query_id
stringlengths 1
4
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stringlengths 11
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| positive_passages
list | negative_passages
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|---|---|---|---|---|
4116 | How many dialects are spoken by the Mongol? | [
{
"docid": "55064#49",
"text": "Mongols in Inner Mongolia speak Mongolian dialects such as Chakhar, Xilingol, Baarin, Khorchin and Kharchin Mongolian and, depending on definition and analysis, further dialects or closely related independent Central Mongolic languages such as Ordos, Khamnigan, Barghu Buryat and the arguably Oirat dialect Alasha. The standard pronunciation of Mongolian in China is based on the Chakhar dialect of the Plain Blue Banner, located in central Inner Mongolia, while the grammar is based on all Southern Mongolian dialects. This is different from the Mongolian state, where the standard pronunciation is based on the closely related Khalkha dialect. There are a number of independent languages spoken in Hulunbuir such as the somewhat more distant Mongolic language Dagur and the Tungusic language Evenki. Officially, even the Evenki dialect Oroqin is considered a language.",
"title": "Inner Mongolia"
},
{
"docid": "154909#6",
"text": "The status of certain varieties in the Mongolic group—whether they are languages distinct from Mongolian or just dialects of it—is disputed. There are at least three such varieties: Oirat (including the Kalmyk variety) and Buryat, both of which are spoken in Russia, Mongolia, and China; and Ordos, spoken around Inner Mongolia's Ordos City.",
"title": "Mongolian language"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "154909#0",
"text": "The Mongolian language (in Mongolian script: '; in Mongolian Cyrillic: , ') is the official language of Mongolia and both the most widely-spoken and best-known member of the Mongolic language family. The number of speakers across all its dialects may be 5.2 million, including the vast majority of the residents of Mongolia and many of the Mongolian residents of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region.\nIn Mongolia, the Khalkha dialect, written in Cyrillic (and at times in Latin for social networking), is predominant, while in Inner Mongolia, the language is dialectally more diverse and is written in the traditional Mongolian script. In the discussion of grammar to follow, the variety of Mongolian treated is Standard Khalkha Mongolian (i.e., the standard written language as formalized in the writing conventions and in the school grammar), but much of what is to be said is also valid for vernacular (spoken) Khalkha and for other Mongolian dialects, especially Chakhar.",
"title": "Mongolian language"
},
{
"docid": "19815656#0",
"text": "Ordos Mongolian (also \"Urdus\"; Mongolian ; Chinese 鄂尔多斯 \"È'ěrduōsī\") is a variety of Central Mongolic spoken in the Ordos City region in Inner Mongolia and historically by Ordos Mongols. It is alternatively classified as a language within the Mongolic language family or as a dialect of the Central Mongolian Mongolian standard language. Due to the research of Antoine Mostaert, the development of this dialect can be traced back 100 years.",
"title": "Ordos Mongolian"
},
{
"docid": "19271#41",
"text": "The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. In the west of the country, Kazakh and Tuvan, both Turkic languages, are also spoken. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community.",
"title": "Mongolia"
},
{
"docid": "42964558#63",
"text": "The official language of Mongolia is Mongolian, and is spoken by 95% of the population. A variety of dialects of Oirat and Buryat are spoken across the country, and there are also some speakers of Mongolic Khamnigan. In the west of the country, Kazakh and Tuvan, both Turkic languages, are also spoken. Mongolian Sign Language is the principal language of the deaf community.",
"title": "Languages in censuses"
},
{
"docid": "4424785#0",
"text": "The Bonan language (pronounced , \"Baonang\") (Chinese 保安语 \"Bǎo'ān yǔ\", Amdo Tibetan \"Dorké\") is the Mongolic language of the Bonan people of China. As of 1985, it was spoken by about 8,000 people, including about 75% of the total Bonan ethnic population and many ethnic Monguor, in Gansu and Qinghai Provinces and the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture. There are several dialects, which are influenced to varying degrees — but always heavily — by Tibetan and Chinese, while bilingualism in Wutun is less common. The most commonly studied is the Tongren dialect. There is no writing system in use. The language is also referred to as \"Manegacha\", natively.",
"title": "Bonan language"
},
{
"docid": "19822886#0",
"text": "The Khorchin (Mongolian \"Qorčin\", Chinese 科尔沁 \"Kē'ěrqìn\") dialect is a variety of Mongolian spoken in the east of Inner Mongolia, namely in Hinggan League, in the north, north-east and east of Hinggan and in all but the south of the Tongliao region. There were 2.08 million Khorchin Mongols in China in 2000, so the Khorchin dialect may well have more than one million speakers, making it the largest dialect of Inner Mongolia.",
"title": "Khorchin Mongolian"
},
{
"docid": "6759141#2",
"text": "This is the only prefecture-level division of Inner Mongolia in whose south border nomadic culture is still vivid. Some division, such as Tongliao, has a much higher percentage of Mongolian population but agriculture is extensive among Khorchin Mongols there. Xilingol League is also the closest Inner Mongolian prefecture-level division to Beijing, although among those Inner Mongolian prefecture-level divisions bordering Hebei, the province surrounding Beijing, Xilin Gol is also the most unapproachable one. With a significant population of Chakhar Mongols, who speaks a Mongolian dialect closely related to the standard dialect of Mongolia, the dialect spoken in Xulun Hoh Banner, Xilin Gol League is chosen as the standard language of Mongolian in China, nevertheless the \"de facto\" common standard is a mix of Khorchin-Kharchin and Chakhar, due to an extensive Khorchin Mongolian speakers presence in China.",
"title": "Xilingol League"
},
{
"docid": "4939896#0",
"text": "The Khalkha dialect (Mongolian script: \"Qalq-a ayalγu\", Mongolian Cyrillic: Халх аялгуу \"Khalkh ayalguu\", ) is a dialect of Mongolian widely spoken in Mongolia and according to some classifications includes such Southern Mongolian varieties such as Shiliin gol, Ulaanchab and Sönid. As it was the basis for the Cyrillic orthography of Mongolian, it is de facto the national language of Mongolia. The name of the dialect is related to the name of the Khalkha Mongols and the Khalkha river.",
"title": "Khalkha Mongolian"
}
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] |
4117 | Where does the name Manchester come from? | [
{
"docid": "20206#4",
"text": "The name Manchester originates from the Latin name \"Mamucium\" or its variant \"Mancunium\" and the citizens are still referred to as Mancunians (). These are generally thought to represent a Latinisation of an original Brittonic name, either from \"mamm-\" (\"breast\", in reference to a \"breast-like hill\") or from \"mamma\" (\"mother\", in reference to a local river goddess). Both meanings are preserved in Insular Celtic languages, such as \"mam\" meaning \"breast\" in Irish and \"mother\" in Welsh. The suffix -chester is a survival of Old English \"ceaster\" and from that \"castra\" in latin for camp or settlement (\"fort; fortified town\").",
"title": "Manchester"
},
{
"docid": "1139579#3",
"text": "According to Oxford University Press, Manchester derived its name from Mamucium, the Roman name for the 1st century-settlement and fort. Mamucium itself is a Latinised form of the Celtic meaning \"breast-shaped hill\".",
"title": "History of Manchester"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "24461534#1",
"text": "The place was originally named Muithauard c.1200, Moneward 1203. Two different etymologies are given for the name. In the first it is asserted that the name is derived from the Gaelic \"magh\" + \"bard\"; \"Plain of the bards\". (Locals pronounce it as Mon ee vaird). Under this view, the name of the nearby village of Monzie is unrelated except to render the pronunciation of the first syllable \"Monz\" as \"Mon\" in linguistic sympathy. In the second etymology, Monzievaird comes from \"magh\" \"plain\" plus \"edha\"' the genitive case of \"edh\" (\"iodh\") \"corn\" plus the Saxon \"vaird\" or \"ward\" meaning \"enclosure\", rendering the total as \"place where corn is stored\". Under this view the village name of Monzie has the same origin as does the name of the nearby castle, Monzie Castle. Regardless of origin it gave its name to the nearby Loch Monzievaird.",
"title": "Monzievaird"
},
{
"docid": "4966557#9",
"text": "Mr. Hipolito Aviles, a citizen and researcher living in Mante, submits that the word \"mante\" comes from the Nahuatl language and is composed of three syllables in that language: \"man\", \"atl\" and \"tetl\", which mean \"place of\", \"water\" and \"rock\". Taken together these words mean \"the place of the water in the rock\" or \"where the water comes out of the rock\", alluding to the Mante River spring, where the water surges forth from the rock in the \"Sierra de Cucharas\".\nHowever, this region was never inhabited by the Nahuatl Indians. The tribes that lived here were Huastecan, a branch of the Maya, and their language was \"tének\" or \"huasteco\" (Huastecan), and not Nahuatl.\nAccording to the research of educators who have studied the Tenek language, the word \"mante\" is of Tének origin and is formed from two roots which are: \"man\" meaning \"yellow\", and \"te\" meaning \"stick\" or \"tree\".\nTherefore, the word \"mante\" refers to the tree of that name, and whose fruit, upon ripening is of such an intense yellow color that it gives the same yellow appearance to the leaves of this tree when seen from a distance.\nAt the same time this tree gives the River Mante its name, later to the sugar mill and to the City of Mante. If the version of Mr. Aviles were true, then only the river would have this name but not the tree because the tree does not \"surge forth from the water in the rock.\"\nOn this basis, the name \"Mante\" came from the tree in the family of the sapota tree with the same name. \"Mante\" therefore means \"yellow stick (or tree).\"",
"title": "Ciudad Mante"
},
{
"docid": "429099#15",
"text": "Although the name's spelling and pronunciation in French are identical to those for the word that means \"chin\", there does not seem to be any link with this French word. According to the French geographer Ernest Nègre, the name \"Menton\" comes from the Roman name \"Mento\". However, it is possible that the name of the city comes from \"Mons Ottonis\" (reconstituted) from the name of Otton II, the Count of Ventimiglia from 1162-1200. In Mentonasc, the city's name is \"Mentan\" (), and in Italian \"Mentone\" ().",
"title": "Menton"
},
{
"docid": "2120271#4",
"text": "The origin of the name \"Mellor\" is uncertain. In one Celtic dialect, the term would translate to \"the bare (or rounded) hill\". The name \"Mellor\" does not appear in the Norman-era Domesday Book, although the neighbouring town of Ludworth (recorded as Lodeuorde) is listed. It is possible that Ludworth originally included Mellor and that they split into two distinct areas at a later date.",
"title": "Mellor, Greater Manchester"
},
{
"docid": "3499236#1",
"text": "It is derived from the names of places including Mellor, Greater Manchester and Mellor, Lancashire, which in turn come from ancient words \"moel\" ‘bare’ + \"bre\" ‘hill’.",
"title": "Mellor"
},
{
"docid": "1460903#1",
"text": "The name Moston may derive from the Old English words \"moss\" and \"ton\", where \"moss\" usually referred to a place that was mossy, marshy or peat bog, and \"ton\" signified a town or settlement. The area of White Moss still retains these characteristics.",
"title": "Moston, Manchester"
},
{
"docid": "20206#26",
"text": "From a very early time, the township of Manchester lay within the historic or ceremonial county boundaries of Lancashire. Pevsner wrote \"That [neighbouring] Stretford and Salford are not administratively one with Manchester is one of the most curious anomalies of England\". A stroke of a Norman baron's pen is said to have divorced Manchester and Salford, though it was not Salford that became separated from Manchester, it was Manchester, with its humbler line of lords, that was separated from Salford. It was this separation that resulted in Salford becoming the judicial seat of Salfordshire, which included the ancient parish of Manchester. Manchester later formed its own Poor Law Union using the name \"Manchester\". In 1792, Commissioners—usually known as \"Police Commissioners\"—were established for the social improvement of Manchester. Manchester regained its borough status in 1838, and comprised the townships of Beswick, Cheetham Hill, Chorlton upon Medlock and Hulme. By 1846, with increasing population and greater industrialisation, the Borough Council had taken over the powers of the \"Police Commissioners\". In 1853, Manchester was granted \"city status\" in the United Kingdom.",
"title": "Manchester"
},
{
"docid": "2213338#2",
"text": "Manchester was formed in 1814, by an Act of the House of Assembly, making it one of the newest parishes of Jamaica. It was formed as a result of the amalgamation of portions of the parishes St. Elizabeth, Clarendon and the entirety of Vere. The amalgamation was done in response to a petition from the inhabitants of Mile Gully, May Pen and Carpenters Mountain who complained that they were too far away from an administrative centre. Manchester was named in honour of the William Montagu, 5th Duke of Manchester, the then Governor of Jamaica. He was governor for 19 years, setting the record as the longest-serving governor of the island. The capital town, Mandeville, established in 1816, was named after his eldest son, Lord Mandeville.",
"title": "Manchester Parish"
}
] | [
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4118 | Was Tolkien friends with C. S. Lewis? | [
{
"docid": "5813#1",
"text": "Lewis and fellow novelist J. R. R. Tolkien were close friends. They both served on the English faculty at Oxford University, and were active in the informal Oxford literary group known as the Inklings. According to Lewis's memoir \"Surprised by Joy\", he was baptised in the Church of Ireland, but fell away from his faith during adolescence. Lewis returned to Anglicanism at the age of 32, owing to the influence of Tolkien and other friends, and he became an \"ordinary layman of the Church of England\". Lewis's faith profoundly affected his work, and his wartime radio broadcasts on the subject of Christianity brought him wide acclaim.",
"title": "C. S. Lewis"
},
{
"docid": "5813#24",
"text": "After his conversion to theism in 1929, Lewis converted to Christianity in 1931, following a long discussion and late-night walk with his close friends Tolkien and Hugo Dyson. He records making a specific commitment to Christian belief while on his way to the zoo with his brother. He became a member of the Church of England – somewhat to the disappointment of Tolkien, who had hoped that he would join the Catholic Church.",
"title": "C. S. Lewis"
},
{
"docid": "1927805#19",
"text": "Elwin Ransom may be based on C. S. Lewis' friend J. R. R. Tolkien (\"Elwin\" means \"Elf friend\" in Anglo-Saxon), though he seems to have autobiographical elements. In \"That Hideous Strength\" Ransom, with his royal charisma and matter-of-fact breezy acceptance of the supernatural, appears less like Tolkien than like Charles Williams (or some of the heroes in Williams' books).",
"title": "Elwin Ransom"
},
{
"docid": "23139208#133",
"text": "Another example is C. S. Lewis's \"Space Trilogy,\" in which Earth is also called Middle-earth. Lewis's novels are situated at the approximate time of World War II, with the last novel, \"That Hideous Strength,\" taking place in post-war England, and they specifically bring in references to Tolkien's legendarium (at that time largely unpublished) and treats these references as primary fact within Lewis's fiction. Merlin, of King Arthur fame, is treated as a successor to the Atlantis magic found within \"Numinor\" (Lewis's unintentional misspelling of Númenor), and similarities can also be found in the Quenya name for Númenor, which is \"Atalantë,\" and Lewis specifically references the earth as Middle-earth twice, both in Chapter 13, \"They Have Pulled Down Deep Heaven on Their Heads\". Lewis's borrowings came directly from Tolkien himself: they were close friends and shared each other's literary creations. Lewis encouraged Tolkien to persevere with his Middle-earth writings.A small selection from the many books about Tolkien and his created world:",
"title": "Middle-earth"
},
{
"docid": "15872#88",
"text": "The request for a sequel prompted Tolkien to begin what would become his most famous work: the epic novel \"The Lord of the Rings\" (originally published in three volumes 1954–1955). Tolkien spent more than ten years writing the primary narrative and appendices for \"The Lord of the Rings\", during which time he received the constant support of the Inklings, in particular his closest friend C. S. Lewis, the author of \"The Chronicles of Narnia\". Both \"The Hobbit\" and \"The Lord of the Rings\" are set against the background of \"The Silmarillion\", but in a time long after it.",
"title": "J. R. R. Tolkien"
},
{
"docid": "15872#1",
"text": "He served as the Rawlinson and Bosworth Professor of Anglo-Saxon and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford, from 1925 to 1945 and Merton Professor of English Language and Literature and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford, from 1945 to 1959. He was at one time a close friend of C. S. Lewis—they were both members of the informal literary discussion group known as the Inklings. Tolkien was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire by Queen Elizabeth II on 28 March 1972.",
"title": "J. R. R. Tolkien"
},
{
"docid": "5813#39",
"text": "Lewis was commissioned to write the volume \"English Literature in the Sixteenth Century (Excluding Drama)\" for the Oxford History of English Literature, His book \"A Preface to \"Paradise Lost\"\" is still cited as a criticism of that work. His last academic work, \"The Discarded Image: An Introduction to Medieval and Renaissance Literature\" (1964), is a summary of the medieval world view, a reference to the \"discarded image\" of the cosmos.\nLewis was a prolific writer, and his circle of literary friends became an informal discussion society known as the \"Inklings\", including J. R. R. Tolkien, Nevill Coghill, Lord David Cecil, Charles Williams, Owen Barfield, and his brother Warren Lewis. Glyer points to December 1929 as the Inklings' beginning date. Lewis's friendship with Coghill and Tolkien grew during their time as members of the Kolbítar, an Old Norse reading group that Tolkien founded and which ended around the time of the inception of the Inklings. At Oxford, he was the tutor of poet John Betjeman, critic Kenneth Tynan, mystic Bede Griffiths, novelist Roger Lancelyn Green and Sufi scholar Martin Lings, among many other undergraduates. Curiously, the religious and conservative Betjeman detested Lewis, whereas the anti-establishment Tynan retained a lifelong admiration for him.",
"title": "C. S. Lewis"
},
{
"docid": "30428#3",
"text": "\"Properly speaking,\" wrote Warren Lewis, \"the Inklings was neither a club nor a literary society, though it partook of the nature of both. There were no rules, officers, agendas, or formal elections.\" As was typical for university literary groups in their time and place, the Inklings were all male. \nReadings and discussions of the members' unfinished works were the principal purposes of meetings. Tolkien's \"The Lord of the Rings\", Lewis's \"Out of the Silent Planet\", and Williams's \"All Hallows' Eve\" were among the novels first read to the Inklings. Tolkien's fictional Notion Club (see \"Sauron Defeated\") was based on the Inklings. Meetings were not all serious; the Inklings amused themselves by having competitions to see who could read the notoriously bad prose of Amanda McKittrick Ros for the longest without laughing.",
"title": "Inklings"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15872#63",
"text": "Tolkien's devout Roman Catholic faith was a significant factor in the conversion of C. S. Lewis from atheism to Christianity, although Tolkien was dismayed that Lewis chose to join the Church of England.",
"title": "J. R. R. Tolkien"
},
{
"docid": "23664291#41",
"text": "Sayers was a good friend of C. S. Lewis and several of the other Inklings. On some occasions, Sayers joined Lewis at meetings of the Socratic Club. Lewis said he read \"The Man Born to Be King\" every Easter, but he claimed to be unable to appreciate detective stories. J. R. R. Tolkien read some of the Wimsey novels but scorned the later ones, such as \"Gaudy Night\".",
"title": "Dorothy L. Sayers"
},
{
"docid": "3512705#7",
"text": "One of his closer friends was C. S. Lewis who dedicated his book \"Reflections on the Psalms\" to him. Farrer took the last sacraments to Lewis before his death. Others included J. R. R. Tolkien and Dorothy Sayers. Perhaps unsurprisingly, Farrer has been more studied and more admired since his death in the United States than in his own country.",
"title": "Austin Farrer"
}
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4119 | How did Jacob Aaron Westervelt die? | [
{
"docid": "22424081#5",
"text": "Jacob Westervelt (1794–1881) is often confused with his brother-in-law John Jacob V.B. Westervelt (1805–1866), who was a Deputy Sheriff under him, and subsequently High Sheriff of New York City himself too (1846–1849), as well as Assistant Alderman from the 16th Ward (1844–1846). Another namesake is Jacob Aaron Westervelt (1800–1879), the shipbuilder, Alderman from the 13th Ward and later Mayor of New York City (1853–1855).",
"title": "Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)"
},
{
"docid": "195799#0",
"text": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt (January 20, 1800 – February 21, 1879) was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder who constructed 247 vessels of all descriptions during his career of over 50 years. From 1853 until 1855 he was Mayor of New York City.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "195799#2",
"text": "Westervelt was the eldest son of Ari and Vrowti Westervelt. Ari Westervelt was a builder by occupation. He built several houses in Franklin Street, New York, and constructed the South Church in Schraalenburgh in today's Bergenfield borough. Westervelt was born in Tenafly, New Jersey, on January 20, 1800 and was baptized at Schraalenburgh on February 16, being the first child to receive that sacrament after the completion of the new church. The Westervelts then resided at the old family homestead on Tenafly Road midway between Englewood and Tenafly. When Ari Westervelt was working on improving the riverfront, he moved, together with his infant son, to New York in 1804, to be nearer his work. It was to his father that Jacob Aaron owed his good education. His father died when Westervelt was only 14.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#36",
"text": "In the middle of the 17th century a few Westervelts lived in Meppel, situated a few miles from the eastern shore of the Zuiderzee, in the province of Drenthe and three miles east of Zwolle. Amongst them were two brothers, Willem and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, both farmers and cattle raisers, who with their wives and children decided to move to the New World. They left Amsterdam on board (\"Hope\") on April 8, 1662. On their arrival on May 24, 1662, New Amsterdam (which later became New York City) was suffering from a prolonged drought as no rain had fallen for eighty consecutive days. Lubbert settled near Hackensack, New Jersey and was one of the promoters of the Dutch Church organized there in 1686. Willem was a member of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in New Amsterdam (1667), whilst his son lived at New Utrecht on Long Island. This son sold his lands in 1706 and is supposed to have moved to New Jersey, where the family has been numerous and prominent for the past 300 years. William Lubbertsen van Westervelt with his wife and six children, and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, with his wife and four children, became the progenitors of the \"van Westervelt/Westervelt\" family in America, and were at one time the second largest family in Bergen County, New Jersey. Jacob Aaron Westervelt was a seventh-generation descendant of Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#37",
"text": "Westervelt married Eliza M. Thompson in New York City on April 25, 1825. They had eight children:",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#5",
"text": "In 1836 Westervelt built at least two ships under his own name, the \"Baltimore\" and \"Mediator\", in partnership with the 22-year-old ship chandler Marshall Owen Roberts as Westervelt & Roberts. Soon after Christian Bergh's retirement, Westervelt and Robert Carnley made an extensive tour of Europe, visiting the principal shipbuilding points, where Westervelt gathered information that he subsequently put to good use. Westervelt found an inactive life disagreeable and, after a year of travel, returned to the dry docks in 1838 and resumed shipbuilding.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#1",
"text": "Together with his partners (Westervelt & MacKay and Westervelt & Sons) he designed some of the fastest and most successful sailing packets, clippers and steamships ever built, among these the screw sloop and the clipper , as well as many vessels for foreign governments and Royal Houses. Westervelt was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Queen of Spain for the preparation of models and plans for three Spanish frigates. For many years he was the President of the Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Marine Society, the Port Society and the St. Nicholas Society. He was also President of the Board of Dock Commissioners for several years. After Westervelt's death, the flags at City Hall were lowered to half-mast.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#34",
"text": "The feelings of the members of this movement against the participation of foreign-born citizens in municipal affairs had grown very bitter, and Westervelt set himself so sternly against them that his house was mobbed again. Probably due to the paucity of support for his reformist efforts during his term, but also because he applied himself more and more to the business of shipbuilding again, Westervelt declined a renomination, which for him was equivalent to an election, and was succeeded as Mayor by Fernando Wood. In 1857 Westervelt became a member of the New York State Assembly for Rockland County.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#35",
"text": "Westervelt, as his name indicates, came from old Dutch stock. The name was known in the Netherlands at a very early period, and although the family members were not of nobility, they had been extensive property owners for many generations. The earliest mention of the Westervelts that has been recorded is of a Dirk van Westervelt and his family who resided in and around the town of Harderwijk for many years. Some individuals sharing that name appear to have been early inhabitants of Zwolle, and their descendants are still to be found there, known by the name Westerveld.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#6",
"text": "There are differing reports as to the start of this new chapter of Westervelt's life. On one side it is stated that Westervelt bought out his former partners Carnley and the Bergh brothers and took control of the Bergh shipyard, at the foot of Gouverneur Street and extending to Water Street and up to Scammel. Other sources state that Westervelt and William MacKay (not to be confused with Canadian shipbuilder Donald McKay) established one of a few new yards at Corlear's Hook (the block bounded by Third, Goerck and Houston Streets) in 1841 and moved to Lewis and Seventh Street in 1844. Westervelt may also have designed and built ships in connection with Edward Mills. The shipyard Westervelt & MacKay, later Westervelt & Sons (which Westervelt formed with his sons Aaron and Daniel), became prominent and prospered. Together with MacKay and his sons he built 50 steamships, 93 traditional sailing vessels and clippers, 5 barques, 14 schooners, one sloop, two lightships, and 11 pilot boats—a total of 181 vessels of 150,624 tons. Westervelt built more vessels of medium tonnage than any builder of his time. Some of his noteworthy sailing packets are:",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
}
] | [
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] |
4120 | When was The Concept of Anxiety: A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin written? | [
{
"docid": "2780623#0",
"text": "The Concept of Anxiety (): \"A Simple Psychologically Orienting Deliberation on the Dogmatic Issue of Hereditary Sin\", is a philosophical work written by Danish philosopher Søren Kierkegaard in 1844. The original 1944 English translation by Walter Lowrie (now out of print), had the title The Concept of Dread. \"The Concept of Anxiety\" was dedicated \"to the late professor Poul Martin Møller\". He used the pseudonym Vigilius Haufniensis (which, according to Kierkegaard scholar Josiah Thompson, is the Latin transcription for \"the Watchman\" of Copenhagen) for \"The Concept of Anxiety\".",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "2780623#1",
"text": "All of Kierkegaard's books have either a preface, dedication, or prayer at the beginning. This book includes a lengthy introduction. \"The Concept of Anxiety\" was published on exactly the same date as \"Prefaces\", June 17, 1844. Both books deal with Hegel’s idea of mediation. Mediation is a common thread throughout Kierkegaard’s works. His work up to this point was to show that faith was being mediated by knowledge. Here he takes up the questions of sin and guilt.",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "922#12",
"text": "The philosopher Søren Kierkegaard, in \"The Concept of Anxiety\" (1844), described anxiety or dread associated with the \"dizziness of freedom\" and suggested the possibility for positive resolution of anxiety through the self-conscious exercise of responsibility and choosing. In \"Art and Artist\" (1932), the psychologist Otto Rank wrote that the psychological trauma of birth was the pre-eminent human symbol of existential anxiety and encompasses the creative person's simultaneous fear of – and desire for – separation, individuation, and differentiation.",
"title": "Anxiety"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3944846#16",
"text": "In \"The Concept of Anxiety\", Haufniensis focuses on the first anxiety experienced by man: Adam's choice to eat from God's forbidden tree of knowledge or not. Since the concepts of good and evil did not come into existence before Adam ate the fruit, which is now dubbed original sin, Adam had no concept of good and evil, and did not know that eating from the tree was evil. What he did know was that God told him not to eat from the tree. The anxiety comes from the fact that God's prohibition itself implies that Adam is free and that he could choose to obey God or not. After Adam ate from the tree, sin was born. So, according to Kierkegaard, anxiety precedes sin, and it is anxiety that leads Adam to sin. Haufniensis mentions that anxiety is the presupposition for hereditary sin.",
"title": "Philosophy of Søren Kierkegaard"
},
{
"docid": "2780623#18",
"text": "In \"Philosophical Fragments\" Kierkegaard described the Learner in Error before God. Here he questions how the Learner discovers this Error. New sciences were emerging that challenged the conventional ethics of the time as well as the notions of guilt and sin. Kierkegaard described the struggle elegantly. He says, \"Ethics and dogmatics struggle over reconciliation in a border area fraught with fate. Repentance and guilt torment forth reconciliation ethically, while dogmatics in this receptivity to the proffered reconciliation, has the historically concrete immediacy with which it begins its discourse in the great dialogue of science. And now what will be the result?\" and \"Innocence is ignorance, but how is it lost?\" The Concept of Anxiety\" P. 12, 39",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "2780623#3",
"text": "Kierkegaard focuses on the first anxiety experienced by man: Adam's choice to eat from God's forbidden tree of knowledge or not. Since the concepts of good and evil did not come into existence before Adam ate the fruit, Adam had no concept of good and evil, and did not know that eating from the tree was \"evil.\" What he did know was that God told him not to eat from the tree. The anxiety comes from the fact that God's prohibition itself implies that Adam is free and that he could choose to obey God or not. After Adam ate from the tree, sin was born. So, according to Kierkegaard, anxiety precedes sin. Kierkegaard mentions that anxiety is the presupposition for hereditary sin (which Augustine was the first to call \"peccatum originale\", \"original sin\").",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "2780623#28",
"text": "Robert Harold Bonthius discusses Kierkegaard's idea of dread in his 1948 book \"Christian Paths to Self-Acceptance\", \"Because the original Reformation and the subsequent Protestant scholastic doctrines of man’s depravity are distorted by literal ism, we will turn to those in our day who have revived Reformation thought, the so-called neo-orthodox theologians, for explanation of this profound view of sin and its importance for true self-acceptance. It is important to bear in mind, however, that man’s sinfulness is still conceived of the preached about in the undialectical forms of the past. Especially is this characteristic of flourishing sectarian bodies here in America-groups which are able to number their adherents in tens of thousands. It is Soren Kierkegaard of Denmark who has provided the key to modern reinterpretation of this austere doctrine of sin with his analysis of the relation of sin to anxiety. \"Dread or anxiety,\" he explained \"is the psychological condition which precedes sin, comes as near as possible to it, and is as provocative as possible of dread, but without explaining sin, which breaks forth first in the qualitative leap.\" Kierkegaard saw this \"sickness unto death\" as the inherent factor in human existence, and he taught that a \"synthesis\" was needed, by which he meant a vital relationship of man with God by which man may resolve his inner conflicts and live at peace with himself.\"",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "2780623#7",
"text": "Friedrich Schelling wrote \"Philosophical Inquiries into the Essence of Human Freedom\" in 1809, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel wrote his \"Science of Logic\" between 1812 and 1816, and Johann Friedrich Herbart wrote about pedagogy. All of them were discussing how good and evil come into existence. Kierkegaard questioned Hegel and Schelling's emphasis on the negative (evil) and aligned himself with Hebart's emphasis on the positive (good). Kierkegaard says \"anxiety about sin produces sin\" in this book and later says it again:",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "2780623#17",
"text": "What was the intention of Christianity? Does the concept emerge through definitions and examples? Sin and guilt are both religious categories as far as Kierkegaard is concerned. He wrote:\nKierkegaard observes that it was the prohibition itself not to eat of the tree of knowledge that gave birth to sin in Adam. The prohibition predisposes that which breaks forth in Adam's qualitative leap. He questions the doctrine of Original Sin, also called Ancestral sin., \"The doctrine that Adam and Christ correspond to each other confuses things. Christ alone is an individual who is more than an individual. For this reason he does not come in the beginning but in the fullness of time.\" Sin has a \"coherence in itself\".",
"title": "The Concept of Anxiety"
},
{
"docid": "37040005#6",
"text": "Kierkegaard had a profound influence on psychology. He is widely regarded as the founder of Christian psychology and of existential psychology and therapy. Existentialist (often called \"humanistic\") psychologists and therapists include Ludwig Binswanger, Viktor Frankl, Erich Fromm, Carl Rogers, and Rollo May. May based his \"The Meaning of Anxiety\" on Kierkegaard's \"The Concept of Anxiety\". Kierkegaard's sociological work \"Two Ages: The Age of Revolution and the Present Age\" critiques modernity. Ernest Becker based his 1974 Pulitzer Prize book, \"The Denial of Death\", on the writings of Kierkegaard, Freud and Otto Rank. Kierkegaard is also seen as an important precursor of postmodernism.",
"title": "Influence and reception of Søren Kierkegaard"
}
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4121 | When was the double-decker bus invented? | [
{
"docid": "902183#4",
"text": "The first commercial horse-drawn double-decker omnibuses were introduced in England in 1847 by Adams & Co. of Fairfield, Bow, then improved upon by John Greenwood, who introduced a new double-decker in 1852.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "902183#49",
"text": "The earliest recorded use of double-deckers by Malayan bus companies was in Selangor in 1948 when the Toong Fong Omnibus Company acquired two Park Royal-built Guy Arab IIIs at a cost of M$40,000 each; the General Transport Company (GTC) followed by acquiring Park Royal-built AEC Regent IIIs. While the buses saw service for over a decade, all of them were taken out of service for a variety of reasons and were never replaced with new double-deckers; the buses were often obstructed by narrow streets, trees, low bridges, and increasing overhead wires, while passengers eventually favoured staying on the lower deck of the bus; the cost of operating the buses was also higher due to a local vehicle tax calculated based on the number of seats of a taxed vehicle. One Toong Fong double-decker was burned in the late-1950s by communist insurgents, while the remaining double-deckers were ultimately disused by the mid-1960s due to age. The successor of the GTC, Sri Jaya, experimented with a reintroduction of double-deckers in 1989 by leasing a Singapore-assembled, 102-seat Leyland Olympian for use within Kuala Lumpur for 6 months, but found that street conditions were problematic as before and discontinued the use of the bus after the trial.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#32",
"text": "The former British colony of Hong Kong introduced its first double-decker buses in 1949 by Kowloon Motor Bus. They have become very popular since then, and they are found in large numbers among the fleets of the territory's major bus operators (see below). By law, double-decker buses in Hong Kong are limited to a length of 12.8 metres (42 feet). Today, the majority of buses running in Hong Kong are double-decker buses, and all of them are air-conditioned. Also, Hong Kong has a double-deck trams system, one of three only in the world as of 2015 and the only fleet which is all double-deck.\nIn India, Hyderabad and Bangalore had double deckers for a while before discontinuing. Madras's Metropolitan Transport Corporation (MTC) has a small fleet of double-decker buses, mostly in the high-density, longer distance routes. Mumbai has operated double-decker buses since 1937. They are operated by the Brihanmumbai Electric Supply and Transport undertaking.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#59",
"text": "In the 1950s, double-decker buses of the South Western Bus Company plied on the Galle Road in Colombo, Sri Lanka. These were taken over by the Ceylon Transport Board (CTB) when all bus services were nationalised in 1958. Beginning around 1959, large numbers of second-hand double-decker buses of the RT, RTL and RTW classes were imported by the CTB from London Transport, and ran in their original red livery with the oval CTB logo painted on the sides. These buses were phased out beginning in the mid-1970s, and none remain in service. Later, around 1985, 40 ex-London Routemaster entered service. One Routemaster bus is run by the \"Sirasa\" TV and radio station.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "14749266#7",
"text": "April 1905 saw the start of bus services, with the Isle of Wight Express Syndicate operating a circular service running between Newport, Shanklin, Sandown and Ryde. The Vectis bus company was formed in 1922. At first it used only double decker buses; however a review found that island roads were not always suitable, and so single deckers were used instead (double deckers were re-introduced in 1936). In 1929, the Vectis Bus Company was bought by Southern Railway, forming Southern Vectis. After 1968 it became part of the state-owned National Bus Company. In 1986 with privatisation, the bus company was bought by its management team, and it stayed independent until 2005, when it was bought by the Go-Ahead Group.",
"title": "Transport on the Isle of Wight"
},
{
"docid": "902183#34",
"text": "Indonesia first operated its double-decker bus fleet in 1968, with Leyland Titan double-decker bus first operated in Jakarta. The double-decker bus service linked Salemba in Central Jakarta with Blok M area in South Jakarta from 1968 to 1982. Between 1984 and 1996, the Jakarta municipal bus service, Perusahaan Umum Pengangkutan Penumpang Djakarta (Perum PPD) operated a fleet of 180 Volvo B55 double-decker buses, connecting various corners in the city.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#54",
"text": "Singapore Bus Service, now known as SBS Transit (SBST), was for many years the only operator of double-decker buses in Singapore, launched its first double-decker bus service on 13 June 1977 with 20 Leyland Atlanteans running on service 86 and launched by then-Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Communications Ong Teng Cheong The fleet grew steadily, with the further introduction of the Mercedes-Benz O305 and the Leyland Olympian in 1993, the latter being the first air-conditioned double-decker bus and the longest bus to date at in length, leading to its nickname of \"Superbus\". The Volvo B10TL, the first stepless, ultra-low-floor \"Superbus\" was launched in 1999. Volvo B9TL wheelchair-accessible buses began to be introduced in 2006, by 2014, SBST had over 1631 of these buses in service.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#17",
"text": "The first double-decker motor bus in Paris, the Schneider Brillié P2, appeared in 1906. It was designed to carry more passengers and to replace the horse-drawn double-decker omnibus. Like trams and omnibuses, double-decker motor buses included two classes of travel: first class inside the car and second class outdoors on top. But this type of vehicle was withdrawn in 1911 because one of them overturned at place de l'Étoile; following this incident the P2s lost their upper deck and were renamed as P3s.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#85",
"text": "A single double-decker bus arrived in Auckland in early March 2013 for a trial, with more planned to arrive in 2014 if the trial proved successful. The Scania K320UD bus, operated by Ritchies Transport, began revenue service on 11 March 2013 on the well-patronised Northern Express services on the Northern Busway between Albany and Britomart in downtown Auckland. In addition, NZ Bus and Howick & Eastern investigated the use of double-decker buses on the Dominion Road, Mount Eden Road, and Botany to downtown routes. By May 2016, double deckers were running on the busway and on many other Auckland urban routes, operated by several companies, with more to be introduced.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#11",
"text": "In 2007, a hybrid-powered double-decker entered service on London Buses route 141. By late 2008, more hybrid double-deckers from three manufacturers entered service in London. A New Routemaster was developed that year, and entered service on 20 February 2012. In October 2015, London added five all-electric double-decker buses - the world's first - made by Chinese firm BYD.\nBus Vannin operate several double-deckers on routes all across the island.",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
},
{
"docid": "902183#40",
"text": "By Japanese law, vehicles are confined to maximum height and length. Japanese double-decker buses are mainly used for inter-city highway buses (i.e., motor coaches), city tours, and charter buses. In 1960, Kinki Sharyo and Hino Motors manufactured the first original double-decker bus \"Vista Coach\" for Kinki Nippon Railway (Kintetsu).",
"title": "Double-decker bus"
}
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4122 | When did the Pacification of Manchukuo begin? | [
{
"docid": "7795926#0",
"text": "The Pacification of Manchukuo was a Japanese anti-insurgency campaign during the Second Sino-Japanese War to suppress any armed resistance to the newly established puppet state of Manchukuo from various anti-Japanese volunteer armies in occupied Manchuria and later the Communist Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army. The operations were carried out by the Imperial Japanese Kwantung Army and the collaborationist forces of the Manchukuo government from March 1932 until 1942, and resulted in a Japanese victory.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "7795926#24",
"text": "Within days Henry Puyi, the Manchurian former emperor of China deposed in 1911, was made provisional president of the independent state of Manchukuo by the resolution of an All-Manchuria convention at Mukden, whose members included General Ma Zhanshan flown in from the north. The next day on March 1 the provisional Manchukuo Government was established with Ma Zhanshan as its Minister of War, in addition to his post as provincial governor. On March 9, the State of Manchukuo was inaugurated. The Chinese Government announced that not only did it not recognize the new state, but asserted that Puyi been kidnapped by the Japanese.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#41",
"text": "However, in May 1932, with Japanese forces concentrated in the north, Tang Juwu in eastern Liaoning judged that the time was ripe for his army to go on the offensive. Tang's army, numbering 20,000 men surrounded the Japanese Tunghua garrison. In reaction the Manchukuo police and detachments of the Manchukuo Army attempted to relieve the siege in the First Tungpientao Clearance. They were unable to defeat Tang but did relieve the siege. However his force continued as a threat in the region to the east of Mukden and communications with Korea. Based in the Tungpientao area, his army fought with both the Japanese Kwantung Army stationed in Mukden and the Manchukuo Fengtian Army. Although all major cities had been lost, the volunteer armies gained a new lease of life during the summer of 1932 and reached their greatest strength.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#32",
"text": "At Heihe on April 7, Ma announced the reestablishment of the \"Heilungkiang Provincial Government\" independent of Manchukuo, and reorganized his troops into 9 brigades at the beginning of May. Ma also established another eleven troops of volunteers at Buxi, Gannan, Keshan, Kedong and other places. This became the Northeast Anti-Japanese National Salvation Army. Ma was also appointed nominal commander-in-chief, over all other Anti-Japanese Volunteer Armies that were forming in various locations, and commanded a total fighting force of about 300,000 men at peak strength according to Japanese estimates.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#47",
"text": "On September 27, 1932 when the Japanese turned their attention south to restore the security of the vital facilities in the southern Manchukuo which were endangered by the activities of the Volunteer Armies, General Su Bingwen's soldiers staged a mutiny, seizing hundreds of Japanese civilians and isolated military personnel as hostages. The mutineers, calling themselves the Heilungkiang National Salvation Army moved eastwards aboard trains to join General Ma Zhanshan in recapturing the provincial capital of Tsitsihar.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#26",
"text": "That the Japanese had suffered a military defeat at the hands of a motley collection of irregular forces was a considerable political embarrassment. Japan was anxious to present Manchukuo to the world as a peaceful nation, especially as a League of Nations delegation was now investigating the situation. When the news of the victories of Wang's Chinese People's National Salvation Army spread around eastern Kirin, hundreds of troops who had been reluctant members of the new Manchukuo Imperial Army defected to the NSA and estimates of its total strength in April rose from 4,500 to above 10,000 and, possibly nearer 15,000 organized in five brigades.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#67",
"text": "Of the Volunteer guerrilla leaders remaining in Manchukuo, Wang Fengge was captured in 1937 and executed, along with his wife and child. Wu Yicheng fought on with a small band of followers until 1937. Although Kong Xianrong, Wang Delin's deputy, gave up the struggle, his wife and another of Wang Delin's subordinates, Yao Zhenshan, led a small band which fought on until the spring of 1941 when it was annihilated.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#60",
"text": "From November 6 to November 20, 1932 the Manchukuo Army launched the Ki Feng - Lung District Subjugation Operation clearing the Ki Feng-lung district of guerrillas with 5,000 Manchukuo soldiers consisting of a battalion of the Chinganyuchitui and the 2nd Cavalry Regiment of the Fengtien Army and a Cavalry detachment of the Kirin Army.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#57",
"text": "Meanwhile, in October to the west, a Manchukuo and Japanese force in the Li Hai-ching Subjugation, confronted the 3,000 man Li Hai-ching guerrilla force that had returned to attack Manchukuo and Japanese forces in south Heilungkiang province and forced their retreat into Jehol province.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
},
{
"docid": "7795926#61",
"text": "The Third Tungpientao Subjugation operation, from November 22 to December 5, 1932, was launched to finally clear the remnants of Tang Juwu's guerrilla forces that had regrouped after the Second Tungpientao Subjugation campaign. The Manchukuo force was made up of a unit of Chinganyuchitui as well as locally raised militia forces from the Yalu, Central and Shenghai districts totaling 5,000 men. The operation was a success and led to the capture of 1,800 \"bandits\", some of whom were later recruited into the Manchukuo Army.",
"title": "Pacification of Manchukuo"
}
] | [
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] |
4126 | What can we learn with microbiology? | [
{
"docid": "53959546#0",
"text": "The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences. Microbiology can be also classified based on taxonomy, in the cases of bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology. There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines, and certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology\nIn general the field of microbiology can be divided in the more fundamental branch (pure microbiology) and the applied microbiology (biotechnology). In the more fundamental field the organisms are studied as the subject itself on a deeper (theoretical) level.\nApplied microbiology refers to the fields where the micro-organisms are applied in certain processes such as brewing or fermentation. The organisms itself are often not studied as such, but applied to sustain certain processes.",
"title": "Branches of microbiology"
},
{
"docid": "21393077#12",
"text": "The branches of microbiology can be classified into pure and applied sciences, or divided according to taxonomy, as is the case with bacteriology, mycology, protozoology, and phycology. There is considerable overlap between the specific branches of microbiology with each other and with other disciplines, and certain aspects of these branches can extend beyond the traditional scope of microbiology\nWhile some fear microbes due to the association of some microbes with various human diseases, many microbes are also responsible for numerous beneficial processes such as industrial fermentation (e.g. the production of alcohol, vinegar and dairy products), antibiotic production and act as molecular vehicles to transfer DNA to complex organisms such as plants and animals. Scientists have also exploited their knowledge of microbes to produce biotechnologically important enzymes such as Taq polymerase, reporter genes for use in other genetic systems and novel molecular biology techniques such as the yeast two-hybrid system.",
