Marshes South Okanagan Stellako River Sturgeon Bank Swan Lake Todagin Tofino Mudflats Tranquille Regional Parks Burnaby Lake Campbell Valley Capilano River Cascade Falls Derby Reach Elk/Beaver Lake Island View Beach Kanaka Creek Minnekhada Mount Arrowsmith Mount Douglas Pacific Spirit Sooke Potholes Surrey Bend təmtəmíxʷtən/Belcarra Other Creston Valley Wildlife Management Area Hidden Grove/Sechelt Heritage Forest Maplewood Flats Conservation Area Muskwa-Kechika Management Area Sacred Headwaters (proposed) Sea to Sea Green Blue Belt Swan Lake Nature Sanctuary Category BC Parks Commons

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"University Endowment Lands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_Endowment_Lands"},{"link_name":"Point Grey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burrard_Peninsula"},{"link_name":"Vancouver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vancouver"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"University of British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Georgia Strait","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strait_of_Georgia"},{"link_name":"Pacific Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Ocean"},{"link_name":"British Columbia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"Electoral Area A","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greater_Vancouver_A,_British_Columbia"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metrovancouver-3"},{"link_name":"BC Parks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BC_Parks"},{"link_name":"hectares","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hectare"},{"link_name":"Wreck Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wreck_Beach"},{"link_name":"clothing optional","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clothing_optional_beach"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trail7.jpg"},{"link_name":"Museum of Anthropology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Museum_of_Anthropology_at_UBC"},{"link_name":"UBC Botanical gardens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UBC_Botanical_Garden_and_Centre_for_Plant_Research"},{"link_name":"UBC buses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Metro_Vancouver"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metrovancouver-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metrovancouver-3"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-metrovancouver-3"}],"text":"Park in the city of Vancouver, British ColumbiaPacific Spirit Regional Park is a 874 hectares (2,160 acres)[2] park located in the University Endowment Lands, on Point Grey to the west of the city of Vancouver, British Columbia. It surrounds the endowment lands of the University of British Columbia on the shores of Georgia Strait in the Pacific Ocean. It is a nature preserve of the British Columbia government and classified under Electoral Area A.The park contains over 73 km of walking/hiking trails, 50 km of which are designated multi-use and available for cycling and horseback riding as well. There is a Park Centre which is located on W 16th Avenue.[3]In 1975, BC Parks established ninety hectares of Pacific Spirit Regional Park as the UBC Endowment Lands Ecological Reserve. This area is designated for forest research, and is not open to the public.The entire section of beach in Pacific Spirit (running from Acadia Beach in the north to Trail #7 in the south), including Wreck Beach, is designated as clothing optional.The beach at the end of Trail #7There are free parking lots at Acadia, Spanish Banks and Jericho beaches, and at the information center on 16th Avenue. Pay parking can be found in a lot near Gate 7 to UBC (see map), at the UBC Museum of Anthropology, by the UBC Botanical gardens and in various visitor lots around UBC. Additionally, parking is available at different places along 16th Avenue, on SW Marine Drive from Gate 8 to the Museum of Anthropology, and along Old Marine Drive. Many of the UBC buses stop along the trails.\"Dogs must be under control at all times. There are on-leash and leash-optional areas in the park. Check local signs for details. Please show courtesy to other park visitors by removing your dog’s droppings.\"[3]There are washrooms at the head of Trail #7, Acadia Beach and at the head and base of Trail #6. \"The washrooms and picnic table at the Park Centre on 16th Avenue are wheelchair-accessible. Other accessible facilities include Cleveland, Heron and Imperial Trails, as well as the Clinton Meadow picnic area. However, trails are subject to use and weathering which may degrade them to the point where their original accessible design has been compromised. It is advisable to take an able-bodied person with you.\"[3]\"Pacific Spirit Park Society is actively involved in Pacific Spirit Regional Park. For more information or to get involved with this association, contact the Community Development Coordinator at the West Area Parks Office.\"[3]","title":"Pacific Spirit Regional Park"}]

[{"image_text":"The beach at the end of Trail #7","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1c/Trail7.jpg/220px-Trail7.jpg"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fashion_Show_(The_Inbetweeners)

List of The Inbetweeners episodes

["1 Series overview","2 Episodes","2.1 Series 1 (2008)","2.2 Series 2 (2009)","2.3 Series 3 (2010)","3 See also","4 References"]

"The Camping Trip" redirects here. For camping trips, see camping trip. "Xmas Party" redirects here. For other uses, see Christmas Party (disambiguation). This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed. Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) The Inbetweeners is a BAFTA Award-winning British sitcom created by Damon Beesley and Iain Morris, set in a fictional secondary school, and broadcast on E4. The series follows the lives of four suburban sixth form student friends – protagonist Will McKenzie (Simon Bird), his best friend Simon Cooper (Joe Thomas), and their friends Jay Cartwright (James Buckley) and Neil Sutherland (Blake Harrison). The series is narrated by Will, who is the programme's central character. The first series consists of six episodes, starting with the first episode "First Day", which was shown on E4 on 1 May 2008, and ran until 29 May 2008. The second series began on 2 April 2009 with "The Field Trip" and ran for six episodes, also on E4. The third series began on 13 September 2010 with "The Fashion Show" and ended on 18 October 2010 with "The Camping Trip". Series overview SeriesEpisodesOriginally airedFirst airedLast aired161 May 2008 (2008-05-01)29 May 2008 (2008-05-29)262 April 2009 (2009-04-02)7 May 2009 (2009-05-07)3613 September 2010 (2010-09-13)18 October 2010 (2010-10-18) Episodes Series 1 (2008) No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)11"First Day"Gordon AndersonDamon Beesley & Iain Morris1 May 2008 (2008-05-01)0.32 Will McKenzie (Simon Bird) is forced to move from a private school to a state school, Rudge Park Comprehensive, as a result of his mother Polly's financial problems following her divorce. His first day at Rudge Park largely consists of mockery from fellow pupils due to his formal appearance, notably his usage of a briefcase, and well-spoken nature. He also faces oppression from Mr Gilbert (Greg Davies), the arrogant and hostile head of sixth form, who forces Will and the other new enrolments to wear large, colourful badges introducing themselves, which quickly attracts ridicule from many other pupils. Mr Gilbert then orders Simon Cooper (Joe Thomas), a classmate of his, to accompany Will around the school, much to Simon's annoyance. Whilst tagging along with Simon, Will meets his friends, the sex-obsessed, foul-mouthed Jay Cartwright (James Buckley) and the good natured, but dim-witted Neil Sutherland (Blake Harrison), eventually joining them for a student gathering that evening at a local pub called The Black Horse. When they arrive at the pub, they find it strangely quiet, and while Jay succeeds in buying alcohol via the use of a fake ID, the bartender refuses to serve the others unless they also show proof of age. Adamant to impress the trio, Will persists in attempting to illegally buy alcohol, finally succeeding in buying them all cider with the help of another punter. However, the boys suddenly notice that the pub they are in is actually The Black Bull, and so quickly make their way to the correct pub. Will is once again asked for proof of age when attempting to buy alcohol, and so finally loses his temper and reveals in an angry outburst that the pub is full of underage students; they are all thrown out and barred as a result. Although Simon is amused by Will's behaviour and stands by him as a new friend, the other students all take a great disliking towards him, particularly psychopathic school bully Mark Donovan. 22"Bunk Off"Gordon AndersonDamon Beesley & Iain Morris1 May 2008 (2008-05-01)0.36 After a month in state education, Will has made three friends: Simon Cooper, Jay Cartwright, and Neil Sutherland. They all soon make arrangements to bunk off school, with Simon phoning the school office on the day and pretending to be his mother. After claiming that he and Will both have food poisoning, his call is passed through to Mr Gilbert, who instantly realises it is Simon putting on a female voice. Simon quickly hangs up, assuming the deception worked, and the boys then attempt to buy alcohol from a local off-licence, with Will using one of Simon's father's suits to disguise himself as an adult. The shopkeeper instantly deduces that Will is underage, but offers to serve him providing he leaves immediately thereafter. The boys then head to Neil's house and begin drinking, only for Neil's father Kevin to arrive back earlier than expected with a carpenter. A drunken Will mocks Kevin's shocked reactions toward their behaviour, referencing Kevin's alleged closeted homosexuality, and is subsequently thrown out alongside Simon and Jay, whilst Neil is kept behind and grounded. Still drunk, Simon then realises he loves Carli D'Amato, whom he has known for years, and so spray paints this on her driveway as a romantic gesture. Initially shocked, Carli quickly invites Simon to come over that evening when her parents are out after noticing Will and Jay quietly mocking him, suggesting he avoid her parents until the driveway is cleaned. Jay claims that Carli is impressed because Simon is drunk, and so recommends he get drunk even more. He does so, turning up at Carli's house that evening in a disoriented state, and inappropriately suggesting that she finger herself, before he is sick everywhere in the kitchen due to the drink. Will, who had invited himself over, tells Carli's seven-year-old brother Chris about dirty bombs whilst they watch a recreation of a terrorist attack on television, causing Chris to scream and cry before Simon vomits over him also. When the boys return home, they find Polly, Kevin and Simon's parents Alan and Pamela waiting for them; they are scolded for their obnoxious behaviour and underage drinking. Simon attempts to blame Kevin, accusing him of fondling them, followed by Will claiming that they are alcoholics who need love and support; the adults mockingly laugh at them both in response. The next day at school, Mr Gilbert confronts the four boys, insisting that while Jay and Neil are not in trouble and are merely wasting opportunities due to no legal requirement to attend sixth form, Simon and Will are due to Simon fraudulently impersonating his mother when phoning the school. Both are forced to see the headmaster over the matter. 33"Thorpe Park"Gordon AndersonDamon Beesley & Iain Morris8 May 2008 (2008-05-08)0.31 Simon is about to sit his driving test, but does not feel confident that he will pass first time. Will, Jay, and Neil are over-optimistically discussing the prospects of one of the group owning a car, which leads to arrangements to go to Thorpe Park – where Neil works - providing Simon passes his practical test the next day. He is assessed by a pedophile female examiner who flirts with him. He ignores her advances and passes the test. As a present, Alan gives him a second-hand yellow Fiat Cinquecento Hawaii, which Simon responds to negatively but reluctantly accepts. He uses it to pick up Will and Jay and drive them to Thorpe Park, following a car full of girls before accidentally getting trapped within a funeral procession. Upon arrival, an impatient Jay carelessly opens the car door whilst Simon is trying to park, catching it on a nearby sign and inadvertently ripping it off. Simon panics and insists he has to leave and get the door fixed, but Jay informs him that Neil's sister Katie's boyfriend works in a garage and so will easily be able to fix it. Simon believes him and stays, but they are forced to carry the door around the park. When inside, they eventually find Neil working as a mascot for one of the children's rides, and witness him yelling in pain as a wasp flies into his costume. In the staff locker room, Neil discovers that his colleagues have stolen his clothes, and so is forced to wear a tight vest and underpants from lost property. He joins the others as they later head to Nemesis Inferno, waiting an extra half an hour to guarantee them front seats, only for the ride attendant to inform them that only one seat is free at the front. Will angrily insults whoever is using the other seats, believing they have pushed in and denouncing them as "inconsiderate arseholes", only to quickly find out that they are from the Happy Foundation, a charity for people with Down syndrome. After the ride, Neil informs an enraged Simon that Katie's boyfriend is not as they assumed a mechanic, but works in a BP petrol garage and will not be able to fix the damaged car. However, when they return to it, they find it has been vandalised by the same people Will had insulted, who drive away slowly whilst making insulting gestures as Simon is forced to phone his annoyed father for help. 44"Will Gets a Girlfriend"Gordon AndersonDamon Beesley & Iain Morris15 May 2008 (2008-05-15)0.44 The boys go to a Friday night house party which is quickly deemed boring, but are left shocked when Charlotte Hinchcliffe, the most attractive and popular girl in the school, shows up with her friends and begins conversing with Will. They soon engage in heavy petting, but the experience is short-lived as Charlotte's psychopathic ex-boyfriend Mark Donovan shows up, forced to leave when Charlotte insists their relationship is over for good. Before he leaves, Donovan demands that Will treat Charlotte with respect, dubbing her kind and gentle, before threatening violence against him if he tells anyone he said that. The next day, when Charlotte brings up sex in conversation, Will lies about how many girls he has had sex with, leading Charlotte to suggest they meet up again soon to have sex themselves. After Will brags about it to his friends, Simon explains that Charlotte is obviously just using him to get back at Donovan following their relationship issues, and so Will angrily insults him and storms off. That Friday, Will joins Charlotte at her house to have sex, but his lack of experience is made evident, and Charlotte abandons the idea after their failed attempt to have intercourse and requests he leave. The next day at school, Neil wins an unwanted date with a much younger geeky girl named Susie through the school's charity Blind Date event. Following this, Will finds himself dumped in front of the school when Charlotte abruptly takes part in the event to find a sexually experienced new lover. Heartbroken, Will rushes back home to his mother in tears, worried that he now has nothing after falling out with his friends over a girl who has now split up with him. However, Simon and Jay soon come to visit him after witnessing what happened at the Blind Date event, inviting him to come and join them in watching Neil on his blind date with Susie, who is revealed to be around twelve years old, meaning he has had to go to a fast food restaurant with her whilst the two are supervised by her mother. Throughout the episode, Jay is repeatedly teased by the others for having a friend outside of the group whom he says goodbye to with a thumbs up gesture at the opening party, eventually causing him to lose his temper and angrily jump up and down on the bonnet of the man's car, screaming that they are not friends, whilst Neil and Simon watch in disbelief. It is later revealed that Jay had to borrow £300 in order to pay for the car to be fixed. 55"Caravan Club"Gordon AndersonDamon Beesley & Iain Morris22 May 2008 (2008-05-22)0.43 After Jay's stories of guaranteed casual sex at the Camber Sands caravan club, of which his family are members, are constantly dubbed lies by the other boys, he reluctantly invites them to come to the club themselves to experience it for real. They agree, but the trip does not get off to a good start, with their first dinner in the van interrupted by Jay's abusive father Terry defecating loudly nearby and deterring them from eating. They later head to the main building at the complex for an evening party, which is revealed to be no more than a family disco within a small hall. However, whilst chatting to some adult guests, Will is approached by a flirtatious punk girl, who kisses him and suggests they have sex together. He quickly loses his chance when he tries to bond with her on a personal level, insisting they play together by skidding across the floor, causing the girl to leave in disbelief and some nearby children to steal Will's shoes. Meanwhile, after some flirty text exchanges, Simon tries his luck with Becky, a girl whom Jay claims to have repeatedly had sex with. They sneak out of the hall during the party and passionately kiss by the trees, but Becky is left shocked when Simon removes his trousers and pants and attaches a condom to his penis. Becky angrily claims that she was never planning to have sex, before running inside to tell her parents. Simon angrily confronts Jay for his lies and they leave after noticing Becky speaking to her parents; as they do, Will eventually gets one of the children teasing him into a headlock to retrieve his stolen shoes before leaving himself. The following morning, the trio bump into Neil, whom they could not find the previous night. Neil tells them that he slept in Simon's car and, on the dual carriageway during the journey home, reveals that he spent the night in the car with the punk girl performing extensive mutual masturbation, which explains why the seats are wet. Simon angrily pulls over and demands Neil clean up the mess, but Neil refuses as it is Simon's car, whilst Will and Jay argue over whether or not Jay truly lied about the sex potential of caravan club considering Neil ended up with a girl all night. 66"Xmas Party"Gordon AndersonDamon Beesley & Iain Morris29 May 2008 (2008-05-29)0.42 It is the end of Will’s first term and he has been elected as chairman for the Christmas party committee, though is later revealed to have been the only applicant. He persuades Simon, Jay, and Neil to help him, though Jay only agrees to do so providing he can work as a DJ musician. An argument later ensues between the pair, with Jay insisting Charlotte Hinchcliffe only agreed to have sex with Will earlier in the term as part of a bet with one of her friends, leaving Will anxious to find out the truth. When Will later tries to discuss the prom itinerary with the rest of the students, he is approached by school bully Mark Donovan, who threatens violence against him if he goes near Charlotte during the prom. At the party, Simon attempts to impress Carli, arranging a plan with Jay to stop the music so he can confess his love, but is ultimately too nervous to do so when the moment finally comes. Luckily, everyone is distracted from Simon's embarrassment as a drunken Neil attempts to kiss his Biology teacher Miss Timms, renowned for her attractive appearance amongst many students, and is consequently reprimanded by Mr Gilbert. Will is later approached by Charlotte, who ignores his question over whether or not their relationship was a bet and instead happily kisses him after praising his work on the party. Witnessing the whole thing, Donovan soon appears and angrily threatens Will, but the other students all stand up for Will due to his work on the party and demand that Donovan leave him alone; Donovan then spots a disgusted Charlotte walking away and sadly pursues her. Will subsequently prepares to a read thank you speech he has written, only to be ignored as everyone resumes partying. Later, with the party over, the boys reflect on their past term whilst relaxing on a trampoline in the school gym, with Simon and Neil both praising Will's work on the prom itself, and Will overjoyed to know that Charlotte never dated him as part of a bet. Jay then appears and tells the boys he has just received a blowjob in the DJ booth, but then admits it was only a "handjob outside of the trousers". After gentle teasing, he then dives on the rest of the boys, who all happily begin playfighting on the trampoline. Series 2 (2009) No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)71"The Field Trip"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris2 April 2009 (2009-04-02)1.21 As the new term begins in January, the boys are going on the annual Geography and Sociology field trip to Swanage, which Jay claims is home to a renowned MILF who has sex with one male pupil from the trip on each occasion. Although Neil does not study either of the subjects, he is allowed to come along after agreeing to help Mr Kennedy, a teacher who many believe to be a paedophile. The boys arrive early to secure seats at the back of the coach, but are quickly forced to move by Donovan when he arrives. Will finds himself with a stroke of luck when he ends up sitting next to Lauren Harris, a pretty new Northern Irish girl whom he is instantly attracted to. Despite his efforts to win her over, Lauren instead finds herself attracted to Simon, partly due to Will's social ineptitude and jealousy. Upon arrival at Swanage, Jay and Neil unsuccessfully try to find the alleged MILF by asking questions to random women in the street, passing them off as school surveys, which ultimately results in Jay getting slapped in public. Later that night, Neil brings a bottle of vodka to the room, given to him by Mr Kennedy after the two went swimming during the day, which is soon taken by Donovan when they try to bring it to a party being held in his room nearby. Lauren then arranges to meet up with Simon the following day during some free time, which Simon accepts, only for Carli to do the same thing the next day. Simon selfishly dismisses his arrangement with Lauren and accepts Carli's offer instead, which Will uses as a chance to take an upset Lauren out on a boat that he hired for the afternoon. While preparing the boat and waiting for Lauren, Will is found by Jay, Neil, and Simon, who encourage him to take them all out on the boat before Lauren arrives, which he eventually does despite initial refusal. A number of unfortunate incidents occur, including Simon falling into the water and developing hypothermia, Neil accidentally catching and killing a large fish, and the boat itself abruptly breaking down, leaving the boys stranded within the harbour. Jay panics, carelessly setting off an emergency flare in the process. They are all soon towed back to shore in front of many people, including other pupils on the field trip, and left humiliated as a result. Soon after the field trip, it is revealed Lauren has moved away and left the school. 82"Work Experience"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris9 April 2009 (2009-04-09)1.18 It is Valentine's Day and Jay is showing off a number of cards he supposedly received, each with sexually explicit messages inside, which Will and Simon instantly suspect are all fakes written by Jay himself. Simon, however, receives a genuine card from Hannah Fields, a girl in the year below, though he remains keen to ensure Carli doesn't find out. Will later catches up with Charlotte, to whom he sent a card and a bouquet of flowers, and she invites him along to keep her company at an under-18s' disco that she will be supervising that Friday. Mr Gilbert soon arrives and hands out the confirmation of everyone's work experience placements; Jay has set him and Simon up at his father's plant hire, while Will's request to be placed at a local newspaper is mixed up with Neil's request to work at a local car garage. Mr Gilbert refuses to swap the placements due to his hostile attitude and active disliking of Will, and Will is thus forced to attend the garage. Though his colleagues Jim, Wolfie and Steve greet him cheerfully on his first day, he quickly develops a negative relationship with them after branding the workplace "dirty" and "not academic", and is subsequently thrown into a lake by them as a prank. When they later mock his lack of sexual success, Will pretends that Charlotte is his girlfriend, telling lies about how he had sex with her multiple times among other things, and reveals he will be meeting her that night at the under-18s' disco. Wolfie claims that he will be able to attend and find out whether Will is telling the truth, as he is revealed to be just 17 years old despite looking much older. At the disco, Simon meets Hannah Fields, who secretly offers him alcohol before passionately kissing him and giving him a handjob. The others quickly feel uncomfortable when watching it, and it is ultimately cut short when Simon is attacked by Danny Moore, a much younger and aggressive pupil whom Simon accidentally bumped into the previous day. Danny pushes Simon to the floor and repeatedly kicks him in the groin before being escorted away by the bouncers. Hannah, embarrassed to see Simon beaten up by a much younger kid, decides to leave. The boys then witness Danny speaking to a group of tough-looking young men and start panicking; Will rushes to find Charlotte for help, only for Wolfie to arrive as soon as he finds her. Wolfie relays all of the things that Will said about Charlotte, which she immediately dismisses as lies, angrily throwing a drink at Will's face and branding him a "nasty little virgin". Will then asks Wolfie for help, but he refuses and leaves, forcing Will to ring his mother to come and pick him and the others up as a last resort. They all hide in the toilets until she arrives; when she does, it is announced across the entire building, causing the disco crowd to burst out laughing. Will remains hopeful that he will finally be able to work at the newspaper the following week, only to find out from Neil that they have decided to keep him as their current intern, considering him the best they've ever had despite his blatant laziness, much to Will's dismay and frustration. Although Will had to find work experience elsewhere, since he couldn't do any manual handling. 93"Will's Birthday"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris16 April 2009 (2009-04-16)1.05 When the boys meet up in the school common room, Jay shows the others a flyer for a party being held by Louise Graham that weekend. Simon is pleased to see that they have been invited to their first cool party, but Jay reveals that he merely stole it from another pupil's bag, suggesting they try to sneak in. Will then reminds them that the party clashes with his sophisticated 17th birthday dinner which he arranged a month ago, eventually persuading them to attend that instead. The boys all attempt to find dates for Will's dinner, only to discover that most of the popular and attractive girls are going to Louise's party, including Will's love interest, Charlotte, who merely signs off mid conversation when Will invites her over instant messaging. A frustrated Simon is also forced to look after his French exchange student Patrice, who Will insists is also invited to the party. Will's birthday arrives and his mother Polly, who incorrectly assumes the legal age to drive is eighteen and so continues to save for Will's driving lessons, gives Will an unflattering black vest that she thinks makes him look cool. Though Will strongly dislikes it, he reluctantly accepts it to avoid upsetting his mother and promises to wear it that night. The night does not get much better as his friends arrive at the dinner party that evening with no girls; Simon too nervous to invite his love interest Carli and Jay claiming that his supposed date had to fly to Paris for a modelling job, which the others refuse to believe. They consequently try to invite some girls Jay and Neil passed in the street, only to find them binge drinking and revealed to be just 11–13 years old. The girls aggressively brand them paedophiles and the boys quickly leave, Will noticing an unpaid stripper that Jay and Neil had booked arguing with Polly when they return home. His party ruined, Will finally gives in and agrees to go to Louise's party instead. Upon arrival, Louise refuses to let them in because the house is full, though is quickly attracted to Patrice and so brings him inside whilst shutting the others out. Still desperate to get in, they ultimately climb over Louise's fence, bar Will who crawls through a small gap, inadvertently passing through and covering his jacket in dog faeces in the process. A bemused Louise then reveals that her not inviting them was simply due to her not knowing them very well, but finally allows them to stay providing Will removes his dirty jacket, exposing the vest beneath and inviting ridicule from the other partygoers. Will promptly searches the house for Charlotte, soon finding her and Patrice in a bedroom upstairs having sex together. He leaves angrily, receiving a brief respite from the bad day when Donovan turns up looking for Charlotte. Will reveals that she is upstairs and is left satisfied by the prospect of Patrice getting beaten up by the psychopathic school bully. When they leave the party, they are again spotted by the same group of drunken young girls; one of them promptly sends her older brother chasing after the boys with a cricket bat. 104"A Night Out in London"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris23 April 2009 (2009-04-23)1.02 Will decides the boys need to develop a good social reputation, suggesting one option is to regularly go clubbing in central London. Jay and Neil agree, but Simon is reluctant to do so, worried about the dangers of London late at night. He is later persuaded to go after Neil says that he has a car and will happily drive the group down to the capital. Simon then invites Carli and her friend Rachel to go with them; they accept, with Will believing that Rachel fancies him after briefly speaking to her. As the boys prepare for the night out, Neil presents his new car, only to inform them that it has no engine and that he thought the plan was for him to drive Simon's car despite not being insured to do so. An enraged Simon berates Neil for his idiocy, but the prospect of going clubbing with Carli eventually persuades him to drive. As they head down, Jay jokingly screams "bus wankers!" at a group of people waiting at a bus stop, and Neil, desperate to use the toilet, eventually urinates into an empty beer can before cutting his glans penis on it. When they arrive in London that evening, Jay again screams "bus wankers!" at several people waiting at a bus stop, oblivious to the traffic ahead which forces Simon to stop the car just seconds after. Two tough looking men from the bus stop then walk over, briefly throttling Simon through the window as he apologise several times in fear, which Jay and Neil later mock him over. After searching for a parking space for over an hour, Simon reluctantly parks in front of a shutter door where a clamp warning is posted, persuaded to do so after Jay insists that clamping rules are different on weekends and when Will warns him that Carli will lose interest in going clubbing with him if he turns up too late. Upon arrival at the club, Simon is refused entry due to wearing trainers, and so desperately tries to fix the situation by swapping them for a homeless man's dirty, urine-stained shoes, which allows him entry into the club. Both he and Will's 'dates' go badly, with Rachel enjoying the company of another man and demanding Will to leave them alone, and Carli left disgusted by Simon after finding out that his shoes are soaked with urine and taken from a homeless person. Neil spends a lengthy amount of time trying to painfully urinate in the toilets with his cut penis, groaning awkwardly whilst doing so, and is eventually thrown out of the club after being suspected of masturbating; consequently, the boys all decide to go home. Once they return to Simon's car, they find it has been clamped by the mentally unstable man whose garage door they blocked, with him angrily demanding £200 compensation for the car having prevented him from using his van to make business deliveries. The boys hide in the car as the man, quickly losing his temper, angrily screams at them whilst shaking the car violently. 115"The Duke of Edinburgh Awards"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris30 April 2009 (2009-04-30)1.21 Will is selected to run the school's Duke of Edinburgh Award scheme; though pleased, he is told by Mr Gilbert that he was chosen because he is a virgin. Although Jay refuses to sign up, Neil and Simon agree to do so when they hear of some of the potential activities involved. However, much to their frustration, Will merely signs them up for care work at a local retirement home to fulfil one of the course's first modules, organising it alongside his former babysitter Daisy, who works at the home herself. Will promptly develops a crush on Daisy, and eventually persuades her to go on a date with him after he volunteers himself and his friends to cover multiple shifts for her so that she can attend her closest friend's hen do. However, Simon later informs Will that he can longer be part of it, instead needing to spend time with his father after his parents have a trial separation. As a last resort, Will reluctantly offers payment to Jay if he covers Simon's shifts, and Jay agrees. Will then covers Daisy's overnight shift by himself, but is left extremely tired the next day and ultimately falls asleep in the school common room. Jay and Neil then take the opportunity to put hair removal cream down Will's trousers as a prank, causing his pubic hair to fall out in the shower later that day. Will worries what Daisy will think if he manages to have sex with her and, following awful advice from Simon, stuffs the wig of a female resident of the home down his underpants almost immediately before his date. After he and Daisy have dinner together, a tipsy Daisy kisses Will and asks him to return home with her. She begins kissing and fondling Will on the bed, much to his delight, but soon finds the wig in Will's pants. Will explains that he has no pubic hair, which leads a guilt ridden Daisy to believe that he is prepubescent and thus far too young for sex. The next day, Will tries to explain the truth, but Daisy is left too embarrassed and somewhat ashamed to talk to him. Eventually bored watching the elderly residents, Jay sneaks off to a seemingly empty bedroom to masturbate, doing so over a picture of a young woman in a bikini. However, he panics upon ejaculating when an elderly woman in a nearby bed turns the light on and cheerfully greets him. The photo is revealed to be the woman when she was younger; her son soon arrives and politely shakes Jay's hand, inadvertently covering his own in Jay's semen. All four boys are kicked off the course and reprimanded by Mr Gilbert as a result. Will promptly refuses to pay Jay for covering Simon's shifts due to his actions getting them removed from the course and ruining Will's chances of having sex with Daisy. 126"Exam Time""End of Term"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris7 May 2009 (2009-05-07)1.21 All the boys face their upcoming exams as the first year of sixth form is coming to an end. Will is overworking himself and relying on energy drinks and caffeine pills to keep him awake when revising, whilst Simon and Neil dismiss their revision altogether: Simon instead helping Carli revise for her A-Level Geography exams as another effort to win her affections, and Neil repeatedly playing Pro Evolution Soccer, which he considers ideal revision for his PE exam. Meanwhile, Jay finds himself smitten by his first genuine girlfriend, grammar school girl Chloe, whom he treats with great respect. During their first revision session, Carli tells Simon that she has split up with her boyfriend Tom and, in their next session, kisses and promises to join him at a local pub for an end-of-term celebratory drink as an act of gratitude. Will's revision efforts continue to go horribly wrong, leaving him confused over anything he reads and later over the meanings of basic words. Simon suggests he get more sleep and stop drinking energy drinks, but Will refuses, insisting that they help. Jay soon becomes increasingly paranoid over Chloe's sex life, fearing that it has been more successful than his own. Following advice from his father, he sends her countless messages via SMS, Facebook, Bebo, and Myspace each day as an attempt to keep track of where she is at all times. When the exams begin, both Simon and Jay are too distracted with their love lives to do any work, whilst Neil forgets his PE kit and so is forced to carry out physical activities in his underpants. As a result of drinking energy drinks so frequently, Will begins to develop gastrointestinal problems and ultimately soils himself during his final exam. He becomes unexpectedly cheerful about this, reasoning that since the most embarrassing thing possible has now happened, he has nothing further to fear. He meets the others at the pub hours after they arrive, wearing tracksuit bottoms from lost property and resigning himself to having likely failed the exam entirely. After telling the others what happened, he begins getting drunk on lager to forget his awful day. Meanwhile, Simon and Jay end up dumped by their respective girls: Carli arrives at the pub with Tom and announces they have got back together, whilst Chloe, frustrated by Jay's frequent calls and messages, tells him that he is too sensitive and needy for her. Jay bursts into tears as Will comforts him, and the boys promptly leave the pub and drive home. As they do, Simon, Jay, and Neil issue new insulting nicknames for Will relating to his incident in the exam, which he fears will always be remembered by the other students. Series 3 (2010) No.overallNo. inseriesTitleDirected byWritten byOriginal air dateUK viewers(millions)131"The Fashion Show"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris13 September 2010 (2010-09-13)3.46 The school is hosting a charity fashion show, organised by Carli and kidney failure patient Alistair Scott, in order to raise money for a new dialysis machine for the local hospital. Simon is given the chance to model by Carli, while Jay, despite persistent efforts to get himself noticed, is refused. Will perceives the event as nothing more than a popularity contest, but is forced into collecting the funds by Mr Gilbert, who ironically agrees with Will's opinion but still threatens him with detention if he refuses. Will uses it as an opportunity to openly express his opinion to guests of the event, which angers Alistair and triggers a rivalry between the two. Charlotte, now a university student, turns up at the event as a special guest model, soon asking Will to assist her at the last minute after her original show companion passed out whilst drunk. Will immediately dismisses his initial beliefs and decides to help, further frustrating Alistair and an envious Jay, who is eventually forced to visit the school nurse when his own efforts to pierce his ears leave them infected and pus-ridden. Though Charlotte is appreciative towards Will for his help and admits that she would be happy to have boyfriend like him, she mockingly laughs off the thought of them being a couple, and so Will refuses to join her any further. Meanwhile, Carli fires her original partner for the show's finale after seeing his excessive body hair and quickly asks Simon to replace him. Though hesitant to do so after seeing the outfit as just a top hat and a pair of Speedos, Simon eventually agrees in the hopes of Carli finally going out with him. However, putting the outfit on in a rush leaves his left testicle protruding out from the Speedo pants, and so he performs the entire act with it visible to the audience. Once Carli finds out, she assumes it was a deliberate way to mock her, angrily storming off and leaving Simon humiliated. Neil, who had been helping out backstage, is once again the victim of sexual advances by Mr Kennedy, who is stopped by Mr Gilbert when trying to fondle Neil whilst drunk. Simon and Will meet up with Jay and Neil once the show comes to an end, Simon bitter towards Neil for not helping him with his finale outfit, and Jay forced to wear a sizeable bandage around his head as a result of his infected ears. As they leave the building, Neil abruptly admits to Will that he once snogged Charlotte and gestures to Simon and Jay that he had also fingered her. 142"The Gig and the Girlfriend"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris20 September 2010 (2010-09-20)3.34 On their way to school that morning, the boys notice school bully Mark Donovan and several other students smoking cannabis in the street, which leaves Will shocked. Jay then claims that most people smoke it regularly, even himself, and insists he can supply it to them whenever they need it, which Will dismisses as lies. Later, in the school common room, Simon meets Tara, an attractive girl in the year below whom he quickly falls for. In an attempt to woo her, Simon agrees to go with her that evening to a gig hosted by a rock band called Failsafe, also promising to bring a supply of cannabis. He later asks Jay to provide him with some, only for Jay to claim that his dealer has travelled to Afghanistan to acquire drugs from source, angering Simon who realises Jay was indeed lying the entire time. In order to regain his friends' trust, Jay tries to buy weed from Mark Donovan, but is mockingly given tea and threatened by Donovan for challenging him, and so quickly accepts it and leaves. Moments before the boys leave that evening, Simon discovers it is tea and is left further enraged. At the gig, Jay and Neil search the area for a dealer, soon finding a young man who, after a brief argument, supplies them with cannabis. The boys then begin smoking it alongside Tara just outside the building, bar Will who continues to insist it is illegal and harmful. Jay and Neil later tease Will about his negative attitude towards drugs, believing he is simply too scared to take them, and so an annoyed Will eats the rest of the cannabis to prove them otherwise. Simon accidentally injures Tara in a moshpit, and, not helped by a mixture of her being stoned and concussed, she comes over faint, light headed and nauseous. After telling him she feels queasy and is going to be sick , she retches and is violently sick over herself, Simon, their shoes and the floor, just as she is about to kiss him. After she's thrown up, they kiss passionately, but her stomach has other plans and a retching Tara has to rush off to the toilets to puke up everywhere again. Will then begins to feel incredibly dizzy as a result of taking the cannabis, and begs Jay to call an ambulance; Jay refuses in fear of getting arrested for drug dealing. Will then tries to seek help from Simon and Neil. Simon is too busy pacifying a stoned and profusely vomiting Tara and Neil is ultimately falling asleep after taking numerous sleeping pills in an attempt to get high himself. Feeling hopeless, Will finally stands on the stage and begs the entire audience to help him, and so is kindly escorted away by the bouncers. An ambulance eventually arrives and takes him to hospital; Jay, believing it is a police van, flees in horror, whilst Simon and Tara, still stoned, continue kissing and canoodling. 153"Will's Dilemma"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris27 September 2010 (2010-09-27)3.57 For Neil's eighteenth birthday, his mother buys him a motorcycle, which Jay badly damages after crashing it into a wall. Due to his financial difficulties, Neil's father Kevin is unable to get Neil any presents and instead allows him a house party, during which he is allowed to invite ten friends. The next day, Simon and his new girlfriend Tara arrange a double date with Will and Tara's friend Kerry at Waterside, a local shopping centre. Though Will dislikes Kerry due to her boring personality and imposing height, he is keen to stay with her due to her supposed habit of giving all of her previous boyfriends blowjobs. Jay and Neil also visit Waterside, secretly following Simon and Will around on their double date, but are quickly spotted by a frustrated Will, whom they repeatedly tease over Kerry's height. Later, whilst on their own, Jay and Neil notice Mr Gilbert in a nearby toy shop, jokingly shouting out his name and running away before he can spot them. They then purchase a bumper sticker which reads "Honk If You Want A BlowJob", sticking it on the back of Simon's Fiat Cinquecento without him realising. Simon finally meets Tara's parents after driving her home that evening; her father takes a prompt disliking toward him after hearing him swear and seeing the car's bumper sticker, branding it "dirty", despite Simon insisting that he did not put it on there. The next day at school, Jay and Neil reference Waterside when Mr Gilbert passes them in the common room, and are immediately issued four weeks of after school detention. At Neil's party, which he subsequently arrives late to, Will is continuously deterred by Kerry's strange and clingy behaviour, and insists that he does not want to be her boyfriend. Despite only meeting him the other day, Kerry is left heartbroken, abruptly bursting into tears and spreading lies to the other party members that Will used her for sex before dumping her because of her height. Tara, who was giving Simon a handjob in Neil's bedroom, rushes downstairs after she hears Kerry crying, angered that Will dumped her and revealing that her father died the previous month. Though initially sympathetic, Will quickly insists that it is not relevant to the situation. The other party members are left disgusted, and Kevin promptly demands Will to leave and never come back ever again. As he leaves, Will berates Simon for failing to inform him that Kerry's father had died, and is ultimately grounded for three weeks when Kevin informs Will's mother Polly of the incident. The next day at school, Will apologises to Neil for ruining his birthday, but Neil insists he still enjoyed it as when the other guests left, Kerry gave him multiple blowjobs in private. 164"The Trip to Warwick""Trip to Warwick"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris4 October 2010 (2010-10-04)3.62 Whilst Simon and Tara passionately French kiss and fondle one another in his bedroom, they are promptly interrupted by Simon's parents, who request he leave the door open when having girls in his bedroom, much to Simon's anger and embarrassment. When alone, Tara insists to Simon that they should have sex, believing they are both clearly in love and ready for it. Simon suggests the garden or his car as ideal places for privacy, but a shocked Tara rejects both locations, instead suggesting they visit her sister Sophie in Warwick and have sex in her student house. Simon discusses this with the others, but is quickly left anxious when Jay and Neil insist that he needs a plan to have sex successfully, and so they invite themselves along to offer advice. Will joins them, using it as an opportunity to look around the University of Warwick, one of his university choices, though also to avoid being left out and feeling lonely. Tara is left frustrated as a result, more so when Simon forces her to sit in the back of the overcrowded car because Neil called "shotgun", and when Neil continuously farts during the journey and leaves her feeling sick. Once the group arrive at Sophie's house, Sophie insists that she does not like the idea of Simon and Tara having sex, and remains fairly hostile toward Simon as a result. Joe, Sophie's housemate, invites his two friends over to play drinking games, which Jay and Neil quickly participate in. Will, initially trying to discuss the university with them, is left frustrated by their obnoxious behaviour and nonsensical conversations, and is subsequently branded boring. Meanwhile, Simon and Tara begin kissing in the kitchen; Sophie requests they stop and go somewhere private, allowing them to use her bedroom to have sex but still left worried that Tara won't enjoy it and will ultimately regret it. After she leaves, Tara tries to take Simon to the bedroom, but angrily storms off when Simon claims he needs to have a quick chat with Jay about dinner. With Tara gone, a worried Simon then admits to Jay that he will likely have an orgasm too quickly; though Will insists that Simon should just be honest with Tara, Simon dismisses his advice in favour of Jay's, and so quickly masturbates beforehand. Now in a refractory period, Simon begins to suffer impotence and repeatedly struggles to have sex properly. Meanwhile, Neil, who had downed a bottle of orangeade riddled with cigarette butts, begins losing control of his bladder and urinates a green, foul smelling urine. A drunken Jay then approaches Sophie and her attractive Dutch housemate Heike, insisting they all have sex together. When trying to throw Jay out of the house, Sophie discovers that Neil has urinated everywhere, and is soon approached by a scared Tara, who flees the bedroom after Simon loses his temper and begins slapping his penis manically. Simon quickly follows her when he achieves a semi-erection, only to find himself standing naked in front of everyone. Sophie threatens to call the police if they do not leave, and so they are forced to sleep in Simon's car and endure the long drive home naked the next morning. During the journey home, a hungover Jay vomits profusely, and Simon receives a text from Tara telling him to never contact her again. 175"Home Alone"Ben PalmerDamon Beesley & Iain Morris11 October 2010 (2010-10-11)3.72 Will's mother Polly goes away for the weekend with an old college friend, Fergus, after they catch up through Facebook, much to Will's annoyance. Afraid to be home alone for the night, Will invites Simon to stay over, but Simon is unable to due to a father and son golf tournament he is attending. Though Jay offers to stay over instead, Will refuses due to his sexual obsession with Polly, and instead asks Neil, who agrees providing he can bring his PS3 to avoid playing Will's Nintendo Wii games. Jay is left frustrated by the decision, craving the opportunity to be away from his dog Benji, who stares at him or howls at the bedroom door whenever he tries to masturbate. He soon attempts to run away from Benji in public, but Benji continues following him. Eventually, Jay easily makes it inside Will's house after Neil leaves the front door open, and they both begin making a mess. Will demands they go outside for a while, and is taken by the others on a "pussy patrol"; revealed to be no more than slowly driving around the estate whilst playing loud music. During the drive, Jay angrily runs over and kills a squirrel after it continues to slyly avoid his car at the last minute, leaving both Will and Neil shocked and disgusted, and Jay eventually feeling sad. When they return to the house, they find Simon waiting for them, having made his way in after Neil left the back door open, leaving Will further frustrated. Will then answers the front door to find a man delivering a large supply of Foster's Lager, which Jay admits he ordered via the credit card details left by Polly for emergencies. Whilst trying to return the lager online, Will finds inappropriate content posted on his Facebook account, also discovering that Jay has changed the password. Jay promises to tell Will the new one on the condition that he allows them all to stay. Will finally agrees, but forces them all to go back out when they begin vandalising the back garden. They wander the estate whilst drinking, and begin vandalising a front garden which Jay and Neil had also vandalised earlier that day. Will reluctantly takes part and begins to enjoy it, but the boys quickly run away when the owner of the house sees them and threatens to call the police. Upon returning home, Jay and Neil masturbate in private whilst Simon and Will take shots whilst playing Pro Evo. The find themselves extremely hungover the next morning, Simon shocked to see that he is over an hour late to his golf tournament, and quickly notice the man whose front garden they vandalised angrily hitting the front door to try and get inside and apprehend them all. Polly soon returns home and the man angrily explains to her what the boys have done. Shortly after, Jay enters the room in tears, explaining that his father had Benji put down after Jay, keen to masturbate in private and so trying to get Benji locked out of the house, lied that he had been continuously defecating indoors, with his father believing dogs are near death at that point anyway. It is also revealed Will's mum was eventually dumped by Fergus as he did not want to be dealing with a "problem child". During the episode, Jay and Neil vandalise a layout of flowers beside a roundabout that reads "WELCOME TO OUR VILLAGE", altering it to display "WE CUM TIT VILLAGE". Mr Gilbert approaches Will over the matter, believing he would know who the culprits are, but Will insists he doesn't and that he would've reported them immediately if he did. Mr Gilbert believes him, but then gives him a few days to find out and threatens to mess up his UCAS application if he fails to do so. Will later discovers that it was Jay and Neil, but reluctantly refuses to report them to avoid being a "grass"; it isn't revealed what happens to his UCAS as a result. 186"The Camping Trip""Camping"Damon Beesley & Iain MorrisDamon Beesley & Iain Morris18 October 2010 (2010-10-18)3.70 Simon's parents tell him that the family are moving to Swansea in a couple of weeks time due to Alan's company making many employees redundant. Simon is left shocked at the thought of no longer seeing his friends or Carli ever again, berating his parents for the decision and insisting that he will try and move into a local flat with Jay instead. Meanwhile, Neil is also worried after having sex with Karen, an older work colleague at Asda, who informs Neil that she tested positive, which he assumes refers to a pregnancy test. Will suggests the boys go on a camping trip before going their separate ways, but Simon instead decides to use the time to try and confess his love for Carli. He later phones Will the following night whilst drunk outside Carli's house, preparing to climb in through her window and have sex with her. Will panics and rushes over to stop him, but arrives just as Simon is climbing in through the bedroom window. Simon begins fondling whom he believes to be Carli in bed, only to discover that it is her younger brother Chris. He tries to leave quietly, but Chris cries for his father, and so Simon rushes off with Will. When Carli's father bans Simon from going near their house again, Simon finally agrees to go on the camping trip Will had arranged. Though Will organises the trip constructively, the others makes a mess of things, quickly building a fire by burning several of Will's possessions with petrol. Will, initially frustrated, eventually cheers up as they all play a game with them swapping phones and sending vulgar texts to each other's contacts. Will then finally persuades the others to play Monopoly, which they do for many hours, but eventually insists they should stop and call it a draw when it is too dark to see anything. Jay, on the verge of winning, refuses and ultimately tries to use Simon's car headlights to allow them to see, but forgets to apply the hand brake after turning the car to face them all. The car quickly rolls down the hill toward the lake; Jay misplaces the keys, and so Will and Simon are forced to find something to break the car's window and get inside whilst Jay and Neil hold it in place. They both give up after feeling tired, and allow the car to roll into the lake just as Will and Simon rush back. His car gone for good, Simon goes into a hateful outburst towards them all, but soon calms down when they offer him a drink, admitting that he never liked the car anyway. They later receive replies from the texts they sent earlier: Neil discovers, strangely to his relief, that Karen's text actually referred to a diagnosis of chlamydia as a result of unsafe sex, whilst Jay's dad replies to him by saying that Jay's mother was right about sending him to a shrink, which Jay awkwardly laughs off and dismisses as lies. Simon then receives a reply from a sexual text Jay sent to Carli on his phone and is visibly pleased with what it says, though he refuses to reveal it to the others. They go to bed in the tent shortly afterward, but Neil, having eaten countless undercooked sausages earlier in the day, begins vomiting everywhere; the repulsive smell causes Simon and Jay to vomit also, and the boys are left no choice but to walk home in the end. See also The Inbetweeners Movie The Inbetweeners 2 References ^ Dean, Will (8 May 2008). "Sitcom surbubia with spots". The Guardian. Guardian News & Media. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ West, Dave (5 June 2008). "E4 takes second series of 'Inbetweeners'". Digital Spy. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "1: First Day". E4. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "2: Bunk Off". E4. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "3: Thorpe Park". E4. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "4: Will's Girlfriend". E4. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "5: Caravan Club". E4. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "6: Xmas Party". E4. Retrieved 22 March 2009. ^ "1: The Field Trip". E4. Retrieved 2 April 2009. ^ "2: Work Experience". E4. Retrieved 9 April 2009. ^ "3: Will's Birthday". E4. Retrieved 16 April 2009. ^ "4: A Night Out in London". E4. Retrieved 23 April 2009. ^ "5: The Duke of Edinburgh Awards". E4. Retrieved 1 May 2009. ^ "6: Exam Time". E4. Retrieved 8 May 2009. vteThe InbetweenersEpisodesFilms The Inbetweeners Movie The Inbetweeners 2 Other Characters The Inbetweeners Soundtrack "Gone Up in Flames" U.S. version

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[]

[{"title":"The Inbetweeners Movie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inbetweeners_Movie"},{"title":"The Inbetweeners 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Inbetweeners_2"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Fluid_Drive

Operation Fluid Drive

["1 First evacuation","2 Second evacuation","3 References"]

Operation Fluid Drive was a non-combatant evacuation operation led by the United States to evacuate American citizens and other foreign nationals from Beirut, Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War. On 20 June 1976, USS Spiegel Grove transported 110 Americans and 157 nationals of other countries from Lebanon to Piraeus, Greece. On 27 July, 300 additional persons, including 155 Americans, were evacuated to Piraeus. The cruiser USS Little Rock was present off the Lebanese coast during both evacuations. First evacuation United States President Gerald Ford monitors the evacuation of American citizens from Beirut. United States President Gerald Ford ordered commencement of the operation on 20 June 1976 at 1:23 a.m. EDT. Fighting on land routes to Damascus, Syria, disrupted the original plan of a road convoy evacuation. At 10:37 a.m. Beirut time, the United States Navy LCU 1654 landing craft opened its bow ramp at Bain Militaire to allow 276 evacuees to board. U.S. diplomats in Lebanon had finished the truce arrangements needed for the evacuation only hours beforehand. Organisation on the ground within Beirut leant on the knowledge and connections of British Charge d'Affaires, Geoffrey Hancock, who used his good relations with parties involved in the conflict in efforts to assure security. The evacuees were unarmed, and were escorted by numerous Palestinian guerrillas and leftist Lebanese army soldiers. One family refused to continue with the evacuation when told, incorrectly, that their dog was not allowed. After a 25-minute trip, the landing craft reached USS Spiegel Grove, which remained three miles offshore. The United States Sixth Fleet flagship, USS Little Rock, pulled alongside USS Spiegel Grove to greet the refugees on board. The United States convoy consisted of five ships in total. One of the escort ships was the USS Connole (FF 1056), and three Soviet warships, including Kerch, shadowed the fleet. USS Spiegel Grove then sailed to Piraeus, Greece, arriving on 22 June 1976. Second evacuation On 26 July 1976, the Sixth Fleet prepared to evacuate an additional 500 Americans and others from Lebanon. Dockside security was again provided by the Palestine Liberation Organization. Although 500 people were signed up to leave the country, only 155 Americans and 145 nationals of other countries were evacuated. References ^ "CBS Evening News for Sunday, Jun 20, 1976". Retrieved 26 October 2012. ^ a b "Evacuees aboard ship in party mood". The Miami News. 21 June 1976. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ a b "Lebanon Truce Signed". The Palm Beach Post. Beirut. 30 July 1976. Retrieved 30 October 2012. ^ "USS Little Rock 1975 Beirut Civil War". USS Little Rock Association. Archived from the original on 1 July 2011. Retrieved 26 October 2012. ^ a b "Americans Flee Beirut". St. Petersburg Times. Beirut. 21 June 1976. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ a b c "263 leave Lebanon aboard U.S. vessel". The Gazette. Beirut. 21 June 1976. Retrieved 28 October 2012. ^ The Naval History & Heritage Command, The History Program of The Department of the Navy, 805 Kidder Breese St SE Washington D.C., DC, US 20374 (http://www.history.navy.mil/) as shown in photo and caption at https://www.facebook.com/USNHistory/photos/a.10150752999428344/10150752999708344, posted 7 May 2012, accessed 10 Aug 2020 ^ a b c d e McManus, Doyle (22 June 1976). "U.S. Rescue Ship in 'Fluid Drive' From Lebanon Peril". The Schenectady Gazette. Aboard USS Spiegel Grove. Retrieved 28 October 2012.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: location (link) ^ MEED Arab Report. London: Middle East Economic Digest Ltd. 1976. ^ a b "6th Fleet to evacuate 500 from Lebanon". The Morning Record. Beirut. 27 July 1976. Retrieved 30 October 2012. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Operation Fluid Drive.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint-Vigor-le-Grand

Saint-Vigor-le-Grand

["1 International relations","2 Population","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 49°16′53″N 0°41′18″W / 49.2814°N 0.6883°W / 49.2814; -0.6883 You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in French. (December 2008) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the French article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing French Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|fr|Saint-Vigor-le-Grand}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Vigor-le-GrandCommuneThe church in Saint-Vigor-le-Grand Coat of armsLocation of Saint-Vigor-le-Grand Saint-Vigor-le-GrandShow map of FranceSaint-Vigor-le-GrandShow map of NormandyCoordinates: 49°16′53″N 0°41′18″W / 49.2814°N 0.6883°W / 49.2814; -0.6883CountryFranceRegionNormandyDepartmentCalvadosArrondissementBayeuxCantonBayeuxIntercommunalityBayeux IntercomGovernment • Mayor (2020–2026) Benoît FerrutArea19.69 km2 (3.74 sq mi)Population (2021)2,529 • Density260/km2 (680/sq mi)Time zoneUTC+01:00 (CET) • Summer (DST)UTC+02:00 (CEST)INSEE/Postal code14663 /14400Elevation32–75 m (105–246 ft) (avg. 51 m or 167 ft)1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries. Saint-Vigor-le-Grand (French pronunciation: ⓘ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France. International relations See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in France Saint-Vigor-le-Grand is twinned with Colden Common, United Kingdom. Population Historical populationYearPop.±% p.a.1968 1,304—    1975 1,588+2.85%1982 1,752+1.41%1990 2,032+1.87%1999 1,901−0.74%2007 2,030+0.82%2012 2,087+0.56%2017 2,438+3.16%Source: INSEE See also Communes of the Calvados department References ^ "Répertoire national des élus: les maires". data.gouv.fr, Plateforme ouverte des données publiques françaises (in French). 2 December 2020. ^ "Populations légales 2021" (in French). The National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies. 28 December 2023. ^ "British towns twinned with French towns". Archant Community Media Ltd. Retrieved 11 July 2013. ^ Population en historique depuis 1968, INSEE Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint-Vigor-le-Grand. vte Communes of the Calvados department Ablon Agy Amayé-sur-Orne Amayé-sur-Seulles Amfreville Angerville Anisy Annebault Arganchy Argences Arromanches-les-Bains Asnelles Asnières-en-Bessin Auberville Aubigny Audrieu Aure sur Mer Aurseulles Authie Les Authieux-sur-Calonne Auvillars Avenay Balleroy-sur-Drôme Banneville-la-Campagne Banville Barbery Barbeville Barneville-la-Bertran Baron-sur-Odon Barou-en-Auge Basly Basseneville Bavent Bayeuxsubpr Bazenville La Bazoque Beaufour-Druval Beaumais Beaumesnil Beaumont-en-Auge Bellengreville Belle Vie en Auge Benerville-sur-Mer Bénouville Bény-sur-Mer Bernesq Bernières-d'Ailly Bernières-sur-Mer Beuvillers Beuvron-en-Auge Biéville-Beuville Blainville-sur-Orne Blangy-le-Château Blay Blonville-sur-Mer Le Bô La Boissière Bonnebosq Bonnemaison Bonneville-la-Louvet Bonneville-sur-Touques Bonnœil Bons-Tassilly Bougy Boulon Bourgeauville Bourguébus Branville Brémoy Bretteville-le-Rabet Bretteville-sur-Laize Bretteville-sur-Odon Le Breuil-en-Auge Le Breuil-en-Bessin Le Brévedent Bréville-les-Monts Bricqueville Brucourt Bucéels Le Bû-sur-Rouvres Cabourg Caenpref Cagny Cahagnes Cahagnolles La Caine Cairon La Cambe Cambes-en-Plaine Cambremer Campagnolles Campigny Canapville Canchy Canteloup Carcagny Cardonville Carpiquet Cartigny-l'Épinay Le Castelet Castillon Castillon-en-Auge Castine-en-Plaine Caumont-sur-Aure Cauvicourt Cauville Cernay Cesny-aux-Vignes Cesny-les-Sources Chouain Cintheaux Clarbec Clécy Cléville Colleville-Montgomery Colleville-sur-Mer Colombelles Colombières Colombiers-sur-Seulles Colomby-Anguerny Combray Commes Condé-en-Normandie Condé-sur-Ifs Condé-sur-Seulles Coquainvilliers Cordebugle Cordey Cormelles-le-Royal Cormolain Cossesseville Cottun Courcy Courseulles-sur-Mer Courtonne-la-Meurdrac Courtonne-les-Deux-Églises Courvaudon Crépon Cresserons Cresseveuille Creully sur Seulles Cricquebœuf Cricqueville-en-Auge Cricqueville-en-Bessin Cristot Crocy Croisilles Crouay Culey-le-Patry Cussy Cuverville Damblainville Danestal Deauville Démouville Le Détroit Deux-Jumeaux Dialan sur Chaîne Dives-sur-Mer Donnay Douville-en-Auge Douvres-la-Délivrande Dozulé Drubec Ducy-Sainte-Marguerite Ellon Émiéville Englesqueville-en-Auge Englesqueville-la-Percée Épaney Épinay-sur-Odon Épron Équemauville Eraines Ernes Escoville Espins Esquay-Notre-Dame Esquay-sur-Seulles Esson Estrées-la-Campagne Éterville Étréham Évrecy Falaise Fauguernon Le Faulq Feuguerolles-Bully Fierville-les-Parcs Firfol Fleury-sur-Orne La Folie La Folletière-Abenon Fontaine-Étoupefour Fontaine-Henry Fontaine-le-Pin Fontenay-le-Marmion Fontenay-le-Pesnel Formentin Formigny La Bataille Foulognes Fourches Fourneaux-le-Val Le Fournet Fourneville Frénouville Le Fresne-Camilly Fresné-la-Mère Fresney-le-Puceux Fresney-le-Vieux Fumichon Gavrus Géfosse-Fontenay Genneville Gerrots Giberville Glanville Glos Gonneville-en-Auge Gonneville-sur-Honfleur Gonneville-sur-Mer Goustranville Gouvix Grainville-Langannerie Grainville-sur-Odon Grandcamp-Maisy Grangues Graye-sur-Mer Grentheville Grimbosq Guéron Hermanville-sur-Mer Hermival-les-Vaux Hérouville-Saint-Clair Hérouvillette Heuland La Hoguette Honfleur L'Hôtellerie Hotot-en-Auge Hottot-les-Bagues La Houblonnière Houlgate Ifs Isigny-sur-Mer Les Isles-Bardel Janville Jort Juaye-Mondaye Juvigny-sur-Seulles Laize-Clinchamps Landelles-et-Coupigny Landes-sur-Ajon Langrune-sur-Mer Léaupartie Leffard Lessard-et-le-Chêne Lingèvres Lion-sur-Mer Lisieuxsubpr Lison Lisores Litteau Livarot-Pays-d'Auge Les Loges Les Loges-Saulces Longues-sur-Mer Longueville Longvillers Loucelles Louvagny Louvigny Luc-sur-Mer Magny-en-Bessin Maisoncelles-Pelvey Maisoncelles-sur-Ajon Maisons Maizet Maizières Malherbe-sur-Ajon Maltot Mandeville-en-Bessin Manerbe Manneville-la-Pipard Le Manoir Manvieux Le Marais-la-Chapelle Marolles Martainville Martigny-sur-l'Ante Mathieu May-sur-Orne Merville-Franceville-Plage Méry-Bissières-en-Auge Meslay Le Mesnil-au-Grain Le Mesnil-Eudes Le Mesnil-Guillaume Le Mesnil-Robert Le Mesnil-Simon Le Mesnil-sur-Blangy Le Mesnil-Villement Meuvaines Mézidon Vallée d'Auge Le Molay-Littry Les Monceaux Monceaux-en-Bessin Mondeville Mondrainville Monfréville Montfiquet Montigny Montillières-sur-Orne Montreuil-en-Auge Monts-en-Bessin Les Monts d'Aunay Morteaux-Coulibœuf Mosles Mouen Moulines Moulins en Bessin Moult-Chicheboville Les Moutiers-en-Auge Les Moutiers-en-Cinglais Moyaux Mutrécy Nonant Norolles Noron-l'Abbaye Noron-la-Poterie Norrey-en-Auge Notre-Dame-de-Livaye Notre-Dame-d'Estrées-Corbon Noues de Sienne Olendon Orbec Osmanville Ouézy Ouffières Ouilly-du-Houley Ouilly-le-Tesson Ouilly-le-Vicomte Ouistreham Parfouru-sur-Odon Pennedepie Périers-en-Auge Périers-sur-le-Dan Périgny Perrières Pertheville-Ners Petiville Pierrefitte-en-Auge Pierrefitte-en-Cinglais Pierrepont Le Pin Planquery Plumetot La Pommeraye Pont-Bellanger Pont-d'Ouilly Pontécoulant Pont-Farcy Pont-l'Évêque Port-en-Bessin-Huppain Ponts sur Seulles Potigny Préaux-Bocage Le Pré-d'Auge Prêtreville Putot-en-Auge Quetteville Ranchy Ranville Rapilly Repentigny Reux Reviers La Rivière-Saint-Sauveur La Roque-Baignard Rocques Rosel Rots Rouvres Rubercy Rumesnil Ryes Saint-André-d'Hébertot Saint-André-sur-Orne Saint-Arnoult Saint-Aubin-d'Arquenay Saint-Aubin-des-Bois Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer Saint-Benoît-d'Hébertot Saint-Côme-de-Fresné Saint-Contest Saint-Denis-de-Mailloc Saint-Denis-de-Méré Saint-Désir Sainte-Croix-sur-Mer Sainte-Honorine-de-Ducy Sainte-Honorine-du-Fay Sainte-Marguerite-d'Elle Sainte-Marie-Outre-l'Eau Saint-Étienne-la-Thillaye Saint-Gatien-des-Bois Saint-Germain-de-Livet Saint-Germain-du-Pert Saint-Germain-la-Blanche-Herbe Saint-Germain-Langot Saint-Germain-le-Vasson Saint-Hymer Saint-Jean-de-Livet Saint-Jouin Saint-Julien-sur-Calonne Saint-Lambert Saint-Laurent-de-Condel Saint-Laurent-sur-Mer Saint-Léger-Dubosq Saint-Louet-sur-Seulles Saint-Loup-Hors Saint-Manvieu-Norrey Saint-Marcouf Saint-Martin-aux-Chartrains Saint-Martin-de-Bienfaite-la-Cressonnière Saint-Martin-de-Blagny Saint-Martin-de-Fontenay Saint-Martin-de-la-Lieue Saint-Martin-de-Mailloc Saint-Martin-de-Mieux Saint-Martin-des-Entrées Saint-Omer Saint-Ouen-du-Mesnil-Oger Saint-Ouen-le-Pin Saint-Pair Saint-Paul-du-Vernay Saint-Philbert-des-Champs Saint-Pierre-Azif Saint-Pierre-Canivet Saint-Pierre-des-Ifs Saint-Pierre-du-Bû Saint-Pierre-du-Fresne Saint-Pierre-du-Jonquet Saint-Pierre-du-Mont Saint-Pierre-en-Auge Saint-Rémy Saint-Samson Saint-Sylvain Saint-Vaast-en-Auge Saint-Vaast-sur-Seulles Saint-Vigor-le-Grand Sallen Sallenelles Sannerville Saon Saonnet Sassy Seulline Soignolles Soliers Sommervieu Soulangy Souleuvre en Bocage Soumont-Saint-Quentin Subles Sully Surrain Surville Terres de Druance Tessel Thaon Le Theil-en-Auge Thue et Mue Thury-Harcourt-le-Hom Tilly-sur-Seulles Le Torquesne Touffréville Touques Tour-en-Bessin Tourgéville Tournières Tourville-en-Auge Tourville-sur-Odon Tracy-Bocage Tracy-sur-Mer Tréprel Trévières Troarn Le Tronquay Trouville-sur-Mer Trungy Urville Ussy Vacognes-Neuilly Valambray Valdallière Val d'Arry Val de Drôme Val-de-Vie Valorbiquet Valsemé Varaville Vaucelles Vauville Vaux-sur-Aure Vaux-sur-Seulles Vendes Vendeuvre Versainville Verson Ver-sur-Mer La Vespière-Friardel Le Vey Vicques Victot-Pontfol Vienne-en-Bessin Vierville-sur-Mer Vieux Vieux-Bourg Vignats Villers-Bocage Villers-Canivet Villers-sur-Mer Villerville La Villette Villons-les-Buissons Villy-Bocage Villy-lez-Falaise Vimont Vire Normandiesubpr pref: prefecture subpr: subprefecture Authority control databases: National France BnF data This Calvados geographical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[sɛ̃ viɡɔʁ lə ɡʁɑ̃]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:IPA/French"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ae/Fr-Paris--Saint-Vigor-le-Grand.ogg/Fr-Paris--Saint-Vigor-le-Grand.ogg.mp3"},{"link_name":"ⓘ","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fr-Paris--Saint-Vigor-le-Grand.ogg"},{"link_name":"commune","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_France"},{"link_name":"Calvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados_(department)"},{"link_name":"department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Departments_of_France"},{"link_name":"Normandy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normandy_(administrative_region)"},{"link_name":"region","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regions_of_France"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"}],"text":"Commune in Normandy, FranceSaint-Vigor-le-Grand (French pronunciation: [sɛ̃ viɡɔʁ lə ɡʁɑ̃] ⓘ) is a commune in the Calvados department in the Normandy region in northwestern France.","title":"Saint-Vigor-le-Grand"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"List of twin towns and sister cities in France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_France"},{"link_name":"twinned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities"},{"link_name":"Colden Common","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colden_Common"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Archant_twinning-3"}],"text":"See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in FranceSaint-Vigor-le-Grand is twinned with Colden Common, United Kingdom.[3]","title":"International relations"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Population"}]

[]

[{"title":"Communes of the Calvados department","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communes_of_the_Calvados_department"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FAFSWAG

FAFSWAG

["1 Background","1.1 Early years","1.2 Artist residencies and international productions","2 Artistry","3 Exhibitions & works","4 Awards","5 References","6 External links"]

Arts collective FAFSWAGFAFSWAG Family Portrait 2016Formation2013LocationAuckland, New ZealandWebsitewww.fafswagvogue.com FAFSWAG is an arts collective of Māori and Pacific LGBTQI+ artists and activists founded in Auckland, New Zealand in 2013. They explore and celebrate the unique identity of gender fluid Pacific people and LGBTQI+ communities in multi-disciplinary art forms. In 2020 FAFSWAG was awarded an Arts Laureate from the New Zealand Arts Foundation, and they also represented New Zealand at the Biennale of Sydney. Tanu Gago in 2019 receiving his Queens Birthday Award Background Early years Pati Solomona Tyrell and Tanu Gago formed the FAFSWAG arts collective in 2013. The collective grew from a photography project of Gago's that was a part of university course work. FAFSWAG create art and experiences in many different art forms with a strong online focus. Their goal is to "celebrate Queer Brown bodies, contemporary Pacific arts, and cultural restoration". FAFSWAG state they are committed to social change. The art projects of the collective focus on challenging the lack of Indigenous LGBQI representation in creative industries and the fluid gender spectrum in Pacific culture. The collective's name is a portmanteau between fa'afafine and swag. Initially there were ten artists in the collective. By 2020 FAFSWAG artists numbered 12 including: Jermaine Dean, Falencie Filipo, Tapuaki Helu, Elyssia Wilson Heti, Nahora Ioane, Hōhua Ropate Kurene, Moe Laga, Ilalio Loau, Tim Swann and James Waititi in addition to the founders Tyrell and Gago. The first FAFSWAG Aitu Ball was held in South Auckland in 2013, however from 2016 balls have been held in central Auckland. The FAFSWAG ball promotes the 'queer brown community' and the dance form vogue that originated in New York amongst marginalised African American queer communities. The ball is an inclusive space that celebrates the cultures of Māori and Pacific and invites participation from others, "whether you're Asian or Indian or Pākehā: there’s a place for you in that space as well.” Artist residencies and international productions The collective was the 2017 Company in Residence at Basement Theatre, and were the winners of the 2017 Auckland Theatre Award for best overall body of work. In 2018, FAFSWAG held a ball at the Auckland Art Gallery. In 2019, founder Tanu Gago was awarded the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to art and the LGBTIQ+ community. The artistic practice of the collective has been impacted by the COVID epidemic. In 2020 a production Fa'aafa was scheduled in Berlin at HAU Hebbel am Ufer before being cancelled due to the epidemic. The name Fa'aafa is a Samoan term recognising a third gender, and the production combined poetry from Tusiata Avia, 'adornment of voguing', movement and sound. For their Sydney Biennale project in 2020 FAFSWAG were required to re-vision their project as an online production due to COVID restrictions. The resulting project was named CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney. The production was made up of a number of works including Protection (2020) by Nahora Ioane and Tanu Gago, created in response to the criminalisation of homosexuality in the Cook Islands; Whānau Ariki (2020) by Amy Lautogo, Ria Hiroki and Elyssia Wilson Heti, a 'game-like experience of dressing a woman' aimed at decolonizing the bodies of the artists; and M A T A L A by artists Hohua Ropate Kurene and Tapuaki Helu, a series of photographs of men and flowers with themes of manhood, identity, sexuality and intimacy. FAFSWAG have collaborated with Liam Finn and Neil Finn on a music video, and have presented productions or exhibitions at the Auckland Art Gallery, the Auckland War Memorial Museum, Artspace Aotearoa, Māngere Arts Centre - Ngā Tohu o Uenuku, and the Centre of Contemporary Art, Christchurch. In 2022 FAFSWAG were invited to be part of documenta fifteen in Kassel, Germany. The lack of New Zealand press coverage of this event was discussed in research influencing the development of new arts policy in New Zealand. Artistry FAFSWAG is inspired by New York Ball culture. Founder Tanu Gago felt that queer spaces for Pasifika can act as a counter to traditional Pasifika voices in the community, which tend to be older, more conservative and more religious. Exhibitions & works 2013: Te Puke o Tara Community Centre, FAFSWAG's first vogue ball 2015: Studio One Toi Tū 2016: Family Bar, Karangahape Road 2017: FAFSWAG became the company in residence at Basement Theatre 2017: Artspace Aotearoa 2017: Making Space: FAFSWAG, COCA (Centre of Contemporary Art) 2018: Auckland Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira Late at the Museum event, Explicit Inclusion Identity. 2018: Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, documentary launch 2018: FAFSWAG Aitu Ball Raynham Park Studio, Karangahape Road, Auckland 2018/19: FAFSWAGVOGUE.COM – an online interactive documentary about Auckland's dance vogue culture, directed by Tanu Gago, produced by Piki Films, and featured at the Centre Pompidou in Paris in 2018 2019: Where's My Room 7min music video in collaboration with Neil and Liam Finn directed by Sam Kristofski and choreographed by Pati Solomona Tyrell 2020: CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney, 22nd Sydney Biennale 2020: Biennale of Sydney, representing New Zealand 2020: HAU Hebbel am Ufer, Berlin Awards 2017: Auckland Theatre Award for best overall body of work 2020: Arts Foundation Laureate 2020 – Interdisciplinary Arts References ^ a b c d e "FAFSWAG". Arts Foundation. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2022. ^ a b c d e f Mackley-Crump, Jared; Zemke, Kirsten (2019). "Marginalisation and Events". In Walters, Trudie; Jepson, Allan Stewart (eds.). The FAFSWAG Ball: Event spaces, counter-marginal narratives and walking queer bodies into the centre. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-50669-7. ^ a b "FAFSWAG". documenta fifteen. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ a b Zemke, Kirsten; Mackley-Crump, Jared (2019). "'Sissy that walk': Reframing queer Pacific bodies through the FAFSWAG Ball". Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture. 4 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1386/qsmpc_00007_1. ISSN 2055-5695. S2CID 203416520. ^ a b c "FAFSWAG". Biennale of Sydney. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ Syfret, Wendy (21 June 2016). "fafswag is the auckland collective celebrating queer pacific islander culture". i-D. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ a b c Borrowdale, James (14 August 2018). "Auckland's Vogue Balls Are a Church for Queers, And Everyone Else". Vice. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ a b c Prior, Kate (21 November 2017). "We're Here, We're Queer, We're Going Nowhere: FAFSWAG at The Basement in 2017". The Pantograph Punch. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "Fafswag / Pati Solomona Tyrell". Hebbel am Ufer. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ a b c Taratoa, Arpege (16 September 2020). "CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney". CIRCUIT Artist Film and Video Aotearoa New Zealand. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ a b "Neil & Liam Finn Share Video 'Where's My Room' Ft. FAFSWAG". Undertheradarnz. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ "FAFSWAG Arts Collective marks 10-year anniversary: 'Our story on our terms'". Pacific Media Network. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ a b "MAKING SPACE: FAFSWAG | CoCA Centre of Contemporary Art Toi Moroki". Centre of Contemporary Art. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ "FAFSWAG". documenta fifteen. Retrieved 30 January 2024. ^ "New Mirrors – Strengthening arts and culture media for Aotearoa New Zealand". creativenz.govt.nz. Retrieved 22 November 2023. ^ Olds, Jeremy (7 August 2015). "Fafswag: The artists telling queer Pacific stories". Stuff. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ "Artspace Aotearoa - FAFSWAG: Disruption Vogue Ball". Artspace Aotearoa. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ "LATE 2018: Explicit Inclusion Identity". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2022. ^ "FAFSWAG vogue ball". Auckland Art Gallery. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2021. ^ "FAFSWAG at Centre Pompidou". Contemporary HUM. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ Fenwick, George (8 February 2018). "The groundbreaking documentary on FAF SWAG and Auckland's vogue scene". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 October 2021. ^ "FAFSWAG". Biennale of Sydney. Retrieved 3 February 2022. ^ "Fafswag / Pati Solomona Tyrell". Hebbel am Ufer (in German). Retrieved 1 October 2021. External links Fafswagvogue.com vteArts Foundation laureates2000 Briar Grace-Smith Elizabeth Knox Peter Peryer Gillian Whitehead Douglas Wright 2001 Phil Dadson Kate De Goldi Michael Parekōwhai Gaylene Preston 2002 Warwick Freeman Shona McCullagh Don McGlashan Helen Medlyn Jacob Rajan 2003 Jenny Bornholdt Neil Dawson Michael Hurst Humphrey Ikin John Psathas 2004 Barry Barclay Jack Body Derek Lardelli John Pule Ann Robinson 2005 Neil Ieremia Bill Manhire Julia Morison Simon O'Neill Ronnie van Hout 2006 Alun Bollinger Alastair Galbraith Oscar Kightley John Reynolds Ian Wedde 2007 Michael Houstoun Sarah-Jayne Howard Colin McColl Moana Maniapoto Merilyn Wiseman 2008 Shane Cotton Ngila Dickson George Henare Lloyd Jones Teddy Tahu Rhodes 2009 Lyonel Grant Witi Ihimaera Chris Knox Richard Nunns Anne Noble 2010 Stuart Devenie Michael Parmenter Leon Narbey Gareth Farr John Parker 2011 Whirimako Black Fiona Pardington Emily Perkins Lemi Ponifasio Leanne Pooley 2012 Ruia Aperahama Tony de Lautour Rachel House Gregory O'Brien Fiona Samuel 2013 Laurence Aberhart Jane Campion Dean Parker Damien Wilkins Megan Wraight 2014 Cliff Curtis Lisa Reihana Geoff Cochrane Ross Harris Charles Koroneho 2015 Delaney Davidson Sara Brodie Wetini Mitai-Ngatai Daniel Belton Lisa Walker 2016 Eleanor Catton Lyell Cresswell Dylan Horrocks Peter Robinson Taika Waititi 2017 Niki Caro Jemaine Clement Ross McCormack Rob Ruha Robin White 2018 no awards granted 2019 Pietra Brettkelly Laurence Fearnley Solomon Mortimer Ruth Paul Louise Potiki Bryant Val Smith Coco Solid Kris Sowersby Yvonne Todd Sima Urale 2020 Tusiata Avia Shayne Carter FAFSWAG Ahilan Karunaharan Yuki Kihara Moss Te Ururangi Patterson Ariana Tikao 2021 Shane Bosher Harry Culy Brett Graham Florian Habicht Rangi Kipa Nina Nawalowalo Maisey Rika Vasanti Unka 2022 Tāme Iti Hone Kouka Maureen Lander Lindah Lepou Mata Aho Collective Paula Morris Areta Wilkinson 2023 Peter Black Fiona Clark Giselle Clarkson Annie Goldson Bob Jahnke Sean MacDonald Ladi6 Taiaroa Royal Filipe Tohi

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Māori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people"},{"link_name":"Pacific","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Islander"},{"link_name":"LGBTQI+","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LGBT"},{"link_name":"Auckland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland"},{"link_name":"New Zealand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Arts Foundation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Foundation_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"Biennale of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tanu_Gogo_2019_(cropped).jpg"}],"text":"FAFSWAG is an arts collective of Māori and Pacific LGBTQI+ artists and activists founded in Auckland, New Zealand in 2013. They explore and celebrate the unique identity of gender fluid Pacific people and LGBTQI+ communities in multi-disciplinary art forms. 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Their goal is to \"celebrate Queer Brown bodies, contemporary Pacific arts, and cultural restoration\".[3][4] FAFSWAG state they are committed to social change. The art projects of the collective focus on challenging the lack of Indigenous LGBQI representation in creative industries and the fluid gender spectrum in Pacific culture.[1][5] The collective's name is a portmanteau between fa'afafine and swag.[2]Initially there were ten artists in the collective. By 2020 FAFSWAG artists numbered 12 including: Jermaine Dean, Falencie Filipo, Tapuaki Helu, Elyssia Wilson Heti, Nahora Ioane, Hōhua Ropate Kurene, Moe Laga, Ilalio Loau, Tim Swann and James Waititi in addition to the founders Tyrell and Gago.[1]The first FAFSWAG Aitu Ball was held in South Auckland in 2013, however from 2016 balls have been held in central Auckland.[2] The FAFSWAG ball promotes the 'queer brown community' and the dance form vogue that originated in New York amongst marginalised African American queer communities. The ball is an inclusive space that celebrates the cultures of Māori and Pacific and invites participation from others, \"whether you're Asian or Indian or Pākehā: there’s a place for you in that space as well.”[6][7]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Basement Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basement_Theatre"},{"link_name":"Auckland Theatre Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Auckland_Theatre_Awards"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Auckland Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Art_Gallery"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackley-Crump-2"},{"link_name":"Tanu Gago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tanu_Gago"},{"link_name":"New Zealand Order of Merit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Zealand_Order_of_Merit"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Zemke-4"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Tusiata Avia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusiata_Avia"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"Liam Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Finn"},{"link_name":"Neil Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Finn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"},{"link_name":"Auckland Art Gallery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Art_Gallery_Toi_o_T%C4%81maki"},{"link_name":"Auckland War Memorial Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"Artspace Aotearoa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artspace_Aotearoa"},{"link_name":"Māngere Arts Centre - Ngā Tohu o Uenuku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81ngere_Arts_Centre_-_Ng%C4%81_Tohu_o_Uenuku"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Centre of Contemporary Art","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"documenta fifteen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta_fifteen"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"}],"sub_title":"Artist residencies and international productions","text":"The collective was the 2017 Company in Residence at Basement Theatre, and were the winners of the 2017 Auckland Theatre Award for best overall body of work.[8] In 2018, FAFSWAG held a ball at the Auckland Art Gallery.[2] In 2019, founder Tanu Gago was awarded the New Zealand Order of Merit for services to art and the LGBTIQ+ community.[4]The artistic practice of the collective has been impacted by the COVID epidemic. In 2020 a production Fa'aafa was scheduled in Berlin at HAU Hebbel am Ufer before being cancelled due to the epidemic. The name Fa'aafa is a Samoan term recognising a third gender, and the production combined poetry from Tusiata Avia, 'adornment of voguing', movement and sound.[9] For their Sydney Biennale project in 2020 FAFSWAG were required to re-vision their project as an online production due to COVID restrictions. The resulting project was named CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney.[10] The production was made up of a number of works including Protection (2020) by Nahora Ioane and Tanu Gago, created in response to the criminalisation of homosexuality in the Cook Islands; Whānau Ariki (2020) by Amy Lautogo, Ria Hiroki and Elyssia Wilson Heti, a 'game-like experience of dressing a woman' aimed at decolonizing the bodies of the artists; and M A T A L A by artists Hohua Ropate Kurene and Tapuaki Helu, a series of photographs of men and flowers with themes of manhood, identity, sexuality and intimacy.[10]FAFSWAG have collaborated with Liam Finn and Neil Finn on a music video,[11] and have presented productions or exhibitions at the Auckland Art Gallery, the Auckland War Memorial Museum, Artspace Aotearoa, Māngere Arts Centre - Ngā Tohu o Uenuku,[12] and the Centre of Contemporary Art, Christchurch.[13]In 2022 FAFSWAG were invited to be part of documenta fifteen in Kassel, Germany.[14] The lack of New Zealand press coverage of this event was discussed in research influencing the development of new arts policy in New Zealand.[15]","title":"Background"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"Ball culture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ball_culture"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackley-Crump-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Mackley-Crump-2"}],"text":"FAFSWAG is inspired by New York Ball culture.[2] Founder Tanu Gago felt that queer spaces for Pasifika can act as a counter to traditional Pasifika voices in the community, which tend to be older, more conservative and more religious.[2]","title":"Artistry"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-8"},{"link_name":"Basement Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Basement_Theatre"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Documenta-3"},{"link_name":"Artspace","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artspace_NZ"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"COCA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Contemporary_Art"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-13"},{"link_name":"Auckland Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Art_Gallery_Toi_o_T%C4%81maki"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"Karangahape Road","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karangahape_Road"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"dance vogue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogue_(dance)"},{"link_name":"Piki Films","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piki_Films"},{"link_name":"Centre Pompidou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_Pompidou"},{"link_name":"Paris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-20"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-7"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:8-21"},{"link_name":"Neil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Finn"},{"link_name":"Liam Finn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liam_Finn"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-11"},{"link_name":"Sydney Biennale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:9-10"},{"link_name":"Biennale of Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biennale_of_Sydney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-5"},{"link_name":"HAU Hebbel am Ufer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbel_am_Ufer"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"2013: Te Puke o Tara Community Centre, FAFSWAG's first vogue ball[8]\n2015: Studio One Toi Tū[16]\n2016: Family Bar, Karangahape Road[8]\n2017: FAFSWAG became the company in residence at Basement Theatre[3]\n2017: Artspace Aotearoa[17]\n2017: Making Space: FAFSWAG, COCA (Centre of Contemporary Art)[13]\n2018: Auckland Museum Tāmaki Paenga Hira Late at the Museum event, Explicit Inclusion Identity.[18]\n2018: Auckland Art Gallery Toi o Tāmaki, documentary launch[19]\n2018: FAFSWAG Aitu Ball Raynham Park Studio, Karangahape Road, Auckland[7]\n2018/19: FAFSWAGVOGUE.COM – an online interactive documentary about Auckland's dance vogue culture, directed by Tanu Gago, produced by Piki Films, and featured at the Centre Pompidou in Paris in 2018[20][7][21]\n2019: Where's My Room 7min music video in collaboration with Neil and Liam Finn directed by Sam Kristofski and choreographed by Pati Solomona Tyrell[11]\n2020: CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney, 22nd Sydney Biennale[5][22][10]\n2020: Biennale of Sydney, representing New Zealand[5]\n2020: HAU Hebbel am Ufer, Berlin[23]","title":"Exhibitions & works"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Auckland Theatre Award","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Auckland_Theatre_Awards"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"},{"link_name":"Arts Foundation Laureate 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arts_Foundation_of_New_Zealand"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-1"}],"text":"2017: Auckland Theatre Award for best overall body of work[1]\n2020: Arts Foundation Laureate 2020 – Interdisciplinary Arts[1]","title":"Awards"}]

[{"image_text":"Tanu Gago in 2019 receiving his Queens Birthday Award","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Tanu_Gogo_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Tanu_Gogo_2019_%28cropped%29.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG\". Arts Foundation. 28 September 2020. Retrieved 31 January 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.thearts.co.nz/artists/fafswag","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG\""}]},{"reference":"Mackley-Crump, Jared; Zemke, Kirsten (2019). \"Marginalisation and Events\". In Walters, Trudie; Jepson, Allan Stewart (eds.). The FAFSWAG Ball: Event spaces, counter-marginal narratives and walking queer bodies into the centre. Routledge. ISBN 978-0-429-50669-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-50669-7","url_text":"978-0-429-50669-7"}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG\". documenta fifteen. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://documenta-fifteen.de/en/lumbung-members-artists/fafswag/","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Documenta_fifteen","url_text":"documenta fifteen"}]},{"reference":"Zemke, Kirsten; Mackley-Crump, Jared (2019). \"'Sissy that walk': Reframing queer Pacific bodies through the FAFSWAG Ball\". Queer Studies in Media & Popular Culture. 4 (1): 85–98. doi:10.1386/qsmpc_00007_1. ISSN 2055-5695. S2CID 203416520.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1386%2Fqsmpc_00007_1","url_text":"10.1386/qsmpc_00007_1"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2055-5695","url_text":"2055-5695"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:203416520","url_text":"203416520"}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG\". Biennale of Sydney. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biennaleofsydney.art/artists/fafswag/","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG\""}]},{"reference":"Syfret, Wendy (21 June 2016). \"fafswag is the auckland collective celebrating queer pacific islander culture\". i-D. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://i-d.vice.com/en_uk/article/59ga5d/fafswag-is-the-auckland-collective-celebrating-queer-pacific-islander-culture","url_text":"\"fafswag is the auckland collective celebrating queer pacific islander culture\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-D","url_text":"i-D"}]},{"reference":"Borrowdale, James (14 August 2018). \"Auckland's Vogue Balls Are a Church for Queers, And Everyone Else\". Vice. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.vice.com/en/article/j5nkb4/aucklands-vogue-balls-are-a-church-for-queers-and-everyone-else","url_text":"\"Auckland's Vogue Balls Are a Church for Queers, And Everyone Else\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vice_(magazine)","url_text":"Vice"}]},{"reference":"Prior, Kate (21 November 2017). \"We're Here, We're Queer, We're Going Nowhere: FAFSWAG at The Basement in 2017\". The Pantograph Punch. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://pantograph-punch.com/posts/fafswag-at-the-basement","url_text":"\"We're Here, We're Queer, We're Going Nowhere: FAFSWAG at The Basement in 2017\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fafswag / Pati Solomona Tyrell\". Hebbel am Ufer. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hebbel-am-ufer.de/en/programme/pdetail/fafswag-pati-solomona-tyrell-1/","url_text":"\"Fafswag / Pati Solomona Tyrell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbel_am_Ufer","url_text":"Hebbel am Ufer"}]},{"reference":"Taratoa, Arpege (16 September 2020). \"CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney\". CIRCUIT Artist Film and Video Aotearoa New Zealand. Archived from the original on 3 February 2022. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20220203092656/https://www.circuit.org.nz/blog/codeswitch-relearn-reimagine-recreate-a-fafswag-manifesto-for-the-22nd-biennale-of-sydney","url_text":"\"CODESWITCH: Relearn, Reimagine, Recreate – a FAFSWAG Manifesto for the 22nd Biennale of Sydney\""},{"url":"https://www.circuit.org.nz/blog/codeswitch-relearn-reimagine-recreate-a-fafswag-manifesto-for-the-22nd-biennale-of-sydney","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"Neil & Liam Finn Share Video 'Where's My Room' Ft. FAFSWAG\". Undertheradarnz. 5 March 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.undertheradar.co.nz/news/15592/Neil--Liam-Finn-Share-Video-Wheres-My-Room-Ft-FAFSWAG.utr","url_text":"\"Neil & Liam Finn Share Video 'Where's My Room' Ft. FAFSWAG\""}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG Arts Collective marks 10-year anniversary: 'Our story on our terms'\". Pacific Media Network. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://pmn.co.nz/read/entertainment/fafswag-arts-collective-marks-10-year-anniversary-our-story-on-our-terms","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG Arts Collective marks 10-year anniversary: 'Our story on our terms'\""}]},{"reference":"\"MAKING SPACE: FAFSWAG | CoCA Centre of Contemporary Art Toi Moroki\". Centre of Contemporary Art. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://coca.org.nz/exhibitions/makingspace_fafswag","url_text":"\"MAKING SPACE: FAFSWAG | CoCA Centre of Contemporary Art Toi Moroki\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre_of_Contemporary_Art","url_text":"Centre of Contemporary Art"}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG\". documenta fifteen. Retrieved 30 January 2024.","urls":[{"url":"https://documenta-fifteen.de/en/lumbung-members-artists/fafswag/","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG\""}]},{"reference":"\"New Mirrors – Strengthening arts and culture media for Aotearoa New Zealand\". creativenz.govt.nz. Retrieved 22 November 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://creativenz.govt.nz/development-and-resources/research-and-reports/new-mirrors","url_text":"\"New Mirrors – Strengthening arts and culture media for Aotearoa New Zealand\""}]},{"reference":"Olds, Jeremy (7 August 2015). \"Fafswag: The artists telling queer Pacific stories\". Stuff. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/arts/70898666/fafswag-the-artists-telling-queer-pacific-stories","url_text":"\"Fafswag: The artists telling queer Pacific stories\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuff_(website)","url_text":"Stuff"}]},{"reference":"\"Artspace Aotearoa - FAFSWAG: Disruption Vogue Ball\". Artspace Aotearoa. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://artspace-aotearoa.nz/","url_text":"\"Artspace Aotearoa - FAFSWAG: Disruption Vogue Ball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artspace_NZ","url_text":"Artspace"}]},{"reference":"\"LATE 2018: Explicit Inclusion Identity\". Auckland War Memorial Museum. Retrieved 15 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aucklandmuseum.com/visit/whats-on/lates/explicit-inclusion-identity","url_text":"\"LATE 2018: Explicit Inclusion Identity\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_War_Memorial_Museum","url_text":"Auckland War Memorial Museum"}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG vogue ball\". Auckland Art Gallery. 7 February 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.aucklandartgallery.com/whats-on/event/fafswag-vogue-ball","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG vogue ball\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auckland_Art_Gallery","url_text":"Auckland Art Gallery"}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG at Centre Pompidou\". Contemporary HUM. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://contemporaryhum.com/calendar/fafswag-at-centre-pompidou?locations=paris","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG at Centre Pompidou\""}]},{"reference":"Fenwick, George (8 February 2018). \"The groundbreaking documentary on FAF SWAG and Auckland's vogue scene\". The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved 15 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/the-groundbreaking-documentary-on-faf-swag-and-aucklands-vogue-scene/G7EZYDUXTGD7OQNJA22Z5RIVFE/","url_text":"\"The groundbreaking documentary on FAF SWAG and Auckland's vogue scene\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_Zealand_Herald","url_text":"The New Zealand Herald"}]},{"reference":"\"FAFSWAG\". Biennale of Sydney. Retrieved 3 February 2022.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.biennaleofsydney.art/participants/fafswag/","url_text":"\"FAFSWAG\""}]},{"reference":"\"Fafswag / Pati Solomona Tyrell\". Hebbel am Ufer (in German). Retrieved 1 October 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.hebbel-am-ufer.de/programm/pdetail/fafswag-pati-solomona-tyrell/","url_text":"\"Fafswag / Pati Solomona Tyrell\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hebbel_am_Ufer","url_text":"Hebbel am Ufer"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woodbury_Fisk_House