"title": "Microbiology"
},
{
"docid": "21393077#0",
"text": "Microbiology (from Greek , \"mīkros\", \"small\"; , \"bios\", \"life\"; and , \"-logia\") is the study of microorganisms, those being unicellular (single cell), multicellular (cell colony), or acellular (lacking cells). Microbiology encompasses numerous sub-disciplines including virology, parasitology, mycology and bacteriology.",
"title": "Microbiology"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "2013871#0",
"text": "The Microbiology Society (previously the Society for General Microbiology) is a learned society based in the United Kingdom with a worldwide membership based in universities, industry, hospitals, research institutes and schools. It is the largest learned microbiological society in Europe. Interests of its members include basic and applied aspects of viruses, prions, bacteria, rickettsiae, mycoplasma, fungi, algae and protozoa, and all other aspects of microbiology. Its headquarters in Charles Darwin House, London. The society's current president is Prof. Neil Gow. The Society is a member of the Science Council.",
"title": "Microbiology Society"
},
{
"docid": "52970582#0",
"text": "Diagnostic microbiology is the study of microbial identification. Since the discovery of the germ theory of disease, scientists have been finding ways to harvest specific organisms. Using methods such as differential media or genome sequencing, physicians and scientists can observe novel functions in organisms for more effective and accurate diagnosis of organisms. Methods used in diagnostic microbiology are often used to take advantage of a particular difference in organisms attain information about what species it might be, often through a reference of previous studies. New studies provide information that other scientists can reference back to so scientists can have a baseline knowledge of the organism he or she are working with.",
"title": "Diagnostic microbiology"
},
{
"docid": "7073591#6",
"text": "To ensure safety of food products, microbiological tests such as testing for pathogens and spoilage organisms are required. This way the risk of contamination under normal use conditions can be examined and food poisoning outbreaks can be prevented. Testing of food products and ingredients is important along the whole supply chain as possible flaws of products can occur at every stage of production. Apart from detecting spoilage, microbiological tests can also determine germ content, identify yeasts and molds, and salmonella. For salmonella, scientists are also developing rapid and portable technologies capable of identifying unique variants of Salmonella .",
"title": "Food microbiology"
},
{
"docid": "9949565#1",
"text": "A medical microbiologist studies the characteristics of pathogens, their modes of transmission, mechanisms of infection and growth. Using this information, a treatment can be devised. Medical microbiologists often serve as consultants for physicians, providing identification of pathogens and suggesting treatment options.\nOther tasks may include the identification of potential health risks to the community or monitoring the evolution of potentially virulent or resistant strains of microbes, educating the community and assisting in the design of health practices. They may also assist in preventing or controlling epidemics and outbreaks of disease.\nNot all medical microbiologists study microbial pathology; some study common, non-pathogenic species to determine whether their properties can be used to develop antibiotics or other treatment methods.",
"title": "Medical microbiology"
},
{
"docid": "5134774#1",
"text": "SAE is a high school agricultural education program approach to experiential learning. The FFA motto (\"Learning to do, Doing to learn, Earning to live, Living to serve\") was created to show what the FFA values. We learn in the classroom so we can do in the world. We do for the world what we learn in the classroom. We earn what need through the jobs we have and we live our lives to serve others.",
"title": "Supervised agricultural experience"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "37544693#3",
"text": "Ninurta assigns various fates to the minerals that have been conquered in his cosmic battle. The \"kurgarrānum\"-stone is destined to be raw material for funerary figurines, “May you be made beautiful at [the festival] of ghosts, […for] nine [days] may the young men in a semi-circle make for you a doorway,” whereas the unfortunate \"šagara\"-stone is doomed to be discarded, \"You will be throne onto your bed\", where no one will miss it and none will complain of its loss. In Ninurta’s blessing of the (diorite) \"esi\"-stone, the material of statues: “When the king who “sets” his name for long days (to come) fashions those statues for future days, when he places them at the libation place in the Eninnu, the house filled with rejoicing, may you (=the diorite) then be present for that purpose as befits you,” the king being recalled may be an explicit allusion to Gudea. The parallels with many of Gudea’s inscriptions have suggested that the work mythically retells his campaigns against Anšan and Elam. The work may have been composed during or shortly after his reign (ca. 2150 BC) to honor Ningirsu, the titulary deity of Lagaš, and then transferred to Nippur when subsumed by Ninurta.",
"title": "Lugal-e"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
}
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] |
4127 | How much is the Mattel company worth? | [
{
"docid": "20642#20",
"text": "On November 10, 2017, the \"Wall Street Journal\" reported that Hasbro, Inc. had made a takeover offer for Mattel, Inc. At the time, Mattel worth was $5 billion, while Hasbro was about $11 billion. On November 15, 2017, Reuters reported that Mattel rejected the offer.",
"title": "Mattel"
},
{
"docid": "39862325#35",
"text": "In the beginning of 2019 it was reported they have a combined net worth of over US$60 million. When their partnership with Mattel was announced in 2019, the company's stocks raised more than 8% within a day.",
"title": "BTS (band)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5517819#3",
"text": "Mattel bought in with great enthusiasm at the top of the market in 1999 at US$3.65B, but ultimately found itself losing money with 467 software titles. This acquisition was intended to broaden Mattel's product line and help Mattel sell more products that appeal to boys, but TLC began reporting unexpected losses before the deal was even completed. The deal was supposed to immediately add $50 million annually to Mattel's bottom line. The company instead lost $82.4 million in that fiscal year because of a number of problems with the acquisition, including a loss of a key distribution deal and a high return of unsold products from retailers. In October, Mattel announced that its earnings would fall well below expectations, prompting the departure one month later of TLC's O'Leary and another founder. Mattel ultimately sold the company to The Gores Group, LLC, (GTG) for a share of future profits. GTG said of TLC's business structure, \"[it] was a textbook example of a business built mostly by cobbled-together acquisitions, which were then purchased by a larger company with little idea of how to make the pieces fit together.\" Said James Bailey, President of GTG, \"there were seven separate Internet initiatives, all run by different people. Some of these people had never met each other, even though they worked in the same building.\" In 2001, Gores sold The Learning Company's entertainment holdings to Ubisoft, and most of the other holdings to Irish company Riverdeep.",
"title": "SoftKey"
},
{
"docid": "20642#10",
"text": "New York venture capital firms E.M. Warburg, Pincus & Co., and Drexel Burnham Lambert invested a couple hundred million in Mattel in 1984 to help the company survive. However, the Master of the Universe action figure line sales dropped, causing a $115 million loss in 1987. Chairman John W. Amerman improved the company's financial performance in 1987 by focusing on core brands. Mattel returned to working with the Disney company in 1988. In 1991, Mattel moved its headquarters from Hawthorne, California to El Segundo, California.\nMattel entered the game business in 1992 with the purchase of International Games, maker of Uno and Skip-Bo. Mattel purchased Fisher-Price, Inc. in 1993, Tyco Toys, Inc. (owners of the Matchbox and Dinky Toys brands) in 1997, and Pleasant Company (maker of the American Girl brand) in 1998. Mattel purchased The Learning Company in 1999 for $3.5 billion, but sold it in 2000 at a loss. The company had a $430.9 million net loss that year.",
"title": "Mattel"
},
{
"docid": "51552442#29",
"text": "Throughout the late 1990s period, which correlates to the history of the \"Madeline\" series, The Learning Company would retroactively be accused of being a house of cards \"burdened with tired brands\", cutting research and development to 11% of expenditures, and focusing on repackaging old products through distribution channels like convenience stores and drugstores, rather than investing resources into new software by the development companies they had acquired. The company had continued to grow through acquisitions, achieving revenues of $800 million, despite having an accumulated deficit of $1.1 billion by the end of 1998. Mattel CEO Jill Barad made a takeover bid in an attempt to overcome a downward slide in her company's stock price, \"seiz[ing] on educational software as a driver of future growth.\" Mattel had found success with its series featuring Barbie due to the representation of the characters, and sought to replicate this formula by expanding the product line to include series like \"Madeline\", which also included \"well-developed characters.\" A few weeks after the sale, CFRA produced a critical report on Mattel, which claimed: \"TLC was already experiencing collapsing revenue, a surge in receivables and a deterioration of operating cash flow.\" O'Leary, who had been hired as president of Mattel's new TLC digital division, soon sold his stock for $6 million, a few months before $2 billion in shareholder value was lost in a single day. The Learning Company's acquisition by Mattel in May 1999 resulted in a loss of nearly $300 million (once estimated at a loss of a $1 million a day) and represented the end of the \"boom-and-bust period\" of the \"edutainment\" era of the mid-1990s. Toby Levenson, former manager of The Learning Company's Educational Design Department, said \"edutainment\" had become \"a toxic word\" following the company's merger with Mattel, while \"Businessweek\" would describe the acquisition as one of \"the Worst Deals of All Time\". Lee Banville, editor of Gamesandlearning.org, wrote that the collapse of the market for children's education games was reflective of: \"how difficult it is to grow that business and diversify and evolve\". While the \"Madeline\" video game series was officially cancelled in 1997, \"Madeline 1st and 2nd Grade Math\" would be released two years later in 1999 under Mattel, becoming the last entry in the series before Creative Wonders being closed later that year.",
"title": "Madeline (video game series)"
},
{
"docid": "67233#30",
"text": "On November 10, 2017, the \"Wall Street Journal\" reported that Hasbro had made a takeover offer for Mattel, Inc. At the time, Mattel worth was $5 billion, while Hasbro was about $11 billion. On November 15, 2017, Reuters reported that Mattel rejected the offer. On February 27, 2018, \"Variety\" reported in a detailed article that Hasbro came close to buying Lionsgate last year, but the deal fell through.",
"title": "Hasbro"
},
{
"docid": "20642#18",
"text": "In January 2015, board member Christopher Sinclair replaced CEO Bryan Stockton, following with 2/3 of senior executives resigning or receiving lay off. In January 2016, Mattel acquired Fuhu, makers of Nabi tablets and other technology-driven hardware, in a bankruptcy proceeding for a sum worth $21 million. Mattel formed a new division formed from HIT, Playground Productions called Mattel Creations as unit over the American Girl content creation team, in March 2016.",
"title": "Mattel"
},
{
"docid": "15309#17",
"text": "Complaints from consumers who had chosen to buy the Intellivision specifically on the promise of a \"coming soon\" personal-computer upgrade, eventually caught the attention of the Federal Trade Commission (FTC), who started investigating Mattel Electronics for fraud and false advertising. In mid-1982 the FTC ordered Mattel to pay a monthly fine (said to be $10,000) until the promised computer upgrade was in full retail distribution. To protect themselves from the ongoing fines, the Keyboard Component was officially canceled in August 1982 and the Entertainment Computer System (ECS) module offered up in its place. Part of Mattel's settlement with the FTC involved offering to buy back all of the existing Keyboard Components from customers. Mattel provided a full refund but without a receipt paid $550 for the Keyboard Component, $60 for the BASIC cartridge, and $30 for each cassette software. Any customer who opted to keep theirs was required to sign a waiver with the understanding that no more software would be written for the system and absolved Mattel of any future responsibility for technical support. They were also compensated with $1000 worth of Mattel Electronics products.",
"title": "Intellivision"
},
{
"docid": "290781#10",
"text": "Mattel sold The Learning Company as well as Mattel Interactive in 2000 at a loss to Gores Technology group. The total financial losses to Mattel have been estimated to be as high as $3.6 billion.",
"title": "The Learning Company"
},
{
"docid": "28685755#2",
"text": "In the fall of 1998, Mattel agreed to acquire The Learning Company in a stock-for-stock merger valuing the company at approximately $4.2 billion. After this buyout Mattel renamed \"Mattel Media\" to Mattel Interactive.",
"title": "Mattel Interactive"
}
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] |
4129 | How did Rasputin die? | [
{
"docid": "2972316#13",
"text": "A group of men led by Prince Felix Yusupov decide to murder Rasputin and invite him to the Yusupov palace in December, 1916. Felix feeds Rasputin cakes and wine laced with lethal amounts of cyanide, but is horrified when it seems to have no effect. Felix then shoots Rasputin, who still does not die. Rasputin stumbles through the courtyard to the palace gates before being shot four more times, finally collapsing and dying. His body is thrown from a bridge into the icy Malaya Nevka River.\nAlexandra reads a note left behind by Rasputin, revealing his prior knowledge that he would be murdered, and that should the murderers be nobles, the Imperial Family would die within two years.",
"title": "Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny"
},
{
"docid": "2142874#14",
"text": "After being poisoned, shot, stabbed, clubbed, castrated, and hurled into the icy waters of the Neva, Rasputin was contacted by the Ogdru Jahad. They sent him visions explaining their nature and what they wanted from him, namely, to release them from their prison, help bring about the end of the world, and make way for a new world. Uncertain of how to proceed, Rasputin waited to be contacted again.",
"title": "Ogdru Jahad"
},
{
"docid": "12804#37",
"text": "Some writers – including Oleg Shishkin, Andrew Cook, Richard Cullen, and Michael Smith – have suggested that agents of the British Secret Intelligence Service (BSIS) were involved in Rasputin's assassination. According to this theory, British agents were concerned that Rasputin was urging the tsar to make a separate peace with Germany and withdraw from the war, and that this would allow Germany to transfer a large number of troops to the Western Front. The theory suggests, in other words, that British agents played an active role in Rasputin's assassination in order to keep Russia in the war and force Germany to keep defending the Eastern Front. While there are several variants of this theory, in general they suggest that British intelligence agents under the command of Samuel Hoare, and in particular Oswald Rayner – who had attended Oxford University with Yusopov – were directly involved in planning and carrying out the assassination, or that Rayner had personally shot Rasputin. However, historians do not seriously consider this theory. According to historian Douglas Smith, \"there is no convincing evidence that places any British agents at the murder scene.\" Historian Keith Jeffrey has stated that if British Intelligence agents had been involved in the assassination of Rasputin, \"I would have expected to find some trace of that\" in the MI6 archives, but that no such evidence exists.",
"title": "Grigori Rasputin"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "21800088#8",
"text": "At a big party where Rasputin is guest of honor, he recognizes the servant who has been bringing him his favorite traditional Tobolsk cakes all night; he used to work for Paul. Immediately suspicious, Rasputin has the house searched. They find Paul and Dr. Remezov. Rasputin is eager to dispatch his most implacable enemy himself; he takes Paul into the cellar at gunpoint. Once they are alone, Paul taunts Rasputin, telling him the cakes were filled with poison. He then leaps at Rasputin and beats him into unconsciousness. However, Rasputin refuses to die. Covered with blood, he rises and walks toward Paul, shouting that if he dies, Russia will die. Paul finally drags him out into the snow and throws him into the river to drown.",
"title": "Rasputin and the Empress"
},
{
"docid": "996649#9",
"text": "Mikhail has made his reappearance and this time had allied himself with Sinister. The two were attempting to assassinate all of the members of the Rasputin family but one, so that the spirit of their forefather Grigory Rasputin may be concentrated and reincarnated in the last remaining member of the lineage. Mikhail teleported himself and his brother to another dimension that was a series of rocky caves. Not wanting to physically kill his brother, he decided to leave him in the rock dimension where he would die in a matter of weeks. However, away from Sinister for a period of time, he was able to overcome his mental manipulations and came to his senses, rescuing his brother. His final decision was to teleport to a world named The Dark Zone, a dimension from which it was impossible to return and also once entered, impossible to die in. This protected the rest of the Rasputin line from the depredations of Sinister as at some point Mikhail would have been the sole surviving Rasputin, which would then trap his ancestor in the dark zone. Colossus tried to persuade him to save himself, but Mikhail determined that it would be best for the possible problem and for his own insanity.",
"title": "Mikhail Rasputin"
},
{
"docid": "2972316#12",
"text": "As millions of Russians soldiers die in World War I, citizens place the blame on Alexandra and Rasputin. Rasputin stops seeing the Virgin Mary, causing Alexandra and his fellow monks to desert him.",
"title": "Rasputin: Dark Servant of Destiny"
},
{
"docid": "4694346#4",
"text": "Rasputin re-appeared as a ghost while his revived pawns attempted to restore the vampire Vladimir Giurescu to life. Rasputin directed Ilsa Haupstein, a loyal member of Project Ragna Rok, to abandon her efforts to revive Giurescu and instead place herself within an enchanted iron maiden under the notion that she would be infused into the relic so she can endure the Ogdru Jahad when they burn the world. Leaving Ilsa, unaware that she died spiritually and only become a vessel for the goddess Hecate after her previous physical form was destroyed by Hellboy, Rasputin targets Abe Sapien and prophecies that Abe will suffer the same death as he did. After the unintended destruction of Project Ragna Rok's base, Rasputin pays a visit to Baba Yaga at Yggdrasil. While offered to stay with her, Rapustin says that he'll go on and continue to try to make himself a god.",
"title": "Grigori Rasputin (Hellboy)"
},
{
"docid": "12804#19",
"text": "During the summer of 1912, Alexei developed a hemorrhage in his thigh and groin after a jolting carriage ride near the royal hunting grounds at Spala, which caused a large hematoma. In severe pain and delirious with fever, the Tsarevich appeared to be close to death. In desperation, the Tsarina asked Vyrubova to send Rasputin (who was in Siberia) a telegram, asking him to pray for Alexei. Rasputin wrote back quickly, telling the Tsarina that \"God has seen your tears and heard your prayers. Do not grieve. The Little One will not die. Do not allow the doctors to bother him too much.\" The next morning, Alexei's condition was unchanged, but Alexandra was encouraged by the message and regained some hope that Alexei would survive. Alexei's bleeding stopped the following day.",
"title": "Grigori Rasputin"
},
{
"docid": "12804#28",
"text": "On a 33-year-old peasant woman named Chionya Guseva attempted to assassinate Rasputin by stabbing him in the stomach outside his home in Pokrovskoye. Rasputin was seriously wounded, and for a time it was not clear that he would survive. After surgery and some time in a hospital in Tyumen, however, he did recover.",
"title": "Grigori Rasputin"
},
{
"docid": "3127278#1",
"text": "Valentin Rasputin was born on 15 March 1937 in the village of Ust-Uda in Irkutsk Oblast of Russia. His father worked for a village cooperative store, and his mother was a nurse. Soon after his birth the Rasputin family moved to the village of in the same Ust-Uda district, where Rasputin spent his childhood.\nBoth villages, then located on the banks of the Angara River, do not exist in their original locations any more, asthe Bratsk Reservoir flooded much of the Angara Valley in the 1960s, and the villages were relocated to higher ground. Later, the writer remembered growing up in Siberia as a difficult, but happy time: \"As soon as we kids learned how to walk, we would toddle to the river with our fishing rods; still a tender child, we would run to the taiga, which would begin right outside the village, to pick berries and mushrooms; since young age, we would get into a boat and take the oars...\"",
"title": "Valentin Rasputin"
},
{
"docid": "49861#40",
"text": "From the start there were persistent murmurs and snickers behind Rasputin's back. Although some of St Petersburg's top clergy accepted Rasputin as a living prophet, others angrily denounced him as a fraud and a heretic. Stories from back home in Siberia chased him, such as how he conducted weddings for villagers in exchange for sleeping the first night with the bride. In his apartment in St Petersburg, where he lived with his two daughters and two housekeepers, Rasputin was visited by anyone seeking his blessing, a healing or a favour with the tsarina. Women, enchanted by the healer's crude mystique, also came to Rasputin for more \"private blessings\" and received a private audience in his bedroom, jokingly called the \"Holy of Holies\". Rasputin liked to preach a unique theology that one must first become familiar with sin before one can have a chance in overturning it.",
"title": "Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)"
}
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] |
4130 | What do you call the leader of Honduras? | [
{
"docid": "23420892#0",
"text": "The President of Honduras () officially known as the President of the Republic of Honduras (Spanish: \"Presidente de la República de Honduras\"), is the head of state and head of government of Honduras, and the Commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces. According to the 1982 Constitution of Honduras, the Government of Honduras consists of three branches: Executive, Legislative and Judicial. The President is the head of the Executive branch, their primary duty being to \"Execute and enforce the Constitution, treaties and conventions, laws and other legal dispositions.\" The President is directly elected for a four year term.",
"title": "President of Honduras"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "20465022#9",
"text": "The candidates of the two main political parties were former presidential candidate Porfirio Lobo Sosa of the National Party and former vice-president Elvin Santos of the Liberal Party. The trade unionist Garifuna leader Bernard Martínez Valerio was the Innovation and Unity Party (PINU) candidate. Martínez was the first black presidential candidate in the history of Honduras, according to PINU. Another trade union leader, Carlos Humberto Reyes, one of the coordinators of the Frente Nacional de Resistencia Contra el Golpe de Estado en Honduras, was an independent candidate for the election but formally withdrew in order not to legitimise the coup d'état and what he and his supporters perceived would be fraudulent elections.",
"title": "2009 Honduran general election"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "12139497#7",
"text": "You do what God has called you to do. You get on that rig, you go out and do the job. No matter how big the call, no matter how small, you have no idea of what God is calling you to do, but God needs you. He needs me. He needs all of us. God needs us to keep supporting each other, to be kind to each other, to love each other... We love this job, we all do. What a blessing it is! It is a difficult, difficult job, but God calls you to do it, and indeed, He gives you a love for it so that a difficult job will be well done. Isn't God wonderful?! Isn't He good to you, to each one of you, and to me? Turn to God each day--put your faith, your trust, your hope and your life in His hands. He'll take care of you, and you'll have a good life. And this firehouse will be a great blessing to his neighborhood and to this city. Amen.",
"title": "St. Peter Catholic Church (Manhattan)"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19043007#0",
"text": "O͘ is one of the six Taiwanese Hokkien vowels as written in the Peh-oe-ji (POJ) orthography. It is a normal o followed by Unicode , and is not to be confused with the Vietnamese Ơ. It is pronounced .",
"title": "O͘"
},
{
"docid": "37367517#0",
"text": "ㅓ(eoh) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅓ is U+3153.",
"title": "ㅓ"
},
{
"docid": "25602419#0",
"text": "ㅑ(yah) is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅑ is U+3151.",
"title": "ㅑ"
},
{
"docid": "49690867#0",
"text": "ㅛ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅛ is U+315B.",
"title": "ㅛ"
},
{
"docid": "37367511#0",
"text": "ㅋ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅋ is U+314B.",
"title": "ㅋ"
},
{
"docid": "49690775#0",
"text": "ㅕ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅕ is U+3155.",
"title": "ㅕ"
}
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4131 | How common are finches? | [
{
"docid": "9245399#0",
"text": "The long-tailed finch (\"Poephila acuticauda\") is a common species of estrildid finch found in Australia; also known as the blackheart finch, shaft-tail finch, Heck's grassfinch, Heck's grass finch, and Heck's finch. It is a predominantly fawn-coloured bird with a pale grey head and prominent black bib and eyes. It has an estimated global extent of occurrence of 1,000,000–10,000,000 km. It inhabits dry savannah habitats in Australia and adapts readily to aviculture. The IUCN has classified the species as being of least concern.",
"title": "Long-tailed finch"
},
{
"docid": "11711#9",
"text": "The finches have a near-global distribution, being found across the Americas, Eurasia and Africa, as well as some island groups such as the Hawaiian islands. They are absent from Australasia, Antarctica, the Southern Pacific and the islands of the Indian Ocean, although some European species have been widely introduced in Australia and New Zealand.",
"title": "Finch"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9244013#0",
"text": "The painted finch (\"Emblema pictum\") is a common species of estrildid finch found in Australia. The painted finch acquired its name due to the red and white spotted and mottled underparts of both males and females. The Latin name (\"Emblema pictum\") comes from emblema meaning mosaic or inlaid work; and pictum was derived from the Latin work pictus, meaning painted (from pingere, to paint). Other names include Emblema finch, Mountain finch, Painted firetail and Emblema. The painted finch is a popular bird to be kept in captivity and in backyard aviaries.",
"title": "Painted finch"
},
{
"docid": "1757261#14",
"text": "In the Kimberley District of Western Australia, where most wild Gouldian finch were trapped for aviculture, it was often reported as one of the more common of the eleven finch species. Until 1977, it was trapped in greater numbers than any other finch. From 1897, when finch trapping started in the Kimberley, it was the most sought after finch by trappers and the most desired by fanciers. Between the years 1934 and 1939, the Gouldian finch was the most exported single finch species. The Perth Zoo exported 22,064 finches of which 12,509 were Gouldian. Private dealers exported 35,315 finches, of which 14,504 were Gouldian. The number of finches taken in the 1958 finch trapping season was the largest for one year, of the 38,649 finches taken, 11,286 were Gouldian. The last licensed trapping of Gouldian finch in Western Australia was on 15 November 1981. In that year's finch trapping season, of the 23,450 finches taken 1,054 were Gouldian. However, it is now illegal to export these birds from Australia.",
"title": "Gouldian finch"
},
{
"docid": "2471120#4",
"text": "Recent research by Zamora \"et al.\" (2006) has revealed that the desert finch is more closely related to the greenfinches of the genus \"Carduelis\" (or \"Chloris\", if \"Carduelis\" is split up) as indicated by DNA sequence analysis, vocalizations, and the presence of a black eye-stripe. Genetically, it seems very close to the common ancestor of the greenfinches. It may be that the latter evolved from a desert form and later developed the green plumage, or that the common ancestor of the greenfinches and the desert finch (which lived around 6 million years ago) was a species of semiarid habitat which subsequently diverged into a truly desert-adapted lineage, today represented by the desert finch, and the ancestor of a woodlands lineage, the greenfinches.",
"title": "Desert finch"
},
{
"docid": "4149488#10",
"text": "Red-browed finches are common aviary birds. The red-browed finch will sometimes hybridise with the star finch, crimson finch, and zebra finch if kept together in captivity.\nThe species has been introduced to southwest Australia, where it is sometimes confused with the red-eared firetail \"Stagonopleura oculata\".",
"title": "Red-browed finch"
},
{
"docid": "12455649#2",
"text": "The common cactus finch is one of six species in the genus \"Geospiza\", part of a group of closely related species known as Darwin's finches. There are four recognized subspecies:",
"title": "Common cactus finch"
},
{
"docid": "9203670#0",
"text": "The cut-throat finch (\"Amadina fasciata\") is a common species of estrildid finch found throughout Africa; it is also known as the bearded finch, the ribbon finch, the cut throat, and the weaver finch.",
"title": "Cut-throat finch"
},
{
"docid": "12446243#0",
"text": "The red pileated finch (\"Coryphospingus cucullatus\"), also known as the red-crested finch, is a species of bird in the family Thraupidae. It is found in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Paraguay, Peru, on the eastern side of the Andes. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, and heavily degraded former forest. This is a common species, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has rated its conservation status as \"least concern\".",
"title": "Red pileated finch"
},
{
"docid": "241023#5",
"text": "The Fringillidae are all seed-eaters with stout conical bills. They have similar skull morphologies, nine large primaries, 12 tail feathers and no crop. In all species, the female builds the nest, incubates the eggs, and broods the young. Finches are divided into two subfamilies, the Carduelinae, containing around 28 genera with 141 species and the Fringillinae containing a single genus, \"Fringilla\", with three species: the chaffinch (\"F. coelebs\"), the Tenerife blue chaffinch (\"F. teydea\"), and the brambling (\"F. montifringilla\"). Fringilline finches raise their young almost entirely on arthropods, while the cardueline finches raise their young on regurgitated seeds.",
"title": "Common chaffinch"
},
{
"docid": "2471120#5",
"text": "The common ancestor of all greenfinches, which are among the oldest \"Carduelis\" species, appeared on Earth around 9 MYA.\nOne of these common ancestors is the desert finch, which now thrives in Asian deserts, but could have also inhabited African deserts.\nThis finch, with very pale colors and a breeding season mask similar to that of the common greenfinch, used to be classified, according to phenotypical (external) characters, close to the trumpeter finch, but it belongs to genus \"Carduelis\" according to several molecular studies.",
"title": "Desert finch"
}
] | [
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4134 | What was the first fighter plane used by the Royal Air Force? | [
{
"docid": "3630911#13",
"text": "In the Korean War, Mustangs from No. 77 Squadron (77 Sqn), stationed in Japan with the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, were among the first United Nations aircraft to be deployed, in ground support, combat air patrol, and escort missions. When the UN planes were confronted by MiG-15 jet fighters, 77 Sqn acquired Gloster Meteors, which enabled some success against the Soviet pilots flying for North Korea. However, the MiGs were superior aircraft and the Meteors were relegated to ground support missions, as the North Koreans gained experience. The air force also operated transport aircraft during the conflict.",
"title": "History of the Royal Australian Air Force"
},
{
"docid": "42702#0",
"text": "The Gloster Meteor was the first British jet fighter and the Allies' only jet aircraft to achieve combat operations during the Second World War. The Meteor's development was heavily reliant on its ground-breaking turbojet engines, pioneered by Sir Frank Whittle and his company, Power Jets Ltd. Development of the aircraft began in 1940, although work on the engines had been under way since 1936. The Meteor first flew in 1943 and commenced operations on 27 July 1944 with No. 616 Squadron RAF. The Meteor was not a sophisticated aircraft in its aerodynamics, but proved to be a successful combat fighter. Gloster's 1946 civil Meteor F.4 demonstrator \"G-AIDC\" was the first civilian-registered jet aircraft in the world.",
"title": "Gloster Meteor"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26328#13",
"text": "During the fighting for Rabaul in early 1942, No. 24 Squadron RAAF fought a brief, but ultimately futile defence as the Japanese advanced south towards Australia. The devastating air raids on Darwin on 19 February 1942 increased concerns about the direct threat facing Australia. In response, some RAAF squadrons were transferred from the northern hemisphere—although a substantial number remained there until the end of the war. Shortages of fighter and ground attack planes led to the acquisition of US-built Curtiss P-40 Kittyhawks and the rapid design and manufacture of the first Australian fighter, the CAC Boomerang. RAAF Kittyhawks came to play a crucial role in the New Guinea and Solomon Islands campaigns, especially in operations like the Battle of Milne Bay. As a response to a possible Japanese chemical warfare threat the RAAF imported hundreds of thousands of chemical weapons into Australia.",
"title": "Royal Australian Air Force"
},
{
"docid": "8796266#1",
"text": "No. 48 Squadron of the Royal Flying Corps was formed at Netheravon, Wiltshire, on 15 April 1916. The squadron was posted to France in March 1917 and became the first fighter squadron to be equipped with the Bristol Fighter. One of the squadron's commanders was Keith Park, then a Major, who later led No. 11 Group of Fighter Command during the Battle of Britain as an Air Vice Marshal. The squadron became part of the Royal Air Force when the Royal Flying Corps merged with the Royal Naval Air Service in 1918. It moved by sea to India during May/June 1919, being based at Quetta. On 1 April 1920 the squadron was disbanded by renumbering it to No. 5 Squadron.",
"title": "No. 48 Squadron RAF"
},
{
"docid": "2827153#1",
"text": "Military aviation first began as either army or naval aviation units established as force multipliers to allow armies and navies to better do what they were already doing, this taking mostly the form of reconnaissance and artillery spotting, this led to the first fighter aircraft whose purpose was to shoot down enemy reconnaissance and artillery spotting aircraft, and to protect one's own aircraft from being shot down. At this point the purpose of aircraft was still to act as an adjunct to traditional armies and fleets operating in the traditional way. However, as aircraft became more technologically sophisticated military theorists of the interwar period began to think of airpower as a means in and of itself where the critical blow could be delivered by strategic bombing, and the experience of World War II confirmed this. Post World War II air forces such as the Royal Air Force and the newly established United States Air Force concentrated on building strategic bomber forces for attack and fighter forces to defend against enemy bombers. Air forces still incorporated a significant amount of tactical missions through air interdiction and close air support missions.",
"title": "Army aviation"
},
{
"docid": "1137609#3",
"text": "On 25 October 1962, after the end of the Malayan Emergency, the RAF handed over their first airfields in Malaya to the RFMAF, at Simpang Airport; it was opened on 1 June 1941, in Sungai Besi, Kuala Lumpur which was formerly part of Selangor and the national capital city. The first aircraft for the fledgling air force was a Scottish Aviation Twin Pioneer named \"Lang Rajawali\" by the then Prime Minister Tunku Abdul Rahman. Several Malayans serving with the Royal Air Force transferred to the Royal Federation of Malaya Air Force. The role played by TUDM was limited initially to communications and the support of ground operations against Communist insurgents during the Malayan Emergency. TUDM received its first combat aircraft with the delivery of 20 Canadair CL41G Tebuans (an armed version of the Canadair Tutor trainer). TUDM also received Aérospatiale Alouette III helicopters, to be used in the liaison role.\nWith the formation of the Malaysian Federation on 16 September 1963, the name of the air force was changed to \"Tentera Udara Diraja Malaysia\" or \"Royal Malaysian Air Force\". New types introduced into service included the Handley Page Herald transport and the De Havilland Canada DHC-4 Caribou. TUDM received Sikorsky S-61A-4 helicopters in the late 1960s and early 1970s which were used in the transport role. \nTUDM gained an air defence capability when the Australian Government donated 10 ex-Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) CAC Sabre fighters. These were based at the Butterworth Air Base. After the withdrawal of British military forces from Malaysia and Singapore at the end of 1971, a five-nation agreement between Malaysia, Singapore, New Zealand, Australia, and the United Kingdom was concluded to ensure defence against external aggression. The RAAF maintained two Mirage IIIO squadrons at RAF/RAAF Station Butterworth, Butterworth Air Base as part of its commitment to the Five Power Defence Arrangements. These squadrons were withdrawn in 1986, although occasional deployments of RAAF aircraft continue.",
"title": "Royal Malaysian Air Force"
},
{
"docid": "1188812#6",
"text": "In the buildup to the Second World War, the United Kingdom had embarked on a programme to develop cannon-armed fighters. They acquired a licence to build the HS.404, which entered production as the Hispano Mk.I intended as aeroplane armament. Its first use was in the Westland Whirlwind of 1940, and later in the more powerful Bristol Beaufighter, providing the Royal Air Force with powerful cannon-armed interceptors. The experience of the Battle of Britain had shown the batteries of eight rifle-calibre machine guns to be inadequate and prompted the adoption of autocannon armament for the primary portion of Royal Air Force (RAF) fighters. The Beaufighter highlighted the need for a belt feed mechanism; as a night fighter the 60-round drums needed to be replaced in the dark by the Radar/Wireless Operator, often while the aircraft was manoeuvering to keep sight of its quarry. In addition, the early trial installations in the Hawker Hurricane and Supermarine Spitfire had shown a tendency for the gun to jam during combat manoeuvres, leading to some official doubt as to the suitability of cannon as the sole main armament. This led to the Air Ministry for a brief period specifying 12-machine gun armament for new fighters.",
"title": "Hispano-Suiza HS.404"
},
{
"docid": "182984#16",
"text": "The team had flown 26 shows by that August. The first team leader was Major Richard C. Catledge (1953–1954), and the first plane used by the unit was the straight-wing F-84G Thunderjet. Because the Thunderjet was a single-seat fighter, a two-seat T-33 Shooting Star served as the narrator's aircraft and was used as the VIP/Press ride aircraft. The T-33 served with the Thunderbirds in this capacity in the 1950s and 1960s.",
"title": "United States Air Force Thunderbirds"
},
{
"docid": "8006190#2",
"text": "During May 1967 the Kingdom of Libya reached an agreement with the United States to supply 10 Northrop F-5s to the Royal Libyan Air Force. These were the first fighters for the young Air Force which only operated at the time six Douglas C-47 transports and three Lockheed T-33A trainers. Fifty-six personnel underwent training at bases in the U.S., pilots at Williams Air Force Base; a U.S. Survey Team on Expansion came to Libya in August 1968 to supervise the introduction of the fighters. Serviceability of the F-5s declined after the 1969 coup and it appears that most may have eventually been sold to Turkey.",
"title": "Libyan Air Force"
},
{
"docid": "31232347#7",
"text": "Royal Norwegian Air Force F-16s were assigned to the U.S. African Command and Operation Odyssey Dawn. A number of Norwegian F-16s took off from the Souda Bay Air Base on the island of Crete, Greece for their first mission over Libya.\nThree laser-guided bombs were launched from 2 F-16s of the Royal Norwegian Airforce against Libyan tanks. F-16s from the Royal Norwegian Airforce bombed an airfield in Libya during the night. Coalition planes flew 164 sorties and coalition leaders reported damage to Gadhafi's ground forces.\nLockheed AC-130 gunships and Fairchild Republic A-10 Thunderbolt II ground attack aircraft began operations, attacking ground forces. These were the first aircraft used against troops; previous strikes had targeted command and anti-aircraft infrastructure. Two B-1 bombers from Ellsworth Air Force Base attacked undisclosed targets in Libya.",
"title": "Operation Odyssey Dawn"
},
{
"docid": "904187#11",
"text": "The first mission \"over the hump\" took place on 8 April 1942. Flying from the Royal Air Force airfield at Dinjan, Lt. Col. William D. Old used a pair of the former Pan Am DC-3s to ferry of aviation fuel intended to resupply the Doolittle Raiders. The collapse of Allied resistance in northern Burma in May 1942 meant further diversion of the already minuscule air effort. The ABC Ferry Command resupplied Stilwell's retreating army and evacuated its wounded, while establishing a regular air service to China using ten borrowed DC-3s, three AAF C-47s, and 13 CNAC C-53s and C-39s. Only two-thirds of the aircraft were serviceable at any time. Dinjan was within range of Japanese fighters now based at Myitkyina, forcing all-night maintenance operations and pre-dawn takeoffs of the defenseless supply planes. The threat of interception also forced the ABC Ferry Command to fly a difficult 500-mile (800 km) route to China over the Eastern Himalayan Uplift, which came to be known as the \"high hump\", or more simply, \"The Hump\".\nThe official history of the Army Air Forces states:\nUnfavorable weather conditions along the route were a major contributing factor to its difficulty:\nThe point of view of a veteran crewman who flew the Hump was described in a feature story for a local newspaper years after:",
"title": "The Hump"
}
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4135 | Where was John Whitfield Bunn born? | [
{
"docid": "24406671#3",
"text": "Henry Bunn was born October 19, 1772, in Alexandria Township, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. Henry Bunn was the son of Jacob Bunn (born 1736; died 1808) and Maria Elizabetha (surname unknown) (born 1744; died 1817). Henry Bunn married Mary Sigler (born April 7, 1788; died July 31, 1833). Henry Bunn and Mary (Sigler) Bunn owned a prosperous farm in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, and at the time of Henry Bunn's death in 1859 he left an estate valued at a quantity in excess of $34,000. There exists evidence that Henry Bunn, the father of Jacob Bunn, John Whitfield Bunn, and George Whitfield Bunn, engaged in the banking business in Hunterdon County, New Jersey.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#37",
"text": "George Whitfield Bunn, a brother of Jacob Bunn and John Whitfield Bunn, also born in Hunterdon County, New Jersey, became a pioneer banker and land developer in Marin County, California, during the nineteenth century, and once owned immense oil interests in Texas, including more than of property that later became a major oil field in Texas. George Whitfield Bunn served as an incorporator and director of the Bank of Tomales, California.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#0",
"text": "John Whitfield Bunn (June 21, 1831 – June 7, 1920) was an American corporate leader, financier, industrialist, and personal friend of Abraham Lincoln, whose work and leadership involved a broad range of institutions ranging from Midwestern railroads, international finance, and Republican Party politics, to corporate consultation, globally significant manufacturing, and the various American stock exchanges. He was of great historical importance in the commercial, civic, political, and industrial development and growth of the state of Illinois and the American Midwest, during both the nineteenth century and the twentieth century. John Whitfield Bunn was born June 21, 1831, in Hunterdon County, New Jersey. Although every one of the business institutions co-founded or built by the Bunn Brothers has ceased to exist, and fallen purely into the realm of history, each of these businesses left an important legacy of honorable industrial, commercial, and civic vision for Illinois, the Midwest, and the United States.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#2",
"text": "John W. Bunn was the third son of Henry Bunn and Mary (Sigler) Bunn, both of Hunterdon County, New Jersey. The Bunn family was Presbyterian, and they recorded the baptisms of several children in a Presbyterian Church located at one time in Alexandria, Hunterdon County, New Jersey. There exists evidence that the Bunn family ancestors had originally purchased property from the heirs of William Penn.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "24406671#6",
"text": "In 1847, at the age of 16, John W. Bunn left New Jersey to join his older brother Jacob Bunn in the wholesale grocery trade in Springfield, Sangamon County, Illinois, having been induced to make the migration to Illinois by the positive and promising description that Jacob Bunn had furnished during a return visit to the New Jersey farm where both men had been raised.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#5",
"text": "John Bunn spent his childhood and early adulthood on the family farm located near Milford, New Jersey.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#9",
"text": "Coming to adulthood in the quickly developing state of Illinois, and achieving an increasingly prominent status among the commercial leadership of Illinois, John W. Bunn developed a close friendship with statesman and lawyer Abraham Lincoln. John W. Bunn was a principal member within, and one of the most important members and operators of, the Abraham Lincoln political network of friendship and political support, having once earned from Illinois historian and scholar George A. Lawrence the honorable description of having been one of the closest personal and political friends of Abraham Lincoln himself.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#4",
"text": "Jacob Bunn married Elizabeth Jane Ferguson (born May 12, 1832; died 1885), daughter of Benjamin Ferguson and Sarah (Irwin) Ferguson, both natives of Washington County, Pennsylvania. Benjamin Ferguson was a building contractor who contributed to the construction of the old Illinois State Capitol in Springfield. Sarah Irwin was the sister of the bankers and merchants Robert Irwin (born November 7, 1808; died 1865) and John Irwin (born January 20, 1804; died 1857). Robert Irwin acted as the personal debt collector for Abraham Lincoln, and served as a member of the board of directors of the State Bank of Illinois. The Irwins were all natives of Monongahela City, Pennsylvania, were Presbyterian, and were of Scottish origin. A daughter of Robert Irwin married William Marston, a Wall Street speculator and financier who often worked in partnership with Cornelius Vanderbilt, and who was responsible for the nearly $7 million stock price rally of the Michigan & Prairie du Chien Railroad Company in 1865. William Marston gained a personal profit of between $1 and $2 million, in 1865, from the artificial rally, which he manipulated and caused when he rapidly purchased nearly 22,000 shares of stock in the Michigan & Prairie du Chien Railroad Company. The Irwin family also was interconnected with the Holden Family of Cleveland, Ohio, which owned the Island Creek Coal Company, the Pond Creek Coal Company, and the Forest City Publishing Company, publisher of \"The Plain Dealer\" newspaper, and the Hollenden Hotel.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#14",
"text": "Beginning as an entry-level employee in the wholelsale grocery house owned by his brother, John rapidly ascended to increased levels of responsibility, not only within the grocery enterprise, but within a diverse array of additional commercial and civic organizations in Illinois, and throughout the United States as a whole.\nThe J. & J. W. Bunn Grocery Company generated approximate sales of $200,000 around 1871. During the period when John W. Bunn acted with executive leadership within the J. & J. W. Bunn Grocery Company, the profitability of the firm increased, and in 1880 the sales volume of the firm reached $450,000, with prediction in 1880 of sales volume growth to $500,000 for 1881. This venture subsequently became known as \"Bunn Capitol Wholesale Grocery Company\" in the 1950s. George R. Bunn Jr. managed this company and created a beverage division that eventually turned into the Bunn-O-Matic Corporation, which also owns the \"BUNN\" brand.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
},
{
"docid": "24406671#64",
"text": "John W. Bunn was an incorporator of the United States Centennial Commission of 1876, the corporate body that organized and carried out the United States Centennial International Exhibition of 1876, at Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Along with Illinois delegates and incorporators Norman B. Judd, William B. Ogden, John Williams, William F. Coolbaugh, J. M. Adsit, H. O. Armour, D. J. Ely, George Bruner, Charles Fisher, John C. Proctor, and L. C. Bull, John W. Bunn served as incorporator of the $10 million corporation that provided the financial and directorial structure of the 1876 United States Centennial Exhibition. Additionally, Bunn served as a founder and member of the board of directors of the Lincoln Library of Springfield, Illinois. John Bunn, a lifelong bachelor, died on June 7, 1920 in Springfield, Illinois.",
"title": "John Whitfield Bunn and Jacob Bunn"
}
] | [
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4136 | How did Judus betray Jesus? | [
{
"docid": "59172#21",