Woodbury Fisk House

["1 Description","2 History","3 See also","4 References"]

Coordinates: 44°59′10.7″N 93°14′53″W / 44.986306°N 93.24806°W / 44.986306; -93.24806Historic house in Minnesota, United States United States historic placeWoodbury Fisk HouseU.S. National Register of Historic Places The Woodbury Fisk House from the eastShow map of MinnesotaShow map of the United StatesLocation424 5th Street SE,Minneapolis, MinnesotaCoordinates44°59′10.7″N 93°14′53″W / 44.986306°N 93.24806°W / 44.986306; -93.24806AreaLess than one acreBuilt1869Architectural styleItalianateNRHP reference No.83003654Designated October 6, 1983 The Woodbury Fisk House is a historic house in the Marcy-Holmes neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, built in 1869. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 for its local significance in the theme of architecture. It was nominated for being the most elaborate example of Italianate architecture—and one of the style's most intact specimens—in the city of Minneapolis. Description The Woodbury Fisk House rises two stories on a corner lot. It is constructed of buff-colored brick upon a limestone foundation topped with a water table. The original wing is L-shaped. An addition projecting to the rear also contains two stories but is eight feet (2.4 m) shorter. The addition is similar in style and material to the main section, suggesting it was built fairly soon after the original construction. A third, more recent addition at the rear is a one-story frame garage. Elements of Italianate style include the extended eaves supported by prominent brackets, hooded arch windows, and an ornamented porch. In the case of the Woodbury Fisk House, the eaves are supported by scrolled brackets emerging in pairs from a dentilated and panelled cornice. The moulded window hoods are fairly simple on the first floor but sport a center crest and carved leaf design on the second. The arches, however, have been infilled following the installation of modern rectangular windows. Both street-facing façades have ornamented porches conjoined to a projecting bay with tall, narrow windows. The front porch is open while the side porch is screened in. Both have arch supports with ornately carved spandrels and balusters. The main entrance consists of double doors topped with a stained glass transom window. The front yard features two mulberry trees. History Woodbury Fisk (1826–1889) was born in Warner, New Hampshire. He came to Minnesota in 1855 or '56 with John S. Pillsbury and Thomas F. Andrews, friends who would each marry one of Fisk's sisters. Fisk and Pillsbury initially established themselves in business supplying hardware to the lumber industry, prospering enough by 1869 that Fisk could commission this house. With a third partner, the two men later founded the flour milling company of Pillsbury, Crocker, and Fisk. This was to be Fisk's primary livelihood for the rest of his life, though he also had business interests in the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad and served as a director for two banks. Fisk married and had three daughters. In November 1888 he was beset by an outbreak of carbuncles, which reportedly sapped his formerly robust health. Fisk died in the house on January 18, 1889, mere days after his 63rd birthday. An obituary read: "though of quiet and unostentatious manner, he was a man whose good humor and hearty cheerfulness were felt wherever he went." Historian Roger G. Kennedy discusses the house in his 2006 book Historic Homes of Minnesota but identifies it as the home of Hennepin County sheriff John A. Armstrong (1831–1878). See also National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota References ^ "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010. ^ "Fisk, Woodbury, House". Minnesota National Register Properties Database. Minnesota Historical Society. 2009. Retrieved 2015-06-19. ^ a b c d e Kudzia, Camille (February 1982). National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Fisk, Woodbury, House (Report). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-06-28. ^ a b Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780873515405. ^ Marcy-Holmes Neighborhood Association (2016). "Woodbury Fisk House (1869)". Minneapolis Historical. Preserve Minneapolis. Retrieved 2016-06-30. ^ a b "Death of Woodbury Fisk". The Weekly Northwestern Miller. 27. 1889-01-25. Retrieved 2016-07-04. ^ Kennedy, Roger G. (2006). Historic Homes of Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 119–121. ISBN 0-87351-557-9. vteU.S. National Register of Historic Places in MinnesotaListsby county Aitkin Anoka Becker Beltrami Benton Big Stone Blue Earth Brown Carlton Carver Cass Chippewa Chisago Clay Clearwater Cook Cottonwood Crow Wing Dakota Dodge Douglas Faribault Fillmore Freeborn Goodhue Grant Hennepin Houston Hubbard Isanti Itasca Jackson Kanabec Kandiyohi Kittson Koochiching Lac qui Parle Lake Lake of the Woods Le Sueur Lincoln Lyon Mahnomen Marshall Martin McLeod Meeker Mille Lacs Morrison Mower Murray Nicollet Nobles Norman Olmsted Otter Tail Pennington Pine Pipestone Polk Pope Ramsey Red Lake Redwood Renville Rice Rock Roseau St. Louis Scott Sherburne Sibley Stearns Steele Stevens Swift Todd Traverse Wabasha Wadena Waseca Washington Watonwan Wilkin Winona Wright Yellow Medicine Other lists Bridges National Historic Landmarks Voyageurs National Park Keeper of the Register History of the National Register of Historic Places Property types Historic district Contributing property

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Marcy-Holmes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcy-Holmes,_Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis"},{"link_name":"Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minnesota"},{"link_name":"National Register of Historic Places","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Italianate architecture","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianate_architecture"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudzia-3"}],"text":"Historic house in Minnesota, United StatesUnited States historic placeThe Woodbury Fisk House is a historic house in the Marcy-Holmes neighborhood of Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States, built in 1869. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983 for its local significance in the theme of architecture.[2] It was nominated for being the most elaborate example of Italianate architecture—and one of the style's most intact specimens—in the city of Minneapolis.[3]","title":"Woodbury Fisk House"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"limestone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limestone"},{"link_name":"water table","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_table_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"frame","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Framing_(construction)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudzia-3"},{"link_name":"eaves","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaves"},{"link_name":"brackets","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millett-4"},{"link_name":"dentilated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentil"},{"link_name":"cornice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornice"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudzia-3"},{"link_name":"bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"spandrels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spandrel"},{"link_name":"balusters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baluster"},{"link_name":"transom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transom_(architecture)"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudzia-3"}],"text":"The Woodbury Fisk House rises two stories on a corner lot. It is constructed of buff-colored brick upon a limestone foundation topped with a water table. The original wing is L-shaped. An addition projecting to the rear also contains two stories but is eight feet (2.4 m) shorter. The addition is similar in style and material to the main section, suggesting it was built fairly soon after the original construction. A third, more recent addition at the rear is a one-story frame garage.[3]Elements of Italianate style include the extended eaves supported by prominent brackets, hooded arch windows, and an ornamented porch.[4] In the case of the Woodbury Fisk House, the eaves are supported by scrolled brackets emerging in pairs from a dentilated and panelled cornice. The moulded window hoods are fairly simple on the first floor but sport a center crest and carved leaf design on the second. The arches, however, have been infilled following the installation of modern rectangular windows.[3]Both street-facing façades have ornamented porches conjoined to a projecting bay with tall, narrow windows. The front porch is open while the side porch is screened in. Both have arch supports with ornately carved spandrels and balusters. The main entrance consists of double doors topped with a stained glass transom window.[3] The front yard features two mulberry trees.","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Warner, New Hampshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warner,_New_Hampshire"},{"link_name":"John S. Pillsbury","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_S._Pillsbury"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kudzia-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Millett-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minneapolis,_St._Paul_and_Sault_Ste._Marie_Railroad"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-6"},{"link_name":"carbuncles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbuncle"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Miller-6"},{"link_name":"Roger G. Kennedy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_G._Kennedy"},{"link_name":"Hennepin County","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hennepin_County,_Minnesota"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Woodbury Fisk (1826–1889) was born in Warner, New Hampshire. He came to Minnesota in 1855 or '56 with John S. Pillsbury and Thomas F. Andrews, friends who would each marry one of Fisk's sisters. Fisk and Pillsbury initially established themselves in business supplying hardware to the lumber industry, prospering enough by 1869 that Fisk could commission this house. With a third partner, the two men later founded the flour milling company of Pillsbury, Crocker, and Fisk.[3][4][5] This was to be Fisk's primary livelihood for the rest of his life, though he also had business interests in the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railroad and served as a director for two banks.[6]Fisk married and had three daughters. In November 1888 he was beset by an outbreak of carbuncles, which reportedly sapped his formerly robust health. Fisk died in the house on January 18, 1889, mere days after his 63rd birthday. An obituary read: \"though of quiet and unostentatious manner, he was a man whose good humor and hearty cheerfulness were felt wherever he went.\"[6]Historian Roger G. Kennedy discusses the house in his 2006 book Historic Homes of Minnesota but identifies it as the home of Hennepin County sheriff John A. Armstrong (1831–1878).[7]","title":"History"}]

[]

[{"title":"National Register of Historic Places listings in Hennepin County, Minnesota","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places_listings_in_Hennepin_County,_Minnesota"}]

[{"reference":"\"National Register Information System\". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP","url_text":"\"National Register Information System\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Register_of_Historic_Places","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Park_Service","url_text":"National Park Service"}]},{"reference":"\"Fisk, Woodbury, House\". Minnesota National Register Properties Database. Minnesota Historical Society. 2009. Retrieved 2015-06-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://nrhp.mnhs.org/NRDetails.cfm?NPSNum=83003654","url_text":"\"Fisk, Woodbury, House\""}]},{"reference":"Kudzia, Camille (February 1982). National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Fisk, Woodbury, House (Report). National Park Service. Retrieved 2016-06-28.","urls":[{"url":"https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NRHP/83003654_text","url_text":"National Register of Historic Places Inventory—Nomination Form: Fisk, Woodbury, House"}]},{"reference":"Millett, Larry (2007). AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. p. 138. ISBN 9780873515405.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=T9axsT5T8fcC&q=woodbury+fisk+house&pg=PA138","url_text":"AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780873515405","url_text":"9780873515405"}]},{"reference":"Marcy-Holmes Neighborhood Association (2016). \"Woodbury Fisk House (1869)\". Minneapolis Historical. Preserve Minneapolis. Retrieved 2016-06-30.","urls":[{"url":"http://minneapolishistorical.org/items/show/82?tour=5&index=24","url_text":"\"Woodbury Fisk House (1869)\""}]},{"reference":"\"Death of Woodbury Fisk\". The Weekly Northwestern Miller. 27. 1889-01-25. Retrieved 2016-07-04.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AJJFAQAAMAAJ&q=%22woodbury+fisk%22&pg=PA122","url_text":"\"Death of Woodbury Fisk\""}]},{"reference":"Kennedy, Roger G. (2006). Historic Homes of Minnesota. St. Paul: Minnesota Historical Society Press. pp. 119–121. ISBN 0-87351-557-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87351-557-9","url_text":"0-87351-557-9"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_Studies

Lovecraft studies

["1 History","2 See also","3 Citations","4 General and cited sources","5 External links"]

Research related to American writer H. P. Lovecraft Lovecraft studies is the body of research that has emerged surrounding the works of H. P. Lovecraft. It began with the dissemination of Lovecraft's works by Arkham House during the decades after his death. The scholars in the field sought to establish Lovecraft as a major author of American speculative fiction during its foundational period in the 1970s. After the death of August Derleth, the founder of Arkham House, the field shifted in a direction away from the one that he promoted. L. Sprague de Camp's biography of Lovecraft emerged during this time. While criticized by portions of the fans and scholarship, it played a significant role in his literary rise. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the scholars were split between traditionalist who supported Derleth's positions on Lovecraft and those who did not. The 1980s and 1990s featured an expansion of the field, including the H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference. Memorials to Lovecraft began to appear in his home city of Providence, Rhode Island and his works began to be published by Penguin Classics. S. T. Joshi, a major figure in the field, wrote a biography of Lovecraft that superseded de Camp's work. In 2008, the Library of America, published a volume of Lovecraft's works that solidified the perception that H. P. Lovecraft was now part of the western canon. The NecronomiCon Providence, a biannual scholarly and fan conference managed by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization, began to be held in 2013. History Starting in the early 1970s, a body of scholarly work began to emerge around H. P. Lovecraft's life and works. Referred to as Lovecraft studies, its proponents sought to establish Lovecraft as a significant author in the American literary canon. This can be traced to August Derleth's preservation and dissemination of Lovecraft's fiction, non-fiction, and letters through Arkham House. S. T. Joshi, a major scholar, credits the development of the field to this process. However, it was marred by low quality editions and misinterpretations of Lovecraft's worldview. For example, Derleth incorrectly argued that there was a dichotomy between the good "Elder Gods" and the evil "Old Ones" in Lovecraft's fiction, the expulsion of these Old Ones paralleled Christian theology, the beings in the stories were elementals, and Lovecraft's stories could be clearly divided into sets. Fritz Leiber, Matthew H. Onderdonk, and George T. Wetzel were among the early critics who were active during and before the 1970s. Their primary actions as critics was to oppose the statements of negative critics, including Edmund Wilson. After Derleth's death in 1971, the scholarship entered a new phase. There was a push to create a book-length biography of Lovecraft. L. Sprague de Camp, a science fiction scholar, wrote the first major one in 1975. This biography was criticized by early Lovecraft scholars for its lack of scholarly merit and its lack of sympathy for its subject. Frank Belknap Long, one of Lovecraft's friends and correspondents, wrote his own book in an attempt to counteract the effects of this biography. Despite the criticism, de Camp's biography played a significant role in Lovecraft's literary rise. It exposed Lovecraft to the mainstream of American literary criticism. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a division in the field between the "Derlethian traditionalists" who wished to interpret Lovecraft through the lens of fantasy literature and the newer scholars who wished to place greater attention on the entirety of his corpus. This process was begun by Richard L. Tierney, who challenged August Derleth's interpretation of Lovecraft's fiction in a 1972 paper titled "The Derleth Mythos". Dirk W. Mosig furthered this line of thought and Derleth's interpretation ceased to be mainstream amongst the scholars. The first Lovecraftian scholarly journal, Lovecraft Studies, began to be published in 1979. It served as the main outlet for scholarship in the field and was edited by S. T. Joshi. The 1980s and 1990s saw a further proliferation of the field. This period saw the rise of the "Providence Pals", a group of scholarly fans who were the central figures in the field during those decades. They included S. T. Joshi, Donald R. Burleson, Robert M. Price, and Peter Cannon. These scholars contributed to various advancements in the field, including the publication of corrected versions of H. P. Lovecraft's stories, essays, and writings. Price began to publish his own scholarly fanzine, Crypt of Cthulhu in 1981. It publishes both scholarship and fiction. The 1990 H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference and the republication of older essays in An Epicure in the Terrible served as bases for then-future studies. The 1990 centennial also saw the installation of the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque" in a garden adjoining John Hay Library, that features a portrait by silhouettist E. J. Perry. Following this, in 1996, S. T. Joshi wrote his own biography of Lovecraft. This biography was met with positive reviews and became the main biography in the field. It has since been superseded by his expanded edition of the book, I am Providence in 2010. Lovecraft's improving literary reputation has caused his works to receive increased attention by both classics publishers and scholarly fans. His works have been published by several different series of literary classics. Penguin Classics published three volumes of Lovecraft's works between 1999 and 2004. These volumes were edited by S. T. Joshi. Barnes & Noble would publish their own volume of Lovecraft's complete fiction in 2008. The Library of America published a volume of Lovecraft's works in 2005. The publishing of these volumes represented a reversal of the traditional judgment that Lovecraft was not part of the Western canon. Lovecraft Studies experienced a hiatus in 2006 and was replaced by the Lovecraft Annual a year later. Meanwhile, the biannual NecronomiCon Providence convention was first held in 2013. Its purpose is to serve as a fan and scholarly convention that discusses both Lovecraft and the wider field of weird fiction. It is organized by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization and is held on the weekend of Lovecraft's birth. That July, the Providence City Council designated the "H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences. See also Lovecraft fandom Citations ^ a b Joshi 1985b, pp. 57–58. ^ Joshi 2001, pp. 390–391. ^ Joshi 1984, pp. 62–64; Joshi 1985a, pp. 19–25; Joshi 2001, pp. 390–391. ^ Joshi 1984, pp. 62–64; Joshi 1985a, pp. 19–25; Joshi 1985b, pp. 54–58. ^ Tierney 1972, p. 53; Joshi 1985b, pp. 57–59. ^ Joshi 2001, p. 391; Lovecraft 2014, pp. lvii–lviii. ^ Joshi 2001, p. 391; Gafford 2015, pp. 4–6. ^ a b Lovecraft 2014, pp. lvii–lviii. ^ Rubinton 2016; Joshi 2001, pp. 219. ^ Joshi 1996a, pp. 5–6; Oates 1996; Mariconda 2010, pp. 208–209. ^ a b Hantke 2013, p. 138; Peak 2020, p. 163; Dirda 2005. ^ Dziemianowicz 2010; Peak 2020, p. 163; Dirda 2005. ^ Siclen 2015; Smith 2017; Dirda 2019. ^ Bilow 2013. General and cited sources Bilow, Michael (July 27, 2013). "We are Providence: The H.P. Lovecraft Community". Motif Magazine. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013. Dirda, Michael (September 4, 2019). "Dispatch from a 'Horror' Convention: It Began in a Dark, Candlelit Room . . ". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 2284363189. Retrieved June 16, 2021. Dirda, Michael (March 7, 2005). "The Horror, the Horror!". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009. Dziemianowicz, Stefan (July 12, 2010). "Terror Eternal: The Enduring Popularity of H. P. Lovecraft". Publishers Weekly. ISSN 0000-0019. ProQuest 609957378. Gafford, Sam, ed. (2015). The Providence Pals: Memories and Miscellany. Warren, Rhode Island: Ulthar Press. ISBN 978-0692495636. OCLC 962029541. Hantke, Steffen (2013). "From the Library of America to the Mountains of Madness: Recent Discourse on H. P. Lovecraft". In Simmons, David (ed.). New Critical Essays on H. P. Lovecraft. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135–156. doi:10.1057/9781137320964_9. ISBN 978-1-137-32096-4. OCLC 5576363673. S2CID 163339940. Joshi, S. T. (2001). A Dreamer and a Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time. Liverpool Science Fiction Texts and Studies. Vol. 26 (First ed.). Liverpool University Press. doi:10.5949/upo9781846312991. ISBN 978-1-84631-299-1. JSTOR j.ctt5vjhg7. OCLC 276177497. Joshi, S. T. (1996a). A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H.P. Lovecraft (Third ed.). Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. ISBN 1-880448-61-0. OCLC 4566934. S2CID 169172551. Joshi, S. T. (1984). "The Development of Lovecraftian Studies 1971–1982 (Part I)". Lovecraft Studies. 3 (2): 62–71. ISSN 0899-8361. Joshi, S. T. (1985a). "The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part II)". Lovecraft Studies. 4 (1): 18–28. ISSN 0899-8361. Joshi, S. T. (1985b). "The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part III)". Lovecraft Studies. 4 (2): 54–65. ISSN 0899-8361. Lovecraft, H. P. (2014). Klinger, Leslie S. (ed.). The New Annotated H. P. Lovecraft. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-63149-055-2. OCLC 966497696. S2CID 218735034. Mariconda, Steven J. (August 2010). "Review of I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft". Lovecraft Annual (4): 208–215. ISSN 1935-6102. JSTOR 26868424. Oates, Joyce Carol (October 31, 1996). "The King of Weird". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 43, no. 17. ISSN 0028-7504. Archived from the original on September 10, 2009. Peak, David (2020). "Horror of the Real: H.P. Lovecraft's Old Ones and Contemporary Speculative Philosophy". In Rosen, Matt (ed.). Diseases of the Head: Essays on the Horrors of Speculative Philosophy. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. pp. 163–180. doi:10.2307/j.ctv19cwdpb.7. ISBN 978-1-953035-10-3. JSTOR j.ctv19cwdpb.7. OCLC 1227264756. S2CID 229019856. Rubinton, Noel (August 10, 2016). "How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 1810306270. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018. Siclen, Bill Van (August 16, 2015). "NecronomiCon Providence to celebrate life and work of H. P. Lovecraft". The Providence Journal. ISSN 2574-3406. Retrieved June 16, 2021. Smith, Andy (August 16, 2017). "NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence". The Providence Journal. ISSN 2574-3406. Retrieved June 16, 2021. Tierney, Richard L. (March 1972). Frierson, Meade; Frierson, Penny (eds.). "The Derleth Mythos" (PDF). HPL: A Tribute to Howard Phillips Lovecraft. p. 53. OCLC 315586. External links The H. P. Lovecraft Archive The H. P. Lovecraft Historical Society Lovecraft Annual Lovecraft Studies Crypt of Cthulhu vteH. P. Lovecraft Bibliography Short stories "The Beast in the Cave" "The Alchemist" "The Tomb" "Dagon" "A Reminiscence of Dr. Samuel Johnson" "Polaris" "Beyond the Wall of Sleep" "Memory" "Old Bugs" "The Transition of Juan Romero" "The White Ship" "The Street" "The Doom That Came to Sarnath" "The Statement of Randolph Carter" "The Terrible Old Man" "The Tree" "The Cats of Ulthar" "The Temple" "Facts Concerning the Late Arthur Jermyn and His Family" "Celephaïs" "From Beyond" "Nyarlathotep" "The Picture in the House" "Ex Oblivione" "Sweet Ermengarde" "The Nameless City" "The Quest of Iranon" "The Moon-Bog" "The Outsider" "The Other Gods" "The Music of Erich Zann" "Herbert West–Reanimator" "Hypnos" "What the Moon Brings" "Azathoth" "The Hound" "The Lurking Fear" "The Rats in the Walls" "The Unnamable" "The Festival" "The Shunned House" "The Horror at Red Hook" "He" "In the Vault" "Cool Air" "The Call of Cthulhu" "Pickman's Model" "The Silver Key" "The Strange High House in the Mist" "The Colour Out of Space" "The Descendant" "History of the Necronomicon" "The Very Old Folk" "Ibid" "The Dunwich Horror" "The Dreams in the Witch House" "The Thing on the Doorstep" "The Evil Clergyman" "The Book" "The Haunter of the Dark" Novellas The Dream-Quest of Unknown Kadath The Whisperer in Darkness At the Mountains of Madness The Shadow over Innsmouth The Shadow Out of Time Novels The Case of Charles Dexter Ward Collaborations "The Green Meadow" "Poetry and the Gods" "The Crawling Chaos" "The Horror at Martin's Beach" "Under the Pyramids" "The Curse of Yig" The Mound "Medusa's Coil" "The Horror in the Museum" "Through the Gates of the Silver Key" "Out of the Aeons" "The Tree on the Hill" "Till A' the Seas" "In the Walls of Eryx" Poetry Fungi from Yuggoth Essays The Cancer of Superstition "Supernatural Horror in Literature" To Quebec and the Stars Autobiography: Some Notes on a Nonentity Locations Arkham Lovecraft Country R'lyeh Characters Abdul Alhazred Herbert West Randolph Carter Harley Warren Deities Azathoth Cthulhu Nyarlathotep Shub-Niggurath Hastur Dagon Books about H. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"Arkham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House"},{"link_name":"speculative fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speculative_fiction"},{"link_name":"August Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"Providence, Rhode Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Providence,_Rhode_Island"},{"link_name":"Penguin Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penguin_Classics"},{"link_name":"S. T. Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi"},{"link_name":"Library of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America"},{"link_name":"western canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon"},{"link_name":"NecronomiCon Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NecronomiCon_Providence"}],"text":"Lovecraft studies is the body of research that has emerged surrounding the works of H. P. Lovecraft. It began with the dissemination of Lovecraft's works by Arkham House during the decades after his death. The scholars in the field sought to establish Lovecraft as a major author of American speculative fiction during its foundational period in the 1970s. After the death of August Derleth, the founder of Arkham House, the field shifted in a direction away from the one that he promoted. L. Sprague de Camp's biography of Lovecraft emerged during this time. While criticized by portions of the fans and scholarship, it played a significant role in his literary rise. During the late 1970s and early 1980s, the scholars were split between traditionalist who supported Derleth's positions on Lovecraft and those who did not. The 1980s and 1990s featured an expansion of the field, including the H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference. Memorials to Lovecraft began to appear in his home city of Providence, Rhode Island and his works began to be published by Penguin Classics. S. T. Joshi, a major figure in the field, wrote a biography of Lovecraft that superseded de Camp's work. In 2008, the Library of America, published a volume of Lovecraft's works that solidified the perception that H. P. Lovecraft was now part of the western canon. The NecronomiCon Providence, a biannual scholarly and fan conference managed by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization, began to be held in 2013.","title":"Lovecraft studies"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"H. P. Lovecraft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft"},{"link_name":"August Derleth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/August_Derleth"},{"link_name":"Arkham House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arkham_House"},{"link_name":"S. T. Joshi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi"},{"link_name":"Christian theology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_theology"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1985b57%E2%80%9358-1"},{"link_name":"Fritz Leiber","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Leiber"},{"link_name":"Edmund Wilson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund_Wilson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390%E2%80%93391-2"},{"link_name":"L. Sprague de Camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L._Sprague_de_Camp"},{"link_name":"one","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft:_A_Biography"},{"link_name":"Frank Belknap Long","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Belknap_Long"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi2001390%E2%80%93391-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi1985b54%E2%80%9358-4"},{"link_name":"Richard L. Tierney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Tierney"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTETierney197253Joshi1985b57%E2%80%9359-5"},{"link_name":"Dirk W. Mosig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk_W._Mosig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1985b57%E2%80%9358-1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001391Lovecraft2014lvii%E2%80%93lviii-6"},{"link_name":"Robert M. Price","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_M._Price"},{"link_name":"Peter Cannon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Cannon"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001391Gafford20154%E2%80%936-7"},{"link_name":"Crypt of Cthulhu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crypt_of_Cthulhu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2014lvii%E2%80%93lviii-8"},{"link_name":"John Hay Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hay_Library"},{"link_name":"E. J. Perry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._J._Perry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219-9"},{"link_name":"biography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft:_A_Life"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5%E2%80%936Oates1996Mariconda2010208%E2%80%93209-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-11"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005-11"},{"link_name":"Barnes & Noble","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barnes_%26_Noble"},{"link_name":"Library of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Library_of_America"},{"link_name":"Western canon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_canon"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005-12"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTELovecraft2014lvii%E2%80%93lviii-8"},{"link_name":"NecronomiCon Providence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NecronomiCon_Providence"},{"link_name":"weird fiction","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weird_fiction"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilow2013-14"}],"text":"Starting in the early 1970s, a body of scholarly work began to emerge around H. P. Lovecraft's life and works. Referred to as Lovecraft studies, its proponents sought to establish Lovecraft as a significant author in the American literary canon. This can be traced to August Derleth's preservation and dissemination of Lovecraft's fiction, non-fiction, and letters through Arkham House. S. T. Joshi, a major scholar, credits the development of the field to this process. However, it was marred by low quality editions and misinterpretations of Lovecraft's worldview. For example, Derleth incorrectly argued that there was a dichotomy between the good \"Elder Gods\" and the evil \"Old Ones\" in Lovecraft's fiction, the expulsion of these Old Ones paralleled Christian theology, the beings in the stories were elementals, and Lovecraft's stories could be clearly divided into sets.[1] Fritz Leiber, Matthew H. Onderdonk, and George T. Wetzel were among the early critics who were active during and before the 1970s. Their primary actions as critics was to oppose the statements of negative critics, including Edmund Wilson.[2] After Derleth's death in 1971, the scholarship entered a new phase. There was a push to create a book-length biography of Lovecraft. L. Sprague de Camp, a science fiction scholar, wrote the first major one in 1975. This biography was criticized by early Lovecraft scholars for its lack of scholarly merit and its lack of sympathy for its subject. Frank Belknap Long, one of Lovecraft's friends and correspondents, wrote his own book in an attempt to counteract the effects of this biography. Despite the criticism, de Camp's biography played a significant role in Lovecraft's literary rise. It exposed Lovecraft to the mainstream of American literary criticism.[3]During the late 1970s and early 1980s, there was a division in the field between the \"Derlethian traditionalists\" who wished to interpret Lovecraft through the lens of fantasy literature and the newer scholars who wished to place greater attention on the entirety of his corpus.[4] This process was begun by Richard L. Tierney, who challenged August Derleth's interpretation of Lovecraft's fiction in a 1972 paper titled \"The Derleth Mythos\".[5] Dirk W. Mosig furthered this line of thought and Derleth's interpretation ceased to be mainstream amongst the scholars.[1] The first Lovecraftian scholarly journal, Lovecraft Studies, began to be published in 1979. It served as the main outlet for scholarship in the field and was edited by S. T. Joshi.[6] The 1980s and 1990s saw a further proliferation of the field. This period saw the rise of the \"Providence Pals\", a group of scholarly fans who were the central figures in the field during those decades. They included S. T. Joshi, Donald R. Burleson, Robert M. Price, and Peter Cannon. These scholars contributed to various advancements in the field, including the publication of corrected versions of H. P. Lovecraft's stories, essays, and writings.[7] Price began to publish his own scholarly fanzine, Crypt of Cthulhu in 1981. It publishes both scholarship and fiction.[8] The 1990 H. P. Lovecraft Centennial Conference and the republication of older essays in An Epicure in the Terrible served as bases for then-future studies. The 1990 centennial also saw the installation of the \"H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Plaque\" in a garden adjoining John Hay Library, that features a portrait by silhouettist E. J. Perry.[9] Following this, in 1996, S. T. Joshi wrote his own biography of Lovecraft. This biography was met with positive reviews and became the main biography in the field. It has since been superseded by his expanded edition of the book, I am Providence in 2010.[10]Lovecraft's improving literary reputation has caused his works to receive increased attention by both classics publishers and scholarly fans.[11] His works have been published by several different series of literary classics. Penguin Classics published three volumes of Lovecraft's works between 1999 and 2004. These volumes were edited by S. T. Joshi.[11] Barnes & Noble would publish their own volume of Lovecraft's complete fiction in 2008. The Library of America published a volume of Lovecraft's works in 2005. The publishing of these volumes represented a reversal of the traditional judgment that Lovecraft was not part of the Western canon.[12] Lovecraft Studies experienced a hiatus in 2006 and was replaced by the Lovecraft Annual a year later.[8] Meanwhile, the biannual NecronomiCon Providence convention was first held in 2013. Its purpose is to serve as a fan and scholarly convention that discusses both Lovecraft and the wider field of weird fiction. It is organized by the Lovecraft Arts and Sciences organization and is held on the weekend of Lovecraft's birth.[13] That July, the Providence City Council designated the \"H. P. Lovecraft Memorial Square\" and installed a commemorative sign at the intersection of Angell and Prospect streets, near the author's former residences.[14]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1985b57%E2%80%9358_1-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1985b57%E2%80%9358_1-1"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1985b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001390%E2%80%93391_2-0"},{"link_name":"Joshi 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi2001390%E2%80%93391_3-0"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1984"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1985a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1985a"},{"link_name":"Joshi 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi198462%E2%80%9364Joshi1985a19%E2%80%9325Joshi1985b54%E2%80%9358_4-0"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1984","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1984"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1985a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1985a"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1985b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETierney197253Joshi1985b57%E2%80%9359_5-0"},{"link_name":"Tierney 1972","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFTierney1972"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1985b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1985b"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001391Lovecraft2014lvii%E2%80%93lviii_6-0"},{"link_name":"Joshi 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi2001"},{"link_name":"Lovecraft 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLovecraft2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi2001391Gafford20154%E2%80%936_7-0"},{"link_name":"Joshi 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi2001"},{"link_name":"Gafford 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFGafford2015"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2014lvii%E2%80%93lviii_8-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELovecraft2014lvii%E2%80%93lviii_8-1"},{"link_name":"Lovecraft 2014","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFLovecraft2014"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERubinton2016Joshi2001219_9-0"},{"link_name":"Rubinton 2016","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRubinton2016"},{"link_name":"Joshi 2001","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi2001"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJoshi1996a5%E2%80%936Oates1996Mariconda2010208%E2%80%93209_10-0"},{"link_name":"Joshi 1996a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFJoshi1996a"},{"link_name":"Oates 1996","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFOates1996"},{"link_name":"Mariconda 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFMariconda2010"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005_11-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHantke2013138Peak2020163Dirda2005_11-1"},{"link_name":"Hantke 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFHantke2013"},{"link_name":"Peak 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPeak2020"},{"link_name":"Dirda 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDirda2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDziemianowicz2010Peak2020163Dirda2005_12-0"},{"link_name":"Dziemianowicz 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDziemianowicz2010"},{"link_name":"Peak 2020","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFPeak2020"},{"link_name":"Dirda 2005","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDirda2005"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESiclen2015Smith2017Dirda2019_13-0"},{"link_name":"Siclen 2015","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSiclen2015"},{"link_name":"Smith 2017","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFSmith2017"},{"link_name":"Dirda 2019","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFDirda2019"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBilow2013_14-0"},{"link_name":"Bilow 2013","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFBilow2013"}],"text":"^ a b Joshi 1985b, pp. 57–58.\n\n^ Joshi 2001, pp. 390–391.\n\n^ Joshi 1984, pp. 62–64; Joshi 1985a, pp. 19–25; Joshi 2001, pp. 390–391.\n\n^ Joshi 1984, pp. 62–64; Joshi 1985a, pp. 19–25; Joshi 1985b, pp. 54–58.\n\n^ Tierney 1972, p. 53; Joshi 1985b, pp. 57–59.\n\n^ Joshi 2001, p. 391; Lovecraft 2014, pp. lvii–lviii.\n\n^ Joshi 2001, p. 391; Gafford 2015, pp. 4–6.\n\n^ a b Lovecraft 2014, pp. lvii–lviii.\n\n^ Rubinton 2016; Joshi 2001, pp. 219.\n\n^ Joshi 1996a, pp. 5–6; Oates 1996; Mariconda 2010, pp. 208–209.\n\n^ a b Hantke 2013, p. 138; Peak 2020, p. 163; Dirda 2005.\n\n^ Dziemianowicz 2010; Peak 2020, p. 163; Dirda 2005.\n\n^ Siclen 2015; Smith 2017; Dirda 2019.\n\n^ Bilow 2013.","title":"Citations"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"We are Providence: The H.P. Lovecraft Community\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//motifri.com/we-are-providence-the-h-p-lovecraft-community/"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20131017080819/http://motifri.com/we-are-providence-the-h-p-lovecraft-community/"},{"link_name":"Dirda, Michael","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Dirda"},{"link_name":"\"Dispatch from a 'Horror' Convention: It Began in a Dark, Candlelit Room . . \"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.washingtonpost.com/entertainment/books/dispatch-from-a-horror-convention-it-began-in-a-dark-candlelit-room-/2019/09/04/a6f66ed8-ce5c-11e9-b29b-a528dc82154a_story.html"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"0190-8286","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286"},{"link_name":"ProQuest","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2284363189","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//search.proquest.com/docview/2284363189"},{"link_name":"\"The Horror, the Horror!\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/285tmhfa.asp"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20091105095444/http://www.weeklystandard.com/Content/Public/Articles/000/000/005/285tmhfa.asp"},{"link_name":"\"Terror Eternal: The Enduring Popularity of H. P. 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T.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S._T._Joshi"},{"link_name":"A Dreamer and a Visionary: H. P. 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Lovecraft\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.providencejournal.com/article/20150816/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/150819592"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2574-3406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406"},{"link_name":"\"NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.providencejournal.com/entertainmentlife/20170816/necronomicon-homage-to-hp-lovecraft-returns-to-providence"},{"link_name":"ISSN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"2574-3406","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406"},{"link_name":"Tierney, Richard L.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Tierney"},{"link_name":"\"The Derleth Mythos\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.fanac.org/fanzines/HPL/hpl_frierson_1979.pdf"},{"link_name":"OCLC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"315586","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.worldcat.org/oclc/315586"}],"text":"Bilow, Michael (July 27, 2013). \"We are Providence: The H.P. Lovecraft Community\". Motif Magazine. Archived from the original on October 17, 2013.\nDirda, Michael (September 4, 2019). \"Dispatch from a 'Horror' Convention: It Began in a Dark, Candlelit Room . . \". The Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. ProQuest 2284363189. Retrieved June 16, 2021.\nDirda, Michael (March 7, 2005). \"The Horror, the Horror!\". The Weekly Standard. Archived from the original on November 5, 2009.\nDziemianowicz, Stefan (July 12, 2010). \"Terror Eternal: The Enduring Popularity of H. P. Lovecraft\". Publishers Weekly. ISSN 0000-0019. ProQuest 609957378.\nGafford, Sam, ed. (2015). The Providence Pals: Memories and Miscellany. Warren, Rhode Island: Ulthar Press. ISBN 978-0692495636. OCLC 962029541.\nHantke, Steffen (2013). \"From the Library of America to the Mountains of Madness: Recent Discourse on H. P. Lovecraft\". In Simmons, David (ed.). New Critical Essays on H. P. Lovecraft. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 135–156. doi:10.1057/9781137320964_9. ISBN 978-1-137-32096-4. OCLC 5576363673. S2CID 163339940.\nJoshi, S. T. (2001). A Dreamer and a Visionary: H. P. Lovecraft in His Time. Liverpool Science Fiction Texts and Studies. Vol. 26 (First ed.). Liverpool University Press. doi:10.5949/upo9781846312991. ISBN 978-1-84631-299-1. JSTOR j.ctt5vjhg7. OCLC 276177497.\nJoshi, S. T. (1996a). A Subtler Magick: The Writings and Philosophy of H.P. Lovecraft (Third ed.). Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: Wildside Press. ISBN 1-880448-61-0. OCLC 4566934. S2CID 169172551.\nJoshi, S. T. (1984). \"The Development of Lovecraftian Studies 1971–1982 (Part I)\". Lovecraft Studies. 3 (2): 62–71. ISSN 0899-8361.\nJoshi, S. T. (1985a). \"The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part II)\". Lovecraft Studies. 4 (1): 18–28. ISSN 0899-8361.\nJoshi, S. T. (1985b). \"The Development of Lovecraftian Studies, 1971–1982 (Part III)\". Lovecraft Studies. 4 (2): 54–65. ISSN 0899-8361.\nLovecraft, H. P. (2014). Klinger, Leslie S. (ed.). The New Annotated H. P. Lovecraft. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-1-63149-055-2. OCLC 966497696. S2CID 218735034.\nMariconda, Steven J. (August 2010). \"Review of I Am Providence: The Life and Times of H. P. Lovecraft\". Lovecraft Annual (4): 208–215. ISSN 1935-6102. JSTOR 26868424.\nOates, Joyce Carol (October 31, 1996). \"The King of Weird\". The New York Review of Books. Vol. 43, no. 17. ISSN 0028-7504. Archived from the original on September 10, 2009.\nPeak, David (2020). \"Horror of the Real: H.P. Lovecraft's Old Ones and Contemporary Speculative Philosophy\". In Rosen, Matt (ed.). Diseases of the Head: Essays on the Horrors of Speculative Philosophy. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. pp. 163–180. doi:10.2307/j.ctv19cwdpb.7. ISBN 978-1-953035-10-3. JSTOR j.ctv19cwdpb.7. OCLC 1227264756. S2CID 229019856.\nRubinton, Noel (August 10, 2016). \"How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 1810306270. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018.\nSiclen, Bill Van (August 16, 2015). \"NecronomiCon Providence to celebrate life and work of H. P. Lovecraft\". The Providence Journal. ISSN 2574-3406. Retrieved June 16, 2021.\nSmith, Andy (August 16, 2017). \"NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence\". The Providence Journal. ISSN 2574-3406. Retrieved June 16, 2021.\nTierney, Richard L. (March 1972). Frierson, Meade; Frierson, Penny (eds.). \"The Derleth Mythos\" (PDF). HPL: A Tribute to Howard Phillips Lovecraft. p. 53. OCLC 315586.","title":"General and cited sources"}]

[]

[{"title":"Lovecraft fandom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lovecraft_fandom"}]

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Archived from the original on September 10, 2009.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joyce_Carol_Oates","url_text":"Oates, Joyce Carol"},{"url":"http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1376","url_text":"\"The King of Weird\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-7504","url_text":"0028-7504"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20090910081313/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/1376","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Peak, David (2020). \"Horror of the Real: H.P. Lovecraft's Old Ones and Contemporary Speculative Philosophy\". In Rosen, Matt (ed.). Diseases of the Head: Essays on the Horrors of Speculative Philosophy. Santa Barbara, California: Punctum Books. pp. 163–180. doi:10.2307/j.ctv19cwdpb.7. ISBN 978-1-953035-10-3. JSTOR j.ctv19cwdpb.7. OCLC 1227264756. S2CID 229019856.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctv19cwdpb.7","url_text":"10.2307/j.ctv19cwdpb.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-953035-10-3","url_text":"978-1-953035-10-3"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv19cwdpb.7","url_text":"j.ctv19cwdpb.7"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1227264756","url_text":"1227264756"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:229019856","url_text":"229019856"}]},{"reference":"Rubinton, Noel (August 10, 2016). \"How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence\". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. ProQuest 1810306270. Archived from the original on October 13, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/travel/hp-lovecraft-providence.html","url_text":"\"How to Find the Spirit of H.P. Lovecraft in Providence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times","url_text":"The New York Times"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331","url_text":"0362-4331"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ProQuest_(identifier)","url_text":"ProQuest"},{"url":"https://search.proquest.com/docview/1810306270","url_text":"1810306270"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20181013213244/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/14/travel/hp-lovecraft-providence.html","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Siclen, Bill Van (August 16, 2015). \"NecronomiCon Providence to celebrate life and work of H. P. Lovecraft\". The Providence Journal. ISSN 2574-3406. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.providencejournal.com/article/20150816/ENTERTAINMENTLIFE/150819592","url_text":"\"NecronomiCon Providence to celebrate life and work of H. P. Lovecraft\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406","url_text":"2574-3406"}]},{"reference":"Smith, Andy (August 16, 2017). \"NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence\". The Providence Journal. ISSN 2574-3406. Retrieved June 16, 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.providencejournal.com/entertainmentlife/20170816/necronomicon-homage-to-hp-lovecraft-returns-to-providence","url_text":"\"NecronomiCon, homage to H. P. Lovecraft, returns to Providence\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISSN"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/issn/2574-3406","url_text":"2574-3406"}]},{"reference":"Tierney, Richard L. (March 1972). Frierson, Meade; Frierson, Penny (eds.). \"The Derleth Mythos\" (PDF). HPL: A Tribute to Howard Phillips Lovecraft. p. 53. OCLC 315586.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_L._Tierney","url_text":"Tierney, Richard L."},{"url":"https://www.fanac.org/fanzines/HPL/hpl_frierson_1979.pdf","url_text":"\"The Derleth Mythos\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)","url_text":"OCLC"},{"url":"https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315586","url_text":"315586"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buildings_of_the_Perelman_School_of_Medicine

Buildings of the Perelman School of Medicine

["1 References"]

Further information on the Perelman School of Medicine: Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania John Morgan Hall, where the majority of lectures used to be heldSmilow Center for Translational ResearchMedical and research facilities of the Perelman School of Medicine and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia. Listed below are the current buildings of the Perelman School of Medicine, not including those of any of the affiliated hospitals. Building Name Year Built Architect(s) Area (sq. ft.) Anatomy Chemistry Building 1928 Stewardson & Page 128114 Biomedical Research Building 2/3 1999 Perkins & Will, Francis Cauffman, Foley Hoffman 385000 Blockley Hall 1964 Supowitz & Demchick 166425 Claire M. Fagin Hall (Nursing) 1972 Fisher Associates 165600 Clinical Research Building 1989 Payette Associates, Venturi, Ranch, and Scott Brown 204211 Cyclotron 1987 Francis, Cauffman, Wilkinson, Pepper 8122 Edward J. Stemmler Hallformerly the Medical Education Building, until 1990 1978 Geddes, Brecher, Qualls, and Cunningham 251344 John Morgan Buildingformerly the Medical Laboratories, until 1987 1904 Cope & Stewardson 211140 (Henry A.) Jordan Medical Education Center (JMEC) 2015 Rafael Viñoly Architects PC 371000 Richards Medical Research Laboratories 1962 Louis Kahn 107103 Robert Wood Johnson Pavilion 1969 Alexander Ewing, Erdman & Eubank 161228 Stellar-Chance Laboratoriesformerly the Biomedical Research Laboratories, until 1995 1994 Bower Lewis Thrower 213620 Smilow Center for Translational Research (formerly Translational Research Center) 2010 Rafael Viñoly Architects PC 500000 Translational Research Laboratory (and addition) 19482004 Tsoi/Kobus & Associates 129418 References ^ a b Cooper, David Y. III; Marshall A. Ledger (1990). Innovation and Tradition at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press. pp. 323–4. ISBN 978-0-8122-8242-9. ^ "Timeline of University History". University History. University of Pennsylvania. Archived from the original on 11 August 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ "Campus Map". University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ Spiegel, Peter. "Planned campus center gets Revlon name". The Daily Pennsylvanian. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved 12 October 2011. ^ "Henry A. Jordan Medical Education Center — Perelman School of Medicine". A Vision for the Future. University of Pennsylvania. Retrieved February 5, 2015. ^ Sies, Helmut. "In memoriam Prof. Dr. Britton Chance". Retrieved 12 October 2011.

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santiria_laevigata

Santiria laevigata

["1 References"]

Species of flowering plant Santiria laevigata Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 2.3) Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Burseraceae Genus: Santiria Species: S. laevigata Binomial name Santiria laevigataBlume Santiria laevigata is a species of plant in the Burseraceae family. It is found in Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, and Singapore. References ^ World Conservation Monitoring Centre (1998). "Santiria laevigata". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 1998: e.T32842A9734964. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.1998.RLTS.T32842A9734964.en. Retrieved 17 November 2021. Taxon identifiersSantiria laevigata Wikidata: Q5414797 BOLD: 497454 CoL: 79KCF GBIF: 3994308 iNaturalist: 443262 IPNI: 128463-1 IUCN: 32842 NCBI: 1504487 Open Tree of Life: 5748254 POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:128463-1 WFO: wfo-0000439063 This Sapindales-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1822

List of shipwrecks in May 1822

[]

The list of shipwrecks in May 1822 includes some ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during May 1822. May 1822 MonTueWedThuFriSatSun 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Unknown date References 1 May List of shipwrecks: 1 May 1822 Ship State Description Dorchester British North America The schooner was wrecked on Grand Cayman Island. Fairby  United Kingdom The ship was destroyed by fire in the Demerara River with the loss of a crew member. 5 May List of shipwrecks: 5 May 1822 Ship State Description Columbine  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on Grenada. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Tobago to Grenada. 6 May List of shipwrecks: 6 May 1822 Ship State Description Halliday  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on the Alcoran Rock. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Campeachy, Venezuela. Sally Ann  Bremen The ship sank near Bremen. She was on a voyage from Havana, Cuba to Bremen. 7 May List of shipwrecks: 7 May 1822 Ship State Description Favorite  United States The ship was driven ashore and wrecked near Edgartown, Massachusetts. She was on a voyage from British Honduras to Boston, Massachusetts. Nimble  United Kingdom The ship was lost in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. She was on a voyage from Grenada to Quebec City, Lower Canada, British North America. 8 May List of shipwrecks: 8 May 1822 Ship State Description Charlotte  United Kingdom The ship sprang a leak in the Dogger Bank and was abandoned. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland to King's Lynn, Norfolk. 10 May List of shipwrecks: 10 May 1822 Ship State Description Isabella  United Kingdom The ship sprang a leak and foundered in the Cairn Roads. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Glasgow, Renfrewshire to Drogheda, County Louth. Jonge Heinrick  Prussia The ship was driven ashore near Beaumaris, Anglesey, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Memel to Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom. Proxy  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore at Sunderland, County Durham. Her crew were rescued by the Sunderland Lifeboat. Proxy was refloated on 21 May. She was declared a total loss. Speculation Sweden The ship struck a reef off Falsterbo and foundered. Her crew were rescued by a British ship. She was on a voyage from Stockholm to Viana do Castelo, Portugal. Unity  United Kingdom The ship foundered in the Irish Sea off the Tuskar Rock. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Swansea, Glamorgan to Dublin. William  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near South Shields, County Durham with the loss of all hands. 11 May List of shipwrecks: 11 May 1822 Ship State Description Acorn  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore about 8 nautical miles (15 km) east of Calais, France. She was on a voyage from Memel, Prussia to Poole, Dorset. Acorn was later refloated and taken in to Calais. Enterprize  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near Sunderland, County Durham with the loss of five of her crew. Langley  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) north of Scarborough, Yorkshire with the loss of a crew member. Mary  United Kingdom The brig was driven ashore and wrecked at "Eden Dean". Ocean  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore near Sunderland. Her crew were rescued by the Sunderland Lifeboat. Ormus  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked near Sunderland. Ruby  United Kingdom The brig was driven ashore and wrecked at Hartlepool, County Durham with the loss of three of her crew. William  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore and wrecked 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) north of Hartlepool. Her crew were rescued. William  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore and wrecked near North Shields, County Durham. 12 May List of shipwrecks: 12 May 1822 Ship State Description Haabet  Norway The ship was wrecked on the Gunfleet Sand, in the North Sea off the coast of Essex, United Kingdom. Hope  United Kingdom The ship foundered in the Irish Sea between the Smalls and the Tuskar Rock. Pallas  Norway The ship ran aground and was damaged on the Gunfleet Sand. She was later refloated and taken in to the River Colne. Vine  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on the Kentish Knock, in the North Sea off Margate, Kent, Her crew were rescued by Sir Godfrey Webster ( United Kingdom). Vine was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland to Caen, Calvados, France. 14 May List of shipwrecks: 14 May 1822 Ship State Description Indian Trader  United Kingdom The East Indiaman capsized in a squall; the wreck was driven ashore at "Trumoon". Her crew were rescued. Jane  United Kingdom The ship foundered off The Cumbraes. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Saltcoats, Ayrshire to Rothesay, Bute. 17 May List of shipwrecks: 17 May 1822 Ship State Description Charles Fawcett  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore on the Cheshire bank of the River Mersey and hogged severely. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Charles Fawcett was later refloated and taken in to Liverpool. Providence  United Kingdom The ship was run down and sunk at Plymouth, Devon by Thalia ( United Kingdom). Her crew were rescued. Providence was on a voyage from Limerick to London. Union  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore and wrecked on Rathlin Island, County Antrim. She was n a voyage from Belfast, County Antrim to New Brunswick, British North America. 19 May List of shipwrecks: 19 May 1822 Ship State Description Brougham  United Kingdom The brig was last sighted off the Cape of Good Hope on this date. She was on a voyage from Bengal, India to the Cape of Good Hope. 20 May List of shipwrecks: 20 May 1822 Ship State Description Africaine  French Navy The 44-gun Pallas-class frigate was driven ashore and wrecked on the south coast of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, British North America with the loss of six of her 250-plus crew. She was on a voyage from Martinique to Saint Pierre and Miquelon. Charles Mills  United Kingdom The ship foundered in the Bay of Bengal (15°00′N 85°30′E / 15.000°N 85.500°E / 15.000; 85.500) with the loss of all but seven of the 73 people on board. The brig Scythe ( France) rescued the survivors and took them to Kedgeree. Robert Neilson  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked at Maracaibo, Venezuela. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Maracaibo. 21 May List of shipwrecks: 21 May 1822 Ship State Description St. Andrew British North America The brig was driven ashore and wrecked near Nantucket, Massachusetts. She was on a voyage from Dominica to St. Andrews, New Brunswick. 22 May List of shipwrecks: 22 May 1822 Ship State Description Colibri  France The ship was wrecked on Saint Pierre Island. Her crew were rescued. Elizabeth  United States The ship was wrecked on the south coast of Long Island, New York. She was on a voyage from Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands to new York City. Thames  United States The brig was driven ashore and wrecked on "Norman's Sand". She was on a voyage from Matanzas, Cubato Boston, Massachusetts. 23 May List of shipwrecks: 23 May 1822 Ship State Description Ardent  United Kingdom The ship sprang a leak and foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 20 nautical miles (37 km) off Land's End, Cornwall. Her crew were rescued by Friends ( United Kingdom). She was on a voyage from Bangor, Caernarfonshire to Exeter, Devon. Earl Fitzwilliam  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on Anticosti Island, Lower Canada, British North America. All on board were rescued. Little William  United States The ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued by Tuscarora ( United States). Little William was on a voyage from New York to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands. She was discovered at sea on 10 August by Mercator ( United Kingdom); some of her cargo was salvaged. 25 May List of shipwrecks: 25 May 1822 Ship State Description Earl Fitzwilliam  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on Anticosti Island, Quebec City, Lower Canada, British North America. All on board were rescued. Emma  United Kingdom The ship fell off the blocks in drydock at North Shields, County Durham and was consequently condemned. Recovery  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore 10 nautical miles (19 km) south west of Campbeltown, Argyllshire. She was on a voyage from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States to Greenock, Renfrewshire. Recovery was refloated on 30 May and towed in to Greenock. 27 May List of shipwrecks: 27 May 1822 Ship State Description Echo  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore near Gallipoli, Ottoman Empire. She was later refloated and resumed her voyage from Constantinople, Ottoman Empire to London. 28 May List of shipwrecks: 28 May 1822 Ship State Description Constantia  Russia The ship ran aground on the Goodwin Sands, Kent, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Riga to L'Orient, Morbihan, France. Constantia was refloated on 1 June and taken in to Ramsgate, Kent in a waterlogged condition. Hugh  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore in Portnessock Bay. She was on a voyage from Demerara to Belfast, County Antrim. Hugh was later refloated; she arrived at Belfast on 10 June. Sostrene  Norway The ship was driven ashore at Dungeness, Kent. She was on a voyage from St. Martin's to a Norwegian port. Unknown date List of shipwrecks: Unknown date in May 1822 Ship State Description Bella Antonio  Spain The brig capsized 85 leagues (255 nautical miles (472 km)) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, United States with the loss of all but three of her crew. Survivors were rescued by Matilda ( Spain). Bella Antonio was on a voyage from Havana, Cuba to Baltimore, Maryland, United States. Criterion  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, British North America. She was on a voyage from Leith, Lothian to St. Andrews, New Brunswick. Enterprize  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked in Little Egg Harbor. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Bangor to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Espoir  France The ship sprang a leak and was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued by Rotterdam ( Netherlands). Espoir was on a voyage from Dunkerque, Nord to Newfoundland, British North America. Favorite  United States The ship was driven ashore and wrecked at Edgartown, Massachusetts in early May. She was on a voyage from British Honduras to Boston, Massachusetts. Favorite  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore on Ragged Island, British North America before 7 May. She was on a voyage from Glasgow, Renfrewshire to Saint John, New Brunswick, British North America. Margaret  United Kingdom The ship was wrecked on Petit Manan Island, New Brunswick before 3 May. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Campobello Island, New Brunswick. Odin  Sweden The ship was lost near "Lemwig", Jutland. She was on a voyage from Málaga, Spain to Stockholm. Patriot  United States The ship foundered in the Atlantic Ocean before 16 May. Her crew were rescued by Samuel Whitbread ( United States). Phœbe British North America The ship foundered in the Atlantic Ocean with the loss of seven lives. Survivors were rescued by Martha ( United Kingdom). Phœbe was on a voyage from Liverpool to St. Andrews, New Brunswick. Union  United Kingdom The ship was driven ashore near Domesnes, Norway in early May. She was on a voyage from London to Riga, Russia. Union was refloated on 17 May. United Kingdom  United Kingdom The ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. References ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 11573. London. 1 June 1822. col C, p. 3. ^ a b c d "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16598. 29 June 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5710). 25 June 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5707). 14 June 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5712). 2 July 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5720). 29 July 1822. ^ a b c d e f g "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5698). 14 May 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5705). 7 June 1822. ^ a b c d e "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16601. 3 July 1822. ^ a b c "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (57002). 28 May 1822. ^ a b c d "From Lloyd's Marine List – May 21". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15716. 27 May 1822. ^ a b c d e "Lloyd's Marine List – May 10". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15713. 20 May 1822. ^ "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16568. 25 May 1822. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 11657. London. 25 May 1822. col E, p. 3. ^ "Ship News". The Morning Post. No. 15965. 16 May 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5690). 21 May 1822. ^ a b c d "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16562. 18 May 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5699). 17 May 1822. ^ "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16761. 8 January 1823. ^ "Ship News". The Times. No. 11563. London. 21 May 1822. col E, p. 3. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5727). 23 August 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5710). 25 June 1822. ^ "East Indies." Times 4 Dec. 1822: 3. The Times Digital Archive. Web. 22 Aug. 2017. ^ a b c "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16613. 17 July 1822. ^ "(untitled)". Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser. No. 2957. 30 May 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5717). 19 July 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5730). 3 September 1822. ^ "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16616. 20 July 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (573). 31 May 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (57). May 1822. ^ a b c d e f g "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5784). 4 June 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5721). 2 August 1822. ^ a b "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5703). 31 May 1822. ^ "Ship News". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16574. 1 June 1822. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5719). 26 July 1822. ^ "From Lloyd's Marine List – July 23". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15743. 29 July 1822. ^ "(untitled)". The Times. No. 11579. London. 8 June 1822. col E, p. 3. ^ "The Marine List". Lloyd's List (5724). 13 August 1822. vteShip events in 1822Ship launches 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 Ship commissionings 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 Ship decommissionings 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 Shipwrecks 1817 1818 1819 1820 1821 1822 1823 1824 1825 1826 1827 vteShipwrecks 1820–29, by month1820 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1821 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1822 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1823 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1824 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1825 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1826 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1827 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1828 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date 1829 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Unknown date

[{"links_in_text":[],"text":"The list of shipwrecks in May 1822 includes some ships sunk, foundered, grounded, or otherwise lost during May 1822.","title":"List of shipwrecks in May 1822"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"schooner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schooner"},{"link_name":"Grand Cayman Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Cayman_Island"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times010622-1"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Demerara River","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara_River"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC290622-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL250622a-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140622-4"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 1 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nDorchester\n\n British North America\n\nThe schooner was wrecked on Grand Cayman Island.[1]\n\n\nFairby\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was destroyed by fire in the Demerara River with the loss of a crew member.[2][3][4]","title":"1 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Tobago","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tobago"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL020722-5"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 5 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nColumbine\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on Grenada. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Tobago to Grenada.[5]","title":"5 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Campeachy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campeachy"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL290722-6"},{"link_name":"Bremen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bremen_(state)"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 6 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHalliday\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on the Alcoran Rock. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Campeachy, Venezuela.[6]\n\n\nSally Ann\n\n Bremen\n\nThe ship sank near Bremen. She was on a voyage from Havana, Cuba to Bremen.[7]","title":"6 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Edgartown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgartown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"British Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL070622-8"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Gulf of St. Lawrence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence"},{"link_name":"Grenada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenada"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC030722-9"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 7 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nFavorite\n\n United States\n\nThe ship was driven ashore and wrecked near Edgartown, Massachusetts. She was on a voyage from British Honduras to Boston, Massachusetts.[8]\n\n\nNimble\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was lost in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. She was on a voyage from Grenada to Quebec City, Lower Canada, British North America.[9]","title":"7 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Dogger Bank","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dogger_Bank"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"King's Lynn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%27s_Lynn"},{"link_name":"Norfolk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norfolk"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL280522-10"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 8 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCharlotte\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship sprang a leak in the Dogger Bank and was abandoned. She was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland to King's Lynn, Norfolk.[10]","title":"8 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"Drogheda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drogheda"},{"link_name":"County Louth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Louth"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM270522-11"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Beaumaris","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaumaris"},{"link_name":"Anglesey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglesey"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Memel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sunderland, County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM200522-12"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL280522-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Svensk_flagg_1815.svg"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Falsterbo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falsterbo"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"Viana do Castelo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viana_do_Castelo"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC250522-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times250522-14"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Tuskar Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskar_Rock,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Swansea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swansea"},{"link_name":"Glamorgan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glamorgan"},{"link_name":"Dublin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dublin"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM270522-11"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"South Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shields"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MP160522-15"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 10 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nIsabella\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship sprang a leak and foundered in the Cairn Roads. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Glasgow, Renfrewshire to Drogheda, County Louth.[11]\n\n\nJonge Heinrick\n\n Prussia\n\nThe ship was driven ashore near Beaumaris, Anglesey, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Memel to Liverpool, Lancashire, United Kingdom.[7]\n\n\nProxy\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore at Sunderland, County Durham. Her crew were rescued by the Sunderland Lifeboat.[12] Proxy was refloated on 21 May. She was declared a total loss.[10]\n\n\nSpeculation\n\n Sweden\n\nThe ship struck a reef off Falsterbo and foundered. Her crew were rescued by a British ship. She was on a voyage from Stockholm to Viana do Castelo, Portugal.[13][14]\n\n\nUnity\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship foundered in the Irish Sea off the Tuskar Rock. Her crew survived. She was on a voyage from Swansea, Glamorgan to Dublin.[11]\n\n\nWilliam\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked near South Shields, County Durham with the loss of all hands.[15]","title":"10 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Calais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais"},{"link_name":"Memel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da"},{"link_name":"Prussia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia"},{"link_name":"Poole, Dorset","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poole,_Dorset"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL210522-16"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Sunderland, County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sunderland,_County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM200522-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Scarborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"Yorkshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM200522-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC180522-17"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM200522-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM200522-12"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"Hartlepool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartlepool"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC180522-17"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"North Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shields"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL170522-18"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 11 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAcorn\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore about 8 nautical miles (15 km) east of Calais, France. She was on a voyage from Memel, Prussia to Poole, Dorset.[7] Acorn was later refloated and taken in to Calais.[16]\n\n\nEnterprize\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked near Sunderland, County Durham with the loss of five of her crew.[12]\n\n\nLangley\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) north of Scarborough, Yorkshire with the loss of a crew member.[7][12]\n\n\nMary\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe brig was driven ashore and wrecked at \"Eden Dean\".[17]\n\n\nOcean\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore near Sunderland. Her crew were rescued by the Sunderland Lifeboat.[12]\n\n\nOrmus\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked near Sunderland.[12]\n\n\nRuby\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe brig was driven ashore and wrecked at Hartlepool, County Durham with the loss of three of her crew.[17]\n\n\nWilliam\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore and wrecked 4 nautical miles (7.4 km) north of Hartlepool. Her crew were rescued.[7]\n\n\nWilliam\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore and wrecked near North Shields, County Durham.[18]","title":"11 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Essex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essex"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Irish Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irish_Sea"},{"link_name":"Smalls","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smalls_Lighthouse"},{"link_name":"Tuskar Rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuskar_Rock,_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC180522-17"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"River Colne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Colne,_Essex"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140522-7"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Kentish Knock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kentish_Knock_(England)"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"Margate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margate"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"Sir Godfrey Webster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Godfrey_Webster_(1799_ship)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC180522-17"},{"link_name":"Newcastle upon Tyne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne"},{"link_name":"Northumberland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northumberland"},{"link_name":"Caen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caen"},{"link_name":"Calvados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calvados_(department)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL170522-18"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 12 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nHaabet\n\n Norway\n\nThe ship was wrecked on the Gunfleet Sand, in the North Sea off the coast of Essex, United Kingdom.[7]\n\n\nHope\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship foundered in the Irish Sea between the Smalls and the Tuskar Rock.[17]\n\n\nPallas\n\n Norway\n\nThe ship ran aground and was damaged on the Gunfleet Sand. She was later refloated and taken in to the River Colne.[7]\n\n\nVine\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on the Kentish Knock, in the North Sea off Margate, Kent, Her crew were rescued by Sir Godfrey Webster ( United Kingdom).[17] Vine was on a voyage from Newcastle upon Tyne, Northumberland to Caen, Calvados, France.[18]","title":"12 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Indian Trader","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_Trader_(1819_ship)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"East Indiaman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Indiaman"},{"link_name":"squall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squall"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC080123-19"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"The Cumbraes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cumbraes"},{"link_name":"Saltcoats","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saltcoats"},{"link_name":"Ayrshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayrshire"},{"link_name":"Rothesay, Bute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothesay,_Bute"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM270522-11"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 14 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nIndian Trader\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe East Indiaman capsized in a squall; the wreck was driven ashore at \"Trumoon\". Her crew were rescued.[19]\n\n\nJane\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship foundered off The Cumbraes. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Saltcoats, Ayrshire to Rothesay, Bute.[11]","title":"14 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Cheshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheshire"},{"link_name":"River Mersey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/River_Mersey"},{"link_name":"hogged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hogging_and_sagging"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL210522-16"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Plymouth, Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plymouth,_Devon"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Limerick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limerick"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times210522-20"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Rathlin Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathlin_Island"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM270522-11"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 17 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nCharles Fawcett\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore on the Cheshire bank of the River Mersey and hogged severely. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to New Orleans, Louisiana, United States. Charles Fawcett was later refloated and taken in to Liverpool.[16]\n\n\nProvidence\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was run down and sunk at Plymouth, Devon by Thalia ( United Kingdom). Her crew were rescued. Providence was on a voyage from Limerick to London.[20]\n\n\nUnion\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore and wrecked on Rathlin Island, County Antrim. She was n a voyage from Belfast, County Antrim to New Brunswick, British North America.[11]","title":"17 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"Cape of Good Hope","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_of_Good_Hope"},{"link_name":"Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengal"},{"link_name":"India","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_rule_in_India"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL230822-21"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 19 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBrougham\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe brig was last sighted off the Cape of Good Hope on this date. She was on a voyage from Bengal, India to the Cape of Good Hope.[21]","title":"19 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Africaine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=French_frigate_Ems_(1812)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"French Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Navy"},{"link_name":"Pallas-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pallas-class_frigate_(1808)"},{"link_name":"frigate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frigate"},{"link_name":"Cape Sable Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Sable_Island"},{"link_name":"Nova Scotia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nova_Scotia"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC290622-2"},{"link_name":"Martinique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martinique"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre and Miquelon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL250622-22"},{"link_name":"Charles Mills","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Mills_(1810_ship)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bay of Bengal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal"},{"link_name":"15°00′N 85°30′E / 15.000°N 85.500°E / 15.000; 85.500","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=List_of_shipwrecks_in_May_1822&params=15_00_N_85_30_E_"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Kedgeree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khejuri_II#Khijri"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times041222a-23"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Maracaibo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maracaibo"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC170722-24"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 20 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nAfricaine\n\n French Navy\n\nThe 44-gun Pallas-class frigate was driven ashore and wrecked on the south coast of Cape Sable Island, Nova Scotia, British North America with the loss of six of her 250-plus crew.[2] She was on a voyage from Martinique to Saint Pierre and Miquelon.[22]\n\n\nCharles Mills\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship foundered in the Bay of Bengal (15°00′N 85°30′E / 15.000°N 85.500°E / 15.000; 85.500) with the loss of all but seven of the 73 people on board. The brig Scythe ( France) rescued the survivors and took them to Kedgeree.[23]\n\n\nRobert Neilson\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked at Maracaibo, Venezuela. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Maracaibo.[24]","title":"20 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"Nantucket, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nantucket,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"Dominica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominica"},{"link_name":"St. Andrews, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC030722-9"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 21 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nSt. Andrew\n\n British North America\n\nThe brig was driven ashore and wrecked near Nantucket, Massachusetts. She was on a voyage from Dominica to St. Andrews, New Brunswick.[9]","title":"21 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Saint Pierre Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_Pierre_Island"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC170722-24"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Long Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Long_Island"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_(state)"},{"link_name":"Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"North Holland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Holland"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"new York City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC290622-2"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"Matanzas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matanzas"},{"link_name":"Cubato","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC030722-9"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 22 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nColibri\n\n France\n\nThe ship was wrecked on Saint Pierre Island. Her crew were rescued.[24]\n\n\nElizabeth\n\n United States\n\nThe ship was wrecked on the south coast of Long Island, New York. She was on a voyage from Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands to new York City.[2]\n\n\nThames\n\n United States\n\nThe brig was driven ashore and wrecked on \"Norman's Sand\". She was on a voyage from Matanzas, Cubato Boston, Massachusetts.[9]","title":"22 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"Land's End","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Land%27s_End"},{"link_name":"Cornwall","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Bangor, Caernarfonshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangor,_Caernarfonshire"},{"link_name":"Exeter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exeter"},{"link_name":"Devon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devon"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TEFP300522-25"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anticosti Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticosti_Island"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL190722a-26"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"New York","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_York_City"},{"link_name":"St. Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Thomas,_U.S._Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"Virgin Islands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virgin_Islands"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC030722-9"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL030922-27"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 23 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nArdent\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship sprang a leak and foundered in the Atlantic Ocean 20 nautical miles (37 km) off Land's End, Cornwall. Her crew were rescued by Friends ( United Kingdom). She was on a voyage from Bangor, Caernarfonshire to Exeter, Devon.[25]\n\n\nEarl Fitzwilliam\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on Anticosti Island, Lower Canada, British North America. All on board were rescued.[26]\n\n\nLittle William\n\n United States\n\nThe ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued by Tuscarora ( United States). Little William was on a voyage from New York to St. Thomas, Virgin Islands.[9] She was discovered at sea on 10 August by Mercator ( United Kingdom); some of her cargo was salvaged.[27]","title":"23 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Anticosti Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticosti_Island"},{"link_name":"Quebec City","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quebec_City"},{"link_name":"Lower Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lower_Canada"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC200722-28"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"drydock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drydock"},{"link_name":"North Shields","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Shields"},{"link_name":"County Durham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Durham"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL280522-10"},{"link_name":"Recovery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recovery_(1819_ship)"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Campbeltown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campbeltown"},{"link_name":"Argyllshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argyllshire"},{"link_name":"New Orleans, Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana"},{"link_name":"Greenock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenock"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL310522a-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 25 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nEarl Fitzwilliam\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on Anticosti Island, Quebec City, Lower Canada, British North America. All on board were rescued.[28]\n\n\nEmma\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship fell off the blocks in drydock at North Shields, County Durham and was consequently condemned.[10]\n\n\nRecovery\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore 10 nautical miles (19 km) south west of Campbeltown, Argyllshire. She was on a voyage from New Orleans, Louisiana, United States to Greenock, Renfrewshire.[29][30] Recovery was refloated on 30 May and towed in to Greenock.[31]","title":"25 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Gallipoli","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gallipoli"},{"link_name":"Ottoman Empire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL290722-6"},{"link_name":"Constantinople","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constantinople"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL020822-32"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 27 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nEcho\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore near Gallipoli, Ottoman Empire.[6] She was later refloated and resumed her voyage from Constantinople, Ottoman Empire to London.[32]","title":"27 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"Goodwin Sands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goodwin_Sands"},{"link_name":"Kent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kent"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"L'Orient","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Orient"},{"link_name":"Morbihan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morbihan"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL310522-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC010622-34"},{"link_name":"Ramsgate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsgate"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Portnessock Bay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Portnessock_Bay&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Demerara","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demerara"},{"link_name":"Belfast","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"},{"link_name":"County Antrim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Antrim"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL140622-4"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"link_name":"Dungeness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dungeness_(headland)"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL310522-33"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: 28 May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nConstantia\n\n Russia\n\nThe ship ran aground on the Goodwin Sands, Kent, United Kingdom. She was on a voyage from Riga to L'Orient, Morbihan, France.[33][34] Constantia was refloated on 1 June and taken in to Ramsgate, Kent in a waterlogged condition.[31]\n\n\nHugh\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore in Portnessock Bay. She was on a voyage from Demerara to Belfast, County Antrim.[31] Hugh was later refloated; she arrived at Belfast on 10 June.[4]\n\n\nSostrene\n\n Norway\n\nThe ship was driven ashore at Dungeness, Kent. She was on a voyage from St. Martin's to a Norwegian port.[33]","title":"28 May"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"brig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brig"},{"link_name":"85 leagues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_(unit)"},{"link_name":"Cape Hatteras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cape_Hatteras"},{"link_name":"North Carolina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Carolina"},{"link_name":"Spain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain"},{"link_name":"Havana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havana"},{"link_name":"Cuba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Captaincy_General_of_Cuba"},{"link_name":"Baltimore, Maryland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL260722-35"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Grand Manan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Manan_Island"},{"link_name":"New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"Leith","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leith"},{"link_name":"Lothian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lothian"},{"link_name":"St. Andrews, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-CM290722-36"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Little Egg Harbor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Egg_Harbor"},{"link_name":"Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC290622-2"},{"link_name":"France","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France"},{"link_name":"Netherlands","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands"},{"link_name":"Dunkerque","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunkerque"},{"link_name":"Nord","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nord_(departements)"},{"link_name":"Newfoundland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Edgartown, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgartown,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"British Honduras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Honduras"},{"link_name":"Boston, Massachusetts","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boston,_Massachusetts"},{"link_name":"[37]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Times080622-37"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Glasgow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow"},{"link_name":"Renfrewshire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renfrewshire_(historic)"},{"link_name":"Saint John, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL250622a-3"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Petit Manan Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Petit_Manan_Island&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Liverpool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liverpool"},{"link_name":"Lancashire","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lancashire"},{"link_name":"Campobello Island","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campobello_Island"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"},{"link_name":"Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutland"},{"link_name":"Málaga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A1laga"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC170722-24"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"Atlantic Ocean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-MC030722-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"British North America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_North_America"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"St. Andrews, New Brunswick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Andrews,_New_Brunswick"},{"link_name":"[38]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL130822-38"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"Domesnes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domesnes"},{"link_name":"London","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London"},{"link_name":"Riga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riga"},{"link_name":"Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Empire"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL070622-8"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-LL040622-31"}],"text":"List of shipwrecks: Unknown date in May 1822\n\n\nShip\nState\nDescription\n\n\nBella Antonio\n\n Spain\n\nThe brig capsized 85 leagues (255 nautical miles (472 km)) off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, United States with the loss of all but three of her crew. Survivors were rescued by Matilda ( Spain). Bella Antonio was on a voyage from Havana, Cuba to Baltimore, Maryland, United States.[35]\n\n\nCriterion\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on Grand Manan Island, New Brunswick, British North America. She was on a voyage from Leith, Lothian to St. Andrews, New Brunswick.[36]\n\n\nEnterprize\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked in Little Egg Harbor. Her crew were rescued. She was on a voyage from Bangor to Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States.[2]\n\n\nEspoir\n\n France\n\nThe ship sprang a leak and was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean. Her crew were rescued by Rotterdam ( Netherlands). Espoir was on a voyage from Dunkerque, Nord to Newfoundland, British North America.[31]\n\n\nFavorite\n\n United States\n\nThe ship was driven ashore and wrecked at Edgartown, Massachusetts in early May. She was on a voyage from British Honduras to Boston, Massachusetts.[37]\n\n\nFavorite\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore on Ragged Island, British North America before 7 May. She was on a voyage from Glasgow, Renfrewshire to Saint John, New Brunswick, British North America.[3]\n\n\nMargaret\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was wrecked on Petit Manan Island, New Brunswick before 3 May. She was on a voyage from Liverpool, Lancashire to Campobello Island, New Brunswick.[31]\n\n\nOdin\n\n Sweden\n\nThe ship was lost near \"Lemwig\", Jutland. She was on a voyage from Málaga, Spain to Stockholm.[24]\n\n\nPatriot\n\n United States\n\nThe ship foundered in the Atlantic Ocean before 16 May. Her crew were rescued by Samuel Whitbread ( United States).[9]\n\n\nPhœbe\n\n British North America\n\nThe ship foundered in the Atlantic Ocean with the loss of seven lives. Survivors were rescued by Martha ( United Kingdom). Phœbe was on a voyage from Liverpool to St. Andrews, New Brunswick.[38]\n\n\nUnion\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was driven ashore near Domesnes, Norway in early May. She was on a voyage from London to Riga, Russia.[31] Union was refloated on 17 May.[8]\n\n\nUnited Kingdom\n\n United Kingdom\n\nThe ship was abandoned in the Atlantic Ocean.[31]","title":"Unknown date"}]

[]

[{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Times. No. 11573. London. 1 June 1822. col C, p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16598. 29 June 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5710). 25 June 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=206","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5707). 14 June 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=198","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5712). 2 July 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=209","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5720). 29 July 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=241","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5698). 14 May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=162","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5705). 7 June 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=190","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16601. 3 July 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (57002). 28 May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=177","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Lloyd's Marine List – May 21\". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15716. 27 May 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Lloyd's Marine List – May 10\". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15713. 20 May 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16568. 25 May 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Times. No. 11657. London. 25 May 1822. col E, p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Post. No. 15965. 16 May 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5690). 21 May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=169","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16562. 18 May 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5699). 17 May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=166","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16761. 8 January 1823.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Times. No. 11563. London. 21 May 1822. col E, p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5727). 23 August 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=269","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5710). 25 June 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=202","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16613. 17 July 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"(untitled)\". Trewman's Exeter Flying Post or Plymouth and Cornish Advertiser. No. 2957. 30 May 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5717). 19 July 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=230","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5730). 3 September 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=282","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16616. 20 July 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (573). 31 May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=182","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (57). May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=1","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5784). 4 June 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=185","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5721). 2 August 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=246","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5703). 31 May 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=181","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"Ship News\". The Morning Chronicle. No. 16574. 1 June 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5719). 26 July 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=237","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]},{"reference":"\"From Lloyd's Marine List – July 23\". Caledonian Mercury. No. 15743. 29 July 1822.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"(untitled)\". The Times. No. 11579. London. 8 June 1822. col E, p. 3.","urls":[]},{"reference":"\"The Marine List\". Lloyd's List (5724). 13 August 1822.","urls":[{"url":"https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044105226328;view=1up;seq=258","url_text":"\"The Marine List\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zubato_Sunce

Zubato Sunce

["1 Track listing","2 Personnel","3 References"]

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this message) 1998 studio album by DžukeleGledajući u mrakStudio album by DžukeleReleased1998RecordedSeptember–October 1997Radio Novi Sad M studio, Novi Sad & Metro studio, LjubljanaGenrePunk rockGarage rockAlternative rockRockLength39:32LabelMetropolis RecordsMCD 013ProducerJanez Križaj, Jan Šaš, Nenad Drašković, DžukeleDžukele chronology Gledajući u mrak(1994) Gledajući u mrak(1998) Zubato Sunce (Toothed Sunbeam) is the second and last studio album by the Serbian rock band Džukele, released by Metropolis Records in 1998. As backing vocalists on the album appeared Atheist Rap, Goblini, and Generacija Bez Budućnosti members. Track listing All lyrics by Slobodan Vukosavljević "Bane" except for track 5, written by Nenad Drašković. All music written by Džukele. No.TitleLength1."Mi" (We)4:132."Linije" (Lines)3:393."Lud" (Mad)4:064."Kockam se sa tobom" (I Am Gambling With You)3:335."Sećanja" (Memories)5:266."Igla" (Needle)2:027."Pijani glasnik" (Drunk Messenger)3:098."San" (The Dream)4:489."Osim ljubavi" (Except For Love)5:0710."Velika svetla" (Big Lights)3:29 Personnel Leo fon Punkerstein (Artwork By ) "Draža" (Dragan Neorčić; bass) Prndža (Vladimir Šarčević; drums) Nenad Drašković (executive producer, lyrics by ) Leo (Leonid Pilipović; guitar, vocals) Janez Križaj (mixed by, mastered by, producer) Željko Vukelić (photography) Jan Šaš (recorded by, producer) Bane (Slobodan Vukosavljević; lyrics by, vocals, guitar) Slobodan Misailović (cymbaline ) References EX YU ROCK enciklopedija 1960-2006, Janjatović Petar; ISBN 978-86-905317-1-4 Zubato Sunce at Discogs Zubato Sunce at Rateyourmusic Authority control databases MusicBrainz release group

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Serbian rock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serbian_rock"},{"link_name":"Džukele","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEukele"},{"link_name":"Atheist Rap","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atheist_Rap"},{"link_name":"Goblini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goblini"}],"text":"1998 studio album by DžukeleZubato Sunce (Toothed Sunbeam) is the second and last studio album by the Serbian rock band Džukele, released by Metropolis Records in 1998. As backing vocalists on the album appeared Atheist Rap, Goblini, and Generacija Bez Budućnosti members.","title":"Zubato Sunce"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All lyrics by Slobodan Vukosavljević \"Bane\" except for track 5, written by Nenad Drašković. All music written by Džukele.No.TitleLength1.\"Mi\" (We)4:132.\"Linije\" (Lines)3:393.\"Lud\" (Mad)4:064.\"Kockam se sa tobom\" (I Am Gambling With You)3:335.\"Sećanja\" (Memories)5:266.\"Igla\" (Needle)2:027.\"Pijani glasnik\" (Drunk Messenger)3:098.\"San\" (The Dream)4:489.\"Osim ljubavi\" (Except For Love)5:0710.\"Velika svetla\" (Big Lights)3:29","title":"Track listing"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"Leo fon Punkerstein (Artwork By [Design])\n\"Draža\" (Dragan Neorčić; bass)\nPrndža (Vladimir Šarčević; drums)\nNenad Drašković (executive producer, lyrics by [track 5])\nLeo (Leonid Pilipović; guitar, vocals)\nJanez Križaj (mixed by, mastered by, producer)\nŽeljko Vukelić (photography)\nJan Šaš (recorded by, producer)\nBane (Slobodan Vukosavljević; lyrics by, vocals, guitar)\nSlobodan Misailović (cymbaline [track 8])","title":"Personnel"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University_Radiation_Center

Oregon State University Radiation Center

["1 Reactor overview","1.1 Thermal column","1.2 In-Core Irradiation Facilities","2 Safety","3 Forensic analysis","4 Research","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 44°33′55″N 123°17′21″W / 44.565196°N 123.28913°W / 44.565196; -123.28913Building on the Oregon State University campus in Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. Entrance to the Radiation Center The Oregon State University Radiation Center (OSURC) is a research facility that houses a nuclear reactor at Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, Oregon, United States. The Oregon State TRIGA Reactor (OSTR) serves the research needs of the OSU nuclear engineering department along with other departments (notably medical applications). About 70% of the research projects at the OSU Radiation Center use the reactor. Reactor overview Exterior of reactor The radiation center is located on the west side of the OSU campus, across the street from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offices and about half a mile from Reser Stadium. The reactor is a Mark II TRIGA reactor with a maximum thermal output of 1.1 MW and can be pulsed up to a power of 3000 MW for a very short time. The fuel is low enriched uranium. Operation began in 1967. The reactor supported 96 academic courses in 1999. These courses were in chemistry, civil engineering, chemical engineering, geosciences, oceanography and atmospheric sciences, bioresource engineering, honors college and naval engineering disciplines. The OSU Radiation center supported 126 projects in 2000 with 69% directly involving use of the OSTR. Contracts supporting these projects in 2000 totaled $3 million. The mission statement of the center is To serve as the campus wide teaching, research, and service facility for programs involving the use of ionizing radiation and radioactive materials. Thermal column The thermal column is a large graphite slab that pierces the concrete bioshield of the reactor and makes contact with the graphite neutron reflector surrounding the core. The purpose of the thermal column is to create an irradiation facility that filters out high energy neutrons to create a high thermal neutron flux. The thermal column is primarily used for fission tracking of certain minerals that contain fissile material. In-Core Irradiation Facilities OSTR has six in-core irradiation facilities: The Cadmium-Lined In-Core Irradiation Tube (or CLICIT) is a vacuum-filled irradiation facility occupying a fuel slot in the central area of the core. Cadmium is a thermal neutron absorber, allowing only epithermal neutrons and fast neutrons to enter. The primary purpose of this facility is Ar-Ar dating and K-Ar dating via neutron activation. The Cadmium-Lined Outer-Core Irradiation Tube (or CLOCIT) is a vacuum-filled irradiation facility occupying a fuel slot in one of the outer rings of the core. Its purpose is similar to the CLICIT, however due to its location, irradiations take 1.8 times longer than the CLICIT. The In-Core Irradiation Tube (or ICIT) is located in the same ring as the CLOCIT and is the highest neutron flux facility offered at OSTR. It is similar to the CLICIT and CLOCIT but it lacks Cadmium lining, resulting in unfiltered neutron irradiation. The Rotating Rack, colloquially known as the Lazy Susan, is a ring surrounding the core between the core and the graphite neutron reflector. It rotates around the core about once a minute, providing an even flux to the samples inside. This facility has 40 nitrogen-filled slots for samples to be irradiated in. The Pneumatic Transfer System, colloquially known as the Rabbit, is an irradiation facility that is pneumatically operated to rapidly insert and remove samples during operation. The primary purpose of this facility is to perform neutron activation analysis on isotopes with short half-lives. The Central Thimble is a water-filled tube extending down the central position of the core. Its purpose is to provide the highest flux available in the core; however, it is currently not in use at OSTR. Safety Oregon Department of Energy has coordinated the HAZMAT Radiological Training Courses at the center for HAZMAT response teams throughout the state of Oregon for the last 15 years. Additionally, federal guidelines require a rapid, armed response to incidents that may occur at the Radiation Center, which is provided by the on-campus Public Safety force since 2021. Prior to this, OSU contracted with Oregon State Police since 1989 for this role. Forensic analysis The reactor has also used Neutron activation analysis to help with the forensic analysis in a high-profile serial killer case (the I-5 Bandit) and several other cases. Research The following are some ongoing projects in conjunction with the reactor: Neutron activation analysis Radiotracer techniques Medical isotope development and production Geological age dating Neutron radiography Thermal hydraulics of nuclear steam systems Radiation sterilization Radiation dosimeter testing Boron Neutron Capture Therapy Radiochemical methodologies References ^ a b ABC News: Oregon State University ^ a b c d e f Binney, S.E.; S.R. Reese; D.S. Pratt (February 22, 2000). "University Research Reactors: Contributing to the National Scientific and Engineering Infrastructure from 1953 to 2000 and Beyond". National Organization of Test, Research and Training Reactors. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-07. ^ http://www.rertr.anl.gov/RERTR31/pdf/S4-P2%20_Keller.pdf ^ Building On A Vision: Research, Testing Facilities & Labs ^ "FAQ". Oregon State University Public Safety. OSU Department of Public Safety. Retrieved 3 June 2023. ^ 4-07-98 TV detective series to dust off old technology External links Official website vteOregon State UniversityLocated in: Corvallis, OregonSchools College of Agricultural Sciences College of Business College of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Sciences College of Education College of Engineering College of Forestry College of Liberal Arts College of Pharmacy College of Public Health and Human Sciences College of Science College of Veterinary Medicine Graduate School Honors College Athletics Oregon State Beavers Baseball Men's basketball Women's basketball Wrestling Football Men's soccer Softball Women's gymnastics Benny Beaver Oregon rivalry Buildingsand facilities Austin Hall Cascades Campus Community Hall Dixon Recreation Center Dryden Hall Gill Coliseum Goss Stadium at Coleman Field Hatfield Marine Science Center Linus Pauling Institute Merryfield Hall Memorial Union Oregon State University Press OSU Softball Complex Owen Hall Peavy Arboretum Peavy Hall Pharmacy Building Radiation Center Reser Stadium The LaSells Stewart Center The Valley Library Waldo Hall Culture Alumni Athletes Faculty and staff "Hail to Old OSU" KBVR (FM) The Daily Barometer History KBVR TV Sculpture Joy Selig Martin Kukučín Ode to a Tree The Family The Quest Other Biscuit Fire publication controversy Moon tree Founded: 1868 Students: 33,193 Endowment: 819.6 million vteUnited States research reactorsNuclear Regulatory Commission Licensed and operating research reactors (university-based) Armed Forces Radiobiological Research Institute Cornell University Idaho State University Kansas State University Missouri University of Science and Technology Massachusetts Institute of Technology National Institute of Standards and Technology North Carolina State University Ohio State University Oregon State University Penn State University Purdue University Reed College Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Texas A&M University University of Arizona University of California University of Florida University of Maryland University of Massachusetts Lowell University of Michigan University of Missouri University of New Mexico University of Texas at Austin University of Utah University of Wisconsin-Madison Washington State University Worcester Polytechnic Institute U.S. company-operatedresearch reactors Aerotest Operations Inc. Dow Chemical Company General Electric Company Rhode Island Atomic Energy Commission U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Veterans Administration U.S. National Labs with nuclear research reactors Argonne National Laboratory Brookhaven National Laboratory (All Shut down) Hanford Site Idaho National Laboratory Oak Ridge National Laboratory Savannah River Site 44°33′55″N 123°17′21″W / 44.565196°N 123.28913°W / 44.565196; -123.28913

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OSU_Radiation_Center.JPG"},{"link_name":"nuclear reactor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_reactor"},{"link_name":"Oregon State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_University"},{"link_name":"Corvallis, Oregon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corvallis,_Oregon"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"TRIGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIGA"},{"link_name":"nuclear engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_engineering"}],"text":"Building on the Oregon State University campus in Corvallis, Oregon, U.S.Entrance to the Radiation CenterThe Oregon State University Radiation Center (OSURC) is a research facility that houses a nuclear reactor at Oregon State University (OSU) in Corvallis, Oregon, United States. The Oregon State TRIGA Reactor (OSTR) serves the research needs of the OSU nuclear engineering department along with other departments (notably medical applications).About 70% of the research projects at the OSU Radiation Center use the reactor.","title":"Oregon State University Radiation Center"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:OSU_reactor.JPG"},{"link_name":"Environmental Protection Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency"},{"link_name":"Reser Stadium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reser_Stadium"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-1"},{"link_name":"TRIGA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TRIGA"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRTR-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ABC-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRTR-2"},{"link_name":"chemistry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry"},{"link_name":"civil engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civil_engineering"},{"link_name":"chemical engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_engineering"},{"link_name":"geosciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth_science"},{"link_name":"oceanography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oceanography"},{"link_name":"atmospheric sciences","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_sciences"},{"link_name":"bioresource engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioresource_engineering"},{"link_name":"naval engineering","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_propulsion"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRTR-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRTR-2"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRTR-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"}],"text":"Exterior of reactorThe radiation center is located on the west side of the OSU campus, across the street from the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offices and about half a mile from Reser Stadium.[1]The reactor is a Mark II TRIGA reactor with a maximum thermal output of 1.1 MW and can be pulsed up to a power of 3000 MW for a very short time.[2] The fuel is low enriched uranium.[3] Operation began in 1967.[1][2]The reactor supported 96 academic courses in 1999. These courses were in chemistry, civil engineering, chemical engineering, geosciences, oceanography and atmospheric sciences, bioresource engineering, honors college and naval engineering disciplines.[2]The OSU Radiation center supported 126 projects in 2000 with 69% directly involving use of the OSTR.[2] Contracts supporting these projects in 2000 totaled $3 million.[2]The mission statement of the center isTo serve as the campus wide teaching, research, and service facility for programs involving the use of ionizing radiation and radioactive materials.[4]","title":"Reactor overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"graphite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graphite"},{"link_name":"graphite neutron reflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector"},{"link_name":"thermal neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_neutron"},{"link_name":"fissile","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fissile_material"}],"sub_title":"Thermal column","text":"The thermal column is a large graphite slab that pierces the concrete bioshield of the reactor and makes contact with the graphite neutron reflector surrounding the core. The purpose of the thermal column is to create an irradiation facility that filters out high energy neutrons to create a high thermal neutron flux. The thermal column is primarily used for fission tracking of certain minerals that contain fissile material.","title":"Reactor overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"thermal neutron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_neutron"},{"link_name":"epithermal neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epithermal_neutron"},{"link_name":"fast neutrons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fast_neutrons"},{"link_name":"Ar-Ar dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ar-Ar_dating"},{"link_name":"K-Ar dating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-Ar_dating"},{"link_name":"neutron activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation"},{"link_name":"Cadmium","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cadmium"},{"link_name":"neutron flux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_flux"},{"link_name":"Lazy Susan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazy_Susan"},{"link_name":"neutron reflector","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_reflector"},{"link_name":"Pneumatic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pneumatic_tube"},{"link_name":"neutron activation analysis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation_analysis"},{"link_name":"half-lives","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Half-life"}],"sub_title":"In-Core Irradiation Facilities","text":"OSTR has six in-core irradiation facilities:The Cadmium-Lined In-Core Irradiation Tube (or CLICIT) is a vacuum-filled irradiation facility occupying a fuel slot in the central area of the core. Cadmium is a thermal neutron absorber, allowing only epithermal neutrons and fast neutrons to enter. The primary purpose of this facility is Ar-Ar dating and K-Ar dating via neutron activation.The Cadmium-Lined Outer-Core Irradiation Tube (or CLOCIT) is a vacuum-filled irradiation facility occupying a fuel slot in one of the outer rings of the core. Its purpose is similar to the CLICIT, however due to its location, irradiations take 1.8 times longer than the CLICIT.The In-Core Irradiation Tube (or ICIT) is located in the same ring as the CLOCIT and is the highest neutron flux facility offered at OSTR. It is similar to the CLICIT and CLOCIT but it lacks Cadmium lining, resulting in unfiltered neutron irradiation.The Rotating Rack, colloquially known as the Lazy Susan, is a ring surrounding the core between the core and the graphite neutron reflector. It rotates around the core about once a minute, providing an even flux to the samples inside. This facility has 40 nitrogen-filled slots for samples to be irradiated in.The Pneumatic Transfer System, colloquially known as the Rabbit, is an irradiation facility that is pneumatically operated to rapidly insert and remove samples during operation. The primary purpose of this facility is to perform neutron activation analysis on isotopes with short half-lives.The Central Thimble is a water-filled tube extending down the central position of the core. Its purpose is to provide the highest flux available in the core; however, it is currently not in use at OSTR.","title":"Reactor overview"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oregon Department of Energy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_Department_of_Energy"},{"link_name":"HAZMAT","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hazardous_material"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-TRTR-2"},{"link_name":"Oregon State Police","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oregon_State_Police"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oregon_State_University_Public_Safety_FAQ-5"}],"text":"Oregon Department of Energy has coordinated the HAZMAT Radiological Training Courses at the center for HAZMAT response teams throughout the state of Oregon for the last 15 years.[2] Additionally, federal guidelines require a rapid, armed response to incidents that may occur at the Radiation Center, which is provided by the on-campus Public Safety force since 2021. Prior to this, OSU contracted with Oregon State Police since 1989 for this role.[5]","title":"Safety"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neutron activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation"},{"link_name":"forensic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forensic"},{"link_name":"serial killer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serial_killer"},{"link_name":"I-5 Bandit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Randall_Woodfield"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The reactor has also used Neutron activation analysis to help with the forensic analysis in a high-profile serial killer case (the I-5 Bandit) and several other cases.[6]","title":"Forensic analysis"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Neutron activation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_activation"},{"link_name":"Radiotracer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotracer"},{"link_name":"Neutron radiography","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutron_radiography"},{"link_name":"Thermal hydraulics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_hydraulics"},{"link_name":"Boron Neutron Capture Therapy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boron_Neutron_Capture_Therapy"}],"text":"The following are some ongoing projects in conjunction with the reactor:Neutron activation analysis\nRadiotracer techniques\nMedical isotope development and production\nGeological age dating\nNeutron radiography\nThermal hydraulics of nuclear steam systems\nRadiation sterilization\nRadiation dosimeter testing\nBoron Neutron Capture Therapy\nRadiochemical methodologies","title":"Research"}]

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[{"reference":"Binney, S.E.; S.R. Reese; D.S. Pratt (February 22, 2000). \"University Research Reactors: Contributing to the National Scientific and Engineering Infrastructure from 1953 to 2000 and Beyond\". National Organization of Test, Research and Training Reactors. Archived from the original on July 1, 2007. Retrieved 2007-04-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20070701191521/http://www.trtr.org/Links/TRTR_February.html","url_text":"\"University Research Reactors: Contributing to the National Scientific and Engineering Infrastructure from 1953 to 2000 and Beyond\""},{"url":"http://www.trtr.org/Links/TRTR_February.html","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"FAQ\". Oregon State University Public Safety. OSU Department of Public Safety. Retrieved 3 June 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://publicsafety.oregonstate.edu/faq","url_text":"\"FAQ\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_leucostictus

Oreochromis leucostictus

["1 Description","2 Behaviour and ecology","3 Distribution","4 Exploitation and conservation issues","5 References"]

Species of fish Oreochromis leucostictus Oreochromis leucostictus, male, from a fishpond near Songea, Tanzania, in 2012. Conservation status Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1) Scientific classification Domain: Eukaryota Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Actinopterygii Order: Cichliformes Family: Cichlidae Genus: Oreochromis Species: O. leucostictus Binomial name Oreochromis leucostictus(Trewavas, 1933) Synonyms Tilapia leucosticta Trewavas, 1933 Sarotherodon leucosticta (Trewavas, 1933) Sarotherodon leucostictum (Trewavas, 1933) Sarotherodon leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) Tilapia trewavasae Poll, 1939 Oreochromis leucostictus (the blue-spotted tilapia) is a species of cichlid native to Albertine Rift Valley lakes and associated rivers in DR Congo and Uganda. It has now been introduced widely elsewhere East Africa, and is believed to have negative ecological impact, particularly on native tilapias. This species is reported to reach a standard length of up to 36.3 cm (14.3 in), but is usually much smaller. It is exploited by small-scale fishery and aquaculture operations. Description Oreochromis leucostictus is a relatively deep-bodied tilapia with a fairly small mouth, narrow, rounded head and high back. Juvenile are pale, countershaded and have around 8 thin faint dark bars on the flank beneath the dorsal fin, with other bars on the head and tail. The fins are faintly spotted and there is a rather vague dark 'tilapia mark' at the based on the soft dorsal fin. Adults of both sexes are characterised by white spotting on the flanks and fins. Mature males are very dark, almost black, sometimes with a blue-green iridescence, and the white spots are very conspicuous. The eye is bright yellow and crossed by an oblique bar. Mature males have elongated filamentous tips to the dorsal and anal fins, but do not have enlarged jaws (in contrast to species like Oreochromis mossambicus). Young fishes have numerous small slender tricuspid teeth, but they become stouter in larger fish, and sometimes bicuspid. Overall, there are usually 4–6 rows of teeth, occasionally up to 8 in larger fish. The lower pharyngeal bone is slender, with numerous crowded teeth. There are 3–5 upper gill rakers, 1 on the angle and 19–23 lower rakers. The dorsal fin has 15–18 spines and 11–13 rays. The anal fin generally has 3-spines, although a single 4-spined individual has been reported, and 9–11 rays. There are 28–31 scales in the lateral line series. Adults are reported to grow to a total length of 28–30 cm in Lake Victoria, but they mature at much smaller sizes in smaller water bodies, with ripening females reportedly as small as 8 cm. Behaviour and ecology Oreochromis leucostictus is a typical maternal mouthbrooding cichlid, like all other known members of the genus. During the breeding season, males are conspicuously coloured, defend territories over open sand/mud areas where they construct a 'bower' or mate attraction structure. In this species, the bower is a simple circular pit, dug at depths of less than 60 cm deep, at least along the margins of Lake Victoria. Females visit the bowers of males, laying clutches with one or more, and immediately picking up the eggs in her mouth. The offspring are brooded until they are capable of independent feeding. Like most other members of the genus, the female probably guards them and will retrieve them in her mouth at night or when disturbed. Oreochromis leucostictus prefers shallow weedy habitats, such as lagoons and bays around the edges of larger lakes. It naturally co-occurs with the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which favours rather deeper waters, so the two species appear to have complementary niches. They feed mainly on bottom sediments or plankton, ingesting mainly microscopic plants and cyanobacteria, along with small invertebrates. Distribution Oreochromis leucostictus, male, from Lake Malimbe in the Lake Victoria catchment, Tanzania, 2016 The natural distribution of this fish is in the catchments of Lakes Edward, George and Albert, in Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It was introduced in Lake Victoria into the 1950s, and is now abundant there, having largely supplanted the native endemic Oreochromis variabilis, although the latter is known to persist in some rocky offshore islands. It was later introduced into Lake Naivasha in Kenya, where it hybridised with and then replaced the formerly abundant Kenyan endemic Oreochromis spilurus nigra. Further introductions to Kenya have continued and molecular genetic studies indicate that O. leucostictus has begun to hybridise with endemic populations of O. niloticus at a number of sites, including Lake Baringo and the hot springs around Lake Bogoria. The species has also been widely distributed in Tanzania, probably as a contaminant of Nile tilapia sourced from Lake Victoria and stocked for aquaculture or attempted fishery improvement. Here too, feral populations are becoming established and hybrids with native species such as Oreochromis urolepis have been reported. Exploitation and conservation issues The species is fished where it is found, and widely farmed in small-scale fish ponds, but it is known to mature at small sizes in ponds, a trait undesirable for commercial aquaculture, because ponds are quickly filled up with numerous small fish of low market value. This trait is presumably well developed in this species because it is adapted to live in shallow marginal habitats and so is likely to find itself cut off in pools which may eventually dry up and where larger fish are vulnerable to predators such as birds. Thus, it is unfortunate that the species has been so widely distributed. In addition, it seems to have a propensity to hybridise with native Oreochromis species, leading to genetic contamination and creating hybrid swarms, sometimes apparently replacing the native species altogether eventually. Thus, this species seems to be rather a menace to the maintenance of biodiversity and in particular to the maintenance of wild genetic diversity of tilapias, an important food fish throughout the tropics. References ^ Ntakimazi, G.; Twongo, T.K.; Hanssens, M. (2006). "Oreochromis leucostictus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2006: e.T60627A12388264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2006.RLTS.T60627A12388264.en. Retrieved 16 November 2021. ^ Froese, Rainer; Pauly, Daniel (eds.) (2019). "Oreochromis leucostictus" in FishBase. September 2019 version. ^ a b c d Trewavas, Ethelwynn. (1983). Tilapiine fishes of the genera Sarotherodon, Oreochromis, and Danakilia. London: British Museum (Natural History): (available online via Biodiversity Heritage Library). doi:10.5962/bhl.title.123198. ^ Nyingi, D. W.; Agnèse, J.-F. (2007). "Recent introgressive hybridization revealed by exclusive mtDNA transfer from Oreochromis leucostictus (Trewavas, 1933) to Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) in Lake Baringo, Kenya". Journal of Fish Biology. 70: 148–154. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8649.2007.01327.x. ISSN 0022-1112. ^ Ndiwa, Titus Chemandwa; Nyingi, Dorothy Wanja; Agnese, Jean-François (15 September 2014). "An Important Natural Genetic Resource of Oreochromis niloticus (Linnaeus, 1758) Threatened by Aquaculture Activities in Loboi Drainage, Kenya". PLOS ONE. 9 (9): e106972. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0106972. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 4164595. PMID 25222491. ^ Shechonge, Asilatu; Ngatunga, Benjamin P.; Bradbeer, Stephanie J.; Day, Julia J.; Freer, Jennifer J.; Ford, Antonia G. P.; Kihedu, Jonathan; Richmond, Tabitha; Mzighani, Semvua (2018). "Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 832 (1): 235–253. doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9. ISSN 0018-8158. PMC 6394791. PMID 30880833. ^ Shechonge, Asilatu; Ngatunga, Benjamin P.; Tamatamah, Rashid; Bradbeer, Stephanie J.; Harrington, Jack; Ford, Antonia G. P.; Turner, George F.; Genner, Martin J. (2018). "Losing cichlid fish biodiversity: genetic and morphological homogenization of tilapia following colonization by introduced species". Conservation Genetics. 19 (5): 1199–1209. doi:10.1007/s10592-018-1088-1. ISSN 1566-0621. PMC 6182432. PMID 30363773. Taxon identifiersOreochromis leucostictus Wikidata: Q1941423 BOLD: 158229 CoL: 74SRF EoL: 222488 FishBase: 1413 GBIF: 2372381 iNaturalist: 107885 IRMNG: 10150983 ITIS: 649530 IUCN: 60627 NCBI: 51762 Open Tree of Life: 214112 WoRMS: 1014962

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"cichlid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cichlid"},{"link_name":"Albertine Rift Valley lakes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rift_Valley_lakes#Western_or_Albertine_Rift_Valley_lakes"},{"link_name":"DR Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DR_Congo"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"introduced","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Introduced_species"},{"link_name":"East Africa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Africa"},{"link_name":"tilapias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tilapia"},{"link_name":"standard length","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Standard_length"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Oreochromis leucostictus (the blue-spotted tilapia) is a species of cichlid native to Albertine Rift Valley lakes and associated rivers in DR Congo and Uganda. It has now been introduced widely elsewhere East Africa, and is believed to have negative ecological impact, particularly on native tilapias. This species is reported to reach a standard length of up to 36.3 cm (14.3 in), but is usually much smaller. It is exploited by small-scale fishery and aquaculture operations.[2]","title":"Oreochromis leucostictus"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"dorsal fin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorsal_fin"},{"link_name":"Oreochromis mossambicus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mozambique_tilapia"},{"link_name":"gill rakers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gill_raker"},{"link_name":"Lake Victoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Victoria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Oreochromis leucostictus is a relatively deep-bodied tilapia with a fairly small mouth, narrow, rounded head and high back. Juvenile are pale, countershaded and have around 8 thin faint dark bars on the flank beneath the dorsal fin, with other bars on the head and tail. The fins are faintly spotted and there is a rather vague dark 'tilapia mark' at the based on the soft dorsal fin. Adults of both sexes are characterised by white spotting on the flanks and fins. Mature males are very dark, almost black, sometimes with a blue-green iridescence, and the white spots are very conspicuous. The eye is bright yellow and crossed by an oblique bar. Mature males have elongated filamentous tips to the dorsal and anal fins, but do not have enlarged jaws (in contrast to species like Oreochromis mossambicus). Young fishes have numerous small slender tricuspid teeth, but they become stouter in larger fish, and sometimes bicuspid. Overall, there are usually 4–6 rows of teeth, occasionally up to 8 in larger fish. The lower pharyngeal bone is slender, with numerous crowded teeth. There are 3–5 upper gill rakers, 1 on the angle and 19–23 lower rakers. The dorsal fin has 15–18 spines and 11–13 rays. The anal fin generally has 3-spines, although a single 4-spined individual has been reported, and 9–11 rays. There are 28–31 scales in the lateral line series. Adults are reported to grow to a total length of 28–30 cm in Lake Victoria, but they mature at much smaller sizes in smaller water bodies, with ripening females reportedly as small as 8 cm.[3]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Nile tilapia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nile_tilapia"},{"link_name":"plankton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plankton"},{"link_name":"cyanobacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"}],"text":"Oreochromis leucostictus is a typical maternal mouthbrooding cichlid, like all other known members of the genus. During the breeding season, males are conspicuously coloured, defend territories over open sand/mud areas where they construct a 'bower' or mate attraction structure. In this species, the bower is a simple circular pit, dug at depths of less than 60 cm deep, at least along the margins of Lake Victoria. Females visit the bowers of males, laying clutches with one or more, and immediately picking up the eggs in her mouth. The offspring are brooded until they are capable of independent feeding. Like most other members of the genus, the female probably guards them and will retrieve them in her mouth at night or when disturbed.[3]Oreochromis leucostictus prefers shallow weedy habitats, such as lagoons and bays around the edges of larger lakes. It naturally co-occurs with the Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus, which favours rather deeper waters, so the two species appear to have complementary niches. They feed mainly on bottom sediments or plankton, ingesting mainly microscopic plants and cyanobacteria, along with small invertebrates.[3]","title":"Behaviour and ecology"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oreochromis_leucostictus_Lake_Malimbe.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lakes Edward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Edward"},{"link_name":"George","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_George_(Uganda)"},{"link_name":"Albert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Albert_(Africa)"},{"link_name":"Uganda","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uganda"},{"link_name":"Democratic Republic of Congo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Congo"},{"link_name":"Oreochromis variabilis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_variabilis"},{"link_name":"Lake Naivasha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Naivasha"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-3"},{"link_name":"Lake Baringo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Baringo"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Lake Bogoria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Bogoria"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Oreochromis urolepis","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oreochromis_urolepis"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"Oreochromis leucostictus, male, from Lake Malimbe in the Lake Victoria catchment, Tanzania, 2016 [MolEcoFish project]The natural distribution of this fish is in the catchments of Lakes Edward, George and Albert, in Uganda and eastern Democratic Republic of Congo. It was introduced in Lake Victoria into the 1950s, and is now abundant there, having largely supplanted the native endemic Oreochromis variabilis, although the latter is known to persist in some rocky offshore islands. It was later introduced into Lake Naivasha in Kenya, where it hybridised with and then replaced the formerly abundant Kenyan endemic Oreochromis spilurus nigra.[3] Further introductions to Kenya have continued and molecular genetic studies indicate that O. leucostictus has begun to hybridise with endemic populations of O. niloticus at a number of sites, including Lake Baringo[4] and the hot springs around Lake Bogoria.[5] The species has also been widely distributed in Tanzania, probably as a contaminant of Nile tilapia sourced from Lake Victoria and stocked for aquaculture or attempted fishery improvement.[6] Here too, feral populations are becoming established and hybrids with native species such as Oreochromis urolepis have been reported.[7]","title":"Distribution"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"biodiversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biodiversity"},{"link_name":"genetic diversity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_diversity"}],"text":"The species is fished where it is found, and widely farmed in small-scale fish ponds, but it is known to mature at small sizes in ponds, a trait undesirable for commercial aquaculture, because ponds are quickly filled up with numerous small fish of low market value. This trait is presumably well developed in this species because it is adapted to live in shallow marginal habitats and so is likely to find itself cut off in pools which may eventually dry up and where larger fish are vulnerable to predators such as birds. Thus, it is unfortunate that the species has been so widely distributed. In addition, it seems to have a propensity to hybridise with native Oreochromis species, leading to genetic contamination and creating hybrid swarms, sometimes apparently replacing the native species altogether eventually. Thus, this species seems to be rather a menace to the maintenance of biodiversity and in particular to the maintenance of wild genetic diversity of tilapias, an important food fish throughout the tropics.","title":"Exploitation and conservation issues"}]

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P.; Kihedu, Jonathan; Richmond, Tabitha; Mzighani, Semvua (2018). \"Widespread colonisation of Tanzanian catchments by introduced Oreochromis tilapia fishes: the legacy from decades of deliberate introduction\" (PDF). Hydrobiologia. 832 (1): 235–253. doi:10.1007/s10750-018-3597-9. ISSN 0018-8158. PMC 6394791. 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P.; Turner, George F.; Genner, Martin J. (2018). \"Losing cichlid fish biodiversity: genetic and morphological homogenization of tilapia following colonization by introduced species\". Conservation Genetics. 19 (5): 1199–1209. doi:10.1007/s10592-018-1088-1. ISSN 1566-0621. PMC 6182432. 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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial_Books_for_Young_Readers

Dial Press

["1 Notable books published by The Dial Press","2 Book series","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]

American publishing company This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Dial Press" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (March 2017) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Dial PressParent companyPenguin Random HouseFounded1923FounderLincoln MacVeaghCountry of originUnited StatesHeadquarters locationNew York CityImprintsDial Books for Young ReadersOfficial websitethedialpress.com (adult)penguin.com (children) The Dial Press is a publishing house founded in 1923 by Lincoln MacVeagh. The Dial Press shared a building with The Dial and Scofield Thayer worked with both. The first imprint was issued in 1924. Authors included Elizabeth Bowen, W. R. Burnett and Glenway Wescott, Frank Yerby, James Baldwin, Roy Campbell, Susan Berman, Herbert Gold, Thomas Berger, Vance Bourjaily, Judith Rossner, and Norman Mailer. In 1963, Dell Publishing Company acquired 60 percent of the Dial Press stock but the Press remained an independent subsidiary. It was jointly owned by Richard Baron (1923–2021) and Dell Publishing; E. L. Doctorow was editor-in-chief. In 1969 the Dial Press became wholly owned by Dell Publishing Company. In 1976 Doubleday bought Dell Publishing and the children's division of Dial Press (Dial Books for Young Readers) was sold to E. P. Dutton. The children's division of Dial Press published books under the Pied Piper imprint. Dutton was bought by New American Library, which in turn became a part of the Penguin Group, a division of Pearson PLC. When the Penguin Group obtained the rights to children's books published by the Dial Press, some were published in paperback under the imprint Puffin Pied Piper (because Puffin has been the longtime children's imprint for the Penguin Group). Doubleday dissolved Dial Press in 1985. The adult imprint was revived by Carole Baron, the publisher of Dell, at the time part of Bantam/Doubleday/Dell, under the leadership of Susan Kamil. It went on to gain awards and bestsellers. It was bought when BDD was sold to Random House. Penguin and Random House merged in 2013, forming Penguin Random House, with the main division part of Random House and the Young Readers division part of Penguin. Notable books published by The Dial Press An American Dream, Norman Mailer Easy Street, Susan Berman The Detective, Roderick Thorp The Ecstasy Business, Richard Condon The Good Thief, Hannah Tinti I've Got Your Number, Sophie Kinsella Mile High, Richard Condon Nine Months in the Life of an Old Maid, Judith Rossner The Report from Iron Mountain The Fire Next Time, James Baldwin Stardance, Spider Robinson and Jeanne Robinson The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí, Salvador Dalí Die Nigger Die!, H. Rap Brown Ethics: Origin and Development, Peter Kropotkin Secrets at Sea, Richard Peck, illustrated by Kelly Murphy See a Heart, Share a Heart, Eric Telchin The Mouse with the Question Mark Tail, Richard Peck, illustrated by Kelly Murphy Another Country, James Baldwin Little Big Man, Thomas Berger Confessions of a Spent Youth, Vance Bourjaily The Giant's House, Elizabeth McCracken It was gonna be like Paris, Emily Listfield The War That Saved My Life, Kimberly Brubaker Bradley The Short Novels of Dostoevsky (with introduction by Thomas Mann), Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Constance Garnett The Mysterious Tale of Gentle Jack and Lord Bumblebee George Sand, illustrated by Gennady Spirin, translated by Gela Jacobson Book series The Bourbon Classics The Dial Detective Library The Dial Standard Library Fireside Library The Golden Dragon Library Library of Living Classics Permanent Library The Rogue's Library See also Atha Tehon, Art Director of Dial Books for Young Readers Notes ^ Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library--Dial Press Records Hdl.handle.net ^ Roberts, Sam (June 14, 2021). "Richard Baron, Who Published Baldwin and Mailer, Dies at 98". The New York Times. ^ Bourbon Classics, seriesofseries.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020. ^ Golden Dragon Library, seriesofseries.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020. ^ Library of Living Classics, seriesofseries.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020. External links Official website Dial Press Records. Yale Collection of American Literature, Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library. Dial Press finding aid for chronological key events vteBertelsmannBertelsmannHome Entertainment Arcadia Entertainment Aris Ekdotiki ClipArt Films Feelgood Entertainment Fiction Pictures JP Video Productions Libero Video Lucifier Video Enterprises Mascot Video Media Vista Film & Audio Distributors Panorama Audio Visual Systems S.A. Pissanos International Star Video Media assetsvteRTL GroupRTL DeutschlandTV RTL VOX RTL Zwei VOXup Nitro RTL Up Super RTL Toggolino Toggo RTL Super Toggo Plus n-tv RTL Crime RTL Living RTL Passion GEO Television Radio RTL Radio 104.6 RTL Antenne Bayern Antenne Niedersachsen Radio Hamburg Radio NRW 105'5 Spreeradio Radio 21 Radio Regenbogen BigFM Hitradio RTL Sachsen Radio Brocken (50%) 89.0 RTL Antenne Thüringen (15%) Radio Ton (2%) Rock Antenne Sachsen Funkpaket (31.9%) Radio Dresden Radio Leipzig Radio Chemnitz Radio Lausitz Radio Zwickau Radio Erzgebirge Vogtland Radio Oldie 95 (4.78%) Radio Top 40 (15%) RTL Publishing Brigitte Capital GEO Stern RTL NederlandTV RTL 4 RTL 5 RTL 7 RTL 8 RTL Z RTL Crime RTL Lounge RTL Telekids Catchup and Video on Demand RTL XL VideolandGroupe M6 (48.6%)TV M6 W9 6ter Paris Première Téva Série Club M6 Music Gulli Tiji Canal J MCM MCM Top La Chaîne du Père Noël RFM TV Catchup and Video on Demand 6play Salto Radio RTL RTL2 Fun Radio RTL LuxembourgTV RTL Télé Lëtzebuerg RTL Zwee Radio RTL Radio RTL Today Radio RTL LX RTL Gold RTL MagyarországTV RTL RTL II Cool Film+ RTL Gold RTL Három Sorozat+ Muzsika TV Video on Demand RTL+Atresmedia (18.65%)TV Antena 3 (HD) laSexta (HD) Neox Nova Mega Atreseries (only HD) Radio Onda Cero Europa FM Melodia FM Catchup AtresplayerLatin America & Brazil Gulli Brasil  Russia Gulli Girl Tiji Fremantle United Kingdom Dancing Ledge Euston Films Castlefield Hare and Tortoise Thames Talkback Naked Full Fat TV Label 1 Man Alive Wild Blue Media Ireland Element Pictures France Kwai Germany Grundy UFA UFA GmbH UFA Fiction UFA Show & Factual Teamworx Phoenix Film We Are Era Finland Grillifilms Moskito Television Production House Finland Sweden Strix Baluba Italy Lux Vide The Apartment Pictures Wildside Denmark Miso Film Blu Productions Strong Productions Norway One Big Happy Family Rakett TV Monster Playroom Novemberfilm Strix Australia Fremantle Australia Eureka Productions United States Original Productions Random House Studio Eureka USA The Immigrant Fabel Netherlands Blue Circle Fiction Valley No Pictures Please Israel Abot Hameiri ^ joint venture with Leonine Holding, The Walt Disney Company, Bauer Media Group and Hubert Burda Media. ^ a b joint venture with Amperwelle Studio München Programmanbietergesellschaft, Axel Springer AG, Burda, Studio Gong, m.b.t. Mediengesellschaft der bayerischen Tageszeitungen für Kabelkommunikation, Medienpool and Radio Bavaria Rundfunkprogrammgesellschaft. ^ joint venture with Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack, Studio Gong Niedersachsen and Brune-Rieck-Beteiligungs. ^ joint venture with Axel Springer, Heinrich Bauer Verlag, Lühmanndruck Harburger Zeitungsgesellschaft and Morgenpost Verlag. ^ joint venture with Pressefunk Nordrhein-Westfalen and Westdeutscher Rundfunk. ^ joint venture with Funk & Fernsehen Nordwestdeutschland, Antenne Niedersachen and Niedersachsen Radio. ^ joint venture with Mediengruppe Dr. Haas. ^ joint venture with Rheinland-Pfälzische Rundfunk. ^ joint venture with Broadcast Sachsen. ^ joint venture with TF1 Group. ^ joint venture with France Télévisions and Groupe TF1. PenguinRandom HouseUSAKnopf Doubleday Knopf Doubleday Everyman's Library (US) Pantheon Schocken Vintage Random House Ballantine Bantam Dell Del Rey Dial Modern Library Spectra Villard Crown Broadway Harmony Hogarth Rodale Three Rivers Ten Speed Watson-Guptill Children's Beginner Books Golden Penguin Adult Avery Dutton Penguin Putnam Riverhead Sentinel TarcherPerigee Viking Berkley Publishing Group Ace Berkley New American Library Jove Plume Roc Penguin Young Readers Dial Young Readers Dutton Children's Firebird Putnam Grosset & Dunlap Philomel Price Stern Sloan Puffin Warne Information Books on Tape Living Language Playaway The Princeton Review Other Sasquatch Books UKEbury BBC Books Ebury Del Rey Rider Virgin Books (90%) W. H. Allen Penguin General Hamish Hamilton Penguin Books Viking Penguin Press Pelican Penguin Classics PRH Children Ladybird Puffin Other Cornerstone Hutchinson Random House William Heinemann Transworld Bantam Doubleday Associated publishers Andersen Everyman's Library Vintage Publishing The Bodley Head Chatto & Windus Harvill Secker Jonathan Cape Vintage Canada Doubleday Canada McClelland & Stewart Douglas Gibson Books Tundra Books New Canadian Library Germany Blanvalet cbj Goldmann Heyne Luchterhand Manesse Prestel Spain Alfaguara Bruguera Ediciones B Santillana Other Companhia das Letras (70%) Dorling Kindersley Alpha PRH Publisher Services Other assets Alliant International University Arvato Brockhaus Arvato Entertainment (Sonopress) BMG Rights Management Der Spiegel (25%) Relias Learning Manager Magazin (24.9%) Sächsische Zeitung (60%) Category Authority control databases International VIAF National United States

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Burnett and Glenway Wescott, Frank Yerby, James Baldwin, Roy Campbell, Susan Berman, Herbert Gold, Thomas Berger, Vance Bourjaily, Judith Rossner, and Norman Mailer.In 1963, Dell Publishing Company acquired 60 percent of the Dial Press stock but the Press remained an independent subsidiary. It was jointly owned by Richard Baron (1923–2021)[2] and Dell Publishing; E. L. Doctorow was editor-in-chief. In 1969 the Dial Press became wholly owned by Dell Publishing Company. In 1976 Doubleday bought Dell Publishing and the children's division of Dial Press (Dial Books for Young Readers) was sold to E. P. Dutton. The children's division of Dial Press published books under the Pied Piper imprint. Dutton was bought by New American Library, which in turn became a part of the Penguin Group, a division of Pearson PLC. 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Penguin and Random House merged in 2013, forming Penguin Random House, with the main division part of Random House and the Young Readers division part of Penguin.","title":"Dial Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"An American Dream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_American_Dream_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Norman Mailer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_Mailer"},{"link_name":"Easy Street","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Easy_Street_(book)"},{"link_name":"Susan Berman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan_Berman"},{"link_name":"The Detective","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Detective_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Roderick Thorp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderick_Thorp"},{"link_name":"The Ecstasy Business","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Ecstasy_Business"},{"link_name":"Richard Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Condon"},{"link_name":"The Good Thief","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Good_Thief_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Hannah Tinti","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hannah_Tinti"},{"link_name":"I've Got Your Number","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%27ve_Got_Your_Number_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Sophie Kinsella","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Kinsella"},{"link_name":"Mile High","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mile_High_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Richard Condon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Condon"},{"link_name":"Judith Rossner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judith_Rossner"},{"link_name":"The Report from Iron Mountain","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Report_from_Iron_Mountain"},{"link_name":"The Fire Next Time","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Fire_Next_Time"},{"link_name":"James Baldwin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Baldwin"},{"link_name":"Stardance","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stardance"},{"link_name":"Spider Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_Robinson"},{"link_name":"Jeanne Robinson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne_Robinson"},{"link_name":"The Secret Life of Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Secret_Life_of_Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Salvador Dalí","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salvador_Dal%C3%AD"},{"link_name":"Die Nigger Die!","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Nigger_Die!"},{"link_name":"H. Rap Brown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H._Rap_Brown"},{"link_name":"Ethics: Origin and Development","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethics:_Origin_and_Development"},{"link_name":"Peter Kropotkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin"},{"link_name":"Secrets at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secrets_at_Sea_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Richard Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peck_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Eric Telchin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Telchin"},{"link_name":"The Mouse with the Question Mark Tail","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mouse_with_the_Question_Mark_Tail"},{"link_name":"Richard Peck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Peck_(writer)"},{"link_name":"Kelly Murphy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelly_Murphy"},{"link_name":"Another Country","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Another_Country_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Little Big Man","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_Big_Man_(novel)"},{"link_name":"Thomas Berger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Berger_(novelist)"},{"link_name":"Vance Bourjaily","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vance_Bourjaily"},{"link_name":"The Giant's House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Giant%27s_House"},{"link_name":"Elizabeth McCracken","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_McCracken"},{"link_name":"The War That Saved My Life","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_War_That_Saved_My_Life"},{"link_name":"Kimberly Brubaker Bradley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimberly_Brubaker_Bradley"},{"link_name":"Thomas Mann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Mann"},{"link_name":"Fyodor Dostoevsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky"},{"link_name":"Constance Garnett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constance_Garnett"},{"link_name":"George Sand","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Sand"},{"link_name":"Gennady Spirin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gennady_Spirin"},{"link_name":"Gela Jacobson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gela_Jacobson&action=edit&redlink=1"}],"text":"An American Dream, Norman Mailer\nEasy Street, Susan Berman\nThe Detective, Roderick Thorp\nThe Ecstasy Business, Richard Condon\nThe Good Thief, Hannah Tinti\nI've Got Your Number, Sophie Kinsella\nMile High, Richard Condon\nNine Months in the Life of an Old Maid, Judith Rossner\nThe Report from Iron Mountain\nThe Fire Next Time, James Baldwin\nStardance, Spider Robinson and Jeanne Robinson\nThe Secret Life of Salvador Dalí, Salvador Dalí\nDie Nigger Die!, H. Rap Brown\nEthics: Origin and Development, Peter Kropotkin\nSecrets at Sea, Richard Peck, illustrated by Kelly Murphy\nSee a Heart, Share a Heart, Eric Telchin\nThe Mouse with the Question Mark Tail, Richard Peck, illustrated by Kelly Murphy\nAnother Country, James Baldwin\nLittle Big Man, Thomas Berger\nConfessions of a Spent Youth, Vance Bourjaily\nThe Giant's House, Elizabeth McCracken\nIt was gonna be like Paris, Emily Listfield\nThe War That Saved My Life, Kimberly Brubaker Bradley\nThe Short Novels of Dostoevsky (with introduction by Thomas Mann), Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Constance Garnett\nThe Mysterious Tale of Gentle Jack and Lord Bumblebee George Sand, illustrated by Gennady Spirin, translated by Gela Jacobson","title":"Notable books published by The Dial Press"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"The Bourbon Classics[3]\nThe Dial Detective Library\nThe Dial Standard Library\nFireside Library\nThe Golden Dragon Library[4]\nLibrary of Living Classics[5]\nPermanent Library\nThe Rogue's Library","title":"Book series"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Hdl.handle.net","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/beinecke.dialpress"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Richard Baron, Who Published Baldwin and Mailer, Dies at 98\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.nytimes.com/2021/06/14/books/richard-baron-dead.html"},{"link_name":"The New York Times","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_New_York_Times"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Bourbon Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seriesofseries.com/bourbon-classics/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Golden Dragon Library","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seriesofseries.com/golden-dragon-library/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Library of Living Classics","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//seriesofseries.com/library-of-living-classics/"}],"text":"^ Yale University Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library--Dial Press Records Hdl.handle.net\n\n^ Roberts, Sam (June 14, 2021). \"Richard Baron, Who Published Baldwin and Mailer, Dies at 98\". The New York Times.\n\n^ Bourbon Classics, seriesofseries.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.\n\n^ Golden Dragon Library, seriesofseries.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.\n\n^ Library of Living Classics, seriesofseries.com. Retrieved 26 October 2020.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[{"title":"Atha Tehon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atha_Tehon"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mailua

Mailua

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Coordinates: 2°20′S 36°57′E / 2.33°S 36.95°E / -2.33; 36.95 This article does not cite any sources. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Mailua" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (June 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Place in Rift Valley Province, KenyaMailuaMailuaLocation of MailuaCoordinates: 2°20′S 36°57′E / 2.33°S 36.95°E / -2.33; 36.95CountryKenyaProvinceRift Valley ProvinceTime zoneUTC+3 (EAT) Mailua is a settlement in Kenya's Rift Valley Province. This Rift Valley Province location article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Izbica

Gmina Izbica

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Coordinates: 50°53′40″N 23°10′30″E / 50.89444°N 23.17500°E / 50.89444; 23.17500Gmina in Lublin Voivodeship, PolandGmina Izbica Izbica CommuneGmina Coat of armsCoordinates (Izbica): 50°53′40″N 23°10′30″E / 50.89444°N 23.17500°E / 50.89444; 23.17500Country PolandVoivodeshipLublinCountyKrasnystawSeatIzbicaArea • Total138.66 km2 (53.54 sq mi)Population (2006) • Total8,942 • Density64/km2 (170/sq mi)Websitehttps://web.archive.org/web/20080505035637/http://www.izbica.ug.mbnet.pl/ Gmina Izbica is a rural gmina (administrative district) in Krasnystaw County, Lublin Voivodeship, in eastern Poland. Its seat is the village of Izbica, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of Krasnystaw and 58 km (36 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin. The gmina covers an area of 138.66 square kilometres (53.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,942. The gmina contains part of the protected area called Skierbieszów Landscape Park. Villages Gmina Izbica contains the villages and settlements of Bobliwo, Dworzyska, Izbica, Kryniczki, Majdan Krynicki, Mchy, Orłów Drewniany, Orłów Drewniany-Kolonia, Orłów Murowany, Orłów Murowany-Kolonia, Ostrówek, Ostrzyca, Romanów, Stryjów, Tarnogóra, Tarnogóra-Kolonia, Tarzymiechy Drugie, Tarzymiechy Pierwsze, Tarzymiechy Trzecie, Topola, Wał, Wirkowice Drugie, Wirkowice Pierwsze, Wólka Orłowska and Zalesie. Neighbouring gminas Gmina Izbica is bordered by the gminas of Gorzków, Kraśniczyn, Krasnystaw, Nielisz, Rudnik, Skierbieszów and Stary Zamość. Stolpersteine , Winterlingen Dr. Emil Burkart (1884–1957), degree in Human Medicin, entomologist about 9.000 Specimens in the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart Selma Burkart (1885–1942), Holocaust victim investigate more detail created the Sister City Izbica/Winterlingen References ^ Selma Burkard ^ Partner Polish official population figures 2006 vteGmina IzbicaTown and seat Izbica Villages Bobliwo Dworzyska Kryniczki Majdan Krynicki Mchy Orłów Drewniany Orłów Drewniany-Kolonia Orłów Murowany Orłów Murowany-Kolonia Ostrówek Ostrzyca Romanów Stryjów Tarnogóra Tarnogóra-Kolonia Tarzymiechy Drugie Tarzymiechy Pierwsze Tarzymiechy Trzecie Topola Wał Wirkowice Drugie Wirkowice Pierwsze Wólka Orłowska Zalesie vteGminas of Krasnystaw CountySeat Krasnystaw (urban gmina) Rural gminas Gmina Fajsławice Gmina Gorzków Gmina Izbica Gmina Kraśniczyn Gmina Krasnystaw Gmina Łopiennik Górny Gmina Rudnik Gmina Siennica Różana Gmina Żółkiewka

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Its seat is the village of Izbica, which lies approximately 12 kilometres (7 mi) south of Krasnystaw and 58 km (36 mi) south-east of the regional capital Lublin.The gmina covers an area of 138.66 square kilometres (53.5 sq mi), and as of 2006 its total population is 8,942.The gmina contains part of the protected area called Skierbieszów Landscape Park.","title":"Gmina Izbica"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bobliwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobliwo"},{"link_name":"Dworzyska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dworzyska,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Izbica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izbica"},{"link_name":"Kryniczki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kryniczki"},{"link_name":"Majdan Krynicki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Majdan_Krynicki,_Krasnystaw_County"},{"link_name":"Mchy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mchy,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Orłów Drewniany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%82%C3%B3w_Drewniany"},{"link_name":"Orłów Drewniany-Kolonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%82%C3%B3w_Drewniany-Kolonia"},{"link_name":"Orłów Murowany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%82%C3%B3w_Murowany"},{"link_name":"Orłów Murowany-Kolonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C5%82%C3%B3w_Murowany-Kolonia"},{"link_name":"Ostrówek","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3wek,_Krasnystaw_County"},{"link_name":"Ostrzyca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ostrzyca,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Romanów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman%C3%B3w,_Krasnystaw_County"},{"link_name":"Stryjów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stryj%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Tarnogóra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnog%C3%B3ra,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Tarnogóra-Kolonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarnog%C3%B3ra-Kolonia"},{"link_name":"Tarzymiechy Drugie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzymiechy_Drugie"},{"link_name":"Tarzymiechy Pierwsze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzymiechy_Pierwsze"},{"link_name":"Tarzymiechy Trzecie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarzymiechy_Trzecie"},{"link_name":"Topola","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topola,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wał","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wa%C5%82,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Wirkowice Drugie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirkowice_Drugie"},{"link_name":"Wirkowice Pierwsze","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wirkowice_Pierwsze"},{"link_name":"Wólka Orłowska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B3lka_Or%C5%82owska,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Zalesie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zalesie,_Gmina_Izbica"}],"text":"Gmina Izbica contains the villages and settlements of Bobliwo, Dworzyska, Izbica, Kryniczki, Majdan Krynicki, Mchy, Orłów Drewniany, Orłów Drewniany-Kolonia, Orłów Murowany, Orłów Murowany-Kolonia, Ostrówek, Ostrzyca, Romanów, Stryjów, Tarnogóra, Tarnogóra-Kolonia, Tarzymiechy Drugie, Tarzymiechy Pierwsze, Tarzymiechy Trzecie, Topola, Wał, Wirkowice Drugie, Wirkowice Pierwsze, Wólka Orłowska and Zalesie.","title":"Villages"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gorzków","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Gorzk%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Kraśniczyn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Kra%C5%9Bniczyn"},{"link_name":"Krasnystaw","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Krasnystaw"},{"link_name":"Nielisz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Nielisz"},{"link_name":"Rudnik","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Rudnik,_Lublin_Voivodeship"},{"link_name":"Skierbieszów","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Skierbiesz%C3%B3w"},{"link_name":"Stary Zamość","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gmina_Stary_Zamo%C5%9B%C4%87"}],"text":"Gmina Izbica is bordered by the gminas of Gorzków, Kraśniczyn, Krasnystaw, Nielisz, Rudnik, Skierbieszów and Stary Zamość.","title":"Neighbouring gminas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"entomologist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Entomology"},{"link_name":"State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Museum_of_Natural_History_Stuttgart"},{"link_name":"Holocaust","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holocaust"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"}],"text":"Dr. Emil Burkart (1884–1957), degree in Human Medicin, entomologist about 9.000 Specimens in the State Museum of Natural History Stuttgart\nSelma Burkart (1885–1942), Holocaust victim[1] investigate more detail created the Sister City Izbica/Winterlingen [2]","title":"Stolpersteine , Winterlingen"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland

Kingdom of Iceland

["1 History","1.1 Origins of Danish rule","1.2 Establishment of the kingdom","1.3 The Second World War, British occupation and the establishment of the republic","2 Titles of the Crown","3 Flags","4 See also","5 References","6 Bibliography"]

Period of Icelandic statehood from 1918 to 1944 Kingdom of IcelandKonungsríkið Ísland (Icelandic)Kongeriget Island (Danish)1918–1944 Flag Coat of arms Anthem: "Ó Guð vors lands" ("O, God of Our Land")The Kingdom of Iceland in 1942StatusPersonal union with DenmarkCapitalReykjavíkCommon languagesIcelandic, DanishReligion Church of Iceland(state religion)GovernmentUnitary parliamentary constitutional monarchyKing • 1918–1944 Kristján X Regent • 1941–1944 Sveinn Björnsson Prime Minister • 1918–1920 (first) Jón Magnússon• 1942–1944 (last) Björn Þórðarson LegislatureAlthingHistorical eraInterwar period / WWII• Act of Union 1 December 1918• Surrender of Denmark to Nazi Germany 9 April 1940• Operation Fork 10 May 1940• National referendum 20 May 1944• Republic proclaimed 17 June 1944 Population• 1944 125,967 CurrencyKrónaISO 3166 codeIS Preceded by Succeeded by Danish Iceland Iceland Monarchy of IcelandRoyal Coat of armsKristján X DetailsStyleHis MajestyFirst monarchKristján XLast monarchKristján XFormation1 December 1918Abolition17 June 1944ResidenceChristiansborg PalaceAppointerHereditary Part of a series on the History of Iceland Timeline of Icelandic history Middle ages Settlement of Iceland 870–930 Icelandic Commonwealth 930–1262      Farthings 965      Christianization 999–1118 Sturlung era 1180–1264      Staðamálin 1178–1297 Norwegian rule 1262–1380      Old Covenant 1262 Danish rule 1380–1918      Reformation 1536–1627      Danish trade monopoly 1602–1874 Eruption of Laki 1783–1785 Modern era Independence movement 1809–1847 Prohibition 1915–1989 Kingdom of Iceland 1918–1944      Act of Union World War II 1939–1944      British invasion of Iceland 1940      Allied occupation of Iceland 1940–1945           Invader relationships Founding of republic 1944 Iceland in the Cold War 1947–1991      Cod Wars 1948–1976      Anti-NATO riot 1949 Financial crisis 2008–2011 COVID-19 pandemic 2020– Related topics Aristocracy Economic history Icelandic nationality Jewish history Military history Rulers Category Portal vte The Kingdom of Iceland (Icelandic: Konungsríkið Ísland; Danish: Kongeriget Island) was a sovereign and independent country under a constitutional and hereditary monarchy that was established by the Act of Union with Denmark signed on 1 December 1918. It lasted until 17 June 1944 when a national referendum established the republic of Iceland in its place. Under a personal union, due to the Act of Union, the monarch was simultaneously monarch of Denmark. The Parliament of Iceland asked that Denmark represent Iceland internationally, and day-to-day matters were delegated to a Danish plenipotentiary for Icelandic affairs based in Reykjavík, and – after the German invasion of Denmark in 1940 – a regent was appointed. History Origins of Danish rule See also: History of Iceland Because of the Kalmar Union, Iceland had been under the control of the Crown of Denmark since 1380, although formally it had been a Norwegian possession until 1814. In 1874, one thousand years after the first acknowledged settlement, Denmark granted Iceland home rule. The constitution, written the same year, was revised in 1903 and the extent of Iceland's home rule increased in 1904. Establishment of the kingdom See also: Danish–Icelandic Act of Union On 1 December 1918, the Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state, an independent country in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch. The Kingdom of Iceland established its own flag and coat of arms and asked that Denmark represent its foreign affairs and defence interests on its behalf while retaining full control over its foreign affairs and defence. Iceland opened its first Embassy in 1920. The Act would be reviewed in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement to continue it could not be reached. The Second World War, British occupation and the establishment of the republic Main articles: Iceland in World War II, Invasion of Iceland, Allied occupation of Iceland, Ástandið, and 1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum During the first year of the Second World War, Iceland strictly enforced a position of neutrality and took action against both British and German forces that violated it. The German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940 and subsequent occupation severed communications between Iceland and Denmark. As a result, on 10 April, the Althing passed two resolutions investing the Icelandic cabinet with the power of head of state and declaring that the Kingdom of Iceland would accept full responsibility for both foreign policy and coastal surveillance. On 10 May 1940, Operation Fork was launched by the United Kingdom when military forces sailed into Reykjavík Harbour and began an invasion of Iceland. The Government of Iceland issued a protest against what it called a "flagrant violation" of Icelandic neutrality. On the day of the invasion, Prime Minister Hermann Jónasson read a radio announcement instructing Icelanders to treat the British troops as guests. On 15 May 1941, the Althing adopted a law creating the position of regent for Sveinn Björnsson in order to represent the monarchy. At its peak, Britain had approximately 25,000 troops stationed in Iceland, all but eliminating unemployment in Reykjavík and other strategically important places. In July 1941, the Althingi adopted the American–Icelandic defence agreement, passing responsibility for Iceland's defence to the United States. Following a constitutional referendum in May 1944, Iceland formally became a republic on 17 June 1944. King Christian X sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people. Titles of the Crown See also: Style of the Danish sovereign By the Grace of God, King of Iceland, Denmark, the Wends and the Goths, Duke of Schleswig, Holstein, Stormarn, Dithmarschen, Lauenburg and Oldenburg. Flags See also: Flag of Iceland and List of flags of Iceland Flag of Iceland (1915–1944) State Flag of Iceland (1915–1944) Royal Standard (1921–1944) Standard of the Regent (1941–1944) See also Iceland portal Nobility in Iceland Icelandic independence movement Danish Realm Constitution of Denmark Greenlandic independence Faroese independence Lists of heads of state of Iceland Jørgen Jørgensen, a.k.a. the "Dog-Days King", self-styled ruler of Iceland for a brief period in 1809 References ^ Statistics of Iceland. Retrieved on 18 March 2014. ^ a b c d e f g Halfdanarson, Gudmundur Halfdanarson (2010). The A to Z of Iceland. Scarecrow Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0810872080. ^ Van Cleaf, Kristin Van Cleaf (2007). Iceland. ABDO. p. 7. ISBN 978-1599287843. ^ Nordstrom, Byron (2000). Scandinavia since 1500. University of Minnesota Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-8166-2098-9. ^ Dörr, Oliver (2004). Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 103. ISBN 3-16-148311-1. ^ "A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world". European Youth Portal. European Union. Retrieved 29 November 2018. ^ Karlsson, Gunnar (15 April 2000). The History of Iceland. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 9780816635894. ^ Hardarson, Solrun B. Jensdottir (October 1974). "The 'Republic of Iceland' 1940–44: Anglo-American Attitudes and Influences". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (4): 27–56. doi:10.1177/002200947400900402. JSTOR 260290. S2CID 220878232. ^ a b Iceland – Flag History at Flags of the World. Retrieved on 18 March 2014. ^ a b Iceland – Royal Standard at Flags of the World. Retrieved on 18 March 2014. Bibliography "Iceland, Home Rule and Sovereignty (1904–44)" at Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved on 17 March 2014. vteIceland articlesHistoryBy topic Economic Military Nationality Prohibition Rulers Timeline Settlement Commonwealth Christianization Aristocracy Sturlung Era Reformation Danish trade monopoly Independence Movement Kingdom World War II Invasion Cold War Cod Wars 2008–2011 financial crisis GeographyNatural Climate Earthquakes Extreme points Fjords Forests Geology Glaciers Highlands Islands Lakes National parks Rivers Valleys Volcanoes Waterfalls Wildlife Political Constituencies Counties Farthings Localities Municipalities Regions Politics Administrative divisions Cabinet Constitution Elections Foreign relations Human rights Law Law enforcement LGBT rights Military Parliament Political parties President Prime Minister Supreme Court Economy Agriculture Banking Communications Króna (currency) Energy Nasdaq Iceland Nordic model Outvasion Taxation Tourism Transport Society Abortion Demographics Education Healthcare Icelanders Icelandic Language Languages Religion Women Culture Anthem Architecture Art Chess Cinema Coat of arms Cuisine Flag Literature Mass media Music Names National costume Public holidays Sport Television OutlineIndex Category Portal vteMonarchies Monarch Imperial, royal and noble ranks List of current sovereign monarchs List of current non-sovereign monarchs List of monarchy referendums Type Absolute Constitutional Diarchy Elective Federal Hereditary Non-sovereign Personal union Regency Topics Abdication Abolition of monarchy Aristocracy Criticism of monarchy Democratization Decolonization Dynasty Government Head of state Legitimacy (political) Oligarchy Order of succession Republicanism Self-proclaimed monarchy Sovereignty Titles Chhatrapati Emperor King Queen regnant Prince regnant Raja khan Tsar Sultan Shah Pharaoh CurrentAfrica Eswatini Lesotho Morocco list Asia Bahrain Bhutan Brunei Cambodia Japan Jordan Kuwait Malaysia Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia Thailand United Arab Emirates list Europe Andorra Belgium Denmark Liechtenstein Luxembourg Monaco Netherlands Norway Spain Sweden Vatican City (Holy See) Oceania Tonga Commonwealth realms Antigua and Barbuda Australia Bahamas Belize Canada Grenada Jamaica New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Papua New Guinea Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Solomon Islands Tuvalu United Kingdom FormerAfrica Adamawa Ankole Aussa Barotseland Bagirmi Bornu Burundi Central Africa Dahomey Egypt Ethiopia Ghana Gomma Gumma Kaffa Kongo Libya Luba Madagascar Mali Maore Maravi Mwali Ndzuwani Ngazidja Rwanda Shilluk Islands of Refreshment Tunisia Wituland Wassoulou Yeke Zanzibar Zimbabwe and other Americas Araucanía Aztec Brazil Haiti Inca Mexico Miskito Suriname Talamanca Trinidad Thirteen Colonies Asia Afghanistan Asir Bengal Bukhara Burma Cebu Chehab China Dapitan Hejaz Indonesia Iran (Qajar) Iraq Jabal Shammar Kandy (Sri Lanka) Kathiri Khiva Korea Kumul Kurdistan Laos Maguindanao Mahra Maldives Manchukuo Mongolia Najran Nepal Qu'aiti Ryukyu Sarawak Shan Sikkim Sip Song Chau Tai Sulu Syria Tibet Taiwan Upper Asir Upper Yafa Vietnam Yemen (South Yemen) Europe Albania Aragon Asturias Austria Austria-Hungary Bavaria Bosnia Brittany Bulgaria Crimea Cilicia Corsica Cyprus Finland France Galicia Georgia Germany Greece Granada Hanover Hungary Iceland Imereti Ireland Italy Kartli-Kakheti Lithuania Majorca Man Moldavia Montenegro Navarre Neuchâtel Ottoman Empire Papal States Piedmont-Sardinia Poland–Lithuania Portugal Prussia Romania Russia Samos Saxony Savoy Scotland Serbia Tavolara Two Sicilies Tuscany United Baltic Duchy Yugoslavia Valencia Württemberg Oceania Abemama Bora Bora Easter Island Kingdom of Fiji Hawaii Huahine Mangareva Niuē-Fekai Nuku Hiva Raiatea Rapa Iti Rarotonga Rimatara Rurutu Tahuata Tahiti Commonwealth realms Barbados Ceylon (Sri Lanka) Fiji The Gambia Ghana Guyana India (British Raj, princely states) Irish Free State / Ireland Kenya Malawi Malta Mauritius Nigeria Pakistan Rhodesia Sierra Leone South Africa Tanganyika Trinidad and Tobago Uganda

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The constitution, written the same year, was revised in 1903 and the extent of Iceland's home rule increased in 1904.[6]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Danish–Icelandic Act of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union"},{"link_name":"Act of Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish%E2%80%93Icelandic_Act_of_Union"},{"link_name":"sovereign state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state"},{"link_name":"personal union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal_union"},{"link_name":"monarch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"own flag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"coat of arms","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"sub_title":"Establishment of the kingdom","text":"See also: Danish–Icelandic Act of UnionOn 1 December 1918, the Act of Union, an agreement with Denmark, recognized Iceland as a fully sovereign state, an independent country in personal union with Denmark through a common monarch. The Kingdom of Iceland established its own flag and coat of arms and asked that Denmark represent its foreign affairs and defence interests on its behalf while retaining full control over its foreign affairs and defence. Iceland opened its first Embassy in 1920. The Act would be reviewed in 1940 and could be revoked three years later if agreement to continue it could not be reached.[7]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Second World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_World_War"},{"link_name":"neutrality","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neutrality_(international_relations)"},{"link_name":"British","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"German forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wehrmacht"},{"link_name":"invasion of Denmark","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halfdanarson-2"},{"link_name":"resolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resolution_(law)"},{"link_name":"head of state","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Head_of_state"},{"link_name":"foreign policy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foreign_policy"},{"link_name":"Operation Fork","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invasion_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"United Kingdom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halfdanarson-2"},{"link_name":"Hermann Jónasson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_J%C3%B3nasson"},{"link_name":"regent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regent"},{"link_name":"Sveinn Björnsson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveinn_Bj%C3%B6rnsson"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halfdanarson-2"},{"link_name":"American–Icelandic defence agreement","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=American%E2%80%93Icelandic_defence_agreement&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Halfdanarson-2"},{"link_name":"constitutional referendum in May 1944","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1944_Icelandic_constitutional_referendum"},{"link_name":"republic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Founding_of_the_Republic_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"King Christian X","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian_X_of_Denmark"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"The Second World War, British occupation and the establishment of the republic","text":"During the first year of the Second World War, Iceland strictly enforced a position of neutrality and took action against both British and German forces that violated it. The German invasion of Denmark on 9 April 1940 and subsequent occupation severed communications between Iceland and Denmark.[2] As a result, on 10 April, the Althing passed two resolutions investing the Icelandic cabinet with the power of head of state and declaring that the Kingdom of Iceland would accept full responsibility for both foreign policy and coastal surveillance. On 10 May 1940, Operation Fork was launched by the United Kingdom when military forces sailed into Reykjavík Harbour and began an invasion of Iceland.[2] The Government of Iceland issued a protest against what it called a \"flagrant violation\" of Icelandic neutrality. On the day of the invasion, Prime Minister Hermann Jónasson read a radio announcement instructing Icelanders to treat the British troops as guests. \nOn 15 May 1941, the Althing adopted a law creating the position of regent for Sveinn Björnsson in order to represent the monarchy.[2]At its peak, Britain had approximately 25,000 troops stationed in Iceland, all but eliminating unemployment in Reykjavík and other strategically important places. In July 1941, the Althingi adopted the American–Icelandic defence agreement, passing responsibility for Iceland's defence to the United States.[2]Following a constitutional referendum in May 1944, Iceland formally became a republic on 17 June 1944. King Christian X sent a message of congratulations to the Icelandic people.[8]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Style of the Danish sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Style_of_the_Danish_sovereign"},{"link_name":"By the Grace of God","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/By_the_Grace_of_God"},{"link_name":"the Wends","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Wends"},{"link_name":"the Goths","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_of_the_Goths"},{"link_name":"Duke of 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Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_flags_of_Iceland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iceland_(1918%E2%80%931944).svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flag-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:State_flag_of_Iceland_(1918%E2%80%931944).svg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Flag-9"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Iceland_(1921-1944).svg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Standard_of_the_Regent_of_Iceland_(1941%E2%80%931944).svg"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Standard-10"}],"text":"See also: Flag of Iceland and List of flags of IcelandFlag of Iceland (1915–1944)[9]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tState Flag of Iceland (1915–1944)[9]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tRoyal Standard (1921–1944)[10]\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tStandard of the Regent (1941–1944)[10]","title":"Flags"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"\"Iceland, Home Rule and Sovereignty (1904–44)\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/281235/Iceland/10100/Home-rule-and-sovereignty-1904-44"},{"link_name":"Encyclopædia Britannica","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Iceland_topics"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Iceland_topics"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iceland_topics"},{"link_name":"Iceland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iceland"},{"link_name":"articles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Iceland/Lists_of_pages/Articles"},{"link_name":"History","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Iceland"},{"link_name":"By 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Retrieved on 17 March 2014.vteIceland articlesHistoryBy topic\nEconomic\nMilitary\nNationality\nProhibition\nRulers\nTimeline\nSettlement\nCommonwealth\nChristianization\nAristocracy\nSturlung Era\nReformation\nDanish trade monopoly\nIndependence Movement\nKingdom\nWorld War II\nInvasion\nCold War\nCod Wars\n2008–2011 financial crisis\nGeographyNatural\nClimate\nEarthquakes\nExtreme points\nFjords\nForests\nGeology\nGlaciers\nHighlands\nIslands\nLakes\nNational parks\nRivers\nValleys\nVolcanoes\nWaterfalls\nWildlife\nPolitical\nConstituencies\nCounties\nFarthings\nLocalities\nMunicipalities\nRegions\nPolitics\nAdministrative divisions\nCabinet\nConstitution\nElections\nForeign relations\nHuman rights\nLaw\nLaw enforcement\nLGBT rights\nMilitary\nParliament\nPolitical parties\nPresident\nPrime Minister\nSupreme Court\nEconomy\nAgriculture\nBanking\nCommunications\nKróna (currency)\nEnergy\nNasdaq Iceland\nNordic model\nOutvasion\nTaxation\nTourism\nTransport\nSociety\nAbortion\nDemographics\nEducation\nHealthcare\nIcelanders\nIcelandic Language\nLanguages\nReligion\nWomen\nCulture\nAnthem\nArchitecture\nArt\nChess\nCinema\nCoat of arms\nCuisine\nFlag\nLiterature\nMass media\nMusic\nNames\nNational costume\nPublic holidays\nSport\nTelevision\nOutlineIndex\nCategory\nPortalvteMonarchies\nMonarch\nImperial, royal and noble ranks\nList of current sovereign monarchs\nList of current non-sovereign monarchs\nList of monarchy referendums\nType\nAbsolute\nConstitutional\nDiarchy\nElective\nFederal\nHereditary\nNon-sovereign\nPersonal union\nRegency\nTopics\nAbdication\nAbolition of monarchy\nAristocracy\nCriticism of monarchy\nDemocratization\nDecolonization\nDynasty\nGovernment\nHead of state\nLegitimacy (political)\nOligarchy\nOrder of succession\nRepublicanism\nSelf-proclaimed monarchy\nSovereignty\nTitles\nChhatrapati\nEmperor\nKing\nQueen regnant\nPrince regnant\nRaja\nkhan\nTsar\nSultan\nShah\nPharaoh\nCurrentAfrica\nEswatini\nLesotho\nMorocco\nlist\nAsia\nBahrain\nBhutan\nBrunei\nCambodia\nJapan\nJordan\nKuwait\nMalaysia\nOman\nQatar\nSaudi Arabia\nThailand\nUnited Arab Emirates\nlist\nEurope\nAndorra\nBelgium\nDenmark\nLiechtenstein\nLuxembourg\nMonaco\nNetherlands\nNorway\nSpain\nSweden\nVatican City (Holy See)\nOceania\nTonga\nCommonwealth realms\nAntigua and Barbuda\nAustralia\nBahamas\nBelize\nCanada\nGrenada\nJamaica\nNew Zealand\nCook Islands\nNiue\nPapua New Guinea\nSaint Kitts and Nevis\nSaint Lucia\nSaint Vincent and the Grenadines\nSolomon Islands\nTuvalu\nUnited Kingdom\nFormerAfrica\nAdamawa\nAnkole\nAussa\nBarotseland\nBagirmi\nBornu\nBurundi\nCentral Africa\nDahomey\nEgypt\nEthiopia\nGhana\nGomma\nGumma\nKaffa\nKongo\nLibya\nLuba\nMadagascar\nMali\nMaore\nMaravi\nMwali\nNdzuwani\nNgazidja\nRwanda\nShilluk\nIslands of Refreshment\nTunisia\nWituland\nWassoulou\nYeke\nZanzibar\nZimbabwe\nand other\nAmericas\nAraucanía\nAztec\nBrazil\nHaiti\nInca\nMexico\nMiskito\nSuriname\nTalamanca\nTrinidad\nThirteen Colonies\nAsia\nAfghanistan\nAsir\nBengal\nBukhara\nBurma\nCebu\nChehab\nChina\nDapitan\nHejaz\nIndonesia\nIran (Qajar)\nIraq\nJabal Shammar\nKandy (Sri Lanka)\nKathiri\nKhiva\nKorea\nKumul\nKurdistan\nLaos\nMaguindanao\nMahra\nMaldives\nManchukuo\nMongolia\nNajran\nNepal\nQu'aiti\nRyukyu\nSarawak\nShan\nSikkim\nSip Song Chau Tai\nSulu\nSyria\nTibet\nTaiwan\nUpper Asir\nUpper Yafa\nVietnam\nYemen (South Yemen)\nEurope\nAlbania\nAragon\nAsturias\nAustria\nAustria-Hungary\nBavaria\nBosnia\nBrittany\nBulgaria\nCrimea\nCilicia\nCorsica\nCyprus\nFinland\nFrance\nGalicia\nGeorgia\nGermany\nGreece\nGranada\nHanover\nHungary\nIceland\nImereti\nIreland\nItaly\nKartli-Kakheti\nLithuania\nMajorca\nMan\nMoldavia\nMontenegro\nNavarre\nNeuchâtel\nOttoman Empire\nPapal States\nPiedmont-Sardinia\nPoland–Lithuania\nPortugal\nPrussia\nRomania\nRussia\nSamos\nSaxony\nSavoy\nScotland\nSerbia\nTavolara\nTwo Sicilies\nTuscany\nUnited Baltic Duchy\nYugoslavia\nValencia\nWürttemberg\nOceania\nAbemama\nBora Bora\nEaster Island\nKingdom of Fiji\nHawaii\nHuahine\nMangareva\nNiuē-Fekai\nNuku Hiva\nRaiatea\nRapa Iti\nRarotonga\nRimatara\nRurutu\nTahuata\nTahiti\nCommonwealth realms\nBarbados\nCeylon (Sri Lanka)\nFiji\nThe Gambia\nGhana\nGuyana\nIndia (British Raj, princely states)\nIrish Free State / Ireland\nKenya\nMalawi\nMalta\nMauritius\nNigeria\nPakistan\nRhodesia\nSierra Leone\nSouth Africa\nTanganyika\nTrinidad and Tobago\nUganda","title":"Bibliography"}]

[]

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[{"reference":"Halfdanarson, Gudmundur Halfdanarson (2010). The A to Z of Iceland. Scarecrow Press. pp. 23–25. ISBN 978-0810872080.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=kDrZWBMGJ8wC&q=Monarchy+of+Iceland+1918&pg=PR23","url_text":"The A to Z of Iceland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0810872080","url_text":"978-0810872080"}]},{"reference":"Van Cleaf, Kristin Van Cleaf (2007). Iceland. ABDO. p. 7. ISBN 978-1599287843.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=zbhQoMd2jhcC&q=Monarchy+of+Iceland+1918&pg=PA7","url_text":"Iceland"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1599287843","url_text":"978-1599287843"}]},{"reference":"Nordstrom, Byron (2000). Scandinavia since 1500. University of Minnesota Press. p. 147. ISBN 0-8166-2098-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/147","url_text":"Scandinavia since 1500"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Minnesota","url_text":"University of Minnesota"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/scandinaviasince0000nord/page/147","url_text":"147"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8166-2098-9","url_text":"0-8166-2098-9"}]},{"reference":"Dörr, Oliver (2004). Kompendium völkerrechtlicher Rechtsprechung (in German). Mohr Siebeck. p. 103. ISBN 3-16-148311-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148311-1","url_text":"3-16-148311-1"}]},{"reference":"\"A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world\". European Youth Portal. European Union. Retrieved 29 November 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://europa.eu/youth/is/article/61/4215_en","url_text":"\"A short history of Alþingi – the oldest parliament in the world\""}]},{"reference":"Karlsson, Gunnar (15 April 2000). The History of Iceland. University of Minnesota Press. pp. 283–284. ISBN 9780816635894.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780816635894","url_text":"9780816635894"}]},{"reference":"Hardarson, Solrun B. Jensdottir (October 1974). \"The 'Republic of Iceland' 1940–44: Anglo-American Attitudes and Influences\". Journal of Contemporary History. 9 (4): 27–56. doi:10.1177/002200947400900402. JSTOR 260290. S2CID 220878232.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)","url_text":"doi"},{"url":"https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200947400900402","url_text":"10.1177/002200947400900402"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)","url_text":"JSTOR"},{"url":"https://www.jstor.org/stable/260290","url_text":"260290"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)","url_text":"S2CID"},{"url":"https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220878232","url_text":"220878232"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Campania_(1914)

HMS Campania (1914)

["1 Early career","2 Purchase and conversion","3 Sinking","4 Footnotes","5 References","6 External links"]

Coordinates: 56°02.404′N 03°13.497′W / 56.040067°N 3.224950°W / 56.040067; -3.224950Seaplane tender for the Royal navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Campania. Campania after her second refit History United Kingdom NameCampania BuilderFairfield Shipbuilding & Engineering, Govan, Glasgow Laid down1892 Launched8 September 1892 Acquired27 November 1914 Commissioned17 April 1915 FateSank in the Firth of Forth, 5 November 1918 General characteristics TypeAircraft/Seaplane carrier Displacement20,570 long tons (20,900 t) Length622 ft (189.6 m) Beam65 ft (19.8 m) Draught28 ft 5 in (8.7 m) Installed power28,000 ihp (21,000 kW) Propulsion2 × shafts, 2 × VTE steam engines Speed19.5 knots (36.1 km/h; 22.4 mph) Complement600 Armament 6 × 4.7 in (120 mm) guns 1 × 3 in (76 mm) AA gun Aircraft carried10–12 Aviation facilities1 × Flying-off deck forward HMS Campania was a seaplane tender and aircraft carrier, converted from an elderly ocean liner by the Royal Navy early in the First World War. After her conversion was completed in mid-1915 the ship spent her time conducting trials and exercises with the Grand Fleet. These revealed the need for a longer flight deck to allow larger aircraft to take off, and she was modified accordingly. Campania missed the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, but made a number of patrols with elements of the Grand Fleet. She never saw combat and was soon relegated to a training role because of her elderly machinery. In November 1918 Campania was anchored with the capital ships of the Grand Fleet when a sudden storm caused her anchor to drag. With no second anchor being laid, she hit several of the ships and the collisions punctured her hull; she slowly sank, with no loss of life. Early career Main article: RMS Campania Originally built as a passenger liner for Cunard Line's service between Liverpool and New York in 1893, RMS Campania was the holder of the Blue Riband award for speed early in her career. In October 1914, she was sold to the shipbreakers Thos. W. Ward as she was wearing out. Purchase and conversion The Royal Navy purchased Campania from the shipbreakers on 27 November 1914 for £32,500, initially for conversion to an armed merchant cruiser equipped with eight quick-firing 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns. The ship was converted by Cammell Laird to an aircraft carrier instead and the two forward 4.7-inch guns were removed in favour of a 160-foot (48.8 m) flying-off deck. Two derricks were fitted on each side to transfer seaplanes between the water and the two holds. The amidships hold had the capacity for seven large seaplanes. The forward hold, underneath the flight deck, could fit four small seaplanes, but the flight deck had to be lifted off the hold to access the airplanes. HMS Campania was commissioned on 17 April 1915. Campania after being modified into an aircraft carrier - note airplane at left The first takeoff from the flight deck did not occur until 6 August 1915 when a Sopwith Schneider floatplane, mounted on a wheeled trolley, used 130 feet (39.6 m) of the flight deck while the ship was steaming into the wind at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). The Sopwith aircraft was the lightest and highest-powered aircraft in service with the Royal Naval Air Service, and the close call in a favourable wind demonstrated that heavier aircraft could not be launched from the flight deck. By October 1915 Campania had exercised with the Grand Fleet seven times, but had only flown off aircraft three times as the North Sea was often too rough for her seaplanes to use. Her captain recommended that the flying-off deck be lengthened and given a steeper slope to allow gravity to boost the aircraft's acceleration and the ship was accordingly modified at Cammell Laird between November 1915 and early April 1916. The forward funnel was split into two funnels and the flight deck was extended between them and over the bridge to a length of 245 feet (74.7 m), so that aircraft from both holds could use the flight deck. A canvas windscreen was provided to allow the aircraft to unfold their wings out of the wind, and a kite balloon and all of its supporting equipment were added in the aft hold. Campania now carried seven Short Type 184 torpedo bombers and three or four smaller fighters or scouts; a Type 184 made its first takeoff from the flight deck on 3 June 1916, also using a wheeled trolley. This success prompted the Admiralty to order the world's first aircraft designed for carrier operations, the Fairey Campania. The ship received the first of these aircraft in late 1917 where they joined smaller Sopwith 1½ Strutter scouts. At various times Campania also carried the Sopwith Baby and Sopwith Pup. Campania failed to receive the signal to deploy when the Grand Fleet departed Scapa Flow on 30 May 1916 en route to the Battle of Jutland, but she sailed two hours and fifteen minutes later. Even though she was slowly overtaking the fleet early in the morning of 31 May, she was ordered to return to Scapa Flow as she lacked an escort and German submarines had been reported in the area. The ship participated in some anti-submarine and anti-Zeppelin patrols, but she was later declared unfit for fleet duty because of her defective machinery and became a seaplane training and balloon depot ship. In April 1918 Campania, along with the Grand Fleet, was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth. Sinking Campania sinking, 5 November 1918 class=notpageimage| Location of the wreck of HMS Campania. On the morning of 5 November 1918, Campania was lying at anchor off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth. A sudden Force 10 squall caused the ship to drag anchor. She collided first with the bow of the nearby battleship Royal Oak, and then scraped along the side of the battlecruiser Glorious. Campania's hull was breached by the initial collision with Royal Oak, flooding her engine room and shutting off all main electrical power. The ship then started to settle by the stern, and sank some five hours after breaking free. The ship's crew were all rescued by neighbouring vessels. A Naval Board of Inquiry into the incident held Campania's watch officer largely responsible for her loss, citing specifically the failure to drop a second anchor once the ship started to drift. The wreck of HMS Campania was initially afforded protection under the Protection of Wrecks Act, being designated in 2000. This designation was revoked in 2013 when the site was re-designated as a Historic Marine Protected Area under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010. The remains of the four Campania aircraft and seven 1½ Strutters that she had on board when she sank are still entombed in her wreck. Footnotes ^ Preston, p. 66 ^ Friedman, pp. 44–45 ^ Maber, p. 102 ^ a b c Friedman, p. 45 ^ a b Layman, p. 50 ^ Corbett, pp. 326a-b ^ Maber, p. 103 ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 24 September 2019. ^ Maber, pp. 103, 107 ^ "Historic Marine Protected Area Record" (PDF). Retrieved 15 August 2017. References Corbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. III (reprint of the 1940 second ed.). London and Nashville, TN: Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press. ISBN 1-870423-50-X. Friedman, Norman (1988). British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-054-8. Layman, R. D. (1989). Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-210-9. Maber, John M. (1983). "HMS Campania 1914–1918". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship VII. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-630-2. Preston, Antony (1985). "Great Britain and Empire Forces". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Campania (ship, 1893). DiveBunker: Dive sites Historic Environment Scotland. "Campania Historic MPA (HMPA4)". vteBritish naval ship classes of the First World WarAircraft/Seaplane carriers EmpressSV RivieraSV EngadineSV Ark RoyalS Ben-my-ChreeSV CampaniaSV Raven IISV AnneSV VindexSV ManxmanSV FuriousM PegasusSV NairanaSV ArgusSV VindictiveSV Dreadnought battleships DreadnoughtS Bellerophon St Vincent NeptuneS Colossus Orion King George V ErinS AgincourtS Iron Duke CanadaS Queen Elizabeth Revenge Pre-dreadnought battleships Royal Sovereign Majestic Canopus Formidable London Duncan King Edward VII Swiftsure Lord Nelson Battlecruisers Invincible Indefatigable Lion Queen MaryS TigerS Renown Courageous AdmiralSA Armoured cruisers Cressy Drake Monmouth Devonshire Duke of Edinburgh Warrior Minotaur Heavy cruisers HawkinsA Light cruisers TownG Arethusa CGC DanaeC EmeraldA Protected cruisers Apollo Astraea Eclipse Blake Pearl Edgar Powerful Diadem Arrogant Pelorus Highflyer Challenger Topaze Scout cruisers Adventure Forward Pathfinder Sentinel Boadicea Blonde Active Destroyer flotilla leaders SwiftS Faulknor Marksman Parker Thornycroft (or Shakespeare)C Admiralty (or Scott)C Destroyers AG BG CG DG EG F G H I K L Admiralty M Hawthorn M Thornycroft M Yarrow M Yarrow Later M Medea ArnoS RG SGC Talisman V and WGC Torpedo boats TB 81S TB 98 TB 109 TB 114 CricketG Monitors Marshal Ney Abercrombie Lord Clive Humber Gorgon M15 M29 Erebus Minesweepers Racecourse Hunt Dance Gunboats Fly Insect Submarines A B C D E F G HC J K LC MC RC SwordfishS V Sloops P Cadmus Flower Acacia Azalea Arabis Anchusa Aubrietia 24C naval trawlers Castle Mersey A All completed after the war C One or more completed after the war G Grouping of several classes M converted from Courageous class S Single ship of class V Conversions X Cancelled vteShipwrecks and maritime incidents in November 1918Shipwrecks 1 Nov: U-72, SMS Viribus Unitis 5 Nov: HMS Campania 6 Nov: USS Jolly Roger 9 Nov: HMS Britannia, USS Saetia 10 Nov: HMS Ascot 11 Nov: USS Ophir 14 Nov: HMS Cochrane 15 Nov: Carabinier, USS Elizabeth 16 Nov: Cesare Rossarol 18 Nov: U-165 20 Nov: SMS V30 21 Nov: U-97 22 Nov: HMS G11 26 Nov: USS Bonita Unknown date: Cerisoles, Inkerman Other incidents 5 Nov: HMS Glorious, HMS Royal Oak 6 Nov: USS Kanawha 13 Nov: Carabinier 1917 1918 1919 October 1918 December 1918 vteMarine Protected Areas in ScotlandHistoric Marine Protected Areas HMS Campania HMS Dartmouth Drumbeg Duart Point Iona I Kinlochbervie Mingary Out Skerries Nature Conservation MPAs Central Fladen Clyde Sea Sill East Caithness Cliffs East of Gannet and Montrose Fields Faroe–Shetland Sponge Belt Fetlar to Haroldswick Firth of Forth Banks Complex Geikie Slide and Hebridean Slope Hatton-Rockall Basin Loch Creran Loch Sunart Loch Sunart to the Sound of Jura Loch Sween Lochs Duich, Long and Alsh Monach Isles Mousa to Boddam North-east Faroe–Shetland Channel North-east Lewis North-west Orkney Norwegian Boundary Sediment Plain Noss Head Red Rocks and Longay Papa Westray Sea of the Hebrides Shiant East Bank Small Isles Southern Trench South Arran The Barra Fan and Hebrides Terrace Seamount Turbot Bank West of Scotland West Shetland Shelf Wester Ross Wyre and Rousay Sounds Demonstration and Research MPA Fair Isle Scotland portal Categories: Marine protected areas Protected areas of Scotland