"text": "There are several explanations as to why Judas betrayed Jesus. In the earliest account, in the Gospel of Mark, when he goes to the chief priests to betray Jesus, he is offered money as a reward, but it is not clear that money is his motivation. In the Gospel of Matthew account, on the other hand, he asks what they will pay him for handing Jesus over. In the Gospel of Luke and the Gospel of John, the devil enters into Judas, causing him to offer to betray Jesus. The Gospel of John account has Judas complaining that money has been spent on expensive perfumes to anoint Jesus which could have been spent on the poor, but adds that he was the keeper of the apostles' purse and used to steal from it.",
"title": "Judas Iscariot"
},
{
"docid": "12462694#12",
"text": "Jesus and His disciples meet in an upper room to celebrate the Passover, and he gives them some of his final teachings, assuring them that His spirit and His peace will always be with them (\"Shalom\"). Judas leaves the table to betray Jesus to the priests and Pharisees. Jesus predicts that all his disciples will fall away, but Peter insists that he will never leave Jesus. Jesus warns him that before the rooster crows, he will deny Jesus three times. Jesus and the rest of His disciples go into the Garden of Gethsemane to pray (\"He Is Jehovah\" (reprise)). The disciples fall asleep. Jesus begs God to take away the suffering he will endure, but then asks that God's will be done so that God may be glorified (\"Glorify Your Son\"§). The disciples awaken as Judas returns with some Roman soldiers. Judas betrays Jesus with a kiss, and the soldiers arrest him and lead him away.",
"title": "The Promise (Passion play)"
},
{
"docid": "59172#0",
"text": "Judas Iscariot (died AD) was a disciple and one of the original Twelve Disciples of Jesus Christ. According to all four canonical gospels, Judas betrayed Jesus to the Sanhedrin in the Garden of Gethsemane by kissing him and addressing him as \"Rabbi\" to reveal his identity to the crowd who had come to arrest him. His name is often used synonymously with betrayal or treason. Judas's epithet \"Iscariot\" most likely means he came from the village of Kerioth, but this explanation is not universally accepted and many other possibilities have been suggested.",
"title": "Judas Iscariot"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "568642#2",
"text": "The title refers to the friendship between the scribe, Philo, and Judas Iscariot, the disciple who betrayed Jesus. The premise is that Judas was actually Jesus' most trusted disciple, and chose him for the important job of \"betraying\" him to the authorities. In other words, Judas was following Jesus' instructions. He tells his story to Philo, who writes it all down on papyrus, seals it up in a Greek jar, and hides it until it is discovered in the 20th century. The story goes that Judas hanged himself, not because he was ashamed of betraying Jesus, but because he had not kept the secret as Jesus had made him promise to do.",
"title": "A Time for Judas"
},
{
"docid": "897181#33",
"text": "In his 1997 book \"Stealing Jesus: How Fundamentalism Betrays Christianity\", Bawer stated, in the words of \"Publishers Weekly\", \"that fundamentalist Christianity... has been preaching a message of wrath and judgment\" that \"is incompatible with Jesus' message of love.\" While criticizing \"Bawer's sometimes strident tone,\" \"Publishers Weekly\" said that his \"graceful prose and lucid insights make this a must-read book for anyone concerned with the relationship of Christianity to contemporary American culture.\" Walter Kendrick, in \"The New York Times\", noted that like \"A Place at the Table\", \"Stealing Jesus\" was an \"alarm bell,\" in this case about Christian fundamentalism. Although Kendrick complained that, Bawer's hopes to the contrary, there was \"no hope of converting the fundamentalists,\" he concluded that the book might \"prove of value simply for its clear exposition of what today's American 'fundamentalists' believe and want to do.\"",
"title": "Bruce Bawer"
},
{
"docid": "1095706#98",
"text": "The Gospels say that Jesus was betrayed to the authorities by a disciple, and many scholars consider this report to be highly reliable. He was executed on the orders of Pontius Pilate, the Roman prefect of Judaea. Pilate most likely saw Jesus' reference to the Kingdom of God as a threat to Roman authority and worked with the Temple elites to have Jesus executed. The Sadducean high-priestly leaders of the Temple more plausibly had Jesus executed for political reasons than for his teaching. They may have regarded him as a threat to stability, especially after he caused a disturbance at the Second Temple. Other factors, such as Jesus' triumphal entry into Jerusalem, may have contributed to this decision. Most scholars consider Jesus' crucifixion to be factual, because early Christians would not have invented the painful death of their leader.",
"title": "Jesus"
},
{
"docid": "58009#5",
"text": "According to the accounts in the Gospels, the royal soldiers, guided by Jesus' disciple Judas Iscariot, arrested Jesus in the Garden of Gethsemane. Judas received money (30 pieces of silver) () for betraying Jesus and told the guards that whomever he kisses is the one they are to arrest. Following his arrest, Jesus was taken to the house of Annas, the father-in-law of the high priest, Caiaphas. There he was interrogated with little result and sent bound to Caiaphas the high priest where the Sanhedrin had assembled ().",
"title": "Good Friday"
},
{
"docid": "1353277#11",
"text": "Desperate because he has betrayed Jesus to his death, Judas hangs himself and his body is found by Barabbas. Jesus dies in front of his mother, the apostle John, a few soldiers, Claudia (Pilate's wife), and Lucius (who utters the fateful words: \"He is truly the Christ\"). His body is taken down from the cross and is carried to a rock tomb. Two days later, Mary Magdalene finds the tomb empty, and encounters the Risen Jesus.",
"title": "King of Kings (1961 film)"
},
{
"docid": "30022906#11",
"text": "...the sonority of Sanskrit gives a fresh morning splendour and resonance to Jesus' divine ministry. Mary held Joseph's hand as Arundhati did Vasishtha's; Just as Vasudeva hid his son Krishna in Nanda's house, so did Joseph take Jesus to Egypt for his safety; Lazarus' sisters embraced him as he emerged out of his tomb, even as Devayani embraced Kacha as he revived after death... in betraying Jesus with a kiss, wasn't Judas anticipating Godse who was to kill the Mahatma after first saluting him? The similes come naturally, and rather bring out the basic unity of texture that binds all human history.\nIn summary, K. R. Srinivasa Iyengar concluded that the \"Kristubhagavatam\" is...",
"title": "Kristubhagavatam"
},
{
"docid": "1095706#90",
"text": "Most scholars hold that Jesus lived in Galilee and Judea and did not preach or study elsewhere. They agree that Jesus debated with Jewish authorities on the subject of God, performed some healings, taught in parables and gathered followers. Jesus' Jewish critics considered his ministry to be scandalous because he feasted with sinners, fraternized with women, and allowed his followers to pluck grain on the Sabbath. According to Sanders, it is not plausible that disagreements over how to interpret the Law of Moses and the Sabbath would have led Jewish authorities to want Jesus killed.",
"title": "Jesus"
},
{
"docid": "7651220#7",
"text": "The apostles and Mary Magdalene remember how things began and wish that they had not gotten so out of hand (\"Could We Start Again Please?\"). Jesus is flung into a cell, where he is seen by Judas, who runs to tell the priests that he regrets his part in the arrest. He hurls his money to the ground and curses at the priests before running into the desert. Overcome by grief and regret for betraying Jesus, he blames God for his woes by giving him the role of the betrayor, and hangs himself (\"Judas' Death\"). Jesus is taken back to Pilate, who questions him; Herod is also present. Although he thinks Jesus is deluded, Pilate realizes that he has committed no actual crime and has Jesus scourged; Herod is gleeful at first but eventually terrified. Pilate's bemused indifference turns to a frenzy of confusion and anger, both at the crowd's irrational bloodthirstiness and Jesus' inexplicable resignation and refusal to defend himself. Pilate realizes he has no option but to have Jesus executed or the masses will grow violent (\"Trial Before Pilate [Including the Thirty-Nine Lashes]\"). After Pilate washes his hands of Jesus' fate, Jesus' appearance transforms, the heavens open, and a white-jumpsuit clad Judas descends on a silver cross. Judas laments that if Jesus had returned as the Messiah today, he would have been more popular and his message easier to spread. Judas also wonders what Jesus thinks of other religions' prophets. He ultimately wants to know if Jesus thinks he is who they say he is (\"Superstar\"). Judas' questions go unanswered, and Jesus is sent to die (\"The Crucifixion\"), with ominous, atonal music, with Jesus saying some of his final words before dying.",
"title": "Jesus Christ Superstar (film)"
}
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4137 | What philosophies use dualism? | [
{
"docid": "56133469#0",
"text": "Dualism in Indian philosophy refers to the belief held by certain schools of Indian philosophy that reality is fundamentally composed of two parts. This mainly takes the form of either mind-matter dualism in Buddhist philosophy or consciousness-matter dualism in the Samkhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy. These can be contrasted with mind-body dualism in Western philosophy of mind, but also have similarities with it.",
"title": "Dualism (Indian philosophy)"
},
{
"docid": "13568947#1",
"text": "Moral dualism is the belief of the great complement of, or conflict between, the benevolent and the malevolent. It simply implies that there are two moral opposites at work, independent of any interpretation of what might be \"moral\" and independent of how these may be represented. Moral opposites might, for example, exist in a worldview which has one god, more than one god, or none. By contrast, duotheism, bitheism or ditheism implies (at least) two gods. While bitheism implies harmony, ditheism implies rivalry and opposition, such as between good and evil, or light and dark, or summer and winter. For example, a ditheistic system could be one in which one god is a creator, and the other a destroyer. In theology, dualism can also refer to the relationship between the deity and creation or the deity and the universe (see theistic dualism). This form of dualism is a belief shared in certain traditions of Christianity and Hinduism. Alternatively, in ontological dualism, the world is divided into two overarching categories. The opposition and combination of the universe's two basic principles of yin and yang is a large part of Chinese philosophy, and is an important feature of Taoism. It is also discussed in Confucianism.",
"title": "Dualistic cosmology"
},
{
"docid": "56133469#1",
"text": "Another form of dualism in Hindu philosophy is found in the Dvaita (\"dualism\") Vedanta school, which regards God and the world as two realities with distinct essences; this is a form of theistic dualism. By contrast, schools such as Advaita (\"nondualism\") Vedanta embrace absolute monism and regard dualism as an illusion (\"maya\").",
"title": "Dualism (Indian philosophy)"
},
{
"docid": "59350035#0",
"text": "The study of the mind in Eastern philosophy has parallels to the Western study of the Philosophy of mind as a branch of philosophy that studies the nature of the mind. Dualism and monism are the two central schools of thought on the mind–body problem in the Western tradition, although nuanced views have arisen that do not fit one or the other category neatly. Dualism is found in both Eastern and Western traditions (in the Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy as well as Plato) but its entry into Western philosophy was thanks to René Descartes in the 17th century. This article on mind in eastern philosophy deals with this subject from the standpoint of eastern philosophy which is historically strongly separated from the Western tradition and its approach to the Western philosophy of mind.",
"title": "Mind in eastern philosophy"
},
{
"docid": "6880483#7",
"text": "Dualism is a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter (or body). It begins with the claim that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical. One of the earliest known formulations of mind–body dualism was expressed in the eastern Sankhya and Yoga schools of Hindu philosophy (c. 650 BCE), which divided the world into purusha (mind/spirit) and prakriti (material substance). Specifically, the Yoga Sutra of Patanjali presents an analytical approach to the nature of the mind.",
"title": "Philosophy of mind"
},
{
"docid": "175456#3",
"text": "Ontological dualism makes dual commitments about the nature of existence as it relates to mind and matter, and can be divided into three different types:Substance dualism is a type of dualism most famously defended by René Descartes, which states that there are two kinds of foundation: mental and body. This philosophy states that the mental can exist outside of the body, and the body cannot think. Substance dualism is important historically for having given rise to much thought regarding the famous mind–body problem. Substance dualism is a philosophical position compatible with most theologies which claim that immortal souls occupy an independent realm of existence distinct from that of the physical world.",
"title": "Mind–body dualism"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "25525#24",
"text": "Descartes, influenced by the automatons on display throughout the city of Paris, began to investigate the connection between the mind and body, and how the two interact. His main influences for dualism were theology and physics. The theory on the dualism of mind and body is Descartes' signature doctrine and permeates other theories he advanced. Known as Cartesian dualism (or Mind-Body Dualism), his theory on the separation between the mind and the body went on to influence subsequent Western philosophies. In \"Meditations on First Philosophy\", Descartes attempted to demonstrate the existence of God and the distinction between the human soul and the body. Humans are a union of mind and body; thus Descartes' dualism embraced the idea that mind and body are distinct but closely joined. While many contemporary readers of Descartes found the distinction between mind and body difficult to grasp, he thought it was entirely straightforward. Descartes employed the concept of \"modes\", which are the ways in which substances exist. In \"Principles of Philosophy\", Descartes explained, \"we can clearly perceive a substance apart from the mode which we say differs from it, whereas we cannot, conversely, understand the mode apart from the substance\". To perceive a mode apart from its substance requires an intellectual abstraction, which Descartes explained as follows:",
"title": "René Descartes"
},
{
"docid": "6880483#10",
"text": "Another important argument in favor of dualism is that the mental and the physical seem to have quite different, and perhaps irreconcilable, properties. Mental events have a subjective quality, whereas physical events do not. So, for example, one can reasonably ask what a burnt finger feels like, or what a blue sky looks like, or what nice music sounds like to a person. But it is meaningless, or at least odd, to ask what a surge in the uptake of glutamate in the dorsolateral portion of the prefrontal cortex feels like.",
"title": "Philosophy of mind"
},
{
"docid": "56133469#3",
"text": "While Western philosophical traditions, as exemplified by Descartes, equate mind with the conscious self and theorize on consciousness on the basis of mind/body dualism; some Eastern philosophies provide an alternate viewpoint, intimately related to substance dualism, by drawing a metaphysical line between consciousness and matter — where matter includes both body and mind.",
"title": "Dualism (Indian philosophy)"
},
{
"docid": "5646759#2",
"text": "Dualism is the division of two contrasted or opposed aspects.The dualist school supposes the existence of non-physical entities, the most widely discussed one being the mind. But beyond that it runs into stumbling blocks. Pierre Gassendi put one such problem directly to René Descartes in 1641, in response to Descartes's \"Meditations\":\nDescartes' response to Gassendi, and to Princess Elizabeth who asked him similar questions in 1643, is generally considered nowadays to be lacking, because it did not address what is known in the philosophy of mind as the interaction problem. This is a problem for non-physical entities as posited by dualism: by what mechanism, exactly, do they interact with physical entities, and how can they do so? Interaction with physical systems requires physical properties which a non-physical entity does not possess.",
"title": "Non-physical entity"
},
{
"docid": "6880483#9",
"text": "The most frequently used argument in favor of dualism appeals to the common-sense intuition that conscious experience is distinct from inanimate matter. If asked what the mind is, the average person would usually respond by identifying it with their self, their personality, their soul, or some other such entity. They would almost certainly deny that the mind simply is the brain, or vice versa, finding the idea that there is just one ontological entity at play to be too mechanistic, or simply unintelligible. Many modern philosophers of mind think that these intuitions are misleading and that we should use our critical faculties, along with empirical evidence from the sciences, to examine these assumptions to determine whether there is any real basis to them.",
"title": "Philosophy of mind"
},
{
"docid": "175456#0",
"text": "Mind–body dualism, or mind–body duality, is a view in the philosophy of mind that mental phenomena are, in some respects, non-physical, or that the mind and body are distinct and separable. Thus, it encompasses a set of views about the relationship between mind and matter, and between subject and object, and is contrasted with other positions, such as physicalism and enactivism, in the mind–body problem.",
"title": "Mind–body dualism"
}
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] |
4139 | When did the first whiteboard get made? | [
{
"docid": "469661#3",
"text": "Whiteboards became commercially available in the early 1960s, but did not become widely used until 30 years later. Early whiteboards needed to be wiped with a damp cloth and markers had a tendency to leave marks behind, even after erasing the board. Dry-erase markers for whiteboards were invented in 1975.",
"title": "Whiteboard"
},
{
"docid": "469661#2",
"text": "Albert Stallion invented whiteboards while working at Alliance in the 1960s. Alliance (now known as PolyVision) produced enameled steel for architectural cladding, but Stallion noted it could also potentially be used as a writing surface. Stallion later left Alliance to form his own whiteboard production company, MagiBoards.",
"title": "Whiteboard"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "36811206#1",
"text": "WhiteBoard was founded by Rick Polk in 1986 as Leisure Design. The original name was derived from the assets that Polk purchased from the toy company Leisure Dynamics, where Polk was Vice President of R&D, when it was sold to Coleco Industries, the maker of the Cabbage Patch Kids dolls. In 1991, Leisure was commissioned by George Plimpton to design a gag gift for President George H. W. Bush. President Bush was so pleased with the gift that he called owner Rick Polk to personally thank him and also to commission Leisure to create a gag gift for First Lady Barbara Bush. In 2007, the business was renamed WhiteBoard Product Solutions to reflect that clients were increasingly bringing it into the front end of projects so that it could bring a holistic approach to designing solutions. The company often plays a silent partner, helping clients develop and refine new products so that they are commercially viable.",
"title": "WhiteBoard Product Solutions"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "1890199#10",
"text": "An infrared interactive whiteboard is a large interactive display that connects to a computer and projector. The board is typically mounted to a wall or floor stand. Movement of the user's finger, pen, or other pointer over the image projected on the whiteboard is captured by its interference with infrared light at the surface of the whiteboard.\nWhen the whiteboard surface is pressed, software triangulates the location of the marker or stylus. Infrared IWBs may be made of any material, no dry-erase markers are involved, and may be found in many settings, including various levels of classroom education, corporate boardrooms, training or activity rooms for organizations, professional sports coaching facilities, and broadcasting studios.",
"title": "Interactive whiteboard"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "2376404#14",
"text": "The last building constructed at Fort Yellowstone was the chapel, located just south of the original guardhouse. Army policy did not mandate that army forts provide places of worship. However, at the insistence of park superintendent Pitcher, U.S. Commissioner Meldrum and Wyoming state senator Francis E. Warren, Congress appropriated the funds for the construction of a chapel in 1909 and the building was finished in January 1913. On September 19, 1914, Katharine Piercy Edmunds and Captain Albert Ady King, 1st U.S. Cavalry, were the first couple to be married in the new chapel. Reverend Pritchard, an Episcopalian missionary, traveled to the fort from Emigrant, Montana to perform the ceremony.\nTo provide shelter for small detachments of soldiers on overnight patrols, the army constructed soldier and snowshoe cabins in remote and isolated spots and at popular tourist locations. Most of these structures no longer exist, but similar, more modern cabins are maintained by the National Park Service throughout the park.\nThe first soldier cabins were built in 1886 as part of Camp Sheridan and all of these were later removed. Cabins were also built at the Lower Geyser Basin, Upper Geyser Basin, Grand Canyon of the Yellowstone, Riverside and at Soda Butte. As more outposts were needed over the years cabins were constructed at Lake Outlet (1887), Snake River (Polecat Creek), West Thumb and Riverside (1892), Mud Geyser (1895), Norris and Thumb Bay (1897), Lake (1899), Snake River (1902), Gardiner (1903), West Thumb, Syvan Pass and Soda Butte (1904), Tower (1907), Crevice Mountain (1912), Snake River (1914), and Aster Creek, Cabin Creek, Harebell, and Thorofare (1915). Snowshoe cabins in existence in 1899 included small structures at Astringent Creek, Bartlet, Boundary Creek, Coulter Creek, Hellroaring Creek, Lewis River, Park Point, Proposition, Trappers Creek, Trout Creek and Willow Creek. While none of the aforementioned structures are still in existence, four remote structures remain. They include the Buffalo Lake snowshoe cabin (Bldg 234) and the Norris and Bechler River soldier stations (Bldgs 111 and 231). The Norris soldier station currently houses the Museum of the National Park Ranger. Additionally, the Bechler River barn (Bldg 232) is still in existence.",
"title": "Fort Yellowstone"
},
{
"docid": "3555021#6",
"text": "Perhaps the best known red box is the Budget Box, which is held up for a photoshoot outside 11 Downing Street, when the Chancellor of the Exchequer announces the Cabinet's annual budget plans. The first budget box was made for William Ewart Gladstone around 1860 and is lined in black satin and covered with scarlet leather. This box has been used by every Chancellor until 2011, with the exceptions of James Callaghan (1964–1967) and Gordon Brown (1997–2007), who had new ones commissioned in 1965 and 1997 respectively. Gladstone's budget box was used by Alistair Darling (2007–2010) and by George Osborne in June 2010. It was subsequently retired due to its fragility, and will be displayed in the Cabinet War Rooms. Since March 2011, a new budget box commissioned by The National Archives has been used.",
"title": "Red box (government)"
},
{
"docid": "26165493#16",
"text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.",
"title": "Documentary Organization of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "52674671#4",
"text": "Keil founded his own book publishing business on August 3, 1845. His first publication was a brochure on potato diseases in \"Börsenblatt\", the official journal of the Association of German Booksellers in Leipzig. From 1846 he also began editing a monthly journal entitled (\"The Lighthouse\"), a \"magazine for politics, literature and social life.\" Keil employed eminent liberal writers, including Robert Blum, Johann Jacoby, Gustav Adolf Wislicenus, Ernst Dronke, and Leberecht Uhlich. It was the first popular expression of an awakened intellectual political movement in Germany and soon became the most important publication during the , the period preceding the German revolutions of 1848–49. \"Lighthouse\" often espoused radical political views and its steel-engraved illustrations satirized famous politicians, resulting in incessant persecutions by the police and forcing Keil to frequently change publishing locations: first to Zeitz, then Magdeburg, Halle, Dessau, Bremen and finally Braunschweig.",
"title": "Ernst Keil"
}
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] |
4140 | How is human herpesvirus 6 spread? | [
{
"docid": "4160656#41",
"text": "Transmission is believed to occur most frequently through the shedding of viral particles into saliva. Both HHV-6B and HHV-7 are found in human saliva, the former being at a lower frequency. Studies report varying rates of prevalence of HHV-6 in saliva (between 3–90%), and have also described the salivary glands as an in vivo reservoir for HHV-6. The virus infects the salivary glands, establishes latency, and periodically reactivates to spread infection to other hosts.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "4160656#0",
"text": "Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) is the common collective name for human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) and human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B). These closely related viruses are two of the nine herpesviruses known to have humans as their primary host.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4160656#36",
"text": "Human herpesvirus 6 lives primarily on humans and, while variants of the virus can cause mild to fatal illnesses, can live commensally on its host. It has been demonstrated that HHV-6 fosters the progression of HIV-1 upon coinfection in T cells. HHV-6 upregulates the expression of the primary HIV receptor CD4, thus expanding the range of HIV susceptible cells. Several studies also have shown that HHV-6 infection increases production of inflammatory cytokines that enhance in vitro expression of HIV-1, such as TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, and IL-8. A more recent in vivo study shows HHV-6A coinfection to dramatically accelerate the progression from HIV to AIDS in pigtailed macaques.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "22823264#0",
"text": "Human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7) is one of nine known members of the Herpesviridae family that infects humans. HHV-7 is a member of Betaherpesviridae, a subfamily of the Herpesviridae that also includes HHV-6 and \"cytomegalovirus\" (HHV-5 or HCMV). HHV-7 often acts together with HHV-6, and the viruses together are sometimes referred to by their genus, \"Roseolovirus\". HHV-7 was first isolated in 1990 from CD4+ T cells taken from peripheral blood lymphocytes.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 7"
},
{
"docid": "4160656#19",
"text": "When an extracellular HHV-6 virion comes across human cells, it encounters the human receptor protein cluster of differentiation 46 (CD46), which plays a role in regulating the complement system. The CD46 protein possesses a single variable region, as a result of alternative splicing. As such, at least fourteen isoforms of CD46 exist, all of which bind HHV-6a.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "4160656#37",
"text": "HHV-6 has also been demonstrated to transactivate Epstein–Barr virus.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "4160656#71",
"text": "The role of HHV-6 during pregnancy leading to inflammation in the amniotic cavity has been studied.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "4160656#32",
"text": "The right direct repeat terminus integrates within 5 to 41 human telomere repeats, and preferentially does so into the proximal end of chromosomes 9, 17, 18, 19, and 22, but has also occasionally been found in chromosomes 10 and 11. Nearly 70 million individuals are suspected to carry chromosomally integrated HHV-6.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "4160656#15",
"text": "During maturation of HHV-6 virions, human cell membranes are used to form viral lipid envelopes (as is characteristic of all enveloped viruses). During this process HHV-6 utilizes lipid rafts, which are membranous microdomains enriched by cholesterol, sphingolipids, and glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored proteins. Early researchers suspected that HHV-6 virions mature in the nucleus; some even incorrectly published this, as they generalized and applied to HHV-6 what was known about other viruses. However, researched published in 2009 suggests that the HHV-6 virus utilizes trans-Golgi-network-derived vesicles for assembly.",
"title": "Human herpesvirus 6"
},
{
"docid": "5735705#2",
"text": "Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV, HHV-5) \"seems to have a large impact on immune parameters in later life and may contribute to increased morbidity and eventual mortality.\" Human herpesvirus 6A (HHV-6A) has been described as more neurovirulent, and as such is more frequently found in patients with neuroinflammatory diseases such as multiple sclerosis. Both human herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) and human herpesvirus 7 (HHV-7), as well as other viruses, can cause a skin condition in infants known as exanthema subitum, roseola infantum (rose rash of infants) or the sixth disease.",
"title": "Betaherpesvirinae"
}
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4142 | What is malware? | [
{
"docid": "20901#0",
"text": "Malware (a portmanteau for malicious software) is any software intentionally designed to cause damage to a computer, server, client, or computer network. Malware does the damage after it is implanted or introduced in some way into a target's computer and can take the form of executable code, scripts, active content, and other software. The code is described as computer viruses, worms, Trojan horses, ransomware, spyware, adware, and scareware, among other terms. Malware has a malicious intent, acting against the interest of the computer user—and so does not include software that causes unintentional harm due to some deficiency, which is typically described as a software bug.",
"title": "Malware"
},
{
"docid": "30500317#33",
"text": "As smartphones are a permanent point of access to the internet (mostly on), they can be compromised as easily as computers with malware. A malware is a computer program that aims to harm the system in which it resides. Trojans, worms and viruses are all considered malware. A Trojan is a program that is on the smartphone and allows external users to connect discreetly. A worm is a program that reproduces on multiple computers across a network. A virus is malicious software designed to spread to other computers by inserting itself into legitimate programs and running programs in parallel. However, it must be said that the malware are far less numerous and important to smartphones as they are to computers.",
"title": "Mobile security"
},
{
"docid": "20901#31",
"text": "A specific component of anti-virus and anti-malware software, commonly referred to as an on-access or real-time scanner, hooks deep into the operating system's core or kernel and functions in a manner similar to how certain malware itself would attempt to operate, though with the user's informed permission for protecting the system. Any time the operating system accesses a file, the on-access scanner checks if the file is a 'legitimate' file or not. If the file is identified as malware by the scanner, the access operation will be stopped, the file will be dealt with by the scanner in a pre-defined way (how the anti-virus program was configured during/post installation), and the user will be notified. This may have a considerable performance impact on the operating system, though the degree of impact is dependent on how well the scanner was programmed. The goal is to stop any operations the malware may attempt on the system before they occur, including activities which might exploit bugs or trigger unexpected operating system behavior.",
"title": "Malware"
},
{
"docid": "20901#23",
"text": "Malware authors target bugs, or loopholes, to exploit. A common method is exploitation of a buffer overrun vulnerability, where software designed to store data in a specified region of memory does not prevent more data than the buffer can accommodate being supplied. Malware may provide data that overflows the buffer, with malicious executable code or data after the end; when this payload is accessed it does what the attacker, not the legitimate software, determines.",
"title": "Malware"
},
{
"docid": "28266343#2",
"text": "Websites or web publishers unknowingly incorporate a corrupted or malicious advertisement into their page. Computers can become infected pre-click and post click. It is a misconception that infection only happens when visitors begin clicking on a malvertisement. \"Examples of pre-click malware include being embedded in main scripts of the page or drive-by-downloads. Malware can also auto-run, as in the case of auto redirects, where the user is automatically taken to a different site, which could be malicious. Malware can also be found in the delivery of an ad – where a clean ad that has no malware pre or post click (in its build and design) can still be infected whilst being called. Malicious code can hide undetected and the user has no idea what's coming their way. A post-click malvertisement example: \"the user clicks on the ad to visit the advertised site, and instead is directly infected or redirected to a malicious site. These sites trick users into copying viruses or spyware usually disguised as Flash files, which are very popular on the web.\" Redirection is often built into online advertising, and this spread of malware is often successful because users expect a redirection to happen when clicking on an advertisement. A redirection that is taking place only needs to be co-opted in order to infect a user's computer.",
"title": "Malvertising"
},
{
"docid": "54247176#4",
"text": "Malware has the ability of running any code on victim computers, such as downloading an arbitrary file and hijacking and manipulating infected user's web traffic in order to generate advertisement revenue. It installs plugins and additional configurations to boost its advertisements, and has potential to turn into a distributor for any additional malware. Malware is spread mostly via bundling. It is installed on a victim's machine alongside a wanted program, often without the user’s consent. Digital marketing agency Rafotech has been indicated as producer of the software. The same company has been accused to host fake search engines, which redirect the queries to yahoo.com or google.com. The fake search engines include tracking pixels used to collect private information from users. Fireball manipulates the infected browsers and turn their default search engines and home pages into the above mentioned fake search engines, which enable the software to spy on users of the infected browsers.",
"title": "Fireball (software)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "35962585#9",
"text": "Flame is an uncharacteristically large program for malware at 20 megabytes. It is written partly in the Lua scripting language with compiled C++ code linked in, and allows other attack modules to be loaded after initial infection. The malware uses five different encryption methods and an SQLite database to store structured information. The method used to inject code into various processes is stealthy, in that the malware modules do not appear in a listing of the modules loaded into a process and malware memory pages are protected with READ, WRITE and EXECUTE permissions that make them inaccessible by user-mode applications. The internal code has few similarities with other malware, but exploits two of the same security vulnerabilities used previously by Stuxnet to infect systems. The malware determines what antivirus software is installed, then customises its own behaviour (for example, by changing the filename extensions it uses) to reduce the probability of detection by that software. Additional indicators of compromise include mutex and registry activity, such as installation of a fake audio driver which the malware uses to maintain persistence on the compromised system.",
"title": "Flame (malware)"
},
{
"docid": "20901#30",
"text": "Some systems allow code executed by a user to access all rights of that user, which is known as over-privileged code. This was also standard operating procedure for early microcomputer and home computer systems. Malware, running as over-privileged code, can use this privilege to subvert the system. Almost all currently popular operating systems, and also many scripting applications allow code too many privileges, usually in the sense that when a user executes code, the system allows that code all rights of that user. This makes users vulnerable to malware in the form of e-mail attachments, which may or may not be disguised.As malware attacks become more frequent, attention has begun to shift from viruses and spyware protection, to malware protection, and programs that have been specifically developed to combat malware. (Other preventive and recovery measures, such as backup and recovery methods, are mentioned in the computer virus article).",
"title": "Malware"
},
{
"docid": "1906321#18",
"text": "The converse of ransomware is a cryptovirology attack invented by Adam L. Young that threatens to publish stolen information from the victim's computer system rather than deny the victim access to it. In a leakware attack, malware exfiltrates sensitive host data either to the attacker or alternatively, to remote instances of the malware, and the attacker threatens to publish the victim's data unless a ransom is paid. The attack was presented at West Point in 2003 and was summarized in the book \"Malicious Cryptography\" as follows, \"The attack differs from the extortion attack in the following way. In the extortion attack, the victim is denied access to its own valuable information and has to pay to get it back, where in the attack that is presented here the victim retains access to the information but its disclosure is at the discretion of the computer virus\". The attack is rooted in game theory and was originally dubbed \"non-zero sum games and survivable malware\". The attack can yield monetary gain in cases where the malware acquires access to information that may damage the victim user or organization, e.g., reputational damage that could result from publishing proof that the attack itself was a success.",
"title": "Ransomware"
},
{
"docid": "19476466#0",
"text": "Malwarebytes (formerly Malwarebytes Anti-Malware, abbreviated as MBAM) is an anti-malware software for Microsoft Windows, macOS, Android, and iOS that finds and removes malware. Made by Malwarebytes Corporation, it was first released in January 2006. It is available in a free version, which scans for and removes malware when started manually, and a paid version, which additionally provides scheduled scans, real-time protection and a flash-memory scanner.",
"title": "Malwarebytes (software)"
}
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4143 | Where were fossils of the Smilodon first discovered? | [
{
"docid": "169071#4",
"text": "Fossils of \"Smilodon\" were discovered in North America from the second half of the 19th century onwards. In 1869, American paleontologist Joseph Leidy described a maxilla fragment with a molar, which had been discovered in a petroleum bed in Hardin County, Texas. He referred the specimen to the genus \"Felis\" (which was then used for most cats, extant as well as extinct) but found it distinct enough to be part of its own subgenus, as \"F.\" (\"Trucifelis\") \"fatalis\". The species name means \"fate\" or \"destiny\", but it is thought Leidy intended it to mean \"fatal\". In an 1880 article about extinct American cats, American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope pointed out that the \"F. fatalis\" molar was identical to that of \"Smilodon\", and he proposed the new combination \"S. fatalis\". Most North American finds were scanty until excavations began in the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles, where hundreds of individuals of \"S. fatalis\" have been found since 1875. \"S. fatalis\" has junior synonyms such as \"S. mercerii\", \"S. floridanus\", and \"S. californicus\". American paleontologist Annalisa Berta considered the holotype of \"S. fatalis\" too incomplete to be an adequate type specimen, and the species has at times been proposed to be a junior synonym of \"S. populator\". Swedish paleontologists Björn Kurtén and Lars Werdelin supported the distinctness of the two species in 1990.",
"title": "Smilodon"
},
{
"docid": "169071#0",
"text": "Smilodon is a genus of the extinct machairodont subfamily of the felids. It is one of the most famous prehistoric mammals, and the best known saber-toothed cat. Although commonly known as the saber-toothed tiger, it was not closely related to the tiger or other modern cats. \"Smilodon\" lived in the Americas during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago). The genus was named in 1842, based on fossils from Brazil. Three species are recognized today: S. gracilis, S. fatalis, and S. populator. The two latter species were probably descended from \"S. gracilis\", which itself probably evolved from \"Megantereon\". The hundreds of individuals obtained from the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles constitute the largest collection of \"Smilodon\" fossils.",
"title": "Smilodon"
},
{
"docid": "169071#3",
"text": "During the 1830s, Danish naturalist Peter Wilhelm Lund and his assistants collected fossils in the calcareous caves near the small town of Lagoa Santa, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Among the thousands of fossils found, he recognized a few isolated cheek teeth as belonging to a hyena, which he named \"Hyaena neogaea\" in 1839. After more material was found (including canine teeth and foot bones), Lund concluded the fossils instead belonged to a distinct genus of felid, though transitional to the hyenas. He stated it would have matched the largest modern predators in size, and was more robust than any modern cat. Lund originally wanted to name the new genus \"Hyaenodon\", but realizing this had recently become preoccupied by another prehistoric predator, he instead named it \"Smilodon populator\" in 1842. He explained the Ancient Greek meaning of \"Smilodon\" as (\"smilē\"), a scalpel or two-edged knife, and \"οδόντος\" (\"odontús\"), tooth. This has also been translated as \"tooth shaped like double-edged knife\". He explained the species name \"populator\" as \"the destroyer\", which has also been translated as \"he who brings devastation\". By 1846, Lund had acquired nearly every part of the skeleton (from different individuals), and more specimens were found in neighboring countries by other collectors in the following years. Though some later authors used Lund's original species name \"neogaea\" instead of \"populator\", it is now considered an invalid \"nomen nudum\" (\"naked name\"), as it was not accompanied with a proper description and no type specimens were designated. Some South American specimens have been referred to other genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies, such as \"Smilodontidion riggii\", \"Smilodon\" (\"Prosmilodon\") \"ensenadensis\", and \"S. bonaeriensis\", but these are now thought to be junior synonyms of \"S. populator\".",
"title": "Smilodon"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "169071#17",
"text": "The Talara Tar Seeps in Peru represent a similar scenario, and have also produced fossils of \"Smilodon\". Unlike in La Brea, many of the bones were broken or show signs of weathering. This may have been because the layers were shallower, so the thrashing of trapped animals damaged the bones of previously trapped animals. Many of the carnivores at Talara were juveniles, possibly indicating that inexperienced and less fit animals had a greater chance of being trapped. Though Lund thought accumulations of \"Smilodon\" and herbivore fossils in the Lagoa Santa Caves were due to the cats using the caves as dens, these are probably the result of animals dying on the surface, and water currents subsequently dragging their bones to the floor of the cave, but some individuals may also have died after becoming lost in the caves.",
"title": "Smilodon"
},
{
"docid": "169073#3",
"text": "The lineage of \"Homotherium\" is estimated (based on mitochondrial DNA sequences) to have diverged from that of \"Smilodon\" about 18 million years ago. \"Homotherium\" probably derived from \"Machairodus\" and appeared for the first time at the Miocene–Pliocene border, about 4 to 5 million years ago. During the Pleistocene it occurred in vast parts of Eurasia, North America and until the middle Pleistocene (about 1.5 million years ago) even in Africa. A fossil of \"H. crenatidens\" was inadvertently dredged from the bed of the North Sea, which was a flat, low-lying extent of marshy tundra laced with rivers during the last glacial period. There has also been a discovery of 1.8-million-year-old fossils in Venezuela, indicating that scimitar-toothed cats were able to invade South America along with \"Smilodon\" during the Great American Interchange. These remains form the holotype of \"Homotherium venezuelensis\". How long they lasted in South America is not yet evident. \"Homotherium\" survived in Eurasia until about 28,000 years ago.",
"title": "Homotherium"
},
{
"docid": "169071#24",
"text": "\"Smilodon\" lived during the Pleistocene epoch (2.5 mya–10,000 years ago), and was perhaps the most recent of the saber-toothed cats. \"Smilodon\" probably lived in a closed habitat such as forest or bush. Fossils of the genus have been found throughout the Americas. In North America, the varied habitat supported other saber-toothed cats in addition to \"Smilodon\", such as \"Homotherium\" and \"Xenosmilus\"; the habitat here varied from subtropical forests and savannah in the south, to treeless mammoth steppes in the north. \"Smilodon\" inhabited the temperate latitudes of North America, where the mosaic vegetation of woods, shrubs, and grasses in the southwest supported large herbivores such as horses, bison, antelope, deer, camels, mammoths, mastodons, and ground sloths. Other large carnivores included dire wolves, short-faced bear (\"Arctodus simus\") and the American lion. Due to competition from larger carnivores in North America, \"S. fatalis\" was perhaps not able to attain the same size as \"S. populator\". The similar sizes of \"S. fatalis\" and the American lion suggests niche overlap and direct competition between these species, and they appear to have fed on similarly sized prey.",
"title": "Smilodon"
},
{
"docid": "39052180#0",
"text": "Rhizosmilodon is an extinct genus of saber-tooth cat of the subfamily Machairodontinae that lived during the Early Pliocene and was discovered in the U.S. state of Florida. Comparable in size to a medium-sized modern jaguar at about 165 lb. in weight, fossils of \"Rhizosmilodon\" are known only from Florida. The best specimens for this species are its lower jaw and teeth, which carry intermediate characteristics between advanced forms such as \"Smilodon\" and primitive forms such as \"Paramachairodus\". It was likely an ambush predator, preying on animals such as deer, tapirs and horses.",
"title": "Rhizosmilodon"
},
{
"docid": "169071#5",
"text": "In his 1880 article about extinct cats, Cope also named a third species of \"Smilodon\", \"S. gracilis\". The species was based on a partial canine, which had been obtained in a cave near the Schuylkill River in Pennsylvania. Cope found the canine to be distinct from that of the other \"Smilodon\" species due to its smaller size and more compressed base. Its specific name refers to the species' lighter build. This species is known from fewer and less complete remains than the other members of the genus. \"S. gracilis\" has at times been considered part of genera such as \"Megantereon\" and \"Ischyrosmilus\". \"S. populator\", \"S. fatalis\" and \"S. gracilis\" are currently considered the only valid species of \"Smilodon\", and features used to define most of their junior synonyms have been dismissed as variation between individuals of the same species (intraspecific variation). One of the most famous of prehistoric mammals, \"Smilodon\" has often been featured in popular media and is the state fossil of California.",
"title": "Smilodon"
},
{
"docid": "169071#23",
"text": "Several \"Smilodon\" fossils show signs of ankylosing spondylitis, hyperostosis and trauma; some also had arthritis, which gave them fused vertebrae. One study of 1,000 \"Smilodon\" skulls found that 30% of them had eroded parietal bones, which is where the largest jaw muscles attach. They also showed signs of microfractures, and the weakening and thinning of bones possibly caused by mechanical stress from the constant need to make stabbing motions with the canines. Bony growths where the deltoid muscle inserted in the humerus is a common pathology for a La Brea specimen, which was probably due to repeated strain when \"Smilodon\" attempted to pull down prey with its forelimbs. Sternum injuries are also common, probably due to collision with prey. Some bones also show evidence of having been bitten by other \"Smilodon\", with one skull showing an unhealed wound from a canine, seemingly fatal, and a scapula from the same site that had been pierced by a canine. The frequency of trauma in \"S. fatalis\" specimens was 4.3%, compared to 2.8% in the dire wolf, which implies the ambush predatory behavior of the former led to greater risk of injury than the pursuit predatory behavior of the latter. \"Smilodon\" remains exhibit relatively more shoulder and lumbar vertebrae injuries.",
"title": "Smilodon"
},
{
"docid": "1313506#5",
"text": "Radiocarbon analysis of human remains from the cave returned dates of 2390+/-145 B.P. and 1690+/-115 B.P. These remains were collected from an upper zone approximately 16-feet above the saber-tooth bones. The human remains are believed to be from the Woodland Period and originated thousands of years after the \"Smilodon\" find. According to Guilday (1977), collagen from the \"Smilodon\" remains returned radiocarbon dates of 9410+/-155 B.P. and 10,035+/-650 B.P. These dates are extremely late for the presence of \"Smilodon\" in the Southeast, both contemporaneous with the Dalton horizon and overlapping Paleoindian occupations along the Cumberland River by at least 1,000 years. As such, the dates for the \"Smilodon\" remains from the First American site should be regarded with some skepticism.",
"title": "UBS Tower (Nashville)"
}
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] |
4144 | What is the size of Japan by area? | [
{
"docid": "58123407#0",
"text": "Japan has the eighth largest Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) in the world. The total area of Japan is about 377,973.89 km². Japan's EEZ area is vast and the territorial waters (including: the Seto Inland Sea) and EEZ together is about 4.48 million km².",
"title": "Exclusive economic zone of Japan"
},
{
"docid": "15575#0",
"text": "Japan is an island nation comprising a stratovolcanic archipelago over along East Asia's Pacific coast. It consists of 6,852 islands. The main islands are Honshu, Kyushu, Shikoku and Hokkaido. The Ryukyu Islands and Nanpō Islands are south of the main islands. The territory extends . It is the largest island country in East Asia and fourth largest island country in the world. Japan has the sixth longest coastline and the eight largest Exclusive Economic Zone of in the world.",
"title": "Geography of Japan"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3132228#51",
"text": "The living space of houses and condominiums is larger than apartments. The average size of an owned residence in Japan is . This varies wildly between major urban areas (Tokyo: ) and rural areas (Toyama Prefecture: ). The area of homes that are advertised for sale or rental is commonly listed in the Japanese unit \"tsubo\" (坪), which is approximately the area of two tatami mats (3.3 m or 36 sq ft). On diagrams of the house, individual room sizes are usually measured in tatami, as described above in the interior design section.",
"title": "Housing in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "429484#6",
"text": "In Japan, the size of a room is often measured by the number of , about 1.653 square meters (for a standard Nagoya size tatami). Alternatively, in terms of traditional Japanese area units, room area (and especially house floor area) is measured in terms of \"tsubo,\" where one \"tsubo\" is the area of two tatami mats (a square); formally 1 \"ken\" by 1 \"ken\" or a 1.81818 meter square, about 3.306 square meters.",
"title": "Tatami"
},
{
"docid": "179770#8",
"text": "Kyoto Prefecture is almost in the center of Honshu and of Japan. It covers an area of , which is 1.2% of Japan. Kyoto is 31st by size. To the north, it faces the Sea of Japan and Fukui Prefecture. To the south, it faces Osaka and Nara Prefectures. To the east, it faces Mie and Shiga Prefectures. To its west is Hyōgo Prefecture. The prefecture is separated in the middle by the Tanba Mountains. This makes its climate very different in the north and south.",
"title": "Kyoto Prefecture"
},
{
"docid": "15015085#19",
"text": "The Greater Tokyo Area is virtually the only locality in Japan to see population growth, mostly due to internal migration from other parts of the country. Between 2005 and 2010, 36 of Japan's 47 prefectures shrank by as much as 5%, and many rural and suburban areas are struggling with an epidemic of abandoned homes (8 million across Japan). Masuda Hiroya, a former Minister for Internal Affairs and Communications who heads the private think tank Japan Policy Council, estimated that about half the municipalities in Japan could disappear between now and 2040 as young people, especially young women, move from rural areas into Tokyo, Osaka, and Nagoya, where around half of Japan's population is already concentrated. The government is establishing a regional revitalization task force and focusing on developing regional hub cities, especially Sapporo, Sendai, Hiroshima, and Fukuoka.",
"title": "Aging of Japan"
},
{
"docid": "3132228#13",
"text": "Additionally, advertisements quote the sizes of the rooms—most importantly, the living room—with measurements in \"tatami\" mats (\"jō\" (畳) in Japanese), traditional mats woven from rice straw that are standard sizes: 176 cm by 88 cm (5 feet, 9 inches by 35 inches) in the Tokyo region and 191 cm by 95.5 cm in western Japan. \"2DK; one six-\"tatami\" Japanese-style room, one six-\"tatami\" Western-style room\" is an example.",
"title": "Housing in Japan"
},
{
"docid": "15573#1",
"text": "The kanji that make up Japan's name mean \"sun origin\", and it is often called the \"Land of the Rising Sun\". Japan is a stratovolcanic archipelago consisting of about 6,852 islands. The four largest are Honshu, Hokkaido, Kyushu, and Shikoku, which make up about ninety-seven percent of Japan's land area and often are referred to as home islands. The country is divided into 47 prefectures in eight regions, with Hokkaido being the northernmost prefecture and Okinawa being the southernmost one. The population of 127 million is the world's tenth largest, of which 98.5% are ethnic Japanese. 90.7% of people live in cities, while 9.3% live in the countryside. About 13.8 million people live in Tokyo, the capital of Japan. The Greater Tokyo Area is the most populous metropolitan area in the world with over 38 million people.",
"title": "Japan"
},
{
"docid": "166105#23",
"text": "The JIS defines two main series of paper sizes. The JIS A-series is identical to the ISO A-series, but with slightly different tolerances. The area of B-series paper is 1.5 times that of the corresponding A-paper (instead of the factor = 1.414... for the ISO B-series), so the length ratio is approximately 1.22 times the length of the corresponding A-series paper. The aspect ratio of the paper is the same as for A-series paper. Both A- and B-series paper is widely available in Japan, Taiwan and China, and most photocopiers are loaded with at least A4 and either one of A3, B4 and B5 paper.",
"title": "Paper size"
},
{
"docid": "972919#21",
"text": "Vehicle size classes in Japan are rather simple compared to other regions. The classifications were established under the . There are just three different classes defined by regulations. The dimension regulations are enforced to exact measurements. These standards of classification are enforced on all vehicles within the jurisdiction of Japan, and no special consideration is made for the vehicles' origination of manufacture. The Japanese law regulates all vehicles that do not travel on railroads, or are not powered by physically contacting overhead power lines. The law regulates vehicles that are powered by an autonomous power source. Smaller cars are more popular in Japan due to the confined driving conditions and speed limits.",
"title": "Vehicle size class"
},
{
"docid": "175768#1",
"text": "The Kansai region is a cultural center and the historical heart of Japan, with 11% of the nation's land area and 22,757,897 residents as of 2010. The Osaka Plain with the cities of Osaka and Kyoto forms the core of the region, from there the Kansai area stretches west along the Seto Inland Sea towards Kobe and Himeji and east encompassing Lake Biwa, Japan's largest freshwater lake. In the north, the region is bordered by the Sea of Japan, to the south by the Kii Peninsula and the Pacific Ocean, and to the east by the Ibuki Mountains and Ise Bay. Four of Japan's national parks lie within its borders, in whole or in part. The area also contains six of the seven top prefectures in terms of national treasures. Other geographical features include Amanohashidate in Kyoto Prefecture and Awaji Island in Hyōgo.",
"title": "Kansai region"
}
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] |
4145 | What is rally driving? | [
{
"docid": "52245#45",
"text": "Rallying is also unique in its choice of where and when to race. Rallies take place on all surfaces and in all conditions: asphalt (tarmac), gravel, or snow and ice, sometimes more than one in a single rally, depending on the course and event. Rallies are also run every month of the year, in every climate from bitter cold to monsoonal rain. As a result of the drivers not knowing exactly what lies ahead, the lower traction available on dirt roads, and the driving characteristics of small cars, the drivers are much less visibly smooth than circuit racers, regularly sending the car literally flying over bumps, and sliding the cars out of corners.\nA typical rally course consists of a sequence of relatively short (up to about ), timed \"special stages\" where the actual competition takes place, and untimed \"transport stages\" where the rally cars must be driven under their own power to the next competitive stage within a generous time limit. Rally cars are thus unlike virtually any other top-line racing cars in that they retain the ability to run at normal driving speeds, and indeed are registered for street travel. Some events contain \"super special stages\" where two competing cars set off on two parallel tracks (often small enough to fit in a football stadium), giving the illusion they are circuit racing head to head. Run over a day, a weekend, or more, the winner of the event has the lowest combined special and super special stage times. Given the short distances of super special stages compared to the regular special stages and consequent near-identical times for the frontrunning cars, it is very rare for these spectator-oriented stages to decide rally results, though it is a well-known axiom that a team cannot win the rally at the super special, but they can certainly lose it.",
"title": "Rallying"
},
{
"docid": "57772493#3",
"text": "\"Power Drive Rally\" is a top-down rally racing game where players observe from above and races across various parts of the world by participating in several events. There are a total of 34 stages to race along, each having their own weather conditions that changes how the car is controlled through the track and two modes of play. Progress is manually saved after completing each race in either of the three slots available via the cartridge's EEPROM and they are allowed to resume their last race saved at the main menu by pressing C on the controller. The internal memory in the game cartridge also saves high-scores and other settings made by the player.",
"title": "Power Drive Rally"
},
{
"docid": "52245#0",
"text": "Rally is a form of motorsport that takes place on public or private roads with modified production or specially built road-legal cars. It is distinguished by running not on a circuit, but instead in a point-to-point format in which participants and their co-drivers drive between set control points (special stages), leaving at regular intervals from one or more start points. Rallies may be won by pure speed within the stages or alternatively by driving to a predetermined ideal journey time within the stages.",
"title": "Rallying"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "2146552#2",
"text": "\"V-Rally\" is a racing simulation game where players drive rally cars through a series of stages or tracks. The game places a strong emphasis on replicating the behavior physics of real cars and generally requires more practice than arcade-style racers. Aspects such as the weather conditions, the road surfaces, and the drive wheel configurations have a significant impact on the car handling. Weather conditions include rain and snow, while road surfaces range from asphalt to gravel or dirt. Races can take place at night or daytime. The game features both Kit Cars and World Rally Cars for players to choose from. Kid Cars are two-wheel drive and include cars such as the Peugeot 306 Maxi or Renault Maxi Megane, while World Rally Cars are four-wheel drive and include cars such as the Subaru Impreza WRC or Mitsubishi Lancer WRC. Before starting a race, players have the option to tweak their car setup with tighter suspensions, quicker gear ratios, understeer or oversteer sensitivity, and choice of manual or automatic transmission.",
"title": "V-Rally (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "226155#4",
"text": "In a road rally, competitive driving takes place (in part or whole) on the open public highway. Road rallies were historically the basis of all rallies, and stage rallying evolved from them. However, these days they are strictly reserved for the amateur, due to the obvious danger that could arise to the public. The emphasis of road rallies is on navigational accuracy and teamwork. Indeed, the navigator is often seen as someone playing a minor role when in fact he or she is actually the key member of the crew.",
"title": "Categories of rallies"
},
{
"docid": "12554687#2",
"text": "Critics typically compared the game to \"Sega Rally Championship\", identifying the major difference from the Sega game as the more dramatic consequences of driving over unfavorable terrain, which results in an emphasis on careful driving rather than speed. Opinions on this aspect of the game varied. Kraig Kujawa, who reviewed \"Rally Cross\" in both \"Electronic Gaming Monthly\" and \"GamePro\", hailed it as a major innovation for the racing genre, assessing that it makes the game more realistic and creates a more intelligent challenge. Kujawa's \"EGM\" co-reviewer Dean Hager noted that it results in slower racing, but agreed that the overall experience is more challenging and overall better than \"Sega Rally Championship\". A reviewer for \"Next Generation\" echoed Hager to an extent: \"What the game lacks in outright speed, however, is more than made up for by the strategy that is required to select the best line through the undulating tracks.\" However, he argued that the ease with which cars are flipped over is unrealistic and results in a frustratingly steep learning curve, and concluded the gameplay to ultimately fall second to that of \"Sega Rally Championship\". \"GamePro\"s Dr. Zombie took a fairly neutral position, noting that the unique racing style can be mastered but might be disappointing to players who like high-speed racing.",
"title": "Rally Cross"
},
{
"docid": "34559818#0",
"text": "The Ŭnsan Line is an electrified standard-gauge freight-only secondary line of the Korean State Railway in South P'yŏngan Province, North Korea, running from Ŭnsan on the P'yŏngra Line to Taegŏn.",
"title": "Ŭnsan Line"
},
{
"docid": "1109927#13",
"text": "McRae then returned to the series for one off drives for Skoda on the 2005 Rally GB and Rally Australia, respectively finishing seventh and retiring due to a clutch problem on the final leg of the rally, the latter dashing hopes for what may otherwise have been only the team's second ever podium place after the 2001 Safari Rally.",
"title": "Colin McRae"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
}
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4146 | What is the origin of the word Holocaust? | [
{
"docid": "3383889#1",
"text": "The word \"holocaust\" originally derived from the Greek word \"holokauston\", meaning \"a completely (\"holos\") burnt (\"kaustos\") sacrificial offering,\" or \"a burnt sacrifice offered to a god.\" In Greek and Roman pagan rites, gods of the earth and underworld received dark animals, which were offered by night and burnt in full. The word \"holocaust\" was later adopted in Greek translations of the Torah to refer to the olah, standard communal and individual sacrificial burnt offerings that Jews were required to make in the times of the Beit HaMikdash (Temple in Jerusalem). In its Latin form, \"holocaustum\", the term was first used with specific reference to a massacre of Jewish people by the chroniclers Roger of Howden and Richard of Devizes in England in the 1190s.",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "42621186#3",
"text": "Survivors of the Abortion Holocaust has received criticism regarding the use of the word \"holocaust\" in their name. Although \"Merriam-Webster Dictionary\" defines \"holocaust\" as \"a mass slaughter of people: a genocide\", since the 1940s \"the Holocaust\" usually refers to the mass slaughter of Jews by Nazis during World War II. Fueling the controversy over their name, in 2013, Survivors of the Abortion Holocaust held an anti-abortion demonstration at the New Mexico Holocaust & Intolerance Museum, and they demanded the museum include exhibits on abortion, offending local Jewish leaders. Rabbi Harry Ronsenfeld said, \"It is offensive when someone co-opts what's yours\". In defense of their use of the term, the Survivors said the number of abortions that take place in the United States qualifies it as a genocide.",
"title": "Survivors of the Abortion Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#14",
"text": "Czechoslovak–Israeli historian Yehuda Bauer, stated: \"Let us be clear: … Shoah, Churban, Judeocide, whatever we call it, is the name we give to the attempted planned total physical annihilation of the Jewish people, and its partial perpetration with the murder of most of the Jews of Europe.\" He also contends that the Holocaust should include only Jews because it was the intent of the Nazis to exterminate all Jews, while the other groups were not to be totally annihilated.\nInclusion of non-Jewish victims of the Nazis in the Holocaust is objected to by many persons including, and by organizations such as Yad Vashem, an Israeli state institution in Jerusalem established in 1953 to commemorate the victims of the Holocaust. They say that the word was originally meant to describe the extermination of the Jews, and that the Jewish Holocaust was a crime on such a scale, and of such totality and specificity, as the culmination of the long history of European antisemitism, that it should not be subsumed into a general category with the other crimes of the Nazis. Nobel laureate and Jewish Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel, does consider other groups, besides the Jews, as Holocaust victims, declaring to President Jimmy Carter, \"Not all the victims of the Holocaust were Jews, but all Jews were victims,\" when he asked his support for a national Holocaust museum in Washington.",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "42402#34",
"text": "The word \"genocide\" was generated from a need for new terminology in order to understand the gravity of the crimes committed by the Nazis. First coined by Raphael Lemkin in 1944, the word became politically charged when The Genocide Act was enacted by the United Nations on December 9, 1948, which created an obligation for governments to respond to such atrocities in the future. The debate on the \"Gay Holocaust\" is therefore a highly loaded debate which would result in an international acknowledgement of state sponsored homophobia as a precursor to genocide should the proponents of the \"Gay Holocaust\" succeed. However the United Nations definition does not include sexual orientation (or even social and political groups) within its qualifications for the crime. Genocide by the U.N. definition is limited to national, ethnical, racial or religious groups and as this is the only accord to which nations have pledged allegiance, it stands as the dominant understanding of the term. It is, however, what Michel-Rolph Trouillot terms \"an age when collective apologies are becoming increasingly common\" as well as a time when the established Holocaust discourse has settled and legitimized claims of the Jewish, Roma and mentally ill victims of Nazi persecution so it would seem an appropriate time to at least bring attention to the debate of the Gay Holocaust, even if the issue is not to be settled.",
"title": "Persecution of homosexuals in Nazi Germany"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#7",
"text": "By the late 1960s, the term was starting to be used in this sense without qualification. Nora Levin's 1968 book \"The Holocaust: The Destruction of European Jewry, 1933-1945\" explains the meaning in its subtitle, but uses the unmoderated phrase \"The Holocaust\". An article called \"Moral Trauma and the Holocaust\" was published in the \"New York Times\" on February 12, 1968. However, it was not until the late 1970s that the Nazi genocide became the generally accepted conventional meaning of the word, when used unqualified and with a capital letter, a usage that also spread to other languages for the same period. The 1978 television miniseries titled \"Holocaust\" and starring Meryl Streep is often cited as the principal contributor to establishing the current usage in the wider culture. \"Holocaust\" was selected as the Association for the German Language's Word of the Year in 1979, reflecting increased public consciousness of the term.",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#2",
"text": "The earliest use of the word \"holocaust\" to denote a massacre recorded by the \"Oxford English Dictionary\" dates from 1833 when the journalist Leitch Ritchie, describing the wars of the medieval French monarch Louis VII, wrote that he \"once made a holocaust of thirteen hundred persons in a church\", a massacre by fire of the inhabitants of Vitry-le-François in 1142. As this occurred in a church, it could be seen as a religious offering. The English poet John Milton had used the word to denote a conflagration in his 1671 poem \"Samson Agonistes,\" in which the massacre was clearly divinely dedicated. The word gradually developed to mean a massacre thereon, taking on a secular connotation.",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#8",
"text": "The Hebrew word \"Shoah\" is preferred by some people due to the supposed theologically and historically unacceptable nature of the word \"holocaust\". The American historian Walter Laqueur (whose parents died in the Holocaust) has argued that the term \"Holocaust\" is a \"singularly inappropriate\" term for the genocide of the Jews as it implies a \"burnt offering\" to God. Laqueur wrote, \"It was not the intention of the Nazis to make a sacrifice of this kind and the position of the Jews was not that of a ritual victim\". The British historian Geoff Eley wrote in a 1982 essay entitled \"Holocaust History\" that he thought the term Holocaust implies \"a certain mystification, an insistence on the uniquely Jewish character of the experience\".",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "13224#175",
"text": "In 1941, the Nazi leadership decided to implement a plan that they called the \"Final Solution\" which came to be known as the Holocaust. Under the plan, Jews and other \"lesser races\" along with political opponents from Germany as well as occupied countries were systematically murdered at murder sites, German concentration camps, and starting in 1942, at extermination camps. Between 1941 and 1945 Jews, Gypsies, Slavs, communists, homosexuals, the mentally and physically disabled and members of other groups were targeted and methodically murdered — the origin of the word \"genocide\". In total approximately 11 million people were killed during the Holocaust including 1.1 million children.",
"title": "History of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#17",
"text": "The biblical word Shoah (שואה), also spelled Shoa and Sho'ah, meaning \"calamity\" in Hebrew (and also used to refer to \"destruction\" since the Middle Ages), became the standard Hebrew term for the 20th-century \"Holocaust\" as early as the early 1940s. In recent literature it is specifically prefixed with Ha (\"The\" in Hebrew) when referring to Nazi mass-murders, for the same reason that \"holocaust\" becomes \"\"The\" Holocaust\". It may be spelled \"Ha-Shoah\" or \"HaShoah\", as in Yom HaShoah, the annual Jewish \"Holocaust and Heroism Remembrance Day\".",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
},
{
"docid": "3383889#16",
"text": "The \"Final Solution to the Jewish Question\" (German: \"Endlösung der Judenfrage\") was the Nazis' own term, recorded in the minutes of the Wannsee Conference on 20 January 1942, and translated into English for the Nuremberg Trials in 1945. Before the word \"Holocaust\" became normative this phrase was also used by writers in English. For example, in William Shirer's \"The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich\", the genocide is described as \"The Final Solution\" (in quotation marks; the word \"Holocaust\" is not mentioned). In both English and German, \"Final Solution\" has been widely used as an alternative to \"Holocaust\". Whereas the term \"Holocaust\" is now often used to include all casualties of the Nazi death camps and murder squads, the \"Final Solution\" refers exclusively to \"the attempt to annihilate the Jewish people,\" as defined at the site of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. For a time after World War II, German historians also used the term \"Völkermord\" (\"genocide\"), or in full, \"der Völkermord an den Juden\" (\"the genocide of the Jewish people\"), while the prevalent term in Germany today is either \"Holocaust\" or increasingly \"Shoah.\"",
"title": "Names of the Holocaust"
}
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] |
4147 | What is the purpose of terrorism? | [
{
"docid": "8711036#6",
"text": "Suicide terrorism is the most aggressive form of terrorism, pursuing coercion even at the expense of losing support among terrorists' own community. What distinguishes a suicide terrorist is that the attacker does not expect to survive a mission and often employs a method of attack that requires the attacker's death in order to succeed (such as planting a car bomb, wearing a suicide vest, or ramming an airplane into a building). In essence, a suicide terrorist kills others at the same time that he kills himself. Usually these tactics are used for a demonstrative purposes or to targeted assassinations. In most cases though, they target to kill a large number of people. Thus, while coercion is an element in all terrorism, coercion is the paramount objective of suicide terrorism.",
"title": "Tactics of terrorism"
},
{
"docid": "30636#43",
"text": "The Task Force defines terrorism as \"a tactic or technique by means of which a violent act or the threat thereof is used for the prime purpose of creating overwhelming fear for coercive purposes\". It classified disorders and terrorism into six categories:",
"title": "Terrorism"
},
{
"docid": "18835454#5",
"text": "Suicide attacks include both Suicide terrorism—terrorism often defined as any action \"intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants\" for the purpose of intimidation—and suicide attacks not targeting non-combatants. An alternative definition is provided by Jason Burke, a journalist who has lived among Islamic militants, and suggests that most define terrorism as 'the use or threat of serious violence' to advance some kind of 'cause', stressing that terrorism is a tactic. Academic Fred Halliday, has written that assigning the descriptor of 'terrorist' or 'terrorism' to the actions of a group is a tactic used by states to deny 'legitimacy' and 'rights to protest and rebel'.",
"title": "Suicide attack"
},
{
"docid": "29660#6",
"text": "While the most common modern usage of the word terrorism refers to civilian-victimising political violence by insurgents or conspirators, several scholars make a broader interpretation of the nature of terrorism that encompasses the concepts of state terrorism and state-sponsored terrorism. Michael Stohl argues, \"The use of terror tactics is common in international relations and the state has been and remains a more likely employer of terrorism within the international system than insurgents. Stohl clarifies, however, that \"[n]ot all acts of state violence are terrorism. It is important to understand that in terrorism the violence threatened or perpetrated, has purposes broader than simple physical harm to a victim. The audience of the act or threat of violence is more important than the immediate victim.\"",
"title": "State terrorism"
},
{
"docid": "30636#26",
"text": "Terrorist acts frequently have a political purpose. Some official, governmental definitions of terrorism use the criterion of the illegitimacy or unlawfulness of the act. to distinguish between actions authorized by a government (and thus \"lawful\") and those of other actors, including individuals and small groups. For example, carrying out a strategic bombing on an enemy city, which is designed to affect civilian support for a cause, would not be considered terrorism if it were authorized by a government. This criterion is inherently problematic and is not universally accepted, because: it denies the existence of state terrorism. An associated term is violent non-state actor.",
"title": "Terrorism"
},
{
"docid": "30636#16",
"text": "In November 2004, a Secretary-General of the United Nations report described terrorism as any act \"intended to cause death or serious bodily harm to civilians or non-combatants with the purpose of intimidating a population or compelling a government or an international organization to do or abstain from doing any act\". The international community has been slow to formulate a universally agreed, legally binding definition of this crime. These difficulties arise from the fact that the term \"terrorism\" is politically and emotionally charged. In this regard, Angus Martyn, briefing the Australian parliament, stated,\nThe international community has never succeeded in developing an accepted comprehensive definition of terrorism. During the 1970s and 1980s, the United Nations attempts to define the term floundered mainly due to differences of opinion between various members about the use of violence in the context of conflicts over national liberation and self-determination.",
"title": "Terrorism"
},
{
"docid": "30636#0",
"text": "Terrorism is, in the broadest sense, the use of intentionally indiscriminate violence as a means to create terror among masses of people; or fear to achieve a religious or political aim. It is used in this regard primarily to refer to violence during peacetime or in war against non-combatants. The terms \"terrorist\" and \"terrorism\" originated during the French Revolution of the late 18th century but gained mainstream popularity during the U.S. presidency of Ronald Reagan (1981–89) after the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings and again after the 2001 September 11 attacks and the 2002 Bali bombings.",
"title": "Terrorism"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "7591065#8",
"text": "In 1880, there was internal dispute within the movement, on the purpose of terrorism. One side believing that terrorism's objective should be to force the government into granting democratic rights to the people, while others led by Lev Tikhomirov who was influenced by Sergei Nechayev argued that it was possible for terrorism to be used for a small group or revolutionaries to snatch power and then hand it over to the people.",
"title": "Olga Lyubatovich"
},
{
"docid": "531257#23",
"text": "The European Union defines terrorism for legal/official purposes in Art. 1 of the \"Framework Decision on Combating Terrorism\" (2002). This provides that terrorist offences are certain criminal offences set out in a list consisting largely of serious offences against persons and property that;\nNATO defines terrorism in the AAP-06 NATO Glossary of Terms and Definitions, Edition 2014 as \"The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence against individuals or property in an attempt to coerce or intimidate governments or societies to achieve political, religious or ideological objectives\".",
"title": "Definitions of terrorism"
},
{
"docid": "801653#37",
"text": "The Director of Public Prosecutions and head of the Crown Prosecution Service in the UK, Ken McDonald, Britain's most senior criminal prosecutor, stated that those responsible for acts of terrorism such as the 7 July 2005 London bombings are not \"soldiers\" in a war, but \"inadequates\" who should be dealt with by the criminal justice system. He added that a \"culture of legislative restraint\" was needed in passing anti-terrorism laws and that a \"primary purpose\" of the violent attacks was to tempt countries such as Britain to \"abandon our values.\" He stated that in the eyes of the UK criminal justice system, the response to terrorism had to be \"proportionate and grounded in due process and the rule of law\":\nLondon is not a battlefield. Those innocents who were murdered...were not victims of war. And the men who killed them were not, as in their vanity they claimed on their ludicrous videos, 'soldiers'. They were deluded, narcissistic inadequates. They were criminals. They were fantasists. We need to be very clear about this. On the streets of London there is no such thing as a war on terror. The fight against terrorism on the streets of Britain is not a war. It is the prevention of crime, the enforcement of our laws and the winning of justice for those damaged by their infringement.",
"title": "Criticism of the War on Terror"
},
{
"docid": "531257#8",
"text": "Ben Saul has noted that a \"A combination of pragmatic and principled arguments supports the case for defining terrorism in international law\", including the need to condemn violations to human rights, to protect the state and deliberative politics, to differentiate public and private violence, and to ensure international peace and security.\nCarlos Diaz-Paniagua, who coordinated the negotiations of the proposed United Nations Comprehensive Convention on International Terrorism, noted, on his part, the need to provide a precise definition of terrorist activities in international law: \"Criminal law has three purposes: to declare that a conduct is forbidden, to prevent it, and to express society's condemnation for the wrongful acts. The symbolic, normative role of criminalization is of particular importance in the case of terrorism. The criminalization of terrorist acts expresses society's repugnance at them, invokes social censure and shame, and stigmatizes those who commit them. Moreover, by creating and reaffirming values, criminalization may serve, in the long run, as a deterrent to terrorism, as those values are internalized.\" Thus, international criminal law treaties that seek to prevent, condemn and punish terrorist activities, require precise definitions:",
"title": "Definitions of terrorism"
}
] | [
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] |
4149 | When is the IZOD series held? | [
{
"docid": "13000483#0",
"text": "The IZOD IndyCar World Championship Presented by Honda was an IndyCar Series race on the Las Vegas Motor Speedway, held from 1996–2000, and again in 2011. It was first known as the Las Vegas 500k. The Champ Car World Series held a race at the track during the 2004 and 2005 seasons as doubleheaders with the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series and a street race was held in Las Vegas at the Fremont Street Experience in 2007.",
"title": "IZOD IndyCar World Championships"
},
{
"docid": "33434343#0",
"text": "The 2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship was the final race of the 2011 IZOD IndyCar series schedule. The event took place at Las Vegas Motor Speedway in Clark County, Nevada on October 16, 2011. The race was stopped following a major accident triggered by drivers trying to avoid light contact between Wade Cunningham and James Hinchcliffe. 15 cars were involved in the wreck, which resulted in the death of two-time Indianapolis 500 winner and 2005 series champion Dan Wheldon. After a delay of over two hours, IndyCar decided to abandon the remaining 188 laps after word of Wheldon's death was relayed to the drivers, though the drivers did complete a five-lap salute in honor of Wheldon.",
"title": "2011 IZOD IndyCar World Championship"
},
{
"docid": "27913160#0",
"text": "The 2012 IZOD IndyCar Series was the 17th season of the IndyCar Series, and the 101st season of American open wheel racing. Its premier event was the 96th Indianapolis 500, held on Sunday, May 27. The series was sanctioned by IndyCar, and took place in three countries on two continents. Chevrolet returned to the series for the first time since 2005 while Lotus debuted, with the latter leaving the IndyCar Series after the 2012 season due to poor performance.",
"title": "2012 IndyCar Series"
},
{
"docid": "1552223#8",
"text": "On October 16, 2011, the final race of the 2011 IndyCar season, the IZOD IndyCar World Championship, was held at Las Vegas. However, the race was halted by a horrific crash on lap 11 that involved 15 cars, some of which became airborne, and some of which burst into flames. The crash began when Wade Cunningham made light contact with James Hinchcliffe, but the situation turned into a big pile-up of cars. The crash allowed a red flag to be waved almost instantly, due to the remains of the damaged cars and the amount of debris on the track.",
"title": "Las Vegas Motor Speedway"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "625007#16",
"text": "On January 15, 2015, as urged by state governor Chris Christie, the New Jersey Sports and Exposition Authority voted to close Izod Center. Under a two-year, $2 million agreement with Devils Arena Entertainment LLC, most future events scheduled for Izod Center were moved to Prudential Center, and Izod Center will be left dormant. While the arena was originally expected to be shut down by the end of January, logistical issues required certain upcoming events to still be held at Izod: its final event was a Ringling Bros. circus event in March 2015. Under the terms of the agreement, the operators of Prudential Center received the profits from any events held at Izod Center after January 31, 2015.",
"title": "Meadowlands Arena"
},
{
"docid": "13000483#6",
"text": "In 2004–2005, the Champ Car series held a race at Las Vegas Motor Speedway. Both editions were held under the lights on a Saturday night as part of the NASCAR Craftsman Truck Series weekend in the fall. After only two years, however, the race was considered unpopular and was removed from the schedule.",
"title": "IZOD IndyCar World Championships"
},
{
"docid": "31666561#0",
"text": "The 96th Indianapolis 500 was held at the Indianapolis Motor Speedway in Speedway, Indiana on Sunday May 27, 2012. It was the premier event of the 2012 IZOD IndyCar Series season. For the first time since 1996 all entries featured turbocharged engines, and all entries were brand new model-year chassis, as part of the ICONIC Project. This was the first time since 2003, and only the fourth time since 1985, that all cars were a new model-year chassis.",
"title": "2012 Indianapolis 500"
},
{
"docid": "3870523#11",
"text": "On August 28, 2018, it was announced that PVH would expand the Izod brand to Europe starting with the Fall/Winter 2018 collection, initially in Spain, Germany, the Netherlands, and Scandinavia. PVH claims the launch of the Izod brand should fill in the void between fast-fashion labels and premium American brands.",
"title": "Izod"
},
{
"docid": "35044628#0",
"text": "The 2013 IZOD IndyCar Series was the 18th season of the IndyCar Series and the 102nd season of American open wheel racing. Its premier event was the 97th Indianapolis 500 held on Sunday, May 26. The 2013 season was the second to feature the Dallara DW12 chassis. Ryan Hunter-Reay entered the season as the defending drivers' champion. Chevrolet entered as the defending Manufacturers' Cup champion.",
"title": "2013 IndyCar Series"
},
{
"docid": "13000483#8",
"text": "In July 2006, the Las Vegas City Council approved a , 14-turn, counterclockwise street circuit in Downtown Las Vegas area near the Fremont Street Experience. Champ Car held their first event on Easter Sunday, April 8, 2007. The race was titled the Vegas Grand Prix. The course was generally liked by competitors and fans. With the dissolution of the Champ Car World Series in 2008, the event was cancelled after only one running.",
"title": "IZOD IndyCar World Championships"
},
{
"docid": "13000483#9",
"text": "On February 22, 2011, IndyCar CEO Randy Bernard announced the IZOD IndyCar World Championships to be held at Las Vegas Motor Speedway, reviving the 200-lap, 300-mile race format on the new variable banking. The race was adopted as a tripleheader, with the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series Smith's 350 on Saturday and for the first time, a 100.5-mile Firestone Indy Lights race on Sunday morning.",
"title": "IZOD IndyCar World Championships"
}
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] |
4151 | Who is the leader of Peru? | [
{
"docid": "239109#21",
"text": "President of the Republic: Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo",
"title": "President of Peru"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "39640238#0",
"text": "The Leader of the Opposition in Peru relates to each of the presidential candidates who took second and third place in the general election, including any other political leader and Benches (Parliamentary Groups) in the Congress. Since Ollanta Humala took office, the leadership of the opposition is chaired by Keiko Fujimori. Once established the First Presidency of Fernando Belaúnde, it could be distinguished true leaders against the government's position.",
"title": "Leader of the Opposition (Peru)"
},
{
"docid": "239109#5",
"text": "During its more than 190 years of independence, Peru has been ruled by the military leaders who fought for independence, the leaders of the War of the Pacific, representatives of the aristocracy, and democratically elected leaders. Also, the history of the presidency has involved civil wars, coups and violence. More than once, several individuals claimed the right to be president at the same time.",
"title": "President of Peru"
},
{
"docid": "16385820#0",
"text": "Tomás Francisco Gutiérrez Nino de Guzman was a Peruvian military man who led a coup against President José Balta Montero and served as the Supreme Leader of Peru on 1872. From July 22, 1872 to July 26, 1872, Gutiérrez Nino de Guzman was the de facto leader of Peru and the self-proclaimed \"Supreme Leader of the Republic.\" He was overthrown just four days after his proclamation and lynched. Peru later regained some political stability with the election on Manuel Pardo, although this stability was short-lived as a foreign threat began to arise in Chile.",
"title": "Tomás Gutiérrez"
},
{
"docid": "13469651#8",
"text": "According to an official from the host country, it was expected that the leaders of the regional economies would issue a call against protectionism and back free trade, despite the global financial crisis. Prior to the meeting of the national leaders, some 800 business leaders had gathered in Peru for commercial discussions. Senior officials also met behind closed doors to lay out the agenda for the weekend summit. Peru's deputy foreign minister, Gonzalo Gutierrez, said of the meeting before the leaders gathered that \"The main theme we followed in this ... meeting is that we should avoid at any cost protectionism.\" \nSenior officials sought to use the meeting to follow up on the previous week's G20 meeting in Washington, D.C. In warning against \"protectionism\" the host country's Foreign Minister, José García Belaúnde, said that \"We reaffirm our opposition to trade and investment barriers. We've [instead] decided to continue supporting the multilateral trade system, including the World Trade Organization, and to support a conclusion to the Doha trade round.",
"title": "APEC Peru 2008"
},
{
"docid": "34651212#6",
"text": "The rebellion began in a confrontation between the Constitutional Cabildo and the Audiencia of Cuzco over the administration of the city. Cabildo officials and their allies were arrested by the Audiencia. Criollo leaders appealed to retired brigadier Mateo Pumacahua, who was curaca of Chinchero, and decades earlier had been instrumental in suppressing the rebellion of Túpac Amaru II. Pumacahua joined the Criollo leaders in forming a junta on August 3 in Cuzco, which demanded the complete implementation of the liberal reforms of the Spanish Constitution of 1812. After some victories in southern Peru and Upper Peru, the rebellion was squashed by mid-1815 when a combined strength of royal forces and loyal curacas, among which were the Catacora and Apo Cari took Cuzco and executed Pumacahua.",
"title": "Protectorate of Peru"
},
{
"docid": "2660253#2",
"text": "In the legislative elections, held on 8 April 2001, the party won 5.8% of the popular vote and 4 out of 120 seats in the unicameral Congress of the Republic. The party participated in the 2006 elections as part of the Center Front together with Popular Action (AP). Alberto Andrade ran as running mate of AP leader Valentín Paniagua. Paniaga came in distant fifth with only 5.8% In the congressional vote, the alliance won 7.1%. In the 2011 election, both We Are Peru and AP joined the Possible Peru Alliance and endorsed the presidential candidacy of Alejandro Toledo, who finished fourth, while the alliance won 14.8% in the congressional election.",
"title": "We Are Peru"
},
{
"docid": "1571007#24",
"text": "Popular Force won the 2016 elections in a landslide, taking more than a third of the vote and an absolute majority of 73 out of 130 seats. Behind them in opposition, Peruvians for Change with 18 seats and Broad Front with 20 seats. Other parties which gained representation in Congress include Alliance for the Progress of Peru (9 seats), Popular Alliance (5 seats) and Popular Action (5 seats). 10 representatives split from Broad Front in July 2017 to form a new party, New Peru, with former presidential candidate Verónika Mendoza as leader. Popular Force also saw their party lose seats after the First impeachment process against Pedro Pablo Kuczynski in December 2017. Congressmen Kenji Fujimori, brother of Popular Force's leader Keiko Fujimori, is the unofficial leader of the now independent band of 18 congressmen that call themselves \"the Avengers\".",
"title": "Congress of the Republic of Peru"
},
{
"docid": "43349749#18",
"text": "The Communist Party of Peru – Shining Path is a guerrilla insurgent organization in Peru. It was founded in 1980 with Abimael Guzmán as its leader. The Shining Path is currently waging a war against the Peruvian government.",
"title": "Marxism–Leninism–Maoism"
},
{
"docid": "27891076#0",
"text": "Confederación Campesina del Perú ('Peasants Confederation of Peru', abbreviated CCP) is a farmers' movement in Peru. CCP was founded on April 11, 1947. Its first general secretary was Juan Hipólito Pévez Oliveros, a peasants leader from Ica. Another of its leaders was Hugo Blanco. For a long period CCP was the major peasants organization in the country, and closely linked to Marxist political parties.",
"title": "Confederación Campesina del Perú"
},
{
"docid": "30594736#0",
"text": "On July 29 every year, the Great Military Parade of Peru celebrating the anniversary of Peru's declaration of independence from Spain in 1821 is held in Lima, the national capital, by members of the Peruvian Armed Forces and the National Police of Peru and is presided over by the President of Peru and his First Family, members of the Council of Ministers of Peru and the Congress of the Republic of Peru, other civil officials, ecclesiastical leaders, the Diplomatic Corps of Peru, and other invited guests, among them commanders and other officers and personnel of the Armed Forces and the National Police.",
"title": "Great Military Parade of Peru"
}
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4152 | Where was Mar Yohannan VIII Hormizd born? | [
{
"docid": "21183206#5",
"text": "According to his autobiography, Yohannan Hormizd was born in 1760 in Alqosh to an Assyrian family. His father, the deacon Hanna (Yohannan), was the brother of the Mosul patriarch Eliya XII Denha (1722–78).",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "21183206#0",
"text": "Mar Yohannan VIII Hormizd (often referred to by European missionaries as \"John Hormez\" or \"Hanna Hormizd\") (1760–1838) was the last hereditary patriarch of the Eliya line of the Church of the East and the first patriarch of a united Chaldean Church. After succeeding his uncle Eliya XII Denha in 1780 as patriarch of Mosul, he made a Catholic profession of faith and was recognised in 1783 by the Vatican as patriarchal administrator and archbishop of Mosul. His career as patriarchal administrator was controversial, and was marked by a series of conflicts with his own bishops and also with the Vatican. Suspended from his functions in 1812 and again in 1818, he was reinstated by the Vatican in 1828. In 1830, following the death of the Amid patriarchal administrator Augustine Hindi, he was recognised by the Vatican as \"patriarch of Babylon of the Chaldeans\" and the Mosul and Amid patriarchates were united under his leadership. This event marked the birth of the since unbroken patriarchal line of the Chaldean Catholic Church. Yohannan Hormizd died in 1838 and his successor Nicholas I Zaya was chosen by the Vatican, ending the centuries-old practice of hereditary succession in the Eliya line of the Church of the East.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "25066370#3",
"text": "The foundation of the Chaldean Catholic diocese of Kirkuk has been attributed to Yohannan VIII Hormizd, who was recognised by the Vatican as patriarchal administrator of the patriarch of Babylon in 1780 and, after five decades of disputes and confrontations, as patriarch in 1830. According to the Chaldean Catholic priest Joseph Tfinkdji, Yohannan Hormizd visited the town of Kirkuk in 1789 while travelling from Mosul to Baghdad, and converted its Church of the East community to Catholicism. He is said to have consecrated a Chaldean metropolitan for Kirkuk, Mar Abraham, who resided in Aïnqawa during his reign, and died between 1821 and 1824. The source for this assertion is not clear. Abraham is not mentioned by any other source, and as Yohannan Hormizd himself (then considered by the Vatican to be merely metropolitan of Mosul) is styled 'metropolitan of Kirkuk' in a colophon of 1798, the Kirkuk region would seem to have been part of the diocese of Mosul at this period.",
"title": "Chaldean Catholic Archeparchy of Kirkuk-Sulaimaniya"
},
{
"docid": "21183206#3",
"text": "The partisan spirit of the contemporary accounts was reflected in the texts of several later Chaldean authors, notably Giamil and Tfinkdji. Stephane Bello, writing in 1939 with access to the Vatican archives, was the first scholar to write a dispassionate account of Yohannan Hormizd's career. He has been followed more recently by Habbi. Much of the recent scholarship on Yohannan Hormizd is in French or German, but convenient English summaries of his career were made by David Wilmshurst in 2000 and by Christoph Baumer in 2006. In 2003 Wilhelm Baum and Dietmar Winkler devoted three paragraphs to Yohannan Hormizd.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "21183206#9",
"text": "For the next eight years Yohannan Hormizd seemed to justify the hopes placed in him. He lived on amicable terms with the Catholic missionaries and devoted his energies to the conversion to Catholicism of the villages under his authority. In May 1790, on the advice of the missionaries, he consecrated his nephew Shemon metropolitan, and in August of the same year sent him to the Zibar district, where he converted the Nestorian villages of Arena and Barzane. The following year he sent Shemon to Mengesh in the Sapna district, where he was equally successful. The high point of this honeymoon period came in February 1791, when the Vatican appointed him patriarchal administrator of the Amid patriarchate, recalling Lazar Hindi to Rome to leave him a free hand. This appointment led to strenuous protests from Lazar Hindi, his vicar-general Joseph Attar and the clergy of Amid, and on 3 February 1793 Yohannan Hormizd's appointment was rescinded.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "21183206#18",
"text": "Yohannan Hormizd's suspension lasted for six years. At first he refused to accept the validity of the Vatican's decision, and issued threats against his opponents. Eventually he decided to seek a reconciliation with them, and a meeting was held on 20 February 1818 at Alqosh, attended by a hundred clergymen and notables, in which he agreed to apologise in writing for his misdeeds. In return, the assembly decided to send a letter to the Vatican to ask for his suspension to be lifted. Unfortunately, these good intentions were frustrated, as the letter’s courier was killed en route and the letter never reached its destination. The Vatican, ignorant of the \"rapprochement\" between Yohannan Hormizd and his opponents, was briefed on the affairs of the Chaldean Church early in 1818 by Campanile, who is unlikely to have placed a sympathetic construction on Yohannan Hormizd’s previous record. The Sacred Congregation concluded that Yohannan Hormizd had not taken his suspension seriously, and on 24 May 1818 it was renewed. The appointments of Augustine Hindi and Giwargis of Alqosh were renewed by briefs of 26 June 1818, and Yohannan Hormizd was informed of the new sentence in a latter of 11 July 1818.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "21183206#19",
"text": "Once again, Yohannan refused to accept the validity of the sentence, and for the next few years continued to assert his authority wherever he could, abetted by the civil authorities at Amadiya. The Rabban Hormizd monks refused to have anything to do with him and accepted the authority of Augustine Hindi (the colophon of manuscripts copied in the monastery at this period dutifully mention the patriarchal administrator Mar Augustine, not Mar Yohannan). Three monks of the monastery of Rabban Hormizd were consecrated metropolitan bishops at Amid by Hindi in March 1825: the future patriarch Joseph Audo for Mosul, Lawrent Shoa for Baghdad, and Basil Asmar for Amadiya. Two other bishops perhaps consecrated on the same occasion, Mikha'il Kattula and Ignatius Dashto, were sent to Seert and Mardin, traditional sees of the Amid patriarchate, but the other three returned to their home villages north of Mosul; Basil Asmar to Telkepe, Lawrent Shoa to Tel Isqof and Joseph Audo to Alqosh. There each of the three metropolitans began ordaining priests and deacons, in a direct challenge to Yohannan's authority.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "21183206#13",