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*"},{"link_name":"HMS Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Campania"},{"link_name":"seaplane tender","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seaplane_tender"},{"link_name":"aircraft carrier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aircraft_carrier"},{"link_name":"ocean liner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocean_liner"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Grand Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Fleet"},{"link_name":"flight deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"}],"text":"Seaplane tender for the Royal navyFor other ships with the same name, see HMS Campania.HMS Campania was a seaplane tender and aircraft carrier, converted from an elderly ocean liner by the Royal Navy early in the First World War. After her conversion was completed in mid-1915 the ship spent her time conducting trials and exercises with the Grand Fleet. These revealed the need for a longer flight deck to allow larger aircraft to take off, and she was modified accordingly. Campania missed the Battle of Jutland in May 1916, but made a number of patrols with elements of the Grand Fleet. She never saw combat and was soon relegated to a training role because of her elderly machinery. In November 1918 Campania was anchored with the capital ships of the Grand Fleet when a sudden storm caused her anchor to drag. With no second anchor being laid, she hit several of the ships and the collisions punctured her hull; she slowly sank, with no loss of life.","title":"HMS Campania (1914)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cunard Line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cunard_Line"},{"link_name":"RMS Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RMS_Campania"},{"link_name":"Blue Riband","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blue_Riband"},{"link_name":"Thos. W. Ward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thos._W._Ward"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"}],"text":"Originally built as a passenger liner for Cunard Line's service between Liverpool and New York in 1893, RMS Campania was the holder of the Blue Riband award for speed early in her career. In October 1914, she was sold to the shipbreakers Thos. W. Ward as she was wearing out.[1]","title":"Early career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"armed merchant cruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armed_merchant_cruiser"},{"link_name":"quick-firing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick-firing_gun"},{"link_name":"Cammell Laird","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cammell_Laird"},{"link_name":"flying-off deck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flight_deck"},{"link_name":"derricks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derrick"},{"link_name":"holds","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hold_(ship)"},{"link_name":"commissioned","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ship_commissioning"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Campania_while_an_aircraft_carrier_during_WWI_(21493619206).jpg"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Schneider","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Schneider"},{"link_name":"floatplane","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Floatplane"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Royal Naval Air Service","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Air_Service"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f5-4"},{"link_name":"North Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Sea"},{"link_name":"bridge","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bridge_(nautical)"},{"link_name":"kite balloon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kite_balloon"},{"link_name":"Short Type 184","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Short_Type_184"},{"link_name":"torpedo bombers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torpedo_bomber"},{"link_name":"Admiralty","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Admiralty"},{"link_name":"Fairey Campania","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fairey_Campania"},{"link_name":"Sopwith 1½ Strutter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_1%C2%BD_Strutter"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f5-4"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Baby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Baby"},{"link_name":"Sopwith Pup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopwith_Pup"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l0-5"},{"link_name":"Grand Fleet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grand_Fleet"},{"link_name":"Scapa Flow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scapa_Flow"},{"link_name":"Battle of Jutland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Jutland"},{"link_name":"submarines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-l0-5"},{"link_name":"Rosyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"The Royal Navy purchased Campania from the shipbreakers on 27 November 1914 for £32,500, initially for conversion to an armed merchant cruiser equipped with eight quick-firing 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns. The ship was converted by Cammell Laird to an aircraft carrier instead and the two forward 4.7-inch guns were removed in favour of a 160-foot (48.8 m) flying-off deck. Two derricks were fitted on each side to transfer seaplanes between the water and the two holds. The amidships hold had the capacity for seven large seaplanes. The forward hold, underneath the flight deck, could fit four small seaplanes, but the flight deck had to be lifted off the hold to access the airplanes. HMS Campania was commissioned on 17 April 1915.[2]Campania after being modified into an aircraft carrier - note airplane at leftThe first takeoff from the flight deck did not occur until 6 August 1915 when a Sopwith Schneider floatplane, mounted on a wheeled trolley,[3] used 130 feet (39.6 m) of the flight deck while the ship was steaming into the wind at 17 knots (31 km/h; 20 mph). The Sopwith aircraft was the lightest and highest-powered aircraft in service with the Royal Naval Air Service, and the close call in a favourable wind demonstrated that heavier aircraft could not be launched from the flight deck.[4]By October 1915 Campania had exercised with the Grand Fleet seven times, but had only flown off aircraft three times as the North Sea was often too rough for her seaplanes to use. Her captain recommended that the flying-off deck be lengthened and given a steeper slope to allow gravity to boost the aircraft's acceleration and the ship was accordingly modified at Cammell Laird between November 1915 and early April 1916. The forward funnel was split into two funnels and the flight deck was extended between them and over the bridge to a length of 245 feet (74.7 m), so that aircraft from both holds could use the flight deck. A canvas windscreen was provided to allow the aircraft to unfold their wings out of the wind, and a kite balloon and all of its supporting equipment were added in the aft hold. Campania now carried seven Short Type 184 torpedo bombers and three or four smaller fighters or scouts; a Type 184 made its first takeoff from the flight deck on 3 June 1916, also using a wheeled trolley. This success prompted the Admiralty to order the world's first aircraft designed for carrier operations, the Fairey Campania. The ship received the first of these aircraft in late 1917 where they joined smaller Sopwith 1½ Strutter scouts.[4] At various times Campania also carried the Sopwith Baby and Sopwith Pup.[5]Campania failed to receive the signal to deploy when the Grand Fleet departed Scapa Flow on 30 May 1916 en route to the Battle of Jutland, but she sailed two hours and fifteen minutes later. Even though she was slowly overtaking the fleet early in the morning of 31 May, she was ordered to return to Scapa Flow as she lacked an escort and German submarines had been reported in the area.[6] The ship participated in some anti-submarine and anti-Zeppelin patrols, but she was later declared unfit for fleet duty because of her defective machinery and became a seaplane training and balloon depot ship.[5] In April 1918 Campania, along with the Grand Fleet, was transferred from Scapa Flow to Rosyth.[7]","title":"Purchase and conversion"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HMS_Campania_(1914)_sinking.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fife_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"class=notpageimage|","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fife_UK_location_map.svg"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Burntisland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burntisland"},{"link_name":"Firth of Forth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Firth_of_Forth"},{"link_name":"Force 10","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_scale"},{"link_name":"bow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bow_(ship)"},{"link_name":"battleship","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battleship"},{"link_name":"Royal Oak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Royal_Oak_(08)"},{"link_name":"battlecruiser","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battlecruiser"},{"link_name":"Glorious","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Glorious"},{"link_name":"engine room","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engine_room"},{"link_name":"stern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stern"},{"link_name":"Board of Inquiry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Board_of_Inquiry"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Protection of Wrecks Act","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protection_of_Wrecks_Act_1973"},{"link_name":"Historic Marine Protected Area","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_Protected_Areas_in_Scotland"},{"link_name":"Marine (Scotland) Act 2010","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marine_(Scotland)_Act_2010"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-f5-4"}],"text":"Campania sinking, 5 November 1918class=notpageimage| Location of the wreck of HMS Campania.[8]On the morning of 5 November 1918, Campania was lying at anchor off Burntisland in the Firth of Forth. A sudden Force 10 squall caused the ship to drag anchor. She collided first with the bow of the nearby battleship Royal Oak, and then scraped along the side of the battlecruiser Glorious. Campania's hull was breached by the initial collision with Royal Oak, flooding her engine room and shutting off all main electrical power. The ship then started to settle by the stern, and sank some five hours after breaking free. The ship's crew were all rescued by neighbouring vessels. A Naval Board of Inquiry into the incident held Campania's watch officer largely responsible for her loss, citing specifically the failure to drop a second anchor once the ship started to drift.[9]The wreck of HMS Campania was initially afforded protection under the Protection of Wrecks Act, being designated in 2000. This designation was revoked in 2013 when the site was re-designated as a Historic Marine Protected Area under the Marine (Scotland) Act 2010.[10] The remains of the four Campania aircraft and seven 1½ Strutters that she had on board when she sank are still entombed in her wreck.[4]","title":"Sinking"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-f5_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-f5_4-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-f5_4-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l0_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-l0_5-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"\"Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000720"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Historic Marine Protected Area Record\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.historicenvironment.scot/media/2337/campaniampa.pdf"}],"text":"^ Preston, p. 66\n\n^ Friedman, pp. 44–45\n\n^ Maber, p. 102\n\n^ a b c Friedman, p. 45\n\n^ a b Layman, p. 50\n\n^ Corbett, pp. 326a-b\n\n^ Maber, p. 103\n\n^ \"Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania\". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 24 September 2019.\n\n^ Maber, pp. 103, 107\n\n^ \"Historic Marine Protected Area Record\" (PDF). Retrieved 15 August 2017.","title":"Footnotes"}]

[{"image_text":"Campania after being modified into an aircraft carrier - note airplane at left","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/HMS_Campania_while_an_aircraft_carrier_during_WWI_%2821493619206%29.jpg/220px-HMS_Campania_while_an_aircraft_carrier_during_WWI_%2821493619206%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Campania sinking, 5 November 1918","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/HMS_Campania_%281914%29_sinking.jpg/220px-HMS_Campania_%281914%29_sinking.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"\"Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania\". Historic Environment Scotland. Retrieved 24 September 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://portal.historicenvironment.scot/document/600000720","url_text":"\"Historic Marine Protected Area: Campania\""}]},{"reference":"\"Historic Marine Protected Area Record\" (PDF). Retrieved 15 August 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.historicenvironment.scot/media/2337/campaniampa.pdf","url_text":"\"Historic Marine Protected Area Record\""}]},{"reference":"Corbett, Julian (1997). Naval Operations. History of the Great War: Based on Official Documents. Vol. III (reprint of the 1940 second ed.). London and Nashville, TN: Imperial War Museum in association with the Battery Press. ISBN 1-870423-50-X.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Corbett","url_text":"Corbett, Julian"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-870423-50-X","url_text":"1-870423-50-X"}]},{"reference":"Friedman, Norman (1988). British Carrier Aviation: The Evolution of the Ships and Their Aircraft. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-054-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-054-8","url_text":"0-87021-054-8"}]},{"reference":"Layman, R. D. (1989). Before the Aircraft Carrier: The Development of Aviation Vessels 1859–1922. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. ISBN 0-87021-210-9.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-210-9","url_text":"0-87021-210-9"}]},{"reference":"Maber, John M. (1983). \"HMS Campania 1914–1918\". In Roberts, John (ed.). Warship VII. London: Conway Maritime Press. ISBN 0-85177-630-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-630-2","url_text":"0-85177-630-2"}]},{"reference":"Preston, Antony (1985). \"Great Britain and Empire Forces\". In Gray, Randal (ed.). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. pp. 1–104. ISBN 0-85177-245-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antony_Preston","url_text":"Preston, Antony"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-245-5","url_text":"0-85177-245-5"}]},{"reference":"Historic Environment Scotland. \"Campania Historic MPA (HMPA4)\".","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historic_Environment_Scotland","url_text":"Historic Environment Scotland"},{"url":"https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/HMPA4","url_text":"\"Campania Historic MPA (HMPA4)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaoya_Oshichi

Yaoya Oshichi

["1 Biography","2 Legacy","3 Novels","4 Bunraku and Kabuki","5 See also","6 References","7 External links"]

Japanese teenager executed by burning at the stake for arson You can help expand this article with text translated from the corresponding article in Japanese. (December 2021) Click for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Japanese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate, is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into the English Wikipedia. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to the source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Japanese Wikipedia article at ]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|ja|八百屋お七}} to the talk page. For more guidance, see Wikipedia:Translation. Oshichi, ukiyo-e by Tsukioka Yoshitoshi, 19th century Yaoya Oshichi (八百屋お七, c. 1667 – 29 March 1683), literally "greengrocer Oshichi", was a daughter of the greengrocer Tarobei, who lived in the Hongō neighborhood of Edo at the beginning of the Edo period. She was burned at the stake for attempting to commit arson. The story (see below) became the subject of joruri plays. The year of her birth is sometimes given as 1666. Biography In December 1682, she fell in love with Ikuta Shōnosuke (or Saemon), a temple page, during the great fire in the Tenna Era, at Shōsen-in, the family temple (danna-dera). The next year she attempted arson, thinking she could meet him again if another fire occurred. She was caught by the police and burnt at the stake in Suzugamori for her crimes. The magistrate at her trial, though knowing she was sixteen years old, asked her, ”You must be fifteen years old, aren't you?” At the time, boys and girls under the age of sixteen were not subject to the death penalty, and since strict family registration systems were not yet widely implemented, confirmation of age by a bureaucrat was sufficient. Misunderstanding the magistrate's intentions to try her as a minor, she replied that she was sixteen. At a loss, the magistrate asked her firmly again, ”You must be fifteen years old, are you not?” Not taking the hint again, she honestly stated her age as sixteen, leaving the magistrate no alternative but to sentence her to burn at the stake. Legacy There is a memorial to Oshichi at Enjō-ji in Tokyo. Daien-ji in Tokyo has a Hōroku Jizō (ほうろく地蔵, hot pot Jizō) with a cooking pot on his head to symbolically take away the heat from the fire of the stake that Oshichi was sentenced upon. Cooking pots and origami cranes are still offered to this day. In the calendar then used in Japan, a year is known by five elements, and one of 12 animals. Oshichi was born in 1666, the year of the fire horse (Hinoe Uma), which recurs every 60 years. Since then, it has been thought inauspicious for a girl to be born in the year of the fire horse – and in Japan, fewer children are born in such years (the most recent being 1966). Novels This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Memorial to Oshichi at Enjō-ji in Tokyo Three years later, Ihara Saikaku described this case in the book Kōshoku Gonin Onna (English translation, Five Women Who Loved Love). Twenty years after Yaoya Oshichi's death, a playwright, Ki no Kaion, took great liberties with the story to create a play for the traditional puppet theater entitled Yaoya Ohichi. In 1773, three playwrights (Suga Sensuke, Matsuda Wakichi, and Wakatake Fuemi further revised Ki no Kaion's play to produce Date musume koi no higanoko. In these two versions, Oshichi does not commit arson, instead she climbs a fire tower on a snowy night to ring the alarm bell to open the city gates in order to save the life of her lover, whom she cannot otherwise reach because of the nightly curfew. The penalty, however, for sounding a false fire alarm is death, a fate Oshichi chooses to face. In the puppet plays, the character of Oshichi is presented not as the seemingly impetuous, foolish girl of the historical record, but instead as a noble figure whose selfless devotion saves the man she loves. Later playwrights developed Oshichi's story for the stage: Tamenaga Tarobei in Junshoku Edo Murasaki, and Tsuruya Nanboku in Katakiuchi Yagura daiko. Bunraku and Kabuki Bunraku scene from Date Musume Koi no Higanoko (伊達娘恋緋鹿子) depicting Yaoya Oshichi climbing the tower A kabuki play about her uses the technique called ningyo buri, where the actor moves around as if a puppet. This in turn is taken from the bunraku play. See also Herostratus, another classical youth arsonist. References ^ a b c d e 世界恩人巡礼大写真館 (in Japanese). Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ Kyōzō, Takei. "The Onnagata in Kabuki: from Kamigata to Edo" (PDF). pp. 193–197. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ a b "Kabuki 八百屋お七 (やおやおしち) Yaoya Oshichi" (PDF). Japanese Learning Center. January 2006. p. 2. Retrieved 2007-06-05. ^ "KABUKI GLOSSARY (U~Z)". Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ Sekidobashi Sakura (8 November 2003). "Shochikubai Yushima no Kakegaku: Greengrocer's Daughter, Oshichi: Essay". Archived from the original on 13 September 2016. Retrieved 5 June 2007. ^ "Walking with Lee: The story of "Yaoya Oshichi" / Enjo-ji temple, Hakusan, Bunkyo ward". ^ "Hooroku Jizo Mibu". 26 August 2009. ^ Arson, an attractive monk and our vertigo clinic. Irino, Kawase, Miki. Lancet 2007; 370:2126 ^ "Japan Focus". Archived from the original on 2007-12-15. Retrieved 2007-12-28. ^ "Kunichika, the Story of Oshichi". ^ "Kabuki Glossary (U~Z)". External links Media related to Yaoya Oshichi at Wikimedia Commons Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Japan

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The next year she attempted arson, thinking she could meet him again if another fire occurred. She was caught by the police and burnt at the stake in Suzugamori for her crimes.[1][3][5]The magistrate at her trial, though knowing she was sixteen years old, asked her, ”You must be fifteen years old, aren't you?” At the time, boys and girls under the age of sixteen were not subject to the death penalty, and since strict family registration systems were not yet widely implemented, confirmation of age by a bureaucrat was sufficient. Misunderstanding the magistrate's intentions to try her as a minor, she replied that she was sixteen. At a loss, the magistrate asked her firmly again, ”You must be fifteen years old, are you not?” Not taking the hint again, she honestly stated her age as sixteen, leaving the magistrate no alternative but to sentence her to burn at the stake.[1]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Enjō-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Enj%C5%8D-ji_(Tokyo)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"Daien-ji","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Daien-ji&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"Jizō","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jiz%C5%8D"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"Hinoe Uma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bingwu"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"}],"text":"There is a memorial to Oshichi at Enjō-ji in Tokyo.[6] Daien-ji in Tokyo has a Hōroku Jizō (ほうろく地蔵, hot pot Jizō) with a cooking pot on his head to symbolically take away the heat from the fire of the stake that Oshichi was sentenced upon. 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Since then, it has been thought inauspicious for a girl to be born in the year of the fire horse – and in Japan, fewer children are born in such years (the most recent being 1966).[8][9]","title":"Legacy"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Grave_of_Yaoya_Oshichi.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ihara Saikaku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihara_Saikaku"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Memorial to Oshichi at Enjō-ji in TokyoThree years later, Ihara Saikaku described this case in the book Kōshoku Gonin Onna (English translation, Five Women Who Loved Love). \nTwenty years after Yaoya Oshichi's death, a playwright, Ki no Kaion, took great liberties [clarification needed] with the story to create a play for the traditional puppet theater entitled Yaoya Ohichi. [citation needed] In 1773, three playwrights (Suga Sensuke, Matsuda Wakichi, and Wakatake Fuemi further revised Ki no Kaion's play to produce Date musume koi no higanoko. In these two versions, Oshichi does not commit arson, instead she climbs a fire tower on a snowy night to ring the alarm bell to open the city gates in order to save the life of her lover, whom she cannot otherwise reach because of the nightly curfew. The penalty, however, for sounding a false fire alarm is death, a fate Oshichi chooses to face. In the puppet plays, the character of Oshichi is presented not as the seemingly impetuous, foolish girl of the historical record, but instead as a noble figure whose selfless devotion saves the man she loves. Later playwrights developed Oshichi's story for the stage: Tamenaga Tarobei in Junshoku Edo Murasaki, and Tsuruya Nanboku in Katakiuchi Yagura daiko. [citation needed]","title":"Novels"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Oshichiwiki1.jpg"},{"link_name":"Bunraku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunraku"},{"link_name":"kabuki","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kabuki"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"bunraku","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunraku"}],"text":"Bunraku scene from Date Musume Koi no Higanoko (伊達娘恋緋鹿子) depicting Yaoya Oshichi climbing the towerA kabuki play about her uses the technique called ningyo buri, where the actor moves around as if a puppet.[10][11] This in turn is taken from the bunraku play.","title":"Bunraku and Kabuki"}]

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[{"title":"Herostratus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herostratus"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Los_Compadres

Los Compadres

["1 References"]

Los Compadres was a famous Cuban trova duo formed by Lorenzo Hierrezuelo in 1947. At the time Lorenzo had a singing duo with María Teresa Vera, and this partnership continued alongside the new venture. His first partner in Los Compadres was Compay Segundo (a famous trova singer and guitarist in his own right), who became the second voice and armónico player of the duo. Later, when Compay Segundo moved on, Lorenzo teamed up with his brother, Rey Caney, keeping the same name for the duo. Both partnerships made many recordings and toured widely in Latin America and the United States. References ^ Giro, Radamés 2007. Diccionario enciclopédico de la música en Cuba. La Habana. vol 1, p248 Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National United States Artists MusicBrainz This article on a Cuban musician is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a Cuban singer is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Breitscheid

Rudolf Breitscheid

["1 Early life","2 Political career","2.1 Early career","2.2 USPD","2.3 Return to the SPD","2.4 End of the republic","3 Exile, arrest and death","4 References","5 External links"]

German politician Rudolf BreitscheidBreitscheid (right) with Otto Braun (left) in April 1932.Interior Minister of the Free State of PrussiaIn office16 November 1918 – 4 January 1919Member of the ReichstagIn office24 June 1920 – 1933 Personal detailsBorn2 November 1874Cologne, Kingdom of Prussia, German EmpireDied28 August 1944(1944-08-28) (aged 69)Buchenwald concentration camp, Nazi GermanyPolitical partySPD (1912–17, 1922–)USPD (1917–22)DV (1908–12)FVP (1903–08)NSV (–1903)Spouse Tony Breitscheid ​(m. 1908)​Alma materUniversity of MarburgOccupationEconomist, journalist Rudolf Breitscheid (2 November 1874 – 28 August 1944) was a German politician and leading member of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) during the Weimar Republic. Once leader of the liberal Democratic Union, he joined the SPD in 1912. He defected to the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) in 1917 due to his opposition to the First World War, and rejoined the SPD in 1922. He served as a senior member of and foreign policy spokesman for the SPD Reichstag group during the Weimar Republic, and was a member of the German delegation to the League of Nations. After the Nazi rise to power, he was among the members of the Reichstag who voted against the Enabling Act of 1933, and soon after fled to France to avoid persecution. He was arrested and handed to the Gestapo in 1941, and died in Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944. Early life Breitscheid was born on 2 November 1874 in Cologne to working-class Protestant parents. His father Wilhelm worked in a bookshop, and died when Rudolf was nine years old. His mother Wilhelmine was the daughter of a tailor. He began studying law at Cologne's Friedrich-Wilhelm Gymnasium in 1894, but moved within the year to Marburg to study politics. In 1898 he completed his PhD with a dissertation on "land policy in the Australian colonies".: 50  Political career Early career After graduating, he worked as a journalist for various liberal newspapers in the north of Germany. At this time, his views were classical liberal in nature, and he supported free trade and German colonialism in Africa. He joined the left-liberal National-Social Association and campaigned for the Free-minded Union in the 1903 federal election, subsequently joining the Progressive People's Party (FVP). He moved to Berlin and in 1904 was elected to the city council and the assembly of the Province of Brandenburg. Advancing quickly in the political arena, he became chairman of the FVP's Berlin association and served a lobbyist for free trade issues. He opposed the entrenched power of the nobility, and campaigned for the abolition of the Prussian three-class franchise.: 51–52  Breitscheid sought election to the Reichstag in the 1907 election, but was defeated by a Junker candidate. After the FVP chose to support the government of conservative Bernhard von Bülow, Breitscheid and a number of other leading liberals left the party and founded the Democratic Union (DV). Breitscheid became its first chairman. The party failed to attract broad support, however, and won less than 30,000 votes in the 1912 election. This defeat greatly disillusioned Breitscheid and, convinced that liberal parties were doomed either to irrelevance or collaboration with conservatives, he left the DV and joined the SPD. His own convictions aligned closely with the SPD's Erfurt program, which advocated for parliamentary democracy, legal equality, separation of church and state, and various other social reforms. Though still sceptical of Marxist theory, he believed that the economic reality of capitalism suppressed the individual rights of workers, and agreed with many socialist perspectives.: 51–53  Breitscheid quickly gained prominence among the SPD press, but his record as a bourgeois liberal made him unpopular with many of the party's leaders. After he made inaccurate claims to a British newspaper about the party's stance on the First World War, he was attacked scathingly at a party meeting in October 1914 by Friedrich Ebert, who described him as "the last person who should play the role of party schoolmaster abroad". Breitscheid's anti-war activism and support for pacifist Hugo Haase also hampered his journalistic career. In January 1916, he was drafted and sent to the western front, but remained engaged with politics. Disillusioned by the SPD's support for the war, he joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) at the end of 1917. The new party nominated him to contest a by-election in Berlin in January 1918, for which he was mostly unable to campaign, and he lost to his SPD opponent.: 54–55  USPD Breitscheid returned to Berlin in the midst of the November Revolution. He helped negotiate the provisional government between the SPD and USPD, and was even recommended as foreign minister, but ultimately became interior minister for the new Prussian government. This posting was short-lived, however, as the government collapsed after just six weeks. Breitscheid returned to journalism as editor of the USPD journal Der Sozialist. The following years represented his most radical phase. Opposed to both the Spartacist left-wing and moderate reformists close to the SPD, he attempted to chart a middle course for the party. Asserting that a simple parliamentary system would be dominated by bourgeois interests and rejecting a dictatorship of the proletariat as undemocratic, he advocated for a system of shared power. Noting that a majority of workers supported the election of a National Assembly, he proposed that this be accepted in conjunction with the establishment of a Central Council, invested with veto and legislative powers, to represent the workers. In his view, this would allow socialism to grow via democratic means without being obstructed by bourgeois influence.: 56–57  Breitscheid's ideas were criticised by many and earned him few allies in either the USPD or SPD. Moderates were concerned that he lacked commitment to parliamentary democracy, while radicals were put off by his criticism of Bolshevik actions in Russia, which became increasingly common from 1918 onwards. He became increasingly disillusioned with radical rhetoric of the USPD, which he viewed as empty and reflecting a lack of commitment to real action. Nonetheless, he was elected to the Reichstag in the 1920 federal election as a member of the party.: 58–59  Throughout the year, Breitscheid came to believe that the new republic, though unsatisfactory, gave the best chance for socialism to develop in Germany. A rise in right-wing terror and assassinations caused many on the left to rally in defence of the republic against counterrevolution. Speaking in opposition to a push by liberals and conservatives for the merchant marine to adopt the Imperial flag over the republican one, he said: "the republic is not our final aim. It is only the vessel whose content is socialism. But we defend this vessel against your attacks. We believe that it is one hundred times more valuable for the interests of the German people than that which the capitalists, militarists ... and German nationalists desire.": 59–60  Breitscheid faced strong opposition from the left-wing of the USPD. During the debate over the party's membership in the Third International, he was included on a list of members who would need to be expelled for such a move to proceed.: 58  After the majority of the USPD joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in October, Breitscheid remained with the rump party and worked to convince others of the value of cooperation with the SPD and bourgeois republican parties. In February 1921, he joined a minority of fellow USPD deputies in breaking party discipline to abstain in a motion of no confidence against the liberal cabinet of Joseph Wirth.: 59–60  Return to the SPD Breitscheid supported reunification with the SPD in 1922, believing that only a united socialist party would have the strength to fight off right-wing attacks. Following reunification, he became one of the SPD's most prominent speakers and parliamentarians, owing to his rhetorical and oratory skills as well as foreign policy expertise.: 60  Breitscheid spent much of the Weimar period focusing on foreign policy, promoting positive relations with Germany's neighbours. Though he opposed the Treaty of Versailles, he advocated fulfilment of its terms to build trust and goodwill with the Entente. He supported the foreign policy of Gustav Stresemann, including the Dawes Plan in 1924, and maintained good relations with the French left, which he utilised to pave the way for the Locarno Treaties in 1925. After Germany's accession to the League of Nations the next year, Stresemann appointed him to the government's delegation. These actions cultivated Breitscheid's reputation as a dedicated republican and won broad respect across party lines; he was considered for the position of foreign minister in the second government of Hermann Müller in 1928, but Stresemann ultimately retained the position.: 60–61  His prominence within the SPD also grew during this period. In 1927, he was elected to the SPD Reichstag group's executive committee, and in 1928 became one of its three chairmen. At the 1931 congress, he was elected to the executive committee of the party itself.: 60  In party discourse, he advocated moderate positions and supported coalitions with other republican parties. At the Kiel congress of 1927, he spoke of opposition not as a "long-term condition" but a prelude to governing responsibility which would be used to promote workers' interests. Breitscheid reluctantly supported the "grand coalition" government formed after the 1928 federal election, believing that the SPD could influence its policy in a progressive direction and continue Stresemann's foreign policy. Though he ultimately found his hopes to be misplaced, he did not support breaking the coalition until March 1930, fearing that such a move would hand control of the government to the right-wing.: 61–62  End of the republic After the appointment of the Brüning cabinet, Breitscheid became preoccupied with the prospect of the republic's demise. The rise of the Nazi Party in the 1930 election intensified his fears, and he became dedicated to keeping the Nazis from power. In his view, the SPD had no choice but to support Brüning's cabinet in order to prevent Hitler from entering government.: 63  Compared to many other socialists of the time, Breitscheid had a complex understanding of fascism and the Nazi movement. He characterised fascism as a form of anti-democratic organisation distinguished by its exploitation of democratic systems and usage of pseudo-legal means to achieve its goals, and understood the Nazis not as dedicated ideologues, but power-hungry opportunists, citing their lack of principles as the main factor that allowed them to attain broad support. He believed that periods of crisis were essential to fascism's success, and that they used hollow rhetorical appeals to democracy and fearmongering about Bolshevism as a wedge to convince people to vote for authoritarianism. Breitscheid also acknowledged that the nationalism, antisemitism, and violence of Nazism were factors in its appeal. He did not consider the incoherency of the Nazi platform and coalition to be a threat to its stability. Indeed, he feared that they would be nearly impossible to dislodge if they achieved power, and on this basis he staunchly defended the SPD's toleration of the Brüning government.: 63–64  He argued that the SPD could use its position to push solutions the economic crisis while dedicating energy to educating the masses; a two-pronged strategy to deprive the Nazis of their support base. The party, however, had few economic ideas and lacked the resources to engage the working class in such a manner. Despite this, he considered toleration to be the only viable course of action.: 64  As internal dissatisfaction with the policy intensified in late 1931, even Breitscheid began to look for alternatives: in a November speech, he suggested that cooperation with the KPD may be possible if it committed to shutting down its paramilitary wing. Nonetheless, he continued to endorse toleration publicly. He argued that the SPD could not be held responsible for Brüning's policies, and that they were acting out of obligation to the constitution in a parliament where the two other largest parties, the Nazis and KPD, were anti-constitutional. In his view, if the SPD were to bring down Brüning, they would be responsible for bringing an anti-constitutional government to power. At the same time, he opposed new elections, fearing they would strengthen Nazis and Communists.: 64–65  Breitscheid supported the SPD's endorsement of President Paul von Hindenburg in his 1932 re-election bid, believing that he would defend the constitution and continue to deny the Nazis power as he had since 1930. In January 1933, however, Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor. Breitscheid, who had spoken at times of extraparliamentary action by the Iron Front if the constitution was violated, refused to endorse this course of action as the Nazis took control of the state. He hoped that the SPD would be allowed to exist for a time, and that they might build their strength, though he made no attempt to imagine what that might entail. Re-elected to the Reichstag in the March 1933 election despite harsh repression, Breitscheid attended the session which saw the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933. He returned to Munich, where the SPD executive had been stationed since being pushed out of Berlin, and fled the country with his wife on 1 April.: 65–66  Exile, arrest and death Memorial plaque to Breitscheid in Berlin stating that he died in an air raid on Buchenwald. Breitscheid moved to Paris with his wife Tony in May 1933, where they spent the next seven years. He remained politically active, but was not part of the Sopade, the SPD's exile organisation. His efforts to organise a popular front with the KPD alienated him from fellow SPD comrades. During the invasion of France in May 1940, Breitscheid fled to Marseille with Tony and Rudolf Hilferding where, despite efforts by Varian Fry, they were unsuccessful in seeking visas to enter the United States. They were arrested by French police in September and placed under house arrest in Arles before Breitscheid and Hilferding were handed to the Gestapo in February 1941. Breitscheid was imprisoned for ten months in Berlin, then transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then to Buchenwald in September 1943.: 69  Breitscheid died there on 24 August 1944, listed as being killed in an Allied air raid on the camp. However, Varian Fry believed that Breitscheid was executed by the Gestapo and his cause of death falsified. Communist leader Ernst Thälmann, who was also held in Buchenwald and secretly executed on the same day, was subject to a similar coverup. Breitscheid is commemorated at the Memorial to the Socialists (German: Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten) in the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery, Berlin. Today, a square in the centre of Berlin is named after Breitscheid, while streets in Oberhof, Kaiserslautern, Potsdam, Leverkusen, Dresden, and other cities in eastern Germany bear his name. References ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t Smaldone, William (2009). Confronting Hitler: German Social Democrats in Defense of the Weimar Republic, 1929-1933. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739132111. ^ Sees Rebirth of War Time Propaganda, Berlin 1933-03-26. St. Joseph Gazette, St. Joseph, Missouri, 1933-03-27. ^ Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). Kl: a history of the Nazi concentration camps. New York: Macmillan. p. 586. ISBN 978-142994372-7. ^ "Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde" (in German). Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt. 17 August 2023. ^ Leverkusen, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str. at www.leverkusen.com External links Media related to Rudolf Breitscheid at Wikimedia Commons Archive of Rudolf Breitscheid Papers at the International Institute of Social History Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Breitscheid in the 20th Century Press Archives of the ZBW Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Czech Republic Australia Netherlands Poland Academics CiNii People Deutsche Biographie Trove Other SNAC IdRef

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Once leader of the liberal Democratic Union, he joined the SPD in 1912. He defected to the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) in 1917 due to his opposition to the First World War, and rejoined the SPD in 1922. He served as a senior member of and foreign policy spokesman for the SPD Reichstag group during the Weimar Republic, and was a member of the German delegation to the League of Nations. After the Nazi rise to power, he was among the members of the Reichstag who voted against the Enabling Act of 1933, and soon after fled to France to avoid persecution. He was arrested and handed to the Gestapo in 1941, and died in Buchenwald concentration camp in 1944.[1][2]","title":"Rudolf Breitscheid"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Cologne","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cologne"},{"link_name":"Marburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marburg"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"}],"text":"Breitscheid was born on 2 November 1874 in Cologne to working-class Protestant parents. His father Wilhelm worked in a bookshop, and died when Rudolf was nine years old. His mother Wilhelmine was the daughter of a tailor. He began studying law at Cologne's Friedrich-Wilhelm Gymnasium in 1894, but moved within the year to Marburg to study politics. In 1898 he completed his PhD with a dissertation on \"land policy in the Australian colonies\".[1]: 50","title":"Early life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"classical liberal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classical_liberal"},{"link_name":"National-Social Association","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National-Social_Association"},{"link_name":"Free-minded Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-minded_Union"},{"link_name":"1903 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1903_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Progressive People's Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_People%27s_Party_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"Province of Brandenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Province_of_Brandenburg"},{"link_name":"clarification needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify"},{"link_name":"Prussian three-class franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prussian_three-class_franchise"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"1907 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1907_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Bernhard von Bülow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernhard_von_B%C3%BClow"},{"link_name":"Democratic Union","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Democratic_Union_(Germany)"},{"link_name":"1912 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1912_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Friedrich Ebert","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert"},{"link_name":"Hugo Haase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Haase"},{"link_name":"Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Independent_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"}],"sub_title":"Early career","text":"After graduating, he worked as a journalist for various liberal newspapers in the north of Germany. At this time, his views were classical liberal in nature, and he supported free trade and German colonialism in Africa. He joined the left-liberal National-Social Association and campaigned for the Free-minded Union in the 1903 federal election, subsequently joining the Progressive People's Party (FVP). He moved to Berlin and in 1904 was elected to the city council and the assembly of the Province of Brandenburg.[clarification needed] Advancing quickly in the political arena, he became chairman of the FVP's Berlin association and served a lobbyist for free trade issues. He opposed the entrenched power of the nobility, and campaigned for the abolition of the Prussian three-class franchise.[1]: 51–52Breitscheid sought election to the Reichstag in the 1907 election, but was defeated by a Junker candidate. After the FVP chose to support the government of conservative Bernhard von Bülow, Breitscheid and a number of other leading liberals left the party and founded the Democratic Union (DV). Breitscheid became its first chairman. The party failed to attract broad support, however, and won less than 30,000 votes in the 1912 election. This defeat greatly disillusioned Breitscheid and, convinced that liberal parties were doomed either to irrelevance or collaboration with conservatives, he left the DV and joined the SPD. His own convictions aligned closely with the SPD's Erfurt program, which advocated for parliamentary democracy, legal equality, separation of church and state, and various other social reforms. Though still sceptical of Marxist theory, he believed that the economic reality of capitalism suppressed the individual rights of workers, and agreed with many socialist perspectives.[1]: 51–53Breitscheid quickly gained prominence among the SPD press, but his record as a bourgeois liberal made him unpopular with many of the party's leaders. After he made inaccurate claims to a British newspaper about the party's stance on the First World War, he was attacked scathingly at a party meeting in October 1914 by Friedrich Ebert, who described him as \"the last person who should play the role of party schoolmaster abroad\". Breitscheid's anti-war activism and support for pacifist Hugo Haase also hampered his journalistic career. In January 1916, he was drafted and sent to the western front, but remained engaged with politics. Disillusioned by the SPD's support for the war, he joined the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) at the end of 1917. The new party nominated him to contest a by-election in Berlin in January 1918, for which he was mostly unable to campaign, and he lost to his SPD opponent.[1]: 54–55","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"November Revolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%931919"},{"link_name":"Spartacist","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spartacus_League"},{"link_name":"dictatorship of the proletariat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"1920 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1920_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"Third International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third_International"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"Communist Party of Germany","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany"},{"link_name":"Joseph Wirth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Wirth"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"}],"sub_title":"USPD","text":"Breitscheid returned to Berlin in the midst of the November Revolution. He helped negotiate the provisional government between the SPD and USPD, and was even recommended as foreign minister, but ultimately became interior minister for the new Prussian government. This posting was short-lived, however, as the government collapsed after just six weeks. Breitscheid returned to journalism as editor of the USPD journal Der Sozialist. The following years represented his most radical phase. Opposed to both the Spartacist left-wing and moderate reformists close to the SPD, he attempted to chart a middle course for the party. Asserting that a simple parliamentary system would be dominated by bourgeois interests and rejecting a dictatorship of the proletariat as undemocratic, he advocated for a system of shared power. Noting that a majority of workers supported the election of a National Assembly, he proposed that this be accepted in conjunction with the establishment of a Central Council, invested with veto and legislative powers, to represent the workers. In his view, this would allow socialism to grow via democratic means without being obstructed by bourgeois influence.[1]: 56–57Breitscheid's ideas were criticised by many and earned him few allies in either the USPD or SPD. Moderates were concerned that he lacked commitment to parliamentary democracy, while radicals were put off by his criticism of Bolshevik actions in Russia, which became increasingly common from 1918 onwards. He became increasingly disillusioned with radical rhetoric of the USPD, which he viewed as empty and reflecting a lack of commitment to real action. Nonetheless, he was elected to the Reichstag in the 1920 federal election as a member of the party.[1]: 58–59Throughout the year, Breitscheid came to believe that the new republic, though unsatisfactory, gave the best chance for socialism to develop in Germany. A rise in right-wing terror and assassinations caused many on the left to rally in defence of the republic against counterrevolution. Speaking in opposition to a push by liberals and conservatives for the merchant marine to adopt the Imperial flag over the republican one, he said: \"the republic is not our final aim. It is only the vessel whose content is socialism. But we defend this vessel against your attacks. We believe that it is one hundred times more valuable for the interests of the German people than that which the capitalists, militarists ... and German nationalists desire.\"[1]: 59–60  Breitscheid faced strong opposition from the left-wing of the USPD. During the debate over the party's membership in the Third International, he was included on a list of members who would need to be expelled for such a move to proceed.[1]: 58  After the majority of the USPD joined the Communist Party of Germany (KPD) in October, Breitscheid remained with the rump party and worked to convince others of the value of cooperation with the SPD and bourgeois republican parties. In February 1921, he joined a minority of fellow USPD deputies in breaking party discipline to abstain in a motion of no confidence against the liberal cabinet of Joseph Wirth.[1]: 59–60","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"Treaty of Versailles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treaty_of_Versailles"},{"link_name":"Gustav Stresemann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Stresemann"},{"link_name":"Dawes Plan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dawes_Plan"},{"link_name":"Locarno Treaties","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locarno_Treaties"},{"link_name":"League of Nations","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/League_of_Nations"},{"link_name":"second government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Second_M%C3%BCller_cabinet"},{"link_name":"Hermann Müller","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann_M%C3%BCller_(politician,_born_1876)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"1928 federal election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1928_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"}],"sub_title":"Return to the SPD","text":"Breitscheid supported reunification with the SPD in 1922, believing that only a united socialist party would have the strength to fight off right-wing attacks. Following reunification, he became one of the SPD's most prominent speakers and parliamentarians, owing to his rhetorical and oratory skills as well as foreign policy expertise.[1]: 60Breitscheid spent much of the Weimar period focusing on foreign policy, promoting positive relations with Germany's neighbours. Though he opposed the Treaty of Versailles, he advocated fulfilment of its terms to build trust and goodwill with the Entente. He supported the foreign policy of Gustav Stresemann, including the Dawes Plan in 1924, and maintained good relations with the French left, which he utilised to pave the way for the Locarno Treaties in 1925. After Germany's accession to the League of Nations the next year, Stresemann appointed him to the government's delegation. These actions cultivated Breitscheid's reputation as a dedicated republican and won broad respect across party lines; he was considered for the position of foreign minister in the second government of Hermann Müller in 1928, but Stresemann ultimately retained the position.[1]: 60–61His prominence within the SPD also grew during this period. In 1927, he was elected to the SPD Reichstag group's executive committee, and in 1928 became one of its three chairmen. At the 1931 congress, he was elected to the executive committee of the party itself.[1]: 60  In party discourse, he advocated moderate positions and supported coalitions with other republican parties. At the Kiel congress of 1927, he spoke of opposition not as a \"long-term condition\" but a prelude to governing responsibility which would be used to promote workers' interests. Breitscheid reluctantly supported the \"grand coalition\" government formed after the 1928 federal election, believing that the SPD could influence its policy in a progressive direction and continue Stresemann's foreign policy. Though he ultimately found his hopes to be misplaced, he did not support breaking the coalition until March 1930, fearing that such a move would hand control of the government to the right-wing.[1]: 61–62","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Nazi Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nazi_Party"},{"link_name":"1930 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1930_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"antisemitism","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antisemitism"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"Paul von Hindenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg"},{"link_name":"Iron Front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron_Front"},{"link_name":"March 1933 election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/March_1933_German_federal_election"},{"link_name":"Enabling Act of 1933","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enabling_Act_of_1933"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"}],"sub_title":"End of the republic","text":"After the appointment of the Brüning cabinet, Breitscheid became preoccupied with the prospect of the republic's demise. The rise of the Nazi Party in the 1930 election intensified his fears, and he became dedicated to keeping the Nazis from power. In his view, the SPD had no choice but to support Brüning's cabinet in order to prevent Hitler from entering government.[1]: 63Compared to many other socialists of the time, Breitscheid had a complex understanding of fascism and the Nazi movement. He characterised fascism as a form of anti-democratic organisation distinguished by its exploitation of democratic systems and usage of pseudo-legal means to achieve its goals, and understood the Nazis not as dedicated ideologues, but power-hungry opportunists, citing their lack of principles as the main factor that allowed them to attain broad support. He believed that periods of crisis were essential to fascism's success, and that they used hollow rhetorical appeals to democracy and fearmongering about Bolshevism as a wedge to convince people to vote for authoritarianism. Breitscheid also acknowledged that the nationalism, antisemitism, and violence of Nazism were factors in its appeal. He did not consider the incoherency of the Nazi platform and coalition to be a threat to its stability. Indeed, he feared that they would be nearly impossible to dislodge if they achieved power, and on this basis he staunchly defended the SPD's toleration of the Brüning government.[1]: 63–64He argued that the SPD could use its position to push solutions the economic crisis while dedicating energy to educating the masses; a two-pronged strategy to deprive the Nazis of their support base. The party, however, had few economic ideas and lacked the resources to engage the working class in such a manner. Despite this, he considered toleration to be the only viable course of action.[1]: 64  As internal dissatisfaction with the policy intensified in late 1931, even Breitscheid began to look for alternatives: in a November speech, he suggested that cooperation with the KPD may be possible if it committed to shutting down its paramilitary wing. Nonetheless, he continued to endorse toleration publicly. He argued that the SPD could not be held responsible for Brüning's policies, and that they were acting out of obligation to the constitution in a parliament where the two other largest parties, the Nazis and KPD, were anti-constitutional. In his view, if the SPD were to bring down Brüning, they would be responsible for bringing an anti-constitutional government to power. At the same time, he opposed new elections, fearing they would strengthen Nazis and Communists.[1]: 64–65Breitscheid supported the SPD's endorsement of President Paul von Hindenburg in his 1932 re-election bid, believing that he would defend the constitution and continue to deny the Nazis power as he had since 1930. In January 1933, however, Hindenburg appointed Hitler Chancellor. Breitscheid, who had spoken at times of extraparliamentary action by the Iron Front if the constitution was violated, refused to endorse this course of action as the Nazis took control of the state. He hoped that the SPD would be allowed to exist for a time, and that they might build their strength, though he made no attempt to imagine what that might entail. Re-elected to the Reichstag in the March 1933 election despite harsh repression, Breitscheid attended the session which saw the passage of the Enabling Act of 1933. He returned to Munich, where the SPD executive had been stationed since being pushed out of Berlin, and fled the country with his wife on 1 April.[1]: 65–66","title":"Political career"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Berlin_GTafel_Breitscheid.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sopade","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopade"},{"link_name":"popular front","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Popular_front"},{"link_name":"Marseille","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marseille"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Hilferding","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Hilferding"},{"link_name":"Varian Fry","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Varian_Fry"},{"link_name":"Gestapo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gestapo"},{"link_name":"Sachsenhausen concentration camp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sachsenhausen_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"Buchenwald","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buchenwald_concentration_camp"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SDDR-1"},{"link_name":"Ernst Thälmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"German","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_language"},{"link_name":"Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zentralfriedhof_Friedrichsfelde"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"a square in the centre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breitscheidplatz"},{"link_name":"Berlin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin"},{"link_name":"Oberhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oberhof,_Germany"},{"link_name":"Kaiserslautern","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaiserslautern"},{"link_name":"Potsdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potsdam"},{"link_name":"Leverkusen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leverkusen"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Dresden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dresden"}],"text":"Memorial plaque to Breitscheid in Berlin stating that he died in an air raid on Buchenwald.Breitscheid moved to Paris with his wife Tony in May 1933, where they spent the next seven years. He remained politically active, but was not part of the Sopade, the SPD's exile organisation. His efforts to organise a popular front with the KPD alienated him from fellow SPD comrades. During the invasion of France in May 1940, Breitscheid fled to Marseille with Tony and Rudolf Hilferding where, despite efforts by Varian Fry, they were unsuccessful in seeking visas to enter the United States. They were arrested by French police in September and placed under house arrest in Arles before Breitscheid and Hilferding were handed to the Gestapo in February 1941. Breitscheid was imprisoned for ten months in Berlin, then transferred to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp, then to Buchenwald in September 1943.[1]: 69  Breitscheid died there on 24 August 1944, listed as being killed in an Allied air raid on the camp. However, Varian Fry believed that Breitscheid was executed by the Gestapo and his cause of death falsified. Communist leader Ernst Thälmann, who was also held in Buchenwald and secretly executed on the same day, was subject to a similar coverup.[3][4] Breitscheid is commemorated at the Memorial to the Socialists (German: Gedenkstätte der Sozialisten) in the Friedrichsfelde Central Cemetery, Berlin.Today, a square in the centre of Berlin is named after Breitscheid, while streets in Oberhof, Kaiserslautern, Potsdam, Leverkusen,[5] Dresden, and other cities in eastern Germany bear his name.","title":"Exile, arrest and death"}]

[{"image_text":"Memorial plaque to Breitscheid in Berlin stating that he died in an air raid on Buchenwald.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Berlin_GTafel_Breitscheid.jpg/220px-Berlin_GTafel_Breitscheid.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Smaldone, William (2009). Confronting Hitler: German Social Democrats in Defense of the Weimar Republic, 1929-1933. Lexington Books. ISBN 978-0739132111.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0739132111","url_text":"978-0739132111"}]},{"reference":"Wachsmann, Nikolaus (2015). Kl: a history of the Nazi concentration camps. New York: Macmillan. p. 586. ISBN 978-142994372-7.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolaus_Wachsmann","url_text":"Wachsmann, Nikolaus"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-142994372-7","url_text":"978-142994372-7"}]},{"reference":"\"Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde\" (in German). Senatsverwaltung für Stadtentwicklung und Umwelt. 17 August 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/stadtgruen/friedhoefe_begraebnisstaetten/de/friedhoefe/friedrichsfelde/","url_text":"\"Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde\""}]}]

[{"Link":"https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=VJOaslTFpLQC&dat=19330327&printsec=frontpage&hl=en","external_links_name":"Sees Rebirth of War Time Propaganda"},{"Link":"http://www.stadtentwicklung.berlin.de/umwelt/stadtgruen/friedhoefe_begraebnisstaetten/de/friedhoefe/friedrichsfelde/","external_links_name":"\"Zentralfriedhof Friedrichsfelde\""},{"Link":"http://www.leverkusen.com/strasse/index.php4?view=Breitscheid","external_links_name":"Leverkusen, Rudolf-Breitscheid-Str."},{"Link":"https://search.socialhistory.org/Record/ARCH00113","external_links_name":"Rudolf Breitscheid Papers"},{"Link":"http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/002439","external_links_name":"Newspaper clippings about Rudolf Breitscheid"},{"Link":"http://id.worldcat.org/fast/183405/","external_links_name":"FAST"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000108646429","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/4972145","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyMbJtM9K4mHWmJ4VKGHC","external_links_name":"WorldCat"},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121724490","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121724490","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"https://d-nb.info/gnd/11851492X","external_links_name":"Germany"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n86146530","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0000163&CON_LNG=ENG","external_links_name":"Czech Republic"},{"Link":"https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35869479","external_links_name":"Australia"},{"Link":"http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070344825","external_links_name":"Netherlands"},{"Link":"https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810666419705606","external_links_name":"Poland"},{"Link":"https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA02875539?l=en","external_links_name":"CiNii"},{"Link":"https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11851492X.html?language=en","external_links_name":"Deutsche Biographie"},{"Link":"https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1123895","external_links_name":"Trove"},{"Link":"https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nb2kdb","external_links_name":"SNAC"},{"Link":"https://www.idref.fr/030273420","external_links_name":"IdRef"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EML_Sakala_(M314)

HMS Inverness (M102)

["1 HMS Inverness","2 EML Sakala (M314)","3 See also","4 Citations","5 References","6 External links"]

1990 United Kingdom ship; also used by Estonian Navy For other ships with the same name, see HMS Inverness. EML Sakala M314 (left) in Turku History United Kingdom NameHMS Inverness NamesakeInverness OperatorRoyal Navy BuilderVosper Thornycroft Launched27 February 1990 Commissioned24 May 1991 Decommissioned2005 Out of servicePaid off 15 November 2004 IdentificationPennant number: M102 FateSold to Estonia Estonia NameEML Sakala NamesakeSakala OperatorEstonian Navy In service24 January 2008 Identification Pennant number: M314 Call sign: ESQJ MMSI number: 276742000 StatusActive Badge General characteristics Class and typeSandown-class minehunter Displacement484 tons full Length52.5 m (172 ft) Beam10.9 m (36 ft) Draught2.3 m (7 ft 7 in) Propulsion 2 shafts Voith-Schneider propulsors diesel-electric drive Paxman Valenta diesels, 1,500 shp Speed 13 knots (24 km/h; 15 mph) diesel 6.5 knots (12.0 km/h; 7.5 mph) electric Complement34 (7 officers, 27 ratings) Sensors and processing systems Type 1007 navigation radar Thales 2193 hull mounted mine hunting sonar Armament 1 × Twin ZU-23 23 mm AA cannon 2 × 7.62 mm L7 GPMG machine guns Wallop Defence Systems Barricade Mk. III countermeasure launchers Irvin Aerospace Replica Decoy launchers Notes Mine counter measures equipment: SeaFox Mine Disposal System Clearance divers HMS Inverness (M102) was a Sandown-class minehunter of the Royal Navy. She was decommissioned by the Royal Navy in 2005, and in 2008 became EML Sakala (M314) of the Estonian Navy. HMS Inverness Inverness was built by Vosper Thornycroft and launched on 27 February 1990 as one of the 12 ship class of Sandown-class minehunters. Inverness took part in the major joint service Exercise Saif Sareea II in Oman throughout October 2001, and also trained on her way back from the Gulf as part of the overarching Exercise Argonaut 2001 maritime task group. During Exercise Saif Sareea II, Inverness formed part of a minehunter group with her sisters Walney, and the Hunt-class mine countermeasure vessels Quorn and Cattistock, supported by RFA Diligence. In 2003, Inverness was one of a number of Royal Navy warships taking part in a multi-national exercises off Scotland, which involved ships and aircraft from a number of the world's navies, including French, German and American units. HMS Inverness was awarded the Freedom of the City of Inverness in 2004. In July 2004, the UK Ministry of Defence announced that as part of the restructuring of the Navy, the three oldest Sandown-class minehunters would be retired by April 2005. Inverness was decommissioned in 2005 and was then laid up awaiting a buyer or disposal. In September 2006, Estonia signed a contract to acquire the three vessels. After refitting in Rosyth Inverness was formally handed over to the Estonian Navy in April 2007, and renamed EML Sakala. EML Sakala (M314) Sakala belongs to the Estonian Mineships Division. She is the fourth vessel of the Estonian Navy Mineships Division and second of three modernized Sandown class minehunters purchased from the Royal Navy. The coat of arms was presented on a ceremony on 24 January 2008 in Scotland. The ship's name comes from an ancient Estonian county Sakala which is today known as Viljandimaa but is often called Sakalamaa. The arms are a black shield which represents the rich soils of Sakala and ethnic Estonian men's clothing. The rose points towards the capital of Sakalamaa. The swords represent Sakala's important role in the Estonian ancient freedom fight and fighting spirit, as silver stands for loyalty. The ship's motto in Latin is "In nomine libertatis” meaning "In the name of freedom". The coat of arms was designed by Priit Herodes. In December 2018 Sakala arrived at the Babcock site at Rosyth Dockyard for a series of modifications and upgrades, which included the Thales Sonar 2193 navigation system and the Thales M-CUBE command and control system. See also BALTRON project Mineships Division Citations ^ Adam Ingram, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (22 October 2001). "Written Answers to Questions: Royal Navy Vessels". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 2W. ^ "10 NATO Navies in Exercises off Scotland". GlobalSecurity.org. 25 June 2003. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ "Inverness tribute to naval crew". BBC News. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ "Miinijahtija Sakala M 314". Kaitsevägi (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2019. ^ Allison, George (31 January 2019). "Babcock complete work on Estonian minehunter at Rosyth". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2019. References Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) . Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8. External links "Estonian Navy". Estonian Defence Forces. 30 May 2023. "EML Sakala (Miinijahtija)". Kaitsevägi (in Estonian). 12 December 2023. vteSandown-class minehunters Royal Navy Bangor Blyth Bridport Cromer Grimsby Inverness Pembroke Penzance Ramsey Sandown Shoreham Walney  Estonian Navy Admiral Cowan (ex-Sandown) Sakala (ex-Inverness) Ugandi (ex-Bridport)  Romanian Naval Forces Sublocotenent Ion Ghiculescu (ex-Blyth)  Royal Saudi Navy Al Jawf Al Kharj Shaqra  Ukrainian Navy Chernihiv (ex-Grimsby) Cherkasy (ex-Shoreham) Preceded by: Ton-class minesweeper Followed by: Castle class List of mine countermeasure vessels of the Royal Navy Estonian Mineships DivisionMine warfare vessels EML Admiral Cowan EML Sakala EML Ugandi Auxiliary ship EML Tasuja Garrison Miinisadam Naval Base Museum vessels of Mineship Division Wambola Kalev Historical vessels of Mineship Division Admiral Pitka Sulev Olev Vaindlo

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"HMS Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Inverness"},{"link_name":"Sandown-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandown_class_minehunter"},{"link_name":"minehunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minehunter"},{"link_name":"Royal Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Navy"},{"link_name":"Estonian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Navy"}],"text":"For other ships with the same name, see HMS Inverness.HMS Inverness (M102) was a Sandown-class minehunter of the Royal Navy. She was decommissioned by the Royal Navy in 2005, and in 2008 became EML Sakala (M314) of the Estonian Navy.","title":"HMS Inverness (M102)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vosper Thornycroft","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VT_Group"},{"link_name":"Oman","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oman"},{"link_name":"Walney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Walney_(M104)"},{"link_name":"Hunt-class","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunt_class_MCMV"},{"link_name":"mine countermeasure vessels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mine_countermeasure_vessel"},{"link_name":"Quorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Quorn_(M41)"},{"link_name":"Cattistock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cattistock_(M31)"},{"link_name":"RFA Diligence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFA_Diligence_(A132)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Inverness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverness"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Ministry of Defence","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ministry_of_Defence_(United_Kingdom)"},{"link_name":"Estonia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonia"},{"link_name":"Rosyth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth"},{"link_name":"Estonian Navy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merev%C3%A4gi"},{"link_name":"EML Sakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"}],"text":"Inverness was built by Vosper Thornycroft and launched on 27 February 1990 as one of the 12 ship class of Sandown-class minehunters.Inverness took part in the major joint service Exercise Saif Sareea II in Oman throughout October 2001, and also trained on her way back from the Gulf as part of the overarching Exercise Argonaut 2001 maritime task group. During Exercise Saif Sareea II, Inverness formed part of a minehunter group with her sisters Walney, and the Hunt-class mine countermeasure vessels Quorn and Cattistock, supported by RFA Diligence.[1]In 2003, Inverness was one of a number of Royal Navy warships taking part in a multi-national exercises off Scotland, which involved ships and aircraft from a number of the world's navies, including French, German and American units.[2] HMS Inverness was awarded the Freedom of the City of Inverness in 2004.[3]In July 2004, the UK Ministry of Defence announced that as part of the restructuring of the Navy, the three oldest Sandown-class minehunters would be retired by April 2005. Inverness was decommissioned in 2005 and was then laid up awaiting a buyer or disposal. In September 2006, Estonia signed a contract to acquire the three vessels.After refitting in Rosyth Inverness was formally handed over to the Estonian Navy in April 2007, and renamed EML Sakala.","title":"HMS Inverness"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Estonian Mineships Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Mineships_Division"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Sakala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakala_County"},{"link_name":"Viljandimaa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljandimaa"},{"link_name":"Estonian ancient freedom fight","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Livonian_Crusade"},{"link_name":"Latin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latin"},{"link_name":"Priit Herodes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priit_Herodes"},{"link_name":"Babcock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babcock_International"},{"link_name":"Rosyth Dockyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosyth_Dockyard"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"}],"text":"Sakala belongs to the Estonian Mineships Division. She is the fourth vessel of the Estonian Navy Mineships Division and second of three modernized Sandown class minehunters purchased from the Royal Navy.The coat of arms was presented on a ceremony on 24 January 2008 in Scotland.[4] The ship's name comes from an ancient Estonian county Sakala which is today known as Viljandimaa but is often called Sakalamaa. The arms are a black shield which represents the rich soils of Sakala and ethnic Estonian men's clothing. The rose points towards the capital of Sakalamaa. The swords represent Sakala's important role in the Estonian ancient freedom fight and fighting spirit, as silver stands for loyalty. The ship's motto in Latin is \"In nomine libertatis” meaning \"In the name of freedom\". The coat of arms was designed by Priit Herodes.In December 2018 Sakala arrived at the Babcock site at Rosyth Dockyard for a series of modifications and upgrades, which included the Thales Sonar 2193 navigation system and the Thales M-CUBE command and control system.[5]","title":"EML Sakala (M314)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Adam Ingram","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ingram_(Labour_politician)"},{"link_name":"Minister of State for the Armed Forces","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_the_Armed_Forces"},{"link_name":"\"Written Answers to Questions: Royal Navy Vessels\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011022/text/11022w02.htm"},{"link_name":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"10 NATO Navies in Exercises off Scotland\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2003/06/mil-030625-rnn01.htm"},{"link_name":"GlobalSecurity.org","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"\"Inverness tribute to naval crew\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3944579.stm"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"\"Miinijahtija Sakala M 314\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20080430035603/http://mil.ee/?menu=merevagi&sisu=sakala"},{"link_name":"Kaitsevägi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitsev%C3%A4gi"},{"link_name":"the original","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//mil.ee/?menu=merevagi&sisu=sakala"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"\"Babcock complete work on Estonian minehunter at Rosyth\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ukdefencejournal.org.uk/babcock-complete-work-on-estonian-minehunter-at-rosyth/"}],"text":"^ Adam Ingram, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (22 October 2001). \"Written Answers to Questions: Royal Navy Vessels\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 2W.\n\n^ \"10 NATO Navies in Exercises off Scotland\". GlobalSecurity.org. 25 June 2003. Retrieved 24 March 2019.\n\n^ \"Inverness tribute to naval crew\". BBC News. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 24 March 2019.\n\n^ \"Miinijahtija Sakala M 314\". Kaitsevägi (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2019.\n\n^ Allison, George (31 January 2019). \"Babcock complete work on Estonian minehunter at Rosyth\". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","title":"Citations"}]

[]

[{"title":"BALTRON project","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BALTRON"},{"title":"Mineships Division","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estonian_Mineships_Division"}]

[{"reference":"Adam Ingram, Minister of State for the Armed Forces (22 October 2001). \"Written Answers to Questions: Royal Navy Vessels\". Parliamentary Debates (Hansard). House of Commons. col. 2W.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adam_Ingram_(Labour_politician)","url_text":"Adam Ingram"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minister_of_State_for_the_Armed_Forces","url_text":"Minister of State for the Armed Forces"},{"url":"https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo011022/text/11022w02.htm","url_text":"\"Written Answers to Questions: Royal Navy Vessels\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansard","url_text":"Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)"}]},{"reference":"\"10 NATO Navies in Exercises off Scotland\". GlobalSecurity.org. 25 June 2003. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/library/news/2003/06/mil-030625-rnn01.htm","url_text":"\"10 NATO Navies in Exercises off Scotland\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GlobalSecurity.org","url_text":"GlobalSecurity.org"}]},{"reference":"\"Inverness tribute to naval crew\". BBC News. 22 October 2004. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/scotland/3944579.stm","url_text":"\"Inverness tribute to naval crew\""}]},{"reference":"\"Miinijahtija Sakala M 314\". Kaitsevägi (in Estonian). Archived from the original on 30 April 2008. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20080430035603/http://mil.ee/?menu=merevagi&sisu=sakala","url_text":"\"Miinijahtija Sakala M 314\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaitsev%C3%A4gi","url_text":"Kaitsevägi"},{"url":"https://mil.ee/?menu=merevagi&sisu=sakala","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Allison, George (31 January 2019). \"Babcock complete work on Estonian minehunter at Rosyth\". UK Defence Journal. Retrieved 24 March 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://ukdefencejournal.org.uk/babcock-complete-work-on-estonian-minehunter-at-rosyth/","url_text":"\"Babcock complete work on Estonian minehunter at Rosyth\""}]},{"reference":"Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._J._Colledge","url_text":"Colledge, J. J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ships_of_the_Royal_Navy","url_text":"Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86176-281-8","url_text":"978-1-86176-281-8"}]},{"reference":"\"Estonian Navy\". Estonian Defence Forces. 30 May 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mil.ee/en/navy","url_text":"\"Estonian Navy\""}]},{"reference":"\"EML Sakala (Miinijahtija)\". Kaitsevägi (in Estonian). 12 December 2023.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.mil.ee/et/kaitsevagi/merevagi/laevastik/sakala","url_text":"\"EML Sakala (Miinijahtija)\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parental_stress

Parenting stress

["1 Context","2 Description","3 Research","4 References"]

Parent and child personality and pathology factors that contribute to parenting stress. Parenting stress relates to stressors that are a function of being in and executing the parenting role. It is a construct that relates to both psychological phenomena and to the human body's physiological state as a parent or caretaker of a child. Context Unlike many stressful situations and events, parenting stressors tend to be long-term, repetitive, and can create chronic stress that manifests both in psychological and physiological ways. Extensive cross-cultural research has found that parenting stress is associated with parenting and child behaviors, various parenting-related cognitions, and the parent's and child's physiological states. Abidin has presented a non-exhaustive model and a measure that attempts to define the major components of parenting stress, and the impact of these stressors on parenting behavior and their child's development. The model concentrates on proximal variables related to the execution of the parenting role: the perceived behavioral characteristics of the child, the parent's self-cognitions, and their perceptions of the familial and friend support available to them. These proximal factors in turn connect with other aspects of the child's and the parent's interpersonal milieu. There are several operational definitions and ways of measuring aspects of parenting stress. Many of these have shown good reliability and criterion validity across a range of different samples, establishing evidence of generalizability. The Parenting Stress Index (PSI), the most widely used measure of parenting stress, has shown associations with a wide range of parenting behaviors and child outcomes and has been used in hundreds of published studies. Since the fourth edition of the PSI has been translated in over 30 languages, cross-cultural replications of the PSI factor structure have been published using normative samples from several countries. Copies of these measures and their test manuals may be obtained from the respective publisher. The goal is to provide a brief overview of the construct of parenting stress for a broader audience, given that the topic is likely to be of interest and importance across a wide range of medical and research contexts. Parenting is a human universal across time and culture, and the construct connects with psychological development, socialization of children, education, health (including when either person in the parent-child dyad experiences other illness or injury), and a wealth of other issues. The overview concludes with links to resources for learning more, or for incorporating measures into other programs of research. Description The construct of parenting stress builds on the seminal works of both Selye and Lazarus. Selye demonstrated that a physiological response occurred in the body by phenomenological events like physical environmental stimuli. Although not always maladaptive, the stress in parenting is more likely to be maladaptive, especially when the stress is severe or chronic. Further, he demonstrated that, regardless of the sources of stress, the greater the number of stressors, the larger the body's physiological response. That finding suggested that parenting stress would need to be understood and measured by considering multiple variables. Lazarus articulated the connection of perceptions to emotions and subsequently to both the physiological response and the likely behavioral responses of individuals. Parenting stress thus conceived is not simply a reaction to observable events but the interpretations and other cognitions of the parent relative to the events. The Lazarus model suggests four stages of the stress reaction: Recognition of an environmental demand, The perception of the demand in terms of whether it is perceived as a threat, Whether or not the individual believes they have the resources to cope with the event. This process is instantaneous and is essentially an unconscious response. Based on stage three, the nervous system responds by either relaxing or preparing to flee or fight. Thus, the works of Selye and Lazarus provide conceptual frameworks for understanding the links between emotion perception, stress, and coping. Multiple evidence-based measures of parenting stress have been developed. Research Kirby Deater-Deckard, in the volume Parenting Stress, presented the first comprehensive articulation of the research on parenting stress concerning the characteristics of parents, the parent-child relationship, and parents' coping behaviors. Since Deater-Deckard's work, there has been a rapid expansion of research documenting the linkage between parenting stress and a wide variety of important issues related to family functioning and child development and behavior. The summary below provides a brief sampling to illustrate the breadth of impact parenting stress has on members of the core family system. It is an illustrative review extracting some examples from a recent more comprehensive review (with its own formal literature review search and extraction process) to concisely introduce a range of topics. Observed Parenting Behavior Parenting stress has been demonstrated to be predictive of abusive mother's behavior towards their children during free play and task situations, parents’ verbal harshness, demanding and controlling behaviors, and parents' level of warmth and engagement with their child. Child Development and Outcomes Parents’ level of stress has been found to be predictive of the development of problem behaviors in children, children's aggressiveness, callous-unemotional traits in children, and children's coping competence. Barroso et al. conducted a major review and meta-analysis of the parenting stress literature, which revealed that parenting stress is a major factor with parents coping with their children's behavior. Child Academic Functioning Children whose parents exhibit high levels of parenting stress display difficulties in executive functioning, lower levels of academic competence, and other behavioral problems in school. Physical Health and Physiological Issues Parenting stress has been associated with elevated cortisol and oxytocin levels both in parents and their children. These are well-established chemical markers of an individual's mental and physical health. Mothers who exhibit high levels of parenting stress also display a failure to care for their own health needs while also overusing pediatric healthcare services for their children. Parenting stress has also been associated with parental brain functioning, epigenetic DNA methylation, and parent-child behavioral synchrony, and brain synchrony. Compliance with Medical and Psychological Treatment Parents with elevated stress levels have significantly higher non-compliance rates for their treatment and the medically necessary care of their children. They also are early terminators of psychological treatments for their children. The Parenting Partner Relationship The quality of the parents' relationship is a central variable in terms of child outcomes. The level of parenting stress experienced by parenting partners is associated with the child's physical and mental health. References This article was adapted from the following source under a CC BY 4.0 license (2022) (reviewer reports): Richard Abidin; Logan Smith; Hannah Kim; Eric Youngstrom (21 June 2022). "Parenting stress" (PDF). WikiJournal of Medicine. 9 (1): 3. doi:10.15347/WJM/2022.003. ISSN 2002-4436. Wikidata Q99676829. ^ Kim, Hannah (2019). "Parenting Stress". Open Science Framework. doi:10.17605/osf.io/9cg58. ^ Abidin, Richard R. (December 1992). "The Determinants of Parenting Behavior". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 21 (4): 407–412. doi:10.1207/s15374424jccp2104_12. ISSN 0047-228X. ^ Abidin, Richard R. (1986). Parenting Stress Index : manual (PSI). Pediatric Psychology Press. OCLC 21184758. ^ Abidin, Richard R. (1995). Parenting Stress Index: professional manual. Psychological Assessment Resources. OCLC 55989316. ^ a b Holly, Lindsay E.; Fenley, Alicia R.; Kritikos, Tessa K.; Merson, Rachel A.; Abidin, Richard R.; Langer, David A. (2019-09-03). "Evidence-Base Update for Parenting Stress Measures in Clinical Samples". Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology. 48 (5): 685–705. doi:10.1080/15374416.2019.1639515. ISSN 1537-4416. PMID 31393178. S2CID 199504237. ^ Abidin, Richard R. (2012) Parenting Stress Index: 4th Ed. Manual. Psychological Assessment Resources Inc. 987654321. ^ "Assessment of Parenting Stress and the PSI-4: Supplemental Resources". www.parinc.com. Retrieved 2022-07-13. ^ "Parenting Stress Index, 4th Edition | PSI-4". www.parinc.com. Retrieved 2021-05-03. ^ Selye, Hans, 1907-1982. (1978). The stress of life (Rev. ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0070562121. OCLC 3294632.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) ^ Lazarus, Richard S. (2006). Stress and emotion : a new synthesis. Springer Pub. Co. ISBN 9780826102614. OCLC 224717677. ^ Deater-Deckard, Kirby (2004-08-11). Parenting Stress. Yale University Press. pp. 27–54. doi:10.12987/yale/9780300103939.001.0001. ISBN 9780300103939. S2CID 246111816. ^ a b Tripp, Gail; Schaughency, Elizabeth A.; Langlands, Robyn; Mouat, Kelly (2007-06-01). "Family Interactions in Children With and Without ADHD". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 16 (3): 385–400. doi:10.1007/s10826-006-9093-2. ISSN 1573-2843. S2CID 143394378. ^ Wagner, Shannon L.; Cepeda, Ivan; Krieger, Dena; Maggi, Stefania; D’Angiulli, Amedeo; Weinberg, Joanne; Grunau, Ruth E. (2015-09-03). "Higher cortisol is associated with poorer executive functioning in preschool children: The role of parenting stress, parent coping and quality of daycare". Child Neuropsychology. 22 (7): 853–869. doi:10.1080/09297049.2015.1080232. ISSN 0929-7049. PMC 4833630. PMID 26335047. ^ Niu, Hua; Liu, Li; Wang, Meifang (May 2018). "Intergenerational transmission of harsh discipline: The moderating role of parenting stress and parent gender". Child Abuse & Neglect. 79: 1–10. doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2018.01.017. ISSN 0145-2134. PMID 29407851. ^ Feldman, Ruth; Gordon, Ilanit; Zagoory-Sharon, Orna (2010-12-16). "Maternal and paternal plasma, salivary, and urinary oxytocin and parent-infant synchrony: considering stress and affiliation components of human bonding". Developmental Science. 14 (4): 752–761. doi:10.1111/j.1467-7687.2010.01021.x. ISSN 1363-755X. PMID 21676095. ^ McKay, Jessamy M.; Pickens, Jeffrey; Stewart, Anne L. (1996-09-01). "Inventoried and observed stress in parent-child interactions". Current Psychology. 15 (3): 223–234. doi:10.1007/BF02686879. ISSN 1936-4733. S2CID 144200782. ^ Nelson, J. Ron; Stage, Scott; Duppong-Hurley, Kristin; Synhorst, Lori; Epstein, Michael H. (April 2007). "Risk Factors Predictive of the Problem Behavior of Children at Risk for Emotional and Behavioral Disorders". Exceptional Children. 73 (3): 367–379. doi:10.1177/001440290707300306. ISSN 0014-4029. S2CID 498543. ^ Gordon, Chanelle T.; Hinshaw, Stephen P. (2017). "Parenting Stress as a Mediator between Childhood ADHD and Early Adult Female Outcomes". Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 46 (4): 588–599. doi:10.1080/15374416.2015.1041595. ISSN 1537-4416. PMC 4670298. PMID 26042524. ^ Cappa, Kimberly A.; Begle, Angela Moreland; Conger, Judith C.; Dumas, Jean E.; Conger, Anthony J. (2011-06-01). "Bidirectional Relationships Between Parenting Stress and Child Coping Competence: Findings From the Pace Study". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 20 (3): 334–342. doi:10.1007/s10826-010-9397-0. ISSN 1573-2843. PMC 6639041. PMID 31320789. ^ Joyner, Krystle B.; Silver, Cheryl H.; Stavinoha, Peter L. (2009-04-13). "Relationship Between Parenting Stress and Ratings of Executive Functioning in Children With ADHD". Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment. 27 (6): 452–464. doi:10.1177/0734282909333945. ISSN 0734-2829. S2CID 144050881. ^ DeCaro, Jason A.; Worthman, Carol M. (2008). "Return to school accompanied by changing associations between family ecology and cortisol". Developmental Psychobiology. 50 (2): 183–195. doi:10.1002/dev.20255. ISSN 0012-1630. PMID 18286585. ^ a b c Raphael, J. L.; Zhang, Y.; Liu, H.; Giardino, A. P. (March 2010). "Parenting stress in US families: implications for paediatric healthcare utilization". Child: Care, Health and Development. 36 (2): 216–224. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2214.2009.01052.x. ISSN 0305-1862. PMID 20047600. ^ a b c Barroso, Nicole E.; Mendez, Lucybel; Graziano, Paulo A.; Bagner, Daniel M. (2017-05-29). "Parenting Stress through the Lens of Different Clinical Groups: a Systematic Review & Meta-Analysis". Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 46 (3): 449–461. doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0313-6. ISSN 0091-0627. PMC 5725271. PMID 28555335. ^ a b Le, Yunying; Fredman, Steffany J.; Feinberg, Mark E. (September 2017). "Parenting stress mediates the association between negative affectivity and harsh parenting: A longitudinal dyadic analysis". Journal of Family Psychology. 31 (6): 679–688. doi:10.1037/fam0000315. ISSN 1939-1293. PMC 5607072. PMID 28318290. S2CID 25557815. ^ Gerson, A. C.; Furth, S. L.; Neu, A. M.; Fivush, B. A. (December 2004). "Assessing associations between medication adherence and potentially modifiable psychosocial variables in pediatric kidney transplant recipients and their families". Pediatric Transplantation. 8 (6): 543–550. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3046.2004.00215.x. ISSN 1397-3142. PMID 15598321. S2CID 41989749. ^ Harmeyer, Erin; Ispa, Jean M.; Palermo, Francisco; Carlo, Gustavo (2016). "Predicting self-regulation and vocabulary and academic skills at kindergarten entry: The roles of maternal parenting stress and mother-child closeness". Early Childhood Research Quarterly. 37: 153–164. doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2016.05.001. ISSN 0885-2006. ^ Benzies, Karen M.; Harrison, Margaret J.; Magill-Evans, Joyce (March 2004). "Parenting Stress, Marital Quality, and Child Behavior Problems at Age 7 Years". Public Health Nursing. 21 (2): 111–121. doi:10.1111/j.0737-1209.2004.021204.x. ISSN 0737-1209. PMID 14987210. ^ Noriuchi, Madoka; Kikuchi, Yoshiaki; Mori, Kumiko; Kamio, Yoko (2019-02-07). "The orbitofrontal cortex modulates parenting stress in the maternal brain". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 1658. Bibcode:2019NatSR...9.1658N. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-38402-9. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6367346. PMID 30733605. ^ Wright, Michelle L.; Huang, Yunfeng; Hui, Qin; Newhall, Kevin; Crusto, Cindy; Sun, Yan V.; Taylor, Jacquelyn Y. (December 2017). "Parenting stress and DNA methylation among African Americans in the InterGEN Study". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science. 1 (6): 328–333. doi:10.1017/cts.2018.3. ISSN 2059-8661. PMC 5915805. PMID 29707254. S2CID 13799431. ^ Azhari, A.; Leck, W. Q.; Gabrieli, G.; Bizzego, A.; Rigo, P.; Setoh, P.; Bornstein, M. H.; Esposito, G. (2019-08-06). "Parenting Stress Undermines Mother-Child Brain-to-Brain Synchrony: A Hyperscanning Study". Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 11407. Bibcode:2019NatSR...911407A. doi:10.1038/s41598-019-47810-4. ISSN 2045-2322. PMC 6684640. PMID 31388049. ^ McWey, Lenore; Holtrop, Kendal (2013). "Retention in a parenting intervention for parents involved with the child welfare system". PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e635102013-004. Retrieved 2019-09-19. ^ Rostad, Whitney L.; Moreland, Angela D.; Valle, Linda Anne; Chaffin, Mark J. (2017-12-22). "Barriers to Participation in Parenting Programs: The Relationship between Parenting Stress, Perceived Barriers, and Program Completion". Journal of Child and Family Studies. 27 (4): 1264–1274. doi:10.1007/s10826-017-0963-6. ISSN 1062-1024. PMC 5812022. PMID 29456438. ^ Mash, Eric J.; Johnston, Charlotte; Kovitz, Karen (December 1983). "A comparison of the mother-child interactions of physically abused and non-abused children during play and task situations". Journal of Clinical Child Psychology. 12 (3): 337–346. doi:10.1080/15374418309533154. ISSN 0047-228X. ^ Kanter, Jeremy B.; Proulx, Christine M. (February 2019). "The longitudinal association between maternal parenting stress and spousal supportiveness". Journal of Family Psychology. 33 (1): 121–131. doi:10.1037/fam0000478. ISSN 1939-1293. PMID 30475003. S2CID 53788169. ^ Leavitt, Chelom E.; McDaniel, Brandon T.; Maas, Megan K.; Feinberg, Mark E. (2016-04-12). "Parenting Stress and Sexual Satisfaction Among First-Time Parents: A Dyadic Approach". Sex Roles. 76 (5–6): 346–355. doi:10.1007/s11199-016-0623-0. ISSN 0360-0025. PMC 5823519. PMID 29479133. ^ Korpa, Terpsichori; Pervanidou, Panagiota; Angeli, Eleni; Apostolakou, Filia; Papanikolaou, Katerina; Papassotiriou, Ioannis; Chrousos, George P.; Kolaitis, Gerasimos (March 2017). "Mothers' parenting stress is associated with salivary cortisol profiles in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder". Stress. 20 (2): 149–158. doi:10.1080/10253890.2017.1303472. ISSN 1607-8888. PMID 28264636. S2CID 3912827.

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It is a construct that relates to both psychological phenomena and to the human body's physiological state as a parent or caretaker of a child.","title":"Parenting stress"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"text":"Unlike many stressful situations and events, parenting stressors tend to be long-term, repetitive, and can create chronic stress that manifests both in psychological and physiological ways. Extensive cross-cultural research has found that parenting stress is associated with parenting and child behaviors, various parenting-related cognitions, and the parent's and child's physiological states. Abidin[2] has presented a non-exhaustive model and a measure that attempts to define the major components of parenting stress, and the impact of these stressors on parenting behavior and their child's development.[3][4] The model concentrates on proximal variables related to the execution of the parenting role: the perceived behavioral characteristics of the child, the parent's self-cognitions, and their perceptions of the familial and friend support available to them. These proximal factors in turn connect with other aspects of the child's and the parent's interpersonal milieu. There are several operational definitions and ways of measuring aspects of parenting stress.[5] Many of these have shown good reliability and criterion validity across a range of different samples, establishing evidence of generalizability. The Parenting Stress Index (PSI),[6] the most widely used measure of parenting stress, has shown associations with a wide range of parenting behaviors and child outcomes and has been used in hundreds of published studies.[7] Since the fourth edition of the PSI has been translated in over 30 languages,[8] cross-cultural replications of the PSI factor structure have been published using normative samples from several countries. Copies of these measures and their test manuals may be obtained from the respective publisher. The goal is to provide a brief overview of the construct of parenting stress for a broader audience, given that the topic is likely to be of interest and importance across a wide range of medical and research contexts. Parenting is a human universal across time and culture, and the construct connects with psychological development, socialization of children, education, health (including when either person in the parent-child dyad experiences other illness or injury), and a wealth of other issues. The overview concludes with links to resources for learning more, or for incorporating measures into other programs of research.","title":"Context"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:02-5"}],"text":"The construct of parenting stress builds on the seminal works of both Selye[9] and Lazarus.[10] Selye demonstrated that a physiological response occurred in the body by phenomenological events like physical environmental stimuli. Although not always maladaptive, the stress in parenting is more likely to be maladaptive, especially when the stress is severe or chronic. Further, he demonstrated that, regardless of the sources of stress, the greater the number of stressors, the larger the body's physiological response. That finding suggested that parenting stress would need to be understood and measured by considering multiple variables. Lazarus articulated the connection of perceptions to emotions and subsequently to both the physiological response and the likely behavioral responses of individuals. Parenting stress thus conceived is not simply a reaction to observable events but the interpretations and other cognitions of the parent relative to the events. The Lazarus model suggests four stages of the stress reaction:Recognition of an environmental demand,\nThe perception of the demand in terms of whether it is perceived as a threat,\nWhether or not the individual believes they have the resources to cope with the event. This process is instantaneous and is essentially an unconscious response.\nBased on stage three, the nervous system responds by either relaxing or preparing to flee or fight.Thus, the works of Selye and Lazarus provide conceptual frameworks for understanding the links between emotion perception, stress, and coping. Multiple evidence-based measures of parenting stress have been developed.[5]","title":"Description"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:2-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:3-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:4-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:1-12"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-24"},{"link_name":"[25]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-25"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:6-24"},{"link_name":"[26]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-26"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:7-23"},{"link_name":"mental","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mental_health"},{"link_name":"physical health","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_health"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:5-22"},{"link_name":"[27]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-27"},{"link_name":"[28]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-28"},{"link_name":"[29]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-29"},{"link_name":"[30]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-30"},{"link_name":"[31]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-31"},{"link_name":"[32]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-32"},{"link_name":"[33]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-33"},{"link_name":"[34]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-34"},{"link_name":"[35]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-35"},{"link_name":"[36]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-36"}],"text":"Kirby Deater-Deckard, in the volume Parenting Stress, presented the first comprehensive articulation of the research on parenting stress concerning the characteristics of parents, the parent-child relationship, and parents' coping behaviors.[11] Since Deater-Deckard's work, there has been a rapid expansion of research documenting the linkage between parenting stress and a wide variety of important issues related to family functioning and child development and behavior. The summary below provides a brief sampling to illustrate the breadth of impact parenting stress has on members of the core family system. It is an illustrative review extracting some examples from a recent more comprehensive review (with its own formal literature review search and extraction process) to concisely introduce a range of topics.Observed Parenting BehaviorParenting stress has been demonstrated to be predictive of abusive mother's behavior towards their children during free play and task situations, parents’ verbal harshness, demanding and controlling behaviors, and parents' level of warmth and engagement with their child.[12][13][14][15][16][17]Child Development and OutcomesParents’ level of stress has been found to be predictive of the development of problem behaviors in children, children's aggressiveness, callous-unemotional traits in children, and children's coping competence.[12][18][19][20][21] Barroso et al. conducted a major review and meta-analysis of the parenting stress literature, which revealed that parenting stress is a major factor with parents coping with their children's behavior.[22][23]Child Academic FunctioningChildren whose parents exhibit high levels of parenting stress display difficulties in executive functioning, lower levels of academic competence, and other behavioral problems in school.[24][25][23][22]Physical Health and Physiological IssuesParenting stress has been associated with elevated cortisol and oxytocin levels both in parents and their children.[24][26][23] These are well-established chemical markers of an individual's mental and physical health. Mothers who exhibit high levels of parenting stress also display a failure to care for their own health needs while also overusing pediatric healthcare services for their children.[22][27] Parenting stress has also been associated with parental brain functioning, epigenetic DNA methylation, and parent-child behavioral synchrony, and brain synchrony.[28][29][30]Compliance with Medical and Psychological TreatmentParents with elevated stress levels have significantly higher non-compliance rates for their treatment and the medically necessary care of their children. They also are early terminators of psychological treatments for their children.[31][32][33]The Parenting Partner RelationshipThe quality of the parents' relationship is a central variable in terms of child outcomes. The level of parenting stress experienced by parenting partners is associated with the child's physical and mental health.[34][35][36]","title":"Research"}]

[{"image_text":"Parent and child personality and pathology factors that contribute to parenting stress.[1]","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Components_of_Parenting_Stress.png/220px-Components_of_Parenting_Stress.png"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feistiellaceae

Feistiellaceae

["1 Genera","2 References"]

Family of algae Feistiellaceae Nitellopsis obtusa, included in some circumscriptions of the family Scientific classification (unranked): Viridiplantae (unranked): Charophyta Class: Charophyceae Order: Charales Family: FeistiellaceaeSchudack Genera See text. Feistiellaceae is a family of freshwater green algae in the order Charales. Genera As of February 2022, AlgaeBase and Fossilworks accepted three genera: †Amblyochara Grambast – 6 species †Feistiella Schudack – 8 species Nitellopsis Hy – 24 species With this circumscription, the family as a whole is not extinct, since Nitellopsis contains living (extant) species, including the widely dispersed Nitellopsis obtusa. Other sources place Nitellopsis in the family Characeae, leaving Feistiellaceae with only extinct genera. References ^ a b c Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M., "Feistiellaceae", AlgaeBase, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, retrieved 2022-02-21 ^ "†family Feistiellaceae Schudack 1993", Fossilworks, retrieved 2022-02-21 ^ Guiry, M.D.; Guiry, G.M., "Nitellopsis obtusa", AlgaeBase, World-wide electronic publication, National University of Ireland, Galway, retrieved 2022-02-21 ^ "Characeae Agardh", Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera (IRMNG), retrieved 2022-02-20 ^ "Nitellopsis Hy", NBN Atlas, retrieved 2022-02-21 Taxon identifiersFeistiellaceae Wikidata: Q65133275 AlgaeBase: 162661 GBIF: 4983602 IRMNG: 11915642 Open Tree of Life: 3855347 Paleobiology Database: 131407 WoRMS: 1306246 This green algae-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mougoulacha

Mougoulacha

["1 Name","2 Population","3 Language","4 History","5 Culture","6 Notes","7 References"]

Historic Native American tribe from Louisiana, U.S. Ethnic group MougoulachaImongoloshaTotal populationextinct as a tribe, merged into the HoumaRegions with significant populationsLouisianaLanguagesSouthern Muskogean languageReligionIndigenous religionRelated ethnic groupsAcolapissa, Okelousa, Quinapissa, Tangipahoa The Mougoulacha were a Native American tribe that lived near Lake Pontchartrain in Louisiana. Some sources indicate that the Mougoulacha may have been the same tribe as the Quinipissa, Acolapissa, and the Tangipahoa. John Reed Swanton suggests that the Quinipissa merged into the surviving Mougoulacha. According to several sources related to the Houma, many tribes in the area of Lake Pontchartrain were called Mougoulacha. Name The name Mougoulacha, also spelled Mugulasha is a simplified version of the name Imongolosha, which may translate as "People from the other side". Population Ethnologist James Mooney estimated that the Mougoulacha, Bayagoula, and Quinipissa had a combined population of 1,500 in 1650. In 1699 Iberville said that the Bayagoula and Mougoulacha together had about 180 to 250 warriors and an estimated 1,250 people. Language The Mougoulacha language was a Southern Muskogean languages, closely related to Choctaw and Chickasaw. History In the year 1699 Pierre Le Moyne d'Iberville journeyed to the east of the Mississippi River Delta and encountered the Mougoulacha tribe. d'Iberville was amazed that the Mougoulacha chief was wearing a blue serge coat. The chief said that the coat was given to him many years ago when Henri de Tonti explored the area. The Mougoulacha chief then showed d'Iberville a letter that was written in French. d'Ibberville determined that the letter was left by Tonti with the Quinipissa tribe fourteen years earlier. This led d'Iberville to believe that the Mougoulacha were actually the remaining members of the Quinipissa tribe. The Bayagoula and Mougoulacha settled together in one village by 1699, but in the spring of 1700, the Bayagoula attacked and almost completely destroyed the Mougoulacha. After that, the tribe is not described again by chroniclers of the time. Culture The tribe maintained perpetual fires burning in two village temples. The temples were the same size as their homes but decorated with animal carvings. The explorer d'Iberville said that he saw many carvings of opossums which they called choucouacha in their Native language along with offerings of deer, bear, and bison skins inside the temple. A Jesuit priest named Paul du Ru said that the Mougoulacha had two temples in each village located on opposite sides of a large plaza. Notes ^ Fred B. Kniffen; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1. ^ a b c Fred B. Kniffen; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1 September 1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1. ^ a b c d John Reed Swanton (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8063-1730-4. Retrieved 15 November 2012. ^ Journal de la Société des américanistes de Paris. La Société. 1922. p. 249. ^ Robert S. Weddle (1991). The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762. Texas A&M University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89096-480-4. ^ Anthropological Linguistics. Anthropology Department, Indiana University. 2005. p. 41. ^ Christopher Morris (21 August 2012). The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples from Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-19-997706-2. ^ Robbie Franklyn Ethridge (2010). From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-0-8078-3435-0. ^ Andi Eaton (30 September 2014). New Orleans Style. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-62585-173-4. ^ Robbie Ethridge (15 December 2010). From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715. University of North Carolina Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8078-9933-5. ^ Fred B. Kniffen; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1. ^ Robbie Ethridge (15 December 2010). From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715. University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-8078-9933-5. References John Reed Swanton (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8063-1730-4.