"text": "Unfortunately for Yohannan, his position was immediately undermined by renewed complaints from a section of the Chaldean church. On this occasion his opponents, supported by the Latin missionaries, impugned his orthodoxy and accused him of embezzling monastic property. In 1802 the priest Yohannan Mushe of Tel Isqof was despatched to Rome with letters demanding the dismissal of both Yohannan and his nephew Shemon, metropolitan of Amadiya. He had only sufficient funds to reach Saida in Syria, where he entrusted the letter to the missionary Leopold Sebastien, who was leaving for Rome. The letters do not seem to have produced any immediate effect, but doubtless added to the concern in the Vatican about Yohannan Hormizd's reliability.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "21183206#17",
"text": "Yohannan Hormizd was eventually ransomed by his supporters and returned to Mosul, where he had several of his opponents imprisoned. After a series of mutual recriminations, the Rabban Hormizd monks and the Catholic missionaries wrote jointly to the Propaganda calling for Yohannan's deposition, alleging that he was opposed to their order, that he incited the Kurds of Isma'il Pasha against them, and that he was endeavouring to lead the Chaldean proselytes back to Nestorianism. The Vatican was alarmed at these charges and on 15 February 1812 suspended Yohannan from his functions as archbishop of Mosul and patriarchal administrator and appointed Shemon Sayyegh apostolic vicar for Mosul and the priest Giwargis of Alqosh apostolic vicar for the patriarchate of Babylon. Both men were placed under the direct authority of Augustine Hindi, who was named \"apostolic delegate for the affairs of the patriarchate of Babylon\". While this decision temporarily placed the two Catholic patriarchates under a single trustworthy authority, it was from the Vatican's point of view little more than a makeshift, as Hindi could never command the same prestige in the Mosul district as a member of the old patriarchal family.",
"title": "Yohannan VIII Hormizd"
},
{
"docid": "21411073#5",
"text": "Yohannan Sulaqa was born c. 1510 to Daniel Bit-Bellu, a member of an Assyrian family in the Mosul region of northern Mesopotamia. Around 1540 Sulaqa became abbot of Rabban Hormizd Monastery in Alqosh (or, according to an alternative account, of the monastery of Beth Qoqa near Erbil). The literal translation of Sulaqa in English is Ascension.",
"title": "Shimun VIII Yohannan Sulaqa"
}
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4153 | How many people live in NYC? | [
{
"docid": "1729017#0",
"text": "New York City's demographics show that it is a large and ethnically diverse metropolis. It is the largest city in the United States with a long history of international immigration. New York City was home to nearly 8.5 million people in 2014, accounting for over 40% of the population of New York State and a slightly lower percentage of the New York metropolitan area, home to approximately 23.6 million. Over the last decade the city has been growing faster than the region. The New York region continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for legal immigrants admitted into the United States.",
"title": "Demographics of New York City"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "54482169#2",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 0 inhabitants.",
"title": "Vlasiḱi"
},
{
"docid": "13103724#11",
"text": "2003 brings the first live performance of his entire career, \"Live in NYC\". If you thought you knew Jon Lucien, now is a good time to discover how he commands many genres of music. You can't \"pigeon-hole\" Jon Lucien, he just makes good music.",
"title": "Jon Lucien"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "18691665#19",
"text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.",
"title": "Sanaʽa"
},
{
"docid": "54186754#1",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 213 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:",
"title": "Raoviḱ"
},
{
"docid": "54270085#1",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 104 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:",
"title": "Selokuḱi"
},
{
"docid": "54228348#1",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 403 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:",
"title": "Ǵurǵevište"
},
{
"docid": "54212870#1",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 962 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:",
"title": "Ǵermo"
},
{
"docid": "54157633#1",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 12 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:",
"title": "Zlokuḱane"
},
{
"docid": "54286306#1",
"text": "According to the 2002 census, the village had a total of 15 inhabitants. Ethnic groups in the village include:",
"title": "Orḱuše"
}
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] |
4154 | What is the oldest surviving example of textile cloth? | [
{
"docid": "13920022#3",
"text": "The earliest known surviving textiles are samples of fiberwork found in Guitarrero Cave, Peru dating back to 8000 BCE. Early fiberwork by the Norte Chico civilization consisted of plant fibers that were intertwined and knotted to form baskets and other containers. Surviving examples of finely spun thread and simple cloths indicate that knowledge of spinning and weaving had already been well-established and developed in the area.",
"title": "Andean textiles"
},
{
"docid": "88238#8",
"text": "Flax is believed to be the oldest fiber that was used to create textiles, as it was found in the tombs of mummies from as early as 6500 B.C. The fibers from the flax are taken from the filaments in the stem of the plant, spun together to create long strands, and then woven into long pieces of linen that were used from anything from bandages to clothing and tapestries. Each fiber's length depends on the height of the leaf that it is serving, with 10 filaments in a bundle serving each leaf on the plant. Each filament is the same thickness, giving it a consistency that is ideal for spinning yarn. The yarn was best used on warping boards or warping reels to create large pieces of cloth that could be dyed and woven into different patterns to create elaborate tapestries and embroideries. One example of how linen was used is in the picture of a bandage that a mummy was wrapped in, dated between 305 and 30 B.C. Some of the bandages were painted with hieroglyphs if the person being buried was of importance to the community.",
"title": "Textile arts"
},
{
"docid": "8288124#7",
"text": "The earliest dyed flax fibres have been found in a prehistoric cave in the Georgia and date back to 36,000.",
"title": "History of clothing and textiles"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "21533167#0",
"text": "Textile manufacturing is one of the oldest human activities. The oldest known textiles date back to about 5000 B.C. In order to make textiles, the first requirement is a source of fibre from which a yarn can be made, primarily by spinning. The yarn is processed by knitting or weaving to create cloth. The machine used for weaving is the loom. Cloth is finished by what are described as wet processes to become fabric. The fabric may be dyed, printed or decorated by embroidering with coloured yarns.",
"title": "Textile manufacturing by pre-industrial methods"
},
{
"docid": "41503088#32",
"text": "No examples of pre Conquest feather fabric survive, and only a few survive from the colonial period. Important cloths of this type include two mantles from San Miguel Zinacantepec, the Huipil of La Malinche at the Museum of Anthropology, the Tlamachayatl at the Ethnographic and Historical Museum in Rome and the Paño Novohispano at the Museo Textil de Oaxaca. All have feathers or feather pieces either embroidered onto or twisted into cotton. The Paño is a remnant of a huipil with feathers woven into the cloth, and is of a very similar design to the Malinche huipil.",
"title": "Mexican featherwork"
},
{
"docid": "24997796#7",
"text": "A wide variety of portable objects from various decorative arts were imported from the Islamic world into Europe during the Middle Ages, mostly through Italy, and above all Venice. In many areas European-made goods could not match the quality of Islamic or Byzantine work until near the end of the Middle Ages. Luxury textiles were widely used for clothing and hangings and also, fortunately for art history, also often as shrouds for the burials of important figures, which is how most surviving examples were preserved. In this area Byzantine silk was influenced by Sassanian textiles, and Islamic silk by both, so that is hard to say which culture's textiles had the greatest influence on the Cloth of St Gereon, a large tapestry which is the earliest and most important European imitation of Eastern work. European, especially Italian, cloth gradually caught up with the quality of Eastern imports, and adopted many elements of their designs.",
"title": "Islamic influences on Western art"
},
{
"docid": "8288124#6",
"text": "Sewing needles have been dated to at least 50,000 years ago (Denisova Cave, Siberia) – and uniquely associated with a human species other than modern humans, i.e. H. Denisova/H. Altai. The oldest possible example is 60,000 years ago, a needlepoint (missing stem and eye) found in Sibudu Cave, South Africa. Other early examples of needles dating from 41,000-15,000 years ago are found in multiple locations, e.g. Slovenia, Russia, China, Spain, and France.",
"title": "History of clothing and textiles"
},
{
"docid": "8288124#10",
"text": "The first actual textile, as opposed to skins sewn together, was probably felt. Surviving examples of Nålebinding, another early textile method, date from 6500 BC. Our knowledge of ancient textiles and clothing has expanded in the recent past thanks to modern technological developments. Our knowledge of cultures varies greatly with the climatic conditions to which archeological deposits are exposed; the Middle East and the arid fringes of China have provided many very early samples in good condition, but the early development of textiles in the Indian subcontinent, sub-Saharan Africa and other moist parts of the world remains unclear. In northern Eurasia, peat bogs can also preserve textiles very well.\nThe first known textile of South America was discovered in Guitarrero Cave in Peru, it was woven out of vegetable fibers and dates back to 8,000 B.C.E.",
"title": "History of clothing and textiles"
},
{
"docid": "39208851#3",
"text": "Early 20th Century ethnographer Emil Torday acquired the oldest group of extant textiles from the Kuba tradition from the reigning king, Kot aPe. He called these textiles \"Bambala\" after the ruling clan. According to Joseph Cornet, these cloths were embroidered by Bushong women who were pregnant with the King's heirs for use in rituals surrounding the birth of the children. They were also used as funerary regalia for noble women. The slight sculptural relief, elaborate geometric designs and technical cohesiveness of the textiles indicate that they were created by highly skilled elders. According to art historian Vanessa Drake Moraga, \"That Kuba embroiderers represented textile structures in their compositions underscores both the value of weaving to the culture and the prestige attached to women art.\"",
"title": "Kuba textiles"
},
{
"docid": "51892#48",
"text": "Textiles are often dyed, with fabrics available in almost every colour. The dyeing process often requires several dozen gallons of water for each pound of clothing. Coloured designs in textiles can be created by weaving together fibres of different colours (tartan or Uzbek Ikat), adding coloured stitches to finished fabric (embroidery), creating patterns by resist dyeing methods, tying off areas of cloth and dyeing the rest (tie-dyeing), or drawing wax designs on cloth and dyeing in between them (batik), or using various printing processes on finished fabric. Woodblock printing, still used in India and elsewhere today, is the oldest of these dating back to at least 220 CE in China. Textiles are also sometimes bleached, making the textile pale or white.\nTextiles are sometimes finished by chemical processes to change their characteristics. In the 19th century and early 20th century starching was commonly used to make clothing more resistant to stains and wrinkles.",
"title": "Textile"
},
{
"docid": "11012076#6",
"text": "Woodblock printing (\"diaoban yinshua\" 雕版印刷), known as xylography today, was the first method of printing applied to a paper medium. It became widely used throughout East Asia both as a method for printing on textiles and later, under the influence of Buddhism, on paper. As a method of printing on cloth, the earliest surviving examples from China date to about 220. \"Ukiyo-e\" is the best known type of Japanese woodblock art print. Most European uses of the technique on paper are covered by the term woodcut (see below), except for the block-books produced mainly in the fifteenth century.",
"title": "History of printing"
}
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] |
4155 | Who is Odon? | [
{
"docid": "6966032#0",
"text": "The Odon is a river in the Calvados department, in Normandy, northwestern France. It is 47 km long and is a left tributary of the Orne. The river passes through Jurques, Aunay-sur-Odon, Baron-sur-Odon, Bretteville-sur-Odon, Épinay-sur-Odon, Grainville-sur-Odon, Parfouru-sur-Odon, Tournay-sur-Odon and Tourville-sur-Odon. It flows into the Orne in Caen.",
"title": "Odon (river)"
},
{
"docid": "19230767#0",
"text": "In Germanic mythology, Odin (; from , ) is a widely revered god. In Norse mythology, from which stems most surviving information about the god, Odin is associated with wisdom, healing, death, royalty, the gallows, knowledge, battle, sorcery, poetry, frenzy, and the runic alphabet, and is the husband of the goddess Frigg. In wider Germanic mythology and paganism, Odin was known in Old English as ', in Old Saxon as ', and in Old High German as ' or ', all stemming from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic theonym .",
"title": "Odin"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3470526#0",
"text": "Cristina Patricia Odone (born 11 November 1960) is an Italian-British journalist, editor, and writer. She is the Founder and CEO of the National Parenting Organisation. Odone is formerly the Editor of \"The Catholic Herald\", Deputy Editor of the \"New Statesman\" and director of the Centre for Character and Values at the Legatum Institute.",
"title": "Cristina Odone"
},
{
"docid": "21093777#0",
"text": "Odon de Châtillon (died ca. 1102) was a French cardinal. He was probably a nephew of Pope Urban II (1088–99).",
"title": "Odon de Châtillon"
},
{
"docid": "42551597#2",
"text": "Bacqué (pronounced \"BAH KAY\") is one of four sons of Odon L. Bacqué, Sr. (1917-1993), and the former Lydia Aponte (1920-2007), a native of Puerto Rico who attended college in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Bacqué's brothers are Frank R. Bacqué, M.D., William J. Bacqué, and Jean Louis Bacqué (1949-1954). His Roman Catholic parents married in 1943 and moved to Lafayette, where he was born the next year. His mother, who held a degree in Chemistry, was a lab instructor from 1965 to 1986 at the University of Louisiana at Lafayette, then known as the University of Southwestern Louisiana. Bacque's parents and brother Jean Louis are interred at Lafayette Memorial Park. His paternal grandfather, Frank M. Bacqué, served a single term in the Louisiana House under then Governor Sam Houston Jones from 1940 to 1944. \nFrom 1959 to 1961, Bacqué, attended Charlotte Catholic High School in Charlotte, North Carolina. He returned to Lafayette for his senior year at Cathedral Carmel High School, from which he graduated in 1962. In 1966, he obtained a bachelor's degree in History from Louisiana State University in Baton Rouge and planned to enter law school but instead faced conscription by the United States Army. He entered officer candidate school and served in the former South Vietnam with the 5th Special Forces, popularly known as the Green Berets. After his two years in the military, Bacqué returned to Lafayette, launched a life insurance business, was later named to the Million Dollar Round Table, and became involved in various civic affairs.",
"title": "Odon Bacqué"
},
{
"docid": "634919#0",
"text": "Odo of Cluny (French: \"Odon\") ( 880 – 18 November 942) was the second abbot of Cluny. He enacted various reforms in the Cluniac system of France and Italy. He is venerated as a saint by the Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Churches. His feast day is 18 November.",
"title": "Odo of Cluny"
},
{
"docid": "21600582#0",
"text": "Oede de la Couroierie (died 1294), also known as Eude de Carigas and Odo de Corigiaria, was a trouvère of Artois. He is documented beginning in 1270 as a clerk in the house of Count Robert II, who often sent him on diplomatic missions. He served Robert until his death. His will, made in June 1294, providing for both a mistress with her two children and his widow with her three. His will calls him both Odon de Paris and Odon de Saint-Germain. He was probably born in the Île-de-France, near Paris.",
"title": "Oede de la Couroierie"
},
{
"docid": "36311632#0",
"text": "Onuxodon is an Indo-Pacific genus of pearlfishes from the family Carapidae. The generic name is derived from the Greek \"onyx\" meaning \"claw\" and \"odon\" meaning \"tooth\", referring to the sharp fang like teeth of \"Onuxodon parvibrachium\". Species in this genus are distributed from South Africa to Hawaii. They live commensally with molluscs. The three currently recognized species are:",
"title": "Onuxodon"
},
{
"docid": "42551597#0",
"text": "Odon Lessley Bacqué, Jr., also known as Don Bacqué (born November 30, 1944), is an No Party former member of the Louisiana House of Representatives for District 43 in Lafayette Parish, Louisiana, who served a single term from 1988 to 1992.",
"title": "Odon Bacqué"
},
{
"docid": "54457021#0",
"text": "José Odon Maia Alencar (October 6, 1928 – June 13, 2017) was a Brazilian judge, lawyer, and politician. He served as the acting Governor of Piauí from August to September 1966.",
"title": "José Odon Maia Alencar"
},
{
"docid": "4710263#0",
"text": "Eudes of Deuil or Odo, Odon(1110 – April 18, 1162) was a French historian and participant of the Second Crusade (1147–1149).",
"title": "Odo of Deuil"
},
{
"docid": "19230767#6",
"text": "The Old Norse theonym \"Óðinn\" (popularly anglicised as \"Odin\") and its cognates, including Old English \"Wōden\", Old Saxon \"Wōden\", and Old High German \"Wuotan\", derive from the reconstructed Proto-Germanic theonym \"*wōđanaz\". The masculine noun \"*wōđanaz\" developed from the Proto-Germanic adjective \"*wōđaz\", related to Latin \"vātēs\" and Old Irish \"fáith\", both meaning 'seer, prophet'. Adjectives stemming from \"*wōđaz\" include Gothic \"woþs\" 'possessed', Old Norse \"óðr\", 'mad, frantic, furious', and Old English \"wōd\" 'mad'.",
"title": "Odin"
}
] | [
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4156 | What day was Alfred Caplin born? | [
{
"docid": "3012#0",
"text": "Alfred Gerald Caplin (September 28, 1909 – November 5, 1979), better known as Al Capp, was an American cartoonist and humorist best known for the satirical comic strip \"Li'l Abner\", which he created in 1934 and continued writing and (with help from assistants) drawing until 1977. He also wrote the comic strips \"Abbie an' Slats\" (in the years 1937–45) and \"Long Sam\" (1954). He won the National Cartoonists Society's Reuben Award in 1947 for Cartoonist of the Year, and their 1979 Elzie Segar Award, posthumously for his \"unique and outstanding contribution to the profession of cartooning\". Comic strips dealt with northern urban experiences until the year Capp introduced \"Li'l Abner,\" the first strip based in the South. Although Capp was from Connecticut, he spent 43 years teaching the world about Dogpatch, reaching an estimated 60 million readers in over 900 American newspapers and 100 foreign papers in 28 countries. M. Thomas Inge says Capp made a large personal fortune on the strip and \"had a profound influence on the way the world viewed the American South\".",
"title": "Al Capp"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "7151452#0",
"text": "Mortimer Maxwell Caplin (born July 11, 1916) is an American lawyer and educator, and the founding member of Caplin & Drysdale, Chartered. Born in New York City, Caplin holds a B.S. degree, Phi Beta Kappa, from the University of Virginia, where he is also a member of the school's prestigious Raven Society. He is an Order of the Coif graduate of the University of Virginia Law School, where he earned his LL.B. degree. Caplin also achieved a Doctor of Juridical Science from New York University, and several honorary doctorate in law degrees (LL.D.) from Washington College, the University of South Carolina, and Saint Michael's College.",
"title": "Mortimer Caplin"
},
{
"docid": "42538831#0",
"text": "Anthony Lindsay Caplin was born 1951 in Southport, Lancashire to Abram Moses Caplin and Vera Doris Benjamin, both descendants of Russian Jewish emigrees. He is a British company director and former chief operating officer of the United Kingdom's Conservative Party.",
"title": "Tony Caplin"
},
{
"docid": "7705099#0",
"text": "Andrew S. Caplin (born 15 June 1956 in London, England) is a British economist, now living in the United States, where he received his Ph.D. from Yale University in 1983. He is a Professor of Economics at New York University, co-Director of the Center for Experimental Social Science, and Research Associate at the National Bureau of Economic Research. Caplin's research focuses on six areas:\n(1). economics and psychology (behavioral economics,) \n(2.) indivisibility and economic outcome,\n(3.) life cycle consumption and portfolio choice,\n(4.) real estate finance, and\n(5.) individual differences and outcomes in economics and policies.",
"title": "Andrew Caplin"
},
{
"docid": "323781#0",
"text": "Ivor Keith Caplin (born 8 November 1958) is a British Labour Party politician. He was the Member of Parliament (MP) for Hove from 1997 until 2005.",
"title": "Ivor Caplin"
},
{
"docid": "3012#1",
"text": "Born in New Haven, Connecticut, of East European Jewish heritage, Capp was the eldest child of Otto Philip Caplin (1885-1964) and Matilda (Davidson) Caplin (1884-1948). His brothers, Elliott and Jerome, were cartoonists, and his sister, Madeline, was a publicist. Capp's parents were both natives of Latvia whose families had migrated to New Haven in the 1880s. \"My mother and father had been brought to this country from Russia when they were infants,\" wrote Capp in 1978. \"Their fathers had found that the great promise of America was true — it was no crime to be a Jew.\" The Caplins were dirt poor, and Capp later recalled stories of his mother going out in the night to sift through ash barrels for reusable bits of coal.",
"title": "Al Capp"
},
{
"docid": "896457#3",
"text": "Bruno Alfred Döblin was born on 10 August 1878 at the house at Bollwerk 37 in Stettin (Szczecin), a port city in what was then the Province of Pomerania. He was the fourth of five children born to Max Döblin (1846–1921), a master tailor from Posen (Poznań), and Sophie Döblin (1844–1920), née Freudenheim, the daughter of a merchant. Their marriage was characterized by a tension between Max's multifaceted artistic interests—to which Döblin would later attribute his and his siblings' artistic inclinations—and Sophie's cool pragmatism. The Döblins were assimilated Jews, and Alfred became aware of a broad, societal anti-Semitism early on.",
"title": "Alfred Döblin"
},
{
"docid": "35110961#0",
"text": "Robert Caplin (born 1983, United States) is an American photographer and cinematographer. Since 2005, Caplin has photographed over 800 assignments for \"The New York Times\" and has contributed to and has been published by hundreds of local, national, and international newspapers and magazines including \"National Geographic\", \"Los Angeles Times\", \"Sports Illustrated\", \"ESPN The Magazine\", \"USA Today\", \"The Sunday Times\", \"Newsweek\", \"Time\", \"Us Weekly\", and \"Vanity Fair\". In 2010 Caplin spent six months on the road with and documented the international pop singer Justin Bieber and along with HarperCollins, put together Bieber's illustrated biography consisting of Bieber's words and Caplin's photos. The biography, \"Justin Bieber: First Step 2 Forever: My Story\" spent 14 weeks on The New York Times Best Seller list and has sold over 1 million copies in 25 languages. Caplin's video documentation of Bieber on tour was released as part of Paramount Pictures' movie \"\".",
"title": "Robert Caplin"
},
{
"docid": "3012#8",
"text": "Also during this period, Capp was working at night on samples for the strip that would eventually become \"Li'l Abner\". He based his cast of characters on the authentic mountain-dwellers he met while hitchhiking through rural West Virginia and the Cumberland Valley as a teenager. (This was years before the Tennessee Valley Authority Act brought basic utilities like electricity and running water to the region.) Leaving \"Joe Palooka\", Capp sold \"Li'l Abner\" to United Feature Syndicate (later known as United Media). The feature was launched on Monday, August 13, 1934, in eight North American newspapers—including the \"New York Mirror\"—and was an immediate success. Alfred G. Caplin eventually became \"Al Capp\" because the syndicate felt the original would not fit in a cartoon frame. Capp had it changed legally in 1949.",
"title": "Al Capp"
},
{
"docid": "323781#2",
"text": "Caplin was elected as Member of Parliament for Hove in 1997.\nIn 1998 he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Margaret Beckett.\nAfter re-election in 2001 he became an Assistant Government Whip and then\nParliamentary Under Secretary of State and Minister for Veterans at the Ministry of Defence.\nFollowing the invasion of Iraq in 2003 Caplin was the focus of anti-war protests mostly coordinated by \"Hove Action for Peace\". Large weekly protests were held outside his Constituency Surgery at Hove Town Hall over a few years. As a Whip and Junior Defence Minister many people in Brighton and Hove felt that he was directly complicit in the decision to go to war in Iraq. He gained a certain notoriety and was heavily criticised following his refusal to accept an anti-war petition presented to him from the people of Hove.\nHe stood down from the House of Commons at the 2005 general election.",
"title": "Ivor Caplin"
},
{
"docid": "5305646#1",
"text": "Prior to January 30, 1922, Calvert was known as Caplin Bay, sometimes spelled Capelin Bay. It is said to have been named for the large number of capelin that were fished by its early settlers. As several other Newfoundland communities had similar names, and in light of the necessities of the postal service, the Newfoundland Nomenclature Board, in the early 20th century, made efforts to reduce duplication of place names. It responded favourably to a 1922 petition collected by the parish priest of Ferryland, Father Alfred Maher to change the name of the settlement in honour of Sir George Calvert, First Baron Baltimore, and founder, in the early seventeenth century, of the Colony of Avalon at what is now nearby Ferryland.",
"title": "Calvert, Newfoundland and Labrador"
}
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4157 | When was Ellis Island active? | [
{
"docid": "9806#25",
"text": "During and immediately following World War II, Ellis Island was used to hold German merchant mariners and \"enemy aliens\"—Axis nationals detained for fear of spying, sabotage, and other fifth column activity. In December 1941, Ellis Island held 279 Japanese, 248 Germans, and 81 Italians removed from the East Coast. Unlike other wartime immigration detention stations, Ellis Island was designated as a permanent holding facility and was used to hold foreign nationals throughout the war. A total of 7,000 Germans, Italians and Japanese would be ultimately detained at Ellis Island. It was also a processing center for returning sick or wounded U.S. soldiers, and a Coast Guard training base. Ellis Island still managed to process tens of thousands of immigrants per year during this time, but many fewer than the hundreds of thousands per year who arrived before the war. After the war, immigration rapidly returned to earlier levels.",
"title": "Ellis Island"
},
{
"docid": "16216000#0",
"text": "Ellis Island: The Dream of America is a work for actors and orchestra with projected images by American composer Peter Boyer, composed in 2001-02, commissioned by the Bushnell Center for the Performing Arts in Hartford, Connecticut. The work combines first-person narrations of seven immigrants who entered the United States through Ellis Island between 1910 and 1940, selected by Boyer from the Ellis Island Oral History Project, with Boyer’s original orchestral music. The work has received over 170 performances by more than 75 orchestras. A recording of the work released on the Naxos record label was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Classical Contemporary Composition in the 48th annual Grammy Awards. In April 2017, performances by Pacific Symphony of \"Ellis Island: The Dream of America\" were filmed for broadcast on PBS’ \"Great Performances\" series in the 2017-18 broadcast season.",
"title": "Ellis Island: The Dream of America"
},
{
"docid": "9806#12",
"text": "Between 1905 and 1914, an average of one million immigrants per year arrived in the United States. Immigration officials reviewed about 5,000 immigrants per day during peak times at Ellis Island. Two-thirds of those individuals emigrated from eastern, southern and central Europe. The peak year for immigration at Ellis Island was 1907, with 1,004,756 immigrants processed. The all-time daily high occurred on April 17, 1907, when 11,747 immigrants arrived. After the Immigration Act of 1924 was passed, which greatly restricted immigration and allowed processing at overseas embassies, the only immigrants to pass through the station were those who had problems with their immigration paperwork, displaced persons, and war refugees. Today, over 100 million Americans—about one-third to 40% of the population of the United States—can trace their ancestry to immigrants who arrived in America at Ellis Island before dispersing to points all over the country.",
"title": "Ellis Island"
},
{
"docid": "9806#0",
"text": "Ellis Island, in Upper New York Bay, was the gateway for over 12 million immigrants to the U.S. as the United States' busiest immigrant inspection station for over 60 years from 1892 until 1954. Ellis Island was opened January 1, 1892. The island was greatly expanded with land reclamation between 1892 and 1934. Before that, the much smaller original island was the site of Fort Gibson and later a naval magazine. The island was made part of the Statue of Liberty National Monument in 1965 and has hosted a museum of immigration since 1990.",
"title": "Ellis Island"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "9806#55",
"text": "Some films have focused on the immigrant experience, such as the 1984 TV miniseries \"Ellis Island\". The IMAX 3D movie \"Across the Sea of Time\" incorporates both modern footage and historical photographs of Ellis Island. The 2006 Italian movie \"The Golden Door\", directed by Emanuele Crialese, takes place largely on Ellis Island. \"Forgotten Ellis Island\", a film and book, focuses on the Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital. \"The Immigrant\" is a 2013 American drama film directed by James Gray, starring Marion Cotillard, Joaquin Phoenix, and Jeremy Renner. \"Ellis\", a short, premiered in November 2015.",
"title": "Ellis Island"
},
{
"docid": "32044626#0",
"text": "An Ellis Island Special is a family name that is perceived or labeled, incorrectly, as having been altered by immigration officials at the Ellis Island Immigration Station, when a family reached the United States, typically from Europe in the 19th and early 20th centuries. In popular thought, some family lore, and literary fiction, some family names were seen as having been shortened by immigration officials for ease of pronunciation or record-keeping, or lack of understanding of the true name—even though name changes were made by the immigrants themselves at other times. Among the family names that are perceived as being Ellis Island Specials are some that were supposedly more identifiably Jewish, resulting in last names that were not identifiably so.",
"title": "Ellis Island Special"
},
{
"docid": "1821598#7",
"text": "Ellis was invited to stay, and he arranged for his family to come to Hawaii, where they arrived on the \"Active\" on 4 February 1823. In June 1823 Ellis joined American Missionaries Asa Thurston, Artemas Bishop, and Joseph Goodrich on a tour of the island of Hawaii, to investigate suitable sites for mission stations. On the way he stopped at Maui and met and baptized Queen Keōpūolani. Their first stop was Kailua-Kona, where they met the Governor of the island Kuakini, known as \"John Adams\".",
"title": "William Ellis (missionary)"
},
{
"docid": "36305339#0",
"text": "Ellis Island is a television miniseries, filmed in the United Kingdom, broadcast in three parts in 1984 on the CBS television network. The screenplay was co-written by Fred Mustard Stewart, adapted from his 1983 novel of the same title. The series tells the story of several immigrants from the late 19th century until the early 1910s, trying to achieve the American Dream and arriving on Ellis Island, hoping for a better life. \"Ellis Island\" highlighted numerous important events which occurred up to and during World War I, and many of the characters are based on real persons, such as Irving Berlin. The series marks the final appearance of Richard Burton, and was dedicated to his memory.\nIn 1907 Jacob Rubinstein, a Russian Jew leaves his village after it is attacked by cossacks and his father, the local Rabbi, is murdered. While he was fleeing he is shot in the leg by the same cossack who killed his father. Jacob though, scares the cossack's horse, causing the horse to throw the cossack off. Jacob takes his revenge, shoots the cossack and takes the horse. He arrives in Hamburg, Germany, with the aim of emigrating to America. Even after selling the horse he is still short of the cost of a steerage class ticket. Depressed, Jacob walks around Hamburg docks and is persuaded into a brothel after hearing piano music. When inside, he meets an African American called Roscoe Haines, the piano player. Jacob is impressed by the Ragtime that Roscoe is playing and asks if he can try to play. Jacob is, to Roscoe's surprise very good at it. Roscoe organises a collection from everyone inside the brothel to raise the money Jacob needs for his ticket. Roscoe also tells Jacob to go and see a music publisher called Abe Shulman when he gets to New York City.",
"title": "Ellis Island (miniseries)"
},
{
"docid": "34195002#8",
"text": "Now discredited, eugenic beliefs played a small role at the hospital. Dr. Henry H. Goddard established an intelligence testing program on Ellis Island during 1913. Doctors would use metal calipers to measure the circumference of immigrants’ heads, and immigrants of “superior racial stock” were often favored when entering the United States. Additionally, many immigrants were detained at Ellis Island for mental illness and placed in the hospital's psychiatric ward. Some of the contemporary clinical classifications for mental illness are now archaic: idiot, imbecile, moron, or feeble-minded. It is likely that many of these immigrants were not actually mentally ill, but that cultural differences and a language barrier, as well as the immigrants’ anxiety about a new country, made them appear mentally ill. More objective testing methods were developed by Dr. Howard Andrew Knox to determine with increased accuracy whether an emigrant was mentally deficient. The Knox tests were effective in that they did not require specific cultural knowledge for successful performance. The Daughters of the American Revolution provided a robust occupational therapy program for immigrants detained at Ellis Island. They also worked with U. S. servicemen, merchant seamen, and members of the U.S. Coast Guard. Some were suffering from shell shock.",
"title": "Ellis Island Immigrant Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "9806#8",
"text": "In the 35 years before Ellis Island opened, more than eight million immigrants arriving in New York City had been processed by officials at Castle Garden Immigration Depot in Lower Manhattan, just across the bay. The federal government assumed control of immigration on April 18, 1890, and Congress appropriated $75,000 to construct America's first federal immigration station on Ellis Island. Artesian wells were dug, and fill material was hauled in from incoming ships' ballast and from construction of New York City's subway tunnels, which doubled the size of Ellis Island to over six acres. While the building was under construction, the Barge Office nearby at the Battery was used for immigrant processing.",
"title": "Ellis Island"
}
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4158 | What is the oldest football club in Germany? | [
{
"docid": "2807582#29",
"text": "Dresden English Football Club was founded on 18 March 1874 and was the first association football club in Germany, and likely the first outside Great Britain. In 1874, over 70 members participated, primarily Englishmen working in Dresden, watched by hundreds of spectators. Another German club, 1860 Munich did not play football until 1899, although it has its origins in a gymnastics and fitness club formed in 1848 and reestablished in the year indicated by its name.",
"title": "Oldest football clubs"
},
{
"docid": "4588271#2",
"text": "\"Altona\" is one of Germany's oldest football clubs: they were part of the Altona-Hamburg football league formed in 1894, as well as one of the founding clubs of the German Football Association (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) at Leipzig in 1900. In 1903 at their home ground, they hosted the first-ever German national championship final played between \"VfB Leipzig\" and \"DFC Prague\". The match was refereed by \"AFC\" player Franz Behr, who also served as the vice-chairman of the newly formed DFB until 1904. The club rescued the match by providing a new ball when the original one proved to be unsuitable for play. The hosts of the country's first title match never won or even played in a national final, being able to advance only as far as the semi-finals in 1903 and 1909, and the quarter-finals in 1914.",
"title": "Altonaer FC von 1893"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#0",
"text": "BFC Germania 1888 is a German football club from Berlin. Founded on 15 April 1888, it is the oldest still active football club in the country.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#2",
"text": "BFC Germania 1888 was part of the country's first football league, the BDF (Bund Deutscher Fußballspieler or Federation of German Football Players) which was formed in November 1890 and was active until February 1892. The league was made up of the Berlin-based clubs BFC Vorwärts 1890, BFC Askania 1890, BFC Borussia 1890, BFC Concordia 1890, BFC Hellas 1890, BFC Tasmania 1890 and BFC Teutonia 1891. Germania emerged the winner in a tournament staged by the league, and as the DBF was the only football league in the country at the time, can lay claim to being Germany's first champion. Club records indicate that \"BFC\" then defended their title, but no supporting evidence has been found.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#8",
"text": "Other teams which were formed before Germania including Berliner Cricket-Club 1883, BFC Frankfurt 1885, and SC Germania zu Hamburg 1887 (one of the predecessor sides which formed SV Hamburg in 1919) were also first organized to play other sports – cricket, rugby, and athletics respectively. Of these three clubs only \"Hamburg\" is still playing.BFC Germania 1888 has a rich sporting heritage and played an important role in the early development of football in Germany.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#5",
"text": "BFC Germania 1888 continued to play on the local amateur circuit. After World War II occupying Allied authorities banned all organizations in the country including sports and football clubs. The team was re-established in 1946 as \"SG Neu-Tempelhof\" and appeared fleetingly in the Amateurliga Berlin (III) in 1948–49 where they were able only to earn a single point from a draw in 18 matches.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#1",
"text": "BFC Germania 1888 was founded by 17-year-old Paul Jestram, his three brothers, and a number of their schoolmates from Askanischen Gymnasium at a time when football was not yet common in Germany, the first football games having been played in Berlin and Hamburg in the winter of 1881–82 by expatriate Englishmen. No football pitches had yet been built so \"BFC\" played on the Tempelhofer field where an airport would later be constructed.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26964076#3",
"text": "The oldest rugby union club in Germany is the DSV 78 Hannover, formed in 1878 as \"DFV Hannover\", in a time when a differencation between rugby and football was not yet made in Germany. While there is older clubs in Germany then \"DSV 78\", like the Heidelberger TV which was formed in 1846, their rugby departments were established after \"DSV's\".",
"title": "List of rugby union clubs in Germany"
},
{
"docid": "30555642#3",
"text": "The Cologne Crocodiles were formed in 1980, making it one of the oldest American football clubs in Germany. The club, in its first season, took part in the Nordwestdeutsche Football Liga, a renegade league which only existed for two seasons, 1980 and 1981.",
"title": "Cologne Crocodiles"
},
{
"docid": "5128065#0",
"text": "Berliner Fußball-Club Viktoria 1889 was a German sports club based in the Tempelhof district of Berlin. Football, rugby, and cricket came to continental Europe in the late 19th century, and these \"English games\" became immediately popular in many countries. Viktoria was the oldest club in Germany that had both teams playing football and cricket. It was one of the founding members of the German Football Association (DFB) in 1900.",
"title": "BFC Viktoria 1889"
},
{
"docid": "754648#2",
"text": "The Panthers were formed on 1 May 1978 and, while not the first American football club in Germany—this honour going to the Frankfurter Löwen who were formed in 1977 but folded in the mid-1980s—are the oldest still existing club.",
"title": "Düsseldorf Panther"
},
{
"docid": "10926233#21",
"text": "Berlin's oldest Jewish football club, Bar Kochba Berlin, founded in 1898, merged with another, Hakoah Berlin in 1930 to form Bar Kochba-Hakoah. Under the Nazi regime, Jewish clubs were segregated in 1933 and dissolved in 1938. Jewish clubs competed in other sports from the end of the war, but it was not until 1970 that Bar Kochba-Hakoah were revived as a football club, as a member of the Maccabi World Union which encourages Jewish sport. Now competing as TuS Makkabi Berlin in the sixth-tier Berlin-Liga, the club made headlines in Germany and the Jewish State of Israel in October 2006. Despite the club's low profile and the increase in tolerance in German society, the club were subjected to anti-Semitic, Neo-Nazi chants from fans and players of VSG Altglienicke.",
"title": "Football in Berlin"
},
{
"docid": "42984280#1",
"text": "FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin was formed in a merger of BFC Viktoria 1889, one of the oldest football clubs in Germany, and Lichterfelder FC, a club which had gone through a number of name changes and mergers before.",
"title": "FC Viktoria 1889 Berlin"
},
{
"docid": "21244791#3",
"text": "F.W.F., as a leader of the pupils of the \"Realgymnasium\", initiated the formation of a football club and, together with 24 other young men, he formed the \"Deutschen Fußball-Verein Hannover gegründet 1878\", the oldest still existing rugby club in Germany.",
"title": "Ferdinand-Wilhelm Fricke"
},
{
"docid": "21219045#5",
"text": "The game of rugby was introduced in the club in the early 1890s by Edward Hill Ullrich, who was partly of English descend and had a great love of \"English\" games, translating the rules of rugby into German. It is from this beginnings that the \"HRK\" claims to be the oldest rugby club in Germany. This is true in the sense that it is the oldest rugby-playing club in Germany but other clubs have an older rugby department.",
"title": "Heidelberger RK"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#7",
"text": "German football clubs typically include the date of their founding in their club's name. A number of sides – for example SSV Ulm 1846, VfL Bochum, and TSV 1860 München – have earlier founding dates, but were formed as gymnastics or athletics clubs and did not take up football until Germania's formation.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#4",
"text": "In 1900 the team left to join the VDBV (Verband Deutscher Ballspiel Vereine or Federation of German Ballplay Teams) and in that same year became a founding member of the DFB (Deutscher Fussball Bund or German Football Association) at Leipzig. However, with the growth of the game and the arrival on the scene of many new teams \"Germania\" became less prominent. By the start of World War I the club had fallen out of Berlin's top flight competition.",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
},
{
"docid": "7901420#6",
"text": "Today the club plays lower tier football in the local city leagues. In 2001 they competed in the Berzirksliga Berlin (VII) and over the course of the following two seasons advanced to the Verbandsliga Berlin (V) where they spent the next three seasons. The next three seasons saw the club relegated successively from the Verbandsliga to the Kreisliga Berlin A (IX). Since 2010 \"Germania\" has played in the Kreisliga Berlin B (X).",
"title": "BFC Germania 1888"
}
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] |
4159 | Who first landed the quadruple axel? | [
{
"docid": "39685#12",
"text": "Jumps are referred to by how many times the skater turns in the air. One revolution (one and a half for the Axel) is a \"single\" jump. Two revolutions (two and a half for the Axel) is a \"double\" jump. Three revolutions (three and a half for the Axel) is a \"triple\" jump. Four revolutions (four and a half for the Axel, although this has never been done in competition) is a \"quadruple\" or \"quad\" jump. The first triple jump landed in competition was a loop jump. It was landed by Dick Button in 1952. The first quadruple jump landed in competition was a toe loop jump. It was landed by Kurt Browning in 1988. Currently, men in world-class competition usually attempt a full set of triples and sometimes one or two quadruple jumps in their free skating programs. Triple Axels are rare for ladies, and quadruple jump attempts even more so.",
"title": "Figure skating jumps"
},
{
"docid": "15029208#0",
"text": "A quad, or quadruple, is a figure skating jump with at least three but less than four revolutions. Most quadruple jumps have 3 1/2 revolutions; the quadruple Axel has 4 1/2 revolutions, although no figure skater to date has completed this jump in competition. The quadruple toe loop and quadruple Salchow are the two most commonly skated in the discipline. Quadruple jumps have become increasingly common among World and Olympic level men's single skaters, to the point that not having one in a program has come to be seen as a severe handicap. The first person to land a ratified quadruple jump in competition was Canadian Kurt Browning in 1988. In 2002, Miki Ando became the first woman to do so, and she remains one of only two women to have landed a ratified quadruple jump in competition.",
"title": "Quad (figure skating)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26499662#10",
"text": "Dmitriev was the first man to land a 3Lz+3F cleanly in competition at the 2018 CS Nebelhorn Trophy, although it received a negative GOE for the lutz's landing on a left inside edge. At the 2018 Rostelecom Cup, Dmitriev attempted a quadruple axel, but landed forwards and fell, receiving both a downgrade and a fall deduction; this made him the first skater ever to attempt a quadruple axel in international competition",
"title": "Artur Dmitriev Jr."
},
{
"docid": "1346260#4",
"text": "In the 1996-1997 season Eldredge started off on fire, easily beating Alexei Urmanov (who also skated cleanly) to win Skate America. He controversially lost the Grand Prix final to Elvis Stojko who landed the first ever quadruple-triple combination, but had other errors, including a fall on his 2nd triple axel. Eldredge skated a clean and more complete program, but suffered from the home country scoring of the event in Canada. He regained his U.S title easily, in the absence of defending Champion Rudy Galindo, who was now professional. At the World Championships Eldredge skated a spectacular short program, but due to the very early draw he finished 2nd to Alexei Urmanov who skated near the very end. The top 6 were all clean with triple axel-triple toe combinations. Elvis Stojko though came from 4th to win the gold after a flawless long program with a quadruple-triple combination. Eldredge first singled, then later fell on his 2nd triple axel try, sealing his fate when combined with that he also didn't have a quadruple jump to begin with.",
"title": "Todd Eldredge"
},
{
"docid": "20919234#74",
"text": "Hanyu is credited as the first figure skater to successfully land a quadruple loop in an ISU sanctioned competition after performing it in the short program at the Autumn Classic International in Montreal, Canada on September 30, 2016. He is also the only skater who landed a quadruple toe loop-triple Axel sequence in competition. Currently, Hanyu is able to execute four different types of quadruple jumps in competition – the toe loop, Salchow, loop, and Lutz.",
"title": "Yuzuru Hanyu"
},
{
"docid": "11152#20",
"text": "The number of rotations performed in the air determines whether the jump is a single, double, triple, or quadruple (commonly known as a \"quad\"). The simplest jump begins with a waltz jump which can only be done in a half-leap and is not classified as a single, double, or triple jump. Senior-level male single skaters perform mostly triple and quadruple jumps in competition. Triple jumps other than the Axel are commonly performed by female single skaters. It is extremely rare for a female skater to land a quadruple jump; the only two female single skaters to be credited with quads in competition are Miki Ando, who landed the first quad Salchow in Dec 2002, and Alexandra Trusova, who landed the first quad Toe Loop (and only the second quad Salchow) in March 2018, both at the Junior level. Alexandra Trusova also was the first female to ever land 2 quadruple jumps in competition, the quad salchow and the quad toe loop. She was only 13 years old at the time.",
"title": "Figure skating"
},
{
"docid": "30875354#0",
"text": "The Axel is a figure skating jump with a forward take off. It is named after Norwegian figure skater Axel Paulsen who, in 1882, was the first skater to perform the jump. Compared to other common figure skating jumps, an Axel has an extra ½ rotation in the air because of its forward take off. Most skaters perform the jump with counterclockwise rotation, taking off from the left forward outside edge and landing on the right back outside edge. The Axel can also be done as a double jump with 2½ rotations, or as a triple jump with 3½ rotations, or a quadruple Axel with 4½ rotations, but no skater has yet accomplished a quadruple Axel in competition.",
"title": "Axel jump"
},
{
"docid": "4631#3",
"text": "In 1982 Boitano became the first American to land a triple axel. In 1987 he introduced his signature jump, the 'Boitano triple lutz' in which the skater raises his left arm above his head. He attempted a quadruple jump throughout the 1986–87 season and at the 1988 World Figure Skating Championships, but did not cleanly land the jump; he double-footed the landing on two occasions.",
"title": "Brian Boitano"
},
{
"docid": "26499662#0",
"text": "Artur Arturovich Dmitriev (, born 7 September 1992) is a Russian figure skater. He is the 2015 CS Ice Challenge champion, 2014 Cup of Nice silver medalist, and competed at three World Junior Championships, twice finishing in the top ten. He was the first skater ever to attempt a quadruple axel in international competition; however, he landed forwards and received a downgrade on the jump.",
"title": "Artur Dmitriev Jr."