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The chief said that the coat was given to him many years ago when Henri de Tonti explored the area.[8] The Mougoulacha chief then showed d'Iberville a letter that was written in French. d'Ibberville determined that the letter was left by Tonti with the Quinipissa tribe fourteen years earlier.[9] This led d'Iberville to believe that the Mougoulacha were actually the remaining members of the Quinipissa tribe.[10]The Bayagoula and Mougoulacha settled together in one village by 1699, but in the spring of 1700, the Bayagoula attacked and almost completely destroyed the Mougoulacha.[3] After that, the tribe is not described again by chroniclers of the time.[11]","title":"History"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Ethridge2010-C-12"}],"text":"The tribe maintained perpetual fires burning in two village temples. The temples were the same size as their homes but decorated with animal carvings. The explorer d'Iberville said that he saw many carvings of opossums which they called choucouacha in their Native language along with offerings of deer, bear, and bison skins inside the temple. A Jesuit priest named Paul du Ru said that the Mougoulacha had two temples in each village located on opposite sides of a large plaza.[12]","title":"Culture"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wLkyZStoIXQC&pg=PA51"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-1963-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1963-1"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kniffen51_2-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kniffen51_2-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kniffen51_2-2"},{"link_name":"The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present 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Katrina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=0oTU7Xz4AasC&pg=PT43"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-19-997706-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-997706-2"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ethridge2010-A_8-0"},{"link_name":"From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wqzDGx7bjksC&pg=PA177"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-3435-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-3435-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eaton2014_9-0"},{"link_name":"New Orleans Style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=Fhh3CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT24"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-62585-173-4","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62585-173-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ethridge2010-B_10-0"},{"link_name":"From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NiVPCYm5WTwC&pg=PA179"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-9933-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9933-5"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-11"},{"link_name":"The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=wLkyZStoIXQC&pg=PA51"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8071-1963-1","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-1963-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Ethridge2010-C_12-0"},{"link_name":"From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=NiVPCYm5WTwC&pg=PA177"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-0-8078-9933-5","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-9933-5"}],"text":"^ Fred B. Kniffen; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1.\n\n^ a b c Fred B. Kniffen; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1 September 1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 51. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1.\n\n^ a b c d John Reed Swanton (1952). The Indian Tribes of North America. Genealogical Publishing Com. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-8063-1730-4. Retrieved 15 November 2012.\n\n^ Journal de la Société des américanistes de Paris. La Société. 1922. p. 249.\n\n^ Robert S. Weddle (1991). The French Thorn: Rival Explorers in the Spanish Sea, 1682-1762. Texas A&M University Press. p. 143. ISBN 978-0-89096-480-4.\n\n^ Anthropological Linguistics. Anthropology Department, Indiana University. 2005. p. 41.\n\n^ Christopher Morris (21 August 2012). The Big Muddy: An Environmental History of the Mississippi and Its Peoples from Hernando de Soto to Hurricane Katrina. Oxford University Press. pp. 43–. ISBN 978-0-19-997706-2.\n\n^ Robbie Franklyn Ethridge (2010). From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715. Univ of North Carolina Press. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-0-8078-3435-0.\n\n^ Andi Eaton (30 September 2014). New Orleans Style. Arcadia Publishing Incorporated. p. 24. ISBN 978-1-62585-173-4.\n\n^ Robbie Ethridge (15 December 2010). From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715. University of North Carolina Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-8078-9933-5.\n\n^ Fred B. Kniffen; Hiram F. Gregory; George A. Stokes (1994). The Historic Indian Tribes of Louisiana: From 1542 to the Present Louisiana. LSU Press. p. 52. ISBN 978-0-8071-1963-1.\n\n^ Robbie Ethridge (15 December 2010). From Chicaza to Chickasaw: The European Invasion and the Transformation of the Mississippian World, 1540-1715. University of North Carolina Press. p. 177. ISBN 978-0-8078-9933-5.","title":"Notes"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Cairn_Vellacott

Paul Cairn Vellacott

["1 References"]

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: "Paul Cairn Vellacott" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (December 2009) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Paul Cairn VellacottBorn24 May 1891Died15 November 1954NationalityBritishOccupationAcademicKnown forMaster of Peterhouse, Cambridge Paul Cairn Vellacott CBE DSO (24 May 1891 – 15 November 1954) served as Headmaster of Harrow School and Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge. The son of William Edward Vellacott (a Fellow of the Institute of Chartered Accountants who lived at Budleigh Salterton, Devon), he was educated at Marlborough College and Peterhouse, Cambridge, where he studied the Historical Tripos. He served as Headmaster of Harrow School from 1934 to 1939 and Master of Peterhouse from 1939 to 1954. Vellacott was awarded the Distinguished Service Order and made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire. On 20 June 1929 he married Hilda Francesca Lubbock, daughter of Sir Nevile Lubbock (1839–1914) and Constance Ann Herschel (daughter of astronomer John Herschel and granddaughter of astronomer William Herschel). References ^ "VELLACOTT, Paul Cairn". Who's Who & Who Was Who. Vol. 2018 (online ed.). A & C Black. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.) Academic offices Preceded byCyril Norwood Head Master of Harrow School 1934-1939 Succeeded byPaul Boissier Academic offices Preceded byHarold Temperley Master of Peterhouse, Cambridge 1939–1954 Succeeded byHerbert Butterfield Authority control databases International VIAF WorldCat National Germany vteHead Masters of HarrowHead Masters 1608–1611 Anthony Rate 1611–1615 Thomas or Henry Bradley 1615–1621 William Launce 1621–1628 Robert Whittle 1628–1661 William Hide 1661–1668 Thomas Johnson 1668–1669 Thomas Martin 1669–1685 William Horne 1685–1691 William Bolton 1692–1730 Thomas Brian 1730–1746 James Cox (absconded) 1746–1760 Thomas Thackeray 1760–1771 Robert Carey Sumner 1771–1785 Benjamin Heath 1785–1805 Joseph Drury 1805–1829 George Butler 1829–1836 Dr Charles Longley 1836–1844 Christopher Wordsworth 1845–1859 Dr Charles John Vaughan 1860–1885 Henry Montagu Butler 1885–1898 James Welldon 1898–1910 Dr Joseph Wood 1910–1925 Lionel Ford 1926–1934 Dr Cyril Norwood 1934–1939 Paul Cairn Vellacott 1940–1942 Paul Boissier 1942–1953 Ralph Westwood Moore 1953–1971 Robert Leoline James 1971–1981 Michael Hoban 1981–1991 Ian David Stafford Beer 1991–1999 Nicholas Raymond Bomford 1999–2011 Barnaby Lenon 2011–2018 James Hawkins 2018–2019 Mel Mrowiec (interim) 2019– Alastair Land

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_Chanmi_(singer)

Im Do-hwa

["1 Biography","2 Career","2.1 Career with AOA and AOA Cream","2.2 As soloist and actress","3 Personal life","4 Discography","4.1 Singles","5 Filmography","5.1 Film","5.2 Television series","5.3 Web series","5.4 Variety shows","5.5 Web shows","6 Theater","7 References","8 External links"]

South Korean singer and actress (born 1996) In this Korean name, the family name is Kim. In the stage name or pen-name, the surname is Im. Im Do-hwaIm in January 2018BornKim Chan-mi (1996-06-19) June 19, 1996 (age 27)Gumi, South KoreaOccupationsSingeractressMusical careerGenresK-popInstrument(s)VocalsYears active2012–presentLabelsFNCMember ofAOAAOA Cream Musical artistKorean nameHangul임도화Hanja林到婲Revised RomanizationIm Do-hwaMcCune–ReischauerIm DohwaBirth nameHangul김찬미Hanja金澯美Revised RomanizationGim Chan-miMcCune–ReischauerKim Ch'anmi Im Do-hwa (Korean: 임도화, née Kim Chan-mi (김찬미); born June 19, 1996), previously known mononymously as Chanmi (Korean: 찬미), is a South Korean singer, dancer, and actress. She is a former member of the South Korean girl group AOA. Biography Im was born on June 19, 1996, in Gumi, South Korea. She was enrolled into dancing school at a young age, and performed on the streets of Gumi. She and her two sisters, Kyung-mi and Hye-mi, were raised by their mother after their parents divorced when Im was in elementary school. Her mother ran a hair salon so she decided to become an idol to help her mother's financial situation. She was recruited by FNC Entertainment and became an FNC trainee during middle school. Career Career with AOA and AOA Cream Main article: AOA (group) On July 30, 2012, Im, made her debut as a member of AOA on Mnet's M! Countdown with their debut single album, Angels' Story and the title track "Elvis". AOA has released four EPs and ten singles in total. Im is also part of sub-unit AOA Cream together with Yuna and Hyejeong. The sub-unit released their first teaser on February 1, 2016. The music video teaser for title track "I'm Jelly Baby" was released on February 4, 2016. AOA Cream released their title track together with the MV on February 12, 2016. As soloist and actress Im has participated in multiple solo competitions and has been recognized for her dancing and fitness skills. She made it into the final round of MBC Music's Idol Dance Battle D-Style in 2014, and performed in both a solo dance stage and a joint dance stage in MBC's DMC Festival in 2015. She also competed in KBS's Muscle Queen Project in 2016. The singer made her debut as an actress with her first lead role in the web drama What's Up With These Kids? as Geum Hyera. She acted alongside VIXX members N and Hongbin. The drama was aired on November 16, 2016. In March 2017, it was revealed that Im was going to star in an idol actor survival variety show called I Am An Actor. The first episode was aired in April 2017. At the conclusion of the show, Im placed first and won a role in an upcoming film entitled Lookism. In 2019, Im, together with former AOA members Yuna and Hyejeong took part in Lifetime's reality program AOA DaSaDanang Heart Attack Danang where the members traveled to Danang, Vietnam for an adventure. In June 2019, Im was cast in web drama Love Formula 11M as Jiyoon. In November 2019 she was cast in MBC's new pilot variety show House of Sharing. The show began in broadcast in early December 2019. On June 29, 2021, Im was confirmed to co-star alongside VIXX's Hyuk in the upcoming rom-com movie A Different Girl. Im participated in the virtual reality competitive show Girls Reverse. which aired on January 2, 2023. She was eliminated in the preliminary vocal round. On May 27, 2023, Im was revealed to be a contestant on the reality competitive show Queendom Puzzle. On 16 August 2023, Im was eliminated in the final episode, finishing 14th overall with 229,076 points. On May 22, 2024, Dohwa announced through her personal social media that she had left FNC Entertainment following the expiration of her contract. Personal life On April 25, 2022, she changed her last name from Kim to Im, following her mother's surname. Following her appearance as Im Do-hwa on Girls Reverse, Im announced that she now wishes to use the name Do-hwa for all her future activities, and that she was looking forward to pursuing an acting career. Discography Main article: AOA discography Singles Title Year Peak positions Album KOR Soundtrack appearances "One More Chance"(with Sanha) 2019 — Love Formula 11M OST "We all love under the moonlight" (우리는 모두 달빛 아래 사랑을 하네) 2022 — Refresh 2022 OST "I like it now" (지금이 좋아) — "To you slowly" (그대에게 천천히)(with KCM) — Compilation appearances "A midsummer night's sweetness" (한 여름밤의 꿀)(with Kim Hye-mi) 2022 — DNA Singer - Fantastic Family Round 6 "Hopeless Romantic" (사랑이라 믿었던 것들은) (with Fye, Juri & Jiwoo) 2023 — Queendom Puzzle ALL-ROUNDER BATTLE 1 "Overwater" (with Miru, Fye, Soojin, Seoyeon & Jiwoo) — Queendom Puzzle ALL-ROUNDER BATTLE 2 "i DGA (i DONT GIVE A)"(with Yuki, Hwiseo, Yeeun, Fye, Yeoreum & Elly) — Queendom Puzzle SEMI FINAL "Last Piece" (with Hwiseo, Yeoreum, Yeeun, Elly, Jiwoo & Juri) — Queendom Puzzle FINAL "Start Over" (시작) 2024 — A song that catches my ear Part.09 Filmography This section of a biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification. Please help by adding reliable sources. Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately from the article and its talk page, especially if potentially libelous.Find sources: "Im Do-hwa" – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (May 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Film Year Title Role Ref. 2021 A Different Girl Ji-yeon 2022 Refresh Hyun-joo 2023 Love My Scent Ah-yeong TBA Changhon: Night of Salvation Su-ah Television series Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2016 Entertainer Herself Cameo 2017 My Father Is Strange 2018 Sky Castle Cameo (Ep. 3–4) 2020 AI Her Joo-ri Miniseries 2021 The Second Husband Herself Cameo (Ep. 5) 2023 Brain Works Virtual human Cameo (Ep. 8) Web series Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2016 Click Your Heart Herself Cameo What's Up With These Kids? Geum Hye-ra 2019 Love Formula 11M Ji-yoon 2019–2020 The Genome Romance Jang Heung-mi 2020 Office Today, Romance Tomorrow Kang Hye-mi 2021 The Birth of a Nation Kwak So-yeon Variety shows Year Title Role Notes Ref. 2014 Idol Dance Battle D-Style Contestant 2016 Muscle Queen Contestant 2017 I Am An Actor Contestant 1st place Haha Land Panel Magic Control Panel 2018 Magic Control Panel Lunar New Year Special I want to see the bookcase Panel 2019 Let's Meet at the Shop Host 2020 King of Mask Singer Contestant 2nd Round Idol League 2 MC 2021 It's okay because we're family Panel 2022 써클 하우스 (Circle House) Guest Ep.10 You Quiz on the Block (Season 3) Guest's Companion Ep.157 DNA Singer - Fantastic Family Contestant's Companion Ep.12 2023 Girls Reverse Contestant Eliminated in preliminary round Queendom Puzzle Contestant Eliminated in final episode King of Mask Singer Panel Judge Web shows Year Title Role Ref. 2022 A Blessed Life Host Girl Reverse Contestant Theater Year English title Korean title Role Ref. 2022 Why did you come to my house 우리집에 왜 왔니 Seo Jae-hee 2024 The Killer Is Coming 킬러가 온다 Ban Hana (반하나) References ^ a b Baek Seung-hoon (January 19, 2023). "엄마 성 따른 AOA 찬미, 이름도 바꿨다…'임도화' 개명 이유는 " ] (in Korean). iMBC. Retrieved January 20, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "FNC Entertainment". ^ "Documentary on Chanmi's mother". YouTube. Retrieved September 9, 2016. ^ AOA 찬미, 가출의 기억 160408 EP.1, retrieved May 27, 2023 ^ AOA - ELVIS M/V, retrieved May 27, 2023 ^ AOA discography ^ "AOA Cream shares sweet image teasers for upcoming unit debut". Koreaboo. February 1, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ AOA 크림(CREAM) _ TRANSFORM, retrieved May 27, 2023 ^ AOA 크림(CREAM) _ 질투 나요 BABY(I'm Jelly BABY), retrieved May 27, 2023 ^ Hani, Yura, Chanmi - joint stage, 하니, 유라, 찬미 - 합동 무대, DMC Festival 2015, retrieved May 27, 2023 ^ "인순이-진운, KBS 설특집 '머슬퀸 프로젝트' MC발탁". 아이뉴스24 (in Korean). January 18, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ "빅스 엔·홍빈, 웹드라마 '얘네들 머니?' 주연 발탁". September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ (in Korean) 단독 "우승자는 드라마 출연"…싸이더스iHQ, 연기돌 서바이벌 론칭] ^ "AOA 찬미 '내가 배우다' 최종 우승, 영화 '외모지상주의' 출연 확정". Nate News (in Korean). Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ (in Korean) 'AOA 크림' 유나-혜정-찬미, 라이프타임 신규 웹예능 출연 확정 ^ (in Korean) AOA 찬미, 웹드 '사랑공식 11M' 캐스팅 확정…여주인공 '지윤' 낙점 ^ (in Korean) '공유의 집' 박명수X노홍철X김준수X박하나XAOA 찬미, 5人 출연진 완전체 공개 ^ Kim, Sung-hyun (June 29, 2021). "AOA 찬미·빅스 혁, 영화 '색다른 그녀' 출연 확정… 첫 연기 호흡(공식)". YTN (in Korean). Retrieved June 29, 2021. ^ Kwon, Hye-me (May 31, 2023). "'소녀리버스'→'퀸덤퍼즐'…걸그룹 멤버들의 멈추지 않는 '재데뷔' 도전". Naver (in Korean). Retrieved February 7, 2024. ^ "AOA's Chanmi, eliminated from Girl's Re:verse, talks about finding her voice". South China Morning Post. January 27, 2023. Retrieved May 27, 2023. ^ Jeong, Jin-ri (April 27, 2023). AOA 임도화(찬미), '퀸덤 퍼즐' 출연…걸그룹 서바이벌 재도전 AOA Lim Do-hwa (Chan-mi) appears in 'Queendom Puzzle'... Girl group's survival challenge again.]. SpoTV News (in Korean). Retrieved April 26, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Cho, Yong-jun (August 16, 2023). "'Queendom Puzzle' reveals lineup for project girl group EL7Z UP". Korea JoongAng Daily. Retrieved August 23, 2023. ^ "뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예". ^ Kim Hyun-sik (April 25, 2022). "AOA 찬미, 임씨로 성본 변경 "어머니 성 따라 살기로" (in Korean). Edaily. Retrieved April 25, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Circle (formerly Gaon) Digital Chart: "Think About You (널 생각해 (Prod. by 이찬혁 of 악동뮤지션)) – Week 47 of 2015". Gaon Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on November 24, 2015. Retrieved July 3, 2019. "Panorama – Week 44 of 2022". Circle Chart (in Korean). Archived from the original on January 10, 2023. Retrieved November 3, 2022. "1 Trillion – Week 1 of 2024". Circle Chart (in Korean). Retrieved January 11, 2024. ^ Kim Sung-hyun (June 29, 2021). "AOA 찬미·빅스 혁, 영화 '색다른 그녀' 출연 확정… 첫 연기 호흡(공식)" . YTN (in Korean). Naver. Retrieved June 29, 2021. ^ Kim Mi-hwa (September 15, 2021). "빅스 혁XAOA 찬미 '색다른 그녀', 10월 개봉 확정 " ]. Star News (in Korean). Retrieved September 15, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Kim Ye-ji (January 21, 2022). "홍경인·김찬미·명현만, KCM 영화 '리프레쉬'서 주목" (in Korean). Newsis. Retrieved January 21, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Yoon Ki-baek (September 15, 2023). "아누팜→임도화·송승현, 오컬트 호러 '창혼: 구원의 밤' 캐스팅" . edaily.co.kr (in Korean). ^ (in Korean) "AOA 찬미, 'SKY 캐슬' 특별출연…익살스러운 에피소드로 열연 '기대'". Naver (in Korean). November 30, 2018. ^ "웹드라마 인공지능 그녀 (AI Her) 뉴플러스 오리지널". Naver Blog (in Korean). March 31, 2020. ^ Kim Yu-jin (February 1, 2023). "두뇌공조' 임도화, 가상 인간 체리 역 완벽 변신…'싱크로율 100%" (in Korean). X-ports News. Retrieved February 4, 2023 – via Naver. ^ "AOA 찬미, 웹드라마로 연기자 데뷔..빅스와 호흡". September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016. ^ "AOA 찬미, 웹드 '사랑공식 11M' 캐스팅 확정…여주인공 '지윤' 낙점". June 25, 2019. ^ Kang Bo-ra (December 28, 2019). "AOA 찬미, 푼수 매력 가득! 웹드 '이런 게놈의 로맨스' 출연" (in Korean). ^ Kim Kyung-hee (October 25, 2021). "'국가의 탄생' 박상면X윤유선X김찬미(AOA)X주호(SF9)X박상훈, 시트콤 도전!" (in Korean). iMBC. Retrieved October 25, 2021 – via Naver. ^ Kim Eun-ae (May 24, 2017). "MBC, 新동물프로 '하하랜드' 론칭..노홍철·유진 MC". OSEN. ^ Lee, Deok-hang (August 11, 2023). "AOA 찬미를 지워낸 '퀸덤 퍼즐' 임도화의 가능성" (in Korean). ize. Retrieved August 12, 2023 – via Naver. ^ Kim In-gu (February 24, 2022). "AOA 찬미, 토크쇼 라이브 '찬미스런 생활' 24일 첫 공개" (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. Retrieved February 24, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Jang Jin-ri (November 24, 2022). "찬미, AOA 해체 수순 후 '소녀 리버스'로 버추얼 아이돌 도전" (in Korean). SpoTV News. Retrieved November 24, 2022 – via Naver. ^ Kim Soo-jin (June 3, 2022). "AOA 찬미, 연극 '우리집에 왜 왔니' 주인공 캐스팅" (in Korean). MT Star News. Retrieved June 3, 2022 – via Naver. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kim Chan-mi. Lim Do-hwa at FNC Entertainment Im Do-hwa at HanCinema vteAOA Hyejeong Seolhyun Dohwa Youkyung Choa Mina Jimin Yuna Subgroups AOA Black AOA Cream Studio albumsKorean Angel's Knock Japanese Ace of Angels Runway Extended plays Short Hair Like a Cat Heart Attack Good Luck Bingle Bangle New Moon Single albums Angels' Story Wanna Be Red Motion Miniskirt SinglesKorean "Miniskirt" "Good Luck" Japanese "Miniskirt" "Give Me the Love" "Good Luck" Television Queendom Related articles FNC Entertainment CJ E&M Music and Live LOEN Entertainment Delicious Deli Universal Music Japan Discography Awards and nominations vteFNC EntertainmentSubsidiaries AI Entertainment Recording artists F.T. Island CNBLUE AOA N.Flying SF9 Cherry Bullet P1Harmony Actors Jung Hae-in Jung Yong-hwa Kang Chan-hee Rowoon Kim Seol-hyun Kim Yeon-seo Kwak Dong-yeon Lee Dong-gun Lee Hong-gi Lee Jae-jin Jaeyoon Lee Jong-hyun Kang Min Hyuk Lee Jung-shin Park Gwang-hyun Shin Hyejeong Song Seung-hyun Sung Hyuk Related CJ E&M Music Performance Division Discography Cheongdam-dong 111 Who is Princess? Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF National Korea Artists MusicBrainz

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Korean name","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_name"},{"link_name":"Kim","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kim_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"surname","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surname"},{"link_name":"Im","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Im_(Korean_surname)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"Korean","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_language"},{"link_name":"AOA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOA_(group)"}],"text":"In this Korean name, the family name is Kim. In the stage name or pen-name, the surname is Im.Im Do-hwa[1] (Korean: 임도화, née Kim Chan-mi (김찬미); born June 19, 1996), previously known mononymously as Chanmi (Korean: 찬미), is a South Korean singer, dancer, and actress. She is a former member of the South Korean girl group AOA.","title":"Im Do-hwa"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Gumi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumi,_North_Gyeongsang"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"text":"Im was born on June 19, 1996, in Gumi, South Korea.[2] She was enrolled into dancing school at a young age, and performed on the streets of Gumi. She and her two sisters, Kyung-mi and Hye-mi, were raised by their mother after their parents divorced when Im was in elementary school. Her mother ran a hair salon so she decided to become an idol to help her mother's financial situation.[3][non-primary source needed] She was recruited by FNC Entertainment and became an FNC trainee during middle school.[4][non-primary source needed]","title":"Biography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"M! Countdown","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M!_Countdown"},{"link_name":"Angels' Story","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angels%27_Story"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"AOA Cream","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AOA_Cream"},{"link_name":"Yuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seo_Yuna"},{"link_name":"Hyejeong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shin_Hye-jeong"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"unreliable source?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"}],"sub_title":"Career with AOA and AOA Cream","text":"On July 30, 2012, Im, made her debut as a member of AOA on Mnet's M! Countdown with their debut single album, Angels' Story and the title track \"Elvis\".[5][non-primary source needed] AOA has released four EPs and ten singles in total.[6]Im is also part of sub-unit AOA Cream together with Yuna and Hyejeong. The sub-unit released their first teaser on February 1, 2016.[7][unreliable source?] The music video teaser for title track \"I'm Jelly Baby\" was released on February 4, 2016.[8][non-primary source needed] AOA Cream released their title track together with the MV on February 12, 2016.[9][non-primary source needed]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"MBC Music's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MBC_Music"},{"link_name":"MBC's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"non-primary source needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources"},{"link_name":"KBS","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"VIXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIXX"},{"link_name":"N","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N_(singer)"},{"link_name":"Hongbin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_Hong-bin"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"Lifetime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lifetime_(TV_network)"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"VIXX","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VIXX"},{"link_name":"Hyuk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyuk_(singer)"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"Girls Reverse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girls_Reverse"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"},{"link_name":"Queendom Puzzle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queendom_Puzzle"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-22"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"sub_title":"As soloist and actress","text":"Im has participated in multiple solo competitions and has been recognized for her dancing and fitness skills. She made it into the final round of MBC Music's Idol Dance Battle D-Style in 2014, and performed in both a solo dance stage and a joint dance stage in MBC's DMC Festival in 2015.[10][non-primary source needed] She also competed in KBS's Muscle Queen Project in 2016.[11]The singer made her debut as an actress with her first lead role in the web drama What's Up With These Kids? as Geum Hyera. She acted alongside VIXX members N and Hongbin. The drama was aired on November 16, 2016.[12]In March 2017, it was revealed that Im was going to star in an idol actor survival variety show called I Am An Actor. The first episode was aired in April 2017.[13] At the conclusion of the show, Im placed first and won a role in an upcoming film entitled Lookism.[14]In 2019, Im, together with former AOA members Yuna and Hyejeong took part in Lifetime's reality program AOA DaSaDanang Heart Attack Danang where the members traveled to Danang, Vietnam for an adventure.[15] In June 2019, Im was cast in web drama Love Formula 11M as Jiyoon.[16] In November 2019 she was cast in MBC's new pilot variety show House of Sharing. The show began in broadcast in early December 2019.[17]On June 29, 2021, Im was confirmed to co-star alongside VIXX's Hyuk in the upcoming rom-com movie A Different Girl.[18]Im participated in the virtual reality competitive show Girls Reverse.[19] which aired on January 2, 2023. She was eliminated in the preliminary vocal round.[20] On May 27, 2023, Im was revealed to be a contestant on the reality competitive show Queendom Puzzle.[21] On 16 August 2023, Im was eliminated in the final episode, finishing 14th overall with 229,076 points.[22]On May 22, 2024, Dohwa announced through her personal social media that she had left FNC Entertainment following the expiration of her contract.[23]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-:0-1"}],"text":"On April 25, 2022, she changed her last name from Kim to Im, following her mother's surname.[24]Following her appearance as Im Do-hwa on Girls Reverse, Im announced that she now wishes to use the name Do-hwa for all her future activities, and that she was looking forward to pursuing an acting career.[1]","title":"Personal life"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Singles","title":"Discography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Film","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Television series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web series","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Variety shows","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"sub_title":"Web shows","title":"Filmography"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Theater"}]

[]

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Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.koreaboo.com/article/aoa-cream-shares-sweet-image-teasers-for-upcoming-unit-debut/","url_text":"\"AOA Cream shares sweet image teasers for upcoming unit debut\""}]},{"reference":"[Teaser] AOA 크림(CREAM) _ TRANSFORM, retrieved May 27, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjJQTtbiQT4","url_text":"[Teaser] AOA 크림(CREAM) _ TRANSFORM"}]},{"reference":"[MV] AOA 크림(CREAM) _ 질투 나요 BABY(I'm Jelly BABY), retrieved May 27, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaxUPPdXkaI","url_text":"[MV] AOA 크림(CREAM) _ 질투 나요 BABY(I'm Jelly BABY)"}]},{"reference":"[HOT] Hani, Yura, Chanmi - joint stage, 하니, 유라, 찬미 - 합동 무대, DMC Festival 2015, retrieved May 27, 2023","urls":[{"url":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RSSA9Jiq_4","url_text":"[HOT] Hani, Yura, Chanmi - joint stage, 하니, 유라, 찬미 - 합동 무대, DMC Festival 2015"}]},{"reference":"\"인순이-진운, KBS 설특집 '머슬퀸 프로젝트' MC발탁\". 아이뉴스24 (in Korean). January 18, 2016. Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.joynews24.com/view/938781","url_text":"\"인순이-진운, KBS 설특집 '머슬퀸 프로젝트' MC발탁\""}]},{"reference":"\"빅스 엔·홍빈, 웹드라마 '얘네들 머니?' 주연 발탁\". September 21, 2016. Retrieved September 25, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110499442","url_text":"\"빅스 엔·홍빈, 웹드라마 '얘네들 머니?' 주연 발탁\""}]},{"reference":"\"AOA 찬미 '내가 배우다' 최종 우승, 영화 '외모지상주의' 출연 확정\". Nate News (in Korean). Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.nate.com/view/20170628n35103?mid=n0107","url_text":"\"AOA 찬미 '내가 배우다' 최종 우승, 영화 '외모지상주의' 출연 확정\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nate_News","url_text":"Nate News"}]},{"reference":"Kim, Sung-hyun (June 29, 2021). \"AOA 찬미·빅스 혁, 영화 '색다른 그녀' 출연 확정… 첫 연기 호흡(공식)\". YTN (in Korean). 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Retrieved May 27, 2023.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/k-pop/bands/article/3208026/aoas-chanmi-eliminated-survival-show-girls-reverse-finding-her-voice-show-doing-what-she-likes-and","url_text":"\"AOA's Chanmi, eliminated from Girl's Re:verse, talks about finding her voice\""}]},{"reference":"Jeong, Jin-ri (April 27, 2023). [단독]AOA 임도화(찬미), '퀸덤 퍼즐' 출연…걸그룹 서바이벌 재도전 [[Exclusive] AOA Lim Do-hwa (Chan-mi) appears in 'Queendom Puzzle'... Girl group's survival challenge again.]. SpoTV News (in Korean). Retrieved April 26, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&aid=0000426278","url_text":"[단독]AOA 임도화(찬미), '퀸덤 퍼즐' 출연…걸그룹 서바이벌 재도전"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Cho, Yong-jun (August 16, 2023). \"'Queendom Puzzle' reveals lineup for project girl group EL7Z UP\". Korea JoongAng Daily. 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November 30, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=215&aid=0000710059","url_text":"\"AOA 찬미, 'SKY 캐슬' 특별출연…익살스러운 에피소드로 열연 '기대'\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"\"웹드라마 인공지능 그녀 (AI Her) 뉴플러스 오리지널\". Naver Blog (in Korean). March 31, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://m.blog.naver.com/erke2000/221882091256","url_text":"\"웹드라마 인공지능 그녀 (AI Her) 뉴플러스 오리지널\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver_Blog","url_text":"Naver Blog"}]},{"reference":"Kim Yu-jin (February 1, 2023). \"두뇌공조' 임도화, 가상 인간 체리 역 완벽 변신…'싱크로율 100%\" [Im Do-hwa of 'Brain Cooperation' perfectly transforms herself into virtual human Cherry... 'Synchronization rate 100%'] (in Korean). X-ports News. 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June 25, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.etnews.com/20190625000176","url_text":"\"AOA 찬미, 웹드 '사랑공식 11M' 캐스팅 확정…여주인공 '지윤' 낙점\""}]},{"reference":"Kang Bo-ra (December 28, 2019). \"AOA 찬미, 푼수 매력 가득! 웹드 '이런 게놈의 로맨스' 출연\" (in Korean).","urls":[{"url":"http://www.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=124012","url_text":"\"AOA 찬미, 푼수 매력 가득! 웹드 '이런 게놈의 로맨스' 출연\""}]},{"reference":"Kim Kyung-hee (October 25, 2021). \"'국가의 탄생' 박상면X윤유선X김찬미(AOA)X주호(SF9)X박상훈, 시트콤 도전!\" [Birth of a Nation' Park Sang-myeon X Yoon Yu-seon X Kim Chan-mi (AOA) X Joo-ho (SF9) X Park Sang-hoon, sitcom challenge!] (in Korean). iMBC. Retrieved October 25, 2021 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000136790","url_text":"\"'국가의 탄생' 박상면X윤유선X김찬미(AOA)X주호(SF9)X박상훈, 시트콤 도전!\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IMBC","url_text":"iMBC"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Kim Eun-ae (May 24, 2017). \"MBC, 新동물프로 '하하랜드' 론칭..노홍철·유진 MC\". OSEN.","urls":[{"url":"http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110651752","url_text":"\"MBC, 新동물프로 '하하랜드' 론칭..노홍철·유진 MC\""}]},{"reference":"Lee, Deok-hang (August 11, 2023). \"AOA 찬미를 지워낸 '퀸덤 퍼즐' 임도화의 가능성\" [Possibility of Lim Do-hwa in 'Queendom Puzzle' that erased AOA's Chanmi] (in Korean). ize. Retrieved August 12, 2023 – via Naver.","urls":[{"url":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=465&aid=0000006943","url_text":"\"AOA 찬미를 지워낸 '퀸덤 퍼즐' 임도화의 가능성\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naver","url_text":"Naver"}]},{"reference":"Kim In-gu (February 24, 2022). \"AOA 찬미, 토크쇼 라이브 '찬미스런 생활' 24일 첫 공개\" [AOA Chanmi, talk show live 'A Blessed Life' first released on the 24th] (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. 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Chanmi's mother\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cT5UdGV6quQ","external_links_name":"[CHANNEL AOA] AOA 찬미, 가출의 기억 160408 EP.1"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e5KOIrBcwj8","external_links_name":"AOA - ELVIS M/V"},{"Link":"https://www.koreaboo.com/article/aoa-cream-shares-sweet-image-teasers-for-upcoming-unit-debut/","external_links_name":"\"AOA Cream shares sweet image teasers for upcoming unit debut\""},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IjJQTtbiQT4","external_links_name":"[Teaser] AOA 크림(CREAM) _ TRANSFORM"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oaxUPPdXkaI","external_links_name":"[MV] AOA 크림(CREAM) _ 질투 나요 BABY(I'm Jelly BABY)"},{"Link":"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-RSSA9Jiq_4","external_links_name":"[HOT] Hani, Yura, Chanmi - joint stage, 하니, 유라, 찬미 - 합동 무대, DMC Festival 2015"},{"Link":"https://www.joynews24.com/view/938781","external_links_name":"\"인순이-진운, KBS 설특집 '머슬퀸 프로젝트' 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멤버들의 멈추지 않는 '재데뷔' 도전\""},{"Link":"https://www.scmp.com/lifestyle/k-pop/bands/article/3208026/aoas-chanmi-eliminated-survival-show-girls-reverse-finding-her-voice-show-doing-what-she-likes-and","external_links_name":"\"AOA's Chanmi, eliminated from Girl's Re:verse, talks about finding her voice\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=477&aid=0000426278","external_links_name":"[단독]AOA 임도화(찬미), '퀸덤 퍼즐' 출연…걸그룹 서바이벌 재도전"},{"Link":"https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/2023-08-16/entertainment/kpop/Queendom-Puzzle-reveals-lineup-for-project-girl-group-EL7Z-UP/1847628","external_links_name":"\"'Queendom Puzzle' reveals lineup for project girl group EL7Z UP\""},{"Link":"https://m.entertain.naver.com/now/article/421/0007555570","external_links_name":"\"뉴스 : 네이버 Tv연예\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=018&aid=0005199672","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 임씨로 성본 변경 \"어머니 성 따라 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캐스팅\""},{"Link":"https://m.entertain.naver.com/read?oid=215&aid=0000710059","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 'SKY 캐슬' 특별출연…익살스러운 에피소드로 열연 '기대'\""},{"Link":"https://m.blog.naver.com/erke2000/221882091256","external_links_name":"\"웹드라마 인공지능 그녀 (AI Her) 뉴플러스 오리지널\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=311&aid=0001552641","external_links_name":"\"두뇌공조' 임도화, 가상 인간 체리 역 완벽 변신…'싱크로율 100%\""},{"Link":"http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110499451","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 웹드라마로 연기자 데뷔..빅스와 호흡\""},{"Link":"https://www.etnews.com/20190625000176","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 웹드 '사랑공식 11M' 캐스팅 확정…여주인공 '지윤' 낙점\""},{"Link":"http://www.slist.kr/news/articleView.html?idxno=124012","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 푼수 매력 가득! 웹드 '이런 게놈의 로맨스' 출연\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=408&aid=0000136790","external_links_name":"\"'국가의 탄생' 박상면X윤유선X김찬미(AOA)X주호(SF9)X박상훈, 시트콤 도전!\""},{"Link":"http://osen.mt.co.kr/article/G1110651752","external_links_name":"\"MBC, 新동물프로 '하하랜드' 론칭..노홍철·유진 MC\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/read?oid=465&aid=0000006943","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미를 지워낸 '퀸덤 퍼즐' 임도화의 가능성\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=021&aid=0002504475","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 토크쇼 라이브 '찬미스런 생활' 24일 첫 공개\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=477&aid=0000396351","external_links_name":"\"찬미, AOA 해체 수순 후 '소녀 리버스'로 버추얼 아이돌 도전\""},{"Link":"https://entertain.naver.com/now/read?oid=108&aid=0003059321","external_links_name":"\"AOA 찬미, 연극 '우리집에 왜 왔니' 주인공 캐스팅\""},{"Link":"https://www.fncent.com/LimDoHwa/b/introduce/55234","external_links_name":"Lim Do-hwa"},{"Link":"https://www.hancinema.net/korean_Chanmi.php","external_links_name":"Im Do-hwa"},{"Link":"https://isni.org/isni/0000000461008786","external_links_name":"ISNI"},{"Link":"https://viaf.org/viaf/249150468208504170502","external_links_name":"VIAF"},{"Link":"https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201729457","external_links_name":"Korea"},{"Link":"https://musicbrainz.org/artist/e2596d17-2fab-4fe7-8233-8235b431efdd","external_links_name":"MusicBrainz"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_King_(artist)

William King (artist)

["1 References"]

American sculptor (1925–2015) This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (January 2024) (Learn how and when to remove this message) William KingBorn(1925-02-25)25 February 1925Jacksonville, FloridaDied4 March 2015(2015-03-04) (aged 90)East Hampton, New YorkEducationUniversity of FloridaCooper UnionOccupationAmerican sculptor William King (25 February 1925 – 4 March 2015) was a contemporary American sculptor born in Jacksonville, Florida, in 1925. His work spanned countless media and usually revolved around the figurative portrayal of human figures. After attending the University of Florida, King moved to New York in 1945 and graduated from Cooper Union in 1948. His style was mostly abstraction and pop art. During the years of 1994 to 1998, he served as the president of the National Academy of Design. In 2007, King was the recipient of the Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award given by the International Sculpture Center. References Lifetime Achievement in Contemporary Sculpture Award, The International Sculpture Center. member American Academy of Arts and Letters. Fulbright Grant (Italy) 1950–1. Bruce Weber: William King, Sculptor Who Used Wit, Dies at 90. In: The New York Times, 26 March 2015. Authority control databases International FAST ISNI VIAF WorldCat National United States Artists RKD Artists ULAN Other SNAC IdRef This article about an American sculptor is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telangana_State_Power_Generation_Corporation_Limited

Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited

["1 History","2 Mission","3 Power Plants of TSGENCO","3.1 Thermal-Coal based","3.2 Hydro-Water based","3.3 Non-Conventional Plants","4 See also","5 References"]

Indian power generating organization TSGENCOCompany typeDivision of Telangana State Electricity BoardIndustryElectricity generationFounded2 June 2014HeadquartersHyderabad, Telangana, IndiaKey peopleSri Syed Ali Murtaza Rizvi , IAS (Chairman And Managing Director)(FAC)ProductsElectricityWebsitehttp://www.tsgenco.co.in/ Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited is a division of Telangana State Electricity Board. It is responsible for power generation in the state of Telangana. It has ceased to do power trading and has retained with powers of controlling system operations of power generation after formation of Telangana state. Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited has been incorporated under companies Act, 2013, on 19 May 2014 and commenced its operations from 2 June 2014. History The erstwhile Andhra Pradesh State Electricity Board which came into existence in 1959 was responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity. Under the Electricity Sector Reforms agenda, government of Andhra Pradesh promulgated Andhra Pradesh Electricity Reforms Act, 1998. The erstwhile APSEB was unbundled into one generating company (APGENCO), one transmission company (APTRANSCO) and four distribution companies (APDISCOMs) as part of the reform process. Later, on 2 June 2014, when the state was bifurcated, APGENCO distributed all the assets, liabilities and power stations to both the states and Telangana Power Generation Corporation (TSGENCO) was formed for the newly formed Telangana state and APGENCO remained for Andhra Pradesh in accordance with the Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014. All the plants (thermal, hydel and solar) located in Telangana region were transferred to Telangana Genco on an "as is where is" basis. Mission To spearhead accelerated power development by planning and implementing new power projects. To generate adequate and reliable power most economically, efficiently and eco-friendly. To implement renovation and modernisation of all existing units and enhance their performance. Power Plants of TSGENCO The power plants of TSGENCO are Thermal-Coal based Sr. No. Project Inst.Capacity (MW) Total (MW) Remarks Gallery 1 Kakatiya TPP 1x500+1x600 1100 2 Kothagudem TPS 2x250+1x500+1x800 1800 3 Ramagundam TS 1X62.5 62.5 MW 4 Bhadradri Thermal Power Plant 4x270 1080 MW 5 Yadadri Thermal Power Plant 5X800 4000 MW under construction Overall installed capacity (MW) 4042.5 Hydro-Water based Sr. No. Project Inst.Capacity (MW) Total (MW) Remarks Gallery 1 Nagarjuna Sagar Main PH 1x110+7x100.8 815.6 7x100.8 MW with pumping features 2 Nagarjuna Sagar LCPH 2x30 60 3 Srisailam LBPH 6x150 900 6x150 MW with pumping features 4 Pochampad PH 4x9 36 5 Singur PH 2x7.5 15 6 Nizam Sagar PH 2x5 10 7 Puttamagandi AMRP Lift 4x18 Water pumping station 8 Paleru Mini Hydel 2x1 2 9 Peddapalli Mini Hydels 1x9.16 9.16 10 Lower Jurala HEP 6x40 240 11 Jurala HEP 6x39 234 50% joint project with Karnataka state 12 Sammakka Sagar HEP 10x24 240 Under Construction Overall capacity (MW) 2081.76 Non-Conventional Plants Sr. No. Project Inst.Capacity (MW) 1 Jurala Solar PV Plant 1 Overall capacity (MW) 1 See also List of Power Stations in Telangana Transmission Corporation of Telangana Solar power in India Wind power in India Torrefaction Central Electricity Authority (India) Economics of new nuclear power plants Demand response National Grid (Great Britain) Spark spread Electricity market Electricity Act (2003) Energy portal References ^ "TG Genco, Transco Created, to be Functional from June 2". Indian Express. 30 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 August 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014. ^ "Notification" (PDF). The Gazette of India. Government of India. 4 March 2014. Retrieved 4 March 2014. ^ "Tsgenco". ^ Sudheer Goutham (30 May 2014). "Power plants division between Andhra Pradesh and Telangana". Deccan Chronicle. Retrieved 7 June 2014. ^ Missions of TSGENCO ^ "Archived copy" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 January 2013. Retrieved 7 June 2014.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) vteState agencies of TelanganaPublic Sector Undertakings Road Transport Corporation (TSRTC) Industrial Development Corporation (TSIIC) Tourism Development Corporation (TSTDC) Electricity Regulatory Commission (TSERC) Power Generation Corporation (TSGENCO) Power Transmission Corporation (TSTRANSCO) Southern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSSPDCL) Northern Power Distribution Company Limited (TSNPDCL) Excise Department Beverages Corporation Forest Department Agriculture Department Telangana Police Vaidya Vidhana Parishad Board Housing Board (THB) Pollution Control Board (TPCB) Intermediate Education (BIE) Secondary Education (BSE) Hyderabad Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (HMWS&SB) Autonomous Bodies Public Service Commission(TSPSC) Election Commission (TSEC) Nodal Agencies Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation(GHMC) Greater Warangal Municipal Corporation (GWMC) Hyderabad Metropolitan Development Authority (HMDA) Hyderabad Airport Development Authority Hyderabad Urban Development Authority (HUDA) Kakatiya Urban Development Authority (KUDA) Nizamabad Municipal Corporation Karimnagar Municipal Corporation Khammam Municipal Corporation Ramagundam Municipal Corporation Quli Qutb Shah Urban Development Authority (QQSUDA) vtePower stations and organisations of TelanganaPower stations Bhadradri Thermal Power Plant Hussain Sagar Thermal Power Station demolished Kakatiya Thermal Power Station Kothagudem Thermal Power Station NTPC Ramagundam Ramagundam B Thermal Power Station Singareni Thermal Power Plant Telangana Super Thermal Power Project Yadadri Thermal Power Plant Organisations Telangana State Electricity Regulatory Commission Telangana State Power Generation Corporation Limited Transmission Corporation of Telangana Telangana State Southern Power Distribution Company Limited Telangana State Northern Power Distribution Company Limited NTPC Limited Power Grid Corporation of India Power System Operation Corporation Related topics Electricity sector in India States of India by installed power capacity Indian states ranking by households having electricity vteElectricity sector in AsiaSovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States withlimited recognition Abkhazia Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies andother territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Category Asia portal vteElectricity deliveryConcepts Automatic generation control Backfeeding Base load Demand factor Droop speed control Electric power Electric power quality Electrical fault Energy demand management Energy return on investment Grid code Grid energy storage Grid strength Home energy storage Load-following Merit order Nameplate capacity Peak demand Power factor Power-flow study Repowering Utility frequency Variability Vehicle-to-grid SourcesNon-renewable Fossil fuel power station Coal Natural gas Oil shale Petroleum Nuclear Renewable Biofuel Biogas Biomass Geothermal Hydro Marine Current Osmotic Thermal Tidal Wave Solar Sustainable biofuel Wind Generation AC power Cogeneration Combined cycle Cooling tower Induction generator Micro CHP Microgeneration Rankine cycle Three-phase electric power Virtual power plant Transmissionand distribution Demand response Distributed generation Dynamic demand Electric power distribution Electric power system Electric power transmission Electrical busbar system Electrical grid Electrical substation Electricity retailing High-voltage direct current High-voltage shore connection Interconnector Load management Mains electricity by country Overhead power line Power station Pumped hydro Single-wire earth return Smart grid Super grid Transformer Transmission system operator (TSO) Transmission tower Utility pole Failure modes Black start Brownout Cascading failure Power outage Rolling blackout Protectivedevices Arc-fault circuit interrupter Circuit breaker Earth-leakage Sulfur hexafluoride Generator interlock kit Numerical relay Power system protection Protective relay Residual-current device (GFI) Economicsand policies Availability factor Capacity factor Carbon offsets and credits Cost of electricity by source Energy subsidies Environmental tax Feed-in tariff Fossil fuel phase-out Load factor Net metering Pigouvian tax Renewable Energy Certificates Renewable energy commercialization Renewable Energy Payments Spark/Dark/Quark/Bark spread Statistics andproduction Electric energy consumption List of electricity sectors Category

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Andromeda_Archaeological_Survey

Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey

["1 See also","2 References"]

Pan-Andromeda Archaeological SurveyWebsitewww.astrosci.ca/users/alan/PANDAS/Home.html Pan-Andromeda Archaeological Survey (PAndAS) is a large-scale astronomical survey using the Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. The survey is exploring the structure and content of the Andromeda Galaxy (M31) and its neighbour, the Triangulum Galaxy (M33). Clues to the formation of these galaxies may lie within the vast space being studied. PAndAS is searching for this history, hence the term "galactic archaeology". The project is headed by Dr. Alan McConnachie at the Herzberg Institute of Astrophysics (NRC-HIA), and involves over twenty five investigators from that institute, as well as from universities in Canada, France, the United States, the United Kingdom, Germany, and Australia. See also Extragalactic astronomy Observational cosmology Andromeda XXI Andromeda XXII References ^ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 2012-12-30. Retrieved 2013-05-19.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link) Portals: Astronomy Stars Spaceflight Outer space Solar System This astronomy-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2013_Kontinental_Hockey_League_All-Star_Game

2013 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game

["1 See also","2 References","3 External links"]

2013 KHL All-Star Game 123 Total Team East 675 18 Team West 335 11 Date13 January 2013ArenaTraktor Sport PalaceCityChelyabinsk, RussiaAttendance6,500 ← 2012 2014 → The 2013 Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game was the All-Star game for the 2012–13 season of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). It took place on 13 January 2013 at the Traktor Sport Palace in Chelyabinsk, Russia, and resulted in Team East, captained by Aleksey Morozov, winning 18–11 over Team West, captained by Ilya Kovalchuk. See also 2012–13 KHL season Kontinental Hockey League All-Star Game References ^ "Record-breaking All-Stars". Kontinental Hockey League. 21 January 2012. Archived from the original on 27 June 2015. Retrieved 19 October 2012. External links Official homepage vteKontinental Hockey LeagueWestern ConferenceEastern Conference Bobrov Division SKA Saint Petersburg Sochi Spartak Moscow Torpedo Nizhny Novgorod Vityaz Moscow Region Tarasov Division CSKA Moscow Dinamo Minsk Dynamo Moscow Kunlun Red Star Lokomotiv Yaroslavl Severstal Cherepovets Kharlamov Division Ak Bars Kazan Avtomobilist Yekaterinburg Lada Togliatti Metallurg Magnitogorsk Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk Traktor Chelyabinsk Chernyshev Division Admiral Vladivostok Amur Khabarovsk Avangard Omsk Barys Astana Salavat Yulaev Ufa Sibir Novosibirsk TopicsSeasons 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 Playoffs 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Junior Drafts 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 expansion 2014 expansion 2015 2016 All-Star Games 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 Games and Cups Gagarin Cup KHL Conference Finals Continental Cup Nadezhda Cup Opening Cup KHL vs NHL games Former teams Atlant Moscow Oblast Dinamo Riga Donbass Jokerit Khimik Voskresensk Lev Poprad Lev Praha Medveščak Zagreb Metallurg Novokuznetsk HC MVD Slovan Bratislava Yugra Khanty-Mansiysk Related topics Team changes Potential expansion List of champions List of goal scoring champions List of scoring champions KHL territorial pick KHL Players' Trade Union Rivalries in the KHL KHL arenas

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gazzetta_dello_Sport

La Gazzetta dello Sport

["1 History and profile","2 Circulation","3 See also","4 Notes","5 External links"]

Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello SportTutto il rosa della vita("All the pink of life")Front page, 15 July 2009TypeDaily sports newspaperFormatTabloidOwner(s)RCS MediaGroupEditorAndrea MontiFounded3 April 1896; 128 years ago (1896-04-03)LanguageItalianHeadquartersMilan, ItalySister newspapersCorriere della SeraISSN1120-5067Websitewww.gazzetta.it La Gazzetta dello Sport (pronounced ; "The Sports Gazette") is an Italian daily newspaper dedicated to coverage of various sports. Founded in 1896, it is the most widely read daily newspaper of any kind in Italy (in 2018). History and profile The first issue of the Gazzetta dello Sport printed on pink paper: January 2, 1899. La Gazzetta dello Sport was founded by Eliso Rivera and Eugenio Camillo Costamagna. The first issue was published on 3 April 1896, on time to cover the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens. The paper is based in Milan. Its role extends beyond news reporting and features, to direct involvement in major events, including (since 1909) the organization of the Giro d'Italia (Tour of Italy) road cycling stage race. La Gazzetta dello Sport is part of the RCS MediaGroup since 1976. The paper was published in broadsheet format until 2008 when its format was switched to tabloid. The newspaper, published on pink paper, sells over 400,000 copies daily (more on Mondays when readers want to catch up on the weekend's events), and can claim a readership in excess of three million. A coffee and a Gazzetta newspaper. Although a wide range of sports are covered in the newspaper, football is given by far most of the coverage. With some 24-28 pages out of 40 devoted to the sport on a daily basis, much of the journalism is speculative and sensationalist rather than the pure reporting of matches. The paper has a good record for campaigning journalism, and played a significant part in exposing the 2006 Serie A scandal that rocked Italian football and led to the relegation of Juventus and points penalties for other leading clubs. On 3 April 2016, it celebrated its 120th anniversary by printing the newspaper in green, as it was originally. Circulation In 1990 the circulation of La Gazzetta dello Sport was 809,000 copies. It was the third best-selling Italian newspaper with a circulation of 401,000 copies in 1997. The paper had a circulation of 445,000 copies in 2001, making it the twentieth best-selling European newspaper. In 2008 the paper had a circulation of 368,848 copies. The online version of the paper was the eighteenth most visited website in the country in 2011. See also Gazzetta Sports Awards Candido Cannavò, editor from 1983 to 2002 List of non-English-language newspapers with English-language subsections Gazzetta TV Mass media in Italy Notes ^ "The World: Milan – La Gazzetta dello Sport still most popular Italian daily". www.campaignlive.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019. ^ "Ecco come e quando è nata "La Gazzetta dello Sport" e perché si chiama così". Gazzetta.it. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 4 May 2019. ^ Paddy Agnew (29 February 2012). Forza Italia: The Fall and Rise of Italian Football. Ebury Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-4481-1764-2. Retrieved 5 February 2015. ^ a b "Italy's leading sports title boosts circulation". König and Bauer Group. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2015. ^ a b Adam Smith (15 November 2002). "Europe's Top Papers". campaign. Retrieved 5 February 2015. ^ "Gazzetta compie 120 anni. Festeggia con noi: aiutaci a decretare la Leggenda delle leggende e vinci fantastici premi!". 120anni.gazzetta.it. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2016. ^ David Forgacs; Robert Lumley, eds. (1996). Italian Cultural Studies:An Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014. ^ Jose L. Alvarez; Carmelo Mazza; Jordi Mur (October 1999). "The management publishing industry in Europe" (PDF). University of Navarra. Archived from the original (Occasional Paper No:99/4) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2015. ^ Data for average newspaper circulation. Survey on 2008 in Italy Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accertamenti Diffusione Stampa ^ Gianpietro Mazzoleni; Giulio Vigevani (10 August 2011). "Mapping Digital Media: Italy" (Report). Open Society Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2014. External links Official website (in Italian) english.gazzetta.it (in English) (archived) vte Newspapers published in ItalyNational Avvenire Corriere della Sera Domani Il Dubbio Il Fatto Quotidiano Il Foglio Il Giornale Il manifesto Il Mattino Il Messaggero Il Riformista Il Tempo Italia Oggi La Notizia La Repubblica La Stampa La Verità Libero Italy portalRegional/local Alto Adige Bresciaoggi Corriere Adriatico Corriere dell'Umbria Corriere del Mezzogiorno Corriere del Trentino Dolomiten (German) Editoriale Oggi Gazzetta del Sud Gazzetta di Mantova Gazzetta di Modena Gazzetta di Parma Gazzetta di Reggio Giornale di Brescia Giornale di Sicilia Il Centro Il Gazzettino Il Giornale di Vicenza Il Giorno Il Mattino di Padova Il Piccolo Il Quotidiano del Sud Il Resto del Carlino Il Secolo XIX Il Tirreno L'Adige L'Arena L'Eco di Bergamo L'Unione Sarda l'Unità La Gazzetta del Mezzogiorno La Nazione La Nuova Ferrara La Nuova Sardegna La Nuova Venezia La Provincia La Provincia di Cremona La Provincia Pavese La Sicilia La Tribuna di Treviso La Voce di Mantova La Voce di Rovigo Libertà Messaggero Veneto Neue Südtiroler Tageszeitung (German) Nuovo Quotidiano di Puglia Primorski dnevnik (Slovene) Quotidiano di Sicilia Roma Financial Il Sole 24 Ore Italia Oggi MF Milano Finanza Sports Corriere dello Sport La Gazzetta dello Sport Tuttosport Free Leggo Metro On-line Fanpage.it Il Post Authority control databases VIAF

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Founded in 1896, it is the most widely read daily newspaper of any kind in Italy (in 2018).[1]","title":"La Gazzetta dello Sport"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gazzetta_Sport_2-1-1899.jpg"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"Olympic Games","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympic_Games"},{"link_name":"Athens","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Athens"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Giro d'Italia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia"},{"link_name":"road cycling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_bicycle_racing"},{"link_name":"stage race","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Race_stage"},{"link_name":"RCS MediaGroup","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RCS_MediaGroup"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kba-4"},{"link_name":"broadsheet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadsheet"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adsm-5"},{"link_name":"tabloid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-kba-4"},{"link_name":"pink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pink"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:La_Gazzetta_dello_Sport.jpg"},{"link_name":"football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Association_football"},{"link_name":"2006 Serie A scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2006_Serie_A_scandal"},{"link_name":"Juventus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juventus_FC"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"}],"text":"The first issue of the Gazzetta dello Sport printed on pink paper: January 2, 1899.La Gazzetta dello Sport was founded by Eliso Rivera and Eugenio Camillo Costamagna.[2] The first issue was published on 3 April 1896, on time to cover the first modern Olympic Games held in Athens. The paper is based in Milan.[3] Its role extends beyond news reporting and features, to direct involvement in major events, including (since 1909) the organization of the Giro d'Italia (Tour of Italy) road cycling stage race.La Gazzetta dello Sport is part of the RCS MediaGroup since 1976.[4] The paper was published in broadsheet format[5] until 2008 when its format was switched to tabloid.[4] The newspaper, published on pink paper, sells over 400,000 copies daily (more on Mondays when readers want to catch up on the weekend's events), and can claim a readership in excess of three million.A coffee and a Gazzetta newspaper.Although a wide range of sports are covered in the newspaper, football is given by far most of the coverage. With some 24-28 pages out of 40 devoted to the sport on a daily basis, much of the journalism is speculative and sensationalist rather than the pure reporting of matches. The paper has a good record for campaigning journalism, and played a significant part in exposing the 2006 Serie A scandal that rocked Italian football and led to the relegation of Juventus and points penalties for other leading clubs.On 3 April 2016, it celebrated its 120th anniversary by printing the newspaper in green, as it was originally.[6]","title":"History and profile"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-adsm-5"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"}],"text":"In 1990 the circulation of La Gazzetta dello Sport was 809,000 copies.[7] It was the third best-selling Italian newspaper with a circulation of 401,000 copies in 1997.[8]The paper had a circulation of 445,000 copies in 2001, making it the twentieth best-selling European newspaper.[5] In 2008 the paper had a circulation of 368,848 copies.[9] The online version of the paper was the eighteenth most visited website in the country in 2011.[10]","title":"Circulation"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"\"The World: Milan – La Gazzetta dello Sport still most popular Italian daily\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//www.campaignlive.co.uk/article/world-milan---la-gazzetta-dello-sport-popular-italian-daily/648661"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"\"Ecco come e quando è nata \"La Gazzetta dello Sport\" e perché si chiama così\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//archiviostorico.gazzetta.it/1998/settembre/11/Ecco_come_quando_nata_Gazzetta_ga_0_9809115405.shtml"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Forza Italia: The Fall and Rise of Italian Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//books.google.com/books?id=9fvrR9gyujgC&pg=PA161"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-1-4481-1764-2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4481-1764-2"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kba_4-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-kba_4-1"},{"link_name":"\"Italy's leading sports title boosts circulation\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.kba.com/nl/news/detail/article/rcs-mediagroup-completes-full-colour-conversion-of-la-gazzetta-dello-sport-with-four-41-kba-commanders/page/13/back/50/"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-adsm_5-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-adsm_5-1"},{"link_name":"\"Europe's Top Papers\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.campaignlive.co.uk/news/164161/"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"\"Gazzetta compie 120 anni. 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Survey on 2008 in Italy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.adsnotizie.it/certif/certificati_2008.xls"},{"link_name":"Archived","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//web.archive.org/web/20110722023523/http://www.adsnotizie.it/certif/certificati_2008.xls"},{"link_name":"Wayback Machine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayback_Machine"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"\"Mapping Digital Media: Italy\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/mapping-digital-media-italy-20130605.pdf"}],"text":"^ \"The World: Milan – La Gazzetta dello Sport still most popular Italian daily\". www.campaignlive.co.uk. Retrieved 1 January 2019.\n\n^ \"Ecco come e quando è nata \"La Gazzetta dello Sport\" e perché si chiama così\". Gazzetta.it. 11 September 1998. Retrieved 4 May 2019.\n\n^ Paddy Agnew (29 February 2012). Forza Italia: The Fall and Rise of Italian Football. Ebury Publishing. p. 161. ISBN 978-1-4481-1764-2. Retrieved 5 February 2015.\n\n^ a b \"Italy's leading sports title boosts circulation\". König and Bauer Group. 23 October 2008. Retrieved 5 February 2015.\n\n^ a b Adam Smith (15 November 2002). \"Europe's Top Papers\". campaign. Retrieved 5 February 2015.\n\n^ \"Gazzetta compie 120 anni. Festeggia con noi: aiutaci a decretare la Leggenda delle leggende e vinci fantastici premi!\". 120anni.gazzetta.it. Archived from the original on 2 February 2017. Retrieved 29 March 2016.\n\n^ David Forgacs; Robert Lumley, eds. (1996). Italian Cultural Studies:An Introduction. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. Archived from the original on 28 December 2014.\n\n^ Jose L. Alvarez; Carmelo Mazza; Jordi Mur (October 1999). \"The management publishing industry in Europe\" (PDF). University of Navarra. Archived from the original (Occasional Paper No:99/4) on 30 June 2010. Retrieved 27 April 2015.\n\n^ Data for average newspaper circulation. Survey on 2008 in Italy Archived 22 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine Accertamenti Diffusione Stampa\n\n^ Gianpietro Mazzoleni; Giulio Vigevani (10 August 2011). \"Mapping Digital Media: Italy\" (Report). Open Society Foundation. Retrieved 24 November 2014.","title":"Notes"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bill_Montgomery_(Arizona_politician)

Bill Montgomery (Arizona politician)

["1 Early life and education","2 Career","3 Elections","3.1 Arizona Attorney General","3.2 Maricopa County Attorney","3.3 Arizona Supreme Court appointment","4 References","5 External links"]

American judge (born 1967) Bill MontgomeryJustice of the Arizona Supreme CourtIncumbentAssumed office September 6, 2019Appointed byDoug DuceyPreceded byScott Bales28th County Attorney of Maricopa CountyIn officeNovember 22, 2010 – September 5, 2019Preceded byRick Romley (Interim)Succeeded byRachel Mitchell (Acting) Personal detailsBorn (1967-03-02) March 2, 1967 (age 57)Lynwood, California, U.S.Political partyRepublicanEducationUnited States Military Academy (BS)Arizona State University, Tempe (JD) William Gerard Montgomery (born March 2, 1967) is an American attorney who has served as a justice of the Arizona Supreme Court since September 2019. He previously served as the County Attorney for Maricopa County, Arizona from 2010 to 2019. Early life and education Montgomery is a West Point graduate and a Gulf War veteran. He graduated magna cum laude and was awarded the Order of the Coif from the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University in 2001. Career During Montgomery's tenure, the county attorney's office gained national recognition for its Restitution Specialist and Sex Assault Backlog programs. While serving as the County Attorney, Montgomery called for formal written protocols to address use of force incidents and served as the Arizona State Director for the National District Attorneys Association. In August 2019, attorneys for Jodi Arias filed an ethics complaint against Montgomery, claiming he covered up misconduct and harassment by the lead prosecutor on the case. The complaint was later dismissed following a nearly 14-month screening process by the State Bar that found no evidence of any misconduct by Montgomery. Elections Arizona Attorney General Montgomery at an event in Phoenix, Arizona. In 2006, Montgomery ran for Arizona Attorney General, losing to incumbent Terry Goddard. Maricopa County Attorney In the 2010 special election to replace Andrew Thomas, who resigned to run for Arizona Attorney General, Montgomery defeated interim county attorney Rick Romley in the Republican Primary. Montgomery went on to defeat Libertarian Michael Kielsky in the general election. Montgomery won election to a full term in 2012 in a rematch against Kielsky. He won re-election again in 2016 against Democrat Diego Rodriguez Arizona Supreme Court appointment In January 2019, Montgomery applied for an appointment to a vacancy in the Arizona Supreme Court. The commission did not pass Montgomery's name to the governor, which is required for a judicial apportionment, citing "concerns over the pattern of misconduct at the Maricopa County Attorney's Office and a lack of relevant professional experience." In June 2019, Montgomery applied for a second vacancy on the Arizona Supreme Court. This time, after Governor Doug Ducey replaced several members of the state judicial nominating commission, Montgomery's name was sent to the governor, who selected him for the supreme court seat on September 4, 2019. Montgomery was sworn into office on September 6, 2019. References ^ Castle, Lauren; Boehm, Jessica (September 4, 2019). "Who will replace Bill Montgomery as Maricopa County attorney?". The Arizona Republic. ^ Polletta, Maria (September 4, 2019). "Gov. Doug Ducey appoints Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court". The Arizona Republic. ^ "County Attorney's Office earns recognition for two programs". Scottsdale Independent. May 3, 2017. ^ Montgomery, Bill (September 6, 2017). "The Time to Prepare for a Police Shooting Is Before It Happens". Route Fifty. ^ "Bill Montgomery Named Co-Chair of Metropolitan Prosecutors Committee for National District Attorneys" (Press release). Phoenix: Maricopa County Attorney's Office. November 18, 2016. ^ Blasius, Melissa (September 3, 2019). "Ethics complaint filed against Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery". KNXV. ^ Rosenblatt, Dillon (2020-12-04). "Ethics complaint against state justice dismissed | Arizona Capitol Times". Retrieved 2021-10-07. ^ Kiefer, Michael (July 23, 2010). "County attorney candidate Bill Montgomery differentiates self from ex-bosses". The Arizona Republic. ^ "Montgomery, Arpaio beat Romley". Phoenix Business Journal. August 25, 2010. ^ "Romley named interim Maricopa county attorney". East Valley Tribune. April 15, 2010. ^ "November 2, 2010 – Final Official Results" (PDF). maricopa.gov. ^ "November 6, 2012 – Final Official Results" (PDF). maricopa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2019. ^ "November 8, 2016 – Final Official Results" (PDF). maricopa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2018. ^ Boehm, Jessica; Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett (January 25, 2019). "Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery seeks appointment to Arizona Supreme Court". The Arizona Republic. ^ Protesters Say Bill Montgomery Shouldn't Be on State Supreme Court ^ Fischer, Howard (July 24, 2019). "Montgomery supporters line up in bid for Supreme Court". Arizona Capitol Times. ^ Montini, EJ (September 4, 2019). "Gov. Doug Ducey's rigged system gets Bill Montgomery on the Arizona Supreme Court". The Arizona Republic. ^ Cooper, Jonathan J. (September 5, 2019). "Ducey appoints Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court". Arizona Public Media. Associated Press. ^ Steller, Tim (September 7, 2019). "Tim Steller's opinion: Ducey degrades once-proud Arizona judicial institutions". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved November 30, 2020. ^ Rosenblatt, Dillon (September 6, 2019). "Montgomery swears in as newest Supreme Court Justice". Arizona Capitol Times. Retrieved November 30, 2020. External links Biography at Ballotpedia Vacancy Application. Archived from the original on September 4, 2019. Legal offices Preceded byScott Bales Justice of the Arizona Supreme Court 2019–present Incumbent vteStatewide political officials of ArizonaU.S. senators Kyrsten Sinema Mark Kelly State government Katie Hobbs, Governor Adrian Fontes, Secretary of State Kris Mayes, Attorney General Kimberly Yee, Treasurer Tom Horne, Superintendent Paul Marsh, Mine Inspector Lea Márquez Peterson, Nick Myers, Jim O'Connor, Kevin Thompson, and Anna Tovar, Corporation Commissioners Senate Warren Petersen, President T. J. Shope, President pro tempore Sonny Borrelli, Majority Leader Mitzi Epstein, Minority Leader House Ben Toma, Speaker Travis Grantham, Speaker pro tempore Leo Biasiucci, Majority Leader Lupe Contreras, Minority Leader Supreme Court Robert Brutinel, Chief Justice Ann Timmer, Vice Chief Justice Clint Bolick John Lopez IV James Beene Bill Montgomery Kathryn Hackett King, Associate Justices

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"County Attorney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/County_Attorney"},{"link_name":"Maricopa County, Arizona","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maricopa_County,_Arizona"}],"text":"William Gerard Montgomery (born March 2, 1967) is an American attorney who has served as a justice of the Arizona Supreme Court since September 2019.[2] He previously served as the County Attorney for Maricopa County, Arizona from 2010 to 2019.","title":"Bill Montgomery (Arizona politician)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"West Point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy"},{"link_name":"Gulf War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulf_War"},{"link_name":"magna cum laude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magna_cum_laude"},{"link_name":"Order of the Coif","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order_of_the_Coif"},{"link_name":"Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor_College_of_Law"},{"link_name":"Arizona State University","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_State_University"},{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"}],"text":"Montgomery is a West Point graduate and a Gulf War veteran. He graduated magna cum laude and was awarded the Order of the Coif from the Sandra Day O'Connor College of Law at Arizona State University in 2001.[citation needed]","title":"Early life and education"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Jodi Arias","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jodi_Arias"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"}],"text":"During Montgomery's tenure, the county attorney's office gained national recognition for its Restitution Specialist and Sex Assault Backlog programs.[3]While serving as the County Attorney, Montgomery called for formal written protocols to address use of force incidents[4] and served as the Arizona State Director for the National District Attorneys Association.[5]In August 2019, attorneys for Jodi Arias filed an ethics complaint against Montgomery, claiming he covered up misconduct and harassment by the lead prosecutor on the case.[6] The complaint was later dismissed following a nearly 14-month screening process by the State Bar that found no evidence of any misconduct by Montgomery.[7]","title":"Career"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bill_Montgomery_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"},{"link_name":"Arizona Attorney General","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Attorney_General"},{"link_name":"Terry Goddard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry_Goddard"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Attorney General","text":"Montgomery at an event in Phoenix, Arizona.In 2006, Montgomery ran for Arizona Attorney General, losing to incumbent Terry Goddard.[8]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Andrew Thomas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Thomas_(American_politician)"},{"link_name":"Rick Romley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rick_Romley"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Michael Kielsky","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Kielsky"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Diego Rodriguez","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diego_Rodriguez_(Arizona_politician)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"}],"sub_title":"Maricopa County Attorney","text":"In the 2010 special election to replace Andrew Thomas, who resigned to run for Arizona Attorney General, Montgomery defeated interim county attorney Rick Romley in the Republican Primary.[9] Montgomery went on to defeat Libertarian Michael Kielsky in the general election.[10][11]Montgomery won election to a full term in 2012 in a rematch against Kielsky.[12] He won re-election again in 2016 against Democrat Diego Rodriguez[13]","title":"Elections"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Arizona Supreme Court","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arizona_Supreme_Court"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"Doug Ducey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doug_Ducey"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-20"}],"sub_title":"Arizona Supreme Court appointment","text":"In January 2019, Montgomery applied for an appointment to a vacancy in the Arizona Supreme Court.[14] The commission did not pass Montgomery's name to the governor, which is required for a judicial apportionment, citing \"concerns over the pattern of misconduct at the Maricopa County Attorney's Office and a lack of relevant professional experience.\"[15]In June 2019, Montgomery applied for a second vacancy on the Arizona Supreme Court.[16] This time, after Governor Doug Ducey replaced several members of the state judicial nominating commission,[17] Montgomery's name was sent to the governor, who selected him for the supreme court seat on September 4, 2019.[18] Montgomery was sworn into office on September 6, 2019.[19][20]","title":"Elections"}]

[{"image_text":"Montgomery at an event in Phoenix, Arizona.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Bill_Montgomery_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg/220px-Bill_Montgomery_by_Gage_Skidmore_2.jpg"}]

[{"reference":"Castle, Lauren; Boehm, Jessica (September 4, 2019). \"Who will replace Bill Montgomery as Maricopa County attorney?\". The Arizona Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/local/phoenix/2019/09/04/maricopa-county-board-supervisors-replace-county-attorney-bill-montgomery-rachel-mitchell/2215009001/","url_text":"\"Who will replace Bill Montgomery as Maricopa County attorney?\""}]},{"reference":"Polletta, Maria (September 4, 2019). \"Gov. Doug Ducey appoints Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court\". The Arizona Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2019/09/04/gov-ducey-picks-bill-montgomery-for-arizona-supreme-court/2003186001/","url_text":"\"Gov. Doug Ducey appoints Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"\"County Attorney's Office earns recognition for two programs\". Scottsdale Independent. May 3, 2017.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.scottsdaleindependent.com/news/county-attorneys-office-earns-recognition-for-two-programs/","url_text":"\"County Attorney's Office earns recognition for two programs\""}]},{"reference":"Montgomery, Bill (September 6, 2017). \"The Time to Prepare for a Police Shooting Is Before It Happens\". Route Fifty.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.routefifty.com/public-safety/2017/09/prepare-police-use-of-force-beforehand-protocol/140783/","url_text":"\"The Time to Prepare for a Police Shooting Is Before It Happens\""}]},{"reference":"\"Bill Montgomery Named Co-Chair of Metropolitan Prosecutors Committee for National District Attorneys\" (Press release). Phoenix: Maricopa County Attorney's Office. November 18, 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://maricopacountyattorney.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=415","url_text":"\"Bill Montgomery Named Co-Chair of Metropolitan Prosecutors Committee for National District Attorneys\""}]},{"reference":"Blasius, Melissa (September 3, 2019). \"Ethics complaint filed against Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery\". KNXV.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/ethics-complaint-filed-against-maricopa-county-attorney-bill-montgomery","url_text":"\"Ethics complaint filed against Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenblatt, Dillon (2020-12-04). \"Ethics complaint against state justice dismissed | Arizona Capitol Times\". Retrieved 2021-10-07.","urls":[{"url":"https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2020/12/04/ethics-complaint-against-state-justice-dismissed/","url_text":"\"Ethics complaint against state justice dismissed | Arizona Capitol Times\""}]},{"reference":"Kiefer, Michael (July 23, 2010). \"County attorney candidate Bill Montgomery differentiates self from ex-bosses\". The Arizona Republic.","urls":[{"url":"http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/20100723maricopa-county-attorney-candidate-bill-montgomery0723.html","url_text":"\"County attorney candidate Bill Montgomery differentiates self from ex-bosses\""}]},{"reference":"\"Montgomery, Arpaio beat Romley\". Phoenix Business Journal. August 25, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/morning_call/2010/08/montgomery_arpaio_beat_romley.html","url_text":"\"Montgomery, Arpaio beat Romley\""}]},{"reference":"\"Romley named interim Maricopa county attorney\". East Valley Tribune. April 15, 2010.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/news/romley-named-interim-maricopa-county-attorney/article_06388008-d2cb-51dc-84a5-5841dac9e33f.html","url_text":"\"Romley named interim Maricopa county attorney\""}]},{"reference":"\"November 2, 2010 – Final Official Results\" (PDF). maricopa.gov.","urls":[{"url":"https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2010/11-02-2010%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"November 2, 2010 – Final Official Results\""}]},{"reference":"\"November 6, 2012 – Final Official Results\" (PDF). maricopa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 15, 2020. Retrieved September 11, 2019.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815155658/https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2012/11-06-2012%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"November 6, 2012 – Final Official Results\""},{"url":"https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2012/11-06-2012%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"\"November 8, 2016 – Final Official Results\" (PDF). maricopa.gov. Archived from the original (PDF) on August 16, 2017. Retrieved December 15, 2018.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816005555/https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2016/11-08-2016%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","url_text":"\"November 8, 2016 – Final Official Results\""},{"url":"https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2016/11-08-2016%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Boehm, Jessica; Sanchez, Yvonne Wingett (January 25, 2019). \"Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery seeks appointment to Arizona Supreme Court\". The Arizona Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2019/01/25/maricopa-attorney-bill-montgomery-seeks-arizona-supreme-court-judgeship-doug-ducey/2682808002/","url_text":"\"Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery seeks appointment to Arizona Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Fischer, Howard (July 24, 2019). \"Montgomery supporters line up in bid for Supreme Court\". Arizona Capitol Times.","urls":[{"url":"https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2019/07/24/montgomery-supporters-line-up-in-bid-for-supreme-court/","url_text":"\"Montgomery supporters line up in bid for Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Montini, EJ (September 4, 2019). \"Gov. Doug Ducey's rigged system gets Bill Montgomery on the Arizona Supreme Court\". The Arizona Republic.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/ej-montini/2019/09/04/bill-montgomery-joins-arizona-supreme-court-doug-ducey-rigged-system/2214807001/","url_text":"\"Gov. Doug Ducey's rigged system gets Bill Montgomery on the Arizona Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Cooper, Jonathan J. (September 5, 2019). \"Ducey appoints Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court\". Arizona Public Media. Associated Press.","urls":[{"url":"https://news.azpm.org/p/news-articles/2019/9/5/157680-ducey-appoints-montgomery-to-arizona-supreme-court/","url_text":"\"Ducey appoints Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court\""}]},{"reference":"Steller, Tim (September 7, 2019). \"Tim Steller's opinion: Ducey degrades once-proud Arizona judicial institutions\". Arizona Daily Star. Retrieved November 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://tucson.com/news/local/tim-stellers-opinion-ducey-degrades-once-proud-arizona-judicial-institutions/article_9ea321b7-8093-5e3b-be4a-2d1a45293094.html","url_text":"\"Tim Steller's opinion: Ducey degrades once-proud Arizona judicial institutions\""}]},{"reference":"Rosenblatt, Dillon (September 6, 2019). \"Montgomery swears in as newest Supreme Court Justice\". Arizona Capitol Times. Retrieved November 30, 2020.","urls":[{"url":"https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2019/09/06/montgomery-swears-in-as-newest-supreme-court-justice/","url_text":"\"Montgomery swears in as newest Supreme Court Justice\""}]}]

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Doug Ducey appoints Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.scottsdaleindependent.com/news/county-attorneys-office-earns-recognition-for-two-programs/","external_links_name":"\"County Attorney's Office earns recognition for two programs\""},{"Link":"https://www.routefifty.com/public-safety/2017/09/prepare-police-use-of-force-beforehand-protocol/140783/","external_links_name":"\"The Time to Prepare for a Police Shooting Is Before It Happens\""},{"Link":"https://maricopacountyattorney.org/CivicAlerts.aspx?AID=415","external_links_name":"\"Bill Montgomery Named Co-Chair of Metropolitan Prosecutors Committee for National District Attorneys\""},{"Link":"https://www.abc15.com/news/region-phoenix-metro/central-phoenix/ethics-complaint-filed-against-maricopa-county-attorney-bill-montgomery","external_links_name":"\"Ethics complaint filed against Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery\""},{"Link":"https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2020/12/04/ethics-complaint-against-state-justice-dismissed/","external_links_name":"\"Ethics complaint against state justice dismissed | Arizona Capitol Times\""},{"Link":"http://archive.azcentral.com/arizonarepublic/local/articles/20100723maricopa-county-attorney-candidate-bill-montgomery0723.html","external_links_name":"\"County attorney candidate Bill Montgomery differentiates self from ex-bosses\""},{"Link":"https://www.bizjournals.com/phoenix/morning_call/2010/08/montgomery_arpaio_beat_romley.html","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery, Arpaio beat Romley\""},{"Link":"http://www.eastvalleytribune.com/news/romley-named-interim-maricopa-county-attorney/article_06388008-d2cb-51dc-84a5-5841dac9e33f.html","external_links_name":"\"Romley named interim Maricopa county attorney\""},{"Link":"https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2010/11-02-2010%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"November 2, 2010 – Final Official Results\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200815155658/https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2012/11-06-2012%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"November 6, 2012 – Final Official Results\""},{"Link":"https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2012/11-06-2012%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20170816005555/https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2016/11-08-2016%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"\"November 8, 2016 – Final Official Results\""},{"Link":"https://recorder.maricopa.gov/electionarchives/2016/11-08-2016%20Final%20Summary%20Report.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/news/politics/arizona/2019/01/25/maricopa-attorney-bill-montgomery-seeks-arizona-supreme-court-judgeship-doug-ducey/2682808002/","external_links_name":"\"Maricopa County Attorney Bill Montgomery seeks appointment to Arizona Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.phoenixnewtimes.com/news/aclu-prosecutor-bill-montgomery-maricopa-county-state-supreme-court-11333415","external_links_name":"Protesters Say Bill Montgomery Shouldn't Be on State Supreme Court"},{"Link":"https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2019/07/24/montgomery-supporters-line-up-in-bid-for-supreme-court/","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery supporters line up in bid for Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://www.azcentral.com/story/opinion/op-ed/ej-montini/2019/09/04/bill-montgomery-joins-arizona-supreme-court-doug-ducey-rigged-system/2214807001/","external_links_name":"\"Gov. Doug Ducey's rigged system gets Bill Montgomery on the Arizona Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://news.azpm.org/p/news-articles/2019/9/5/157680-ducey-appoints-montgomery-to-arizona-supreme-court/","external_links_name":"\"Ducey appoints Montgomery to Arizona Supreme Court\""},{"Link":"https://tucson.com/news/local/tim-stellers-opinion-ducey-degrades-once-proud-arizona-judicial-institutions/article_9ea321b7-8093-5e3b-be4a-2d1a45293094.html","external_links_name":"\"Tim Steller's opinion: Ducey degrades once-proud Arizona judicial institutions\""},{"Link":"https://azcapitoltimes.com/news/2019/09/06/montgomery-swears-in-as-newest-supreme-court-justice/","external_links_name":"\"Montgomery swears in as newest Supreme Court Justice\""},{"Link":"https://ballotpedia.org/Bill_Montgomery","external_links_name":"Biography"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20190905013856/https://www.azcourts.gov/Portals/75/applications/Appellate/WilliamMontgomery-P.pdf","external_links_name":"Vacancy Application"},{"Link":"https://www.azcourts.gov/Portals/75/applications/Appellate/WilliamMontgomery-P.pdf","external_links_name":"original"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments

List of Canadian federal parliaments

["1 Parliaments","2 Notes","3 References"]

The Chamber of the House of Commons Politics of Canada Government (structure) The Crown Monarch (list): Charles III Governor General (list): Mary Simon Monarchy in the provinces Lieutenant governors Royal prerogative Executive (King-in-Council) King’s Privy Council Prime minister (List of prime ministers): Justin Trudeau Cabinet (List of Canadian ministries): 29th Canadian Ministry President of the Privy Council Clerk of the Privy Council Privy Council Office Public Service Provincial and territorial executive councils Premiers Legislative (King-in-Parliament) Federal parliament (List of parliaments) Senate Speaker of the Senate Government Leader in the Senate Opposition Leader in the Senate Senate divisions House of Commons Speaker of the house Government Leader in the house Opposition Leader in the house His Majesty's Loyal Opposition Leader of the Opposition Shadow cabinet Provincial and territorial parliaments Judicial (King-on-the-Bench) Supreme court (List of justices) Chief Justice of Canada: Richard Wagner Courts of the Provinces and Territories Federal courts Military courts Constitution British North America Acts Peace, order, and good government Charter of Rights and Freedoms Elections Federal electoral districts Federal electoral system (List of federal elections) Provincial electoral districts Politics of the provinces Local government Municipal government Foreign relations Global Affairs Canada Minister: Mélanie Joly Diplomatic missions of / in Canada Nationality law Passport Visa requirements Visa policy Canada–Latin America relations Canada–European Union relations Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands Crown and Indigenous peoples Canadian Aboriginal law Aboriginal self-government First Nations bands Indigenous law Indigenous Peoples in Canada Métis Inuit Nunangat Related topics Conservatism Constitutional law Federalism Liberalism Office-holders Political culture Provinces and territories Regions Republicanism Canada portal Politics portal Other countries vte The Parliament of Canada is the legislative body of the government of Canada. The Parliament is composed of the House of Commons (lower house), the Senate (upper house), and the sovereign, represented by the governor general. Most major legislation originates from the House, as it is the only body that is directly elected. A new parliament begins after an election of the House of Commons and can sit for up to five years. The number of seats in parliament has varied as new provinces joined the country and as population distribution between the provinces changed; there are currently 338 House MPs and 105 Senators (when there are no vacancies). Canada uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister, even if the leader is not an elected member of parliament. The leader of the party with the second-most seats in the House becomes the leader of the Official Opposition, and debate (formally called Oral Questions) between the parties is presided over by the speaker of the House. When the party with the most seats has less than half of the total number of seats, it forms a minority government, which can be voted out of power by the other parties. The Canadian Parliament is located at Parliament Hill in the capital city, Ottawa, Ontario. Parliaments Diagram ParliamentElectionSessions Duration(from return of the writs to dissolution) Government Opposition Governing Party • Prime Minister—Ministry Seat counts as of election Official Opposition Party • Leader of the Opposition Third Parties with official party status 1st Canadian ParliamentElected 18675 sessions Sep 24, 1867–Jul 8, 1872 Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald—1st Ministry 100 of 180 House seats none Liberal Party Anti-Confederation Party 2nd Canadian ParliamentElected 18722 sessions Sep 3, 1872–Jan 2, 1874 Conservative Party (1872–1873) Sir John A. Macdonald—1st Ministry 99 of 200 House seats Liberal Party Alexander Mackenzie none Liberal Party (1873–1874) Alexander Mackenzie—2nd Ministry 95 of 200 House seats (minority) Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald 3rd Canadian ParliamentElected 18745 sessions Feb 21, 1874–Aug 16, 1878 Liberal Party Alexander Mackenzie—2nd Ministry 129 of 206 House seats Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald none 4th Canadian ParliamentElected 18784 sessions Nov 21, 1878–May 18, 1882 Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald—3rd Ministry 134 of 206 House seats Liberal Party Alexander Mackenzie Edward Blake none 5th Canadian ParliamentElected 18824 sessions Aug 7, 1882–Jan 15, 1887 Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald—3rd Ministry 133 of 211 House seats Liberal Party Edward Blake none 6th Canadian ParliamentElected 18874 sessions Apr 13, 1887–Feb 3, 1891 Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald—3rd Ministry 122 of 215 House seats Liberal Party Edward Blake Wilfrid Laurier none 7th Canadian ParliamentElected 18916 sessions Apr 7, 1891–Apr 24, 1896 Conservative Party Sir John A. Macdonald—3rd Ministry Sir John Abbott—4th Ministry Sir John Thompson—5th Ministry Sir Mackenzie Bowell—6th Ministry 117 of 215 House seats Liberal Party Wilfrid Laurier none 8th Canadian ParliamentElected 18965 sessions Jul 13, 1896–Oct 9, 1900 Liberal Party Sir Wilfrid Laurier—8th Ministry 117 of 213 House seats Conservative Party Sir Charles Tupper none 9th Canadian ParliamentElected 19004 sessions Dec 5, 1900–Sep 29, 1904 Liberal Party Sir Wilfrid Laurier—8th Ministry 128 of 213 House seats Conservative Party Robert Borden none 10th Canadian ParliamentElected 19044 sessions Dec 15, 1904–Sep 17, 1908 Liberal Party Sir Wilfrid Laurier—8th Ministry 137 of 214 House seats Conservative Party Robert Borden none 11th Canadian ParliamentElected 19083 sessions Dec 3, 1908–Jul 29, 1911 Liberal Party Sir Wilfrid Laurier—8th Ministry 133 of 221 House seats Conservative Party Robert Borden none 12th Canadian ParliamentElected 19117 sessions Oct 7, 1911–Oct 6, 1917 Conservative Party Sir Robert Borden—9th Ministry 132 of 221 House seats Liberal Party Sir Wilfrid Laurier none 13th Canadian ParliamentElected 19175 sessions Mar 16, 1918–Oct 4, 1921 Unionist coalition (1918–1920) Sir Robert Borden—10th Ministry 153 of 235 House seats (coalition) Laurier Liberals Sir Wilfrid Laurier Daniel Duncan McKenzie William Lyon Mackenzie King none National Liberal and Conservative Party (1920–1921) Arthur Meighen—11th Ministry 14th Canadian ParliamentElected 19214 sessions Jan 15, 1922–Sep 5, 1925 Liberal Party William Lyon Mackenzie King—12th Ministry 118 of 235 House seats Conservative Party Arthur Meighen Progressive Party 15th Canadian ParliamentElected 19251 session Dec 7, 1925–Jul 2, 1926 Liberal Party (1925–1926) William Lyon Mackenzie King—12th Ministry 100 of 245 House seats (minority) Conservative Party (1925–1926) Arthur Meighen Progressive Party Conservative Party (1926) Arthur Meighen—13th Ministry 115 of 245 House seats (minority) Liberal Party (1926) William Lyon Mackenzie King 16th Canadian ParliamentElected 19264 sessions Nov 2, 1926–May 30, 1930 Liberal Party William Lyon Mackenzie King—14th Ministry 116 of 245 House seats (minority) Conservative Party Hugh Guthrie Richard Bennett none 17th Canadian ParliamentElected 19306 sessions Aug 18, 1930–Aug 14, 1935 Conservative Party Richard Bennett—15th Ministry 134 of 245 House seats Liberal Party William Lyon Mackenzie King none 18th Canadian ParliamentElected 19356 sessions Nov 9, 1935–Jan 25, 1940 Liberal Party William Lyon Mackenzie King—16th Ministry 173 of 245 House seats Conservative Party Richard Bennett Robert Manion Social Credit Party 19th Canadian ParliamentElected 19406 sessions Apr 17, 1940–Apr 16, 1945 Liberal Party William Lyon Mackenzie King—16th Ministry 179 of 245 House seats Conservative Party Richard Hanson Gordon Graydon none 20th Canadian ParliamentElected 19455 sessions Aug 9, 1945–Apr 30, 1949 Liberal Party William Lyon Mackenzie King—16th Ministry Louis St. Laurent—17th Ministry 118 of 245 House seats Progressive Conservative Party John Bracken George Drew Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Social Credit Party 21st Canadian ParliamentElected 19497 sessions Aug 29, 1949–Jun 13, 1953 Liberal Party Louis St. Laurent—17th Ministry 191 of 262 House seats Progressive Conservative Party George Drew Co-operative Commonwealth Federation 22nd Canadian ParliamentElected 19535 sessions Oct 8, 1953–Apr 12, 1957 Liberal Party Louis St. Laurent—17th Ministry 169 of 265 House seats Progressive Conservative Party George Drew William Earl Rowe George Drew John Diefenbaker Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Social Credit Party 23rd Canadian ParliamentElected 19571 session Aug 8, 1957–Feb 1, 1958 Progressive Conservative Party John Diefenbaker—18th Ministry 111 of 265 House seats (minority) Liberal Party Louis St. Laurent Lester B. Pearson Co-operative Commonwealth Federation Social Credit Party 24th Canadian ParliamentElected 19585 sessions Apr 30, 1958–Apr 19, 1962 Progressive Conservative Party John Diefenbaker—18th Ministry 208 of 265 House seats Liberal Party Lester B. Pearson none 25th Canadian ParliamentElected 19621 session Jul 18, 1962–Feb 6, 1963 Progressive Conservative Party John Diefenbaker—18th Ministry 116 of 265 House seats (minority) Liberal Party Lester B. Pearson Social Credit Party New Democratic Party 26th Canadian ParliamentElected 19633 sessions May 8, 1963–Sep 8, 1965 Liberal Party Lester B. Pearson—19th Ministry 128 of 265 House seats (minority) Progressive Conservative Party John Diefenbaker Social Credit Party New Democratic Party 27th Canadian ParliamentElected 19652 sessions Dec 9, 1965–Apr 23, 1968 Liberal Party Lester B. Pearson—19th Ministry Pierre Trudeau—20th Ministry 131 of 265 House seats (minority) Progressive Conservative Party John Diefenbaker Michael Starr Robert Stanfield New Democratic Party 28th Canadian ParliamentElected 19684 sessions Jul 25, 1968–Sep 1, 1972 Liberal Party Pierre Trudeau—20th Ministry 154 of 264 House seats Progressive Conservative Party Robert Stanfield New Democratic Party Ralliement créditiste 29th Canadian ParliamentElected 19722 sessions Nov 20, 1972–May 9, 1974 Liberal Party Pierre Trudeau—20th Ministry 109 of 264 House seats (minority) Progressive Conservative Party Robert Stanfield New Democratic Party Social Credit Party 30th Canadian ParliamentElected 19744 sessions Jul 31, 1974–Mar 26, 1979 Liberal Party Pierre Trudeau—20th Ministry 141 of 264 House seats 76 of 102 Senate seats Progressive Conservative Party Robert Stanfield Joe Clark New Democratic Party 31st Canadian ParliamentElected 19791 session Jun 11, 1979–Dec 14, 1979 Progressive Conservative Party Joe Clark—21st Ministry 136 of 282 House seats (minority) 18 of 104 Senate seats Liberal Party Pierre Trudeau New Democratic Party 32nd Canadian ParliamentElected 19802 sessions Mar 10, 1980–Jul 9, 1984 Liberal Party Pierre Trudeau—22nd Ministry John Turner—23rd Ministry 147 of 282 House seats 71 of 104 Senate seats Progressive Conservative Party Joe Clark Brian Mulroney New Democratic Party 33rd Canadian ParliamentElected 19842 sessions Sep 24, 1984–Oct 1, 1988 Progressive Conservative Party Brian Mulroney—24th Ministry 211 of 282 House seats 23 of 104 Senate seats Liberal Party John Turner New Democratic Party 34th Canadian ParliamentElected 19883 sessions Dec 12, 1988–Sep 8, 1993 Progressive Conservative Party Brian Mulroney—24th Ministry Kim Campbell—25th Ministry 169 of 295 House seats 36 of 104 Senate seats Liberal Party John Turner Herb Gray Jean Chrétien New Democratic Party 35th Canadian ParliamentElected 19932 sessions Nov 15, 1993–Apr 27, 1997 Liberal Party Jean Chrétien—26th Ministry 177 of 295 House seats 41 of 104 Senate seats Bloc Québécois Lucien Bouchard Gilles Duceppe Michel Gauthier Reform Party 36th Canadian ParliamentElected 19972 sessions Jun 23, 1997–Oct 22, 2000 Liberal Party Jean Chrétien—26th Ministry 155 of 301 House seats 51 of 104 Senate seats Reform Party (1997–2000) Preston Manning Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Party Canadian Alliance (2000) Deborah Grey Stockwell Day 37th Canadian ParliamentElected 20003 sessions Dec 18, 2000–Aug 23, 2004 Liberal Party Jean Chrétien—26th Ministry Paul Martin—27th Ministry 172 of 301 House seats 55 of 105 Senate seats Canadian Alliance (2000–2004) Stockwell Day John Reynolds Stephen Harper Grant Hill Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Progressive Conservative Party Conservative Party (2004) Grant Hill Stephen Harper Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party 38th Canadian ParliamentElected 20041 session Oct 19, 2004–Nov 29, 2005 Liberal Party Paul Martin—27th Ministry 135 of 308 House seats (minority) 64 of 105 Senate seats Conservative Party Stephen Harper Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party 39th Canadian ParliamentElected 20062 sessions Feb 13, 2006–Sep 7, 2008 Conservative Party Stephen Harper—28th Ministry 124 of 308 House seats (minority) 23 of 105 Senate seats Liberal Party Bill Graham Stéphane Dion Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party 40th Canadian ParliamentElected 20083 sessions Nov 4, 2008–Mar 26, 2011 Conservative Party Stephen Harper—28th Ministry 143 of 308 House seats (minority) 21 of 105 Senate seats Liberal Party Stéphane Dion Michael Ignatieff Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party 41st Canadian ParliamentElected 20112 sessions May 23, 2011–Aug 2, 2015 Conservative Party Stephen Harper—28th Ministry 166 of 308 House seats 52 of 105 Senate seats New Democratic Party Jack Layton Nycole Turmel Thomas Mulcair Liberal Party Senate Liberal Caucus 42nd Canadian ParliamentElected 20151 session Dec 3, 2015–Sep 11, 2019 Liberal Party Justin Trudeau—29th Ministry 184 of 338 House seats 0 of 105 Senate seats Conservative Party Rona Ambrose Andrew Scheer New Democratic Party Independent Senators Group Senate Liberal Caucus 43rd Canadian ParliamentElected 20192 sessions Dec 5, 2019–Aug 15, 2021 Liberal Party Justin Trudeau—29th Ministry 157 of 338 House seats (minority) 0 of 105 Senate seats Conservative Party Andrew Scheer Erin O'Toole Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Independent Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Progressive Senate Group 44th Canadian Parliament Elected 2021 Nov 22, 2021–present Liberal Party Justin Trudeau—29th Ministry 160 of 338 House seats (minority) 0 of 105 Senate seats Conservative Party Erin O'Toole Candice Bergen Pierre Poilievre Bloc Québécois New Democratic Party Independent Senators Group Canadian Senators Group Progressive Senate Group Notes ^ The diagrams show the composition of each parliament, colour-coded by party (click on an image to see its key) and arranged as the MPs might sit. The speaker of the house is shown on the left hand side, with the governing party on the speaker's right (the bottom of the diagram) and the opposition on the speaker's left (the top). ^ In Canada's early parliaments, many members of the Conservative Party, including the Prime Minister, used other labels for themselves, the most common being "Liberal-Conservative". The seat totals here is the sum of all labels Conservative Party labels. ^ There were two Independent Conservatives in the 2nd Parliament, giving the government an effective majority. ^ After the 2nd parliament's Pacific Scandal, the Liberals took power between elections. ^ After the dissolution of the 7th Canadian Parliament, Mackenzie Bowell stepped down and Sir Charles Tupper became Prime Minister on May 1, 1896. Tupper was the only Prime Minister during the 1896 election campaign, which he lost, so he was never Prime Minister of a sitting parliament and is therefore not included in this list. ^ During the First World War, Borden governed from a united party with a Cabinet of 12 Conservatives, 9 Liberals and Independents, and 1 "Labour" MP. There were, however, still a number of MPs in opposition to him. ^ In the 14th Parliament, King’s Liberals won exactly enough seats to form a slim majority government, and due to resignations and floor crossing, they shifted back and forth between majority and minority status. However, the government was in little danger of losing a confidence vote because the Progressive party usually allowed free votes among its members, some of whom would always vote with the government. ^ In the 14th parliament, the new Progressive Party led by Thomas Crerar had the second-most seats, yet Arthur Meighen's Conservatives formed official opposition. ^ In the 15th parliament, Mackenzie King's Liberals were initially supported by some members of the Progressive Party of Canada until one of King's appointees in the Department of Customs and Excise was revealed to have taken bribes. ^ In the 15th parliament, Arthur Meighen's Conservatives had the most seats, but Mackenzie King formed the government with the support of the Progressive Party. After the King–Byng Affair, Arthur Meighen's Conservatives took power between elections. ^ In the 16th parliament, Mackenzie King's Liberals were supported by some members of the Progressive Party of Canada, which did not enforce strict party discipline. ^ In the 1940 election, Hanson's Conservative's ran under the name "National Government". ^ In the 26th parliament, Pearson's Liberals were initially supported by Tommy Douglas's New Democratic Party without forming an official coalition. ^ In the 27th parliament, Pearson's Liberals relied on the small opposition parties in order to remain in power without forming an official coalition. ^ In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney used Section 26 of the Constitution, a never-before used clause, to fill the Senate above its regular limit, giving his party 54 of 112 seats. ^ In the 38th parliament, Martin's Liberals were initially supported by Jack Layton's New Democratic Party without forming an official coalition. References ^ Canada. "General Elections". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-05-31. Retrieved 2011-06-14. ^ a b c d e Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada: Political Information - Governmental Majorities and Minorities". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-10-12. Retrieved 2011-10-31. ^ Canada. "Parliaments - Duration of Sessions". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2011-06-18. ^ Canada. "Key Dates for each Parliament". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. Retrieved 2011-06-18. ^ a b Canada. "Duration of Canadian Ministries: 1867 to Date". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2015-12-15. Retrieved 2011-10-31. ^ Canada. "Prime Ministers of Canada". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-06-10. Retrieved 2011-06-18. ^ Canada. "Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation". Privy Council Office. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2011-06-18. ^ Canada. "Party Standings (1980 to Date): In the House of Commons". Library of Parliament. Retrieved 2011-10-31. ^ Canada. "Party Standings (1974 to date): In the Senate". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-10-28. Retrieved 2011-10-31. ^ a b Canada. "Leaders of the Official Opposition in the House of Commons Since 1873". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2012-02-02. Retrieved 2011-06-18. ^ Terence Allan Crowley; Rae Murphy (1993). Canadian History: Canada Since 1867 Essentials. Research & Education Association. p. 8. ISBN 0-87891-917-1. ^ Frances Stanford (2002). The Prime Ministers of Canada. S&S Learning Materials. p. 24. ISBN 1-55035-721-2. ^ Robert Bothwell; Ian Drummond; John English (1990). Canada, 1900-1945. University of Toronto Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-8020-6801-4. vteCanadian legislative bodiesParliament of Canada Sovereign Senate House of Commons Members List Legislative assemblies Alberta (list) British Columbia (list) Manitoba (list) New Brunswick (list) Newfoundland and Labrador (list) Northwest Territories (list) Nova Scotia (list) Nunavut (list) Ontario (list) Prince Edward Island (list) Quebec Saskatchewan (list) Yukon Indigenous assemblies Haida Council Grand Council of the Crees Nisgaʼa Lisims Nunatsiavut Assembly Six Nations Elected Council City councils Brampton Calgary Edmonton Gatineau Halifax Hamilton Laval London Markham Mississauga Moncton Montreal Ottawa Quebec City Regina Saskatoon St. John's Surrey Toronto Vancouver Victoria Winnipeg more Defunct bodiesProvincial upper houses Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland Nova Scotia Prince Edward Island Quebec Territorial bodies Keewatin (Council) Northwest Territories (Temporary Council, 1st Council, 2nd Council) Pre-Confederation bodies British Columbia colonies Mainland Vancouver Island United Colony Lower Canada Parliament Council Assembly Special Council Newfoundland Commission Province of Canada Parliament Council Assembly Province of Quebec Council Red River Colony Council Assembly Upper Canada Parliament Council Assembly vteElections in CanadaMost recent 2021 federal 2023 Alberta 2020 British Columbia 2023 Manitoba 2020 New Brunswick 2021 Newfoundland and Labrador 2023 Northwest Territories 2021 Nova Scotia 2021 Nunavut 2022 Ontario 2023 Prince Edward Island 2022 Quebec 2020 Saskatchewan 2021 Yukon Provincial summary Future elections Federal by-elections Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick Newfoundland and Labrador Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Nunavut Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Lists Amalgamated timeline Federal by-elections AB by-elections Senate BC by-elections MB by-elections NB by-elections NL by-elections NT by-elections NS by-elections NU by-elections ON by-elections PE by-elections QC by-elections SK by-elections YT by-elections Electoral districts Federal AB BC MB NB NL NS NT NU ON PE QC SK YT System Canadian electoral system Legislation Canada Elections Act Elections Modernization Act Elections Canada Chief Electoral Officer of Canada National Register of Electors International Register of Electors Electoral reform Electoral district Fixed election dates Rights and freedoms Voting Electronic voting Fair Vote Canada Voter turnout Canada portal Politics portal Portals: Canada Politics

[{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Parliament2.jpg"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Parliament of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"legislative body","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislature"},{"link_name":"government of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"House of Commons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Senate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Senate_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"sovereign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"governor general","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"election","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elections_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"five years","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Section_Four_of_the_Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms"},{"link_name":"MPs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Members_of_parliament"},{"link_name":"Westminster-style","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westminster_system"},{"link_name":"party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Canada"},{"link_name":"Prime Minister","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"leader of the Official Opposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"Oral Questions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Question_Period"},{"link_name":"speaker of the House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"minority government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minority_government"},{"link_name":"Parliament Hill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parliament_Hill"},{"link_name":"Ottawa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottawa"}],"text":"The Chamber of the House of CommonsThe Parliament of Canada is the legislative body of the government of Canada. The Parliament is composed of the House of Commons (lower house), the Senate (upper house), and the sovereign, represented by the governor general. Most major legislation originates from the House, as it is the only body that is directly elected. A new parliament begins after an election of the House of Commons and can sit for up to five years. The number of seats in parliament has varied as new provinces joined the country and as population distribution between the provinces changed; there are currently 338 House MPs and 105 Senators (when there are no vacancies).Canada uses a Westminster-style parliamentary government, in which the leader of the party with the most seats in the House of Commons becomes Prime Minister, even if the leader is not an elected member of parliament. The leader of the party with the second-most seats in the House becomes the leader of the Official Opposition, and debate (formally called Oral Questions) between the parties is presided over by the speaker of the House. When the party with the most seats has less than half of the total number of seats, it forms a minority government, which can be voted out of power by the other parties. The Canadian Parliament is located at Parliament Hill in the capital city, Ottawa, Ontario.","title":"List of Canadian federal parliaments"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Parliaments"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-12"},{"link_name":"Liberal-Conservative","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberal-Conservative"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-13"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-15"},{"link_name":"Pacific Scandal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Scandal"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-17"},{"link_name":"7th Canadian Parliament","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7th_Canadian_Parliament"},{"link_name":"Charles Tupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tupper"},{"link_name":"1896 election campaign","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1896_Canadian_federal_election"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-19"},{"link_name":"First World War","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_World_War"},{"link_name":"Cabinet","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabinet_(government)"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-18"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-20"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-21"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"Thomas Crerar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Crerar"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-22"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-23"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"King–Byng Affair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_Affair"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-24"},{"link_name":"Progressive Party of Canada","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Progressive_Party_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-25"},{"link_name":"National Government","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Government_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-26"},{"link_name":"Tommy Douglas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tommy_Douglas"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-27"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-28"},{"link_name":"Constitution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-29"},{"link_name":"Jack Layton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Layton"},{"link_name":"New Democratic Party","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_(Canada)"}],"text":"^ The diagrams show the composition of each parliament, colour-coded by party (click on an image to see its key) and arranged as the MPs might sit. The speaker of the house is shown on the left hand side, with the governing party on the speaker's right (the bottom of the diagram) and the opposition on the speaker's left (the top).\n\n^ In Canada's early parliaments, many members of the Conservative Party, including the Prime Minister, used other labels for themselves, the most common being \"Liberal-Conservative\". The seat totals here is the sum of all labels Conservative Party labels.\n\n^ There were two Independent Conservatives in the 2nd Parliament, giving the government an effective majority.\n\n^ After the 2nd parliament's Pacific Scandal, the Liberals took power between elections.[11]\n\n^ After the dissolution of the 7th Canadian Parliament, Mackenzie Bowell stepped down and Sir Charles Tupper became Prime Minister on May 1, 1896. Tupper was the only Prime Minister during the 1896 election campaign, which he lost, so he was never Prime Minister of a sitting parliament and is therefore not included in this list.[12]\n\n^ During the First World War, Borden governed from a united party with a Cabinet of 12 Conservatives, 9 Liberals and Independents, and 1 \"Labour\" MP. There were, however, still a number of MPs in opposition to him.[13]\n\n^ In the 14th Parliament, King’s Liberals won exactly enough seats to form a slim majority government, and due to resignations and floor crossing, they shifted back and forth between majority and minority status. However, the government was in little danger of losing a confidence vote because the Progressive party usually allowed free votes among its members, some of whom would always vote with the government.\n\n^ In the 14th parliament, the new Progressive Party led by Thomas Crerar had the second-most seats, yet Arthur Meighen's Conservatives formed official opposition.\n\n^ In the 15th parliament, Mackenzie King's Liberals were initially supported by some members of the Progressive Party of Canada until one of King's appointees in the Department of Customs and Excise was revealed to have taken bribes.\n\n^ In the 15th parliament, Arthur Meighen's Conservatives had the most seats, but Mackenzie King formed the government with the support of the Progressive Party. After the King–Byng Affair, Arthur Meighen's Conservatives took power between elections.\n\n^ In the 16th parliament, Mackenzie King's Liberals were supported by some members of the Progressive Party of Canada, which did not enforce strict party discipline.\n\n^ In the 1940 election, Hanson's Conservative's ran under the name \"National Government\".\n\n^ In the 26th parliament, Pearson's Liberals were initially supported by Tommy Douglas's New Democratic Party without forming an official coalition.\n\n^ In the 27th parliament, Pearson's Liberals relied on the small opposition parties in order to remain in power without forming an official coalition.\n\n^ In 1990, Prime Minister Brian Mulroney used Section 26 of the Constitution, a never-before used clause, to fill the Senate above its regular limit, giving his party 54 of 112 seats.\n\n^ In the 38th parliament, Martin's Liberals were initially supported by Jack Layton's New Democratic Party without forming an official coalition.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"The Chamber of the House of Commons","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Parliament2.jpg/300px-Parliament2.jpg"}]

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Retrieved 2011-10-31.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Compilations/FederalGovernment/PrimeMinisters/Government.aspx","url_text":"\"Prime Ministers of Canada: Political Information - Governmental Majorities and Minorities\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111012035035/http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/federalgovernment/PrimeMinisters/Government.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Canada. \"Parliaments - Duration of Sessions\". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-06-22. Retrieved 2011-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/Sessions.aspx","url_text":"\"Parliaments - Duration of Sessions\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110622100256/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/compilations/parliament/Sessions.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Canada. \"Key Dates for each Parliament\". Library of Parliament. Archived from the original on 2011-07-10. 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Retrieved 2011-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/Parlinfo/Compilations/FederalGovernment/PrimeMinisters/Gallery.aspx","url_text":"\"Prime Ministers of Canada\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20110610045223/http://www.parl.gc.ca/parlinfo/compilations/federalgovernment/PrimeMinisters/Gallery.aspx","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Canada. \"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\". Privy Council Office. Archived from the original on 2016-01-05. Retrieved 2011-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160105132859/http://pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/lst.asp?lang=eng&=1","url_text":"\"Guide to Canadian Ministries since Confederation\""},{"url":"http://www.pco-bcp.gc.ca/mgm/lst.asp?lang=eng&=1","url_text":"the original"}]},{"reference":"Canada. \"Party Standings (1980 to Date): In the House of Commons\". Library of Parliament. 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Retrieved 2011-06-18.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Language=E&Sec=Ch25&Seq=9","url_text":"\"Leaders of the Official Opposition in the House of Commons Since 1873\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120202192844/http://www.parl.gc.ca/MarleauMontpetit/DocumentViewer.aspx?DocId=1001&Sec=Ch25&Seq=9&Language=E","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Terence Allan Crowley; Rae Murphy (1993). Canadian History: Canada Since 1867 Essentials. Research & Education Association. p. 8. ISBN 0-87891-917-1.","urls":[{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcana00crow/page/8","url_text":"Canadian History: Canada Since 1867 Essentials"},{"url":"https://archive.org/details/essentialsofcana00crow/page/8","url_text":"8"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87891-917-1","url_text":"0-87891-917-1"}]},{"reference":"Frances Stanford (2002). The Prime Ministers of Canada. S&S Learning Materials. p. 24. ISBN 1-55035-721-2.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55035-721-2","url_text":"1-55035-721-2"}]},{"reference":"Robert Bothwell; Ian Drummond; John English (1990). Canada, 1900-1945. University of Toronto Press. p. 129. ISBN 0-8020-6801-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-6801-4","url_text":"0-8020-6801-4"}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spear_(Pok%C3%A9mon)

List of generation I Pokémon

["1 Design and development","2 List of Pokémon","3 Notes","4 References","5 External links"]

List of Pokémon species introduced in its first generation "Meowth" redirects here. For the Pokémon anime character, see Team Rocket. The international logo for the Pokémon franchise List of Pokémon by generation Generation IGeneration IIGeneration IIIGeneration IVGeneration VGeneration VIGeneration VIIGeneration VIIIGeneration IX Related: List of Pokémonvte The first generation (generation I) of the Pokémon franchise features the original 151 fictional species of monsters introduced to the core video game series in the 1996 Game Boy games Pocket Monsters Red and Green (known as Pokémon Red and Blue outside of Japan). The following list details the 151 Pokémon of generation I in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Bulbasaur, is number 0001 and the last, Mew, is number 0151. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced. MissingNo., a glitch, is also on this list. Design and development Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the Pokémon series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy. In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution. A major goal in each game is to complete the Pokédex, a comprehensive Pokémon encyclopedia, by capturing, evolving, and trading to obtain individuals from all Pokémon species. Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat. The designs of each Pokémon started as pixel art sprites by the development team first, with a single color identity chosen to work within the Super Game Boy hardware limitations. With the early development team consisting of three men, character design lead Ken Sugimori brought female developers into the project feeling they would be better able to create "cute" designs. While conceived as a group effort by multiple developers at Game Freak, the finalized designs and artworks were done by Ken Sugimori. Originally tasked with drawing the characters to illustrate a planned strategy guide by Game Freak when the games released, Sugimori drew all the sprites for the game in his style to not only unify their designs visually but also modify any design elements he felt were amiss, while trying to retain the original sprite artist's unique style. While some Pokémon have been attributed to certain developers over the years, such as Atsuko Nishida for Pikachu and Motofumi Fujiwara for Eevee and its evolutions, Game Freak has avoided attributing many Pokémon to particular individuals to keep a sense of all the developers being involved in their creation. The majority of Pokémon in generation I had relatively simple designs and were similar to real-life creatures including Pidgey (a pigeon), Krabby (a crab), Rattata (a rat), and Ekans (a snake). Many Pokémon in the original games served as the base for repeating concepts later in the series. Some Pokémon, such as Squirtle, Bulbasaur and Charmander were designed based on their final evolutions and working backwards. During development they ran into issues with digital cartridge space, and many Pokémon were removed. Specifically, several Pokémon that had a three-stage evolution line were instead changed to evolve only once, resulting in a planned final evolution for Pikachu called "Gorochu" being removed from the final game. When the games were localized for English-speaking audiences as Red and Blue, Nintendo of America gave the various Pokémon species "clever and descriptive names" related to their appearance or features as a means to make them more relatable to American children. This resulted in several pop-culture references being worked into the character's names, such as Hitmonchan and Hitmonlee, who are references to martial arts actors Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee respectively. Overseen by translator Nob Ogasawara, he voiced concern over some of the choices presented, specifically "Barrierd", which was renamed to "Mr. Mime" based on its masculine appearance. Ogasawara wanted to avoid gendered names for the Pokémon species in the event genders were introduced for them in later titles, a concern proven valid with the sequel titles Pokémon Gold and Silver. List of Pokémon Pokémon Bulbasaur Ivysaur Venusaur Charmander Charmeleon Charizard Squirtle Wartortle Blastoise Caterpie Metapod Butterfree Weedle Kakuna Beedrill Pidgey Pidgeotto Pidgeot Rattata Raticate Spearow Fearow Ekans Arbok Pikachu Raichu Sandshrew Sandslash Nidoran♀ Nidorina Nidoqueen Nidoran♂ Nidorino Nidoking Clefairy Clefable Vulpix Ninetales Jigglypuff Wigglytuff Zubat Golbat Oddish Gloom Vileplume Paras Parasect Venonat Venomoth Diglett Dugtrio Meowth Persian Psyduck Golduck Mankey Primeape Growlithe Arcanine Poliwag Poliwhirl Poliwrath Abra Kadabra Alakazam Machop Machoke Machamp Bellsprout Weepinbell Victreebel Tentacool Tentacruel Geodude Graveler Golem Ponyta Rapidash Slowpoke Slowbro Magnemite Magneton Farfetch'd Doduo Dodrio Seel Dewgong Grimer Muk Shellder Cloyster Gastly Haunter Gengar Onix Drowzee Hypno Krabby Kingler Voltorb Electrode Exeggcute Exeggutor Cubone Marowak Hitmonlee Hitmonchan Lickitung Koffing Weezing Rhyhorn Rhydon Chansey Tangela Kangaskhan Horsea Seadra Goldeen Seaking Staryu Starmie Mr. Mime Scyther Jynx Electabuzz Magmar Pinsir Tauros Magikarp Gyarados Lapras Ditto Eevee Vaporeon Jolteon Flareon Porygon Omanyte Omastar Kabuto Kabutops Aerodactyl Snorlax Articuno Zapdos Moltres Dratini Dragonair Dragonite Mewtwo Mew MissingNo. List of Pokémon species introduced in generation I (1996) Name Type(s) Evolves from Evolves into Notes BulbasaurFushigidane (フシギダネ)(0001)   Grass / Poison — Ivysaur (#0002) It is one of Kanto's starter Pokémon. It has a bulb on its back, which stores nutrients. Since the bulb can photosynthesize, Bulbasaur can go days without eating. As with the rest of its evolutionary line, its bulb has vines the Pokémon uses as tentacles. IvysaurFushigisō (フシギソウ)(0002)   Grass / Poison Bulbasaur (#0001) Venusaur (#0003) It is a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as a part of the "Pokémon Trainer" fighter. Its bulb has grown into a bud, which it uses to convert sunlight into power. The bud is heavy, to the point of rendering Ivysaur unable to move properly if it has stored enough nutrients, so its hind legs have grown stronger to counter the weight. VenusaurFushigibana (フシギバナ)(0003)   Grass / Poison Ivysaur (#0002) Mega EvolutionGigantamax It is the mascot of Pokémon Green and LeafGreen. The bud on its back has bloomed into a flower. It has a soothing aroma, and converts sunlight into energy. For this reason, Venusaur is more powerful during the summer. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI, and a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. CharmanderHitokage (ヒトカゲ)(0004)   Fire — Charmeleon (#0005) It is one of Kanto's starter Pokémon. From the moment it hatches, there is a flame at the tip of its tail. Still unfamiliar with fire, a Charmander might accidentally burn itself. If its flame goes out, it dies. CharmeleonRizādo (リザード)(0005)   Fire Charmander (#0004) Charizard (#0006) A feisty Pokémon, it seeks out potential opponents and torments them in battle. It attacks by spewing fire from its mouth, swinging its tail around, or clawing away. Its fire turns bluish-white when it is excited. CharizardRizādon (リザードン)(0006)   Fire / Flying Charmeleon (#0005) Two Mega EvolutionsGigantamax It is a playable character as a part of the "Pokémon Trainer" fighter in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate, a standalone fighter in Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U, and the mascot of Pokémon Red and FireRed. Its fire is hot enough to melt boulders and glaciers, and it is known to start forest fires by accident, though it will not use it against weaker foes. The flame on its tail can burn underwater, and turns bluish-white if Charizard is angry. It gained two Mega Evolutions in generation VI, one Fire/Flying-type and one Fire/Dragon-type, and a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. SquirtleZenigame (ゼニガメ)(0007)   Water — Wartortle (#0008) It is a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Brawl and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate as a part of the "Pokémon Trainer" fighter, and one of Kanto's starter Pokémon. After it hatches, its back gradually swells and hardens into a shell. It withdraws into its shell for protection or to sleep, and its grooved, rounded shape reduce its water resistance, allowing it to swim faster. To attack, it sprays foamy water from its mouth. WartortleKamēru (カメール)(0008)   Water Squirtle (#0007) Blastoise (#0009) Because it is bigger and heavier than Squirtle, it has trouble walking, and has to use its furry ears and tail as rudders and balancing rods to swim. It withdraws into its shell to attack, defend itself, and sleep, though it cannot fully withdraw its tail. It is said to be able to live for up to 10,000 years. Older Wartortle have darker tail fur, and may have scars and algae on their shells. BlastoiseKamekkusu (カメックス)(0009)   Water Wartortle (#0008) Mega EvolutionGigantamax It is the mascot of Pokémon Blue. The two cannons on its shell shoot out pressurized jets of water strong enough to shatter thick steel walls, and accurate enough to hit empty cans from over 160 feet away. Blastoise itself can tackle at high speeds. A cruel Pokémon, it deliberately makes itself heavier to withstand its cannons' recoil and crush its opponents. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI and a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. A Blastoise trading card, which was originally made as a test print before the commercial English cards, was sold for $360,000 in 2021. CaterpieKyatapī (キャタピー)(0010)   Bug — Metapod (#0011) Its feet have suction pads that allow it to climb slopes, walls, and trees. To protect itself, it releases a stench from its antennae. It camouflages itself in piles of leaves, or tries to scare predators with the eye patterns on its body. Across its life, it eats hundreds of leaves bigger its body. When nearing evolution, it sheds its skin, covers itself with silk, and becomes a cocoon. MetapodToranseru (トランセル)(0011)   Bug Caterpie (#0010) Butterfree (#0012) Though hard, Metapod's shell is said to be easy to break open, so it hardens it further when threatened to avoid spilling its thick, liquid innards. It waits for evolution while its cells restructure. Ume Aoki, a Japanese cartoonist who is famous for her work on the manga Hidamari Sketch and the anime Puella Magi Madoka Magica, utils a likeness of herself cosplaying as a Metapod in her drawn works. ButterfreeBatafurī (バタフリー)(0012)   Bug / Flying Metapod (#0011) Gigantamax Its wings are covered in poisonous, water-repelling powder, which it uses to defend itself and fly in the rain. It goes from flower to flower to collect nectar, and rubs honey onto the hairs of its legs to carry back to its nest. It spreads its scales around to defend nearby Caterpie from predators. It competes with Cutiefly for territory. It gained a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. WeedleBīdoru (ビードル)(0013)   Bug / Poison — Kakuna (#0014) A common sight in forests and grassy areas, it has a two-inch poisonous stinger on its head, which it uses to defend itself. It has an acute sense of smell, being able to distinguish leaves it likes from those it dislikes with its big nose. It eats its weight in leaves every day. KakunaKokūn (コクーン)(0014)   Bug / Poison Weedle (#0013) Beedrill (#0015) Kakuna remains immobile, but can stick out its stinger in self-defense. The process of its cells' rearrangement raises its body temperature to the point of making it hot to the touch. BeedrillSupiā (スピアー)(0015)   Bug / Poison Kakuna (#0014) Mega Evolution Swarms of Beedrill set their nest in forests, and attack anything that goes near. It uses its three poisonous stingers to defeat its prey and carry them home. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. PidgeyPoppo (ポッポ)(0016)   Normal / Flying — Pidgeotto (#0017) A common and docile Pokémon, it prefers using flapping up sand in opponents' eyes over fighting. Its sense of direction allows it to return home from however far it may be. PidgeottoPijon (ピジョン)(0017)   Normal / Flying Pidgey (#0016) Pidgeot (#0018) A territorial species, it will peck and claw at its opponents. It uses its claws to carry prey like Exeggcute from over 60 miles away. It flies in circles, keeping a lookout for prey. PidgeotPijotto (ピジョット)(0018)   Normal / Flying Pidgeotto (#0017) Mega Evolution Its wings are strong enough to fly at Mach 2 speed, whip up windstorms strong enough to bend trees, and fly up to 3,300 feet over the air. It skims over the water to hunt for unsuspecting fish Pokémon like Magikarp. Its glossy feathers make it a popular pick among trainers. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. RattataKoratta (コラッタ)(0019)   Normal — Raticate (#0020) It will form nests and procreate anywhere that has food, which contain at least 40 Rattata each. The colony spends entire days scavenging for food. A cautious species, it constantly listens around by moving its ears. Its incisor teeth do not stop growing, so it gnaws on hard objects, like table legs and door frames, to keep them ground down. Due to their commonness and habits of stealing food and gnawing on structures, it and Raticate are considered invasive species. Rattata has a Dark/Normal-type Alolan form. RaticateRatta (ラッタ)(0020)   Normal Rattata (#0019) — It uses its whiskers to maintain balance, and slows down if they are cut off. Its webbed hind feet act as flippers, allowing it to swim in rivers to hunt or escape from opponents. To keep its teeth ground down, it chews on anything, from machinery to concrete. Like Rattata, Raticate has a Dark/Normal-type Alolan form. SpearowOnisuzume (オニスズメ)(0021)   Normal / Flying — Fearow (#0022) It can fly quickly, but is not adept at it. Its cries can be heard from a mile away, and it uses them to communicate with other Spearow. It flies around warmer climates, looking for bug Pokémon to eat. FearowOnidoriru (オニドリル)(0022)   Normal / Flying Spearow (#0021) — Drawings resembling Fearow can be seen ancient murals, implying that it has not evolved since ancient days. Its stamina lets it fly for an entire day, and its long neck and beak are convenient for plucking bug and fish Pokémon. EkansĀbo (アーボ)(0023)   Poison — Arbok (#0024) It uses its tongue to detect its surroundings and look for the scent for its prey. It wraps itself around trees to rest at night. If no trees are available, it coils to be able to respond from any given direction. It preys on bird Pokémon and their eggs and can stretch its jaw to swallow them whole, but eating something too big can leave it too heavy to move. ArbokĀbokku (アーボック)(0024)   Poison Ekans (#0023) — The pattern under its head is similar to a face, and differs by region. Research has shown over 20 different patterns. Its coiling is strong enough to flatten oil drums, and its fangs are used to inject poison into its prey. It can use its pattern or hiss to intimidate opponents. If any part of its body besides its head is cut off, the rest of its body can grow back in weeks. It preys on smaller Pokémon like Wooper, or eggs of bird Pokémon like Pidgey and Spearow. PikachuPikachū (ピカチュウ)(0025)   Electric Pichu (#0172) Raichu (#0026)Gigantamax Pikachu is the primary mascot of the Pokémon franchise, as well as Pokémon Yellow and Let's Go, Pikachu!. It is also playable in every Super Smash Bros. game. It raises its tail to check its surroundings, but may be struck by a lightning bolt in this position. It gathers electricity from the atmosphere, and uses it to roast berries, communicate with other Electric-type Pokémon, and attack its opponents. Groups of Pikachu having their tails raised can inadvertedly cause lightning storms. Cramorant often swallow Pikachu by accident. RaichuRaichū (ライチュウ)(0026)   Electric Pikachu (#0025) — Its tail can be used as a lightning rod to gather electricity, or as a ground to protect itself. It can store and eject up to 100,000 volts, enough to knock a Copperajah out. To avoid physically straining itself, it will discharge excess electricity into the ground, leaving its surroundings burned. Because it evolves via a stone and Pikachu is more popular, Raichu are rarely seen. It has an Electric/Psychic-type Alolan form. Both forms of Raichu were created by Atsuko Nishida. SandshrewSando (サンド)(0027)   Ground — Sandslash (#0028) Based on the Chinese pangolin, Sandshrew is known to curl into a ball to defend itself. It burrows nests into the ground, and only digs back up to look for berries and hunt for bug Pokémon. Sandshrew has an Ice/Steel-type Alolan form. SandslashSandopan (サンドパン)(0028)   Ground Sandshrew (#0027) — It can curl into a spiky ball to roll around, attack opponents, and protect itself from heatstroke or attacks. In addition to the spikes on its back, it can use its claws to attack and slash berries for its young. Like Sandshrew, it has an Ice/Steel-type Alolan form. Nidoran♀Nidoran♀ (ニドラン♀)(0029)   Poison — Nidorina (#0030) Eggs from both Nidoran lines can contain Nidoran of either gender. It is docile and unwilling to fight, but when forced, its horn and barbs can secrete poison. It uses its whiskers to check the wind for predators, and its incisors for chewing through berries. NidorinaNidorīna (ニドリーナ)(0030)   Poison Nidoran♀ (#0029) Nidoqueen (#0031) Its horn grows slowly and it does not like fighting, but when forced to do so, it tends to resort to clawing and biting opponents. It lives in groups with others of its evolutionary line, and chews food for its young. NidoqueenNidokuin (ニドクイン)(0031)   Poison / Ground Nidorina (#0030) — It is more defensively focused than its male counterpart, Nidoking. It can poison prey with its spikes, cause tremors, or knock opponents flying with tackles. It is protective of its children, carrying them in the gaps between its spines, and sealing its burrow. While around its young, its spikes do not secrete poison. Despite Pokédex and anime descriptions, it and Nidorina cannot breed, though Nidoran♀ can. Nidoran♂Nidoran♂ (ニドラン♂)(0032)   Poison — Nidorino (#0033) It flaps its ears around to detect potential opponents' footsteps. It injects poison into its prey with its horn. It lives with its female equivalent, and may risk its life to protect its female counterpart. NidorinoNidorīno (ニドリーノ)(0033)   Poison Nidoran♂ (#0032) Nidoking (#0034) Its horn and the spikes around its body are laced with poison, and its horn is harder than diamond. It uses its horn to break rocks to find Moon Stones, which it evolves with. NidokingNidokingu (ニドキング)(0034)   Poison / Ground Nidorino (#0033) — It is more offensively-focused than its female counterpart, Nidoqueen. Its tail can topple transmission towers and crush its opponents' bones, its horn can crush diamonds, and its hide is as hard as steel. If it begins to rampage, only a Nidoqueen it has lived with for a long time can calm it down. ClefairyPippi (ピッピ)(0035)   Fairy Cleffa (#0173) Clefable (#0036) Timid creatures, they rarely come, only appearing in groups to dance under a full moon. While dancing, the nearby area is enveloped in a magnetic field. ClefablePikushī (ピクシー)(0036)   Fairy Clefairy (#0035) — It and Clefairy are said to have come from the moon, and spend full moon nights staring at it. Its hearing is acute, being able to hear pin drops from up to 1,100 yards away, so it lives in quiet mountainous areas. Its steps are light and floaty enough to allow it to walk on water. VulpixRokon (ロコン)(0037)   Fire — Ninetales (#0038) When it is born, it has one white tail that sprouts into 6 curled ones at the tip as it gets older. It can freely control fire, creating will-o-wisps that are commonly mistaken for ghosts. Before it evolves, its tails glow hotter than usual. If not properly groomed, its tails will tangle up. If raised young, it will follow its trainer like a puppy. It has an Ice-type Alolan form. It has been selected as an "ambassador" for Hokkaido, and it and its Alolan form have been featured in the livery of an Air Do Boeing 767 aircraft. NinetalesKyūkon (キュウコン)(0038)   Fire Vulpix (#0037) — Its design is inspired by the nine-tailed fox of East Asian myth. It can understand human speech, use its psychic power to control minds, and curse anyone who mistreats it. According to legends, nine saints reincarnated as Ninetales, and each of its tails has a different ability. It has an Ice/Fairy-type Alolan form. JigglypuffPurin (プリン)(0039)   Normal / Fairy Igglybuff (#0174) Wigglytuff (#0040) It is a playable character in every Super Smash Bros. game. It can inflate itself like a balloon to float around or sing. Its voice's wavelength can match the brain waves of sleeping people and Pokémon, lulling them to sleep. If the foe does not fall asleep, it can risk its life by singing until it runs out of air. It also keeps singing if the foe does fall asleep. WigglytuffPukurin (プクリン)(0040)   Normal / Fairy Jigglypuff (#0039) — By inhaling air, it can inflate itself to up to 20 times its size, and float around. It does so to scare opponents away or compete with other Wigglytuff. ZubatZubatto (ズバット)(0041)   Poison / Flying — Golbat (#0042) Zubat has evolved to not have eyes or nostrils, so it uses echolocation to find its way. It hides in dark places while the sun is out, as its skin is sensitive to bright lights. Groups of Zubat will gather around in the cold to heat each other's bodies. GolbatGorubatto (ゴルバット)(0042)   Poison / Flying Zubat (#0041) Crobat (#0169) Its fangs are hollow like straws. It uses them to stab through the hide of its prey, but may break them when trying to bite a Steel-type Pokémon. It may sometimes suck so much blood that its blood type changes to that of its prey, and its weight leaves it unable to fly, making it easy prey. OddishNazonokusa (ナゾノクサ)(0043)   Grass / Poison — Gloom (#0044) It buries itself in the soil to absorb the nutrients and to sleep during the day. If pulled out, it starts screaming. A nocturnal Pokémon, it wanders around to scatter seeds and absorb moonlight. It is one of the few species with a scientific name; "Oddium Wanderus." GloomKusaihana (クサイハナ)(0044)   Grass / Poison Oddish (#0043) Vileplume (#0045)Bellossom (#0182) Its leaves and the drool-like nectar on its mouth smell bad enough to cause fainting in a mile-wide radius, though some people enjoy the smell, and some use it to preduce perfume. It amplifies the odor when in danger, and stops emitting it when safe. VileplumeRafureshia (ラフレシア)(0045)   Grass / Poison Gloom (#0044) — Vileplume's large petals can be shaken or forcibly bloomed to release clouds of pollen that poison and paralyze anything near it, which it uses to weaken its prey before eating it. Walking around causes it to spread pollen around, turning the air around it yellow. ParasParasu (パラス)(0046)   Bug / Grass — Parasect (#0047) Paras has tochukaso mushrooms growing on its back. They drain nutrients from the host and control it into draining nutrients from trees. Their spores can be used to make medicine. In Alola, those spores do not grow properly. ParasectParasekuto (パラセクト)(0047)   Bug / Grass Paras (#0046) — The tochukaso mushrooms have completely drained the Paras's body of its nutrients and taken it over. Groups of Parasect will gather around a tree, suck the nutrients out of it, and move to the next tree when it dies. Its spores can be made into medicine. Parasect in Alola are known to compete with Shiinotic, and have lower-quality spores. The bug is mostly dead, so removing the mushroom causes it to stop moving entirely. VenonatKonpan (コンパン)(0048)   Bug / Poison — Venomoth (#0049) It uses its compound eyes as a radar to locate prey in the dark, and can shoot light beams from them. It hunts for small bug Pokémon at night. VenomothMorufon (モルフォン)(0049)   Bug / Poison Venonat (#0048) — Its wings have scales that leak poison when in contact with its opponent's skin. Lighter scales can cause paralysis, and darker ones are poisonous. A nocturnal Pokémon, it goes out at night to hunt for prey. It is attracted to bright lights. DiglettDiguda (ディグダ)(0050)   Ground — Dugtrio (#0051) Some farmers like to use Diglett and Dugtrio to plough the soil for crops to grow, and some consider them pests for eating crops. No one has ever seen the full body of a Diglett. It has a Ground/Steel-type Alolan form. DugtrioDagutorio (ダグトリオ)(0051)   Ground Diglett (#0050) — Dugtrio is a tripled Diglett. It can burrow at a speed of 60 miles per hour, and up to 60 miles underground. Like Diglett, no one has ever seen its full body. Occasionally, they will fight over which head gets to eat first. Like Diglett, Dugtrio has a Ground/Steel-type Alolan form. MeowthNyāsu (ニャース)(0052)   Normal — Persian (#0053)Gigantamax One of the main members of Team Rocket in the Pokémon anime series. Meowth withdraws its claws into its paws to sneak around without leaving footsteps. It loves round and shiny objects, coins being its favorite toys, which it will play with until it falls asleep. It sleeps during the daytime, and patrols its territory during the night, looking for loose change. It tends to fight with Murkrow over shiny objects. Giving coins to a Meowth can make it friendlier, but no less fickle. Meowth has a Dark-type Alolan form, and a Steel-type Galarian form, which evolves into Perrserker. It gained a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. Meowth is a popular Pokémon among fans of the series, primarily due to its role on the villainous organization Team Rocket. It has widely been used in promotion for the series. PersianPerushian (ペルシアン)(0053)   Normal Meowth (#0052) — Its fur and jewel make it popular with the rich, but its fickle, uncaring attitude makes it hard to raise. Though it will attack anyone without provocation, including its trainer, pulling on its whiskers will temporarily make it docile. It has a Dark-type Alolan form, and a Galarian counterpart in Perrserker, whose barbaric habits clash with both Persian's elegance and ego. A Persian is owned by Team Rocket's leader Giovanni in the Pokémon anime series. PsyduckKodakku (コダック)(0054)   Water — Golduck (#0055) It has constant headaches. When Psyduck's headache gets severe, it unleashes its psychic powers. GolduckGorudakku (ゴルダック)(0055)   Water Psyduck (#0054) — It was almost hunted to extinction by hunters wanting the jewel on its forehead, believing it would grant them supernatural powers. Its psychic abilities are superior to Psyduck's. It swims effortlessly, even in rough, stormy seas. It is known to rescue people from wrecked ships. MankeyMankī (マンキー)(0056)   Fighting — Primeape (#0057) Nearly anything will anger it, and when it gets angry, it will immediately attack, giving its opponent no time to flee. If it does flee or is left alone, the loneliness will make it angrier. If one Mankey in a colony gets mad, the rest will rampage with it. PrimeapeOkorizaru (オコリザル)(0057)   Fighting Mankey (#0056) Annihilape (#0979) Getting angry causes Primeape's blood to rush faster than usual, tightening its body muscles, but making it dumber. Any form of stimuli will anger it, even while it is asleep. It can get so angry that it dies as a result, but looks peaceful in death. GrowlitheGādi (ガーディ)(0058)   Fire — Arcanine (#0059) Growlithe are friendly, loyal, and have a strong sense of smell, making them popular as guard and police dogs. Growlithe bones have been found in ruins from the Stone Age, implying that humans have used them since then. It is based on the Shisa. It has a Fire/Rock-type Hisuian form. ArcanineUindi (ウインディ)(0059)   Fire Growlithe (#0058) — Arcanine is a fan-favorite Pokémon and has been described as having "the mane of a lion... the stripes of a tiger the speed of a panther". It has been admired since the past for its beauty. It runs agilely as if on wings. Arcanine is known for its high speed, as it is said to be capable of running over 6,200 miles in a single day and night. The fire that blazes within Arcanine's body is its source of power. Legends tell of its fighting alongside a general and conquering a whole country. There are so many old tales about them that Arcanine is spoken of and categorized in the Pokédex as the Legendary Pokémon, though it is a common wild Pokémon. Like Growlithe, it has a Fire/Rock-type Hisuian form. PoliwagNyoromo (ニョロモ)(0060)   Water — Poliwhirl (#0061) Due to its underdeveloped legs, it is not good at standing or walking, so it prefers swimming, though its trainer should train it to walk every day. Despite the danger, it wants to come up on land, so it does its best to waddle along, but when an enemy finds it, it rushes back to the water. Poliwag's thin skin leaves its spiraling innards visible. If the swirl is tinged white, that means Poliwag is sick. Despite its thinness, its skin is flexible and slimy, so even sharp fangs bounce off of it. The direction of its spiral tends to differ by area. Poliwag experts can tell them apart at a glance. In rivers with fast-flowing water, it will cling to a rock by using its lips, which act like a suction cup. PoliwhirlNyorozo (ニョロゾ)(0061)   Water Poliwag (#0060) Poliwrath (#0062)Politoed (#0186) Poliwhirl is among the most-marketed Pokémon. It can live in or out of the water, but prefers living in water where, it has fewer natural enemies and more plentiful prey. When out of water, it constantly sweats so its body is always wet and slick with an oily fluid. Because of this, it can easily slip out of the clutches of its enemies. Its health suffers when its skin dries out, so trainers have to keep it moist. It goes on land in search of bug Pokémon, then takes them underwater so it can safely eat them. The spiral pattern on its belly subtly moves, and staring at it for too long can lead children and Pokémon to sleep. PoliwrathNyorobon (ニョロボン)(0062)   Water / Fighting Poliwhirl (#0061) — A skilled swimmer, it can outswim professional athletes with ease, and children imitate its movements to learn to swim. It is also skilled in martial arts, and strong enough to punch boulders into dust. Despite being adapted to life in water, it chooses to live in dry land. AbraKēshii (ケーシィ)(0063)   Psychic — Kadabra (#0064) Even when sleeping, which Abra is for most of its life, it can sense danger with its highly potent psychic power. When it is in danger, it will teleport to safety. Its powers may be affected by what it is dreaming about. KadabraYungerā (ユンゲラー)(0064)   Psychic Abra (#0063) Alakazam (#0065) In November 2000, Israeli magician Uri Geller sued Nintendo, claiming Kadabra embodies an unauthorized appropriation of his identity. However, in 2020, he released a claim that Nintendo could use Kadabra in cards again. Some Kadabra are theorized to have once been human children who could not control their powers. Its psychic powers can cause clocks to run backwards, or other devices to stop functioning. AlakazamFūdin (フーディン)(0065)   Psychic Kadabra (#0064) Mega Evolution Its brain cells multiply infinitely with age, amplifying its psychic powers and allowing it to remember everything since its hatching as an Abra. Its muscles are weak, so it lifts its body with its psychic powers. It may give its spoons to someone it trusts. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. MachopWanrikī (ワンリキー)(0066)   Fighting — Machoke (#0067) Machop's muscles never get sore. It trains itself by lifting Graveler. Stronger, more confident Machop will compete with Makuhita. MachokeGōrikī (ゴーリキー)(0067)   Fighting Machop(#0066) Machamp (#0068) Machoke is typically used for heavy lifting jobs due to its strength.Its belt regulates its power, and it only removes it when faced with a particularly powerful opponent. MachampKairikī (カイリキー)(0068)   Fighting Machoke (#0067) Gigantamax Machamp has four arms. It can throw around 500 punches in one second and move mountains with one arm. It has poor reflexes and dexterity, with its arms reacting faster than Machamp can think, and getting tangled up when doing delicate tasks. As with Machoke, its belt regulates its power, with more destructive consequences when removed. It gained a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. BellsproutMadatsubomi (マダツボミ)(0069)   Grass / Poison — Weepinbell (#0070) It can plant itself into the ground to absorb moisture, but is unable to move while rooted. It can spit acid from its mouth. WeepinbellUtsudon (ウツドン)(0070)   Grass / Poison Bellsprout (#0069) Victreebel (#0071) It has a hook on its rear-end that it hooks on trees with and sleeps, but it may fall off if it moves around too much. If it cannot dissolve its prey with acid, it will cut them with its sharp leaves. VictreebelUtsubotto (ウツボット)(0071)   Grass / Poison Weepinbell (#0070) — Groups of Victreebel wait in temperate forests for unsuspecting prey to walk into their mouths, mistaking their acid for nectar. The more prey it has consumed, the sweeter its acid smells. TentacoolMenokurage (メノクラゲ)(0072)   Water / Poison — Tentacruel (#0073) It is 99% composed of water, with the other 1% being an organ that generates poison. If its tentacles are broken off, they can grow back quickly. Its body shrivels up while outside of water, but its poison does not. Though it is visually similar to Toedscool, the two species are not biologically related. TentacruelDokukurage (ドククラゲ)(0073)   Water / Poison Tentacool (#0072) — Its 80 tentacles can grow back or shrink at will, and it uses them to constrict its prey while immobilizing it with poison. While rare, Tentacruel tend to hunt in groups. Though it is visually similar to Toedscruel, the two species are not biologically related. GeodudeIshitsubute (イシツブテ)(0074)   Rock / Ground — Graveler (#0075) Geodude are proud of their hard bodies, showing them off or competing with Roggenrola, Carbink, or other Geodude to see who is the hardest. Groups of Geodude sit still in mountainous routes, so unsuspecting people often mistake them for ordinary rocks. It has a Rock/Electric-type Alolan form. GravelerGorōn (ゴローン)(0075)   Rock / Ground Geodude (#0074) Golem (#0076) It tumbles down mountains for transportation or fun, breaking most of what it crashes into. It does not mind if pieces of itself fall or are scraped off, as they can grow back. It has a Rock/Electric-type Alolan form. GolemGorōnya (ゴローニャ)(0076)   Rock / Ground Graveler (#0075) — It sheds its skin once a year to grow, which in turn crumbles into nutritious soil. It can withdraw its head and limbs into its hollow shell to roll around and down mountains, trampling whatever it passes through. To avoid crushing property, people dig grooves into mountains to guide it. Older Golem stop shedding and have moss growing on their shells. It has a Rock/Electric-type Alolan form. PonytaPonīta (ポニータ)(0077)   Fire — Rapidash (#0078) When born, it cannot stand properly and runs with its parents to strengthen its legs. It can choose when its flames can burn people or not. It has a Psychic-type Galarian form. RapidashGyaroppu (ギャロップ)(0078)   Fire Ponyta (#0077) — As a popular Pokémon, Rapidash is considered "universally appealing" to fans of cute and cool Pokémon alike. Both Ponyta and Rapidash can enable their body's flames to be harmful or harmless as seen in the anime. A competitive Pokémon, if it sees anything faster than it, such as a car or another Pokémon, it will run at up to 150 mph to try to outrun it. At that point, its hooves barely touch the ground. It can traverse all of Hisui in a day and a half. The faster it goes, the longer its mane becomes. Otherwise, it can be seen cantering in fields. It has a Psychic/Fairy-type Galarian form. SlowpokeYadon (ヤドン)(0079)   Water / Psychic — Slowbro (#0080)Slowking (#0199) Slowpoke is dumb and lazy, to the point of taking up to five seconds to process pain. It lives in the edges of bodies of water, and uses its tail to fish for prey, but may take a day to notice that it has already been bitten off. Some cultures believe its yawns bring rain, and worship it. It evolves into Slowbro when a Shellder bites its tail, or into Slowking when it bites its head. It has a Psychic-type Galarian form. SlowbroYadoran (ヤドラン)(0080)   Water / Psychic Slowpoke (#0079) Mega Evolution Slowpoke has fished up a Shellder with its tail, which shocked it into evolving and made it stand on two legs. The Shellder has transformed into a spiral-shaped shell to suck more sweet fluids from the Slowbro's tail. If the Shellder were to detach itself from Slowbro in any way, it will devolve back to Slowpoke. Being slow-witted to begin with, the Slowbro does not feel pain in its tail because of Shellder's seeping poison. Since its tail has been bitten by Shellder, it has to grudgingly swim for prey instead. Whenever Shellder bites harder on its tail, it gives Slowbro a flash of inspiration, which it forgets a moment later. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. It has a Poison/Psychic-type Galarian form. MagnemiteKoiru (コイル)(0081)   Electric / Steel — Magneton (#0082) The two magnets on its side are used for discharging attacks and floating. It is attracted to electromagnetic waves from devices such as Pokégears, and attaches itself to power breakers. Power outages not caused by storms could be the result of a colony of Magnemite feeding on it. It becomes incapable of flight if it out of electricity. The two magnets on its side are powerful enough to draw in iron objects from up to 300 feet away, and get stronger the fast they spin. Touching it while it is eating electricity will give a full body shock. Its numbers have been decreasing because most modern power lines are buried under the ground. MagnetonReakoiru (レアコイル)(0082)   Electric / Steel Magnemite (#0081) Magnezone (#0462) Formed when several Magnemite fuse together, it tends to raise the temperature up by 3.6 °F within 3,600 ft (1,100 m). It generates strange radio signals. Groups of Magneton tend to gather where sun flares happen. Exposure to one can cause earaches. Its magnetism is so powerful it dries up moisture in its vicinity, and is potentially fatal to devices like TVs. As a result, large cities have sirens to warn their citizens of Magneton appearances, and trainers are warned to keep Magneton inside their Poké Balls. When it evolves, the Magnemite's brains link up, though they do not become three times smarter. When rain clouds form, they like to gather in high spots where lightning could strike. Sandy Shocks appears to be an ancient relative of it. Farfetch'dKamonegi (カモネギ)(0083)   Normal / Flying No evolution It carries around a green onion stalk like a sword. It apparently knows where the best ones are and will fight other Farfetch'd over them. In emergencies, it will eat them, and then run off to find a new one. Farfetch'd were so rare at one point that people bred them to regrow the population. Since it cannot live without it, it will defend its stalk with its life. It has a Fighting-type Galarian form. DoduoDōdō (ドードー)(0084)   Normal / Flying — Dodrio (#0085) Its short wings make flying difficult, so it has instead become a powerful runner, being able to reach speeds of 60 mph. Both heads have identical brains, though it is believed that some Doduo have different brains. It raises and lowers its heads to maintain balance while running. One head will stay on alert while the other sleeps. DodrioDōdorio (ドードリオ)(0085)   Normal / Flying Doduo (#0084) — The head with the thickest neck is deemed the leader, and has control over the body. The three heads express joy, sorrow, and anger as they plan strategies together. If they cannot agree on something to do or overthink their plans, they will be unable to move. When two heads sleep, one head remains awake. It has three hearts and six lungs, giving it increased endurance, so while it is slower than Doduo, it can run for longer periods of time. SeelPauwau (パウワウ)(0086)   Water — Dewgong (#0087) It loves swimming around in 14 °F waters. Its horn is hard enough to bash its way through ice. It has a thick hide covered in warm fur. It goes in waters up to -40 °F. Though not a great walker, it is a skilled swimmer. It closes its nostrils when it swims. In the daytime, it can be found sleeping on the seabed of shallow waters. Their presence in the Alolan climate is considered a mystery. DewgongJugon (ジュゴン)(0087)   Water / Ice Seel (#0086) — Dewgong can store thermal energy in its body to withstand cold temperatures. At night, it hunts for prey like Wishiwashi, and at day, it sleeps on ice or shallow water, or sunbathes in beaches. A fisherman once mistook a Dewgong on an iceberg for a mermaid. GrimerBetobetā (ベトベター)(0088)   Poison — Muk (#0089) Being mostly composed of poisonous filth, it can squeeze into sewage pipes with ease. Grimer lived mostly in urban cities, factories, and lakes, where it could find waste to consume, though environmental improvements have caused its population to start dwindling. It has a Poison/Dark-type Alolan form. MukBetobeton (ベトベトン)(0089)   Poison Grimer (#0088) — It is based on the dorotabō, a one-eyed, three-fingered yōkai that rises from the mud of neglected, overgrown rice fields. Muk is covered in a toxic filthy sludge so vile that any land it walks through becomes inhospitable for up to three years. A drop of its body fluid can turn a pool rancid or leave a person bedridden for days. Its nose has devolved, so it cannot smell anything. It feeds on anything repugnant and filthy, like sewer water. Its numbers have started declining since people have begun cleaning up towns, and because some people think it may go extinct, sludge pools are being built to prevent this. Like Grimer, it has a Poison/Dark-type Alolan form. ShellderSherudā (シェルダー)(0090)   Water — Cloyster (#0091) Tugging on its tongue, which is always sticking out, will startle it into opening its shell. It opens and closes its shell in rapid succession to propel itself backwards. Shellder have been known to seek out Slowpoke's tails, inadvertently causing them to evolve into Slowbro. Biting its head will instead cause it to evolve into Slowking. It and Cloyster are related to the Shellos line. CloysterParushen (パルシェン)(0091)   Water / Ice Shellder (#0090) — It normally keeps its shell closed unless it is attacking. It uses the same projectile system — swallowing seawater and ejecting it from the front or rear — to shoot its spikes and swim. Its internal anatomy has yet to be seen. GastlyGōsu (ゴース)(0092)   Ghost / Poison — Haunter (#0093) It hides under structures to stop the wind from blowing away its gaseous body. It engulfs prey of any size with its gas, poisoning it through its skin or suffocating it. HaunterGōsuto (ゴースト)(0093)   Ghost / Poison Gastly (#0092) Gengar (#0094) Because of its ability to slip through walls, Haunter is said to be from another dimension. It saps its victims' life by licking them with its cold, gaseous tongue. Those licked by it grow weaker with each passing day, shaking uncontrollably until they die. If one trips and falls for no apparent reason or hear a sound when no one is around, it may be a Haunter. Because it fears the light and revels in the dark, it may be on the verge of extinction in cities that stay brightly lit at night. On moonless nights, Haunter searches for someone to curse. GengarGengā (ゲンガー)(0094)   Ghost / Poison Haunter (#0093) Mega Evolution Gigantamax Form Gengar seeps into the shadows of people and Pokémon to scare them for fun or eat their life force. A sudden chill of 10 °F or cooler may be a Gengar trying to curse someone. Gengar will lurk in whatever dark corner of a room it can find and wait for its chance to catch its prey. It likes to attack people in mountains. Sometimes, Gengar will pose as people's shadows. It apparently wishes for a traveling companion. Since it may have once been human, it tries to create one by taking the lives of other humans. Initially created by Satoshi Tajiri and Ken Sugimori, it has become one of the most popular Pokémon, placing tenth on the Google Pokémon of the Year 2020 poll. Kotaku's Zack Zwiezen said Gengar was "one of favorite gen 1 designs", calling it a "great design it's simple, yet not boring or generic". Gengar has appeared in many Pokémon spin-offs or crossovers, including Pokkén Tournament and Pokémon Unite. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI and a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. OnixIwāku (イワーク)(0095)   Rock / Ground — Steelix (#0208) It usually lives underground. As it grows, the stone portions of its body harden to become similar to a diamond, but colored black. Despite its large body being over 26 feet long, it can squirm its way through the ground at 50 mph. As it digs through the ground, it eats hard objects, which makes its body more solid. Diglett may use the tunnels it burrows as homes. Onix has a magnet in its brain, which acts as a compass so that it does not lose direction while it is tunneling. As it grows older, its body becomes increasingly rounder and smoother. It evolves into Steelix when traded while holding a Metal Coat. DrowzeeSurīpu (スリープ)(0096)   Psychic — Hypno (#0097) Drowzee's design is based on the dream-eating tapir Baku. It puts people to sleep with its hypnotism and eats their dreams through their noses. It can get sick from eating nightmares. If one sleeps by it frequently, it might show them dreams it ate in the past. If someone has forgotten their dreams, Drowzee may have eaten them. It remembers every dream it has eaten, and rarely eats the dreams of adults because children's are tastier. HypnoSurīpā (スリーパー)(0097)   Psychic Drowzee (#0096) — Hypno's design is based on the dream-eating tapir Baku and a hypnotist. Hypno holds a pendulum in its hand. Allegedly, there once was an incident in which it took away a child it hypnotized. When hungry, it puts humans it meets to sleep, then feasts on their dreams and carries away anyone having good dreams. Hypno sometimes aid doctors in putting patients to sleep, but other members of the species enjoy feasting on good dreams and kidnap those who have them. Since its inception, Hypno has been regarded for its dark backstory, primarily its child-abducting tendencies. Its humanoid design has been cited as creepy, and a reason why its design was considered unappealing. Hypno's child abducting tendencies resulted in a popular creepypasta, dubbed "Hypno's Lullaby" being created, which centered around a song focusing on Hypno as a child thief. Hypno's Lullaby was adapted into several playable adaptations, notably ROM hacks. KrabbyKurabu (クラブ)(0098)   Water — Kingler (#0099) Krabby and Kingler live near the edge of water, usually in beaches. It can shroud its body in foam to look bigger than it is. If damaged or lost in battle, its pincers grow back quickly, though it has trouble balancing without them. KinglerKingurā (キングラー)(0099)   Water Krabby (#0098) Gigantamax Its left claw has grown twice as big as its right, and is now strong enough to break Cloyster shells open. However, swinging it can cause balancing issues and tire it out. Kingler are said to communicate with each other by waving their pincers around. It gained a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. VoltorbBiriridama (ビリリダマ)(0100)   Electric — Electrode (#0101) It is believed that Voltorb was created when a Poké Ball was hit with an energy pulse. When agitated or tapped, it will explode. Sometimes, humans will mistake a stray Voltorb for a Poké Ball, touch it, and get shocked or exploded. It has an Electric/Grass-type Hisuian form. ElectrodeMarumain (マルマイン)(0101)   Electric Voltorb (#0100) — Electrode resembles an upside-down Poké Ball, though its actual relation to them has yet to be confirmed. Unlike Voltorb, it can control its explosions, but will still explode at any time and for any reason. Groups of Electrode live in power plants and eat their electricity, causing blackouts. Like Voltorb, it has an Electric/Grass-type Hisuian form. ExeggcuteTamatama (タマタマ)(0102)   Grass / Psychic — Exeggutor (#0103) Though it may look like eggs, Exeggcute are actually clusters of seeds. When cracks increasingly appear on the seeds, Exeggcute is close to evolution. When disturbed, they quickly gather and attack in swarms. If one is separated from the group, the six will quickly regroup with telepathy. Although they are the same size as others, Alolan Exeggcute are heavier than others, as their shells are packed full. They are often hunted by Pidgeotto and Crabrawler, but uses psychokinesis to drive it off. ExeggutorNasshī (ナッシー)(0103)   Grass / Psychic Exeggcute (#0102) — It is a coconut tree-esque Pokémon based on the jinmenju, and the favorite Pokémon of Tsunekazu Ishihara, president and CEO of The Pokémon Company, having used it throughout the debugging phase of Pokémon Red and Green. Its three heads think independently of each other, and become unable to act if they disagree on what to do. They communicate via telepathy. Sometimes, one of the heads grows so big that it falls off and becomes an Exeggcute. Its cries are noisy due to each head thinking about something else. Exeggutor are friendly, and only engage their enemies with psychic power when they need to. It has a Grass/Dragon-type Alolan form. CuboneKarakara (カラカラ)(0104)   Ground — Marowak (#0105) Cubone wears the skull of its deceased mother. Since it never removes said skull, no one has ever seen Cubone's real face. The stains on the skull it wears are made by the tears it sheds. When it thinks of its deceased mother, it weeps loudly, and Mandibuzz that hear its cries will attack it from the air. Its name is a combination of "cub" and "bone". MarowakGaragara (ガラガラ)(0105)   Ground Cubone (#0104) — The bone it holds is its key weapon. It throws the bone like a boomerang to knock out targets. Originally a Cubone, it overcame its mother's death and became rough and aggressive. Some say that a Marowak graveyard exists somewhere in the world. It carries out vengeance on its natural enemy, Mandibuzz, as it throws bones to try to take it down. They thump their bones rhythmically to communicate among themselves, with nearly 50 different rhythmic patterns. It has a Ghost/Fire-type Alolan form. HitmonleeSawamurā (サワムラー)(0106)   Fighting Tyrogue (#0236) — Hitmonlee's design is based on headless men. It may also be based on Kabandha. Its English name is derived from actor and martial artist Bruce Lee, while its Japanese name is derived from kickboxer Tadashi Sawamura. When in a hurry, its legs strengthen progressively. Its balance lets it attack from any stance. Some call it the "Kick Master". After a battle, it rubs down its springy legs to overcome fatigue. Its legs can stretch to double its length. Hitmonlee and Hitmonchan did not have a distinct evolutionary line until Tyrogue and Hitmontop were conceived. Hitmonlee evolves from Tyrogue if it has higher Attack than Defense. HitmonchanEbiwarā (エビワラー)(0107)   Fighting Tyrogue (#0236) — Its English name is derived from actor and martial artist Jackie Chan, while its Japanese name is derived from boxer Hiroyuki Ebihara. It can punch fast enough to slice air and hard enough to break rocks, though it needs to rest for a couple minutes after doing so. It winds it arms to punch harder, and punches in a corkscrew fashion. A Hitmonchan is said to possess the spirit of a boxer who had been working towards a world championship. It evolves from Tyrogue if it has higher Defense than Attack. LickitungBeroringa (ベロリンガ)(0108)   Normal — Lickilicky (#0463) Instead of its hands, it uses its long, prehensile tongue. It paralyzes bug Pokémon by licking them, and eats them whole. If not immediately washed, its licks can cause itchy rashes. Its tongue can stretch up to 6 inches, and when it does, its tail quivers and contracts. It has nerves that run through its tongue, so it can use it freely. It licks filthy things to clean them, but its saliva is still smelly and grimy, so they do not end up much cleaner. Whenever Lickitung comes across something new, it licks it to memorize the taste and texture of that thing. When its saliva is boiled, it becomes a strong adhesive. KoffingDogāsu (ドガース)(0109)   Poison — Weezing (#0110) Koffing is based on air pollution and meteorites. It mixes its toxins with the rotting trash it eats to make poisonous gases. Sometimes, it can over-inflate itself and explode. WeezingMatadogasu (マタドガス)(0110)   Poison Koffing (#0109) — Said to form when two Koffing fuse. Weezing will nest in unkept, unsanitary places, usually houses, and raid their trash. Its two heads have different toxins, and it makes its poisonous gas stronger and smellier by pushing it between said heads. It has a Poison/Fairy-type Galarian form. Despite this, Kantonian Weezing were once a common sight in Galar, and produced stronger gases than other regions' Weezing. RhyhornSaihōn (サイホーン)(0111)   Ground / Rock — Rhydon (#0112) Because it is not good at turning, Rhyhorn runs in a straight line, smashing everything in its path, destroying anything in its way. Though it can knock a block of steel down without much care, its head may be sore the next day. Its massive bones are 1,000 times harder than those of humans, and it can easily knock a trailer flying. As a Pokémon with a one-track mind, when it starts running, it will not stop until it falls asleep. Rhyhorn's brain is so small and dense that it usually forgets why it may be running. RhydonSaidon (サイドン)(0112)   Ground / Rock Rhyhorn (#0111) Rhyperior (#0464) Rhydon was the first Pokémon created by Game Freak. Unlike Rhyhorn, it is bipedal. Protected by an armor-like hide, it can survive in lava over 3,600 °F (1,980 °C) and take direct hits from cannonballs. By rapidly rotating its drill-like horn, it can punch holes through boulders and diamonds, while one sweep of its tail can topple a building. Its brain developed when it began walking on its hind legs. ChanseyRakkī (ラッキー)(0113)   Normal Happiny (#0440) Blissey (#0242) The eggs it carries in its pouch can heal its eaters and make them happier. For this reason, they are often employed in Pokémon Centers. TangelaMonjara (モンジャラ)(0114)   Grass — Tangrowth (#0465) Its whole body is covered with thick blue vines, concealing its identity. It will tangle and get entangled with nearly anything. Tangela's vines snap off painlessly and easily if they are grabbed, allowing it to escape. The lost vines grow back the next day. The vines of a Tangela have a distinct scent, and in some parts of Galar, are used as herbs. KangaskhanGarūra (ガルーラ)(0115)   Normal — Mega Evolution The female raises its young in its belly pouch for around three years, and during this time, the baby rarely ventures out. The young leaves home once it learns to find food, and its mother begins to miss it. To avoid crushing the baby, it sleeps standing up. A young Kangaskhan playing on its own is not to be disturbed or caught, as its mother will be supervising it. There are records of a lost human child being raised by a childless Kangaskhan. They live in groups. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. HorseaTattsū (タッツー)(0116)   Water — Seadra (#0117) Horsea and Seadra are based on seahorses. It feeds on bug Pokémon and moss. It can fire water from its mouth to attack foes in or out of water, or ink to deter attackers. By spinning its body, it can create whirlpools. SeadraShīdora (シードラ)(0117)   Water Horsea (#0116) Kingdra (#0230) It can swim in any direction by flapping its fins and tail. It creates whirlpools to exhaust its prey, and eats it whole. Male Seadra will take care of newborn Horsea. While doing so, the poison on the tips of its fins becomes thicker and stronger than usual. GoldeenTosakinto (トサキント)(0118)   Water — Seaking (#0119) Goldeen and Seaking are based on goldfish. Goldeen was originally intended to have a pre-evolution called "Gyopin", but it was cut from the game due to a lack of cartrige space. If kept in an aquarium, it will use its horn to break out. Swimmers have to be careful in water, so that Goldeen do not ram into them. SeakingAzumaō (アズマオウ)(0119)   Water Goldeen (#0118) — Seaking is known to be able to swim against streams and up waterfalls. It will use its horn to bore holes into rocks to lay eggs in. Fans of Seaking's horn and fins are known to fight each other. StaryuHitodeman (ヒトデマン)(0120)   Water — Starmie (#0121) It is a basic Pokémon which resembles a starfish with a mechanical center on its body, housing a red jewel. This organ is known as its core. As long as the jewel is unharmed, it can regenerate the rest of its body. StarmieSutāmī (スターミー)(0121)   Water / Psychic Staryu (#0120) — Starmie has a second on its back, which is semi-attached, being able to spin around independently of the front star. Starmie has a red jewel core, which resembles a cut precious stone and seems to shine with the seven colors of the rainbow when looked at from different angles, but usually shows up red more than any other color. It can also emit electrical waves from its core powerful enough to reach the furthest parts of the universe. Mr. MimeBariyādo (バリヤード)(0122)   Psychic / Fairy Mime Jr. (#0439) — Despite its name, there are female Mr. Mime. Its a skilled mime that loves to pantomime. It can create barriers by vibrating the air with its fingertips. If it is interrupted or its audience is unimpressed, it will slap them with its broad hands. It has an Ice/Psychic-type Galarian form. ScytherSutoraiku (ストライク)(0123)   Bug / Flying — Scizor (#0212)Kleavor (#0901) IGN and GamesRadar have praised Scyther's "cool" design. With its ninja-like movements, Scyther can create afterimages of itself. It can slice thick logs with a single stroke. On rare occasions, it flies with its wings. It is proud of its speed. While young, they live together deep in the mountains, training themselves in fighting with their scythes and moving at high speeds. JynxRūjura (ルージュラ)(0124)   Ice / Psychic Smoochum (#0238) — Jynx has spawned controversy due to aspects of its design being similar to blackface, leading Game Freak to change the color of its skin from black to purple. When Pokémon Yellow was rereleased on the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console, the in-game sprite of Jynx was edited to reflect this change. Jynx's appearance is a purple humanoid with blond hair and a dress. It can put opponents to sleep by kissing them. Jynx can communicate with what appears to be a human-like language, though it has yet to be deciphered, so they usually opt to communicate with dance-like movement instead. ElectabuzzErebū (エレブー)(0125)   Electric Elekid (#0239) Electivire (#0466) Groups of Electabuzz gather near power plants or places likely to be struck by thunder to feast on their electricity. For this reason, they are often placed in houses as lightning rods. Power plants employ the use of Ground-type Pokémon to prevent Electabuzz from eating their energy and causing blackouts, though they are usually the fault of the companies running them. In the dark, it glows a whitish-blue color. MagmarBūbā (ブーバー)(0126)   Fire Magby (#0240) Magmortar (#0467) While Magmar was voted the eighth best fire-type Pokémon by the Official Nintendo Magazine readers, GamesRadar had criticized its design multiple times, noting that its forehead resembles a butt. Magmar are found in and around active volcanoes. Its body temperature is 2,200 °F. It dislikes cold places, so it blows flames to make the environment suitable for itself. Its appearance is often obscured by the flames that cover it. It can heal and rest itself by dipping its body into lava. In battle, Magmar blows out flames from all over its body to intimidate its opponent. When it breathes, Its temperature rises, and when it sneezes, flames shoot out. Magmar dispatches its prey with fire, but may accidentally burn said prey to a charred crisp. PinsirKairosu (カイロス)(0127)   Bug — Mega Evolution It was originally supposed to have an evolution called "Plux" in generation II. Some speculated that this unused design was reworked into Heracross. Pinsir can use its pincers to crush, toss, bludgeon, or tear anything up to twice its size. Captured prey is kept in place by the piercing thorns and sheer strength of Pinsir's horns, and will not be released until they are torn in half. If it cannot be torn in half, it tosses it around. In addition to hunting prey, it also tends to enjoy tree sap. Pinsir live in temperate forests or jungles, and burrow their way underground or inside trees to avoid the cold. In Alola, it has a rivalry with Vikavolt, yet gets along with Heracross. In other regions, however, it competes with Heracross for food. Pinsir are known to judge each other based on their pincers, which also determine its popularity with the opposite gender based on how thick it looks. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. TaurosKentarosu (ケンタロス)(0128)   Normal No evolution When attacking, it violently charges while whipping itself with its three tails. Like Rhyhorn, it will not stop running until it hits something. Although powerful, it can only charge in a straight line. They fight each other by locking horns to prove their strength, and the leader prides itself with its battle-scarred horns. If there are no opponents, it will charge into thick trees, knocking them down. Historically, people have ridden Tauros for ages, a practice said to have started in Alola. Tauros in Alola actually have a calm side, most likely due to the climate. Tauros in Galar, however, are more volatile and will not let people ride on them. It has three Paldean forms. MagikarpKoikingu (コイキング)(0129)   Water — Gyarados (#0130) Magikarp is mostly useless in the games, until it evolves into Gyarados. Magikarp is based on the common carp. At level 15, Magikarp learns Tackle. Until then, it only knows Splash and cannot be taught any other moves. Magikarp is virtually useless in battle as it can only splash around. In the distant past, it was somewhat stronger than the descendants that exist today. Despite its weakness, it is actually a hardy and fertile Pokémon that can survive in any body of water. Its swimming muscles are weak, so it gets easily washed away by currents, so places where water pools like seas, lakes, rivers, and shallow puddles will have many Magikarp stuck in them. It may jump on rare occasions, but never more than seven feet, making it easy for predators like Pidgeotto to catch it mid-jump. In rare occasions, a Magikarp living for many years can leap up a mountain. GyaradosGyaradosu (ギャラドス)(0130)   Water / Flying Magikarp (#0129) Mega Evolution When Magikarp evolves into Gyarados, its brain cells undergo a structural transformation, said to be the cause of its violent nature. Throughout history, it would appear and burn cities, villages and towns down in rampages lasting around a month. There are some regions where it is called "the deity of destruction". Despite its Flying type, Gyarados cannot actually fly. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. LaprasRapurasu (ラプラス)(0131)   Water / Ice — Gigantamax Lapras have gentle hearts. Poachers have driven Lapras to the point of near-extinction, though recent protection regulations have instead made it an overabundant species. It loves transporting people on its back, and can actually understand human speech thanks to its high intelligence. Lapras will sing with other Lapras as a form of communication, or by itself when happy. Lapras is based on the Loch Ness Monster and the plesiosaur, and in early versions of Red and Blue was named "Ness". It gained a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. Many regions in Japan have utilized Lapras' image to encourage tourism. Lapras has been well received by critics, and has appeared on several lists of the best Pokémon of all time. DittoMetamon (メタモン)(0132)   Normal No evolution Appearing as an amorphous blob, Ditto is capable of transforming into an exact copy of anything it sees by altering its genetic code. However, this transformation is often imperfect. The specific imperfections vary from Ditto to Ditto. It does not get along with others of the same species, as they will both fruitlessly try to transform into each other. Ditto rose in popularity with Gold and Silver, where it was able to "breed" with any other Pokémon that is able to breed, becoming vital for the franchise's competitive scene. It cannot breed with itself, though. Due to its similarities to Mew, a longtime rumor arose that it was a failed clone. However, this fan theory has been denied by Game Freak. EeveeĪbui (イーブイ)(0133)   Normal — MultipleGigantamax Eevee is often considered among the "cutest" Pokémon in the franchise. Due to this, Eevee is featured on various Pokémon-related merchandise. It is the mascot of Pokémon: Let's Go, Eevee! Eevee has exclusive evolution styles, where each evolution requires special requirements to occur, resulting in 8 different Pokémon. Eevee and its evolutions are sometimes referred to as "Eeveelutions". Eevee is mostly found in highly populated areas like cities and towns. Its unstable genes allow it to adapt to most habitats, and even to its trainer, to the point of eventually adopting a face similar to theirs. In generation VIII, it gained a Gigantamax form. VaporeonShawāzu (シャワーズ)(0134)   Water Eevee (#0133) — Its genes and DNA are nearly identical to water, so it can melt away into it to hide from foes or prey. If its fins begin to mutate, it means rain is coming in a couple of hours. It now has the ability to freely control water. It evolves from Eevee using a Water Stone. Vaporeon became the ambassador for Water Day in Japan in 2023. JolteonSandāsu (サンダース)(0135)   Electric Eevee (#0133) — It accumulates negative ions in the air to dish out 10,000 volt discharges. It is a moody Pokémon, easily becoming sad or angry, and its spiky fur can be launched to pierce enemies when it bristles. Jolteon's cells emit a low amount of electricity, which is amplified by its needle-like fur. If its hair stands on end, it is about to discharge. The crackling sound of electricity can be heard when it exhales. FlareonBūsutā (ブースター)(0136)   Fire Eevee (#0133) — It stores fire over 1,650 °F inside its flame sac, then releases it at over 3,000 °F. Its fur is used to air out its body so it doesn't overheat. An omnivore, it roasts berries and prey before eating them. PorygonPorigon (ポリゴン)(0137)   Normal — Porygon2 (#0233) Porygon has become notorious for being featured in an episode of the anime that caused widespread epileptic seizures in Japanese viewers. Roughly made about 20 years ago, it is entirely made of programming code. It can enter cyberspace at will. People theorized it could go into space, though no Porygon has managed to do so so far. It has no heartbeat and does not need to eat, though it can eat if food is given. Because of this, people are eager to try it in any environment. Porygon is copy-protected so it cannot be duplicated. It was made with the best technology of 1995, so it has become outdated compared to Pokémon like Genesect and Type: Null. It is still useful in cyberspace, as it goes around making sure no suspicious data exists. OmanyteOmunaito (オムナイト)(0138)   Rock / Water — Omastar (#0139) Omanyte is an ancient Pokémon that has been regenerated from Helix Fossils by people using modern science. If attacked by an enemy, it withdraws to its hard shell. It can use air stored inside its shell to rise or fall in water. Omanyte lived in ancient seas. Archeops and Carracosta have been known to prey on it.. The fossils Omanyte have been resurrected from are excavated from areas that were once large oceans. Because some Omanyte manage to escape after being restored or are released into the wild by people, it is gradually becoming an invasive species. OmastarOmusutā (オムスター)(0139)   Rock / Water Omanyte (#0138) — Omastar is commonly referred to as "Lord Helix" within the community, as a reference to Twitch Plays Pokémon, where the Pokémon was seen as a good-luck charm. Omastar uses its tentacles to capture its prey. It is believed that it went extinct because its shell grew too large and heavy, causing its movements to become too slow and clumsy. Once wrapped around its prey, it never lets go as it attacks by tearing into it with the sharp beaks that ring its mouth. KabutoKabuto (カブト)(0140)   Rock / Water — Kabutops (#0141) Kabuto is an ancient Pokémon that has been regenerated from a Dome Fossil. However, in extremely rare cases, living examples have been discovered, being identical to their 300 million year-old counterparts. It is said to have inhabited ancient beaches. It protects itself using its hard shell and glowing red eyes. KabutopsKabutopusu (カブトプス)(0141)   Rock / Water Kabuto (#0140) — Kabutops were aggressive prehistoric Pokémon that inhabited warm seas. They swam underwater to hunt for prey in ancient times. It was apparently in the process of evolving from being a water-dweller to living on land, as evident from the beginnings of change in its gills and legs. The exact cause of its extincion is unknown. It swims at speeds of roughly 29 knots, closing in on prey and tearing at its foes with sickle-like forelegs, and drains the foe's body fluids entirely. The discarded body parts become food for other Pokémon. In the water, it tucks in its limbs to become more compact, then it wiggles its shell to swim faster. AerodactylPutera (プテラ)(0142)   Rock / Flying — Mega Evolution A vicious, prehistoric Pokémon, it goes for its opponents' throats with its serrated, saw-like fangs that shred the skin of even Steel-type Pokémon. It went extinct, but it was resurrected by taking its DNA from an Old Amber. It flies by spreading its wings and gliding though the skies, to the point of being referred to as their king. A widely accepted theory is that it went extinct due to a meteor impact. Despite its strength in the air, it is weak and slow on the ground. Even modern technology is still unable to make a truly perfect specimen. It is based on pterodactyls and dragons or wyverns. It gained a Mega Evolution in generation VI. SnorlaxKabigon (カビゴン)(0143)   Normal Munchlax (#0446) Gigantamax It is carefree about everything, and it will allow children to play on its vast belly while it sleeps all day. After eating around 900 pounds of food, it goes to sleep for a while. It is a large, obese Pokémon with a bluish-green body and a white circle-shaped belly, white feet and face. It is said to be able to eat nearly anything with little to no side-effects, such as thorny plants or Muk's poison. Snorlax is commonly used as a roadblock within the games. It gained a Gigantamax form in generation VIII. ArticunoFurīzā (フリーザー)(0144)   Ice / Flying No evolution It is part of the Legendary Bird Trio. The naming conventions for this trio are based on their type – Arctic, Zap and Molt – along with 1, 2, 3 in Spanish – uno, dos, tres respectively. It is said to appear to doomed people who are lost in icy mountains and guide them out. The flapping of Articuno's wings can chill the air around it and cause blizzards. A Psychic/Flying-type legendary Pokémon is similar to Articuno and shares its name, to the point of being referred to as its Galarian Form, though it is actually an unrelated Pokémon. ZapdosSandā (サンダー)(0145)   Electric / Flying No evolution It is part of the Legendary Bird Trio. Its design is inspired by the Indigenous North American myth of the thunderbird. It is said to cause and appear from dark and gray clouds in the sky while shedding lightning from its wings. It has the power to control electricity, and is said to gain power from thunder storms. It is said that when it rubs its feathers together, lightning will fall immediately after, and there are tales of Zapdos resting in pitch black thunderclouds. As with Articuno, a similar Fighting/Flying-type Pokémon is referred to as its Galarian form. MoltresFaiyā (ファイヤー)(0146)   Fire / Flying No evolution It is part of the Legendary Bird Trio. Its design is inspired by the firebird of Slavic folklore. It can make the sky turn red as it flaps its fiery wings. It is said to bring spring early when it arrives to cold lands. If Moltres is injured, it is said to dip itself in magma to burn and heal itself. There are stories that tell of its fire-cloaked wings lighting up paths for those lost traveling in the mountains. A Dark/Flying-type Pokémon is referred to as its Galarian form, though as with the rest of the trio, the Pokémon are not actually related. DratiniMiniryū (ミニリュウ)(0147)   Dragon — Dragonair (#0148) A Dratini continually molts and sloughs off its old skin almost daily. It does so because the life energy within its body steadily builds to reach uncontrollable levels. This allows Dratini to grow longer and longer, even reaching 6 feet in length. In some regions, boots made from the tanned cast-off skin of Dratini are a luxury item. The small lump on a Dratini's forehead is actually an underdeveloped horn. Even though it is rare, after a 10-hour struggle, a fisherman was finally able to pull one up and confirm its existence. Though still weak, it dwells near bodies of rapidly flowing water, such as the plunge pools of waterfalls to protect it while it repeatedly sheds its skin. It eats whatever food sinks down, and lives a quiet and happy life. DragonairHakuryū (ハクリュー)(0148)   Dragon Dratini (#0147) Dragonite (#0149) Dragonair can grow the wings on its head to fly, but can also fly without them. It stores an enormous amount of energy inside its body, and can alter weather conditions in its vicinity by discharging energy from the crystals on its body. The lakes where Dragonair live are filled with offerings from people and are respected by farmers. Some say that seeing a Dragonair flying around at the start of the year is a sign that one will be healthy all year long. DragoniteKairyū (カイリュー)(0149)   Dragon / Flying Dragonair (#0148) — Capable of circling the globe in just sixteen hours and with the intelligence of a human, tales of this kindhearted Pokémon leading lost and foundering ships to the safety of land are commonplace. It is said that somewhere in the ocean lies an island where Dragonite gather. Its build that lets it freely fly over raging seas without trouble to rescue drowning people. Observing this, a ship's captain dubbed it "the sea incarnate", and figureheads that resemble Dragonite now decorate the bows of many ships. MewtwoMyūtsū (ミュウツー)(0150)   Psychic — Two Mega Evolutions It is a playable character in Super Smash Bros. Melee, Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS / Wii U and Super Smash Bros. Ultimate. Mewtwo was originally a baby Mew, mutated by Dr. Fuji in a lab after years of gene splicing. Even though it has powerful psychic abilities, scientists failed to give it a compassionate heart, and it turned vicious as a result. It rests to conserve energy, so that it can unleash its full power in battle. In generation VI, it gained two Mega Evolutions; one adapted for physical attacks, and one adapted for special attacks. MewMyū (ミュウ)(0151)   Psychic No evolution This mythical Pokémon is so rare, only a few experts worldwide have found it, though a growing number of people have reportedly seen it recently. It apparently originates in South America. It is said that it appears only to those who have a true heart and a strong passion to see it. Its DNA is said to contain the genetic code of every Pokémon and every move. Because of this, many scientists believe that it is the ancestor of all Pokémon. Its fine, small, and delicate hairs can be viewed with a microscope. It is capable of turning invisible at will so that people are unaware of its presence. It is considered one of the original progenitor Pokémon, as all Pokémon are said to have descended from Mew. MissingNo.Ketsuban (けつばん)(000)   Normal / Bird No evolution An error handler whose name stands for "Missing Number", it was created to handle attempts at accessing data for nonexistent Pokémon within the game, appearing instead. However, due to a bug, it was available for players to encounter in certain circumstances. This particular glitch has been regarded as one of the most popular in video game history. Notes ^ Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex. ^ English and Japanese name, as well as National Pokédex number ^ a b c d e Prior to X and Y, Clefairy, Clefable, Jigglypuff, and Wigglytuff were pure Normal types while Mr. Mime was pure Psychic. ^ Galarian Meowth (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Perrserker. ^ a b Prior to Gold and Silver, Magnemite and Magneton were pure Electric types. ^ Only Galarian Farfetch'd (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Sirfetch'd. ^ Only Galarian Mr. Mime (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Mr. Rime. ^ Eevee is capable of evolving into Vaporeon (#0134), Jolteon (#0135), Flareon (#0136), Espeon (#0196), Umbreon (#0197), Leafeon (#0470), Glaceon (#0471) or Sylveon (#0700). ^ MissingNo. is programmed with the Kanto Pokédex number "000", however it does not exist in the National Pokédex. ^ "Bird" was a scrapped type for generations I and II; however, code for it remains in the games. 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Team Rocket","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Team_Rocket"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg"},{"link_name":"Pokémon franchise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"core video game series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"Pocket Monsters Red and Green","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red,_Blue,_and_Yellow"},{"link_name":"National Pokédex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9dex"},{"link_name":"Bulbasaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbasaur"},{"link_name":"Mew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mew_(Pok%C3%A9mon)"},{"link_name":"Mega evolutions","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Mega_Evolution"},{"link_name":"MissingNo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MissingNo."},{"link_name":"glitch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glitch#Video_game_glitches"}],"text":"\"Meowth\" redirects here. For the Pokémon anime character, see Team Rocket.The international logo for the Pokémon franchiseThe first generation (generation I) of the Pokémon franchise features the original 151 fictional species of monsters introduced to the core video game series in the 1996 Game Boy games Pocket Monsters Red and Green (known as Pokémon Red and Blue outside of Japan).The following list details the 151 Pokémon of generation I in order of their National Pokédex number. The first Pokémon, Bulbasaur, is number 0001 and the last, Mew, is number 0151. Alternate forms that result in type changes are included for convenience. Mega evolutions and regional forms are included on the pages for the generation in which they were introduced. MissingNo., a glitch, is also on this list.","title":"List of generation I Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Game Freak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Freak"},{"link_name":"Nintendo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo"},{"link_name":"Pokémon series","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_(video_game_series)"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Red and Blue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Red_and_Blue"},{"link_name":"Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"evolution","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gameplay_of_Pok%C3%A9mon#Pok%C3%A9mon_evolution"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millenial-2"},{"link_name":"Pokédex","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9dex"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Pokémon species","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Pok%C3%A9mon"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-millenial-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"sprites","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprite_(computer_graphics)"},{"link_name":"Super Game Boy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super_Game_Boy"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EeveeDesigner-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-yomiuri-6"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pokemon.com-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pokemon.com-7"},{"link_name":"Ken Sugimori","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ken_Sugimori"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"Atsuko Nishida","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atsuko_Nishida"},{"link_name":"Pikachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikachu"},{"link_name":"Eevee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eevee"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pokemon.com-7"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-EeveeDesigner-5"},{"link_name":"pigeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pigeon"},{"link_name":"crab","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crab"},{"link_name":"rat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rat"},{"link_name":"snake","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-GenerationDesigns-9"},{"link_name":"Squirtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirtle"},{"link_name":"Bulbasaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulbasaur"},{"link_name":"Charmander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charmander"},{"link_name":"Pikachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pikachu"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-pokemon.com-7"},{"link_name":"Nintendo of America","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nintendo_of_America"},{"link_name":"Hitmonchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitmonchan"},{"link_name":"Hitmonlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hitmonlee"},{"link_name":"Jackie Chan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jackie_Chan"},{"link_name":"Bruce Lee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Lee"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Time-10"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Dockery_(2022)_p33-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-12"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Gold and Silver","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Gold_and_Silver"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-marcel-13"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"text":"Developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo, the Pokémon series began in Japan in 1996 with the release of the video games Pokémon Red and Blue for the Game Boy.[1] In these games, the player assumes the role of a Pokémon Trainer whose goal is to capture and train creatures called Pokémon. Players use the creatures' special abilities to combat other Pokémon, and some can transform into stronger species through a process called evolution.[2] A major goal in each game is to complete the Pokédex, a comprehensive Pokémon encyclopedia,[3] by capturing, evolving, and trading to obtain individuals from all Pokémon species.[2] Pokémon also have various types, which are elemental attributes that determine a Pokémon's strengths and weaknesses in combat.[4]The designs of each Pokémon started as pixel art sprites by the development team first, with a single color identity chosen to work within the Super Game Boy hardware limitations.[5] With the early development team consisting of three men,[6] character design lead Ken Sugimori brought female developers into the project feeling they would be better able to create \"cute\" designs.[7] While conceived as a group effort by multiple developers at Game Freak,[7] the finalized designs and artworks were done by Ken Sugimori. Originally tasked with drawing the characters to illustrate a planned strategy guide by Game Freak when the games released, Sugimori drew all the sprites for the game in his style to not only unify their designs visually but also modify any design elements he felt were amiss, while trying to retain the original sprite artist's unique style.[8] While some Pokémon have been attributed to certain developers over the years, such as Atsuko Nishida for Pikachu and Motofumi Fujiwara for Eevee and its evolutions, Game Freak has avoided attributing many Pokémon to particular individuals to keep a sense of all the developers being involved in their creation.[7][5]The majority of Pokémon in generation I had relatively simple designs and were similar to real-life creatures including Pidgey (a pigeon), Krabby (a crab), Rattata (a rat), and Ekans (a snake). Many Pokémon in the original games served as the base for repeating concepts later in the series.[9] Some Pokémon, such as Squirtle, Bulbasaur and Charmander were designed based on their final evolutions and working backwards. During development they ran into issues with digital cartridge space, and many Pokémon were removed. Specifically, several Pokémon that had a three-stage evolution line were instead changed to evolve only once, resulting in a planned final evolution for Pikachu called \"Gorochu\" being removed from the final game.[7]When the games were localized for English-speaking audiences as Red and Blue, Nintendo of America gave the various Pokémon species \"clever and descriptive names\" related to their appearance or features as a means to make them more relatable to American children. This resulted in several pop-culture references being worked into the character's names, such as Hitmonchan and Hitmonlee, who are references to martial arts actors Jackie Chan and Bruce Lee respectively.[10][11] Overseen by translator Nob Ogasawara, he voiced concern over some of the choices presented, specifically \"Barrierd\", which was renamed to \"Mr. Mime\" based on its masculine appearance.[12] Ogasawara wanted to avoid gendered names for the Pokémon species in the event genders were introduced for them in later titles, a concern proven valid with the sequel titles Pokémon Gold and Silver.[13][14]","title":"Design and development"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Bulbasaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bulbasaur"},{"link_name":"Ivysaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ivysaur"},{"link_name":"Venusaur","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Venusaur"},{"link_name":"Charmander","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Charmander"},{"link_name":"Charmeleon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Charmeleon"},{"link_name":"Charizard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Charizard"},{"link_name":"Squirtle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Squirtle"},{"link_name":"Wartortle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wartortle"},{"link_name":"Blastoise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Blastoise"},{"link_name":"Caterpie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Caterpie"},{"link_name":"Metapod","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Metapod"},{"link_name":"Butterfree","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Butterfree"},{"link_name":"Weedle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Weedle"},{"link_name":"Kakuna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kakuna"},{"link_name":"Beedrill","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Beedrill"},{"link_name":"Pidgey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pidgey"},{"link_name":"Pidgeotto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pidgeotto"},{"link_name":"Pidgeot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pidgeot"},{"link_name":"Rattata","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rattata"},{"link_name":"Raticate","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raticate"},{"link_name":"Spearow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Spearow"},{"link_name":"Fearow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Fearow"},{"link_name":"Ekans","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ekans"},{"link_name":"Arbok","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arbok"},{"link_name":"Pikachu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pikachu"},{"link_name":"Raichu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Raichu"},{"link_name":"Sandshrew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sandshrew"},{"link_name":"Sandslash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Sandslash"},{"link_name":"Nidoran♀","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nidoran%E2%99%80"},{"link_name":"Nidorina","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nidorina"},{"link_name":"Nidoqueen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nidoqueen"},{"link_name":"Nidoran♂","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nidoran%E2%99%82"},{"link_name":"Nidorino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nidorino"},{"link_name":"Nidoking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Nidoking"},{"link_name":"Clefairy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Clefairy"},{"link_name":"Clefable","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Clefable"},{"link_name":"Vulpix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vulpix"},{"link_name":"Ninetales","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ninetales"},{"link_name":"Jigglypuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jigglypuff"},{"link_name":"Wigglytuff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Wigglytuff"},{"link_name":"Zubat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zubat"},{"link_name":"Golbat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Golbat"},{"link_name":"Oddish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Oddish"},{"link_name":"Gloom","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gloom"},{"link_name":"Vileplume","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vileplume"},{"link_name":"Paras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Paras"},{"link_name":"Parasect","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Parasect"},{"link_name":"Venonat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Venonat"},{"link_name":"Venomoth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Venomoth"},{"link_name":"Diglett","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Diglett"},{"link_name":"Dugtrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dugtrio"},{"link_name":"Meowth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Meowth"},{"link_name":"Persian","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Persian"},{"link_name":"Psyduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Psyduck"},{"link_name":"Golduck","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Golduck"},{"link_name":"Mankey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mankey"},{"link_name":"Primeape","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Primeape"},{"link_name":"Growlithe","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Growlithe"},{"link_name":"Arcanine","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Arcanine"},{"link_name":"Poliwag","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Poliwag"},{"link_name":"Poliwhirl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Poliwhirl"},{"link_name":"Poliwrath","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Poliwrath"},{"link_name":"Abra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Abra"},{"link_name":"Kadabra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kadabra"},{"link_name":"Alakazam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Alakazam"},{"link_name":"Machop","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Machop"},{"link_name":"Machoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Machoke"},{"link_name":"Machamp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Machamp"},{"link_name":"Bellsprout","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Bellsprout"},{"link_name":"Weepinbell","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Weepinbell"},{"link_name":"Victreebel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Victreebel"},{"link_name":"Tentacool","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tentacool"},{"link_name":"Tentacruel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tentacruel"},{"link_name":"Geodude","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Geodude"},{"link_name":"Graveler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Graveler"},{"link_name":"Golem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Golem"},{"link_name":"Ponyta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ponyta"},{"link_name":"Rapidash","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rapidash"},{"link_name":"Slowpoke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slowpoke"},{"link_name":"Slowbro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Slowbro"},{"link_name":"Magnemite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magnemite"},{"link_name":"Magneton","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magneton"},{"link_name":"Farfetch'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Farfetch'd"},{"link_name":"Doduo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Doduo"},{"link_name":"Dodrio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dodrio"},{"link_name":"Seel","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Seel"},{"link_name":"Dewgong","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dewgong"},{"link_name":"Grimer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Grimer"},{"link_name":"Muk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Muk"},{"link_name":"Shellder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Shellder"},{"link_name":"Cloyster","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cloyster"},{"link_name":"Gastly","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gastly"},{"link_name":"Haunter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Haunter"},{"link_name":"Gengar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gengar"},{"link_name":"Onix","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Onix"},{"link_name":"Drowzee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Drowzee"},{"link_name":"Hypno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hypno"},{"link_name":"Krabby","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Krabby"},{"link_name":"Kingler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kingler"},{"link_name":"Voltorb","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Voltorb"},{"link_name":"Electrode","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Electrode"},{"link_name":"Exeggcute","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Exeggcute"},{"link_name":"Exeggutor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Exeggutor"},{"link_name":"Cubone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Cubone"},{"link_name":"Marowak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Marowak"},{"link_name":"Hitmonlee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hitmonlee"},{"link_name":"Hitmonchan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hitmonchan"},{"link_name":"Lickitung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lickitung"},{"link_name":"Koffing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Koffing"},{"link_name":"Weezing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Weezing"},{"link_name":"Rhyhorn","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rhyhorn"},{"link_name":"Rhydon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rhydon"},{"link_name":"Chansey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Chansey"},{"link_name":"Tangela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tangela"},{"link_name":"Kangaskhan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kangaskhan"},{"link_name":"Horsea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Horsea"},{"link_name":"Seadra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Seadra"},{"link_name":"Goldeen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Goldeen"},{"link_name":"Seaking","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Seaking"},{"link_name":"Staryu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Staryu"},{"link_name":"Starmie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Starmie"},{"link_name":"Mr. Mime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mr._Mime"},{"link_name":"Scyther","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Scyther"},{"link_name":"Jynx","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jynx"},{"link_name":"Electabuzz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Electabuzz"},{"link_name":"Magmar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magmar"},{"link_name":"Pinsir","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Pinsir"},{"link_name":"Tauros","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Tauros"},{"link_name":"Magikarp","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Magikarp"},{"link_name":"Gyarados","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Gyarados"},{"link_name":"Lapras","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Lapras"},{"link_name":"Ditto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Ditto"},{"link_name":"Eevee","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Eevee"},{"link_name":"Vaporeon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vaporeon"},{"link_name":"Jolteon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jolteon"},{"link_name":"Flareon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Flareon"},{"link_name":"Porygon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Porygon"},{"link_name":"Omanyte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Omanyte"},{"link_name":"Omastar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Omastar"},{"link_name":"Kabuto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kabuto"},{"link_name":"Kabutops","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Kabutops"},{"link_name":"Aerodactyl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Aerodactyl"},{"link_name":"Snorlax","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Snorlax"},{"link_name":"Articuno","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Articuno"},{"link_name":"Zapdos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Zapdos"},{"link_name":"Moltres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Moltres"},{"link_name":"Dratini","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dratini"},{"link_name":"Dragonair","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dragonair"},{"link_name":"Dragonite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Dragonite"},{"link_name":"Mewtwo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mewtwo"},{"link_name":"Mew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Mew"},{"link_name":"MissingNo.","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#MissingNo."}],"text":"Pokémon\n\nBulbasaur\nIvysaur\nVenusaur\nCharmander\nCharmeleon\nCharizard\nSquirtle\nWartortle\nBlastoise\nCaterpie\nMetapod\nButterfree\nWeedle\nKakuna\nBeedrill\nPidgey\nPidgeotto\nPidgeot\nRattata\nRaticate\nSpearow\nFearow\nEkans\nArbok\nPikachu\nRaichu\nSandshrew\nSandslash\nNidoran♀\nNidorina\nNidoqueen\nNidoran♂\nNidorino\nNidoking\nClefairy\nClefable\nVulpix\nNinetales\nJigglypuff\nWigglytuff\nZubat\nGolbat\nOddish\nGloom\nVileplume\nParas\nParasect\nVenonat\nVenomoth\nDiglett\nDugtrio\nMeowth\nPersian\nPsyduck\nGolduck\nMankey\nPrimeape\nGrowlithe\nArcanine\nPoliwag\nPoliwhirl\nPoliwrath\nAbra\nKadabra\nAlakazam\nMachop\nMachoke\nMachamp\nBellsprout\nWeepinbell\nVictreebel\nTentacool\nTentacruel\nGeodude\nGraveler\nGolem\nPonyta\nRapidash\nSlowpoke\nSlowbro\nMagnemite\nMagneton\nFarfetch'd\nDoduo\nDodrio\nSeel\nDewgong\nGrimer\nMuk\nShellder\nCloyster\nGastly\nHaunter\nGengar\nOnix\nDrowzee\nHypno\nKrabby\nKingler\nVoltorb\nElectrode\nExeggcute\nExeggutor\nCubone\nMarowak\nHitmonlee\nHitmonchan\nLickitung\nKoffing\nWeezing\nRhyhorn\nRhydon\nChansey\nTangela\nKangaskhan\nHorsea\nSeadra\nGoldeen\nSeaking\nStaryu\nStarmie\nMr. Mime\nScyther\nJynx\nElectabuzz\nMagmar\nPinsir\nTauros\nMagikarp\nGyarados\nLapras\nDitto\nEevee\nVaporeon\nJolteon\nFlareon\nPorygon\nOmanyte\nOmastar\nKabuto\nKabutops\nAerodactyl\nSnorlax\nArticuno\nZapdos\nMoltres\nDratini\nDragonair\nDragonite\nMewtwo\nMew\nMissingNo.","title":"List of Pokémon"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Pok%C3%A9dex_16-0"},{"link_name":"The Pokémon Company International","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Pok%C3%A9mon_Company"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Pok%C3%A9dex-15"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Name_17-0"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_28-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_28-1"},{"link_name":"c","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_28-2"},{"link_name":"d","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_28-3"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Fairy_28-4"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Perrserker_33-0"},{"link_name":"Pokémon Sword and Shield","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pok%C3%A9mon_Sword_and_Shield"},{"link_name":"Perrserker","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perrserker"},{"link_name":"a","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Magnemite_55-0"},{"link_name":"b","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Magnemite_55-1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Sirfetch'd_56-0"},{"link_name":"Sirfetch'd","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sirfetch%27d"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MrRime_78-0"},{"link_name":"Mr. Rime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mr._Rime"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Eevee_101-0"},{"link_name":"Vaporeon (#0134)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Vaporeon"},{"link_name":"Jolteon (#0135)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Jolteon"},{"link_name":"Flareon (#0136)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Flareon"},{"link_name":"Espeon (#0196)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_II_Pok%C3%A9mon#Espeon"},{"link_name":"Umbreon (#0197)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_II_Pok%C3%A9mon#Umbreon"},{"link_name":"Leafeon (#0470)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_IV_Pok%C3%A9mon#Leafeon"},{"link_name":"Glaceon (#0471)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_IV_Pok%C3%A9mon#Glaceon"},{"link_name":"Sylveon (#0700)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_generation_VI_Pok%C3%A9mon#Sylveon"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-MissingNo._113-0"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Bird_114-0"}],"text":"^ Details on Pokémon names, National Pokédex numbers, types and evolutions are obtained from The Pokémon Company International's online Pokédex.[15]\n\n^ English and Japanese name, as well as National Pokédex number\n\n^ a b c d e Prior to X and Y, Clefairy, Clefable, Jigglypuff, and Wigglytuff were pure Normal types while Mr. Mime was pure Psychic.\n\n^ Galarian Meowth (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Perrserker.\n\n^ a b Prior to Gold and Silver, Magnemite and Magneton were pure Electric types.\n\n^ Only Galarian Farfetch'd (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Sirfetch'd.\n\n^ Only Galarian Mr. Mime (introduced in Pokémon Sword and Shield) are capable of evolving into Mr. Rime.\n\n^ Eevee is capable of evolving into Vaporeon (#0134), Jolteon (#0135), Flareon (#0136), Espeon (#0196), Umbreon (#0197), Leafeon (#0470), Glaceon (#0471) or Sylveon (#0700).\n\n^ MissingNo. is programmed with the Kanto Pokédex number \"000\", however it does not exist in the National Pokédex.\n\n^ \"Bird\" was a scrapped type for generations I and II; however, code for it remains in the games. MissingNo. is a Bird-type in Red, Blue, and Green versions, however, it is replaced by a randomly generated glitch type in Yellow.","title":"Notes"}]