},
{
"docid": "1345348#5",
"text": "Goebel was sometimes referred to as the \"Quad King\" because of his ability to land quadruple jumps. On March 7, 1998, in Lausanne, Switzerland, at the Junior Grand Prix Final, Goebel became the first skater in the world to land a quadruple Salchow, and the first American skater to land a quadruple jump of any kind in competition. International Skating Union officials ratified the jump at the end of the month after watching a video provided by the parents of Tiffany Stiegler / Johnnie Stiegler.",
"title": "Timothy Goebel"
}
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] |
4160 | Where is Verden? | [
{
"docid": "41147728#0",
"text": "Verden (Aller) or Verden an der Aller () is a railway station located in Verden an der Aller, Germany. The station was opened in 1847 and is located on the Bremen–Hanover railway and Rotenburg-Verden railway. The train services are operated by Deutsche Bahn and NordWestBahn. The station has been part of the Bremen S-Bahn since December 2010.",
"title": "Verden (Aller) railway station"
},
{
"docid": "180372#0",
"text": "Verden an der Aller (), also called Verden (Aller) or simply Verden, is a town in Lower Saxony, Germany, on the river Aller. It is the administrative centre of the district of Verden.",
"title": "Verden an der Aller"
},
{
"docid": "180372#10",
"text": "Verden is located in the German state of Lower Saxony, on the river Aller. It is the administrative centre of the district of Verden. The nearest large cities are Bremen (35 km) and Hannover (90 km).",
"title": "Verden an der Aller"
},
{
"docid": "149917#0",
"text": "Verden () is a \"Kreis\" (district) in the centre of Lower Saxony, Germany. Adjoining it are (from the northwest clockwise) the districts of Osterholz, Rotenburg, Heidekreis, Nienburg and Diepholz, as well as the city of Bremen.",
"title": "Verden (district)"
},
{
"docid": "130225#0",
"text": "Verden is a town in western Grady County, Oklahoma, United States. It abuts the Caddo County line, and is probably best known as the site of the 1865 Camp Napoleon Council. The population was 530 at the 2010 census, a decline from 659 at the 2000 census.",
"title": "Verden, Oklahoma"
},
{
"docid": "130225#4",
"text": "Verden is located in western Grady County at (35.083762, -98.088790). It is on U.S. Highway 62 and State Highway 9, west of Chickasha, the county seat, and east of Anadarko.",
"title": "Verden, Oklahoma"
},
{
"docid": "4748846#0",
"text": "Dörverden is a municipality in the district of Verden, in Lower Saxony, Germany. It is situated on the right bank of the Weser, approx. 8 km south of Verden, and 40 km southeast of Bremen.",
"title": "Dörverden"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "180372#11",
"text": "Verden is twinned with:The old town lies east of the Aller. The Lutheran cathedral () is known as the \"\" and towers above the pedestrianised high street, with its cafés and shops. This proto-cathedral, consecrated to Ss. Mary and Cecilia, served the former Catholic Diocese of Verden as episcopal church and was built between the 12th and 15th centuries. Other noteworthy buildings include the Lutheran churches of St. John (\"Johanniskirche\") and of St. Andrew (\"Andreaskirche\"), as well as the town hall and the \"Domherrenhaus\" (House of cathedral canons).",
"title": "Verden an der Aller"
},
{
"docid": "27857900#0",
"text": "The Verden Magic Park () is an amusement park in Verden (Aller) in North Germany, which lies on the A 27 motorway between Hanover and Bremen. The park describes itself as \"Germany's only amusement park for magic!\". Accordingly, it has specialised in the areas of magic and fairy tales. It is also a stop on the German Fairy Tale Route.",
"title": "Verden Magic Park"
},
{
"docid": "31542543#0",
"text": "The historic territory of Verden () emerged from the Monarchs of the Frankish Diocese of Verden in the area of present-day central and northeastern Lower Saxony and existed as such until 1648. The territory managed by secular lords for the bishops was not identical with that of the bishopric, but was located within its boundaries and made up about a quarter of the diocesan area. The territory was referred to at the time as \"Stift Verden\" or \"Hochstift Verden\", roughly equating to Prince-Bishopric of Verden. This territory described in local sources today incorrectly as \"Bistum Verden\" (\"Bishopric of Verden\") and, in 1648, was given the title Principality of Verden, sometimes referred to as the Duchy of Verden.",
"title": "Verden (state)"
}
] | [
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4161 | Who was president in 1817? | [
{
"docid": "15978#0",
"text": "James Monroe (; April 28, 1758 – July 4, 1831) was an American statesman and Founding Father who served as the fifth president of the United States from 1817 to 1825. He is perhaps best known for his foreign policy principle, known as the \"Monroe Doctrine\", which prohibited further European colonization of the Americas (beginning in 1823). Monroe was the last president of the Virginia dynasty, and his presidency ushered in what is known as the Era of Good Feelings. Born in Westmoreland County, Virginia, Monroe was of the planter class and fought in the American Revolutionary War. He was wounded in the Battle of Trenton with a musket ball to the shoulder. After studying law under Thomas Jefferson from 1780 to 1783, he served as a delegate in the Continental Congress.",
"title": "James Monroe"
},
{
"docid": "1790650#0",
"text": "Manuel Robles Pezuela (23 May 1817 – 23 March 1862). He was unconstitutional provisional President of Mexico from 1858 to 1859 on the conservative side in the Mexican War of the Reform, serving by appointment of a military junta in opposition to the constitutional President Benito Juárez, who was the head of the liberal party.",
"title": "Manuel Robles Pezuela"
},
{
"docid": "89110#38",
"text": "When he took office in 1817, President James Monroe's first choice for Secretary of War was Henry Clay, who declined the poaition. The post ultimately went to Calhoun. The result was that Johnson became chair of the Committee on Expenditures where he wielded considerable influence over defense policy in the Department of War during the Fifteenth Congress. In 1817, Congress investigated General Andrew Jackson's execution of two British subjects during the First Seminole War. Johnson chaired the inquiry committee. The majority of the committee favored a negative report and a censure for Jackson. Johnson, a Jackson supporter, drafted a minority report that was more favorable to Jackson and opposed the censure. The ensuing debate pitted Johnson against fellow Kentuckian Clay. Johnson's report prevailed, and Jackson was spared censure. This disagreement between Johnson and Clay, however, marked the beginning of a political separation between the two that lasted for the duration of their careers.",
"title": "Richard Mentor Johnson"
},
{
"docid": "14458743#0",
"text": "The presidency of James Monroe began on March 4, 1817, when James Monroe was inaugurated as President of the United States, and ended on March 4, 1825. Monroe, the fifth United States president, took office after winning the 1816 presidential election by an overwhelming margin over Federalist Rufus King. This election was the last in which the Federalists fielded a presidential candidate, and Monroe was unopposed in the 1820 presidential election. A member of the Democratic-Republican Party, Monroe was succeeded by Secretary of State John Quincy Adams.",
"title": "Presidency of James Monroe"
},
{
"docid": "22869183#15",
"text": "In 1817, President James Monroe selected Caesar Augustus Rodney, John Graham, and Theodorick Bland, as commissioners for a special diplomatic mission to South America, the South American Commission of 1817-1818. Because of his reputation as a botanist, Baldwin was selected to sail on the frigate USS \"Congress\" as a botanical investigator as well as the ship's surgeon. He embarked late in 1817 and returned to Wilmington in July 1818. During its voyage, \"Congress\" stopped at the ports of Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Aires, Maldonado, San Salvador, Brazil, and Margarita Island, Venezuela. During these stops, Baldwin found plenty of opportunity to collect plants that he would press and dry for later study.",
"title": "William Baldwin (botanist)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "47734811#0",
"text": "Thomas Fletcher (April 8, 1817 – February 26, 1880) was an American politician who served as Acting Governor of Arkansas from November 4 to 15, 1862, following the resignation of Henry M. Rector.",
"title": "Thomas Fletcher (American politician, born 1817)"
},
{
"docid": "3148079#8",
"text": "During the rebellion a Gazette Notification was issued by Governor Robert Brownrigg to condemn all those who rebelled against British Rule in Sri Lanka. All those who participated in the uprising were condemned as “traitors” and their properties confiscated by the government under the notification with some executed and others exiled to Mauritius. Several governments after the independence of Sri Lanka in the past have indicated their intention to revoke this Gazette Notification, however could not take action in this regard. The Gazette Notification issued by Governor Brownrigg was brought to Sri Lanka on the instruction of President Maithripala Sirisena. It was submitted to the Parliament and was revoked with the signature of the President in 2017. This allowed all those who participated in the uprising to be recognized as National Heroes, and their label as traitors erased. A National Declaration was awarded on their behalf to their descendants.",
"title": "Great Rebellion of 1817–18"
},
{
"docid": "52978580#0",
"text": "Manuel María Ramírez Fortoul (Arauca, 5 May 1817 - Bogotá, 3 May 1891) was a Colombian lawyer and politician, who was President of Colombia from 22 December 1877 to 24 December 1877 as a designate, while President Aquileo Parra Gómez was away.",
"title": "Manuel María Ramírez Fortoul"
},
{
"docid": "46178108#8",
"text": "In 1817 Daugier was elected deputy for Finistère, where he had been president of the electoral college. In the 1817-1818 session he voted with the minority but was still recognized by the ministry as candidate for Vaucluse, which he represented from 1819 to 1827. From the 1819 election onwards he supported the ministry. When Camille Jordan presented an important amendment on 29 June 1820 during the discussion on the electoral law, Daugier and five or six of his colleagues defected, meaning the amendment was rejected.",
"title": "François Henri Eugène Daugier"
},
{
"docid": "15647322#1",
"text": "Governor Daniel D. Tompkins was elected Vice President of the United States in November 1816; he resigned in February 1817. Article XVII of the New York State Constitution of 1777 said that \"...as often as the seat of government shall become vacant, a wise and descreet freeholder of this State shall be, by ballot, elected governor...,which elections shall be always held at the times and places of choosing representatives in assembly...\" This meant that, whenever a vacancy occurred, the Lieutenant Governor did not succeed to the governor's office but administrated the state only until the end of the yearly term of the New York State Assembly on June 30, the successor being elected in April.",
"title": "1817 New York gubernatorial election"
}
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4162 | How many people speak French in Ontario? | [
{
"docid": "218667#1",
"text": "There are more than 600,000 francophones residing in Ontario. According to the 2016 Canadian census, there were 550,600 people living in Ontario who declared French their first official language spoken, 490,715 people who declared French their mother tongue, and 277,045 Ontarians who declared French as the language they speak most often at home. Over 1.4 million Ontarians reported themselves as bilingual, and 1.3 million Ontarians reported partial or full French ethnic origins. French-speaking Ontarians constitute the largest French-speaking community in Canada outside Quebec, as well as the largest minority language group within Ontario, and French is the fourth most common ethnic background in the province after English, Scottish and Irish.",
"title": "Franco-Ontarian"
},
{
"docid": "21139#45",
"text": "The French language has historically played a significant role in North America and now retains a distinctive presence in some regions. Canada is officially bilingual. French is the official language of the Province of Quebec, where 95% of the people speak it as either their first or second language, and it is co-official with English in the Province of New Brunswick. Other French-speaking locales include the Province of Ontario (the official language is English, but there are an estimated 600,000 Franco-Ontarians), the Province of Manitoba (co-official as \"de jure\" with English), the French West Indies and Saint-Pierre et Miquelon, as well as the US state of Louisiana, where French is also an official language. Haiti is included with this group based on historical association but Haitians speak both Creole and French. Similarly, French and French Antillean Creole is spoken in Saint Lucia and the Commonwealth of Dominica alongside English.",
"title": "North America"
},
{
"docid": "10597#12",
"text": "French is the second most common language in Canada, after English, and both are official languages at the federal level. It is the first language of 9.5 million people or 29% and the second language for 2.07 million or 6% of the entire population of Canada. French is the sole official language in the province of Quebec, being the mother tongue for some 7 million people, or almost 80% (2006 Census) of the province. About 95% of the people of Quebec speak French as either their first or second language, and for some as their third language. Quebec is also home to the city of Montreal, which is the world's 4th-largest French-speaking city, by number of first language speakers. New Brunswick and Manitoba are the only officially bilingual provinces, though full bilingualism is enacted only in New Brunswick, where about one third of the population is Francophone. French is also an official language of all of the territories (Northwest Territories, Nunavut, and Yukon). Out of the three, Yukon has the most French speakers, comprising just under 4% of the population. Furthermore, while French is not an official language in Ontario, the French Language Services Act ensures that provincial services are to be available in the language. The Act applies to areas of the province where there are significant Francophone communities, namely Eastern Ontario and Northern Ontario. Elsewhere, sizable French-speaking minorities are found in southern Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island and the Port au Port Peninsula in Newfoundland and Labrador, where the unique Newfoundland French dialect was historically spoken. Smaller pockets of French speakers exist in all other provinces. The city of Ottawa, the Canadian capital, is also effectively bilingual, as it is on the other side of a river from Quebec, opposite the major city of Gatineau, and is required to offer governmental services in French as well as English.",
"title": "French language"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4478036#30",
"text": "During the 17th and 18th centuries, the French language established itself permanently in the Americas. There is an academic debate about how fluent in French the colonists of New France were. While less than 15% of colonists (25% of the women – chiefly \"filles du roi\" – and 5% of the men) were from the region of Paris and presumably spoke French, most of the rest came from north-western and western regions of France where regular French was not the primary native language. It is not clearly known how many among those colonists understood French as a second language, and how many among them – who, in overwhelming majority, natively spoke an oïl language – could understand, and be understood by, those who speak French thanks to interlinguistic similarity. In any case, a linguistic unification of all the groups coming from France happened (either in France, on the ships, or in Canada) such that, according to many sources, the then \"Canadiens\" were all speaking French (King's French) natively by the end of the 17th century, well before the unification was complete in France. Canada's reputation was to speak as good French as Paris did. Today, French is the language of about 10 million people (not counting French-based creoles, which are also spoken by about 10 million people) in the Americas.",
"title": "History of French"
},
{
"docid": "177872#8",
"text": "The majority of people from Leamington speak English. According to the 2006 census, 16,915 speak English only, 8460 male and 8460 female. Around 600 people speak French due to the French school; 10,840 speak other languages, such as German, Spanish and Arabic; and 45 speak English and French.",
"title": "Leamington, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "1520531#43",
"text": "Language: 57% of Embrun's population speaks French at home, while 41% speak English at home. The remaining 2% speak either both languages equally, or speak a non-official language. However, because there a significant number of French-Canadians who change their primary language to English later in life, the number of people whose mother tongue is French is higher than those who speak French as their main home language. 63% of Embrun residents list French as their mother tongue, while 33% list English as their mother tongue. 66% of Embrun residents are bilingual in both English and French, 24% speak only English, and 9% speak only French. For language of work, the English language is disproportionately common; while only 41% of Embrun residents speak English at home, 57% of Embrun residents speak primarily or exclusively English at work.",
"title": "Embrun, Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "701320#9",
"text": "In 2011, just over 7.1 million Canadians spoke French most often at home, this was a rise of 4.2%, although the proportion of people in Canada who spoke French \"most often\" at home fell slightly from 21.7% to 21.5% . Of these, about 6.1 million or 85% resided in Quebec. Outside Quebec, the largest French-speaking populations are found in New Brunswick (which is home to 3.1% of Canada's Francophones) and Ontario (4.2%, residing primarily in the eastern and northeastern parts of the province and in Toronto and Ottawa). Overall, 22% of people in Canada declare French to be their mother language, while one in three Canadians speak French and 70% are unilingual Anglophones. Smaller indigenous French-speaking communities exist in some other provinces. For example, a vestigial community exists on Newfoundland's Port au Port Peninsula; a remnant of the \"French Shore\" along the island's west coast.",
"title": "Languages of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "962731#69",
"text": "There are nearly seven million French speakers out of nine to ten million people of French and partial French ancestry in Canada. The Canadian province of Quebec (2006 census population of 7,546,131), where more than 95 percent of the people speak French as either their first, second or even third language, is the center of French life on the Western side of the Atlantic; however, French settlement began further east, in Acadia. Quebec is home to vibrant French-language arts, media, and learning. There are sizable French-Canadian communities scattered throughout the other provinces of Canada, particularly in Ontario, which has about 1 million people with French ancestry (400 000 who have French as their mother tongue), Manitoba, and New Brunswick, which is the only fully bilingual province and is 33 percent Acadian.",
"title": "French people"
},
{
"docid": "211003#55",
"text": "The mining boom of the early twentieth century attracted many francophones to Northeastern Ontario, and French is still widely spoken there. While the Canadian constitution never required the province of Ontario to recognize French as an official language, the government provides full services in the French language to any citizen, resident, or visitor wishing it including communications, schools, hospitals, social services, and in the courts, under the French Language Services Act of 1986. Bilingualism is higher than the Canadian average – in 2011, 180,020 people, or 24.6% of the population, spoke both English and French. There were also 8,910 people, or 1.2% of the population, who only spoke French. All of Northeastern Ontario, with the technical exception of Manitoulin Island, is designated as a French language service area, as are a few individual municipalities in the Northwest; Manitoulin Island, while not officially designated as a French language service area, effectively functions as one anyway since it receives most provincial government services from the designated Sudbury District seat in Espanola rather than functioning as its own jurisdictional area.",
"title": "Northern Ontario"
},
{
"docid": "9493544#5",
"text": "Compared to other provinces, New Brunswick has a relatively even split of French and English population.\nAs a comparison, the minority language communities of Ontario and Quebec (Franco-Ontarians and English-speaking Quebecers respectively) make up less than 10% of those provinces' populations. With both official language communities so strongly represented, New Brunswick is home to both French and English language hospitals and healthcare networks, school systems, universities, and media. The province also has a relatively high proportion of people who state that they can speak both official languages, with about 246,000 people, or 33.2% of the population reporting the ability to speak both English and French (though Francophones make up two-thirds of those who are bilingual).",
"title": "Demographics of New Brunswick"
}
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4163 | When was Laura Wright born? | [
{
"docid": "737306#0",
"text": "Laura Wright (née Sisk; September 11, 1970) is an American actress. She is perhaps best known for her roles as Ally Rescott on \"Loving\" and \"The City\" (1991–1997), Cassie Layne Winslow on \"Guiding Light\" (1997–2005) and Carly Corinthos on \"General Hospital\" (2005–present); the latter garnered her the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series in 2011.",
"title": "Laura Wright"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "737306#1",
"text": "Wright was born Laura Sisk in Washington, D.C., and was raised in Clinton, Maryland. She appeared in several high school plays such as \"\", \"Our Town\", and \"You Can't Take It with You\".",
"title": "Laura Wright"
},
{
"docid": "32820338#1",
"text": "Wright was born in Suffolk, and grew up in Framlingham. She won scholarships to attend the fee-paying Framlingham College along with her three brothers.",
"title": "Laura Wright (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "1155188#1",
"text": "Wright was born in Midland, Ontario, to Laverne and Laura (née Thomas). Wright graduated from Midland high school in 1956, and attended and graduated from Ryerson Polytechnic Institute in the area of Radio and TV arts in 1959. He worked briefly within local newspapers and radio stations as a copywriter before becoming an assistant editor for Macmillan Canada in 1960.",
"title": "Richard B. Wright"
},
{
"docid": "12405065#1",
"text": "Wright was born in Minnesota. As an adult, she pursued a career as an actress, singer and competitive ballroom dancer, teaching ballroom dancing and Latin dancing for more than ten years. After many years of reading romance novels, Wright left dancing and attempted to write romantic fiction. After three years of writing, she sold a manuscript to Harlequin books for their Silhouette Desire line of category romances.",
"title": "Laura Wright (author)"
},
{
"docid": "737306#2",
"text": "Wright (then credited by her maiden name of Sisk) made her television acting debut on ABC's daytime soap opera \"Loving\" in 1991, playing the character of Allison \"Ally\" Rescott Bowman. She also starred in \"The City\" from 1995 to 1997 as the same character, and then she played the role of Cassie Layne Winslow on CBS soap opera \"Guiding Light\" from 1997 to 2005. On September 12, 2005, Wright was cast as the fourth actress to play the character of Carly Corinthos on ABC's \"General Hospital\". ABC Daytime executive Brian Frons stated in a statement, \"Carly is a complex character, and we are excited to bring Laura's talent, beauty and intelligence to this role. [...] Fans can look forward to high drama between Sonny, Carly and Alcazar this fall.\" In a statement, Wright, who was still appearing in episodes of \"Guiding Light\" when the announcent was made, said:",
"title": "Laura Wright"
},
{
"docid": "32820338#0",
"text": "Laura Kathryn Wright (born 17 June 1990) is an English soprano. She is a classical-popular crossover singer who performs classical and operatic music, popular songs, musical theatre and folk songs.",
"title": "Laura Wright (singer)"
},
{
"docid": "35054545#1",
"text": "Laura was born on November 7, 1982 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. She is the youngest child of Eleanor and Gerard Shay and has three older siblings. Laura started singing in her elementary school choir when she was 8 years old and had one year of piano lessons at age 9. She began writing her own songs at the age of 13. On September 11, 1999, when she was 16, Laura performed her own music for the first time publicly at a local open mic. The coffee house that hosted the open mic offered Laura her first paying gig and she has been performing her original music locally and independently ever since. Over the past few years, her music has gained popularity through various regional and international licensing opportunities.",
"title": "Laura Shay"
},
{
"docid": "59114397#1",
"text": "Cowie was born on April 7, 1892 in Milltown of Rothiemay, Banffshire, Scotland. She was the daughter of farmer Alexander Cowie and his wife Anna Hutcheon. After her parents had married in 1889, they took up a lease on Turtory farm near Marnoch. In 1893, Laura's older brother Alexander was born. When the father died in 1900, following a sudden heart attack, the remaining family moved to Aberdeen, where they lived with two of Laura's cousins and earned some money by taking in two female students as boarders. Laura went to school in Aberdeen.",
"title": "Laura Cowie"
},
{
"docid": "36167726#1",
"text": "Wright was born at Greenwich in England, the son of Jabez Gladstone Wright. He worked in North and South America before moving to South Australia, eventually settling in Broken Hill around 1888. On 15 January 1878 Wright had married Honora Kearney, with whom he had four children. He worked as a carpenter and then as an undertaker, and was a member of the Australian Workers' Union. From 1896 to 1902 Wright was an alderman at Broken Hill. He rose to be mayor from 1900 to 1901, the first Labor Mayor in the world. He was elected to the New South Wales Legislative Assembly in 1913 as the Labor member for Willyama. With the introduction of proportional representation in 1920 Wright was defeated running for Sturt, but filled the vacancy caused by the murder of Percy Brookfield in 1921. Wright himself caused a vacancy a year later when he died at Bondi.",
"title": "Jabez Wright"
}
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4165 | When was the first tonsillectomy? | [
{
"docid": "331151#3",
"text": "Tonsillectomies have been practiced for over 2,000 years, with varying popularity over the centuries. The procedure is claimed in some books as \"Hindu medicine\" about 1000 BCE (non-evidence based literature). Others refer to it as cleaning of tonsil using the nail of the index finger. Roughly a millennium later the Roman aristocrat Aulus Cornelius Celsus (25 BCE – 50 CE) described a procedure whereby using the finger (or a blunt hook if necessary), the tonsil was separated from the neighboring tissue before being cut out. Galen (121–200 CE) was the first to advocate the use of the surgical instrument known as the snare, a practice that was to become common until Aetius (490 CE) recommended partial removal of the tonsil, writing \"Those who extirpate the entire tonsil remove, at the same time, structures that are perfectly healthy, and, in this way, give rise to serious Hæmorrhage\". In the 7th century Paulus Aegineta (625–690) described a detailed procedure for tonsillectomy, including dealing with the inevitable post-operative bleeding. 1,200 years pass before the procedure is described again with such precision and detail.",
"title": "Tonsillectomy"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "331151#32",
"text": "In 1957 an English general practitioner who was very sceptical towards tonsillectomy, reported that of the 40 children of his practice who had their tonsils removed, 6 (15%) had the procedure done because of \"parental pressure that could not be resisted\". Four years later, in 1961, English paediatrician Ronald Illingworth commented \"The operation should never be performed because the parents want it, the doctor wants it, or a school nurse, aunt or grandmother wants it. The child alone is the one who matters.\" In the same year, an English ENT specialist remarked \"It is difficult to persuade parents and practitioners that the tonsil has other functions than just to be taken out when large.\".",
"title": "Tonsillectomy"
},
{
"docid": "494254#6",
"text": "A decline in the frequency of the procedure started in the 1930s as its use became controversial. Tonsillitis and adenoiditis requiring surgery became less frequent with the development of antimicrobial agents and a decline in upper respiratory infections among older school-aged children. Also, several studies had shown that adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy were ineffective for many of the indications used at that time as well as the suggestion of an increased risk of developing poliomyelitis after the procedure, later disproved. Prospective clinical trials, performed over the last 2 decades, have redefined the appropriate indications for tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A), tonsillectomy alone, and adenoidectomy alone.",
"title": "Adenoidectomy"
},
{
"docid": "9047100#3",
"text": "In a case reported only due to its rarity, triplegia was reported following a tonsillectomy (surgical removal of the tonsils). An eight-year-old male patient was sent to Willard Parker Hospital on August 12, 1929 and had been diagnosed with poliomyelitis. After an unrelated, and routine, tonsillectomy there was complete flaccid paralysis and loss of feeling in both the legs, right arm, and muscles in the trunk.",
"title": "Triplegia"
},
{
"docid": "331151#35",
"text": "Compared to other countries, tonsillectomy rates have always been high in the Netherlands and remain one of the highest in the world, which according to Dutch ENT specialist Anne Schilder is because of cultural reasons. In 1964 a Dutch ENT specialist commented that once a child has benefited from the procedure, its parents often urge to have the procedure done on their other children, even without any medical indication, and that doctors should strongly resist that urge. According to a document written in 2008 by the umbrella organization of ten health insurers in The Netherlands, many unnecessary tonsillectomies are still performed because of parental demand.",
"title": "Tonsillectomy"
},
{
"docid": "6738211#5",
"text": "The hospital was dedicated on January 8, 1928 in front of 5,000 people who crowded shoulder to shoulder on \"hospital hill\". Thieresia M. Norberg was hired as the hospital's first administrator a few months before the dedication with the salary of $50 per week plus \"maintenance\". The first patient, Guy Lowes from Cape Girardeau County, was admitted to the hospital on January 9, 1928 for a tonsillectomy. The first baby was born in the new hospital on January 17, 1928 to Mr. and Mrs. Oscar Hahs of Cape Girardeau. The infant girl weighed only 3 pounds, 9 ounces and was also the first occupant of the hospital's prized incubator.",
"title": "Southeast Missouri Hospital"
},
{
"docid": "331151#31",
"text": "For example, in 1948 a British aurist wrote in a letter to the British Medical Journal \"(...) it would be disastrous to leave the decision to the parents. Anybody with experience in school tonsil clinics knows that parents who bring their children very often say: \"I want my child's tonsils removed\" and are more than displeased when told that tonsillectomy is not advised.\". Six years later, in 1954, British family doctor Oliver Plowright said something similar: \"One of the difficulties we doctors are up against is that in assessing the effects on the child both of the affected tonsils and of their removal, we are considerably dependent on the opinion of the parents. Quite unjustifiably, the operation for removal of the tonsils has achieved a tremendous reputation among parents who will badger us until, in desperation, we are forced to agree that \"perhaps they had better come out after all\".\".",
"title": "Tonsillectomy"
},
{
"docid": "331151#4",
"text": "The Middle Ages saw tonsillectomy fall into disfavor; Ambroise Pare (1509) wrote it to be \"a bad operation\" and suggested a procedure that involved gradual strangulation with a ligature. This method was not popular with the patients due to the immense pain it caused and the infection that usually followed. Scottish physician Peter Lowe in 1600 summarized the three methods in use at the time, including the \"snare\", the \"ligature\", and the \"excision\". At the time, the function of the tonsils was thought to be absorption of secretions from the nose; it was assumed that removal of large amounts of tonsillar tissue would interfere with the ability to remove these secretions, causing them to accumulate in the larynx, resulting in hoarseness. For this reason, physicians like Dionis (1672) and Lorenz Heister censured the procedure.\nIn 1828, physician Philip Syng Physick modified an existing instrument originally designed by Benjamin Bell for removing the uvula; the instrument, known as the tonsil guillotine (and later as a tonsillotome), became the standard instrument for tonsil removal for over 80 years. By 1897, it became more common to perform complete rather than partial removal of the tonsil after American physician Ballenger noted that partial removal failed to completely alleviate symptoms in a majority of cases. His results using a technique involving removal of the tonsil with a scalpel and forceps were much better than partial removal; tonsillectomy using the guillotine eventually fell out of favor in America.",
"title": "Tonsillectomy"
},
{
"docid": "331151#45",
"text": "For the past 50 years at least, tonsillectomy has been performed by dissecting the tonsil from its surrounding fascia, a so-called total, or extra-capsular tonsillectomy. Problems including pain and bleeding led to a recent resurgence in interest in sub-total tonsillectomy or \"tonsillotomy\", which was popular 60–100 years ago, in an effort to reduce these complications. The generally accepted procedure for 'total' tonsillectomy uses a scalpel and blunt dissection or electrocautery, although harmonic scalpels or lasers have also been used. Bleeding is stopped with electrocautery, ligation by sutures, and the topical use of thrombin, a protein that induces blood clotting.",
"title": "Tonsillectomy"
},
{
"docid": "28279568#2",
"text": "The Staples Municipal Hospital had its first patient on April 12, 1937. Jerry Martin, son of Mr. and Mrs. George Martin had a tonsillectomy. Medical staff included Dr. P.C. Benton, Dr. Jay M. Cook, Dr. E.P. Costain, Dr. W.J. Lund, Dr. C.F. Reichelderfer, Dr. Eugene Skinner and Dr. E.A. St. Pierre.\nThe building that housed the Staples Municipal Hospital was completed in November, 1936, but selection, purchasing and installation of equipment pushed back the opening date. Miss Dorothy E. Smith was the first superintendent and served April 12, 1937 – July 1, 1937 until she resigned due to her mother’s illness. Miss Cora L. Anderson succeeded Smith.",
"title": "Lakewood Health System"
}
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4166 | Is Byzantine Octoechos a musical system? | [
{
"docid": "495097#7",
"text": "The early Byzantine church developed a system of eight musical modes (the octoechos), which served as a model for medieval European chant theorists when they developed their own modal classification system starting in the 9th century. The success of the Western synthesis of this system with elements from the fourth book of \"De institutione musica\" of Boethius, created the false impression that the Byzantine octoechos was inherited directly from ancient Greece.",
"title": "Dorian mode"
},
{
"docid": "37804492#1",
"text": "From a Phanariot point of view, the re-formulation of the Octoechos and its melodic models according to the New Method was neither a simplification of the Byzantine tradition nor an adaption to Western tonality and its method of an heptaphonic solfeggio, just based on one tone system (σύστημα κατὰ ἑπταφωνίαν). Quite the opposite, as a universal approach to music traditions of the Mediterranean it was rather based on the integrative power of the psaltic art and the Papadike, which can be traced back to the Hagiopolitan Octoechos and its exchange with Oriental music traditions since more than thousand years.",
"title": "Neobyzantine Octoechos"
},
{
"docid": "37804492#3",
"text": "Unlike Western tonality and music theory the universal theory of the Phanariotes does not distinguish between major and minor scales, even if they transcribed Western polyphony into Byzantine neumes, and in fact, the majority of the models of the Byzantine Octoechos, as they are performed in Mediterranean churches by traditional singers, would lose their proper intonation and expression, if they were played on a conventionally tuned piano. Exactly the familiarity with microtonal intervals was an advantage, which made the Chrysanthine or Neobyzantine notation as a medium of transmission more universal than any Western notation system. Among others even Western staff notation and Eastern neume notation had been used for transcriptions of Ottoman classical music, despite their specific traditional background.",
"title": "Neobyzantine Octoechos"
},
{
"docid": "2091468#0",
"text": "Oktōēchos (here transcribed \"Octoechos\"; Greek: ; from ὀκτώ \"eight\" and ἦχος \"sound, mode\" called echos; Slavonic: Осмогласие, \"Osmoglasie\" from о́смь \"eight\" and гласъ, Glagolitic: , \"voice, sound\") is the eight-mode system used for the composition of religious chant in Byzantine, Syriac, Armenian, Georgian, Latin and Slavic churches since the Middle Ages. In a modified form the octoechos is still regarded as the foundation of the tradition of monodic chant in the Byzantine Rite today.",
"title": "Octoechos"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "37804492#23",
"text": "The difference between the \"diapason\" and the \"trochos system\" corresponded somehow with the oral melos transmission of the 18th century, documented by the manuscripts and the printed editions of the \"New Music School of the Patriarchate\", and the written transmission of the 14th-century chant manuscripts (revised heirmologia, sticheraria, Akolouthiai, and Kontakaria) which fit rather to the Octoechos disposition of the \"trochos system\". Chrysanthos' theory aimed to bridge these discrepancies and the \"exegetic transcription\" or translation of late Byzantine notation into his notation system. This way the \"exegesis\" had become an important tool to justify the innovations of the 18th century within the background of the Papadic tradition of psaltic art.",
"title": "Neobyzantine Octoechos"
},
{
"docid": "38078804#4",
"text": "Students of Orthodox chant today often memorize the history of Byzantine chant in three periods, identified by the names John of Damascus (675/676-749) as the \"beginning\", John Koukouzeles (c. 1280-1360) as the \"flower\" (Papadic Octoechos), and Chrysanthos of Madytos (c. 1770-c. 1840) as the master of the living tradition today (Neobyzantine Octoechos). The latter has the reputation, that he once connected in his time the current tradition with the past of Byzantine chant, which was in fact the work of at least four generations of teachers at the New Music School of the Patriarchate.",
"title": "Hagiopolitan Octoechos"
},
{
"docid": "2091468#1",
"text": "The names ascribed to the eight tones differ in translations into Church Slavonic. The Slavonic system counted the plagioi echoi as Glas 5, 6, 7, and 8. For reference, these differences are shown here together with the Ancient Greek names of the octave species according to the Hagiopolites and to the chant treatises and tonaries of Carolingian theorists. Fifteenth-century composers like Manuel Chrysaphes, Lampadarios at the Court of Palaiologan Constantinople exchanged the Phrygian with the Lydian. The Armenian names and their temporal cycles are represented in the article about the hymn books octoechos and parakletike.\nSouthern Slavs use the Byzantine musical system and, nonetheless, use the variant numbering that is always found in Church Slavonic texts.",
"title": "Octoechos"
},
{
"docid": "38078804#37",
"text": "The introduction of the eight mode system in Western chant traditions was part of the Carolingian reform. Officially, it was motivated by Pope Adrian I's confirmation of an earlier Eastern chant reform during the synode in 787, during which he accepted the reform for the Western traditions as well. Nevertheless, a Carolingian interest for the Byzantine octoechos can already be dated back to a visit some years earlier, when a Byzantine legacy introduced a series of antiphons sung during a procession for Epiphany. These antiphons served as a model for the eight modes according to the Hagiopolitan system.",
"title": "Hagiopolitan Octoechos"
},
{
"docid": "988707#39",
"text": "Concerning the octoechos, the Hagiopolitan system is characterised as a system of eight diatonic echoi with two additional phthorai (nenano and nana) which were used by John of Damascus and Cosmas, but not by Joseph the Confessor who obviously preferred the diatonic mele of plagios devteros and plagios tetartos.",
"title": "Byzantine music"
},
{
"docid": "37804492#119",
"text": "The Chrysanthine notation and the New Method, which were also used in the field of \"exoteric music\" in \"makam\" publications like \"Pandora\", \"Evterpe\", \"Kaliphonos Seiren\", and \"Apanthisma e Mecmue\", and the redefinition of the Byzantine tradition adapted to the common tone system of the tambur frets, had been a great temptation to fill the gaps of the four Octoechos cycles with new melodies and intervals which had been imported from other music traditions of the Levantic community of musicians. \"Makam\" compositions were not always identified as \"makam\", and especially related genres, like compositions of the \"heirmologic melos\" in kalophonic elaboration, rather defined as papadic melos and sung during the Divine Liturgies for instance as \"koinonikon\" (while the heirmologion was a traditional part of the daily morning service), became the favorite genre for these experiments. The \"heirmos kalophonikos\" was made popular by Petros Bereketis during the 17th century, despite the fact that it already existed since the rise of \"psaltic art\" in the last 150 years of the Byzantine Empire.",
"title": "Neobyzantine Octoechos"
}
] | [
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] |
4168 | How old is Wiccanism? | [
{
"docid": "33295#0",
"text": "Wicca (), also termed Pagan Witchcraft, is a contemporary Pagan new religious movement. It was developed in England during the first half of the 20th century and was introduced to the public in 1954 by Gerald Gardner, a retired British civil servant. Wicca draws upon a diverse set of ancient pagan and 20th-century hermetic motifs for its theological structure and ritual practices.",
"title": "Wicca"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "2082947#23",
"text": "However the Avengers intercede in the conversation and go into battle with Magneto and the Young Avengers. Wiccan is attacked by Wolverine and is then convinced by Ms. Marvel that this is a battle they cannot win. Wiccan then teleports his team and Magneto to Wundagore Mountain in Transia, The Scarlet Witch's birthplace, leaving the Avengers behind, who decide to let Wiccan find the Scarlet Witch so they can take care of both of them at once. Upon arriving, Patriot lashes out in anger at Wiccan, but Hawkeye intercedes and decides that they will look for the Scarlet Witch together. Patriot then confides with Hawkeye that he believes the Avengers are right and that they need to go back. However Hawkeye tells Patriot that he needs to pick a side and walks away angry. The Vision confides his fear that Stature may sacrifice herself to bring back her father, and that that is something that neither he nor her father would want. Finally, the group reaches the Grave of Magda, Wanda's mother, and Magneto tells the children about the Scarlet Witch and Quicksilver's birth. Wiccan then reaches out with his magic and finds the Scarlet Witch in the town, and Speed goes to investigate, only to run into Quicksilver. Quicksilver then threatens Magneto and kidnaps Wiccan. Speed however catches up with Quicksilver and the two race, with Wiccan being carried by Quicksilver the whole time. Eventually, Quicksilver decides that the only way to stop his father and get Wiccan to help him find his sister is to kill Magneto. He fashions out stakes using fence posts and runs back to the village, throwing wooden stakes at Magneto, who dodges them. In the process, Quicksilver seemingly impales Wanda, who is discovered to be a Doombot, and that Doctor Doom has the real Scarlet Witch.",
"title": "Wiccan (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "23320076#120",
"text": "Human. Wiccan. Barmaid with Sookie at Merlotte’s. She is introduced in the second novel, \"Living Dead in Dallas\", and is a minor character throughout the books though her character is further developed in the fourth book, \"Dead to the World\". Holly had married right out of high school and gotten divorced within five years. As a Wiccan, not a witch, Holly practices a little witchcraft and has some magical abilities but she's primarily interested in the Wiccan life. She has a son, Cody, who is five years old when Holly is introduced. None of the humans in Bon Temps know she follows the Wiccan religion. Later in the books, Holly starts dating Hoyt Fortenberry. Lauren Bowles portrays Holly on HBO's adaptation of the books, \"True Blood\".",
"title": "List of The Southern Vampire Mysteries characters"
},
{
"docid": "6093047#2",
"text": "The nun is Martha, a 45-year-old withering woman who lives in a secluded convent in Calcutta. Even in the sanctuary of the Church, she is haunted by a specter that threatens her sanity. The Wiccan, Ipsita, is called upon by the unconventional Mother Superior to heal Martha's soul.",
"title": "Sacred Evil – A True Story"
},
{
"docid": "1188981#1",
"text": "Wilkinson was 43 years old, and a temporary lieutenant in the Royal Naval Reserve during the Second World War when the following deed took place for which he was awarded the VC:On 14 February 1942 in the Java Sea, off Malaya, , a patrol vessel, formerly a passenger steamer, commanded by Lieutenant Wilkinson, sighted two enemy convoys, one escorted by Japanese warships, The lieutenant told his crew he had decided to engage the convoy and fight to the last in the hope of inflicting some damage, a decision that drew resolute support from the whole ship's crew. In the action that followed, a Japanese transport was set on fire and abandoned, and \"Li Wo\" engaged a heavy cruiser for over an hour before being hit at point-blank range and sunk. Lieutenant Wilkinson ordered his crew to abandon ship, but he went down with \"Li Wo\".His VC is in the Imperial War Museum.",
"title": "Thomas Wilkinson (VC 1942)"
},
{
"docid": "2138327#5",
"text": "Prior to 1987, an Odyssean initiate who had been elevated into the High Priesthood would be autonomous of both the tradition's founders and of the WCC. That meant that they could initiate and/or elevate their students up to the highest degree (3rd Degree) without requiring approval from the other High Priesthood of the tradition. For those initiated after 1987, these initiates would have to retain active status—they must perform a minimal level of religious services (public rituals and public classes) to one of the temples of the Wiccan Church of Canada—for them to even bring a student before the Odyssean Priesthood Council. The Odyssean Priesthood Council is open to all initiates who currently have active status and it is only after obtaining the approval of the Council that an initiate may initiate or elevate their student. If an initiate fails to perform the minimum amount of religious services to one of the Wiccan Church of Canada temples, their status will be downgraded to inactive. An Odyssean initiate who has been inactive for more than one year and one day can be reclassified by the High Priesthood of the tradition as retired. A retired Odyssean initiate can only return to active status with the permission of the High Priesthood of the tradition. Therefore, while the Odyssean tradition and the WCC were separate during the foundation years of the church, it has been the practice for the past twenty years that the Odyssean tradition and the Wiccan Church of Canada are firmly linked one to the other.",
"title": "Odyssean Wicca"
},
{
"docid": "2082947#25",
"text": "Wiccan tries to tell Wanda about her past life as the Scarlet Witch, but Dr. Doom knocks him unconscious during the battle before Wiccan can finish. Later, Doom tells Wiccan that Wanda came to him, and although he does not understand how, he has truly fallen in love with Wanda. Later, Wanda comes to see Wiccan asking him to tell her everything about the Scarlet Witch before she marries Doom. In the meantime, Magneto and the Young Avengers plan to invade Doom's castle in order to get Wiccan back, but are stopped by Wonder Man, and the Avengers who followed him secretly. A battle ensues, and Wolverine goes to find Wanda and Wiccan to kill them, but is stopped by Iron Lad, who states that the future depends on Wiccan's survival.",
"title": "Wiccan (comics)"
},
{
"docid": "2570691#6",
"text": "In 2004, an 18-year-old Vicki starts a relationship with her 46-year-old college lecturer, Tommy Grant (Robert Cavanah); her family, particularly stepmother Chrissie Watts (Tracy-Ann Oberman), are outraged. Tommy feigns love for Vicki and they talk about leaving Walford to go travelling. Knowing that Tommy is untrustworthy, Chrissie attempts to seduce him. After a brief kiss, Chrissie strips him naked in the toilets of The Queen Victoria public house, on the promise that she will soon join him. She steals his clothes and forces Vicki to see him for the lying cheat he is. Vicki is devastated and initially furious with Chrissie but eventually realizes she had her best interests at heart.",
"title": "Vicki Fowler"
},
{
"docid": "14046279#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is taurine, 2-oxoglutarate:O2 oxidoreductase (sulfite-forming). Other names in common use include 2-aminoethanesulfonate dioxygenase, and alpha-ketoglutarate-dependent taurine dioxygenase. This enzyme participates in taurine and hypotaurine metabolism. It has 3 cofactors: iron, Ascorbate, and Fe2+.",
"title": "Taurine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
},
{
"docid": "37367512#0",
"text": "ㅎ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅎ is U+314E.",
"title": "ㅎ"
}
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4169 | Who invented the thermostat? | [
{
"docid": "265822#13",
"text": "Warren S. Johnson (1847–1911) of Wisconsin patented a bi-metal room thermostat in 1883, and two years later filed a patent for the first multi-zone thermostatic control system.\nAlbert Butz (1849–1905) invented the electric thermostat and patented it in 1886.",
"title": "Thermostat"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "265822#12",
"text": "Modern thermostat control was developed in the 1830s by Andrew Ure (1778–1857), a Scottish chemist, who invented the bi-metallic thermostat. The textile mills of the time needed a constant and steady temperature to operate optimally, so to achieve this Ure designed the bimetallic thermostat, which would bend as one of the metals expanded in response to the increased temperature and cut off the energy supply.",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "265822#24",
"text": "The pneumatic thermostat was invented by Warren Johnson in 1895 soon after he invented the electric thermostat. In 2009, Harry Sim was awarded a patent for a pneumatic-to-digital interface that allows pneumatically controlled buildings to be integrated with building automation systems to provide similar benefits as direct digital control (DDC).",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "27944981#98",
"text": "A thermostat is a device for regulating the temperature of a system so that the system's temperature is maintained near a desired setpoint temperature. The thermostat does this by switching heating or cooling devices on or off, or regulating the flow of a heat transfer fluid as needed, to maintain the correct temperature. The thermostat was invented in 1883 by Warren S. Johnson.",
"title": "Timeline of United States inventions (before 1890)"
},
{
"docid": "265822#11",
"text": "Possibly the earliest recorded examples of thermostat control were built by the Dutch innovator Cornelis Drebbel (1572–1633) around 1620 in England. He invented a mercury thermostat to regulate the temperature of a chicken incubator. This is one of the first recorded feedback-controlled devices.",
"title": "Thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "49785357#3",
"text": "Edward E. Freeman invented a system to control a hot air furnace that uses three thermostatic switches for its operation. A room thermostat starts the stoker. Another thermostat (or limit switch) opens the stoker circuit when the air in the furnace reaches a predetermined temperature, irrespective of the fact that the room thermostat may still call for heat. This second thermostat operates to prevent unsafe conditions due to overheating. The third thermostat is also in the furnace. It controls a fan which forces hot air from the furnace to the rooms. It does not permit the fan to start until the air in the furnace reaches a specified degree of heat. But, at that point, it starts the fan, which continues to run, even though the limit switch has stopped the stoker, so long as the furnace is hot and the room thermostat calls for heat. The patent was on the combination patent of three thermostatic switches, not on any of the switches alone and not on the combination of the fan switch and the limit switch.",
"title": "The Mercoid Cases"
},
{
"docid": "9300583#0",
"text": "The wax thermostatic element was invented in 1934 by Sergius Vernet (1899–1968). Its principal application is in automotive thermostats used in the engine cooling system. The first applications in the plumbing and heating industries were in Sweden (1970) and in Switzerland (1971).",
"title": "Wax thermostatic element"
},
{
"docid": "23774097#4",
"text": "Placebo thermostats work on two psychological principles, which are classical conditioning and the placebo effect. First, placebo thermostats work in accordance with classical conditioning. Classical conditioning was first discovered by Ivan Pavlov and is a type of learning which pairs a stimulus with a physiological response. Applied to placebo thermostats, this is when the employee adjusts the thermostat and hears the noise of hissing or a fan running and consequently physically feels more content. This is due to the countless trials involving the thermostat in their own home, which actually works. The employee has paired the sound of hissing or a fan running to being more physically content due to the actual temperature change and therefore when they experience the noise at work they feel the same way even though there is no change in temperature. As long as individuals get the result they are looking for (noise associated with temperature change) they will continue with the practice (changing the placebo thermostat). Additionally, placebo thermostats work due to the placebo effect. The placebo effect works on the basis that individuals will experience what they believe they will experience. This is attributed to Expectancy theory, which states that the placebo effect is mediated by overt expectancies. The most common example is in medical testing: inactive sugar pills are given to patients who are told they are actually medicine. Some patients will experience relief from symptoms regardless. According to expectancy theory, if people believe they are going to experience a temperature change after changing a placebo thermostat they may psychologically experience one without an actual change happening. Both psychological concepts of classical conditioning and the placebo effect may play a role in the effectiveness of placebo thermostats.",
"title": "Placebo button"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#8",
"text": "Development of the smart thermostat began in 2007 with the creation of the ecobee thermostat. The founder of ecobee, Stuart Lombard, wanted to save energy and reduce his family's carbon footprint. After realizing that heating and cooling made up most of his home's energy usage, Lombard purchased a programmable thermostat in an attempt to reduce total energy usage. Lombard quickly discovered that the programmable thermostat was difficult to use and unreliable. Following difficulties with the programmable thermostat, he set out to create a smart thermostat that saved energy and was easy to use. With that goal, the ecobee company was created in attempt to offer users a thermostat that could truly save energy by fixing the issues with programmable thermostats.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
},
{
"docid": "29640242#22",
"text": "To determine energy savings using actual data instead of energy models, in February 2015, Nest conducted a national study of Nest customers in 41 states who had enrolled in Nest's MyEnergy service. In May 2013, Nest acquired MyEnergy, a company that tracks and analyzes utility usage of people enrolled in the program. Upon acquiring MyEnergy, Nest was able to use the historical data to determine the energy savings of those who installed the Nest Learning Thermostat. This study looked at energy usage before and after the installation of a Nest Learning Thermostat and used a weather normalization procedure to prevent unusually cold or warm weather from skewing the data. The study had a sample size of 735 homes for gas usage analysis and 624 homes for electrical analysis. All of these homes were enrolled in the MyEnergy program and had sufficient energy data before and after the installation of a Nest Learning Thermostat. After observing the energy usage for one year, Nest determined that there was an average gas savings of 10% and a cooling savings of 17.5%. The savings varied from house to house depending on how occupants set their thermostat before the installation of a Nest thermostat, along with differences in occupancy patterns, house characteristics, and weather.",
"title": "Smart thermostat"
}
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] |
4171 | Do great white sharks migrate to australia? | [
{
"docid": "43619#7",
"text": "According to a recent study, California great whites have migrated to an area between Baja California Peninsula and Hawaii known as the White Shark Café to spend at least 100 days before migrating back to Baja. On the journey out, they swim slowly and dive down to around . After they arrive, they change behavior and do short dives to about for up to ten minutes. Another white shark that was tagged off the South African coast swam to the southern coast of Australia and back within the year. A similar study tracked a different great white shark from South Africa swimming to Australia's northwestern coast and back, a journey of in under nine months.\nThese observations argue against traditional theories that white sharks are coastal territorial predators, and open up the possibility of interaction between shark populations that were previously thought to have been discrete. The reasons for their migration and what they do at their destination is still unknown. Possibilities include seasonal feeding or mating.",
"title": "Great white shark"
},
{
"docid": "18875084#5",
"text": "Johnson was part of the first South African team to successfully attach a satellite transmitters to a great white shark on 24 July 2001.Johnson has tagged Great White Sharks for research purposes. His major scientific discoveries have been the satellite tracking of Nicole (a 3.6m great white shark) on a return migration from South Africa to Australia and back, and documenting the Great White Shark hunting Cape fur seal at night time, a previously unknown behavior. Between 2001 and 2005 Johnson conducted research on the controversial practice of chumming great white shark for tourism, often called cage diving, where he discovered evidence of conditioning, however he did not link this to increased numbers of attacks on human beings. In January 2008 he led a pilot study to Ponto Do Ora (Mozambique) on the Zambezi shark, also known as the Bull shark.",
"title": "Ryan Johnson (marine scientist)"
},
{
"docid": "18877204#0",
"text": "Stephan Swanson came to prominence as a marine researcher when he successfully placed the satellite transmitter on the famous Great white shark Nicole, the first great white shark ever to be tracked on a 20,000 kilometer migration from South Africa to Australia and back. Due to his ability to handle large marine predators, such as the great white shark, he was contracted as an expedition biologist to travel to Guadeloupe and place satellite transmitters on the dorsal fins of Great Whites. His historical capture and release of a 5m long, 1800 kilogram great white shark is documented in the National Geographic Marine Special \"Ultimate Shark\".",
"title": "Stephan Swanson"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "43619#34",
"text": "The national conservation status of the great white shark is reflected by all Australian states under their respective laws, granting the species full protection throughout Australia regardless of jurisdiction. Many states had prohibited the killing or possession of great white sharks prior to national legislation coming into effect. The great white shark is further listed as Threatened in Victoria under the Flora and Fauna Guarantee Act, and as rare or likely to become extinct under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife Conservation Act in Western Australia.",
"title": "Great white shark"
},
{
"docid": "43619#9",
"text": "The great white shark has a robust, large, conical snout. The upper and lower lobes on the tail fin are approximately the same size which is similar to some mackerel sharks. A great white displays countershading, by having a white underside and a grey dorsal area (sometimes in a brown or blue shade) that gives an overall mottled appearance. The coloration makes it difficult for prey to spot the shark because it breaks up the shark's outline when seen from the side. From above, the darker shade blends with the sea and from below it exposes a minimal silhouette against the sunlight. Leucism is extremely rare in this species, but has been documented in one great white shark (a pup that washed ashore in Australia and died). Great white sharks, like many other sharks, have rows of serrated teeth behind the main ones, ready to replace any that break off. When the shark bites, it shakes its head side-to-side, helping the teeth saw off large chunks of flesh. Great white sharks, like other mackerel sharks, have larger eyes than other shark species in proportion to their body size. The iris of the eye is a deep blue instead of black.",
"title": "Great white shark"
},
{
"docid": "43619#55",
"text": "At present, hang baits are illegal off Isla Guadalupe and reputable dive operators do not use them. Operators in South Africa and Australia continue to use hang baits and pinniped decoys. In South Australia, playing rock music recordings underwater, including the AC/DC album \"Back in Black\" has also been used experimentally to attract sharks.",
"title": "Great white shark"
},
{
"docid": "3377096#8",
"text": "Fox, along with his son, Andrew, after more than 40 years, still continue to run Rodney Fox Great White Shark Expeditions, a shark cage diving operation to view great white sharks in the wild off Southern Australia. This operation also acts as a platform for much needed further research of great white sharks as well as encouraging quality natural history documentaries on the species.",
"title": "Rodney Fox"
},
{
"docid": "20067558#14",
"text": "However it should be noted that shark and bycatch mortality from drum lines is minor compared to Commercial fishing. On average 15 Great white sharks are caught by the NSW and Queensland shark control programme each year, compared to 186 caught in Australia from other activities. Australia's commercial shark fishing industry is catching over 1200 tonne of shark each year, of which 130 are Great white sharks. The NSW prawn trawling industry alone results in 64 tonne of shark as bycatch each year, with two thirds dying. Tuna and swordfish longline fishing off the coast of South Africa reported 39,000 to 43,000 sharks killed each year between 1995 and 2005. \"Sharksavers\" estimates that in total 50 million sharks are caught unintentionally each year as bycatch by the commercial fishing industry.",
"title": "Drum line (shark control)"
},
{
"docid": "849192#15",
"text": "However bycatch from shark nets is minor compared to bycatch from other activities. On average 15 Great white sharks are caught by the NSW and Queensland shark control programme each year, compared to 186 caught in Australia from other activities. Australia's commercial shark fishing industry is catching over 1200 tonne of shark each year, of which 130 are Great white sharks. The NSW prawn trawling industry alone results in 64 tonne of shark as bycatch each year, with two thirds dying. Tuna and swordfish longline fishing off the coast of South Africa reported 39,000 to 43,000 sharks killed each year between 1995 and 2005. \"Sharksavers\" estimates that in total 50 million sharks are caught unintentionally each year as bycatch by the commercial fishing industry.",
"title": "Shark net"
},
{
"docid": "58072100#41",
"text": "It should be noted that the impact of shark culling is minor compared to bycatch from Commercial fishing. On average 15 Great white sharks are caught by the NSW and Queensland shark control programme each year, compared to 186 caught in Australia from other activities. Australia's commercial shark fishing industry is catching over 1200 tonne of shark each year, of which 130 are Great white sharks. The NSW prawn trawling industry alone results in 64 tonne of shark as bycatch each year, with two thirds dying. Tuna and swordfish longline fishing off the coast of South Africa reported 39,000 to 43,000 sharks killed each year between 1995 and 2005. \"Sharksavers\" estimates that in total 50 million sharks are caught unintentionally each year as bycatch by the commercial fishing industry.",
"title": "Shark culling"
}
] | [
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] |
4172 | When was Catherine Elisabeth Mulgrave born? | [
{
"docid": "57677455#0",
"text": "Catherine Elisabeth Mulgrave also Gewe (19 November 1827 ─ 14 January 1891) was an Angolan-born Jamaican Moravian pioneer educator, administrator and missionary who accompanied a group of 24 Caribbean mission recruits from Jamaica and Antigua and arrived in the Danish Protectorate of Christiansborg, now Osu, Accra in Ghana in 1843. Mulgrave was a leading figure in pedagogy and the education programme for girls in both Jamaica and on the Gold Coast. She was the Basel Mission’s first female teacher active on the Gold Coast. Under the auspices of the society, she played a pioneering role in the Christian women ministry of the Protestant movement in colonial Ghana. Catherine Mulgrave was also one of the first African woman teachers in the missionary educationalist system in Africa.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#1",
"text": "Catherine Mulgrave was born in Luanda, Angola, circa 1827. Some scholars such as Swiss German church historian, Hans Werner Debrunner posited that Mulgrave may have been born earlier in around 1825 or in 1826. Other records list 1820 and 1822. However, records at the \"Basel Mission Archives\" list her exact date of birth as 19 November 1827. Her father was a prince, the son of an African traditional chief who worked as an assistant to a merchant in their port town. Other sources state that her father was a respected African Christian merchant with European influences. Her mother, Sophina was a baptised mulatress who belonged to a Christian family of Catholic origin – most likely Euro-African of Portuguese and indigenous African descent. Since the 15th century, circa 1450, the Portuguese had a long-established presence on the Angolan coast through commerce and trade with BaKongo Empire. Mulgrave recalled her mother calling her by the Angolan name \"“Gewe”\" (pronounced \"\"Geve\"\") as a child. It is said that her European maternal grandfather had his entire family, including his elen daughters, one son and grandchildren, both Portuguese and African, vaccinated against smallpox. The port town of Luanda was described as, \"“A seaside town with a large church, a school, two forts, great European houses. (...) The city itself has a governor, a bishop, monks various cowls, vestments, choirboys, images of saints, holy water.\"\" When she was about five years old in April 1833, Gewe and her two cousins, while playing and fishing on the beach one early evening, were abducted by Portuguese slave traders on the coast of São Paulo da Assunção de Loanda, now Luanda. The slave traders arrived in a small boat with some sailors and attempted to lure the three children with sweets. One child managed to run away before she could be captured into the boat. The sailors paddled their boat to an anchored slave ship nearby, the \"Heroina\" where the two girls were greeted by a friendly captain, \"Sabin from St. Thomas\" who was also a slave trader. The two girl prisoners were kept in the captain's cabin. Hundreds of captives, estimated to be about 303, were in the ship and the two girls witnessed the brutality visited upon prisoners who tried to break free. That night, the ship sailed from the Angolan coast, heading for Havana, Cuba. After a few weeks, land came into view. British colonial authorities patrolling the high seas inspected the ship but they did not discover the slaves who were hidden in a basement. Near the southern Jamaican coast, a tropical storm alarmed and distressed everyone aboard the Portuguese schooner - the vessel crushed against a rock and began leaking before it eventually sunk. Some swam to safety on the shore while others clung to the wooden mast while they waited to be rescued. Gewe and her cousin were among the few survivors rescued from the wreckage and taken to Old Harbour, Saint Catherine Jamaica. The captain of the ship with his crew of kidnappers were arrested by the British authorities in Jamaica and jailed in Kingston as the system of slavery was already in the early phase of abolishment. The \"apprenticeship act\", granting immediate and full freedom to children six years of age and younger, and an intermediate status for those older, was also enacted 1833, kicking off the step-by-step abolishment of the system of slavery in Jamaica. The surviving captives aboard the Portuguese vessel were set free. Earlier in 1831/32, a bloody slave rebellion on the island had kicked off the struggle towards freedom. The official Act of Emancipation came into full force throughout the West Indies on 1 August 1834.\nThe two girls were adopted by the then Governor of Jamaica between 1832 and 1834, Earl of Mulgrave (1797–1863) and his wife, Maria Liddell, Lady Mulgrave Maria Liddell (1798–1882) who later became Lady Normanby and had just returned from Britain on a short trip. The Earl of Mulgrave was created Marquess of Normanby in 1835 and was styled as Constantine Henry Phipps, 1st Marquess of Normanby. The Mulgraves gave the two girls their surname and Gewe was given her adoptive mother's name.. In the first few months at the Governor's official residence in Spanish Town, they were home-schooled by the Governor's wife who was a devout Christian, most likely of Anglican faith. In 1833, the Earl and Lady Mulgrave were on an official visit to inspect the \"Female Refuge School\" in Fairfield, Manchester Parish. Between 1831 and 1837, the Moravian Church in Jamaica and the Cayman Islands increased its general operations in evangelism and educational initiatives in the West Indies. The Moravians sought to educate liberated slaves under the apprenticeship system. The refuge school had been established a year earlier in 1832 by English Moravian women missionaries. The school population had 24 orphan girls, who came from all over the island to attend the institution. Catherine Mulgrave and her cousin were sent to the boarding school. She spent five and a half years at the girls’ school. In January 1834, the Governor and Lady Mulgrave left Jamaica. They had wished to take Catherine and her cousin with them, but Lady Mulgrave suffered from sporadic illness and upon medical advice, the Mulgraves decided to leave them in Jamaica. Furthermore, the Clerk of the Mulgraves advised them against taking Catherine to England due to climatic conditions. They nonetheless maintained correspondence with Catherine and regularly remitted funds for her upkeep in Jamaica. After separation from her Victorian aristocratic foster family, Catherine Mulgrave was taken in by the Moravian mission in Fairfield, Manchester Parish. Catherine Mulgrave then proceeded to the Mico Institution in Kingston, Jamaica for teacher-training. Persistent illness forced her to leave the normal school after just nine months.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "57677455#10",
"text": "In 1842, when the Basel Mission recruitment team visited Jamaica, Americo-Liberian, George Peter Thompson fell in love with the then 16-year old Catherine Mulgrave. Born in 1819, Thompson was orphaned as a child, he was taken to Europe by the Basel missionary, the Rev. J. F. Sessing. He was raised in a Beuggen mission house in Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany, from where the Pietist movement originated. Thompson had been educated as a mission assistant in Basel Mission training school and seminary in Basel, Switzerland. Upon the recommendation of the Moravian mission and the tacit approval of the Basel mission, Mulgrave though initially undecided accepted Thompson's proposal. It is on record that her patroness, Lady Mulgrave, who she was still in contact with, opposed to the union but before she could voice her concerns, the Basel team had already left for the Gold Coast, together with the recruited Caribbean missionaries and Mulgrave who had then married Thompson on 11 December 1842. Catherine Mulgrave had suffered a miscarriage on the voyage from the West Indies to Africa. Thompson and Mulgrave had their first child, a girl named Rosina in 1844. In 1846, she gave birth to her second child, a son baptised George.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#23",
"text": "In 1870s, Catherine's husband began to have bouts of exhaustion and illness. In the spring of 1872, he went to Gerlingen with his whole family to recuperate for a year. On their return to the Gold Coast in 1873, they lived and worked at Abokobi until 1876, when they moved to Christiansborg. Shortly thereafter, Zimmermann fell ill again, and returned to Gerlingen, Germany with Catherine Mulgrave via Basel, Switzerland in September 1876, where he died at the end of the same year, on 13 December 1876, at the age of fifty-one. Accompanied by her three younger children, Mulgrave then returned to the Gold Coast in the spring of 1877 as a missionary widow and lived at Christiansborg, her longtime adopted home, until her death, fourteen years later, in 1891.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#17",
"text": "Zimmermann and Mulgrave made the Gold Coast their home. They had six children but only five, two daughters and three sons lived to adulthood. Their first child, Johanna was born in 1852. The second child, Johannes was born 1854. Their second daughter, Auguste Amalia, born in Christiansborg in 1858, was named after August and Amalie Steinhauser, a German missionary couple. Auguste Amalia was educated in Wurttemberg, Germany and became a teacher at the Basel Mission Girls’ Boarding School at Aburi. Between 1889 and 1892, she was a mission teacher at the Christiansborg Girls’ School. Mulgrave's son Gottfried, born in Odumase in 1861, later became an employee of the Basel Mission. Their last child Christoph was born in 1866. In 1871, Mulgrave's two eldest sons Johannes and Gottfried were sent to the mission house in Basel. Auguste Zimmermann was twice married to mission merchants. She first married Josua Leuze, a merchant with the company called Victor in 1883. Leuze joined the NMG in 1885 and was transferred to the Basel Mission in 1886 where he worked until his death in 1888. She then married the Basel missionary, Oskar Thal in 1892, becoming widowed for the second time in 1896. She returned to Germany and died in Korntal in 1923.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#20",
"text": "After the 1854 bombardment of Christiansborg by the H. M. S. Scourge, following the riots against the British poll tax ordinance, Zimmermann sought refuge at the Methodist mission house in Accra. Together with his family and students, he was evacuated to Abokobi, 15 miles (24 kilometres) inland from Accra where, with the assistance of another missionary, August Steinhauser, he set up a small Christian village community. At Abokobi, Catherine Mulgrave established a girls’ boarding school before staying briefly at Akropong. In 1858, the Zimmermann-Mulgrave household returned to Christiansborg and Catherine became a missionary wife again and resumed leading the weekly women's prayer meetings, usually held on Tuesday evening. Catherine Mulgrave gained respect from other missionary wives like Amalie Steinhauser who was on friendly terms with her. Mrs. Steinhauser had within that period lost her husband, the Basel missionary, August Steinhauser. Catherine and Amalie jointly paid regular house visits to women congregants of the church in Christiansborg.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "55873642#10",
"text": "In June 1851, Johannes Zimmermann married Catherine Mulgrave, an Afro-Jamaican divorced woman who was teaching in the girls' school at Christiansborg. The Mission Society in Basel was shocked by this marriage because Zimmermann had not asked for permission from the Home Committee. Facing possible dismissal from the Basel Mission for marrying a divorced African woman, Zimmermann remarked in defiance, \"\"I am marrying Africa...well, the African liana has climbed the German oak tree.\"\" As punishment, the Home Committee, suspended Zimmermann, stripping him of his rights to travel home to Europe every year on furlough, effectively making him a local missionary on the Gold Coast for the next twenty-two years. Mulgrave was born in Angola but raised in Jamaica after being rescued as a six-year old from Portuguese slave traders who had kidnapped her. They brought her onto a slave ship from Africa to Jamaica. Near the coast of Jamaica, the ship got in distress and sank. Catherine Mulgrave was however rescued from the wreckage. She recalled her mother calling her by the Angolan name “\"Gewe\"” as a child and was adopted by the then Governor of Jamaica, Earl of Mulgrave and his wife, Lady Mulgrave who educated her at the \"Female Refuge School\" followed by teacher training at the \"Mico Institution\" in Kingston, Jamaica. Mulgrave had earlier been married to the Americo-Liberian, George Peter Thompson who had been educated in Basel Mission training school in Basel, Switzerland as a mission assistant. In 1843, the young couple emigrated to the Gold Coast with a group of Jamaican missionaries from Kingston. Thompson and Mulgrave however got divorced six years later. Zimmermann and Mulgrave made the Gold Coast their home. Five of their six children lived to adulthood: two daughters and three sons. His dream of creating a German-African settlement in Abokobi never materialised although his descendants still live in Ghana. Furthermore, his own children and youngest brother, Christoph also married African spouses, indicating that his family was acclimated to the indigenous environment.",
"title": "Johannes Zimmermann"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#9",
"text": "As a missionary in her own right, Catherine Mulgrave became a Christian evangelist to the urban women population at Christiansborg. In 1848, she assembled girls and young women at Osu to form the first recorded group of the \"“Women’s Class”\" or \"“Women’s Fellowship”\" – a signature feature of the present day Presbyterian Church of Ghana called the \"Presbyterian Women's Fellowship\". The 1848 gathering was to learn more about Christianity, the sharing or exchange of spirituality and sisterhood of the faith. This women's fellowship was a model borrowed from the Moravian Church in Jamaica as believers of the denomination there referred to one another as brethren, which encompassed the sisterhood. The Moravians in Jamaica also practised an organisation of choirs or units in which Christian-based education was promulgated.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#14",
"text": "According to the German church historian and theologian, Ulrike Sill, it is probable Mulgrave contemplated leaving the Basel Mission for the Wesleyan Methodist mission for higher pay. After her divorce, a Wesleyan Methodist missionary, possibly Henry Wharton, had expressed interest in Catherine Mulgrave through the missionary Johannes Stanger. Stanger discouraged the potential union, citing its possibility to generate malicious gossip. Stanger also wrote to the Home Committee on 10 October 1850, suggesting remarriage for Mulgrave.",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
},
{
"docid": "57677455#13",
"text": "She wrote to the newly appointed Basel Inspector, Joseph Josenhans on 28 February 1850 asking him to intercede on her behalf, as the dissolution of her marriage had caused pain and distress in her heart. Ten months later in December 1850, she wrote a follow-up letter to the Inspector about her continuing financial challenges. A month earlier in November 1850, Josenhans wrote to the missionary Dieterle, stating his openness to Mulgrave marrying one of the unmarried European Basel missionaries, though he knew the Home Committee forbade such a union. In the letter, he also extolled Mulgrave's “gifted mind” and “decided piety.”",
"title": "Catherine Mulgrave"
}
] | [
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4173 | What's the longest highway in the world? | [
{
"docid": "285327#38",
"text": "Provincial downloading separated Yonge Street from Highway 11 during the 1990s. As a result, Highway 11 does not start until Crown Hill just outside Barrie, several kilometres north of where the name \"Yonge Street\" ends. The Guinness Book of World Records no longer lists Yonge Street as the longest street in the world and has not chosen a replacement street, but cites the Pan-American Highway as the world's longest \"motorable road\".",
"title": "Yonge Street"
},
{
"docid": "48519#6",
"text": "Major highways are often named and numbered by the governments that typically develop and maintain them. Australia's Highway 1 is the longest national highway in the world at over and runs almost the entire way around the continent. China has the world's largest network of highways followed closely by the United States of America. Some highways, like the Pan-American Highway or the European routes, span multiple countries. Some major highway routes include ferry services, such as U.S. Route 10, which crosses Lake Michigan.",
"title": "Highway"
},
{
"docid": "301108#0",
"text": "The Pan-American Highway is a network of roads stretching across the American continents and measuring about in total length. Except for a rainforest break of approximately , called the Darién Gap, the roads link almost all of the Pacific coastal countries of the Americas in a connected highway system. According to \"Guinness World Records\", the Pan-American Highway is the world's longest \"motorable road\". However, because of the Darién Gap, it is not possible to cross between South America and Central America with conventional highway vehicles. Without an all-terrain vehicle, it is necessary to circumnavigate this terrestrial stretch by sea.",
"title": "Pan-American Highway"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "285327#36",
"text": "Yonge Street was formerly a part of Highway 11, which led to claims that Yonge Street was the longest street in the world. Running (mostly) concurrent with Yonge as far north as Barrie, then continuing beyond through central and northern Ontario to the Ontario-Minnesota border at Rainy River, the highway was over long. But Yonge Street could only be called the longest street in the world if were fully synonymous with Highway 11, which has never been the case.",
"title": "Yonge Street"
},
{
"docid": "5094940#1",
"text": "RN40 is the longest route in Argentina and one of the longest in the world alongside such routes as U.S. Route 66, Canada's Trans-Canada Highway, and Australia's Stuart Highway, more than long. At its traditional southern end near the city of Río Gallegos, it starts at sea level. It then crosses 20 national parks, 18 major rivers, and 27 passes in the Andes. Route 40's highest point is in Abra del Acay in Salta Province.",
"title": "National Route 40 (Argentina)"
},
{
"docid": "5715432#2",
"text": "The longest National Highway is the NH 7 which is from Varanasi to Kanyakumari passing through Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Telangana, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu covering a distance of , as of Sep 2011 as per National Highways Authority of India . The shortest National Highway is the NH 47A (), which connects Kundanoor Junction of maradu in Kochi city to the Kochi port at Willingdon Island. India has the distinction of having the world’s highest drivable highway connecting Manali to Leh in Ladakh, Kashmir.",
"title": "List of National Highways in India (Old numbering)"
},
{
"docid": "14044480#0",
"text": "The Manchac Swamp Bridge is a twin concrete trestle bridge in the U.S. state of Louisiana. With a total length of it is one of the longest bridges in the world over water. It is the longest bridge on the interstate system. Some claim it is the longest toll-free road bridge in the world. The bridge carries Interstate 55 and U.S. Route 51 over the Manchac Swamp in Louisiana, and represents one-third of the highway's approximately 66 miles in Louisiana. Opening in 1979, its piles were driven beneath the swamp and with the cost of the span being $7 million per mile to complete.",
"title": "Manchac Swamp Bridge"
},
{
"docid": "48519#39",
"text": "China's highway network is the second most extensive in the world, with a total length of about . China's expressway network is the longest Expressway system in the world, and it is quickly expanding, stretching some at the end of 2011. In 2008 alone, expressways were added to the network.Some countries incorporate bus lanes onto highways.\nIn South Korea, in February 1995 a bus lane (essentially an HOV-9) was established between the northern terminus and Sintanjin for important holidays and on 1 July 2008 bus lane enforcement between Seoul and Osan (Sintanjin on weekends) became daily between 6 a.m. and 10 p.m. On 1 October this was adjusted to 7 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekdays, and 9 a.m. to 9 p.m. weekends.",
"title": "Highway"
},
{
"docid": "8994950#9",
"text": "The North-South Road was the longest terrestrial road in J. R. R. Tolkien's fictional world of Middle-earth during its Third Age: about 1275 miles (2050 km). (The longest-ever terrestrial road in Middle-earth had been the full Great East Road in the First Age, but it was much reduced in length when its Beleriand sections were forever drowned in the War of Wrath.) Originally known as the Royal Road, it ran from the realm of Arnor in the north to the capital of Gondor in the south. In the early Third Age, the highway was the main overland linkage between Gondor and Arnor. However, as the Third Age progressed, both kingdoms declined, and the road became neglected, especially its central stretches. After the end of the War of the Ring, there were plans by King Elessar to restore the ancient royal highway.",
"title": "Middle-earth roads"
},
{
"docid": "10430868#19",
"text": "Interstate 70 was dedicated on December 5, 1970, at the Ghost Rocks view area inside the swell, even though it would take another 20 years to fully complete the freeway. At the ceremony the mayors of cities recently made neighbors, including Grand Junction, Colorado, introduced themselves. Then Governor Calvin L. Rampton noted that I-70 was the longest road the U.S. had built over a completely new route since the Alaska Highway, during World War II. It was also noted this was the longest piece of the Interstate Highway System to open at a given time.\nInitially only two lanes, now the eastbound lanes, through the swell were constructed. The official highway map for Utah noted the new freeway, but qualified its existence with the words \"two lanes open\". The first portions of I-70 to be constructed to Interstate Highway standards were along the non-disputed portion of the route east of Green River.",
"title": "Interstate 70 in Utah"
}
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4174 | How cold is the South Pole? | [
{
"docid": "20611127#26",
"text": "In midsummer, as the sun reaches its maximum elevation of about 23.5 degrees, high temperatures at the South Pole in January average at . As the six-month \"day\" wears on and the sun gets lower, temperatures drop as well: they reach around sunset (late March) and sunrise (late September). In midwinter, the average temperature remains steady at around . The highest temperature ever recorded at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station was on Christmas Day, 2011, and the lowest was on June 23, 1982 (for comparison, the lowest temperature directly recorded anywhere on earth was at Vostok Station on July 21, 1983, though was measured indirectly by satellite in East Antarctica between Dome A and Dome F in August 2010). Mean annual temperature at the South Pole is -49.3 °C (-56.7 °F).",
"title": "South Pole"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1464304#1",
"text": "In the southern hemisphere, the Pole of Cold is currently located in Antarctica, at the Russian (formerly Soviet) Antarctic station Vostok at . On July 21, 1983, this station recorded a temperature of . This is the lowest naturally occurring temperature ever recorded on Earth. Vostok station is located at the elevation of above sea level, far removed from the moderating influence of oceans (more than from the nearest sea coast), and high latitude that results in almost three months of civil polar night every year (early May to end of July), all combine to produce an environment where temperatures rarely rise above during summer and frequently fall below in winter. By comparison, the South Pole, due to its lower elevation, is, on average, warmer than Vostok, and the lowest temperature ever recorded at the South Pole is .",
"title": "Pole of Cold"
},
{
"docid": "13981116#7",
"text": "Pomerantz saw the potential of the South Pole as an observing platform remarkably early. Its proximity to the South magnetic pole of the Earth means that charged cosmic rays can be detected there without the deflections they experience when detected at lower latitudes. Astronomical observations near the Earth's poles can be done over long periods, without the diurnal variations at lower latitudes. The South Pole is at an altitude of nearly , so the astronomical seeing should be comparable to other high-altitude observatories; the extreme cold in Antarctica also corresponds to relatively little water vapor in the atmosphere there, which is a particular advantage for infrared astronomy. Finally, the South Pole lies at the top of a very deep, nearly permanent ice sheet that has been used to advantage in experiments such as the IceCube Neutrino Detector.",
"title": "Martin A. Pomerantz"
},
{
"docid": "2260546#1",
"text": "The South Pole is the premier observing site in the world for millimeter-wavelength observations. The Pole's high altitude (2.8 km/1.7 mi above sea level) means the atmosphere is thin, and the extreme cold keeps the amount of water vapor in the air low. This is particularly important for observing at millimeter wavelengths, where incoming signals can be absorbed by water vapor, and where water vapor emits radiation that can be confused with astronomical signals. Because the sun does not rise and set daily, the atmosphere at the pole is particularly stable. Further, there is no interference from the sun in the millimeter range during the months of polar night.",
"title": "South Pole Telescope"
},
{
"docid": "7205227#8",
"text": "In 2017 - ten years on from her race to the magnetic North Pole, Jan started planning a 20 day all-women's expedition to the South Pole in 2019 The Polar-Maidens expedition has been structured to honour the unfinished trek to the South Pole by Tom Crean, the Irish born member of the British navy and hero of the Shackleton and Scott Antarctic expeditions. Working with one of the leading experts in extreme medicine the team with a 50 year age range will monitor the physical and mental impact of the years training and preparation and the trek itself with 12 hour days skiing in extreme conditions of cold with altitude for up to 20 days before reaching the Pole. How does a 74 year old deal with conditions compared to a 24 year old, how will a breast cancer survivor at sixty react, or a 30 year old who regularly tackles the Himalayas compare with the recovery rates of Tom Crean’s grand-daughter. With two Indian members in the team the Polar-Maidens expedition their involvement has been feted by Indian Prime Minister Modi as an example example of Indian enterprise and achievement and forms part of the Living Bridge between India, the UK and the Irish Republic.",
"title": "Janice Meek"
},
{
"docid": "30080805#1",
"text": "Based on the New York Times best-selling book Ice Bound: A Doctor's Incredible Battle for Survival at the South Pole, the movie tells the story of how, in 1999, 46-year-old physician Nielsen decides to leave Ohio and spend a year at the Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station on Antarctica, one of the most remote and perilous places on Earth. Conditions at the station will be far from manageable, with winter temperatures as low as 100 degrees below zero. Joining a team of researchers, construction workers and support staff, Dr. Nielsen is solely responsible for the mental and physical health of all fellow inhabitants stranded at the station through the winter. During the long Antarctic winter, Dr. Nielsen discovers a lump in her breast and is forced to self-administer a biopsy. Communicating via e-mail with doctors in the United States, she learns that the cancer is aggressive and rapid-growing. In order for her to survive several months until conditions will allow planes to land and rescue her from the continent, the doctors concur that she will need to begin chemotherapy treatments immediately.",
"title": "Ice Bound: A Woman's Survival at the South Pole"
},
{
"docid": "20611127#24",
"text": "During the southern winter (March–September), the South Pole receives no sunlight at all, and from May 11 to August 1, between extended periods of twilight, it is completely dark (apart from moonlight). In the summer (September–March), the sun is continuously above the horizon and appears to move in a counter-clockwise circle. However, it is always low in the sky, reaching a maximum of 23.5° in December. Much of the sunlight that does reach the surface is reflected by the white snow. This lack of warmth from the sun, combined with the high altitude (about ), means that the South Pole has one of the coldest climates on Earth (though it is not quite the coldest; that record goes to the region in the vicinity of the Vostok Station, also in Antarctica, which lies at a higher elevation). Temperatures at the South Pole are much lower than at the North Pole, primarily because the South Pole is located at altitude in the middle of a continental land mass, while the North Pole is at sea level in the middle of an ocean, which acts as a reservoir of heat.",
"title": "South Pole"
},
{
"docid": "17335975#18",
"text": "Throughout the year, the South Pacific High influences the climate by bringing cold, moist air masses originating from Patagonia. During the most intense cold waves, they form when a transient high pressure system located in the South Pacific Ocean moves eastwards to the southern tip of South America. As it begins to move, this high pressure system strengthens the South Pacific High and is forced to move southwards to south of 40S where the Andes are shorter in height. As well, an upper level ridge forms over the South Pacific Ocean along with an upper level trough extending from subtropical latitudes to the South Atlantic Ocean. At the same time, a low pressure system forms over the South Atlantic Ocean which eventually strengthens. The formation a cold front associated with it moves to the northeast owing to the topographic barrier that the Andes forms. The passage of the cold front to the northeast leads to the movement of the high pressure system from the South Pacific Ocean into the southern tip of South America. All of these conditions lead to strong anticyclogenesis to the east of the Andes and thus, the high pressure system intensifies as it enters southern Argentina. When both the high pressure system (over southern Argentina) and low pressure system strengthen, it creates a very strong pressure gradient that draws cold air from the south, strengthening southerly winds. Owing to the topographic barrier of the Andes, it forces and channels the cold air to accumulate on the eastern side of the Andes. This generates an ageostropic component from the south (due to a reduction in the Coriolis force caused by accumulation of cold air on the eastern side of the Andes) that draw this cold air northwards, which is driven by this pressure gradient. Cold air can move northwards until 18S when the blocking effect of the Andes is smaller due to a change in its orientation. Overall, these conditions results in the coldest temperatures due to the cold masses from high latitudes being pulled northwards. A weaker cold wave occurs when the South Pacific High remains over the ocean and does not have a migratory high pressure system originating from the South Pacific High that moves east of the Andes (it builds over the Andes). Although this occurs throughout the year, during winters, it leads to cold temperatures while during summer, it leads to strong and deep convections. These convections are responsible for about 50% of summer precipitation south of 25S.",
"title": "Climate of Argentina"
},
{
"docid": "18691665#29",
"text": "Sanaʽa features the very rare mild version of a semi-arid climate (Köppen: BSk). Sanaʽa sees on average of precipitation per year. However, due to its high elevation, temperatures are much more moderate than many other cities on the Arabian Peninsula; average temperatures remain relatively constant throughout the year in Sanaʽa, with its coldest month being January and its warmest month July. Even considering this, as a result of its lower latitude and higher elevation, UV radiation from the sun is much stronger than in the hotter climates farther north on the Arab peninsula.",
"title": "Sanaʽa"
},
{
"docid": "20215858#0",
"text": "The lunar south pole is of special interest to scientists because of the occurrence of water ice in permanently shadowed areas around it. Of the lunar poles, the south pole is of greater interest because the area that remains in shadow is much larger than that at the north pole. The lunar south pole craters are unique in that sunlight does not reach the bottom. Such craters are cold traps that contain a fossil record of the early Solar System.",
"title": "Lunar south pole"
}
] | [
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4175 | What is Algeria religion? | [
{
"docid": "10257003#1",
"text": "Currently, North Africa is primarily Muslim: Islam is the state religion of Algeria, Libya, Morocco and Tunisia. While the practice and expression of other faiths is guaranteed by law, the same legal framework tends to restrict minority religions from actively seeking conversion to their religion, or even building or repairing churches. Converts to Christianity may be investigated and searched by the authorities as well as punished. There is some evidence that there has been an increase in conversions to Christianity among North African Muslims in recent years, even though in many cases the government will not change the religion from Islam on any citizens' identity cards. Despite this, the total number of Christians remains very low relative to the populations of these countries. In 2009, the percentage of Christians in Algeria was less than 2%. In this same survey, the UNO counted 100,000 Roman Catholics and 45,000 Protestants in the country. Although Christians are a religious minority in Algeria, churches built during French rule can still be found.",
"title": "Christianity in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "15937913#10",
"text": "Those measures, however, did not satisfy everyone. As early as 1964, a militant Islamic movement, called Al Qiyam (values), emerged and became the precursor of the Islamic Salvation Front of the 1990s. Al Qiyam called for a more dominant role for Islam in Algeria's legal and political systems and opposed what it saw as Western practices in the social and cultural life of Algerians.This proved to be the most difficult challenge for the immediate post-independent regimes as they tried to incorporate an Islamic national identity alongside socialist policies. Whereas the new leaders of Algeria saw Islam and Socialism as both compatible and features of Algerian culture and society; radical Islamists saw Islam as the only defining characteristic and in fact incompatible.",
"title": "Religion in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "1472641#0",
"text": "Freedom of religion in Algeria is regulated by the Algerian Constitution, which declares Islam to be the state religion (Article 2) but also declares that \"freedom of creed and opinion is inviolable\" (Article 36); it prohibits discrimination, Article 29 states \"All citizens are equal before the law. No discrimination shall prevail because\nof birth, race, sex, opinion or any other personal or social condition or circumstance\".\nIn practice, the government generally respects this, with some limited exceptions. The government follows a de facto policy of tolerance by allowing, in limited instances, the conduct of religious services by non-Muslim faiths in the capital which are open to the public. The small Christian and tiny Jewish populations generally practice their faiths without government interference. The law does not recognize marriages between Muslim women and non-Muslim men; it does however recognise marriages between Muslim men and non-Muslim women. By law, children follow the religion of their fathers, even if they are born abroad and are citizens of their (non-Muslim) country of birth.",
"title": "Freedom of religion in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "358#104",
"text": "Islam is the predominant religion in Algeria, with its adherents, mostly Sunnis, accounting for 99% of the population according to a 2012 CIA World Factbook estimate, and 97.9% according to Pew Research in 2010. There are about 150,000 Ibadis in the M'zab Valley in the region of Ghardaia.",
"title": "Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "21666064#2",
"text": "Although Islam is the state religion of Algeria, the Holy See has maintained a comparatively good relationship with the Algerian authorities, with Léon-Étienne Duval being famously recognized as the \"bishop of Muslims\" after the departure of French colonists.",
"title": "Algeria–Holy See relations"
},
{
"docid": "15937913#0",
"text": "Religion in Algeria is dominated by Muslims at about ninety-seven percent of the population. The vast majority of Muslims in Algeria adhere to Sunni Islam of Maliki school of jurisprudence. There are also almost 350,000 Christians, mostly Pentecostal Protestants. There are nearly 2,000 Jews still living in Algeria, according to the US department of State.",
"title": "Religion in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "15937913#1",
"text": "Islam, the religion of almost all of the Algerian people, pervades most aspects of life. It provides the society with its central social and cultural identity and gives most individuals their basic ethical beliefs.",
"title": "Religion in Algeria"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15937913#14",
"text": "The Bahá'í Faith in Algeria dates from 1952. Though the religion achieved some growth and organization through 1967 including converts, the period of the independence of Algeria when the country adopted Islamic practices in rejection of colonial influences and subsequently the religion was effectively banned in 1968. However more recently the Association of Religion Data Archives and Wolfram Alpha estimated the population of Bahá'ís at 3.3–3.8 thousand Bahá'ís in 2005 and 2010.",
"title": "Religion in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "39201239#3",
"text": "Since 1968 there is little information on the religion. In 1969 the religion was considered banned. The religion may be considered heretical because the country adopted Islamic practices in rejection of colonial influences. Muslim converts to other religions practice their new faith clandestinely. There is a law in Algeria which makes \"shaking the faith\" of Muslims punishable - depending on how that is interpreted it might be applied to Bahá'ís though they recognized and affirm Muhammad as a prophet. Algerian Bahá'ís may have to obtain acceptable national ID cards in a way that lead to the Egyptian identification card controversy. Regardless, Bahá'ís have a prominent religious principle requiring obedience to legal governments.",
"title": "Bahá'í Faith in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "10257003#7",
"text": "The Roman Catholic Church was reintroduced in Algeria after the French conquest, when the diocese of Algiers was established in 1838. As of the last census in Algeria, taken on 1 June 1960, there were 1,050,000 non-Muslim civilians (mostly Catholic) in Algeria (10 percent of the total population including 130,000 Algerian Jews). \nUnder French rule, the Catholic population of Algeria peaked at over one million. The country was divided into four dioceses, including one archdiocese:\nDuring French rule, Christianity was used as a tool of assimilation. French colonizers attempted to convert the Muslim population to Christianity as a form of modernization. Laws were put in place to establish Algerians’ rights as citizens based on religion. The Crémieux Decree of 1870 denied Muslim Algerians full citizenship status while granting local Christian and Algerian Jewish inhabitants full citizenship. Very few Algerians converted because of this law. The religion-based citizenship divides established during the French colonial rule sparked animosity between groups that would impact the stance of minority religions in Algeria for years post-colonial rule.",
"title": "Christianity in Algeria"
},
{
"docid": "15937913#6",
"text": "The turuq, meaning way or path, or brotherhoods, were another feature of Islam in the Maghreb from the Middle Ages onward. Each brotherhood had its own prescribed path to salvation, its own rituals, signs, symbols, and mysteries. The brotherhoods were prevalent in the rural and mountainous areas of Algeria and other parts of North Africa. Their leaders were often marabouts or shaykhs. The more orthodox Sunni Muslims dominated the urban centers, where traditionally trained men of religion, the ulema, conducted the religious and legal affairs of the Muslim community.",
"title": "Religion in Algeria"
}
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] |
4176 | How is mass measured? | [
{
"docid": "19048#9",
"text": "In everyday usage, mass and \"weight\" are often used interchangeably. For instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg. In a constant gravitational field, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, and it is unproblematic to use the same unit for both concepts. But because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places, the distinction becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent, and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets. Conceptually, \"mass\" (measured in kilograms) refers to an intrinsic property of an object, whereas \"weight\" (measured in newtons) measures an object's resistance to deviating from its natural course of free fall, which can be influenced by the nearby gravitational field. No matter how strong the gravitational field, objects in free fall are weightless, though they still have mass.",
"title": "Mass"
},
{
"docid": "33931#20",
"text": "In modern scientific usage, weight and mass are fundamentally different quantities: mass is an intrinsic property of matter, whereas weight is a \"force\" that results from the action of gravity on matter: it measures how strongly the force of gravity pulls on that matter. However, in most practical everyday situations the word \"weight\" is used when, strictly, \"mass\" is meant. For example, most people would say that an object \"weighs one kilogram\", even though the kilogram is a unit of mass.",
"title": "Weight"
},
{
"docid": "19048#1",
"text": "The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In physics, mass is not the same as weight, even though mass is often determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale, rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass. This is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that (along with gravity) determines the strength of this force.",
"title": "Mass"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26833#43",
"text": "Measurements demand the use of \"operational definitions\" of relevant quantities. That is, a scientific quantity is described or defined by how it is measured, as opposed to some more vague, inexact or \"idealized\" definition. For example, electric current, measured in amperes, may be operationally defined in terms of the mass of silver deposited in a certain time on an electrode in an electrochemical device that is described in some detail. The operational definition of a thing often relies on comparisons with standards: the operational definition of \"mass\" ultimately relies on the use of an artifact, such as a particular kilogram of platinum-iridium kept in a laboratory in France.",
"title": "Scientific method"
},
{
"docid": "19048#2",
"text": "There are several distinct phenomena which can be used to measure mass. Although some theorists have speculated that some of these phenomena could be independent of each other, current experiments have found no difference in results regardless of how it is measured:",
"title": "Mass"
},
{
"docid": "47492#1",
"text": "How biomass is measured depends on why it is being measured. Sometimes, the biomass is regarded as the natural mass of organisms \"in situ\", just as they are. For example, in a salmon fishery, the salmon biomass might be regarded as the total wet weight the salmon would have if they were taken out of the water. In other contexts, biomass can be measured in terms of the dried organic mass, so perhaps only 30% of the actual weight might count, the rest being water. For other purposes, only biological tissues count, and teeth, bones and shells are excluded. In some applications, biomass is measured as the mass of organically bound carbon (C) that is present.",
"title": "Biomass (ecology)"
},
{
"docid": "33931#21",
"text": "The distinction between mass and weight is unimportant for many practical purposes because the strength of gravity does not vary too much on the surface of the Earth. In a uniform gravitational field, the gravitational force exerted on an object (its weight) is directly proportional to its mass. For example, object A weighs 10 times as much as object B, so therefore the mass of object A is 10 times greater than that of object B. This means that an object's mass can be measured indirectly by its weight, and so, for everyday purposes, weighing (using a weighing scale) is an entirely acceptable way of measuring mass. Similarly, a balance measures mass indirectly by comparing the weight of the measured item to that of an object(s) of known mass. Since the measured item and the comparison mass are in virtually the same location, so experiencing the same gravitational field, the effect of varying gravity does not affect the comparison or the resulting measurement.",
"title": "Weight"
},
{
"docid": "19048#36",
"text": "The primary difficulty with Mach's definition of mass is that it fails to take into account the potential energy (or binding energy) needed to bring two masses sufficiently close to one another to perform the measurement of mass. This is most vividly demonstrated by comparing the mass of the proton in the nucleus of deuterium, to the mass of the proton in free space (which is greater by about 0.239%—this is due to the binding energy of deuterium.). Thus, for example, if the reference weight \"m\" is taken to be the mass of the neutron in free space, and the relative accelerations for the proton and neutron in deuterium are computed, then the above formula over-estimates the mass \"m\" (by 0.239%) for the proton in deuterium. At best, Mach's formula can only be used to obtain ratios of masses, that is, as \"m\" /\"m\" = |a| / |a|. An additional difficulty was pointed out by Henri Poincaré, which is that the measurement of instantaneous acceleration is impossible: unlike the measurement of time or distance, there is no way to measure acceleration with a single measurement; one must make multiple measurements (of position, time, etc.) and perform a computation to obtain the acceleration. Poincaré termed this to be an \"insurmountable flaw\" in the Mach definition of mass.",
"title": "Mass"
},
{
"docid": "156706#31",
"text": "Traditionally effective masses were measured using cyclotron resonance, a method in which microwave absorption of a semiconductor immersed in a magnetic field goes through a sharp peak when the microwave frequency equals the cyclotron frequency formula_14. In recent years effective masses have more commonly been determined through measurement of band structures using techniques such as angle-resolved photo emission (ARPES) or, most directly, the de Haas–van Alphen effect. Effective masses can also be estimated using the coefficient γ of the linear term in the low-temperature electronic specific heat at constant volume formula_15. The specific heat depends on the effective mass through the density of states at the Fermi level and as such is a measure of degeneracy as well as band curvature. Very large estimates of carrier mass from specific heat measurements have given rise to the concept of heavy fermion materials. Since carrier mobility depends on the ratio of carrier collision lifetime formula_16 to effective mass, masses can in principle be determined from transport measurements, but this method is not practical since carrier collision probabilities are typically not known a priori. The optical Hall effect is an emerging technique for measuring the free charge carrier density, effective mass and mobility parameters in semiconductors. The optical Hall effect measures the analogue of the quasi-static electric-field-induced electrical Hall effect at optical frequencies in conductive and complex layered materials. The optical Hall effect also permits characterization of the anisotropy (tensor character) of the effective mass and mobility parameters.",
"title": "Effective mass (solid-state physics)"
},
{
"docid": "162321#3",
"text": "If objects within a system are in relative motion, then the invariant mass of the whole system will differ from the sum of the objects' rest masses. This is also equal to the total energy of the system divided by \"c\". See mass–energy equivalence for a discussion of definitions of mass. Since the mass of systems must be measured with a weight or mass scale in a center of momentum frame in which the entire system has zero momentum, such a scale always measures the system's invariant mass. For example, a scale would measure the kinetic energy of the molecules in a bottle of gas to be part of invariant mass of the bottle, and thus also its rest mass. The same is true for massless particles in such system, which add invariant mass and also rest mass to systems, according to their energy.",
"title": "Invariant mass"
},
{
"docid": "2139849#0",
"text": "In aerospace engineering, mass ratio is a measure of the efficiency of a rocket. It describes how much more massive the vehicle is with propellant than without; that is, the ratio of the rocket's \"wet mass\" (vehicle plus contents plus propellant) to its \"dry mass\" (vehicle plus contents). A more efficient rocket design requires less propellant to achieve a given goal, and would therefore have a lower mass ratio; however, for any given efficiency a higher mass ratio typically permits the vehicle to achieve higher delta-v.",
"title": "Mass ratio"
},
{
"docid": "19048#10",
"text": "The force known as \"weight\" is proportional to mass and acceleration in all situations where the mass is accelerated away from free fall. For example, when a body is at rest in a gravitational field (rather than in free fall), it must be accelerated by a force from a scale or the surface of a planetary body such as the Earth or the Moon. This force keeps the object from going into free fall. Weight is the opposing force in such circumstances, and is thus determined by the acceleration of free fall. On the surface of the Earth, for example, an object with a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons, which means that 491 newtons is being applied to keep the object from going into free fall. By contrast, on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons, because only 81.5 newtons is required to keep this object from going into a free fall on the moon. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight \"W\" of an object is related to its mass \"m\" by , where is the acceleration due to Earth's gravitational field, (expressed as the acceleration experienced by a free-falling object).",
"title": "Mass"
}
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] |
4178 | What language is spoken in Latvia? | [
{
"docid": "43352#0",