[{"image_text":"The international logo for the Pokémon franchise","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg/250px-International_Pok%C3%A9mon_logo.svg.png"}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Panteleimon%27s_Cathedral

St. Panteleimon's Cathedral

["1 Gallery","2 References"]

Coordinates: 50°20′41″N 30°29′16.3″E / 50.34472°N 30.487861°E / 50.34472; 30.487861Cathedral in Ukraine50°20′41″N 30°29′16.3″E / 50.34472°N 30.487861°E / 50.34472; 30.487861 For other uses of Panteleimon, see Panteley (disambiguation).Church in Kyiv, UkraineSt. Panteleimon's CathedralSt. Panteleimon's Women's MonasteryПантелеймонівський соборLocationFeofaniia, Holosiivskyi District, KyivCountryUkraineDenominationUkrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)Websitehttps://feofania.church.uaArchitectureArchitect(s)Yevhen YermakovStyleRussian RevivalYears built1905–1914AdministrationDioceseKyiv (MP) The Cathedral of St. Panteleimon (St. Pantaleon) is a large Eastern Orthodox cathedral in the Kyivan neighbourhood of Feofaniia. It shares similarities with the Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Tallinn and is considered a high point in Russian Revival ecclesiastical architecture. It was built to a Russian Revival design by Yevhen Yermakov  between 1905 and 1912. The building is pentacupolar, with the massive black central dome and the four tent-like domes on the corners, as well as low galleries which run continuously around the building. The outer walls are covered with a mazy web of tracery. The cathedral was intended to serve as the main church of the Kyivan Monastery of St. Panteleimon, which originated as a branch, or skete, of St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery. It was closed for worship and thoroughly looted in the 1920s and damaged in World War II. The hollow shell of the church was returned to the Ukrainian Orthodox Church in 1990s and has been restored as the main church of a nunnery. The other church building of the convent conforms to the cathedral in style. Gallery St. Panteleimon's Cathedral Entrance gates Lesser church of the Monastery View from Feofaniia Park Wikimedia Commons has media related to Saint Pantaleon Cathedral. References ^ a b Website of St. Panteleimon's Convent Archived 2011-05-09 at the Wayback Machine ^ Website of St. Panteleimon's Convent vteChurches and monasteries of KyivCathedrals Saint Sophia Cathedral St. Volodymyr's Cathedral Resurrection Cathedral St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Cathedral St. Nicholas Military Cathedral1 St. Panteleimon's Cathedral Churches St. Andrew's Church St. Cyril's Church Church of the Saviour at Berestove Church of the Tithes Church of the Theotokos Troieshchyna Church Askold Grave Church Monasteries Lavra of the Caves (Great Church Gate Church Refectory Church) St. Michael's Golden-Domed Monastery Vydubychi Monastery Brotherhood Monastery Trinity Monastery Theophania Convent Intercession Convent Florivsky Convent Kytayiv Poustinia 1Demolished structures are in italics vteCathedrals of UkraineOrthodox ChurchChernihiv Boris and Gleb Cathedral Dormition Cathedral (Yelets Dormition Monastery ) St. Catherine's Cathedral Transfiguration Cathedral Trinity Cathedral  Dnipro Holy Trinity Cathedral Transfiguration Cathedral Donetsk Transfiguration Cathedral Kharkiv Annunciation Cathedral Dormition Cathedral Pokrovskyi Cathedral Kherson Candlemas Cathedral  Kremenets Transfiguration Cathedral Kyiv Holy Dormition Cathedral and Refectory Cathedral (Kyiv Pechersk Lavra) St. George's and St. Michael's Cathedrals (Vydubychi Monastery) St. Michael's Cathedral St. Sophia Cathedral St. Panteleimon's Cathedral St. Volodymyr's Cathedral Trinity Cathedral Lutsk Holy Trinity Cathedral Lviv Intercession Cathedral  Odesa Transfiguration Cathedral Poltava Holy Dormition Cathedral  Rivne Intercession Cathedral  Sevastopol Chersonesus Cathedral St. Vladimir's Cathedral Sumy Resurrection Cathedral  Uzhhorod Uzhhorod Orthodox Cathedral Vinnytsia Transfiguration Cathedral Volodymyr Nativity of Christ Cathedral  Yalta Alexander Nevsky Cathedral Zhytomyr St. Michael's Cathedral  Catholic ChurchKyiv Resurrection Cathedral St. Nicholas Cathedral St. Alexander Cathedral Lviv Latin Cathedral St. George's Cathedral Uzhhorod Holy Cross Cathedral Zhytomyr St. Sophia Cathedral Armenian Apostolic ChurchLviv Armenian Cathedral of Lviv Lutheran ChurchOdesa Lutheran Cathedral of St. Paul 

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neo-orientalism

Neo-orientalism

["1 See also","2 References"]

Category of modern incarnations of Orientalist thinking The neutrality of this article is disputed. Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met. (February 2022) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Neo-orientalism is a category of modern incarnations of Orientalist thinking. The term Neo-orientalism is generally found in academic literature to critique Western attitudes to Islam and the Islamic world post 9/11. Although the term Neo-orientalism marks a change from classical Orientalism, the two concepts nevertheless share similarities. For example, Neo-orientalism is, like Orientalism, criticised as being "monolithic, totalizing, reliant on a binary logic, and based on an assumption of moral and cultural superiority over the Oriental other," according to Mubarak Altwaiji, Ali Behdad and Juliet A. Williams. Neo-orientalism should thus be understood more as "a supplement to enduring modes of Orientalist representation". However, Neo-orientalism also maintains distinctive characteristics from its predecessor. According to Behdad and Williams again, "First, whereas classical Orientalists were commonly male European savants, philologists, established writers and artists, neo-Orientalists tend to be ordinary Middle Eastern subjects whose self-proclaimed authenticity sanctions and authorizes their discourses. Contemporary neo-Orientalists are not, however, merely 'native informants' or 'comprador intellectuals' . . . but rather Middle Eastern women and men who use their native subjectivity and new-found agency in the West to render otherwise biased accounts of the region seemly more authoritative and objective. Second, in contrast to classical Orientalism’s apparent privileging of philological, cultural, and formalistic concerns over ideological ones, neo-Orientalism is marked by an unapologetic investment in and engagement with the politics of the Middle East." Moreover, unlike Orientalism, the term does not yet seem to have an agreed upon definition by authors and scholars. For example, Maajid Nawaz adapted the term to criticize the Southern Poverty Law Center for adding his name to a list of public figures it claims are anti-Muslim extremists. Finally, unlike Orientalism, which serves as a critical approach to representations of Eastern Culture in its entirety, the present dialogue concerning neo-Orientalism seems to focus on predominantly Muslim countries, and in particular, the Middle East and North Africa. See also Orientalism Islamophobia Critical Theory References ^ Anees, Munawar A. (2015-07-24). "Neo-Orientalist Islamophobia Is Maligning the Reputation of the Prophet Muhammad Like Never Before". The Huffington Post. Retrieved 2017-02-21. ^ Tuastad, Dag (2003). "Neo-Orientalism and the new barbarism thesis: Aspects of symbolic violence in the Middle East conflict(s)". Third World Quarterly. 24 (4): 591–599. doi:10.1080/0143659032000105768. JSTOR 3993426. S2CID 144367950. ^ Williams, Juliet A.; Behdad, Ali (2012). "On Neo-Orientalism, Today". www.entekhabi.org. Archived from the original on 2015-09-28. Retrieved 2015-09-27. ^ "Ali Behdad and Juliet A. Williams: On Neo-Orientalism, Today". www.entekhabi.org. Archived from the original on 2017-05-04. Retrieved 2017-02-21. ^ Nawaz, Maajid (2016-10-29). "I'm A Muslim Reformer. Why Am I Being Smeared as an 'Anti-Muslim Extremist'?". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 2017-02-21. ^ "A Journalist's Manual: Field Guide to Anti-Muslim Extremists". Southern Poverty Law Center. Retrieved 2017-02-21. This article about postcolonialism is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about cultural anthropology is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hieracium_venosum

Hieracium venosum

["1 References"]

Species of flowering plant Hieracium venosum 1913 illustration Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade: Tracheophytes Clade: Angiosperms Clade: Eudicots Clade: Asterids Order: Asterales Family: Asteraceae Genus: Hieracium Species: H. venosum Binomial name Hieracium venosumL. 1753 Synonyms Hieracium gronovii var. nudicaule Michx. Hieracium venosum var. nudicaule (Michx.) Farw. Hieracium venosum (Robin's plantain, rattlesnakeweed, or rattlesnake hawkweed) is a species of hawkweed in the tribe Cichorieae within the family Asteraceae. It is widespread and common in south-central Canada (Ontario) and the eastern United States (from Michigan east to Maine and south as far as Florida and Mississippi). Its common name comes from the fact that environments it is found in are typically also a home to rattlesnakes. Hieracium venosum is a hairy herb up to 45 cm (18 inches) tall, with most of the leaves crowded around the base of the stem. One plant can produce as many as 20 flower heads, each with 30–45 yellow ray flowers but no disc flowers. It is a perennial that blooms from May to September, and prefers shady conditions with dry, sandy soil. Hieracium venosum flowering, with leaves crowded around the base. Leaves detail. Flower detail. 6 yellow ray flowers. References ^ Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. Illustrated flora of the northern states and Canada. Vol. 3: 332. ^ The Plant List, Hieracium venosum L. ^ United States Department of Agriculture, Natural Resources Conservation Service. "Hieracium venosum L., Rattlesnakeweed". ^ Wildflowers of the United States, Gerry Williamson. "Rattlesnake Weed, Rattlesnake Hawkweed, Veiny Hawkweed - Hieracium venosum". ^ Biota of North America Program 2014 county distribution map ^ a b "Hieracium venosum (Rattlesnakeweed)". Lady Bird Johnson Wildflower Center. 3 August 2017. Retrieved 14 August 2019. ^ Flora of North America, Hieracium venosum Linnaeus, 1753. Media related to Pilosella venosa at Wikimedia Commons Taxon identifiersHieracium venosum Wikidata: Q13919553 APA: 821 CoL: 3LV8J EoL: 841463 EPPO: HIEVE FNA: 250066960 GBIF: 3135852 GRIN: 455468 iNaturalist: 68034 IPNI: 224594-1 IRMNG: 11035329 ITIS: 37734 MichiganFlora: 377 NatureServe: 2.157907 NCBI: 268068 Open Tree of Life: 1095904 Plant List: gcc-142941 PLANTS: HIVE POWO: urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:224594-1 Tropicos: 2702695 VASCAN: 3240 WFO: wfo-0000044395 WoRMS: 1114684 This Cichorieae article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Charles_Bell

John Charles Bell

["1 Biography","2 References"]

John Charles BellIn The Sketch, 9 October 1901Lord Mayor of LondonIn office1907–1908Sheriff of the City of LondonIn officeOctober 1901 – September 1902 Personal detailsBorn(1843-09-04)4 September 1843Died2 February 1924(1924-02-02) (aged 80)Stoke Poges, EnglandOccupationBusinessman, politician Sir John Charles Bell, 1st Baronet (1843–1924) was a British businessman and Lord Mayor of London from 1907 to 1908. Biography John Charles Bell was born on 4 September 1843. He was elected a Sheriff of the City of London in 1901 (serving October 1901 to September 1902), together with Horace Brooks Marshall. He was Sheriff during the coronation year 1902, and was knighted in the 1902 Coronation Honours, receiving the accolade from King Edward VII at Buckingham Palace on 24 October that year. During his year as Sheriff, he also accompanied the Lord Mayor (Sir Joseph Dimsdale) on official visits to the English cities of Wolverhampton (July 1902), Bath and Exeter (September 1902). Five years later, he was elected Lord Mayor of the City of London in 1907 (serving November 1907 to November 1908). For his service as Lord Mayor he was customary created a Baronet, of Framewood in the Parish of Stoke Poges in the County of Buckingham, on 18 July 1908. The title became extinct on his death, which took place at his home in Stoke Poges on 2 February 1924. References ^ Burke, Bernard; Burke, Ashworth Peter (1910). A Genealogical and Heraldic History of the Peerage and Baronetage, the Privy Council, Knightage and Companionage. p. 205. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via Google Books. ^ "The City Shrievalty". The Times. No. 36885. London. 29 September 1902. p. 6. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "The Coronation Honours". The Times. No. 36804. London. 26 June 1902. p. 5. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "No. 27494". The London Gazette. 11 November 1902. p. 7165. ^ "The Lord Mayor at Wolverhampton". The Times. No. 36833. London. 30 July 1902. p. 8. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "The Lord Mayor at Bath". The Times. No. 36870. London. 11 September 1902. p. 9. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via The Times Digital Archive. ^ "No. 28158". The London Gazette. 14 July 1908. p. 5133. ^ "Death of Sir John C. Bell, Bt". Middlesex Advertiser and County Gazette. 8 February 1924. p. 6. Retrieved 12 December 2023 – via Newspapers.com. Civic offices Preceded bySir William Treloar 579th Lord Mayor of London 1907–1908 Succeeded bySir George Wyatt Truscott Baronetage of the United Kingdom New creation Baronet(of Framewood in the Parish of Stoke Poges in the County of Buckingham) 1908–1924 Extinct

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serious_Drinking

Serious Drinking

["1 History","2 Discography","2.1 Singles/EPs","2.2 Albums","3 Members","4 References"]

Serious DrinkingOriginNorwich, EnglandGenresPunk rockYears active1981–mid-1980s, and intermittently sinceLabelsUpright, Musical Tragedies, Worker's Playtime, Damaged GoodsMembersMartin LingEugene RodgersAndy HearnshawCathal KennedyPete SaundersLance Dunlop Serious Drinking were an English humorous punk rock band from Norwich, England, whose lyrical themes often covered football and drinking. History The band formed in February 1981, taking their name from a Sounds headline to an interview with The Cockney Rejects, with most members having met at the University of East Anglia. Band members were Martin Ling (vocals), Eugene Rodgers (vocals), Andy Hearnshaw (guitar, formerly of The Farmer's Boys), Jem Moore (bass), Pete Saunders (keyboards) also known from Dexys Midnight Runners and Lance Dunlop (drums). Their debut EP, Love On The Terraces (produced by Madness's Mark Bedford) reached number 9 on the UK Indie Chart in 1982, with follow-up "Hangover" reaching number 4 the following year. Debut album The Revolution Starts at Closing Time also reached number 4, and was followed up in 1984 by a second album, They May Be Drinkers Robin, But They're Still Human Beings. After another single, "Country Girl Became Drugs and Sex Punk", Moore and Dunlop left the band. The new line-up continued with sporadic gigs. The band were firm favourites of John Peel and recorded four sessions for his BBC Radio 1 show. "Love On The Terraces" also reached number 38 in the 1982 Festive Fifty. A compilation of their finest moments, Stranger Than Tannadice - The Hits, Misses and Own Goals was released in 1990 on the Worker's Playtime label, to coincide with the 1990 World Cup, with a couple of singles also emerging in the 1990s. Discography Chart placings shown are from the UK Indie Chart. Singles/EPs Love On The Terraces EP (1982) Upright (#9) "Hangover" (1983) Upright (#4) "Country Girl Became Drugs and Sex Punk" (1984) Upright (#8) "Red Skies Over Wembley" (1993) Musical Tragedies "Back Home 1966" (1996) Damaged Goods Albums The Revolution Starts at Closing Time (1983) Upright (#4) They May Be Drinkers Robin, But They're Still Human Beings (1984) Upright (#16) Stranger Than Tannadice - The Hits, Misses and Own Goals (1990) Worker's Playtime Members Eugene Rodgers, Martin Ling, Jem Moore, Andy Hearnshaw, Lance Dunlop, Glenville Williams, Karen Yarnell, Cathal Kennedy, Pete Saunders, Simon Charterton, Terry Edwards, Richard Sheldrake. References ^ Strong, Martin C. (1999). The Great Alternative & Indie Discography. Canongate. ISBN 0-86241-913-1. ^ a b c d Larkin, Colin (1992). The Guinness Who's Who of Indie and New Wave Music. Guinness Publishing. p. 246. ISBN 0-85112-579-4. ^ a b c Lazell, Barry (1997). Indie Hits 1980-1999. Cherry Red Books. ISBN 0-9517206-9-4. ^ a b "Keeping It Peel - Serious Drinking". Keeping It Peel. BBC. Retrieved 8 March 2008. Authority control databases International VIAF Artists MusicBrainz

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UberFacts

ÜberFacts

["1 History","1.1 Twitter hacked","2 Reception","3 References","4 External links"]

Online web service/app ÜberFactsType of siteOnline database for factsAvailable inEnglishOwnerKris SanchezCreated byKris SanchezCommercialYesLaunched2009; 15 years ago (2009)Current statusActive ÜberFacts is an online web service/app that provides people with random facts. There is currently a Twitter version, a mobile app version, Instagram version, and a Facebook version. The service was developed by Kris Sanchez. Sanchez receives the facts through research from books, science articles, the news, and more. He stated that he always confirms the accuracy of the facts prior to releasing them. Mistakes are eventually deleted or updated with corrections. History ÜberFacts creator Kris Sanchez reported searching for interesting facts during a boring day in September 2009. This prompted Kris to create a Twitter account with a "purpose" and created the ÜberFacts Twitter account. Twitter hacked On May 21, 2014, the UberFacts Twitter account was hacked, the hacker sent vulgar messages out. Sanchez noticed this and tweeted on his personal account that the hacker will have to pay him for every tweet the hacker owes him. On the next day, Sanchez recovered UberFacts, and announced that his account was hacked and felt sorry if anyone got offended by the vulgar messages the hacker sent out. Reception A March 2014 BuzzFeed article panned UberFacts for its occasionally incorrect facts, justifying why they are occasionally inaccurate. BuzzFeed then sent an email to Sanchez inquiring if the facts provided are incorrect, he responded saying that the accuracy of his facts are reviewed prior to releasing them and he does not cite sources because not everyone would want to see a link at the end of a tweet. Sanchez stated that he earns approximately US$500,000 per year through Uberfacts, and expects that number to increase in the future due to the release of a dedicated app. References ^ a b c Mager, Andrew. "The man behind the latest Twitter meme: Uberfacts - ZDNet". ZDNet. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ "The Truth About UberFacts: They're Often Wrong". BuzzFeed. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ "Popular 'UberFacts' Twitter May Have Been Stolen — And The Hacker Is Taunting The Account Owner". Business Insider. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ "Here are the Worst Tweets From the UberFacts Twitter Hack Last Night". Complex Networks. Retrieved 15 July 2016. ^ pbs.twimg.com ^ Stone, Madeline. "How a 23-year-old makes $500,000 a year tweeting random facts". Business Insider Australia. ^ Novak, Matt (7 April 2015). "UberFacts Isn't Steaming Hot Garbage Anymore". Factually. Gawker Media. ^ "UberFacts". ^ "How To Make $500,000 A Year On Twitter". Fast Company. ^ Sawers, Paul (22 April 2014). "UberFacts Launches on iPhone". The Next Web. External links ÜberFacts on X

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sniff_(Moomin_character)

Sniff (Moomin character)

["1 Sniff in Moomin stories","2 Notes and references","2.1 Notes","2.2 References"]

Children's book character Fictional character SniffMoomin characterSniff at Moomin WorldFirst appearanceThe Moomins and the Great Flood (1945)Created byTove JanssonVoiced byRyusei Nakao Riko Eklundh Eero Ahre Jyrki Kovaleff (Comet in Moominland) Jukka Nylund (2017 dubbing) Ilpo Mikkonen (Moomins and the Comet Chase) Mads Mikkelsen (Moomins and the Comet Chase, international version) Warwick Davis (Moominvalley, international version)In-universe informationGenderMaleFamilyThe Muddler (father) and Fuzzy (mother)RelativesHodgkins (father's uncle) Sniff (Swedish: Sniff) is a character in the Moomin stories created by Tove Jansson. His debut is in the first Moomin-book The Moomins and the Great Flood. In addition to books, he is also a prominent character in the Moomin comics and animations. Sniff in Moomin stories The parents of Sniff are The Muddler (Rådd-djuret) and Fuzzy (Sås-djuret), childhood friends of Moominpappa. Sniff is considered as a sort of an adopted child of the Moomin family, as Muddler and Fuzzy lost him when he was a small child. Sniff is greedy and a bit of a coward. He is cowardly and timid, so freedom for him means conquering his fears. Agneta Rehal-Johansson considers Sniff a study in the psychology of a small child. She has argued there's an initial sort of sibling rivalry between Sniff and Moomintroll in Comet in Moominland: Sniff, the smaller creature, envies Moomintroll, who has strengths and characteristics Sniff would want himself. Towards the end of the book, Sniff has found a place in the Moomin family. When Comet in Moominland, originally published in 1946, was revised in 1968, Sniff's role changed and grew more prominent, with Sniff becoming the main protagonist of a secondary plot in the book. His personality changed, too. Tove Jansson's own early notes describes him as "cowardly, egoistic, puberty", but from being self-absorbed, ostentatious and acquisitive, he becomes anxious, wanting to be heard and seen, whining and impatient, like a worried child, childishly fond of gold and pretty stones. His manner of speech changes, from arrogant and unsympathetic to pathetic. In the original books Sniff is small in size and therefore often referred to as the "little creature Sniff". However, In the comics and for example in the animated TV series Moomin Sniff is tall and relatively large compared to many of the other characters. In the animations he is portrayed as brown or grey, but in the colour pictures made by Tove Jansson he is always white (although sometimes, when feeling ill, he turns slightly green). He has a long thin tail and his head looks much like a kangaroo's, with a long pointed muzzle with a black nose at the tip and large triangular ears that splay out from the top of his head. In the books Sniff often spends the night in the Moominhouse, but he lives in a dwelling built into a rock outcrop near the forest. In the TV series and Tove and Lars Jansson's comics Sniff has his own house. In the TV animation he seems to spend more time in Moominhouse than in his own house. In the comics, Sniff's greed for money makes him more arrogant than in the books, and sometimes he even goes scheming with the shady Stinky. In the book Tales from the Moominvalley Sniff has a cuddly toy dog called Cedric, which Sniff has given to Gaffsie's daughter. In the game Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley, he instead gives Cedric to Snufkin, which functions as a quest object later in the game. Sniff is an active character over the whole span of the animated TV series Moomin, even though Tove Jansson used the character only occasionally after the first books. In the TV series Sniff has been added to many of Jansson's stories where he did not originally feature. Notes and references Notes ^ In the original Swedish: "feg, egoistisk, pubertet" References ^ "Muumeista". taidemuseo.fi. Retrieved 29 May 2011. ^ Pääkkönen, Eija (2010). Hyvää elämää Muumilaaksossa – Maailmankuva, moraali ja arvot onnellisen elämän aineksina Tove Janssonin muumiromaaneissa (PDF) (Master's thesis, University of Jyväskylä). ^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 184 ^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 205 ^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 206 ^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 205 ^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 261 ^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, pp. 262–263 ^ Happonen, Sirke (2012). Muumiopas. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 168. ISBN 978-952-222-363-0. Rehal-Johansson, Karin (2006). Den lömska barnboksförfattaren : Tove Jansson och muminverkets metamorfoser (in Swedish). Makadam. ISBN 9789170610332. vteMoominsNovels The Moomins and the Great Flood Comet in Moominland Finn Family Moomintroll The Exploits of Moominpappa Moominsummer Madness Moominland Midwinter Tales from Moominvalley Moominpappa at Sea Moominvalley in November Picture books The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My Who Will Comfort Toffle? The Dangerous Journey Villain in the Moominhouse Characters Moomintroll Snufkin Little My The Groke Sniff Snork Maiden Moominmamma Moominpappa Television series Die Muminfamilie Moomin (1969 series) Mumindalen New Moomin The Moomins Moomin (1990 series) Moominvalley Films Comet in Moominland Moomin and Midsummer Madness Moomins and the Comet Chase Moomins on the Riviera Moomins and the Winter Wonderland Video games Moomin's Tale Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley People Tove Jansson (Works) Lars Jansson Tuulikki Pietilä Signe Hammarsten-Jansson Viktor Jansson Per Olov Jansson Sophia Jansson Atos Wirtanen Erna Tauro Other Comic strips "The Comet Song" Metsä (theme park) Moominvalley Moominhouse Moomin Museum Moomin World Moomin mugs Tove

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Swedish","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swedish_language"},{"link_name":"Moomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin"},{"link_name":"Tove Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Jansson"},{"link_name":"The Moomins and the Great Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moomins_and_the_Great_Flood"}],"text":"Fictional characterSniff (Swedish: Sniff) is a character in the Moomin stories created by Tove Jansson. His debut is in the first Moomin-book The Moomins and the Great Flood. In addition to books, he is also a prominent character in the Moomin comics and animations.","title":"Sniff (Moomin character)"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Taidemuseo-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-2"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Comet in Moominland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_in_Moominland"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-6"},{"link_name":"[a]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-9"},{"link_name":"Moomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"kangaroo's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kangaroo"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"Moominhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominhouse"},{"link_name":"Lars Jansson's","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Jansson_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Tales from the Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_Moominvalley"},{"link_name":"Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snufkin:_Melody_of_Moominvalley"}],"text":"The parents of Sniff are The Muddler (Rådd-djuret) and Fuzzy (Sås-djuret), childhood friends of Moominpappa. Sniff is considered as a sort of an adopted child of the Moomin family, as Muddler and Fuzzy lost him when he was a small child.[1]Sniff is greedy and a bit of a coward. He is cowardly and timid, so freedom for him means conquering his fears.[2] Agneta Rehal-Johansson considers Sniff a study in the psychology of a small child.[3] She has argued there's an initial sort of sibling rivalry between Sniff and Moomintroll in Comet in Moominland: Sniff, the smaller creature, envies Moomintroll, who has strengths and characteristics Sniff would want himself.[4] Towards the end of the book, Sniff has found a place in the Moomin family.[5]When Comet in Moominland, originally published in 1946, was revised in 1968, Sniff's role changed and grew more prominent, with Sniff becoming the main protagonist of a secondary plot in the book.[6] His personality changed, too. Tove Jansson's own early notes describes him as \"cowardly, egoistic, puberty\",[a] but from being self-absorbed, ostentatious and acquisitive, he becomes anxious, wanting to be heard and seen, whining and impatient, like a worried child, childishly fond of gold and pretty stones.[7] His manner of speech changes, from arrogant and unsympathetic to pathetic.[8]In the original books Sniff is small in size and therefore often referred to as the \"little creature Sniff\". However, In the comics and for example in the animated TV series Moomin Sniff is tall and relatively large compared to many of the other characters. In the animations he is portrayed as brown or grey, but in the colour pictures made by Tove Jansson he is always white (although sometimes, when feeling ill, he turns slightly green). He has a long thin tail and his head looks much like a kangaroo's, with a long pointed muzzle with a black nose at the tip and large triangular ears that splay out from the top of his head.[9]In the books Sniff often spends the night in the Moominhouse, but he lives in a dwelling built into a rock outcrop near the forest. In the TV series and Tove and Lars Jansson's comics Sniff has his own house. In the TV animation he seems to spend more time in Moominhouse than in his own house. In the comics, Sniff's greed for money makes him more arrogant than in the books, and sometimes he even goes scheming with the shady Stinky.In the book Tales from the Moominvalley Sniff has a cuddly toy dog called Cedric, which Sniff has given to Gaffsie's daughter. In the game Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley, he instead gives Cedric to Snufkin, which functions as a quest object later in the game.Sniff is an active character over the whole span of the animated TV series Moomin, even though Tove Jansson used the character only occasionally after the first books. In the TV series Sniff has been added to many of Jansson's stories where he did not originally feature.","title":"Sniff in Moomin stories"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-7"}],"sub_title":"Notes","text":"^ In the original Swedish: \"feg, egoistisk, pubertet\"","title":"Notes and references"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-Taidemuseo_1-0"},{"link_name":"\"Muumeista\"","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.taidemuseo.fi/suomi/meilahti/lisat/4tovelaminaattia.html"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Hyvää elämää Muumilaaksossa – Maailmankuva, moraali ja arvot onnellisen elämän aineksina Tove Janssonin muumiromaaneissa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//jyx.jyu.fi/dspace/bitstream/handle/123456789/26573/URN%3ANBN%3Afi%3Ajyu-201102211788.pdf?sequence=1"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"Rehal-Johansson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRehal-Johansson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"Rehal-Johansson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRehal-Johansson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"},{"link_name":"Rehal-Johansson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRehal-Johansson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-6"},{"link_name":"Rehal-Johansson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRehal-Johansson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-8"},{"link_name":"Rehal-Johansson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRehal-Johansson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-9"},{"link_name":"Rehal-Johansson 2006","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#CITEREFRehal-Johansson2006"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-10"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-952-222-363-0","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-222-363-0"},{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"9789170610332","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789170610332"},{"link_name":"v","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:The_Moomin_Series"},{"link_name":"t","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:The_Moomin_Series"},{"link_name":"e","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:The_Moomin_Series"},{"link_name":"Moomins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomins"},{"link_name":"The Moomins and the Great Flood","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moomins_and_the_Great_Flood"},{"link_name":"Comet in Moominland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_in_Moominland"},{"link_name":"Finn Family Moomintroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finn_Family_Moomintroll"},{"link_name":"The Exploits of Moominpappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Exploits_of_Moominpappa"},{"link_name":"Moominsummer Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominsummer_Madness"},{"link_name":"Moominland Midwinter","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominland_Midwinter"},{"link_name":"Tales from Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tales_from_Moominvalley"},{"link_name":"Moominpappa at Sea","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominpappa_at_Sea"},{"link_name":"Moominvalley in November","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominvalley_in_November"},{"link_name":"The Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Book_about_Moomin,_Mymble_and_Little_My"},{"link_name":"Who Will Comfort Toffle?","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Who_Will_Comfort_Toffle%3F"},{"link_name":"The Dangerous Journey","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Dangerous_Journey"},{"link_name":"Villain in the Moominhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skurken_i_Muminhuset"},{"link_name":"Characters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Moomin_characters"},{"link_name":"Moomintroll","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomintroll"},{"link_name":"Snufkin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snufkin"},{"link_name":"Little My","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Little_My"},{"link_name":"The Groke","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Groke"},{"link_name":"Sniff","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orgundefined/"},{"link_name":"Snork Maiden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snork_Maiden"},{"link_name":"Moominmamma","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominmamma"},{"link_name":"Moominpappa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominpappa"},{"link_name":"Die Muminfamilie","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Muminfamilie"},{"link_name":"Moomin (1969 series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_(1969_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Mumindalen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mumindalen_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"New Moomin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Moomin"},{"link_name":"The Moomins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moomins_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moomin (1990 series)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_(1990_TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominvalley_(TV_series)"},{"link_name":"Comet in Moominland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comet_in_Moominland_(film)"},{"link_name":"Moomin and Midsummer Madness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Moomins_(TV_series)#Films"},{"link_name":"Moomins and the Comet Chase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomins_and_the_Comet_Chase"},{"link_name":"Moomins on the Riviera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomins_on_the_Riviera"},{"link_name":"Moomins and the Winter Wonderland","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomins_and_the_Winter_Wonderland"},{"link_name":"Moomin's Tale","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin%27s_Tale"},{"link_name":"Snufkin: Melody of Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snufkin:_Melody_of_Moominvalley"},{"link_name":"Tove Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_Jansson"},{"link_name":"Works","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Tove_Jansson"},{"link_name":"Lars Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lars_Jansson_(cartoonist)"},{"link_name":"Tuulikki Pietilä","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuulikki_Pietil%C3%A4"},{"link_name":"Signe Hammarsten-Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signe_Hammarsten-Jansson"},{"link_name":"Viktor Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viktor_Jansson"},{"link_name":"Per Olov Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Per_Olov_Jansson"},{"link_name":"Sophia Jansson","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophia_Jansson"},{"link_name":"Atos Wirtanen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atos_Wirtanen"},{"link_name":"Erna Tauro","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Tauro"},{"link_name":"Comic strips","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_comic_strips"},{"link_name":"The Comet Song","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Comet_Song"},{"link_name":"Metsä (theme park)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mets%C3%A4_(theme_park)"},{"link_name":"Moominvalley","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominvalley"},{"link_name":"Moominhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moominhouse"},{"link_name":"Moomin Museum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_Museum"},{"link_name":"Moomin World","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_World"},{"link_name":"Moomin mugs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moomin_mugs"},{"link_name":"Tove","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tove_(film)"}],"sub_title":"References","text":"^ \"Muumeista\". taidemuseo.fi. Retrieved 29 May 2011.\n\n^ Pääkkönen, Eija (2010). Hyvää elämää Muumilaaksossa – Maailmankuva, moraali ja arvot onnellisen elämän aineksina Tove Janssonin muumiromaaneissa (PDF) (Master's thesis, University of Jyväskylä).\n\n^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 184\n\n^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 205\n\n^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 206\n\n^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 205\n\n^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, p. 261\n\n^ Rehal-Johansson 2006, pp. 262–263\n\n^ Happonen, Sirke (2012). Muumiopas. Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura. p. 168. ISBN 978-952-222-363-0.Rehal-Johansson, Karin (2006). Den lömska barnboksförfattaren : Tove Jansson och muminverkets metamorfoser (in Swedish). Makadam. ISBN 9789170610332.vteMoominsNovels\nThe Moomins and the Great Flood\nComet in Moominland\nFinn Family Moomintroll\nThe Exploits of Moominpappa\nMoominsummer Madness\nMoominland Midwinter\nTales from Moominvalley\nMoominpappa at Sea\nMoominvalley in November\nPicture books\nThe Book about Moomin, Mymble and Little My\nWho Will Comfort Toffle?\nThe Dangerous Journey\nVillain in the Moominhouse\nCharacters\nMoomintroll\nSnufkin\nLittle My\nThe Groke\nSniff\nSnork Maiden\nMoominmamma\nMoominpappa\nTelevision series\nDie Muminfamilie\nMoomin (1969 series)\nMumindalen\nNew Moomin\nThe Moomins\nMoomin (1990 series)\nMoominvalley\nFilms\nComet in Moominland\nMoomin and Midsummer Madness\nMoomins and the Comet Chase\nMoomins on the Riviera\nMoomins and the Winter Wonderland\nVideo games\nMoomin's Tale\nSnufkin: Melody of Moominvalley\nPeople\nTove Jansson (Works)\nLars Jansson\nTuulikki Pietilä\nSigne Hammarsten-Jansson\nViktor Jansson\nPer Olov Jansson\nSophia Jansson\nAtos Wirtanen\nErna Tauro\nOther\nComic strips\n\"The Comet Song\"\nMetsä (theme park)\nMoominvalley\nMoominhouse\nMoomin Museum\nMoomin World\nMoomin mugs\nTove","title":"Notes and references"}]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/White_frost

Frost

["1 Formation","2 Types","2.1 Hoar frost","2.2 Advection frost","2.3 Window frost","2.4 White frost","2.5 Rime","2.6 Black frost","3 Effect on plants","3.1 Damage","3.2 Protection methods","4 Frost-free areas","5 Permafrost","6 Personifications","7 On other planets","8 Gallery","9 See also","10 References","11 External links"]

Coating or deposit of ice This article is about deposit of ice on surfaces. Not to be confused with Freezing air temperature. For other uses, see Frost (disambiguation). A patch of grass showing three zones. crystalline frost in the below-freezing shade (blue, lower right)frost in the warming but still below freezing strip most recently exposed to sunlight (white, center)frost-free region: here, the previous frost has melted from a more prolonged exposure to sunlight (green, upper left.) Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface. Frost forms when the air contains more water vapor than it can normally hold at a specific temperature. The process is similar to the formation of dew, except it occurs below the freezing point of water typically without crossing through a liquid state. Air always contains a certain amount of water vapor, depending on temperature. Warmer air can hold more than colder air. When the atmosphere contains more water than it can hold at a specific temperature, its relative humidity rises above 100% becoming supersaturated, and the excess water vapor is forced to deposit onto any nearby surface, forming seed crystals. The temperature at which frost will form is called the dew point, and depends on the humidity of the air. When the temperature of the air drops below its dew point, excess water vapor is forced out of solution, resulting in a phase change directly from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid). As more water molecules are added to the seeds, crystal growth occurs, forming ice crystals. Crystals may vary in size and shape, from an even layer of numerous microscopic-seeds to fewer but much larger crystals, ranging from long dendritic crystals (tree-like) growing across a surface, acicular crystals (needle-like) growing outward from the surface, snowflake-shaped crystals, or even large, knifelike blades of ice covering an object, which depends on many factors such as temperature, air pressure, air motion and turbulence, surface roughness and wettability, and the level of supersaturation. For example, water vapor adsorbs to glass very well, so automobile windows will often frost before the paint, and large hoar-frost crystals can grow very rapidly when the air is very cold, calm, and heavily saturated, such as during an ice fog. Frost may occur when warm, moist air comes into contact with a cold surface, cooling it below its dew point, such as warm breath on a freezing window. In the atmosphere, it more often occurs when both the air and the surface are below freezing, when the air experiences a drop in temperature bringing it below its dew point, for example, when the temperature falls after the Sun sets. In temperate climates, it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white crystals; in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms. The propagation of crystal formation occurs by the process of nucleation, in specific, water nucleation, which is the same phenomenon responsible for the formation of clouds, fog, snow, rain and other meteorological phenomena. The ice crystals of frost form as the result of fractal process development. The depth of frost crystals varies depending on the amount of time they have been accumulating, and the concentration of the water vapor (humidity). Frost crystals may be invisible (black), clear (translucent), or, if a mass of frost crystals scatters light in all directions, the coating of frost appears white. Types of frost include crystalline frost (hoar frost or radiation frost) from deposition of water vapor from air of low humidity, white frost in humid conditions, window frost on glass surfaces, advection frost from cold wind over cold surfaces, black frost without visible ice at low temperatures and very low humidity, and rime under supercooled wet conditions. Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when the temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the cells that make up the plant tissue. The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as "frost damage". Farmers in those regions where frost damage has been known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage. Formation Frost in the highest town in Venezuela, Apartaderos: Because of its location in an alpine tundra ecosystem called páramo, a daily freeze-and-thaw cycle, sometimes described as "summer every day and winter every night", exists. If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the surrounding humid air, and the surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Depending on context, that process may also be called atmospheric icing. The ice it produces differs in some ways from crystalline frost, which consists of spicules of ice that typically project from the solid surface on which they grow. The main difference between the ice coatings and frost spicules arises because the crystalline spicules grow directly from desublimation of water vapour from air, and desublimation is not a factor in icing of freezing surfaces. For desublimation to proceed, the surface must be below the frost point of the air, meaning that it is sufficiently cold for ice to form without passing through the liquid phase. The air must be humid, but not sufficiently humid to permit the condensation of liquid water, or icing will result instead of desublimation. The size of the crystals depends largely on the temperature, the amount of water vapor available, and how long they have been growing undisturbed. As a rule, except in conditions where supercooled droplets are present in the air, frost will form only if the deposition surface is colder than the surrounding air. For instance, frost may be observed around cracks in cold wooden sidewalks when humid air escapes from the warmer ground beneath. Other objects on which frost commonly forms are those with low specific heat or high thermal emissivity, such as blackened metals, hence the accumulation of frost on the heads of rusty nails. The apparently erratic occurrence of frost in adjacent localities is due partly to differences of elevation, the lower areas becoming colder on calm nights. Where static air settles above an area of ground in the absence of wind, the absorptivity and specific heat of the ground strongly influence the temperature that the trapped air attains. Types Hoar frost Look up hoar frost in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. A spider web covered in air hoar frost Hoar frost on the snow Depth hoar, imaged with optical (left) and scanning electron (right) microscopy Hoar frost, also hoarfrost, radiation frost, or pruina, refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves. They form on cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates into outer space faster than it can be replaced from nearby warm objects or brought in by the wind. Under suitable circumstances, objects cool to below the frost point of the surrounding air, well below the freezing point of water. Such freezing may be promoted by effects such as flood frost or frost pocket. These occur when ground-level radiation cools air until it flows downhill and accumulates in pockets of very cold air in valleys and hollows. Hoar frost may freeze in such low-lying cold air even when the air temperature a few feet above ground is well above freezing. The word "hoar" comes from an Old English adjective that means "showing signs of old age". In this context, it refers to the frost that makes trees and bushes look like white hair. Hoar frost may have different names depending on where it forms: Air hoar is a deposit of hoar frost on objects above the surface, such as tree branches, plant stems, and wires. Surface hoar refers to fern-like ice crystals directly deposited on snow, ice, or already frozen surfaces. Crevasse hoar consists of crystals that form in glacial crevasses where water vapour can accumulate under calm weather conditions. Depth hoar refers to faceted crystals that have slowly grown large within cavities beneath the surface of banks of dry snow. Depth hoar crystals grow continuously at the expense of neighbouring smaller crystals, so typically are visibly stepped and have faceted hollows. When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes, forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights, with very light, cold air currents conveying humidity at the right rate for growth of frost crystals. Wind that is too strong or warm destroys the furry crystals, and thereby may permit a stronger bond between the old and new snow layers. However, if the winds are strong enough and cold enough to lay the crystals flat and dry, carpeting the snow with cold, loose crystals without removing or destroying them or letting them warm up and become sticky, then the frost interface between the snow layers may still present an avalanche danger, because the texture of the frost crystals differs from the snow texture, and the dry crystals will not stick to fresh snow. Such conditions still prevent a strong bond between the snow layers. In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. The ice dust then may form yukimarimo, as has been observed in parts of Antarctica, in a process similar to the formation of dust bunnies and similar structures. A flower with advection frost on the edges of its petals Hoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. If such cold spaces or the pipes serving them are not well insulated and are exposed to ambient humidity, the moisture will freeze instantly depending on the freezer temperature. The frost may coat pipes thickly, partly insulating them, but such inefficient insulation still is a source of heat loss. Advection frost Advection frost (also called wind frost) refers to tiny ice spikes that form when very cold wind is blowing over tree branches, poles, and other surfaces. It looks like rimming on the edges of flowers and leaves, and usually forms against the direction of the wind. It can occur at any hour, day or night. Window frost Window frost (also called fern frost or ice flowers) forms when a glass pane is exposed to very cold air on the outside and warmer, moderately moist air on the inside. If the pane is a bad insulator (for example, if it is a single-pane window), water vapour condenses on the glass, forming frost patterns. With very low temperatures outside, frost can appear on the bottom of the window even with double-pane energy-efficient windows because the air convection between two panes of glass ensures that the bottom part of the glazing unit is colder than the top part. On unheated motor vehicles, the frost usually forms on the outside surface of the glass first. The glass surface influences the shape of crystals, so imperfections, scratches, or dust can modify the way ice nucleates. The patterns in window frost form a fractal with a fractal dimension greater than one, but less than two. This is a consequence of the nucleation process being constrained to unfold in two dimensions, unlike a snowflake, which is shaped by a similar process, but forms in three dimensions and has a fractal dimension greater than two. If the indoor air is very humid, rather than moderately so, water first condenses in small droplets, and then freezes into clear ice. Similar patterns of freezing may occur on other smooth vertical surfaces, but they seldom are as obvious or spectacular as on clear glass. White frost White frost is a solid deposition of ice that forms directly from water vapour contained in air. White frost forms when relative humidity is above 90% and the temperature below −8 °C (18 °F), and it grows against the wind direction, since air arriving from windward has a higher humidity than leeward air, but the wind must not be strong, else it damages the delicate icy structures as they begin to form. White frost resembles a heavy coating of hoar frost with big, interlocking crystals, usually needle-shaped. Rime Main article: Rime ice Rime is a type of ice deposition that occurs quickly, often under heavily humid and windy conditions. Technically speaking, it is not a type of frost, since usually supercooled water drops are involved, in contrast to the formation of hoar frost, in which water vapour desublimates slowly and directly. Ships travelling through Arctic seas may accumulate large quantities of rime on the rigging. Unlike hoar frost, which has a feathery appearance, rime generally has an icy, solid appearance. Black frost Dead plant leaves during Winter Storm Uri in a backyard in Northern Mexico, with below freezing temperatures. Black frost or ("killing frost") is not strictly speaking frost at all, because it is the condition seen in crops when the humidity is too low for frost to form, but the temperature falls so low that plant tissues freeze and die, becoming blackened, hence the term "black frost". Black frost often is called "killing frost" because white frost tends to be less cold, partly because the latent heat of freezing of the water reduces the temperature drop. Effect on plants Damage Frost on the grass of a public park in November Map of average first killing frost in Ohio from "Geography of Ohio," 1923 Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a "light frost" of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F) damages fewer types of plants than a "hard frost" below −2 °C (28 °F). Plants likely to be damaged even by a light frost include vines—such as beans, grapes, squashes, melons—along with nightshades such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Plants that may tolerate (or even benefit from) frosts include: root vegetables (e.g. beets, carrots, parsnips, onions) leafy greens (e.g. lettuces, spinach, chard, cucumber) cruciferous vegetables (e.g. cabbages, cauliflower, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, radishes, kale, collard, mustard, turnips, rutabagas) Even those plants that tolerate frost may be damaged once temperatures drop even lower (below −4 °C or 25 °F). Hardy perennials, such as Hosta, become dormant after the first frosts and regrow when spring arrives. The entire visible plant may turn completely brown until the spring warmth, or may drop all of its leaves and flowers, leaving the stem and stalk only. Evergreen plants, such as pine trees, withstand frost although all or most growth stops. Frost crack is a bark defect caused by a combination of low temperatures and heat from the winter sun. Vegetation is not necessarily damaged when leaf temperatures drop below the freezing point of their cell contents. In the absence of a site nucleating the formation of ice crystals, the leaves remain in a supercooled liquid state, safely reaching temperatures of −4 to −12 °C (25 to 10 °F). However, once frost forms, the leaf cells may be damaged by sharp ice crystals. Hardening is the process by which a plant becomes tolerant to low temperatures. See also Cryobiology. Certain bacteria, notably Pseudomonas syringae, are particularly effective at triggering frost formation, raising the nucleation temperature to about −2 °C (28 °F). Bacteria lacking ice nucleation-active proteins (ice-minus bacteria) result in greatly reduced frost damage. Protection methods Roses with protection against frost – Volksgarten, Vienna Curitiba (Southern Brazil) is the coldest of Brazil's state capitals; the greenhouse of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba protects sensitive plants. Typical measures to prevent frost or reduce its severity include one or more of: Deploying powerful blowers to simulate wind, thereby preventing the formation of accumulations of cold air. There are variations on this theme. One variety is the wind machine, an engine-driven propeller mounted on a vertical pole that blows air almost horizontally. Wind machines were introduced as a method for frost protection in California during the 1920s, but they were not widely accepted until the 1940s and 1950s. Now, they are commonly used in many parts of the world. Another is the selective inverted sink, a device which prevents frost by drawing cold air from the ground and blowing it up through a chimney. It was originally developed to prevent frost damage to citrus fruits in Uruguay. In New Zealand, helicopters are used in similar fashion, especially in the vineyard regions such as Marlborough. By dragging down warmer air from the inversion layers, and preventing the ponding of colder air on the ground, the low-flying helicopters prevent damage to the fruit buds. As the operations are conducted at night, and have in the past involved up to 130 aircraft per night in one region, safety rules are strict. Although not a dedicated method, wind turbines have a similar (although smaller) effect of vertically mixing air layers of different temperature. For high-value crops, farmers may wrap trees and use physical crop coverings. For high-value crops grown over small areas, heating to slow the drop in temperature may be practical. Production of smoke to reduce cooling by radiation Spraying crops with a layer of water releases latent heat, preventing harmful freezing of the tissues of the plants that it coats. Such measures need to be applied with discretion, because they may do more harm than good; for example, spraying crops with water can cause damage if the plants become overburdened with ice. An effective, low cost method for small crop farms and plant nurseries, exploits the latent heat of freezing. A pulsed irrigation timer delivers water through existing overhead sprinklers at a low volumes to combat frosts down to −5 °C (23 °F). If the water freezes, it gives off its latent heat, preventing the temperature of the foliage from falling much below zero. Frost-free areas Frost-free areas are found mainly in the lowland tropics, where they cover almost all land except at altitudes above about 3,000 metres or 9,800 feet near the equator and around 2,000 metres or 6,600 feet in the semiarid areas in tropical regions. Some areas on the oceanic margins of the subtropics are also frost-free, as are highly oceanic areas near windward coasts. The most poleward frost-free areas are the lower altitudes of the Azores, Île Amsterdam, Île Saint-Paul, and Tristan da Cunha. In the contiguous United States, southern Florida around Miami Beach and the Florida Keys are the only reliably frost-free areas, as well as the Channel Islands off the coast of California. The hardiness zones in these regions are 11a and 11b. Permafrost Permafrost is a layer of frozen earth underground which never heats above freezing even during summer months, remaining frozen year round. Although not frost in the atmospheric sense, it consists of dirt, soil, sand, rocks, clay, or organic matter (peat) bound firmly together by ice crystals, making the material very hard and difficult to penetrate. Permafrost exists in the colder climates of the Arctic and Antarctic, such as Russia, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Greenland, or Antarctica, where the warmer conditions of summer are insufficient to penetrate the insulation of the Earth to reach deep enough to thaw the permafrost layer. The permafrost may begin from the surface of the ground or many meters beneath it, and may extend from just a meter to over a thousand meters in thickness. Permafrost contains a significant portion of the Earth's water and carbon, and prevents surface water from penetrating very deep into the ground, making it responsible in part for the typical taiga and spruce bog environments common in northern latitudes. Personifications Further information: Ded Moroz and Father Frost (fairy tale) Frost is personified in Russian culture as Ded Moroz. Indigenous peoples of Russia such as the Mordvins have their own traditions of frost deities. English folklore tradition holds that Jack Frost, an elfish creature, is responsible for feathery patterns of frost found on windows on cold mornings. On other planets In 2024, two European Space Agency spacecraft, Exomars TGO and Mars Express, discovered a thin but very wide layer of water frost on the peak of Olympus Mons, the highest mountain on Mars. This layer of frost appears for a few hours around sunrise, and then evaporates into the atmosphere for the rest of the Martian day. This was the first instance of frost discovered in the equatorial region of Mars. Gallery Frost Frost on a nettle Fern frost on a window Frost on a thistle in Hausdülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany Window frost Frost-covered lifebuoy, Lake Siskiyou, California Frost on plant leaves in the Himalayas Surface hoar in Alaska Hoar frost in Julian Alps Frost on birch tree in Stockholm Frost on grass in Ranu Pani, East Java, Indonesia Frost on birch stem in Norway Light frost on grass in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia An oak leaf with frost in Sweden See also Black ice Frost (temperature) Frost heaving Frost line Frostbite Ground frost Icing (nautical) Needle ice References ^ "What causes frost?". Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2007-12-05. ^ a b John E. Oliver (1 January 2005). The Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016. ^ "Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19. ^ Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). Climatology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 381–. ISBN 978-1-284-05427-9. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016. ^ "Weather Facts: Frost hollow – Weather UK – weatheronline.co.uk". weatheronline.co.uk. Archived from the original on 2013-02-12. ^ David McClung; Peter A. Schaerer (2006). The Avalanche Handbook. The Mountaineers Books. pp. 72–. ISBN 978-0-89886-809-8. Archived from the original on 2016-05-06. ^ West, Bruce; Mauro Bologna (2003). Physics of Fractal Operators. Paolo Grigolini. Springer. p. 46. ISBN 978-0-387-95554-4. ^ "Rime – Definition of rime by Merriam-Webster". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-01. ^ a b "Frost Tolerance of Vegetables". Botanical Interests. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. Retrieved Nov 12, 2013. ^ Beerling, D. J.; Terry, A. C.; Mitchell, P. L.; Callaghan, T. V.; Gwynn-Jones, D.; Lee, J. A. (April 2001). "Time to chill: effects of simulated global change on leaf ice nucleation temperatures of subarctic vegetation". American Journal of Botany. 88 (4): 628–633. doi:10.2307/2657062. JSTOR 2657062. PMID 11302848. ^ "Fall vegetables vs. Summer vegetables". Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. ^ Klosinska, Urszula; et al. (27 February 2014), "Low temperature seed germination of cucumber: genetic basis of the tolerance trait", Journal of Horticultural Research, 21 (2), de Gruyter: 125–130, doi:10.2478/johr-2013-0031 ^ Maki LR, Galyan EL, Chang-Chien MM, Caldwell DR (1974). "Ice Nucleation Induced by Pseudomonas syringae". Applied Microbiology. 28 (3): 456–459. doi:10.1128/aem.28.3.456-459.1974. PMC 186742. PMID 4371331. ^ Lindow, Stephen E.; Deane C. Arny; Christen D. Upper (October 1982). "Bacterial Ice Nucleation: A Factor in Frost Injury to Plants". Plant Physiology. 70 (4): 1084–1089. doi:10.1104/pp.70.4.1084. PMC 1065830. PMID 16662618. ^ wind machine references: http://www.fao.org/3/y7223e/y7223e0d.htm ; https://extension.psu.edu/orchard-frost-protection-with-wind-machines ; http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/engineer/facts/10-045.htm ; ^ Selective Inverted Sink Archived 2006-03-18 at the Wayback Machine Rolex Awards site (won award in Technology and Innovation category) 1998. ^ Helicopters Fight Frost – Vector, Civil Aviation Authority of New Zealand, September/ October 2008, Page 8-9 ^ Turbines and turbulence Archived 2011-12-01 at the Wayback Machine, Nature (journal), 468, 1001, 23 December 2010, DOI:10.1038/4681001a, published online 22 December 2010. ^ Somnath Baidya Roy and Justin J. Traiteur. Impacts of wind farms on surface air temperatures, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, Vol. 107, No. 42, October 19, 2010, p. 17,899. ^ Wind farms impacting weather Archived 2010-09-06 at the Wayback Machine, Science Daily. ^ a b "A practical method of frost protection". Archived from the original on 20 March 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ a b Selders, Arthur W. "Frost protection with sprinkler irrigation" (PDF). West Virginia university. Archived from the original (PDF) on 14 November 2011. Retrieved 31 October 2011. ^ National Geographic – Permafrost ^ published, Robert Lea (2024-06-10). "'We thought it was impossible:' Water frost on Mars discovered near Red Planet's equator". Space.com. Retrieved 2024-06-11. External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frost. Look up frost in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Guide to Frost How much do you know about frost? – BBC American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology – Hoarfrost The Weather Doctor – Weather Whys – Frost "Frost" . 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[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Freezing air temperature","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing_air_temperature"},{"link_name":"Frost (disambiguation)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_(disambiguation)"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg"},{"link_name":"ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice"},{"link_name":"solid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid"},{"link_name":"water vapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor"},{"link_name":"deposits","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)"},{"link_name":"freezing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freezing"},{"link_name":"dew","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew"},{"link_name":"liquid","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid"},{"link_name":"atmosphere","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmosphere"},{"link_name":"relative humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relative_humidity"},{"link_name":"supersaturated","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supersaturated"},{"link_name":"seed crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seed_crystal"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-1"},{"link_name":"phase change","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phase_transition"},{"link_name":"gas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gas"},{"link_name":"crystal growth","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystal_growth"},{"link_name":"ice crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_crystals"},{"link_name":"dendritic crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dendritic_crystals"},{"link_name":"acicular crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acicular_(crystal_habit)"},{"link_name":"surface roughness","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surface_roughness"},{"link_name":"wettability","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wettability"},{"link_name":"adsorbs","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adsorption"},{"link_name":"ice fog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_fog"},{"link_name":"temperate climates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temperate_climate"},{"link_name":"crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crystals"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver2005-2"},{"link_name":"nucleation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation"},{"link_name":"water nucleation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation_of_ice"},{"link_name":"ice crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice_crystals"},{"link_name":"fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal"},{"link_name":"frost crystals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_crystals"},{"link_name":"humidity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humidity"},{"link_name":"translucent","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translucent"},{"link_name":"hoar frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Hoar_frost"},{"link_name":"deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)"},{"link_name":"white frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White_frost"},{"link_name":"window frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Window_frost"},{"link_name":"advection frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Advection_frost"},{"link_name":"black frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Black_frost"},{"link_name":"rime","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#Rime"},{"link_name":"supercooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooling"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Oliver2005-2"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"tissue","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tissue_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Farmers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Farmer"}],"text":"This article is about deposit of ice on surfaces. Not to be confused with Freezing air temperature.For other uses, see Frost (disambiguation).A patch of grass showing three zones. crystalline frost in the below-freezing shade (blue, lower right)frost in the warming but still below freezing strip most recently exposed to sunlight (white, center)frost-free region: here, the previous frost has melted from a more prolonged exposure to sunlight (green, upper left.)Frost is a thin layer of ice on a solid surface, which forms from water vapor that deposits onto a freezing surface. Frost forms when the air contains more water vapor than it can normally hold at a specific temperature. The process is similar to the formation of dew, except it occurs below the freezing point of water typically without crossing through a liquid state.Air always contains a certain amount of water vapor, depending on temperature. Warmer air can hold more than colder air. When the atmosphere contains more water than it can hold at a specific temperature, its relative humidity rises above 100% becoming supersaturated, and the excess water vapor is forced to deposit onto any nearby surface, forming seed crystals. The temperature at which frost will form is called the dew point, and depends on the humidity of the air.[1] When the temperature of the air drops below its dew point, excess water vapor is forced out of solution, resulting in a phase change directly from water vapor (a gas) to ice (a solid). As more water molecules are added to the seeds, crystal growth occurs, forming ice crystals. Crystals may vary in size and shape, from an even layer of numerous microscopic-seeds to fewer but much larger crystals, ranging from long dendritic crystals (tree-like) growing across a surface, acicular crystals (needle-like) growing outward from the surface, snowflake-shaped crystals, or even large, knifelike blades of ice covering an object, which depends on many factors such as temperature, air pressure, air motion and turbulence, surface roughness and wettability, and the level of supersaturation. For example, water vapor adsorbs to glass very well, so automobile windows will often frost before the paint, and large hoar-frost crystals can grow very rapidly when the air is very cold, calm, and heavily saturated, such as during an ice fog.Frost may occur when warm, moist air comes into contact with a cold surface, cooling it below its dew point, such as warm breath on a freezing window. In the atmosphere, it more often occurs when both the air and the surface are below freezing, when the air experiences a drop in temperature bringing it below its dew point, for example, when the temperature falls after the Sun sets. In temperate climates, it most commonly appears on surfaces near the ground as fragile white crystals; in cold climates, it occurs in a greater variety of forms.[2] The propagation of crystal formation occurs by the process of nucleation, in specific, water nucleation, which is the same phenomenon responsible for the formation of clouds, fog, snow, rain and other meteorological phenomena.The ice crystals of frost form as the result of fractal process development. The depth of frost crystals varies depending on the amount of time they have been accumulating, and the concentration of the water vapor (humidity). Frost crystals may be invisible (black), clear (translucent), or, if a mass of frost crystals scatters light in all directions, the coating of frost appears white.Types of frost include crystalline frost (hoar frost or radiation frost) from deposition of water vapor from air of low humidity, white frost in humid conditions, window frost on glass surfaces, advection frost from cold wind over cold surfaces, black frost without visible ice at low temperatures and very low humidity, and rime under supercooled wet conditions.[2]Plants that have evolved in warmer climates suffer damage when the temperature falls low enough to freeze the water in the cells that make up the plant tissue. The tissue damage resulting from this process is known as \"frost damage\". Farmers in those regions where frost damage has been known to affect their crops often invest in substantial means to protect their crops from such damage.","title":"Frost"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg"},{"link_name":"highest town in Venezuela","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_highest_towns_by_country"},{"link_name":"Apartaderos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apartaderos"},{"link_name":"alpine tundra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alpine_tundra"},{"link_name":"ecosystem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosystem"},{"link_name":"páramo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1ramo"},{"link_name":"dew point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point"},{"link_name":"atmospheric icing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric_icing"},{"link_name":"desublimation","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)"},{"link_name":"frost point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point#Frost_point"},{"link_name":"liquid phase","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid"},{"link_name":"water vapor","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Water_vapor"},{"link_name":"specific heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Specific_heat"},{"link_name":"thermal emissivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_emissivity"},{"link_name":"absorptivity","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molar_absorptivity"}],"text":"Frost in the highest town in Venezuela, Apartaderos: Because of its location in an alpine tundra ecosystem called páramo, a daily freeze-and-thaw cycle, sometimes described as \"summer every day and winter every night\", exists.If a solid surface is chilled below the dew point of the surrounding humid air, and the surface itself is colder than freezing, ice will form on it. If the water deposits as a liquid that then freezes, it forms a coating that may look glassy, opaque, or crystalline, depending on its type. Depending on context, that process may also be called atmospheric icing. The ice it produces differs in some ways from crystalline frost, which consists of spicules of ice that typically project from the solid surface on which they grow.The main difference between the ice coatings and frost spicules arises because the crystalline spicules grow directly from desublimation of water vapour from air, and desublimation is not a factor in icing of freezing surfaces. For desublimation to proceed, the surface must be below the frost point of the air, meaning that it is sufficiently cold for ice to form without passing through the liquid phase. The air must be humid, but not sufficiently humid to permit the condensation of liquid water, or icing will result instead of desublimation. The size of the crystals depends largely on the temperature, the amount of water vapor available, and how long they have been growing undisturbed.As a rule, except in conditions where supercooled droplets are present in the air, frost will form only if the deposition surface is colder than the surrounding air. For instance, frost may be observed around cracks in cold wooden sidewalks when humid air escapes from the warmer ground beneath. Other objects on which frost commonly forms are those with low specific heat or high thermal emissivity, such as blackened metals, hence the accumulation of frost on the heads of rusty nails.The apparently erratic occurrence of frost in adjacent localities is due partly to differences of elevation, the lower areas becoming colder on calm nights. Where static air settles above an area of ground in the absence of wind, the absorptivity and specific heat of the ground strongly influence the temperature that the trapped air attains.","title":"Formation"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"hoar frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hoar_frost#English"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frostweb.jpg"},{"link_name":"spider web","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spider_web"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:HoarFrost.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LightLTSEM.jpg"},{"link_name":"imaged","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Micrograph"},{"link_name":"optical","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_microscope"},{"link_name":"scanning electron","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope"},{"link_name":"microscopy","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microscopy"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"heat radiates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiative_cooling#Nocturnal_surface_cooling"},{"link_name":"frost point","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dew_point#Frost_point"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-RohliRohli2013-4"},{"link_name":"[5]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-5"},{"link_name":"Old English","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_English"},{"link_name":"Depth hoar","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depth_hoar"},{"link_name":"avalanche","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avalanche"},{"link_name":"[6]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-McClungSchaerer2006-6"},{"link_name":"yukimarimo","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yukimarimo"},{"link_name":"dust bunnies","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dust_bunny"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frosted_Flower.jpg"},{"link_name":"white frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#White_frost"},{"link_name":"cold-storage","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refrigeration"}],"sub_title":"Hoar frost","text":"Look up hoar frost in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.A spider web covered in air hoar frostHoar frost on the snowDepth hoar, imaged with optical (left) and scanning electron (right) microscopyHoar frost, also hoarfrost, radiation frost, or pruina, refers to white ice crystals deposited on the ground or loosely attached to exposed objects, such as wires or leaves.[3] They form on cold, clear nights when conditions are such that heat radiates into outer space faster than it can be replaced from nearby warm objects or brought in by the wind. Under suitable circumstances, objects cool to below the frost point[4] of the surrounding air, well below the freezing point of water. Such freezing may be promoted by effects such as flood frost or frost pocket.[5] These occur when ground-level radiation cools air until it flows downhill and accumulates in pockets of very cold air in valleys and hollows. Hoar frost may freeze in such low-lying cold air even when the air temperature a few feet above ground is well above freezing.The word \"hoar\" comes from an Old English adjective that means \"showing signs of old age\". In this context, it refers to the frost that makes trees and bushes look like white hair.Hoar frost may have different names depending on where it forms:Air hoar is a deposit of hoar frost on objects above the surface, such as tree branches, plant stems, and wires.\nSurface hoar refers to fern-like ice crystals directly deposited on snow, ice, or already frozen surfaces.\nCrevasse hoar consists of crystals that form in glacial crevasses where water vapour can accumulate under calm weather conditions.\nDepth hoar refers to faceted crystals that have slowly grown large within cavities beneath the surface of banks of dry snow. Depth hoar crystals grow continuously at the expense of neighbouring smaller crystals, so typically are visibly stepped and have faceted hollows.When surface hoar covers sloping snowbanks, the layer of frost crystals may create an avalanche risk; when heavy layers of new snow cover the frosty surface, furry crystals standing out from the old snow hold off the falling flakes, forming a layer of voids that prevents the new snow layers from bonding strongly to the old snow beneath. Ideal conditions for hoarfrost to form on snow are cold, clear nights, with very light, cold air currents conveying humidity at the right rate for growth of frost crystals. Wind that is too strong or warm destroys the furry crystals, and thereby may permit a stronger bond between the old and new snow layers. However, if the winds are strong enough and cold enough to lay the crystals flat and dry, carpeting the snow with cold, loose crystals without removing or destroying them or letting them warm up and become sticky, then the frost interface between the snow layers may still present an avalanche danger, because the texture of the frost crystals differs from the snow texture, and the dry crystals will not stick to fresh snow. Such conditions still prevent a strong bond between the snow layers.[6]In very low temperatures where fluffy surface hoar crystals form without subsequently being covered with snow, strong winds may break them off, forming a dust of ice particles and blowing them over the surface. The ice dust then may form yukimarimo, as has been observed in parts of Antarctica, in a process similar to the formation of dust bunnies and similar structures.A flower with advection frost on the edges of its petalsHoar frost and white frost also occur in man-made environments such as in freezers or industrial cold-storage facilities. If such cold spaces or the pipes serving them are not well insulated and are exposed to ambient humidity, the moisture will freeze instantly depending on the freezer temperature. The frost may coat pipes thickly, partly insulating them, but such inefficient insulation still is a source of heat loss.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind"},{"link_name":"direction of the wind","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward"}],"sub_title":"Advection frost","text":"Advection frost (also called wind frost) refers to tiny ice spikes that form when very cold wind is blowing over tree branches, poles, and other surfaces. It looks like rimming on the edges of flowers and leaves, and usually forms against the direction of the wind. It can occur at any hour, day or night.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"insulator","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_insulation"},{"link_name":"nucleates","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation"},{"link_name":"fractal","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal"},{"link_name":"fractal dimension","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractal_dimension"},{"link_name":"[7]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-7"},{"link_name":"condenses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Condensation"},{"link_name":"clear ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clear_ice"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_2.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_3.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_4.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_5.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_patterns_25.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WindowFrostNewmarketOntario1986.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_on_a_plastic_container_in_a_-30_C_freezer.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:PXL_20210220_150158529.PORTRAIT.jpg"}],"sub_title":"Window frost","text":"Window frost (also called fern frost or ice flowers) forms when a glass pane is exposed to very cold air on the outside and warmer, moderately moist air on the inside. If the pane is a bad insulator (for example, if it is a single-pane window), water vapour condenses on the glass, forming frost patterns. With very low temperatures outside, frost can appear on the bottom of the window even with double-pane energy-efficient windows because the air convection between two panes of glass ensures that the bottom part of the glazing unit is colder than the top part. On unheated motor vehicles, the frost usually forms on the outside surface of the glass first. The glass surface influences the shape of crystals, so imperfections, scratches, or dust can modify the way ice nucleates. The patterns in window frost form a fractal with a fractal dimension greater than one, but less than two. This is a consequence of the nucleation process being constrained to unfold in two dimensions, unlike a snowflake, which is shaped by a similar process, but forms in three dimensions and has a fractal dimension greater than two.[7]If the indoor air is very humid, rather than moderately so, water first condenses in small droplets, and then freezes into clear ice.Similar patterns of freezing may occur on other smooth vertical surfaces, but they seldom are as obvious or spectacular as on clear glass.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"deposition","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deposition_(phase_transition)"},{"link_name":"windward","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Windward_and_leeward"}],"sub_title":"White frost","text":"White frost is a solid deposition of ice that forms directly from water vapour contained in air.White frost forms when relative humidity is above 90% and the temperature below −8 °C (18 °F), and it grows against the wind direction, since air arriving from windward has a higher humidity than leeward air, but the wind must not be strong, else it damages the delicate icy structures as they begin to form. White frost resembles a heavy coating of hoar frost with big, interlocking crystals, usually needle-shaped.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"[8]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-8"},{"link_name":"supercooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooling"}],"sub_title":"Rime","text":"Rime is a type of ice deposition that occurs quickly, often under heavily humid and windy conditions.[8] Technically speaking, it is not a type of frost, since usually supercooled water drops are involved, in contrast to the formation of hoar frost, in which water vapour desublimates slowly and directly. Ships travelling through Arctic seas may accumulate large quantities of rime on the rigging. Unlike hoar frost, which has a feathery appearance, rime generally has an icy, solid appearance.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg"},{"link_name":"Winter Storm Uri","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winter_Storm_Uri"},{"link_name":"Northern Mexico","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northern_Mexico"},{"link_name":"latent heat","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent_heat"}],"sub_title":"Black frost","text":"Dead plant leaves during Winter Storm Uri in a backyard in Northern Mexico, with below freezing temperatures.Black frost or (\"killing frost\") is not strictly speaking frost at all, because it is the condition seen in crops when the humidity is too low for frost to form, but the temperature falls so low that plant tissues freeze and die, becoming blackened, hence the term \"black frost\". Black frost often is called \"killing frost\" because white frost tends to be less cold, partly because the latent heat of freezing of the water reduces the temperature drop.","title":"Types"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Effect on plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_(page_31)_(cropped).jpg"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BI_Frost-9"},{"link_name":"[10]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-10"},{"link_name":"nightshades","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nightshade"},{"link_name":"[11]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-11"},{"link_name":"[12]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-JHR_2-2013-12"},{"link_name":"cruciferous vegetables","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruciferous_vegetables"},{"link_name":"[9]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-BI_Frost-9"},{"link_name":"Hosta","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hosta"},{"link_name":"Frost crack","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_crack"},{"link_name":"nucleating","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleation"},{"link_name":"supercooled","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Supercooled"},{"link_name":"cells","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_(biology)"},{"link_name":"Hardening","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardening_(botany)"},{"link_name":"Cryobiology","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology"},{"link_name":"bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterium"},{"link_name":"Pseudomonas syringae","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomonas_syringae"},{"link_name":"[13]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-13"},{"link_name":"ice-minus bacteria","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ice-minus_bacteria"},{"link_name":"[14]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-14"}],"sub_title":"Damage","text":"Frost on the grass of a public park in NovemberMap of average first killing frost in Ohio from \"Geography of Ohio,\" 1923Many plants can be damaged or killed by freezing temperatures or frost. This varies with the type of plant, the tissue exposed, and how low temperatures get; a \"light frost\" of −2 to 0 °C (28 to 32 °F) damages fewer types of plants than a \"hard frost\" below −2 °C (28 °F).[9][10]Plants likely to be damaged even by a light frost include vines—such as beans, grapes, squashes, melons—along with nightshades such as tomatoes, eggplants, and peppers. Plants that may tolerate (or even benefit from) frosts include:[11]root vegetables (e.g. beets, carrots, parsnips, onions)\nleafy greens (e.g. lettuces, spinach, chard, cucumber[12])\ncruciferous vegetables (e.g. cabbages, cauliflower, bok choy, broccoli, Brussels sprouts, radishes, kale, collard, mustard, turnips, rutabagas)Even those plants that tolerate frost may be damaged once temperatures drop even lower (below −4 °C or 25 °F).[9] Hardy perennials, such as Hosta, become dormant after the first frosts and regrow when spring arrives. The entire visible plant may turn completely brown until the spring warmth, or may drop all of its leaves and flowers, leaving the stem and stalk only. Evergreen plants, such as pine trees, withstand frost although all or most growth stops. Frost crack is a bark defect caused by a combination of low temperatures and heat from the winter sun.Vegetation is not necessarily damaged when leaf temperatures drop below the freezing point of their cell contents. In the absence of a site nucleating the formation of ice crystals, the leaves remain in a supercooled liquid state, safely reaching temperatures of −4 to −12 °C (25 to 10 °F). However, once frost forms, the leaf cells may be damaged by sharp ice crystals. Hardening is the process by which a plant becomes tolerant to low temperatures. See also Cryobiology.Certain bacteria, notably Pseudomonas syringae, are particularly effective at triggering frost formation, raising the nucleation temperature to about −2 °C (28 °F).[13] Bacteria lacking ice nucleation-active proteins (ice-minus bacteria) result in greatly reduced frost damage.[14]","title":"Effect on plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Winterschutz.jpg"},{"link_name":"Roses","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roses"},{"link_name":"Volksgarten, Vienna","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volksgarten,_Vienna"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg"},{"link_name":"Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curitiba"},{"link_name":"Southern Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Brazil"},{"link_name":"Brazil","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil"},{"link_name":"state capitals","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_capital"},{"link_name":"greenhouse","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse"},{"link_name":"Botanical Garden of Curitiba","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Botanical_Garden_of_Curitiba"},{"link_name":"[15]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-15"},{"link_name":"selective inverted sink","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Selective_inverted_sink"},{"link_name":"[16]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-16"},{"link_name":"citrus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Citrus"},{"link_name":"Uruguay","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uruguay"},{"link_name":"helicopters","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helicopter"},{"link_name":"vineyard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vineyard"},{"link_name":"Marlborough","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marlborough_Region"},{"link_name":"inversion layers","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)"},{"link_name":"[17]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-17"},{"link_name":"wind turbines","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wind_turbine"},{"link_name":"[18]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nature-2010.12.23-18"},{"link_name":"[19]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Roy+Traiteur-19"},{"link_name":"[20]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-ScienceDaily-2005-20"},{"link_name":"wrap trees","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree_wrap"},{"link_name":"latent heat of freezing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy_of_fusion"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nurseries-21"},{"link_name":"[21]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Nurseries-21"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmallCrops-22"},{"link_name":"[22]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-SmallCrops-22"}],"sub_title":"Protection methods","text":"Roses with protection against frost – Volksgarten, ViennaCuritiba (Southern Brazil) is the coldest of Brazil's state capitals; the greenhouse of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba protects sensitive plants.Typical measures to prevent frost or reduce its severity include one or more of:Deploying powerful blowers to simulate wind, thereby preventing the formation of accumulations of cold air. There are variations on this theme. One variety is the wind machine, an engine-driven propeller mounted on a vertical pole that blows air almost horizontally. Wind machines were introduced as a method for frost protection in California during the 1920s, but they were not widely accepted until the 1940s and 1950s. Now, they are commonly used in many parts of the world.[15] Another is the selective inverted sink,[16] a device which prevents frost by drawing cold air from the ground and blowing it up through a chimney. It was originally developed to prevent frost damage to citrus fruits in Uruguay. In New Zealand, helicopters are used in similar fashion, especially in the vineyard regions such as Marlborough. By dragging down warmer air from the inversion layers, and preventing the ponding of colder air on the ground, the low-flying helicopters prevent damage to the fruit buds. As the operations are conducted at night, and have in the past involved up to 130 aircraft per night in one region, safety rules are strict.[17] Although not a dedicated method, wind turbines have a similar (although smaller) effect of vertically mixing air layers of different temperature.[18][19][20]\nFor high-value crops, farmers may wrap trees and use physical crop coverings.\nFor high-value crops grown over small areas, heating to slow the drop in temperature may be practical.\nProduction of smoke to reduce cooling by radiation\nSpraying crops with a layer of water releases latent heat, preventing harmful freezing of the tissues of the plants that it coats.Such measures need to be applied with discretion, because they may do more harm than good; for example, spraying crops with water can cause damage if the plants become overburdened with ice. An effective, low cost method for small crop farms and plant nurseries, exploits the latent heat of freezing. A pulsed irrigation timer[21] delivers water through existing overhead sprinklers at a low volumes to combat frosts down to −5 °C (23 °F).[21][22] If the water freezes, it gives off its latent heat, preventing the temperature of the foliage from falling much below zero.[22]","title":"Effect on plants"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"altitudes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Altitude"},{"link_name":"Azores","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azores"},{"link_name":"Île Amsterdam","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam"},{"link_name":"Île Saint-Paul","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul"},{"link_name":"Tristan da Cunha","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha"},{"link_name":"contiguous United States","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contiguous_United_States"},{"link_name":"Miami Beach","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miami_Beach"},{"link_name":"Florida Keys","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Florida_Keys"},{"link_name":"California","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/California"},{"link_name":"hardiness zones","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardiness_zone"}],"text":"Frost-free areas are found mainly in the lowland tropics, where they cover almost all land except at altitudes above about 3,000 metres or 9,800 feet near the equator and around 2,000 metres or 6,600 feet in the semiarid areas in tropical regions. Some areas on the oceanic margins of the subtropics are also frost-free, as are highly oceanic areas near windward coasts. The most poleward frost-free areas are the lower altitudes of the Azores, Île Amsterdam, Île Saint-Paul, and Tristan da Cunha.In the contiguous United States, southern Florida around Miami Beach and the Florida Keys are the only reliably frost-free areas, as well as the Channel Islands off the coast of California. The hardiness zones in these regions are 11a and 11b.","title":"Frost-free areas"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Permafrost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permafrost"},{"link_name":"taiga","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taiga"},{"link_name":"spruce bog","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bog"},{"link_name":"[23]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-23"}],"text":"Permafrost is a layer of frozen earth underground which never heats above freezing even during summer months, remaining frozen year round. Although not frost in the atmospheric sense, it consists of dirt, soil, sand, rocks, clay, or organic matter (peat) bound firmly together by ice crystals, making the material very hard and difficult to penetrate. Permafrost exists in the colder climates of the Arctic and Antarctic, such as Russia, Canada, Alaska, Norway, Greenland, or Antarctica, where the warmer conditions of summer are insufficient to penetrate the insulation of the Earth to reach deep enough to thaw the permafrost layer. The permafrost may begin from the surface of the ground or many meters beneath it, and may extend from just a meter to over a thousand meters in thickness. Permafrost contains a significant portion of the Earth's water and carbon, and prevents surface water from penetrating very deep into the ground, making it responsible in part for the typical taiga and spruce bog environments common in northern latitudes.[23]","title":"Permafrost"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Ded Moroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ded_Moroz"},{"link_name":"Father Frost (fairy tale)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Father_Frost_(fairy_tale)"},{"link_name":"Ded Moroz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ded_Moroz"},{"link_name":"Indigenous peoples of Russia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Russia"},{"link_name":"Mordvins","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mordvins"},{"link_name":"Jack Frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Frost"}],"text":"Further information: Ded Moroz and Father Frost (fairy tale)Frost is personified in Russian culture as Ded Moroz. Indigenous peoples of Russia such as the Mordvins have their own traditions of frost deities.English folklore tradition holds that Jack Frost, an elfish creature, is responsible for feathery patterns of frost found on windows on cold mornings.","title":"Personifications"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"European Space Agency","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/European_Space_Agency"},{"link_name":"Exomars TGO","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exomars_TGO"},{"link_name":"Mars Express","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars_Express"},{"link_name":"Olympus Mons","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olympus_Mons"},{"link_name":"Mars","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mars"},{"link_name":"[24]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-24"}],"text":"In 2024, two European Space Agency spacecraft, Exomars TGO and Mars Express, discovered a thin but very wide layer of water frost on the peak of Olympus Mons, the highest mountain on Mars. This layer of frost appears for a few hours around sunrise, and then evaporates into the atmosphere for the rest of the Martian day. This was the first instance of frost discovered in the equatorial region of Mars.[24]","title":"On other planets"},{"links_in_text":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_on_a_nettle,_Netherlands.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Fern_Frost.JPG"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:D%C3%BClmen,_Hausd%C3%BClmen,_Distel_--_2021_--_5079.jpg"},{"link_name":"Hausdülmen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%BClmen"},{"link_name":"North Rhine-Westphalia","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Window-Frost.jpg"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost-covered_lifebuoy,_Lake_Siskiyou.jpg"},{"link_name":"Lake Siskiyou","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lake_Siskiyou"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_on_leaves.jpg"},{"link_name":"Himalayas","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himalayas"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoar_Frost.JPG"},{"link_name":"Alaska","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alaska"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hoar_frost_on_a_snow_field.jpg"},{"link_name":"Julian Alps","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian_Alps"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_on_Birch_Tree_in_Stockholm_20180110.jpg"},{"link_name":"Stockholm","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stockholm"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_in_Ranu_Pani_on_4_August_2018_by_Susanto_Tan_6.jpg"},{"link_name":"Ranu Pani","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ranu_Pani"},{"link_name":"East Java","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Java"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Frost_on_birch_tree.jpg"},{"link_name":"Norway","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sydneyfrost.jpg"},{"link_name":"Western Sydney","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Sydney"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Leaf_with_frost.jpg"},{"link_name":"Sweden","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden"}],"text":"Frost\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost on a nettle\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFern frost on a window\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost on a thistle in Hausdülmen, North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tWindow frost\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost-covered lifebuoy, Lake Siskiyou, California\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost on plant leaves in the Himalayas\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tSurface hoar in Alaska\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tHoar frost in Julian Alps\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost on birch tree in Stockholm\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost on grass in Ranu Pani, East Java, Indonesia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tFrost on birch stem in Norway\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tLight frost on grass in Western Sydney, New South Wales, Australia\n\t\t\n\t\t\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\tAn oak leaf with frost in Sweden","title":"Gallery"}]

[{"image_text":"A patch of grass showing three zones. crystalline frost in the below-freezing shade (blue, lower right)frost in the warming but still below freezing strip most recently exposed to sunlight (white, center)frost-free region: here, the previous frost has melted from a more prolonged exposure to sunlight (green, upper left.)","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg/300px-Saint-Amant_16_Gel%C3%A9e_blanche_2008.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frost in the highest town in Venezuela, Apartaderos: Because of its location in an alpine tundra ecosystem called páramo, a daily freeze-and-thaw cycle, sometimes described as \"summer every day and winter every night\", exists.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg/220px-Nevada-Apartadero-Merida-Venezuela.jpg"},{"image_text":"A spider web covered in air hoar frost","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Frostweb.jpg/170px-Frostweb.jpg"},{"image_text":"Hoar frost on the snow","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/HoarFrost.jpg/220px-HoarFrost.jpg"},{"image_text":"Depth hoar, imaged with optical (left) and scanning electron (right) microscopy","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/LightLTSEM.jpg/220px-LightLTSEM.jpg"},{"image_text":"A flower with advection frost on the edges of its petals","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Frosted_Flower.jpg/220px-Frosted_Flower.jpg"},{"image_text":"Dead plant leaves during Winter Storm Uri in a backyard in Northern Mexico, with below freezing temperatures.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg/220px-Plants_affected_by_Below_Freezing_Temps.jpg"},{"image_text":"Frost on the grass of a public park in November","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg/220px-Feuilles-avec-glace-leaves-with-ice-1.jpg"},{"image_text":"Map of average first killing frost in Ohio from \"Geography of Ohio,\" 1923","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Geography_of_Ohio_-_DPLA_-_aaba7b3295ff6973b6fd1e23e33cde14_%28page_31%29_%28cropped%29.jpg"},{"image_text":"Roses with protection against frost – Volksgarten, Vienna","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Winterschutz.jpg/220px-Winterschutz.jpg"},{"image_text":"Curitiba (Southern Brazil) is the coldest of Brazil's state capitals; the greenhouse of the Botanical Garden of Curitiba protects sensitive plants.","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg/220px-CuritibaFrostGeada.jpg"}]

[{"title":"Black ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_ice"},{"title":"Frost (temperature)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_(temperature)"},{"title":"Frost heaving","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_heaving"},{"title":"Frost line","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frost_line"},{"title":"Frostbite","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frostbite"},{"title":"Ground frost","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ground_frost"},{"title":"Icing (nautical)","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Icing_(nautical)"},{"title":"Needle ice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Needle_ice"}]

[{"reference":"\"What causes frost?\". Archived from the original on 2007-12-10. Retrieved 2007-12-05.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_frost.htm","url_text":"\"What causes frost?\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20071210230539/http://www.weatherquestions.com/What_causes_frost.htm","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"John E. Oliver (1 January 2005). The Encyclopedia of World Climatology. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 382–. ISBN 978-1-4020-3264-6. Archived from the original on 8 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA382","url_text":"The Encyclopedia of World Climatology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springer_Science_%26_Business_Media","url_text":"Springer Science & Business Media"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4020-3264-6","url_text":"978-1-4020-3264-6"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160508153444/https://books.google.com/books?id=-mwbAsxpRr0C&pg=PA382","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster\". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2015-02-19.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hoar%20frost","url_text":"\"Hoarfrost – Definition of hoarfrost by Merriam-Webster\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150219065328/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/hoar%20frost","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"Louisiana State University Baton Rouge Robert V. Rohli; Robert V. Rohli; Anthony J. Vega (13 December 2013). Climatology. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. pp. 381–. ISBN 978-1-284-05427-9. Archived from the original on 19 May 2016.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=AxWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381","url_text":"Climatology"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jones_%26_Bartlett_Publishers","url_text":"Jones & Bartlett Publishers"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-284-05427-9","url_text":"978-1-284-05427-9"},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20160519122238/https://books.google.com/books?id=AxWEAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA381","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Weather Facts: Frost hollow – Weather UK – weatheronline.co.uk\". weatheronline.co.uk. 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ISBN 978-0-387-95554-4.","urls":[{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=EgyTpQZOga0C&pg=PA46","url_text":"Physics of Fractal Operators"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-387-95554-4","url_text":"978-0-387-95554-4"}]},{"reference":"\"Rime – Definition of rime by Merriam-Webster\". merriam-webster.com. Archived from the original on 2015-05-01.","urls":[{"url":"http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rime","url_text":"\"Rime – Definition of rime by Merriam-Webster\""},{"url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20150501193835/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/rime","url_text":"Archived"}]},{"reference":"\"Frost Tolerance of Vegetables\". Botanical Interests. Archived from the original on 2013-11-13. 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frost protection\""},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20120320075831/http://www.plantsale.com.au/Articles/FrostProtection/","external_links_name":"Archived"},{"Link":"https://web.archive.org/web/20111114032130/http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/om101.pdf","external_links_name":"\"Frost protection with sprinkler irrigation\""},{"Link":"http://www.wvu.edu/~agexten/hortcult/fruits/om101.pdf","external_links_name":"the original"},{"Link":"https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/permafrost/","external_links_name":"National Geographic – Permafrost"},{"Link":"https://www.space.com/mars-water-frost-equator-exomars-tharsis-olympus-mons","external_links_name":"\"'We thought it was impossible:' Water frost on Mars discovered near Red Planet's equator\""},{"Link":"http://www.its.caltech.edu/~atomic/snowcrystals/frost/frost.htm","external_links_name":"Guide to Frost"},{"Link":"https://www.bbc.com/weather/features/41763562","external_links_name":"How much do you know about frost?"},{"Link":"http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Frost","external_links_name":"American Meteorological Society, Glossary of Meteorology – Hoarfrost"},{"Link":"http://www.islandnet.com/~see/weather/whys/frost.htm","external_links_name":"The Weather Doctor – Weather Whys – Frost"},{"Link":"https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Frost","external_links_name":"\"Frost\""},{"Link":"https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125044309","external_links_name":"France"},{"Link":"https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125044309","external_links_name":"BnF data"},{"Link":"http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552998705171","external_links_name":"Israel"},{"Link":"https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85052084","external_links_name":"United States"},{"Link":"https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570993","external_links_name":"Japan"}]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime_actant

Actant

["1 In narratology","1.1 As defined by Julia Kristeva","1.2 As defined by Vladimir Propp","2 In linguistics","3 In sociology","4 In astrology","5 Notes","6 References"]

In narrative theory, an actant in the actantial model of semiotic narrative analysis describes the roles different characters have in advancing a narrative. Bruno Latour writes, An “actor” in is a semiotic definition -an actant-, that is, something that acts or to which activity is granted by others. It implies no special motivation of human individual actors, nor of humans in general. An actant can literally be anything provided it is granted to be the source of an action. The term actant also has uses in linguistics, sociology, computer programming theory, and astrology. In narratology Algirdas Julien Greimas (1917–1992), professor of semiotics, is widely credited with producing the actantial model in 1966. This model reveals the structural roles typically performed in story telling; such as "hero, villain (opponent of hero), object (of quest), helper (of hero) and sender (who initiates the quest)." Each of these roles fulfills an integral component of the story, or, narrative. Without the contribution of each actant, the story may be incomplete. Thus, an "actant" is not simply a character in a story, but an integral structural element upon which the narrative revolves. An actant can also be described as a binary opposition pairing, such as a hero paired with a villain, a dragon paired with a dragon-slaying sword, a helper paired with an opponent. Actantial relationships are therefore incredibly useful in generating problems within a narrative that have to be overcome, providing contrast, or in defining an antagonistic force within the narrative. However, the same character can simultaneously have a different actant (or way of concern) in regard to a different sequence of action, event, or episode in the story. Therefore, it should be distinguished from a character's consistent role in the story like the archetype of a character. The concept of actant is important in structuralism of narratology to regard each situation as the minimum independent unit of story. , actants have a kind of phonemic rather than a phonetic role: they operate on the level of function, rather than content. That is, an actant may embody itself in a particular character (termed an acteur) or it may reside in the function of more than one character in respect of their common role in the story's underlying "oppositional" structure. In short, the deep structure of the narrative generates and defines its actants at a level beyond that of the story's surface content.— Terence Hawkes, Structuralism and Semiotics (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1977), p. 89 As defined by Julia Kristeva This section needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this message) In 1969, Julia Kristeva also attempted to understand the dynamic development of the situations in narratives with Greimas's actantial model. She thought the subject and the object can exchange positions, and accordingly the supporter and the opponent can exchange positions too. Furthermore, the pair of subject and object sometimes exchanges its position with the pair of supporter and opponent. There are, however, multiple overlapping situations in narrative at a given time. To contend with the overlapping situations present in all narrative structure, she called the potential actant shifts not "change", but "transformation." This should not be confused with Greimas's own transformational model, another narratological framework. As defined by Vladimir Propp Independently, researching Russian folklores, Vladimir Propp also provided the "7 act spheres": Aggressor Donor Auxiliary Princess and the father Committer Hero Bogus hero However, these are not the types of the person in the story, but rather patterns of behavior: the same person may sometimes act as one "sphere", and at other times as a different "sphere". In linguistics See also: Actancy Linguist Lucien Tesnière considered the function of a verb as most important in dependency grammar and invented the term "actant", various persons that accompany a verb: "prime actant", the nominative case "second actant", the accusative case "third actant", the dative case This concept of actant is similar to that of argument. Algirdas Julien Greimas redefined actants as the 3 pairs "Modulations": The Actant-Subject and the Actant-Object of Action. The Actant-Sender and the Actant-Receiver of Information The Actant-Supporter and the Actant-Oppositionist of Volition. In sociology In sociology, the semiotic term "actant" was incorporated into the actor–network theory by Bruno Latour and Michel Callon, the activity of which is described as "mediation" or "translation". In astrology Since ancient times, astrology considered and analyzed the position of the persons concerning a situation with the symbols of the celestial objects and constellations. Georges Polti counted up the needed positions in his famous The Thirty-Six Dramatic Situations. Étienne Souriau reduced them to only 6 positions named "dramaturgic functions" with astrological symbols: "The Leo", the thematic powered. "The Sun", the valued. "The Earth", the wished obtainer. "The Mars", the oppositionist. "The Libra", the judge of the situation. "The Moon", Auxiliary. Notes ^ Actor network bruno-latour.fr ^ Greimas, Algirdas Julien Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method ^ Greimas (1973) "Actants, Actors, and Figures." On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory. Trans. Paul J. Perron and Frank H, Collins. Theory and History of Literature, 38. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987. 106-120. ^ Venancio, Rafael Duarte Oliveira, Narrative between Action and Transformation: A. J. Greimas' Narratological Models (December 3, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2879907 ^ (cf. "On actor-network theory. A few clarifications", Soziale Welt, 47, 1996, p. 369-382) References Algirdas Julien Greimas. Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method. Trans. Daniele McDowell, Ronald Schleifer, & Alan Velie. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 1983. Julia Kristeva. Le texte du roman: approche sémiologique d'une structure discursive transformationnelle. The Hague: Mouton, 1970. Georges Polti. The thirty-six dramatic situations. Trans. Lucille Ray. Franklin, Ohio: James Knapp Reeve, 1921. Vladimir Propp. Morphology of the folktale, 2nd rev'd edn. Trans. Laurence Scott. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1968 (repr. 2005). Étienne Souriau. Les deux cent mille situations dramatiques. Paris: Flammarion, 1950. Lucien Tesnière. Elements of Structural Syntax. Trans. Timothy Osborne & Sylvain Kahane. Amsterdam: John Benjamins, 2015. ---. 1973. "Actants, Actors, and Figures," in On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory. Trans. Paul J. Perron & Frank H, Collins. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1987, pp. 106–20. Look up actant in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

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Étienne Souriau reduced them to only 6 positions named \"dramaturgic functions\" with astrological symbols:\"The Leo\", the thematic powered.\n\"The Sun\", the valued.\n\"The Earth\", the wished obtainer.\n\"The Mars\", the oppositionist.\n\"The Libra\", the judge of the situation.\n\"The Moon\", Auxiliary.","title":"In astrology"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-1"},{"link_name":"Actor network","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.bruno-latour.fr/sites/default/files/P-67%20ACTOR-NETWORK.pdf"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-2"},{"link_name":"Greimas, Algirdas Julien","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Algirdas_Julien_Greimas"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-3"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-4"},{"link_name":"https://ssrn.com/abstract=2879907","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//ssrn.com/abstract=2879907"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-5"}],"text":"^ Actor network bruno-latour.fr \n\n^ Greimas, Algirdas Julien [1966] Structural Semantics: An Attempt at a Method\n\n^ Greimas (1973) \"Actants, Actors, and Figures.\" On Meaning: Selected Writings in Semiotic Theory. Trans. Paul J. Perron and Frank H, Collins. Theory and History of Literature, 38. Minneapolis: U of Minnesota P, 1987. 106-120.\n\n^ Venancio, Rafael Duarte Oliveira, Narrative between Action and Transformation: A. J. Greimas' Narratological Models (December 3, 2016). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2879907\n\n^ (cf. \"On actor-network theory. A few clarifications\", Soziale Welt, 47, 1996, p. 369-382)","title":"Notes"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FROB

Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria

["1 References","2 External links"]

FROB, Spanish Executive Resolution AuthorityExecutive Resolution AuthorityAgency overviewFormedJune 27, 2009; 14 years ago (2009-06-27)JurisdictionSpainHeadquartersAvda. General Perón, 38 Madrid, SpainAgency executiveChair, Álvaro López BarcelóParent agencyMinistry of Economy, Trade and EnterpriseWebsitewww.frob.es FROB, the Spanish Executive Resolution Authority (formerly known as Fund for Orderly Bank Restructuring) is an entity of the Spanish government that manages the resolution processes of credit institutions and investment firms in their executive phase in Spain. FROB was created in 2009 as a result of the financial crisis. Initially, its aim was to increase the strength and solvency of the Spanish banking system by means of two essential functions at that time: managing the restructuring processes of credit institutions and helping to strengthen their own funds. Today, and since the approval of Law 11/2015, FROB is the Spanish Executive Resolution Authority, financed exclusively with private contributions from banks and which is integrated into the European network of authorities led by the Single Resolution Board (SRB). Law 11/2015 set up a new institutional framework in order to comply with the principles set out in Resolution Directive 2014/59/EU to separate supervisory and resolution functions and led to a transformation in the organisational structure, governance and functions of FROB. From an operational perspective, in this new stage, FROB continues to be responsible for completion of the restructuring process in progress, which nowadays basically includes monitoring the holdings in BFA-Bankia  and Sareb, as well as the guarantees granted in previous sale processes. However, this activity coexists with its new functions as executive resolution authority within the European SRM and cooperating with other Spanish preventive authorities (Bank of Spain and the National Securities Market Commission, CNMV), within Spain’s institutional framework. The SRM  is a centralised resolution system made up of the national resolution authorities and a single authority - the Single Resolution Board (SRB) - the European agency to which many of the powers of the Member States in matters of resolution were transferred. These authorities are joined by the European Central Bank (ECB), the European Commission and the Council in the terms established in the SRM Regulation. Similarly, the SRM has a Single Resolution Fund (SRF) that is raised and managed by the SRB with contributions from all the entities of the Banking Union to be used in the case of resolution. References ^ The legal name of FROB has been changed. If until entry into force of Law 11/2015, “FROB” was the acronym of Fondo de Reestructuración Ordenada Bancaria , since then “FROB” has become the name given to the current Spanish Executive Resolution Authority, but now without any reference to the previous concept "Informe "10 años del FROB 2009-2019. Una década por la estabilidad financiera"" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-10-22. Retrieved 2020-12-18. ^ "Law 11/2015, of 18 June, on recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms"". ^ "Directive 2014/59/UE of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 May 2014 establishing a framework for the recovery and resolution of credit institutions and investment firms". ^ "Regulation (EU) no 806/2014 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 15 July 2014, establishing uniform rules and a uniform procedure for the resolution of credit institutions and certain investment firms in the framework of a Single Resolution Mechanism and a Single Resolution Fund". External links Official website Corporate presentation Report “10 years of FROB. A decade for financial stability” Single Resolution Board BFA Tenedora de acciones SAU Sareb Single Resolution Mechanism Single Resolution Fund Report on the Financial and Banking Crisis in Spain, 2008-2014, Bank of Spain. Bank recovery and Resolution, European Commission. vteDepartments and agencies of the Government of SpainCabinet President of the Government of Spain First Vice President of the Government of Spain Second Vice President of the Government of Spain Third Vice President of the Government of Spain Office of the Prime Minister Minister of Foreign Affairs, European Union and Cooperation Ministry of the Presidency, Justice and Relations with the Cortes Ministry of Defence Minister of Finance Ministry of the Interior Minister of Transport and Sustainable Mobility Minister of Education, Vocational Training and Sports Minister of Labour and Social Economy Minister of Industry and Tourism Minister of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food Minister of Territorial Policy and Democratic Memory Minister for the Ecological Transition and the Demographic Challenge Minister of Housing and Urban Agenda Ministry of Culture Minister of Economy, Trade and Business Ministry of Health Minister of Social Rights, Consumer Affairs and 2030 Agenda Minister of Science, Innovation and Universities Ministry of Equality Ministry of Inclusion, Social Security and Migration Ministry for the Digital Transformation and of the Civil Service Ministry of Youth and Children Spokesperson of the Government Inactive Fourth Vice President of the Government of Spain Ministry of Supply Ministry of Communications Ministry of Overseas Ministry of Information and Tourism Ministry of Consumer Affairs Ministry of Economy and Finance Ministry of Energy, Tourism and Digital Agenda Ministry of Justice Ministry of the Presidency Ministry of Trade Ministry of Transport Ministry of Universities Agencies Bank of Spain National Intelligence Centre National Cryptologic Center Spanish National Research Council National Statistics Institute National Securities Market Commission National Transplant Organization State Meteorological Agency State Vehicle Fleet Spanish Data Protection Agency Spanish Agency for International Development Cooperation Spanish Tax Agency National Agency for Quality Assessment and Accreditation Boletín Oficial del Estado Railway Safety Agency Spanish Aviation Safety and Security Agency Evaluation and Quality Agency State Research Agency Spanish Anti-Doping Agency Department of Homeland Security Intelligence Center for Counter-Terrorism and Organized Crime Maritime Safety and Rescue Society National Sports Council Spanish Agency of Medicines and Medical Devices Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition Food Information and Control Agency Tourism Institute of Spain National Institute for Aerospace Technology Directorate-General for Traffic Labour and Social Security Inspectorate National Institute for Safety and Health at Work Spanish Patent and Trademark Office Spanish Agricultural Guarantee Fund Centre for Political and Constitutional Studies Centre for Sociological Research Patrimonio Nacional Instituto Cervantes National Parks Autonomous Agency Institute for the Elderly and Social Services Institute of Youth Carlos III Health Institute Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research Institute of Women Independent Authority for Fiscal Responsibility Nuclear Safety Council Institute of Cinematography and Audiovisual Arts Spanish Space Agency National Commission on Markets and Competition Spanish Executive Resolution Authority Spanish Agency for the Supervision of Artificial Intelligence

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Championnat_National

2008–09 Championnat National

["1 Participating teams","2 DNCG Rulings","3 League table","4 Stats","4.1 Top goalscorers","5 Managers","6 External links"]

Football league seasonChampionnat NationalSeason2008–09ChampionsIstresPromotedLavalArlesRelegatedNiortCalaisCherbourgL'EntenteGoals scored778Average goals/game2.04Top goalscorerEyemen Henaini (21)Biggest home winCannes 6–0 Cherbourg (22 May 2009)Biggest away winCalais 1–4 Pacy Vallée-d'Eure (29 August 2008)Croix de Savoie 1–4 Laval (25 October 2008)L'Entente 1–4 Arles (15 November 2008)Highest scoringLouhans-Cuiseaux 4–3 Beauvais (6 December 2008)(7 goals)← 2007–08 2009–10 → The 2008–09 Championnat National was the 16th edition of the 3rd division league. Play commenced on 1 August 2008 and ended on 29 May 2009. Vannes OC, Tours FC, and Nîmes Olympique were promoted to Ligue 2, replacing Chamois Niortais, FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin, and FC Gueugnon who were relegated from Ligue 2. Villemomble Sports, Pau FC, FC Martigues and SO Romorantin were relegated to the CFA, and promoted from the CFA were Pacy Vallée-d'Eure from Group A, Croix de Savoie Gaillard from Group B, SO Cassis Carnoux from Group C, and Aviron Bayonnais FC from Group D. Participating teams As usual, there will be 20 teams competing in the Championnat National in the 2008–09 season. AC Arles Aviron Bayonnais FC AS Beauvais Oise AS Cannes Calais RUFC SO Cassis Carnoux AS Cherbourg Football US Créteil-Lusitanos Croix de Savoie Gaillard FC Gueugnon FC Istres Stade Lavallois FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin CS Louhans-Cuiseaux Chamois Niortais Pacy Vallée-d'Eure Paris FC Rodez AF L'Entente SSG FC Sète DNCG Rulings All clubs that secured Championnat National status for next season were subject to approval by the DNCG before becoming eligible to participate. Following the DNCG's annual report on clubs, on 25 June, it was announced that six clubs had been relegated from the National to lower divisions. AS Beauvais, SO Cassis Carnoux, CS Louhans-Cuiseaux, and FC Libourne Saint-Seurin were relegated to the Championnat de France Amateurs. Besançon RC, US Luzenac, and FC Rouen, who were all recently promoted, were relegated to Championnat de France Amateurs 2, while FC Sète and Calais RUFC were relegated to the Division d'Honneur. All clubs relegated were allowed to appeal the decision. Following an appeal from the aforementioned clubs, FC Rouen, AS Beauvais, and US Luzenac had their appeals overturned meaning they will remain in the Championnat National. Some clubs were, however, unsuccessful. FC Sète's appeal was upheld relegating them to the Division d'Honneur. Stade Plabennecois will replace them in the Championnat National. FC Libourne Saint-Seurin, Besançon RC, and Calais RUFC appeals were also rejected by the DNCG, however, all three clubs have decided to take their case to the CNOSF, the National Sporting Committee of France which governs sport in France. Both Calais and Besançon's rulings were determined on 23 July. The CNOSF determined that Besançon should be relegated to the CFA and not CFA 2, while Calais should respect and oblige the DNCG's ruling relegated them to CFA 2. Libourne's ruling was determined on 27 July, when the CNOSF informed the club that they should honour the DNCG's ruling and suffer relegation to the CFA. Libourne's chairman Bernard Layda responded by announcing the club will file for bankruptcy, restructure the club, and oblige the ruling. Besançon and Libourne were replaced by ES Fréjus and AS Moulins. Both CS Louhans-Cuiseaux and SO Cassis Carnoux had their appeals heard by the DNCG on 9 July. On 10 July, the DNGC ruled that both Louhans-Cuiseaux and Cassis-Carnoux rulings had been overturned meaning they will play in the Championnat National this season. League table Pos Team Pld W D L GF GA GD Pts Promotion or Relegation 1 Istres (C, P) 38 21 12 5 55 24 +31 75 Promotion to Ligue 2 2 Laval (P) 38 19 14 5 52 31 +21 71 3 Arles (P) 38 19 9 10 52 37 +15 66 4 Cannes 38 16 13 9 46 33 +13 61 5 Croix de Savoie 38 16 9 13 51 43 +8 57 6 Paris FC 38 16 7 15 46 43 +3 55 7 Sète (D, R) 38 15 12 11 41 35 +6 54 Expelled from the league 8 Pacy Vallée-d'Eure 38 13 13 12 41 42 −1 52 9 Créteil 38 9 22 7 38 28 +10 49 10 Beauvais 38 12 11 15 47 50 −3 47 11 Gueugnon 38 11 14 13 38 36 +2 47 12 Libourne-Saint-Seurin (D, R) 38 13 7 18 40 55 −15 46 Expelled from the league 13 Bayonne 38 12 10 16 21 31 −10 46 14 Cassis 38 11 13 14 37 47 −10 46 15 Rodez 38 13 7 18 40 39 +1 46 16 Louhans-Cuiseaux 38 12 13 13 38 48 −10 46 17 Niort (R) 38 9 14 15 31 37 −6 41 Relegation to Championnat de France amateur 18 Calais (D, R) 38 10 10 18 34 50 −16 40 Expelled from the league 19 Entente SSG (R) 38 9 9 20 29 48 −19 36 Relegation to Championnat de France amateur 20 Cherbourg (R) 38 7 15 16 30 50 −20 36 Source: Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (D) Disqualified; (P) Promoted; (R) RelegatedNotes: ^ Sète have been deducted 3 points. ^ Louhans-Cuiseaux have been deducted 3 points. Stats Top goalscorers Position Player Club Goals 1 Eyemen Henaini AC Arles 21 2 Cyril Arbaud FC Istres 13 3 Kévin Bérigaud Croix de Savoie 11 - Mathieu Duhamel Stade Laval 11 - Simon Feindouno FC Istres 11 - Lys Mouithys FC Libourne 11 - Foued Nadji Cassis Carnoux 11 - Yannick Yenga Paris FC 11 9 5 players 10 14 7 players 9 21 2 players 8 23 6 players 7 29 5 players 6 34 18 players 5 52 25 players 4 77 33 players 3 110 43 players 2 153 100 players 1 Total: 778 Average after 380 games: 2.04 Last updated: 30 May 2009 Source: FootNational Managers Club Head coach Arles Michel Estevan Beauvais Oise Hubert Velud then replaced by Alexandre Clément Cannes Patrice Carteron Calais Sylvain Jore then Djezon Boutoille Cherbourg Noël Tosi US Créteil Olivier Frapolli FC Istres Nicolas Usai & Henri Stambouli Stade Laval Philippe Hinschberger CS Louhans-Cuiseaux Stéphane Crucet then Gaëtan Hardouin (caretaker), then Stéphane Crucet SO Cassis Léon Galli Pacy Vallée-d'Eure Laurent Hatton Paris FC Jean-Marc Pilorget Libourne-Saint-Seurin Stéphane Ziani then replaced by Thierry Oleksiak Rodez AF Franck Rizzetto Bayonne FC Alain Pochat L'Entente SSG Kamel Djabour FC Sète Fréd Remola Gueugnon René Le Lamer & Hubert Fournier Niort Denis Troch Croix de Savoie Pascal Dupraz External links Championnat National Official Site Championnat National Standings Championnat National Statistics vteChampionnat National2024–25 clubs Aubagne Boulogne Bourg-Péronnas Châteauroux Concarneau Dijon Le Mans Nancy Nîmes Niort Orléans Paris 13 Atletico Quevilly-Rouen Rouen Sochaux Troyes Valenciennes Versailles Formerclubs AC Ajaccio Alès Alfortville Amiens Angers Angoulême Annecy Arles Avranches CA Bastia SC Bastia Bayonne Beaucaire Beauvais Belfort Besançon Béziers Borgo Bourges 18 Brest Calais Cannes Carquefou Cassis Carnoux Charleville Chambly Châtellerault Cherbourg Cholet Clermont Colmar Colomiers Créteil Drancy Dunkerque Entente SSG Épinal Evian TG Évry Fréjus Saint-Raphaël Gap Gazélec Ajaccio GOAL FC Grenoble Gueugnon Guingamp Hyères Istres La Roche-sur-Yon Laval Le Poiré-sur-Vie Le Puy Les Herbiers Libourne St-Seurin Louhans-Cuiseaux Luçon Lusitanos Luzenac Lyon La Duchère Marignane GCB Marseille Consolat Martigues Metz Moulins Mulhouse Noisy-le-Sec Pacy Paris FC Pau Plabennec Stade Poitevin Raon-l'Étape RC France Red Star Reims Rodez Romorantin Roye Saint-Denis Saint-Leu Saint-Priest Sedan Sète Stade Briochin Strasbourg Thouars Toulon Toulouse Tours Trélissac Uzès Valence Vannes Villefranche Villemomble Viry-Châtillon Wasquehal Yzeure Seasons 1993–94 1994–95 1995–96 1996–97 1997–98 1998–99 1999–2000 2000–01 2001–02 2002–03 2003–04 2004–05 2005–06 2006–07 2007–08 2008–09 2009–10 2010–11 2011–12 2012–13 2013–14 2014–15 2015–16 2016–17 2017–18 2018–19 2019–20 2020–21 2021–22 2022–23 2023–24 2024–25 vte2008–09 in French football « 2007–08 2009–10 » Domestic leagues Ligue 1 Ligue 2 National CFA (Group A, B, C, D, Playoffs) D1 Féminine Domestic cups Coupe de France (Final) Coupe de la Ligue (Final) Trophée des Champions European Champions League Men Women UEFA Cup Intertoto Cup Other List of French football transfers 2008 Club seasonsLigue 1 Auxerre Bordeaux Caen Grenoble Le Havre Le Mans Lille Lorient Lyon Marseille Monaco Nancy Nantes Nice Paris Saint-Germain Rennes Saint-Étienne Sochaux Toulouse Valenciennes Ligue 2 Ajaccio Amiens Angers Bastia Boulogne Brest Châteauroux Clermont Dijon Guingamp Lens Metz Montpellier Nîmes Reims Sedan Strasbourg Tours Troyes Vannes Championnat National Chamois Niortais D1 Féminine Paris Saint-Germain International competitionMen 2010 FIFA World Cup (Qual. G7) European U-19 Championship (Qual. G4, Elite qual. G5) European U-17 Championship (Qual. Group 11, Elite qual. G5) Toulon Tournament

[{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Vannes OC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vannes_OC"},{"link_name":"Tours FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tours_FC"},{"link_name":"Nîmes Olympique","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%AEmes_Olympique"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Chamois Niortais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais_F.C."},{"link_name":"FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Libourne-Saint-Seurin"},{"link_name":"FC Gueugnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Gueugnon"},{"link_name":"Ligue 2","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligue_2"},{"link_name":"Villemomble Sports","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Villemomble_Sports"},{"link_name":"Pau FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pau_FC"},{"link_name":"FC Martigues","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Martigues"},{"link_name":"SO Romorantin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO_Romorantin"},{"link_name":"CFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_Amateurs"},{"link_name":"CFA","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Championnat_de_France_Amateurs"},{"link_name":"Pacy Vallée-d'Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacy_Vall%C3%A9e-d%27Eure"},{"link_name":"Croix de Savoie Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Savoie_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"SO Cassis Carnoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO_Cassis_Carnoux"},{"link_name":"Aviron Bayonnais FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais_FC"}],"text":"Football league seasonThe 2008–09 Championnat National was the 16th edition of the 3rd division league. Play commenced on 1 August 2008 and ended on 29 May 2009. Vannes OC, Tours FC, and Nîmes Olympique were promoted to Ligue 2, replacing Chamois Niortais, FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin, and FC Gueugnon who were relegated from Ligue 2.Villemomble Sports, Pau FC, FC Martigues and SO Romorantin were relegated to the CFA, and promoted from the CFA were Pacy Vallée-d'Eure from Group A, Croix de Savoie Gaillard from Group B, SO Cassis Carnoux from Group C, and Aviron Bayonnais FC from Group D.","title":"2008–09 Championnat National"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"AC Arles","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AC_Arles"},{"link_name":"Aviron Bayonnais FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aviron_Bayonnais_FC"},{"link_name":"AS Beauvais Oise","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Beauvais_Oise"},{"link_name":"AS Cannes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Cannes"},{"link_name":"Calais RUFC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calais_RUFC"},{"link_name":"SO Cassis Carnoux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SO_Cassis_Carnoux"},{"link_name":"AS Cherbourg Football","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AS_Cherbourg_Football"},{"link_name":"US Créteil-Lusitanos","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/US_Cr%C3%A9teil-Lusitanos"},{"link_name":"Croix de Savoie Gaillard","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Croix_de_Savoie_Gaillard"},{"link_name":"FC Gueugnon","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Gueugnon"},{"link_name":"FC Istres","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Istres"},{"link_name":"Stade Lavallois","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stade_Lavallois"},{"link_name":"FC Libourne-Saint-Seurin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_Libourne-Saint-Seurin"},{"link_name":"CS Louhans-Cuiseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Louhans-Cuiseaux"},{"link_name":"Chamois Niortais","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamois_Niortais"},{"link_name":"Pacy Vallée-d'Eure","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacy_Vall%C3%A9e-d%27Eure"},{"link_name":"Paris FC","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paris_FC"},{"link_name":"Rodez AF","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodez_AF"},{"link_name":"L'Entente SSG","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Entente_SSG"},{"link_name":"FC Sète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_S%C3%A8te"}],"text":"As usual, there will be 20 teams competing in the Championnat National in the 2008–09 season.AC Arles\nAviron Bayonnais FC\nAS Beauvais Oise\nAS Cannes\nCalais RUFC\nSO Cassis Carnoux\nAS Cherbourg Football\nUS Créteil-Lusitanos\nCroix de Savoie Gaillard\nFC Gueugnon\nFC Istres\nStade Lavallois\nFC Libourne-Saint-Seurin\nCS Louhans-Cuiseaux\nChamois Niortais\nPacy Vallée-d'Eure\nParis FC\nRodez AF\nL'Entente SSG\nFC Sète","title":"Participating teams"},{"links_in_text":[],"text":"All clubs that secured Championnat National status for next season were subject to approval by the DNCG before becoming eligible to participate.Following the DNCG's annual report on clubs, on 25 June, it was announced that six clubs had been relegated from the National to lower divisions. AS Beauvais, SO Cassis Carnoux, CS Louhans-Cuiseaux, and FC Libourne Saint-Seurin were relegated to the Championnat de France Amateurs. Besançon RC, US Luzenac, and FC Rouen, who were all recently promoted, were relegated to Championnat de France Amateurs 2, while FC Sète and Calais RUFC were relegated to the Division d'Honneur. All clubs relegated were allowed to appeal the decision.Following an appeal from the aforementioned clubs, FC Rouen, AS Beauvais, and US Luzenac had their appeals overturned meaning they will remain in the Championnat National. Some clubs were, however, unsuccessful. FC Sète's appeal was upheld relegating them to the Division d'Honneur. Stade Plabennecois will replace them in the Championnat National. FC Libourne Saint-Seurin, Besançon RC, and Calais RUFC appeals were also rejected by the DNCG, however, all three clubs have decided to take their case to the CNOSF, the National Sporting Committee of France which governs sport in France. Both Calais and Besançon's rulings were determined on 23 July. The CNOSF determined that Besançon should be relegated to the CFA and not CFA 2, while Calais should respect and oblige the DNCG's ruling relegated them to CFA 2.Libourne's ruling was determined on 27 July, when the CNOSF informed the club that they should honour the DNCG's ruling and suffer relegation to the CFA. Libourne's chairman Bernard Layda responded by announcing the club will file for bankruptcy, restructure the club, and oblige the ruling. Besançon and Libourne were replaced by ES Fréjus and AS Moulins.Both CS Louhans-Cuiseaux and SO Cassis Carnoux had their appeals heard by the DNCG on 9 July. On 10 July, the DNGC ruled that both Louhans-Cuiseaux and Cassis-Carnoux rulings had been overturned meaning they will play in the Championnat National this season.","title":"DNCG Rulings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"citation needed","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_S%C3%88T0.4862903149269_1-0"},{"link_name":"Sète","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FC_S%C3%A8te"},{"link_name":"^","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_ref-table_note_LCX0.4862903149269_2-0"},{"link_name":"Louhans-Cuiseaux","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CS_Louhans-Cuiseaux"}],"text":"Source: [citation needed]Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) goal difference; 3) number of goals scored.(C) Champions; (D) Disqualified; (P) Promoted; (R) RelegatedNotes:^ Sète have been deducted 3 points.\n\n^ Louhans-Cuiseaux have been deducted 3 points.","title":"League table"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Stats"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"FootNational","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttp//www.foot-national.com/buteurs.php?champ=31&type=GENERAL"}],"sub_title":"Top goalscorers","text":"Last updated: 30 May 2009\nSource: FootNational","title":"Stats"},{"links_in_text":[],"title":"Managers"}]

[]

[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1959_Penn_State_Nittany_Lions_football_team

1959 Penn State Nittany Lions football team

["1 Schedule","2 References"]

American college football season 1959 Penn State Nittany Lions footballLiberty Bowl championLiberty Bowl, W 7–0 vs. AlabamaConferenceIndependentRankingCoachesNo. 10APNo. 12Record9–2Head coachRip Engle (10th season)CaptainPat BotulaHome stadiumNew Beaver FieldSeasons← 19581960 → 1959 NCAA University Division independents football records vte Conf Overall Team W   L   T W   L   T No. 1 Syracuse   –   11 – 0 – 0 No. 12 Penn State   –   9 – 2 – 0 Oregon   –   8 – 2 – 0 Rutgers   –   6 – 3 – 0 Detroit   –   6 – 4 – 0 Holy Cross   –   6 – 4 – 0 Miami (FL)   –   6 – 4 – 0 Oklahoma State   –   6 – 4 – 0 No. 20 Pittsburgh   –   6 – 4 – 0 Washington State   –   6 – 4 – 0 Boston College   –   5 – 4 – 0 Pacific (CA)   –   5 – 4 – 0 Air Force   –   5 – 4 – 1 Navy   –   5 – 4 – 1 Army   –   4 – 4 – 1 No. 17 Notre Dame   –   5 – 5 – 0 Boston University   –   4 – 5 – 0 Florida State   –   4 – 6 – 0 San Jose State   –   4 – 6 – 0 Texas Tech   –   4 – 6 – 0 Dayton   –   3 – 7 – 0 Marquette   –   3 – 7 – 0 Oregon State   –   3 – 7 – 0 Colgate   –   2 – 7 – 0 Idaho   –   1 – 9 – 0 Villanova   –   1 – 9 – 0 Rankings from AP Poll The 1959 Penn State Nittany Lions football team represented the Pennsylvania State University in the 1959 NCAA University Division football season. The team was coached by Rip Engle and played its home games in New Beaver Field in University Park, Pennsylvania. Schedule DateOpponentRankSiteResultAttendanceSourceSeptember 19at MissouriMemorial StadiumColumbia, MOW 19–828,000 September 26VMINo. 18New Beaver FieldUniversity Park, PAW 21–019,800 October 3ColgateNew Beaver FieldUniversity Park, PAW 58–2026,800 October 10at ArmyNo. 16Michie StadiumWest Point, NYW 17–1127,500 October 17Boston UniversityNo. 10New Beaver FieldUniversity Park, PAW 21–12 October 24vs. No. 13 IllinoisNo. 8Cleveland Municipal StadiumCleveland, OHW 20–915,045 October 31at West VirginiaNo. 7Mountaineer FieldMorgantown, WV (rivalry)W 28–10 November 7No. 4 SyracuseNo. 7New Beaver FieldUniversity Park, PA (rivalry)L 18–2034,000 November 14Holy CrossNo. 10New Beaver FieldUniversity Park, PAW 46–020,000 November 21at PittsburghNo. 7Pitt StadiumPittsburgh, PA (rivalry)L 7–2246,104 December 19vs. No. 11 AlabamaNo. 14Philadelphia Municipal StadiumPhiladelphia, PA (Liberty Bowl, rivalry)W 7–036,211 HomecomingRankings from AP Poll released prior to the game References ^ "Penn State Yearly Results (1955-1959)". College Football Data Warehouse. David DeLassus. Archived from the original on August 5, 2015. Retrieved July 26, 2015. ^ "Penn State wins, 21–0, over V.M.I." Sunday Call-Chronicle. September 27, 1959. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Penn State Tallies at Least Twice in Every Quarter in Trouncing Colgate". The New York Times. New York, N.Y. United Press International. October 4, 1959. p. S7. ^ "Long runs give Penn State victory". Portland Press Herald. November 1, 1959. Retrieved January 18, 2024 – via Newspapers.com. ^ McHugh, Roy (November 15, 1959). "Penn State Routs Holy Cross, 46-0". The Pittsburgh Press. Pittsburgh, Pa. sect. 6, p. 1 – via Newspapers.com. ^ "Penn State wins on sub's pass". The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 20, 1959. Retrieved October 8, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. vtePenn State Nittany Lions footballVenues Old Main lawn (until 1891) Beaver Field (1892–1908) New Beaver Field (1909–1959) Beaver Stadium (1960–present) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Alabama Maryland Michigan Michigan State Ohio State Old Ironsides Pittsburgh Syracuse West Virginia Culture & lore Nittany Lion "Fight On, State" Penn State Blue Band Uplifting Athletes Joe Paterno statue Something for Joey 1982 Nebraska game Child sex abuse scandal 2016 Ohio State game Paterno White Out 2021 Illinois game People Head coaches All-Americans Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1881 1882–1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024 National championship seasons in bold This college football 1950s season article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about a sports team in Pennsylvania is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erna_Schl%C3%BCter

Erna Schlüter

["1 Life","2 Recordings","3 References","4 Further reading","5 External links"]

German soprano (1904–1969) Erna SchlüterBorn(1904-02-05)5 February 1904Oldenburg, German EmpireDied1 December 1969(1969-12-01) (aged 65)Hamburg, West GermanyOccupationOperatic sopranoOrganizations Oldenburgisches Staatstheater Mannheim National Theatre Stadttheater Düsseldorf Hamburg State Opera TitleKammersängerin Erna Schlüter (5 February 1904 – 1 December 1969) was a German operatic dramatic soprano and voice teacher. Beginning as a contralto at the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater in 1922, she moved to the Mannheim National Theatre in 1925 where her voice developed to dramatic soprano, to the Stadttheater Düsseldorf in 1930 where she appeared in 1933 in the world premiere of Winfried Zillig's Der Rossknecht and was awarded the title Kammersängerin. Her last station, from 1940, was the Hamburg State Opera. Schlüter received European recognition when she appeared as a guest at the Oper Frankfurt, as Brünnhilde in three parts of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. She then sang the role at the Waldoper festival and the Liceu in Barcelona, among others. For conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, she was the ideal Isolde, and for composer Richard Strauss the ideal Elektra, when he heard her at the Royal Opera House in London in 1947, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. The Erna Schlüter Prize for young singers was established in her memory. Life Born in Oldenburg, Schlüter made her stage debut as a contralto at the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater in 1922, as the Third Lady in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. Her first leading role was Azucena in Verdi's Il trovatore. In the 1924/25 season, she appeared as Orpheus in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice. In 1925, she moved to the Mannheim National Theatre, where her voice developed to dramatic soprano. Schlüter appeared as Dalila in Samson and Dalila by Saint-Saëns, Santuzza in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana and the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss. In addition, she performed her first roles in the stage works of Richard Wagner, Ortrud in Lohengrin, and Erda and Fricka in Das Rheingold. Between 1930 and 1940, Schlüter belonged to the ensemble of the Stadttheater Düsseldorf directed by Walter Bruno Iltz, first as Senta in Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer. In the Italian repertoire, she appeared as Elena in Verdi's Die sizilianische Vesper, the title role of Puccini's Tosca and Leonora in Il trovatore. She also performed Mozart's Donna Anna in Don Giovanni. In 1933, she appeared in the world premiere of Winfried Zillig's Der Rossknecht. In 1933, she was Isolde in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde for the first time. In 1936, she made a guest appearance at the Oper Frankfurt, as Brünnhilde in three parts of Der Ring des Nibelungen. She performed the same in 1939 in open-air performances at the Waldoper festival in Zoppot. Among her first international guest performances was Brünnhilde in a complete Ring cycle at the Liceu in Barcelona. Wilhelm Furtwängler invited Schlüter to a concert with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1936. Her first surviving radio recording was made in Stuttgart in 1938 when she sang Brünnhilde in Die Walküre alongside Rudolf Bockelmann as Wotan. In 1938, Schlüter was awarded the title Kammersängerin in Düsseldorf. In 1940, she accepted a permanent engagement at the Hamburg State Opera where she remained until the end of her singing career in 1956. She added Leonore in Beethoven's Fidelio to her repertoire. In 1941 she appeared at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino as Isolde, repeating the role at La Scala in Milan the following year. In 1943, she sang in Verdi's Requiem with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Hans Knappertsbusch. In 1947, Schlüter was engaged by the Metropolitan Opera in New York City as the first German singer after World War II, to appear as Marschallin and Isolde in two series. But as large sections of the audience and the press there were opposed to a singer who had been successful in Germany during the Nazi regime, there was only one performance each of Der Rosenkavalier and Tristan und Isolde, with Max Lorenz as Tristan; the contract for further performances was not fulfilled. Instead, Wilhelm Furtwängler engaged Schlüter as Isolde at the Berlin State Opera, and she appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1948 as Beethoven's Leonore with him. She appeared in the title role of Elektra by Richard Strauss at the Royal Opera House in London in 1947, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham and in the presence of the composer. Strauss thanked her and saw in her the fulfillment of Elektra, just as Furtwängler had seen in her the fulfillment of Isolde. In Hamburg in 1947, Schlüter sang the teacher Ellen Orford in the German premiere of the opera Peter Grimes by Benjamin Britten. The Hessischer Rundfunk took her under contract and Schlüter travelled to Frankfurt to participate in complete recordings of Wagner's Die Walküre as Brünnhilde and Rienzi as Adriano as well as of Die Frau ohne Schatten by Richard Strauss as Färberin. Schlüter prepared herself for a change of subject with the Küsterin in Janáček's Jenufa, which she performed impressively at the Hamburg State Opera in 1953/54, but an illness forced her to retire from the stage. She then worked as a voice teacher. The obituary in Die Welt described Schlüter's voice: "Her soprano, which had a rich capacity for differentiation between radiant power and a luminous pianissimo, had its own brilliance. Her acting was animated by the power to idealistic upswing, which was mixed with warm feeling." Schlüter died in Hamburg aged 65. She was buried in the Gertrudenfriedhof  in Oldenburg. In January 2005, a private initiative in Oldenburg founded the Erna Schlüter Society Oldenburg. The society awards a singing prize for young singers, The Erna Schlüter Prize. The first recipients in 2005 were the soprano Anja Metzger and the tenor Daniel Behle. In June 2007, the mezzo-soprano Kateřina Hebelková  received the prize. In May 2010, the prize was awarded to the soprano Mareke Freudenberg  and the bass-baritone Derrick Ballard, in 2013 to the mezzo-soprano Geneviève King, and in 2015 to the mezzo-soprano Hagar Sharvit . Recordings The CD-Edition Erna Schlüter contains arias, scenes, concert pieces and Lieder by Beethoven, Weber, Marschner, Halévy, Wagner, R. Strauss, Wolf, Stephan and Braunfels / 2 boxes of 5 CDs, published by the Hamburger Archiv für Gesangskunst: Beethoven: Fidelio with Erna Schlüter (Leonore), Lisa Della Casa, Julius Patzak, Rudolf Schock, Ferdinand Frantz Vienna Philharmonic, conductor: Wilhelm Furtwängler Live recording 1948, Salzburg Festival – Myto 991.H.025 Halévy: La Juive (in German) with Erna Schlüter (Rachel), Joachim Sattler, Otto von Rohr Frankfurt Radio Symphony, conductor: Kurt Schröder broadcast recording 1951, Frankfurt – Walhall 0029 Marschner: Hans Heiling with Erna Schlüter (Königin der Erdgeister), Rudolf Gonszar, Hanna Claus, Cornelius van Dyck Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig Richard Strauss: Elektra with Erna Schlüter (Elektra), Gusta Hammer, Annelies Kupper, Robert Hager Orchester der Hamburger Oper, conductor: Eugen Jochum broadcast recording 1944, Hamburg – Line Music/Cantus Classics 500356 Richard Strauss: Elektra with Erna Schlüter (Elektra), Elisabeth Höngen, Ljuba Welitsch, Paul Schöffler Royal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Sir Thomas Beecham live recording 1947, London – Myto 981.H.004 Richard Strauss: Die Frau ohne Schatten With Erna Schlüter (Färberin), Annelies Kupper, Diana Eustrati, Karl Kronenberg, Heinrich Bensing Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig broadcast recording 1950, Frankfurt – Ponto/Mitridate PO 1015 Richard Wagner: Rienzi with Erna Schlüter (Adriano), Günther Treptow, Trude Eipperle Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig broadcast recording 1950, Frankfurt – Urania URN 22157 Richard Wagner: Tristan und Isolde (acts 2 and 3) with Erna Schlüter (Isolde), Ludwig Suthaus, Gottlob Frick, Margarete Klose Staatskapelle Berlin, conductor: Wilhelm Furtwängler broadcast recording 1947, Berlin (Admiralspalast) – Archipel ARP-CD 0029 Richard Wagner: Die Walküre with Erna Schlüter (Brünnhilde), Ferdinand Frantz, Adam Fendt, Aga Joesten, Otto von Rohr Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig broadcast recording 1948, Frankfurt – Line Music/Cantus Classics 50075 – 50076 Richard Wagner: Die Walküre (acts 2 und 3) with Erna Schlüter (Brünnhilde), Rudolf Bockelmann, Fritz Krauss, Maria Reining, Helene Jung Orchester des Reichssenders Stuttgart, conductor: Carl Leonhardt broadcast recording 1938, Stuttgart – Preiser PR 90207 Richard Wagner: Die Walküre – Death proclamation from act 2 Richard Wagner: Siegfried – final scene from act 3 with Erna Schlüter (Brünnhilde), Joachim Sattler Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Kurt Schröder broadcast recording 1947, Frankfurt in: Joachim Sattler singt Wagner – Preiser PR 89193 References ^ a b c d e f g Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2012). "Schlüter, Erna". Großes Sängerlexikon (in German) (4th ed.). De Gruyter. pp. 4216–4217. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Spiegel, Klaus Ulrich (2010). "Heroine in Schatten – Erna Schlüter – eine große Hochdramatische zwischen den Epochen" (in German). Hamburger Archiv für Gesangskunst. ^ Die Welt, 3 December 1969 ^ Klaus Nerger. "Das Grab von Erna Schlüter". knerger. en. Retrieved 15 March 2021. Further reading Theaterarchive in Düsseldorf, Mannheim und Hamburg; Archiv Stadt Oldenburg Erna Schlüter zum 100. Geburtstag. Programmheft zur Matinée im Oldenburgischen Staatstheater, 2004 Marlene Warmer: Die Heldin großer Opern: Karrierewege der Oldenburger Sängerin Erna Schlüter (1904–1969). Erna Schlüter Gesellschaft, ISBN 978-3-89995-876-8, 1 CD (67 minutes) External links Erna-Schlüter-Gesellschaft (in German) "Die Sängerin Erna Schlüter", 26 December 2009, maxalvary.blogspot.com (in German) Recordings on Amazon Erna Schlüter discography at Discogs Portals: Biography Opera Germany Authority control databases International ISNI VIAF WorldCat National France BnF data Germany United States Poland Artists MusicBrainz People Deutsche Biographie Other IdRef

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Beginning as a contralto at the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater in 1922, she moved to the Mannheim National Theatre in 1925 where her voice developed to dramatic soprano, to the Stadttheater Düsseldorf in 1930 where she appeared in 1933 in the world premiere of Winfried Zillig's Der Rossknecht and was awarded the title Kammersängerin. Her last station, from 1940, was the Hamburg State Opera.Schlüter received European recognition when she appeared as a guest at the Oper Frankfurt, as Brünnhilde in three parts of Wagner's Der Ring des Nibelungen. She then sang the role at the Waldoper festival and the Liceu in Barcelona, among others. For conductor Wilhelm Furtwängler, she was the ideal Isolde, and for composer Richard Strauss the ideal Elektra, when he heard her at the Royal Opera House in London in 1947, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham. The Erna Schlüter Prize for young singers was established in her memory.","title":"Erna Schlüter"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)"},{"link_name":"contralto","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contralto"},{"link_name":"Oldenburgisches Staatstheater","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburgisches_Staatstheater"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Die Zauberflöte","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Zauberfl%C3%B6te"},{"link_name":"Il trovatore","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Il_trovatore"},{"link_name":"Orfeo ed Euridice","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orfeo_ed_Euridice"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Mannheim National Theatre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mannheim_National_Theatre"},{"link_name":"dramatic soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramatic_soprano"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Samson and Dalila","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samson_and_Delilah_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Cavalleria rusticana","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cavalleria_rusticana"},{"link_name":"Der Rosenkavalier","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Rosenkavalier"},{"link_name":"Richard Wagner","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Wagner"},{"link_name":"Lohengrin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohengrin_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Das Rheingold","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Das_Rheingold"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Stadttheater Düsseldorf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stadttheater_D%C3%BCsseldorf"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Walter Bruno Iltz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Bruno_Iltz"},{"link_name":"Der fliegende Holländer","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_fliegende_Holl%C3%A4nder"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Die sizilianische Vesper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Les_v%C3%AApres_siciliennes"},{"link_name":"Tosca","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tosca"},{"link_name":"Don Giovanni","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Don_Giovanni"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Winfried Zillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Zillig"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Oper Frankfurt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oper_Frankfurt"},{"link_name":"Der Ring des Nibelungen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Der_Ring_des_Nibelungen"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Waldoper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forest_Opera"},{"link_name":"Zoppot","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoppot"},{"link_name":"Liceu","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liceu"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Furtwängler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler"},{"link_name":"Berlin Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Bockelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bockelmann"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Kammersängerin","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kammers%C3%A4nger"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Hamburg State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Fidelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio"},{"link_name":"Maggio Musicale Fiorentino","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maggio_Musicale_Fiorentino"},{"link_name":"La Scala","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Scala"},{"link_name":"Requiem","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Requiem_(Verdi)"},{"link_name":"Vienna Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Hans Knappertsbusch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Knappertsbusch"},{"link_name":"Metropolitan Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_Opera"},{"link_name":"Max Lorenz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max_Lorenz_(tenor)"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Furtwängler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler"},{"link_name":"Berlin State Opera","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berlin_State_Opera"},{"link_name":"Salzburg Festival","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salzburg_Festival"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Royal Opera House","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Opera_House"},{"link_name":"Thomas Beecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beecham"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Peter Grimes","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Grimes"},{"link_name":"[1]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Kutsch/Riemens-1"},{"link_name":"Hessischer Rundfunk","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hessischer_Rundfunk"},{"link_name":"Rienzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rienzi"},{"link_name":"Die Frau ohne Schatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten"},{"link_name":"Jenufa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jenufa"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Die Welt","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Welt"},{"link_name":"[3]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-3"},{"link_name":"Hamburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamburg"},{"link_name":"Gertrudenfriedhof","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gertrudenfriedhof_(Oldenburg)&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gertrudenfriedhof_(Oldenburg)"},{"link_name":"Oldenburg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldenburg_(city)"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"[4]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-4"},{"link_name":"Anja Metzger","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anja_Metzger"},{"link_name":"Daniel Behle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Behle"},{"link_name":"mezzo-soprano","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezzo-soprano"},{"link_name":"Kateřina Hebelková","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kate%C5%99ina_Hebelkov%C3%A1&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"pl","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kate%C5%99ina_Hebelkov%C3%A1"},{"link_name":"Mareke Freudenberg","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mareke_Freudenberg&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mareke_Freudenberg"},{"link_name":"bass-baritone","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bass-baritone"},{"link_name":"Hagar Sharvit","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hagar_Sharvit&action=edit&redlink=1"},{"link_name":"de","url":"https://en.wikipedia.orghttps//de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hagar_Sharvit"}],"text":"Born in Oldenburg, Schlüter made her stage debut as a contralto at the Oldenburgisches Staatstheater in 1922,[1] as the Third Lady in Mozart's Die Zauberflöte. Her first leading role was Azucena in Verdi's Il trovatore. In the 1924/25 season, she appeared as Orpheus in Gluck's Orfeo ed Euridice.[2] In 1925, she moved to the Mannheim National Theatre, where her voice developed to dramatic soprano.[1] Schlüter appeared as Dalila in Samson and Dalila by Saint-Saëns, Santuzza in Mascagni's Cavalleria rusticana and the Marschallin in Der Rosenkavalier by Richard Strauss. In addition, she performed her first roles in the stage works of Richard Wagner, Ortrud in Lohengrin, and Erda and Fricka in Das Rheingold.[2]Between 1930 and 1940, Schlüter belonged to the ensemble of the Stadttheater Düsseldorf[1] directed by Walter Bruno Iltz, first as Senta in Wagner's Der fliegende Holländer.[2] In the Italian repertoire, she appeared as Elena in Verdi's Die sizilianische Vesper, the title role of Puccini's Tosca and Leonora in Il trovatore. She also performed Mozart's Donna Anna in Don Giovanni.[2] In 1933, she appeared in the world premiere of Winfried Zillig's Der Rossknecht.[1] In 1933, she was Isolde in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde for the first time.[2]In 1936, she made a guest appearance at the Oper Frankfurt, as Brünnhilde in three parts of Der Ring des Nibelungen.[2] She performed the same in 1939 in open-air performances at the Waldoper festival in Zoppot. Among her first international guest performances was Brünnhilde in a complete Ring cycle at the Liceu in Barcelona. Wilhelm Furtwängler invited Schlüter to a concert with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1936. Her first surviving radio recording was made in Stuttgart in 1938 when she sang Brünnhilde in Die Walküre alongside Rudolf Bockelmann as Wotan.[2]In 1938, Schlüter was awarded the title Kammersängerin in Düsseldorf.[2] In 1940, she accepted a permanent engagement at the Hamburg State Opera[2] where she remained until the end of her singing career in 1956.[1] She added Leonore in Beethoven's Fidelio to her repertoire. In 1941 she appeared at the Maggio Musicale Fiorentino as Isolde, repeating the role at La Scala in Milan the following year. In 1943, she sang in Verdi's Requiem with the Vienna Philharmonic conducted by Hans Knappertsbusch. In 1947, Schlüter was engaged by the Metropolitan Opera in New York City as the first German singer after World War II, to appear as Marschallin and Isolde in two series. But as large sections of the audience and the press there were opposed to a singer who had been successful in Germany during the Nazi regime, there was only one performance each of Der Rosenkavalier and Tristan und Isolde, with Max Lorenz as Tristan; the contract for further performances was not fulfilled.[1][2] Instead, Wilhelm Furtwängler engaged Schlüter as Isolde at the Berlin State Opera, and she appeared at the Salzburg Festival in 1948 as Beethoven's Leonore with him. She appeared in the title role of Elektra by Richard Strauss at the Royal Opera House in London in 1947, conducted by Sir Thomas Beecham and in the presence of the composer. Strauss thanked her and saw in her the fulfillment of Elektra, just as Furtwängler had seen in her the fulfillment of Isolde.[2]In Hamburg in 1947, Schlüter sang the teacher Ellen Orford in the German premiere of the opera Peter Grimes by Benjamin Britten.[1] The Hessischer Rundfunk took her under contract and Schlüter travelled to Frankfurt to participate in complete recordings of Wagner's Die Walküre as Brünnhilde and Rienzi as Adriano as well as of Die Frau ohne Schatten by Richard Strauss as Färberin. Schlüter prepared herself for a change of subject with the Küsterin in Janáček's Jenufa, which she performed impressively at the Hamburg State Opera in 1953/54, but an illness forced her to retire from the stage. She then worked as a voice teacher.[2]The obituary in Die Welt described Schlüter's voice: \"Her soprano, which had a rich capacity for differentiation between radiant power and a luminous pianissimo, had its own brilliance. Her acting was animated by the power to idealistic upswing, which was mixed with warm feeling.\"[3]Schlüter died in Hamburg aged 65. She was buried in the Gertrudenfriedhof [de] in Oldenburg.[2][4] In January 2005, a private initiative in Oldenburg founded the Erna Schlüter Society Oldenburg. The society awards a singing prize for young singers, The Erna Schlüter Prize. The first recipients in 2005 were the soprano Anja Metzger and the tenor Daniel Behle. In June 2007, the mezzo-soprano Kateřina Hebelková [pl] received the prize. In May 2010, the prize was awarded to the soprano Mareke Freudenberg [de] and the bass-baritone Derrick Ballard, in 2013 to the mezzo-soprano Geneviève King, and in 2015 to the mezzo-soprano Hagar Sharvit [de].","title":"Life"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"Lieder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lied"},{"link_name":"Wolf","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugo_Wolf"},{"link_name":"Stephan","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudi_Stephan"},{"link_name":"Braunfels","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Braunfels"},{"link_name":"[2]","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/#cite_note-Spiegel-2"},{"link_name":"Fidelio","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidelio"},{"link_name":"Lisa Della Casa","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lisa_Della_Casa"},{"link_name":"Julius Patzak","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Patzak"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Schock","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Schock"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Frantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Frantz"},{"link_name":"Vienna Philharmonic","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vienna_Philharmonic"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Furtwängler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler"},{"link_name":"La Juive","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Juive"},{"link_name":"Otto von Rohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Rohr"},{"link_name":"Frankfurt Radio Symphony","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_Radio_Symphony"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schr%C3%B6der"},{"link_name":"Hans Heiling","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Heiling"},{"link_name":"Sinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinfonieorchester_des_Hessischen_Rundfunks"},{"link_name":"Winfried Zillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Zillig"},{"link_name":"Elektra","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_(opera)"},{"link_name":"Annelies Kupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelies_Kupper"},{"link_name":"Robert Hager","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hager"},{"link_name":"Eugen Jochum","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugen_Jochum"},{"link_name":"Elisabeth Höngen","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisabeth_H%C3%B6ngen"},{"link_name":"Ljuba Welitsch","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ljuba_Welitsch"},{"link_name":"Paul Schöffler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul_Sch%C3%B6ffler"},{"link_name":"Thomas Beecham","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Beecham"},{"link_name":"Die Frau ohne Schatten","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Frau_ohne_Schatten"},{"link_name":"Annelies Kupper","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annelies_Kupper"},{"link_name":"Heinrich Bensing","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Bensing"},{"link_name":"Winfried Zillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Zillig"},{"link_name":"Rienzi","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rienzi"},{"link_name":"Günther Treptow","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%BCnther_Treptow"},{"link_name":"Trude Eipperle","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trude_Eipperle"},{"link_name":"Winfried Zillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Zillig"},{"link_name":"Tristan und Isolde","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tristan_und_Isolde"},{"link_name":"Ludwig Suthaus","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwig_Suthaus"},{"link_name":"Gottlob Frick","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottlob_Frick"},{"link_name":"Margarete Klose","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margarete_Klose"},{"link_name":"Wilhelm Furtwängler","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Furtw%C3%A4ngler"},{"link_name":"Die Walküre","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Walk%C3%BCre"},{"link_name":"Ferdinand Frantz","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Frantz"},{"link_name":"Otto von Rohr","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto_von_Rohr"},{"link_name":"Winfried Zillig","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winfried_Zillig"},{"link_name":"Rudolf Bockelmann","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Bockelmann"},{"link_name":"Fritz Krauss","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fritz_Krauss"},{"link_name":"Maria Reining","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maria_Reining"},{"link_name":"Helene Jung","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helene_Jung"},{"link_name":"Kurt Schröder","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt_Schr%C3%B6der"}],"text":"The CD-Edition Erna Schlüter contains arias, scenes, concert pieces and Lieder by Beethoven, Weber, Marschner, Halévy, Wagner, R. Strauss, Wolf, Stephan and Braunfels / 2 boxes of 5 CDs, published by the Hamburger Archiv für Gesangskunst:[2]Beethoven: Fideliowith Erna Schlüter (Leonore), Lisa Della Casa, Julius Patzak, Rudolf Schock, Ferdinand Frantz\nVienna Philharmonic, conductor: Wilhelm Furtwängler\nLive recording 1948, Salzburg Festival – Myto 991.H.025Halévy: La Juive (in German)with Erna Schlüter (Rachel), Joachim Sattler, Otto von Rohr\nFrankfurt Radio Symphony, conductor: Kurt Schröder\nbroadcast recording 1951, Frankfurt – Walhall 0029Marschner: Hans Heilingwith Erna Schlüter (Königin der Erdgeister), Rudolf Gonszar, Hanna Claus, Cornelius van Dyck\nSinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried ZilligRichard Strauss: Elektrawith Erna Schlüter (Elektra), Gusta Hammer, Annelies Kupper, Robert Hager\nOrchester der Hamburger Oper, conductor: Eugen Jochum\nbroadcast recording 1944, Hamburg – Line Music/Cantus Classics 500356Richard Strauss: Elektrawith Erna Schlüter (Elektra), Elisabeth Höngen, Ljuba Welitsch, Paul Schöffler\nRoyal Philharmonic Orchestra, conductor: Sir Thomas Beecham\nlive recording 1947, London – Myto 981.H.004Richard Strauss: Die Frau ohne SchattenWith Erna Schlüter (Färberin), Annelies Kupper, Diana Eustrati, Karl Kronenberg, Heinrich Bensing\nSinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig\nbroadcast recording 1950, Frankfurt – Ponto/Mitridate PO 1015Richard Wagner: Rienziwith Erna Schlüter (Adriano), Günther Treptow, Trude Eipperle\nSinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig\nbroadcast recording 1950, Frankfurt – Urania URN 22157Richard Wagner: Tristan und Isolde (acts 2 and 3)with Erna Schlüter (Isolde), Ludwig Suthaus, Gottlob Frick, Margarete Klose\nStaatskapelle Berlin, conductor: Wilhelm Furtwängler\nbroadcast recording 1947, Berlin (Admiralspalast) – Archipel ARP-CD 0029Richard Wagner: Die Walkürewith Erna Schlüter (Brünnhilde), Ferdinand Frantz, Adam Fendt, Aga Joesten, Otto von Rohr\nSinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Winfried Zillig\nbroadcast recording 1948, Frankfurt – Line Music/Cantus Classics 50075 – 50076Richard Wagner: Die Walküre (acts 2 und 3)with Erna Schlüter (Brünnhilde), Rudolf Bockelmann, Fritz Krauss, Maria Reining, Helene Jung\nOrchester des Reichssenders Stuttgart, conductor: Carl Leonhardt\nbroadcast recording 1938, Stuttgart – Preiser PR 90207Richard Wagner: Die Walküre – Death proclamation from act 2\nRichard Wagner: Siegfried – final scene from act 3with Erna Schlüter (Brünnhilde), Joachim Sattler\nSinfonieorchester des Hessischen Rundfunks, conductor: Kurt Schröder\nbroadcast recording 1947, Frankfurt\nin: Joachim Sattler singt Wagner – Preiser PR 89193","title":"Recordings"},{"links_in_text":[{"link_name":"ISBN","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)"},{"link_name":"978-3-89995-876-8","url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89995-876-8"}],"text":"Theaterarchive in Düsseldorf, Mannheim und Hamburg; Archiv Stadt Oldenburg\nErna Schlüter zum 100. Geburtstag. Programmheft zur Matinée im Oldenburgischen Staatstheater, 2004\nMarlene Warmer: Die Heldin großer Opern: Karrierewege der Oldenburger Sängerin Erna Schlüter (1904–1969). Erna Schlüter Gesellschaft, ISBN 978-3-89995-876-8, 1 CD (67 minutes)","title":"Further reading"}]

[]

[{"reference":"Kutsch, K.-J.; Riemens, Leo (2012). \"Schlüter, Erna\". Großes Sängerlexikon (in German) (4th ed.). De Gruyter. pp. 4216–4217. ISBN 978-3-59-844088-5.","urls":[{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl-Josef_Kutsch","url_text":"Kutsch, K.-J."},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Riemens","url_text":"Riemens, Leo"},{"url":"https://books.google.com/books?id=dsfq_5dFeL0C&pg=4217","url_text":"\"Schlüter, Erna\""},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fes_S%C3%A4ngerlexikon","url_text":"Großes Sängerlexikon"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Gruyter","url_text":"De Gruyter"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)","url_text":"ISBN"},{"url":"https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-59-844088-5","url_text":"978-3-59-844088-5"}]},{"reference":"Spiegel, Klaus Ulrich (2010). \"Heroine in Schatten – Erna Schlüter – eine große Hochdramatische zwischen den Epochen\" (in German). Hamburger Archiv für Gesangskunst.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.ku-spiegel.de/portraits/r-bis-z/schl%C3%BCter/","url_text":"\"Heroine in Schatten – Erna Schlüter – eine große Hochdramatische zwischen den Epochen\""}]},{"reference":"Klaus Nerger. \"Das Grab von Erna Schlüter\". knerger. en. Retrieved 15 March 2021.","urls":[{"url":"https://www.knerger.de/html/schluetemusiker_80.html","url_text":"\"Das Grab von Erna Schlüter\""}]}]

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chunlim%C3%B3n

Chunlimón

["1 References"]

Chunlimón Chunlimón is a Maya archaeological site in the Mexican state of Campeche. It is located 20 kilometers east from Kankabchen in Hopelchén Municipality. References ^ Teobert Maler: Península Yucatán, Berlin 1997, ISBN 3-7861-1755-1. P. 245 This article about a location in the Mexican state of Campeche is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte This article about archaeology in Mexico is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it.vte

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[{"image_text":"Chunlimón","image_url":"https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Chunlimon1.jpg/220px-Chunlimon1.jpg"}]

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