"text": "Latvian (\"Latviešu valoda\" ) is a Baltic language spoken in the Baltic region. It is the language of Latvians and the official language of Latvia as well as one of the official languages of the European Union. It is sometimes known in English as Lettish, and cognates of the word remain the most commonly used name for the Latvian language in Germanic languages other than English. There are about 1.3 million native Latvian speakers in Latvia and 100,000 abroad. Altogether, 2 million, or 80% of the population of Latvia, speak Latvian. Of those, 1.16 million or 56% use it as their primary language at home. The use of the Latvian language in various areas of social life in Latvia is increasing.",
"title": "Latvian language"
},
{
"docid": "43352#22",
"text": "The history of the Latvian language (cf. below) has placed it in a peculiar position for a language of its size whereby it is spoken by a large number of non-native speakers as compared to native speakers. The immigrant and minority population in Latvia is 700,000 people: Russians, Belarusians, Ukrainians, Poles, and others. The majority of immigrants came to Latvia between 1940–1991; supplementing pre-existing ethnic minority communities (Latvian Germans, Latvian Jews). In a recent survey, 60% of Latvia's ethnic minorities described their knowledge of Latvian as fluent. Fluency in Latvian is prevalent among the younger generations of the minorities.",
"title": "Latvian language"
},
{
"docid": "1827533#0",
"text": "Latgalian is spoken in Latgale, the eastern part of Latvia. It is debated whether it is a separate language or a distinct dialect of Latvian. Nevertheless, its standardized form is recognized and protected as a \"historical variety of the Latvian language\" \"(vēsturisks latviešu valodas paveids)\" by Latvian law. The 2011 Latvian census established that 8.8% of Latvia's inhabitants, or 164,500 people, speak Latgalian daily. 97,600 of them live in Latgale, 29,400 in Riga and 14,400 in the Riga region.",
"title": "Latgalian language"
},
{
"docid": "17514#99",
"text": "The share of ethnic Latvians had fallen from 77% (1,467,035) in 1935 to 52% (1,387,757) in 1989. In 2011, there were even fewer Latvians than in 1989, though their share of the population was larger – 1,285,136 (62.1% of the population).\nThe sole official language of Latvia is Latvian, which belongs to the Baltic language sub-group of the Balto-Slavic branch of the Indo-European language family. Another notable language of Latvia is the nearly extinct Livonian language of the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family, which enjoys protection by law; Latgalian – referred to as either a dialect or a distinct separate language of Latvian – is also formally protected by Latvian law but only as a historical variation of the Latvian language. Russian, which was widely spoken during the Soviet period, is still the most widely used minority language by far (in 2011, 34% spoke it at home, including people who were not ethnically Russian).\nWhile it is now required that all school students learn Latvian, most schools also include English, Russian and German in their curricula. English and Russian are also widely accepted in Latvia, especially in business and tourism. there were 109 schools for minorities that use Russian as the language of instruction for 40% of subjects (the remaining 60% of subjects are taught in Latvian).",
"title": "Latvia"
},
{
"docid": "43352#21",
"text": "Upper Latvian dialect is spoken in Eastern Latvia. It is set apart from rest of the Latvian by number of phonetic differences. The dialect has two main varieties – Selonian and Non-Selonian. There is a standard language, the Latgalian language, which is based on deep Non-Selonian varieties spoken in south of Latgale. The term \"Latgalian\" is sometimes also applied to all Non-Selonian varieties or even the whole dialect. However, it is unclear if it is accurate to use the term for any varieties besides the standard language. While the term may refer to varieties spoken in Latgale or by Latgalians, not all speakers identify as speaking Latgalian, for example, speakers of deep Non-Selonian varieties in Vidzeme explicitly deny speaking Latgalian.",
"title": "Latvian language"
},
{
"docid": "1827533#1",
"text": "Originally Latgalians were a tribe living in modern Vidzeme and Latgale. It is thought that they spoke the Latvian language, which later spread through the rest of modern Latvia, absorbing features of the Old Curonian, Semigallian, Selonian and Livonian languages. The Latgale area became politically separated during the Polish–Swedish wars, remaining part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth as the Inflanty Voivodeship, while the rest of Latvians lived in lands dominated by Baltic German nobility. Both centuries of separate development and the influence of different prestige languages likely contributed to the development of modern Latgalian as distinct from the language spoken in Vidzeme and other parts of Latvia.",
"title": "Latgalian language"
},
{
"docid": "43352#20",
"text": "The Middle dialect is spoken in central and Southwestern Latvia. Kursenieki language, which used to be spoken along Curonian Spit, is closely related to the varieties of middle dialect spoken in Courland. The dialect is divided into the Vidzeme variety, the Curonian variety and the Semigallian variety. The Vidzeme variety and the Semigallian variety are closer to each other than to the Curonian variety, which is more archaic than the other two. There are three intonations in the Middle dialect. In the Semigallian variety, \"ŗ\" is still used. Standard Latvian is based on the middle dialect.",
"title": "Latvian language"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "37821680#8",
"text": "In 2000 Russian was spoken natively by 37.5% of inhabitants and by 43.7% as the second language. In 2011 census 37.2% reported Russian as the language they primarily speak at home. In Latgale region Russian was spoken at home by 60.3% of population, but Zilupe County was the county with the biggest percentage of Russian speakers (92.1%). In the capital Riga Russian was spoken at home by 55.8% inhabitants.",
"title": "Russian language in Latvia"
},
{
"docid": "37821680#2",
"text": "In the 1925 census Russians were already reported as the largest minority (10.6%) and Russian was spoken as the family language by 14% of inhabitants. A small percent of Russian speakers were not ethnic Russians and conversely a small percentage of ethnic Russians used another language in family, which was attributed to mixed marriages, living in area with another majority language and, in case of Russian speakers, Russification policies of Russian empire. In 1930 census Russian was reported as family language by 13% of inhabitants.",
"title": "Russian language in Latvia"
},
{
"docid": "16158579#30",
"text": "In the year 2000, Livonian was a moribund language spoken by some 35 people, of whom only 10 were fluent. In the first decade of the 21st century, it was estimated that Livonian was the native tongue of 4 people in Latvia, all of whom were older than 70.\nGrizelda Kristiņa, the last native speaker of Livonian, died on June 2, 2013.",
"title": "Language policy in Latvia"
}
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4179 | What is the first known example of taxes in history? | [
{
"docid": "25034736#1",
"text": "Hypothecated taxes have a long history. One of the first examples of earmarking was ship money, the tax paid by English seaports used to finance the Royal Navy. Later, in the 20th century, the hypothecated tax began to be discussed by politicians in the United Kingdom. For example, the Vehicle Excise Duty from 1920 when earned revenues were used for the construction and maintenance of the roads, assigning 1p on the income tax directly to education in 1992, or giving £300 million per year from the revenues from taxes on the tobacco industry to help the fight against smoking-related diseases since 1999. Nowadays, earmarking of taxes is mainly connected to the health care system, education or the upkeep of the roads.",
"title": "Hypothecated tax"
},
{
"docid": "30297#61",
"text": "The first known system of taxation was in Ancient Egypt around 3000–2800 BC in the First Dynasty of Egypt of the Old Kingdom of Egypt. The earliest and most widespread form of taxation was the corvée and tithe. The corvée was forced labour provided to the state by peasants too poor to pay other forms of taxation (\"labour\" in ancient Egyptian is a synonym for taxes). Records from the time document that the Pharaoh would conduct a biennial tour of the kingdom, collecting tithes from the people. Other records are granary receipts on limestone flakes and papyrus. Early taxation is also described in the Bible. In Genesis (chapter 47, verse 24 – the New International Version), it states \"But when the crop comes in, give a fifth of it to Pharaoh. The other four-fifths you may keep as seed for the fields and as food for yourselves and your households and your children\". Joseph was telling the people of Egypt how to divide their crop, providing a portion to the Pharaoh. A share (20%) of the crop was the tax (in this case, a special rather than an ordinary tax, as it was gathered against an expected famine).",
"title": "Tax"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "32616#31",
"text": "In 1604, to defray the cost of flood relief, Venice introduced what could be considered the first example of a 'stamp tax'. When the revenue fell short of expectations in 1608, Venice introduced paper with the superscription 'AQ' and imprinted instructions, which was to be used for 'letters to officials'. At first, this was to be a temporary tax, but it remained in effect until the fall of the Republic in 1797. Shortly after the introduction of the tax, Spain produced similar paper for general taxation purposes, and the practice spread to other countries.",
"title": "Venice"
},
{
"docid": "30297#50",
"text": "A poll tax, also called a \"per capita tax\", or \"capitation tax\", is a tax that levies a set amount per individual. It is an example of the concept of fixed tax. One of the earliest taxes mentioned in the Bible of a half-shekel per annum from each adult Jew (Ex. 30:11–16) was a form of poll tax. Poll taxes are administratively cheap because they are easy to compute and collect and difficult to cheat. Economists have considered poll taxes economically efficient because people are presumed to be in fixed supply and poll taxes therefore do not lead to economic distortions. However, poll taxes are very unpopular because poorer people pay a higher proportion of their income than richer people. In addition, the supply of people is in fact not fixed over time: on average, couples will choose to have fewer children if a poll tax is imposed. The introduction of a poll tax in medieval England was the primary cause of the 1381 Peasants' Revolt. Scotland was the first to be used to test the new poll tax in 1989 with England and Wales in 1990. The change from a progressive local taxation based on property values to a single-rate form of taxation regardless of ability to pay (the Community Charge, but more popularly referred to as the Poll Tax), led to widespread refusal to pay and to incidents of civil unrest, known colloquially as the 'Poll Tax Riots'.",
"title": "Tax"
},
{
"docid": "30443242#1",
"text": "Prior to the formation of the United Kingdom in 1707, taxation had been levied in the countries that joined to become the UK. For example, in England, King John introduced an export tax on wool in 1203 and King Edward I introduced taxes on wine in 1275. Also in England, a Poor Law tax was established in 1572 to help the deserving poor, and then changed from a local tax to a national tax in 1601. In June 1628, England's Parliament passed the Petition of Right which among other measures, prohibited the use of taxes without its agreement. This prevented the Crown from creating arbitrary taxes and imposing them upon subjects without consultation.",
"title": "History of taxation in the United Kingdom"
},
{
"docid": "287990#1",
"text": "He is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, which are sometimes cited as the first example of a legal code in recorded history. Although the actual text has not been discovered, much of its content may be surmised from other references to it that have been found. In it, he exempted widows and orphans from taxes; compelled the city to pay funeral expenses (including the ritual food and drink libations for the journey of the dead into the lower world); and decreed that the rich must use silver when purchasing from the poor, and if the poor does not wish to sell, the powerful man (the rich man or the priest) cannot force him to do so.",
"title": "Urukagina"
},
{
"docid": "8199549#43",
"text": "The énsi Urukagina, of the city-state of Lagash, is best known for his reforms to combat corruption, and the Code of Urukagina is sometimes cited as the earliest known example of a legal code in recorded history. The Code of Urukagina has also been widely hailed as the first recorded example of government reform, as it sought to achieve a higher level of freedom and equality. Although the actual Code of Urukagina text has yet to be discovered, much of its content may be surmised from other references to it that have been found. In the Code of Urukagina, Urukagina exempted widows and orphans from taxes, compelled the city to pay funeral expenses (including the ritual food and drink libations for the journey of the dead into the lower world), and decreed that the rich had to use silver when purchasing from the poor. If the poor did not wish to sell, the powerful man (the rich man or the priest) could not force him to do so. The Code of Urukagina limited the power of both the priesthood and large property owners and established measures against usury, burdensome controls, hunger, theft, murder, and seizure of people's property and persons—as Urukagina stated: \"The widow and the orphan were no longer at the mercy of the powerful man.\"",
"title": "Early Dynastic Period (Mesopotamia)"
},
{
"docid": "18618102#84",
"text": "Various countries claim to be the oldest tax haven in the world. For example, the Channel Islands claim their tax independence dating as far back as Norman Conquest, while the Isle of Man claims to trace its fiscal independence to even earlier times. Nonetheless, the modern concept of a tax haven is generally accepted to have emerged at an uncertain point in the immediate aftermath of World War I. Bermuda sometimes optimistically claims to have been the first tax haven based upon the creation of the first offshore companies legislation in 1935 by the newly created law firm of Conyers Dill & Pearman. However, the Bermudian claim is debatable when compared against the enactment of a Trust Law by Liechtenstein in 1926 to attract offshore capital.",
"title": "Tax haven"
},
{
"docid": "23633659#3",
"text": "The first attempt to tax income in the United States was in 1643 when several colonies instituted a \"faculties and abilities\" tax. Tax collectors would literally go door to door and ask if the individual had income during the year. If so, the tax was computed on the spot. The income tax raised little revenue, and was viewed as a supplement to more traditional forms of property taxation.",
"title": "Legal history of income tax in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "2634753#6",
"text": "The defining example of the Necessary and Proper Clause in U.S. history was \"McCulloch v. Maryland\" in 1819. The United States Constitution says nothing about establishing a national bank. The U.S. government established a national bank that provided part of the government's initial capital. In 1819 the federal government opened a national bank in Baltimore, Maryland. In an effort to tax the bank out of business, the government of Maryland imposed a tax on the federal bank. James William McCulloch, a cashier at the bank, refused to pay the tax. Eventually the case was heard before the U.S. Supreme Court. Chief Justice John Marshall held that the power of establishing a national bank could be implied from the U.S. constitution. Marshall ruled that no state could use its taxing power to tax an arm of the national government.",
"title": "Enumerated powers (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "58859550#1",
"text": "The Congressional Act of 1798 was signed into law by President John Adams. It created a tax of 20 cents each month to be withheld from seamen's wages for support of marine hospitals. The money was paid to the U.S. Collector of Customs. This was the first example of pre-paid health insurance in U.S. history. The Act was expanded in 1799 to include all \"officers, seamen and marines of the navy of the United States\"",
"title": "Timeline of the United States Public Health Service Commissioned Corps"
}
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4180 | When was the first performance of one of Max Rudolf Frisch's plays? | [
{
"docid": "307267#10",
"text": "Frisch was already a regular visitor at the Zürich Playhouse (\"Schauspielhaus\") while still a student. Drama in Zürich was experiencing a golden age at this time, thanks to the flood of theatrical talent in exile from Germany and Austria. From 1944 the Playhouse director Kurt Hirschfeld encouraged Frisch to work for the theatre, and backed him when he did so. In \"\", his first play, written in 1944 and first performed in 1946, Frisch, who had himself been married since 1942, addressed the question of how the dreams and yearnings of the individual could be reconciled with married life. In his 1944 novel \"\" (\"I adore that which burns me\") he had already placed emphasis on the incompatibility between the artistic life and respectable middle class existence. The novel reintroduces as its protagonist the artist Jürg Reinhart, familiar to readers of Frisch's first novel, and in many respects a representation of the author himself. It deals with a love affair that ends badly. This same tension is at the centre of a subsequent narrative by Frisch published, initially, by in 1945 and titled \"\" (\"Bin or the Journey to Beijing\").\nBoth of his next two works for the theatre reflect the war. \"\" (\"Nun singen sie wieder\"), though written in 1945, was actually performed ahead of his first play \"Santa Cruz\". It addresses the question of the personal guilt of soldiers who obey inhuman orders, and treats the matter in terms of the subjective perspectives of those involved. The piece, which avoids simplistic judgements, played to audiences not just in Zürich but also in German theatres during the 1946/47 season. The NZZ, then as now his native city's powerfully influential newspaper, pilloried the piece on its front page, claiming that it \"embroidered\" the horrors of National Socialism, and they refused to print Frisch's rebuttal. \"The Chinese Wall\" (\"Die Chinesische Mauer\") which appeared in 1946, explores the possibility that humanity might itself be eradicated by the (then recently invented) atomic bomb. The piece unleashed public discussion of the issues involved, and can today be compared with Friedrich Dürrenmatt's \"The Physicists\" (1962) and \"\" (\"In der Sache J. Robert Oppenheimer\"), though these pieces are all now for the most part forgotten.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "307267#22",
"text": "His next play \"\" (\"Biografie: Ein Spiel\"), followed on naturally. Frisch was disappointed that his commercially very successful plays \"Biedermann und die Brandstifter\" and \"Andorra\" had both been, in his view, widely misunderstood. His answer was to move away from the play as a form of parable, in favour of a new form of expression which he termed \"Dramaturgy of Permutation\" (\"\"Dramaturgie der Permutation\"\"), a form which he had introduced with \"Gantenbein\" and which he now progressed with \"Biographie\", written in its original version in 1967. At the centre of the play is a behavioural scientist who is given the chance to live his life again, and finds himself unable to take any key decisions differently the second time round. The Swiss premier of the play was to have been directed by Rudolf Noelte, but Frisch and Noelte fell out in the Autumn of 1967, a week before the scheduled first performance, which led to the Zürich opening being postponed for several months. In the end the play opened in the Zürich Playhouse in February 1968, the performances being directed by Leopold Lindtberg. Lindtberg was a long established and well regarded theatre director, but his production of \"\" neither impressed the critics nor delighted theatre audiences. Frisch ended up deciding that he had been expecting more from the audience than he should have expected them to bring to the theatrical experience. After this latest disappointment it would be another eleven years before Frisch returned to theatrical writing.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "307267#28",
"text": "Old age and the transience of life now came increasingly to the fore in Frisch's work. In 1976 he began work on the play \"\", although it was not ready to be performed for another three years. The word triptych is more usually applied to paintings, and the play is set in three triptych-like sections in which many of the key characters are notionally dead. The piece was first unveiled as a radio play in April 1979, receiving its stage premier in Lausanne six months later. The play was rejected for performance in Frankfurt am Main where it was deemed too apolitical. The Austrian premier in Vienna at the Burgtheater was seen by Frisch as a success, although the audience reaction to the complexity of the work's unconventional structure was still a little cautious.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "307267#16",
"text": "In 1951, Frisch was awarded a travel grant by the Rockefeller Foundation and between April 1951 and May 1952 he visited the United States and Mexico. During this time, under the working title \"What do you do with love?\" (\"\"Was macht ihr mit der Liebe?\"\") on what later became his novel, \"I'm Not Stiller\" (\"Stiller\"). Similar themes also underpinned the play \"\" (\"Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie\") which in May 1953 would open simultaneously at theatres in Zürich and Berlin. In this play Frisch returned to his theme of the conflict between conjugal obligations and intellectual interests. The leading character is a parody Don Juan, whose priorities involve studying geometry and playing chess, while women are let into his life only periodically. After his unfeeling conduct has led to numerous deaths the anti-hero finds himself falling in love with a former prostitute. The play proved popular and has been performed more than a thousand times, making it Frisch's third most popular drama after \"The Fire Raisers\" (1953) and \"Andorra\" (1961).",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "307267#4",
"text": "Between February and October 1933 he travelled extensively through eastern and southeastern Europe, financing his expeditions with reports written for newspapers and magazines. One of his first contributions was a report on the Prague World Ice Hockey Championship (1933) for the \"Neue Zürcher Zeitung\". Other destinations were Budapest, Belgrade, Sarajevo, Dubrovnik, Zagreb, Istanbul, Athens, Bari, and Rome. Another product of this extensive tour was Frisch's first novel, \"Jürg Reinhart\", which appeared in 1934. In it Reinhart represents the author, undertaking a trip through the Balkans as a way to find purpose in life. In the end the eponymous hero concludes that he can only become fully adult by performing a \"manly act\". This he achieves by helping the terminally ill daughter of his landlady end her life painlessly.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "307267#64",
"text": "For the novels \"I'm Not Stiller\" and \"Homo Faber\" there were several film proposals, one of which involved casting the actor Anthony Quinn in \"Homo Faber\", but none of these proposals was ever realised. It is nevertheless interesting that several of Frisch's dramas were filmed for television adaptations. It was in this way that the first filmic adaptation of a Frisch prose work appeared in 1975, thanks to Georg Radanowicz, and titled \"The Misfortune\" (\"Das Unglück\"). This was based on a sketch from one of Frisch's \"Diaries\". It was followed in 1981 by a Richard Dindo television production based on the narrative \"Montauk\" and one by Krzysztof Zanussi based on \"Bluebeard\". It finally became possible, some months after Frisch's death, for a full-scale cinema version of \"Homo Faber\" to be produced. While Frisch was still alive he had collaborated with the filmmaker Volker Schlöndorff on this production, but the critics were nevertheless underwhelmed by the result. In 1992, however, \"Holozän\", a film adaptation by Heinz Bütler and Manfred Eicher of \"Man in the Holocene\", received a \"special award\" at the Locarno International Film Festival.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "307267#32",
"text": "Many of Frisch's most important plays, such as \"\" (\"Count Öderland\") (1951), \"\" (\"Don Juan oder Die Liebe zur Geometrie\") (1953), \"The Fire Raisers\" (1953) and \"Andorra\" (1961), were initially sketched out in the \"Diary 1946–1949\" (\"Tagebuch 1946–1949\") some years before they appeared as stage plays. At the same time several of his novels such as \"I'm Not Stiller\" (1954), \"Homo Faber\" (1957) as well as the narrative work \"Montauk\" (1975) take the form of diaries created by their respective protagonists. Sybille Heidenreich points out that even the more open narrative form employed in \"Gantenbein / A Wilderness of Mirrors\" (1964) closely follows the diary format. Rolf Keiser points out that when Frisch was involved in the publication of his collected works in 1976, the author was keen to ensure that they were sequenced chronologically and not grouped according to genre: in this way the sequencing of the collected works faithfully reflects the chronological nature of a diary.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "833324#5",
"text": "His first major plays were performed in 1960 in Lübeck, Mannheim and Heidelberg. Since then, his plays have been performed in the whole world. Dorst's work has been recognized with many prizes and distinctions, including the Gerhart Hauptmann Prize (1964), Prize of the City of Florence (1970), Literature Prize of the Bayerische Akademie der Künste (1983), Mülheimer Dramatikerpreis (1989), Georg Büchner Prize (1990), E.T.A. Hoffmann Prize (1996) and the city of Zurich's Max Frisch Prize (1998). In 2006, he was awarded the Samuel Bogumil Linde Prize. He was awarded the European Prize for Literature (2008). Dorst held visiting professorships at universities in Germany, Australia and New Zealand.",
"title": "Tankred Dorst"
},
{
"docid": "307267#19",
"text": "The success of \"The Fire Raisers\" established Frisch as a world-class dramatist. It deals with a lower middle-class man who is in the habit of giving shelter to vagrants who, despite clear warning signs to which he fails to react, burn down his house. Early sketches for the piece had been produced, in the wake of the communist take-over in Czechoslovakia, back in 1948, and had been published in his \"Tagebuch 1946–1949\". A radio play based on the text had been transmitted in 1953 on Bavarian Radio (BR). Frisch's intention with the play was to shake the self-confidence of the audience that, faced with equivalent dangers, they would necessarily react with the necessary prudence. Swiss audiences simply understood the play as a warning against Communism, and the author felt correspondingly misunderstood. For the subsequent premier in West Germany he added a little sequel which was intended as a warning against Nazism, though this was later removed.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
},
{
"docid": "307267#58",
"text": "\"I'm Not Stiller\" started with a print-run that provided for sales of 3,000 in its first year, but thanks to strong and growing reader demand it later became the first book published by Suhrkamp to top one million copies. The next novel, \"Homo Faber\", was another best seller, with four million copies of the German language version produced by 1998. \"The Fire Raisers\" and \"Andorra\" are the most successful German language plays of all time, with respectively 250 and 230 productions up till 1996, according to an estimate made by the literary critic Volker Hage. The two plays, along with \"Homo Faber\" became curriculum favourites with schools in the German-speaking middle European countries. Apart from a few early works, most of Frisch's books and plays have been translated into around ten languages, while the most translated of all, \"Homo Faber\", has been translated into twenty-five languages.",
"title": "Max Frisch"
}
] | [
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] |
4181 | When was Richard Adams born? | [
{
"docid": "11565121#1",
"text": "Richard Adams was born on 9 May 1920 in Wash Common, near Newbury, Berkshire, England, the son of Lillian Rosa (Button) and Evelyn George Beadon Adams, a doctor. He attended Horris Hill School from 1926 to 1933, and then Bradfield College from 1933 to 1938. In 1938, he went to Worcester College, Oxford, to read Modern History. In July 1940, Adams was called up to join the British Army. He was posted to the Royal Army Service Corps and was selected for the Airborne Company, where he worked as a brigade liaison. He served in Palestine, Europe and the Far East but saw no direct action against either the Germans or the Japanese.",
"title": "Richard Adams"
},
{
"docid": "11565121#0",
"text": "Richard George Adams (9 May 1920 – 24 December 2016) was an English novelist and writer of the books \"Watership Down\", \"Shardik\" and \"The Plague Dogs\". He studied modern history at university before serving in the British Army during World War II. Afterwards, he completed his studies, and then joined the British Civil Service. In 1974, two years after \"Watership Down\" was published, Adams became a full-time author.",
"title": "Richard Adams"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3830432#4",
"text": "Amy Lou Adams was born August 20, 1974, to American parents Richard and Kathryn Adams, when her father was stationed with the United States Army at the Caserma Ederle military complex in Vicenza, Italy. She is the middle of seven children, with four brothers and two sisters. After moving from one army base to another, Adams's family settled in Castle Rock, Colorado, when she was eight. After leaving the army, her father sang professionally in nightclubs and restaurants. Adams has described going to her father's shows and drinking Shirley Temples at the bar as among her fondest childhood memories. The family was poor; they camped and hiked together, and performed amateur skits usually written by her father and sometimes by her mother. Adams was enthusiastic about the plays and always played the lead.",
"title": "Amy Adams"
},
{
"docid": "38008047#1",
"text": "Adams was born in Manila in the Philippines. His family moved to the United States when he was 12, and he grew up in Long Prairie, Minnesota. He studied liberal arts at the University of Minnesota. Adams became a naturalized U.S. citizen in 1968 and lived in Los Angeles, California when he met Australian citizen Anthony Corbett \"Tony\" Sullivan in 1971. They were issued a marriage license along with five other gay couples by Boulder County Clerk Clela Rorex in Boulder, Colorado on April 21, 1975. They were married by Rev. Elder Freda Smith, clergy in Metropolitan Community Churches and Rev. Robert Sirico (now a Catholic priest but then MCC clergy). The event was witnessed by Rev. Charlie Arehart, pastor of MCC of the Rockies in Denver and Frank Zerilli, Rev. Troy Perry's long-time assistant.",
"title": "Richard Adams (activist)"
},
{
"docid": "2076806#2",
"text": "Samuel Adams was born at St. James Hospital in Butte, Montana, on September 3, 1963. He is the third of four children born to Larry Adams—a special education teacher and high school basketball coach—and his wife, Karalie (née Gibbons). When Adams was born his family lived on ranch eight miles outside Whitehall, Montana. When he was a year old, his family moved to Richland, Washington, for a year, and then on to Newport, Oregon. His maternal grandfather Francis Gibbons immigrated from Ireland to Portland. Because of the Irish birth of his maternal grandfather, Adams holds dual Irish and American citizenship. In 1966, Adams and his family moved from Montana to the Oregon coast.",
"title": "Sam Adams (Oregon politician)"
},
{
"docid": "29506268#1",
"text": "Born in Independence, Missouri, to Richard and Juanita Wilkie as the middle child of seven, his father was a machinist, carpenter and blacksmith while Juanita was a seamstress, gardener and bookkeeper. In 1945, Richard was trying to put out a fire when he was electrocuted and died.",
"title": "Adam Purple"
},
{
"docid": "13726039#1",
"text": "Born on 8 October 1912, the son of A. Adams, he was educated at Emanuel School and studied at the University of London. He was a lecturer in Economics and Business Administration. He married twice, firstly to Joyce Love in 1938, with whom he had two daughters; the marriage was dissolved in 1955, and he married secondly to Peggy Fribbins in 1956.",
"title": "Richard Adams (British politician)"
},
{
"docid": "24618365#0",
"text": "George Adams (6 June 1804 – 29 October 1873) was the only son of the \"Bounty\" Mutineer John Adams. He was born to his wife Teio, who had once been the wife of William McCoy and was the mother-in-law of Charles Christian, on Pitcairn Island. Adams was born at a time when all the original mutineers apart from his own father had been killed, or in the case of Ned Young died of natural causes. In 1808 the Pitcairn colony was discovered and the elder Adams was granted amnesty for his part in the mutiny. Both of Adams' parents died in March 1829, when George was 24 years old. Adams served as Chief Magistrate on Pitcairn in 1848. Adams was an opponent of Joshua Hill in the 1830s. Adams opposed the decision to move to Norfolk Island in the 1850s, due to his granddaughter being ill. Adams did eventually move, and died on Norfolk Island in 1873.",
"title": "George Adams (magistrate)"
},
{
"docid": "11185545#1",
"text": "Born in London and migrated to New Zealand, Adams was taught violin by his mother. By the time he left school at 16 he was playing in the Wellington Symphonia. He auditioned for the National Orchestra trainee section, but failed because of his poor sight-reading, having learned to play by ear.",
"title": "Richard Adams (violinist)"
},
{
"docid": "41929632#1",
"text": "Adams was born in Atlanta to John Adams, a high school nutrition manager, and Sabrina Robinson Johnson, a dental hygienist. His parents never married but remained friends. When Adams was in the fourth grade and his life began to revolve around American football and basketball, he moved from his mother's house to his father's. One of Adams' coaches was usually his father from when he was six until he was 16.",
"title": "Jordan Adams"
},
{
"docid": "241390#1",
"text": "Adams was born in Manhattan, son of William Yarmy and his wife Consuelo. Adams and his brother Richard (who later became an actor, known as Dick Yarmy) were each raised in the religion of one parent: Don in the Catholic faith of their mother, and Dick in the Jewish faith of their father.",
"title": "Don Adams"
}
] | [
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4182 | How long is a soccer field? | [
{
"docid": "54627176#4",
"text": "The sport is played on a grass field between 80 and 100 yards long and 50 to 65 yards wide. The goal area is a semicircular line with an 11-yard radius and the penalty mark at 13 yards from the goal. An experimental rule has a second semicircular line on the field with a 17-yard radius. Generally, a field for gridiron football or soccer can be used.",
"title": "Tennis polo"
},
{
"docid": "1894710#3",
"text": "The pitch is rectangular in shape. The longer sides are called touchlines. The other opposing sides are called the goal lines. The two goal lines must be between wide, and be the same length. The two touchlines be between long, and be the same length. All lines on the ground must be equally wide, not to exceed . The corners of the pitch are marked by corner flags.",
"title": "Football pitch"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15115972#19",
"text": "The field that beach soccer is played on is much smaller than a traditional football field but still rectangular in shape. It's generally 36 meters long and 27 meters wide with penalty areas on each end of the field within about 9 meters of the goal and is marked by yellow flags. The sand on the field is also required to be at least 40 centimeters deep as the players are required to be barefoot. Beach soccer goals are smaller than normal regulation soccer goals. They are 2.2 meters tall and 5.5 meters wide.",
"title": "United States national beach soccer team"
},
{
"docid": "10025450#0",
"text": "3v3 Soccer is a variety of soccer played between two teams. Each team may only have three players on the field at a time (hence providing the name, \"3 v 3\", \"3 versus 3\", or \"3 on 3\"). This style of soccer is more commonly referred to as a \"small-sided\" game, as compared to a full-sided game with larger teams. The field used is smaller than a regulation soccer pitch, instead it typically is 30 yards wide by 40 yards long, although these dimensions vary quite a bit when the game is played indoors due to the varied styles and sizes of indoor pitches. It uses a much smaller goal than full-sided soccer. In most 3v3 there is no keeper, although one variant, 3v3 Micro Soccer, does use a keeper.",
"title": "3v3 Soccer"
},
{
"docid": "1034291#1",
"text": "A soccer-specific stadium typically has amenities, dimensions and scale suitable for soccer in North America, including a scoreboard, video screen, luxury suites and possibly a roof. The field dimensions are within the range found optimal by FIFA: long by wide. These soccer field dimensions are wider than the regulation American football field width of , or the width of a Canadian football field. The playing surface typically consists of grass as opposed to artificial turf, as the latter is generally disfavored for soccer matches since players are more susceptible to injuries. However, some soccer specific stadiums, such as Portland's Providence Park and Creighton University's Morrison Stadium, do have artificial turf.",
"title": "Soccer-specific stadium"
},
{
"docid": "15843913#0",
"text": "Caniglia Field is a stadium located on the campus of the University of Nebraska at Omaha in Omaha, Nebraska. Beginning on October 26, 2013, it became home of the Omaha Mavericks men's and women's soccer teams. Caniglia Field seats 3,097 fans and features 1,390 chairback seats and VIP boxes. The field features a 21-foot by 42-foot LED video board and scoreboard. The Omaha soccer pitch, installed by Hellas Construction, is the only NCAA Division I field to receive the prestigious FIFA Recommended 2-Star certification. The state-of-the-art soccer-specific turf features a lower grain that allows the ball to move faster and an infill of ground coconut husks and cork to keep the on-field temperature lower.",
"title": "Al F. Caniglia Field"
},
{
"docid": "32040398#1",
"text": "However, some variations of soccer in the United States began well before than, with Native American tribes, primarily the Algonkin and Powhatan tribes playing a variation of the sport known as \"pasuckuakohowog\". Pasuckuakohowog, literally \"kicking ball sport\", was reported to be played on fields a half mile in diameter and as long as nearly a mile. Teams would have nearly 1,000 people. Some believe that the Pilgrims played this sport during the original Thanksgiving festivities.",
"title": "History of soccer in the United States"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "43886266#1",
"text": "The WGE campus is kept as natural as possible. The \"Schulgarten\" for example is a big lawn surrounded by many green trees. There are also three soccer fields in the \"Schulgarten\", and the members of the \"Neigungsfach Gartenarbeit\" are keeping plants on a garden with greenhouses for their studies. On the right of the soccer fields (as seen from the building) goes a long grassy path beside a field, with a wooden table at the other end. There is also a long connection of paths in the woods around the soccer fields.",
"title": "Widukind-Gymnasium Enger"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
}
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4183 | How many Australians served in WW2? | [
{
"docid": "4578255#0",
"text": "Australia entered World War II on 3 September 1939, following the government's acceptance of the United Kingdom's declaration of war on Nazi Germany. Following attacks on Allied countries, the Australian government later declared war on other members of the Axis powers, including the Kingdom of Italy (11 June 1940) and the Empire of Japan (8 December 1941). By the end of the war, almost a million Australians had served in the armed forces, whose military units fought primarily in the European theatre, North African campaign, and the South West Pacific theatre. In addition, Australia came under direct attack for the first time in its post-colonial history. Its casualties from enemy action during the war were 27,073 killed and 23,477 wounded.",
"title": "Military history of Australia during World War II"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4578255#69",
"text": "While most Australian units in the Pacific Theatre fought in the SWPA, hundreds of Australians were posted to British units in Burma and India. These included 45 men from the 8th Division who volunteered to train Chinese guerrillas with the British Mission 204 in southern China and served there from February to September 1942. Hundreds of Australians also served with RAF units in India and Burma, though no RAAF units were deployed to this theatre. In May 1943, some 330 Australians were serving in forty-one squadrons in India, of which only nine had more than ten Australians. In addition, many of the RAN's corvettes and destroyers served with the British Eastern Fleet where they were normally used to protect convoys in the Indian Ocean from attacks by Japanese and German submarines.",
"title": "Military history of Australia during World War II"
},
{
"docid": "1747687#10",
"text": "Over the course of its service, a total of 1,009 men served with the unit, consisting of 998 Australians and 11 New Zealanders. Many men served multiple tours over the ten years of the unit's existence. During the 10 years that the unit was deployed to Vietnam, it lost 33 personnel killed and 122 wounded. These members are commemorated by a memorial at Kokoda Barracks at Canungra, Queensland. In 2002, the AATTV's badge and an Australian flag were included on a memorial unveiled in North Carolina, in the United States, dedicated to US special forces that served during the war. The unit was \"one of the first groups of foreign soldiers to be honoured on a US war memorial\". In October 2004, the Australian Army training contingent in Iraq was renamed the \"Australian Army Training Team Iraq\" in honour of the AATTV.",
"title": "Australian Army Training Team Vietnam"
},
{
"docid": "4578255#27",
"text": "The RAAF's role in the strategic air offensive in Europe formed Australia's main contribution to the defeat of Germany. Approximately 13,000 Australian airmen served in dozens of British and five Australian squadrons in RAF Bomber Command between 1940 and the end of the war. There was not a distinctive Australian contribution to this campaign, however, as most Australians served in British squadrons and the Australian bomber squadrons were part of RAF units.\nThe great majority of Australian aircrew in Bomber Command were graduates of the Empire Air Training Scheme. These men were not concentrated in Australian units, and were instead often posted to the Commonwealth squadron with the greatest need for personnel where they became part of a multi-national bomber crew. Five Australian heavy bomber squadrons (No. 460, No. 462, No. 463, No. 466 and No. 467 squadrons) were formed within Bomber Command between 1941 and 1945, however, and the proportion of Australians in these units increased over time. No. 464 Squadron, which was equipped with light bombers, was also formed as part of Bomber Command but was transferred to the Second Tactical Air Force in June 1943 where it continued to attack targets in Europe. Unlike Canada, which concentrated its heavy bomber squadrons into No. 6 Group RCAF in 1943, the RAAF squadrons in Bomber Command were always part of British units, and the Australian Government had little control over how they were used.\nAustralians took part in all of Bomber Command's major offensives and suffered heavy losses during raids on German cities and targets in France. The Australian contribution to major raids was often substantial, and the Australian squadrons typically provided about 10 percent of the main bomber force during the winter of 1943–44, including during the Battle of Berlin. Overall, the Australian squadrons in Bomber Command dropped 6 percent of the total weight of bombs dropped by the command during the war. Australian aircrew in Bomber Command had one of the highest casualty rates of any part of the Australian military during World War II. Although only two percent of Australians enlisted in the military served with Bomber Command, they incurred almost 20 percent of all Australian deaths in combat; 3,486 were killed and hundreds more were taken prisoner.",
"title": "Military history of Australia during World War II"
},
{
"docid": "2943162#8",
"text": "In all, 16,175 Australians, with 16,314 horses, served in the Boer War; 251 were killed in action, 267 died of other causes and 43 went missing in action. Six Victoria Crosses were awarded to Australians, five serving with Australian contingents and one serving with the South African Constabulary. Many Australians did more than one tour of duty and a number remained after the war and settled in-country; while others returned to Australia then returned to South Africa.",
"title": "History of the Australian Army"
},
{
"docid": "21543315#1",
"text": "Female service in the Australian military began in 1899 when the Australian Army Nursing Service was formed as part of the New South Wales colonial military forces. Army nurses formed part of the Australian contribution to the Boer War, and their success led to the formation of the Australian Army Nursing Reserve in 1902. More than 2000 members of the Australian Army Nursing Service (AANS) served overseas during World War I as part of the Australian Imperial Force. At the end of the war the AANS returned to its pre-war reserve status. In addition to the military nurses, a small group of civilian nurses dubbed the \"Bluebirds\" were recruited by the Australian Red Cross Society and served in French hospitals.\nAustralian women played a larger role in World War II. Many women wanted to play an active role, and hundreds of voluntary women's auxiliary and paramilitary organisations had been formed by 1940. These included the Women's Transport Corps, Women's Flying Club, Women's Emergency Signalling Corps and Women's Australian National Services. In Brisbane alone there were six different organisations providing women with war-related training in July 1940, the largest of which was the Queensland-based Women's National Emergency Legion. The Federal Government and military did not initially support women being trained to serve in the armed forces, however, and these organisations were not taken seriously by the general public.",
"title": "Women in the Australian military"
},
{
"docid": "4689264#13",
"text": "In 1914, Australia joined Britain in fighting World War I, with support from both the outgoing Commonwealth Liberal Party and the incoming Australian Labor Party. Australians took part in many of the major battles fought on the Western Front. Of about 416,000 who served, about 60,000 were killed and another 152,000 were wounded. Many Australians regard the defeat of the Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs) at Gallipoli as the birth of the nation—its first major military action. The Kokoda Track campaign is regarded by many as an analogous nation-defining event during World War II.",
"title": "Australia"
},
{
"docid": "56545524#143",
"text": "In the post-WW2 era, from 1947 to the mid-1980s, the Forests Commission sponsored Australia's only military sawmilling unit, the 91 Forestry Squadron, which was a special reserve unit of the Royal Australian Engineers (RAE) . Established and commanded by FCV forester and WW2 veteran, Major Ben Benallack, the \"Woodpeckers\" as they were known comprised a small pool of specialised soldiers capable of rapid mobilisation in the event of a need. Several other Victorian departments such as the State Electricity Commission (SEC) did the same thing by supporting a construction squadron based at Newborough in the Latrobe Valley. It created a very active and capable part-time military group that completed many worthy projects across the State. The 91 Forestry Squadron operated bush sawmills, built timber bridges along the Murray River, the suspension bridge at Tarra Bulga National Park, the Snake Island jetty, logging roads and various demolition tasks. Numerous Commission employees and others from the forestry sector served long periods in the unit.",
"title": "Forests Commission Victoria"
},
{
"docid": "4578255#67",
"text": "In addition to the major deployments, Australian military units and service men and women served in other theatres of the war, typically as part of British-led Commonwealth forces. About 14,000 Australians also served in the Merchant Navy and crewed ships in many areas of the world.\nAustralia played a minor role in the British-led campaigns against Vichy French colonial possessions in Africa. In late September 1940, the heavy cruiser took part in the unsuccessful British and Free French attempt to capture Dakar in which she sank a Vichy French destroyer. The Australian Government was not informed of the cruiser's involvement in this operation prior to the battle and complained to the British Government. Three Australian destroyers also took part in the invasion of Madagascar in September 1942. Closer to home, played a significant role in ensuring that New Caledonia came under Free French control in September 1940 by escorting a pro-Free French Governor to Nouméa and taking station off the city during the popular protests which resulted in the Governor replacing the pro-Vichy authorities.",
"title": "Military history of Australia during World War II"
},
{
"docid": "481342#0",
"text": "The following is a list of Australian divisions in World War II, including all divisions raised within the Australian Army during World War II. A total of 15 such formations were established by the Army during the war; of these four infantry divisions served as part of the Second Australian Imperial Force, along with one armoured division. Two other armoured divisions were formed as part of the Militia, as well as eight other infantry divisions. The 2nd AIF formations provided the bulk of Australia's deployed forces, while many of the Militia formations were employed mainly for home defence and many were only partially formed before being broken up without seeing combat. Nevertheless, two Militia divisions were deployed as formed units, and elements of several others also fought overseas during the war.",
"title": "List of Australian divisions in World War II"
},
{
"docid": "4578255#8",
"text": "While the Government initially planned to deploy the entire RAAF overseas, it later decided to focus the force's resources on training aircrew to facilitate a massive expansion of Commonwealth air-power. In late 1939 Australia and the other Dominions established the Empire Air Training Scheme (EATS) to train large numbers of men for service in the British Royal Air Force (RAF) and in other Commonwealth air units. Almost 28,000 Australians eventually trained through EATS in schools in Australia, Canada and Rhodesia. While many of these men were posted to Australian Article XV squadrons, the majority served with British and other Dominion squadrons. Moreover, these nominally \"Australian\" squadrons did not come under RAAF control and Australians often made up a minority of their airmen. As the Australian Government had no effective control over the deployment of airmen trained through EATS, most Australian historians regard the scheme as having hindered the development of Australia's defence capability. Nevertheless, RAAF airmen trained through EATS represented about nine percent of all aircrew who fought for the RAF in the European and Mediterranean theatres and made an important contribution to Allied operations.",
"title": "Military history of Australia during World War II"
}
] | [
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4184 | When was Garry Marshall born? | [
{
"docid": "543262#1",
"text": "Garry Kent Marshall was born in The Bronx, New York on November 13, 1934, the son of Anthony Wallace Marshall (né Masciarelli; 1906–1999), a director of industrial films and later a producer, and Marjorie Irene (née Ward; 1908–1983), a tap dance teacher who ran a tap dance school. He was the brother of actress/director Penny Marshall and Ronny Marshall Hallin, a television producer. His father was of Italian descent, his family having come from San Martino sulla Marrucina, Chieti, Abruzzo, and his mother was of German, English, and Scottish ancestry. His father changed his last name from Masciarelli to Marshall before his son Garry was born. Garry Marshall was baptized Presbyterian and also raised Lutheran for a time.",
"title": "Garry Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "543262#0",
"text": "Garry Kent Marshall (November 13, 1934 – July 19, 2016) was an American film director, film producer, screenwriter, and actor, best known for creating \"Happy Days\" and its various spin-offs, developing Neil Simon's 1965 play \"The Odd Couple\" for television, and directing \"Pretty Woman\", \"Beaches\", \"Runaway Bride\", \"Valentine's Day\", \"New Year's Eve\", \"Mother's Day\", \"The Princess Diaries\", and \"\".",
"title": "Garry Marshall"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "8640277#1",
"text": "Marshall was born and raised in Los Angeles, California on January 17, 1969, the son of Barbara Wells, a nurse, and Garry Marshall; he is also the nephew of Penny Marshall. His two sisters Lori Marshall and Kathleen Marshall are also in entertainment. Scott had an interest in film since his childhood as his father recalled of his son's early efforts in film, \"I'd make him a little wooden airplane and he would take it immediately and burn it, and start to film it, flaming, crashing!\". Also, \"Later, we got a pool and he would get his friends to drink tomato juice and then he'd shoot at them and they would dive in the pool and the tomato juice would come out. It ruined the pool.\"",
"title": "Scott Marshall (director)"
},
{
"docid": "458216#2",
"text": "Carole Penny Marshall was born in the Bronx, New York City, New York, on October 15, 1943, to Marjorie Irene (née Ward; 1908–1983), a tap dance teacher who ran the Marjorie Marshall Dance School, and Anthony \"Tony\" Masciarelli (1906–1999), later Marshall, a director of industrial films and later a producer. She was the sister of actor/director/TV producer Garry Marshall and Ronny Hallin, a television producer. Her birth name, Carole, was selected because her mother's favorite actress was Carole Lombard. Her middle name was selected because her older sister Ronny, wanting a horse in the Bronx, was saving her pennies; her mother chose the middle name in an attempt to console her.",
"title": "Penny Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "31362#6",
"text": "Thomas Riley Marshall was born in North Manchester, Indiana, on March 14, 1854. Two years later, a sister was born, but she died in infancy. Martha had contracted tuberculosis, which Daniel believed to be the cause of their infant daughter's poor health. While Marshall was still a young boy, his family moved several times in search of a good climate for Daniel to attempt different \"outdoor cures\" on Martha. They moved first to Quincy, Illinois in 1857. While the family was living in Illinois, Daniel Marshall, a supporter of the American Union and a staunch Democrat, took his four-year-old son, Thomas, to the Lincoln and Douglas debate in Freeport in 1858. Marshall later recalled that during the rally he sat on the laps of Stephen Douglas and Abraham Lincoln, alternating between the two candidates when they were not speaking, and remembered it as one of his earliest and most cherished memories.",
"title": "Thomas R. Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "23753293#1",
"text": "The son of Thomas Marshall, he was born at Barkby in Leicestershire, and baptised there on 9 January 1621. He was educated first under Francis Foe, vicar of Barkby, matriculated at Oxford on 23 October 1640, as a batler of Lincoln College, and was Traps scholar from 31 July 1641 till 1648. Oxford was garrisoned for the king and Marshall served in the regiment of Henry Carey, 1st Earl of Dover, at his own expense, so that he was excused fees when graduating B.A. on 9 July 1645. On the approach of a parliamentary visitation in 1647, Marshall left the university and went abroad. On 14 July 1648 he was expelled for absence by the visitors. In Rotterdam he became preacher to the company of merchant adventurers in that city at the end of 1650. In 1656, when the merchants moved to Dort, he accompanied them and remained there for sixteen years. On 1 July 1661 he graduated B.D. at Oxford.",
"title": "Thomas Marshall (Dean of Gloucester)"
},
{
"docid": "458216#4",
"text": "She grew up at 3235 Grand Concourse, the Bronx, in a building which was also the childhood home of Neil Simon, Paddy Chayefsky, Calvin Klein, and Ralph Lauren. She began her career as a tap dancer at age three, and later taught tap at her mother's dance school. She graduated from Walton High School, a public girls' high school in New York and then went to University of New Mexico for 2 years where she studied math and psychology. While at UNM, Marshall became pregnant with daughter, Tracy Reiner (née Tracy Henry), and soon after married the father, Michael Henry, in 1963. The couple divorced three years later in 1966. During this period, Marshall worked various jobs to support herself, including working as a choreographer for the Albuquerque Civic Light Opera Association. In 1967, she moved to Los Angeles to join her older brother Garry, a writer whose credits at the time included TV's \"The Dick Van Dyke Show\" (1961–1966).",
"title": "Penny Marshall"
},
{
"docid": "1373104#1",
"text": "Peter Marshall was born Ralph Pierre LaCock on March 30, 1926, to Ralph and Jean LaCock, a show business family, in Huntington, West Virginia. Following his father's death when Marshall was a teenager, he moved to New York City to be with his mother, a costume designer. After he graduated high school he was drafted into the army in 1944 and stationed in Italy. He was originally in the artillery, but was later recruited to be a disc jockey at a radio station in Naples. He was discharged in 1946 with the rank of Staff sergeant.",
"title": "Peter Marshall (entertainer)"
},
{
"docid": "19548#2",
"text": "McLuhan was born on July 21, 1911, in Edmonton, Alberta, to Elsie Naomi (née Hall) and Herbert Ernest McLuhan, both born in Canada. His brother Maurice was born two years later. \"Marshall\" was his maternal grandmother's surname. His mother was a Baptist school teacher who later became an actress; his father was a Methodist and had a real estate business in Edmonton. That business failed when World War I broke out, and McLuhan's father enlisted in the Canadian army. After a year of service, he contracted influenza and remained in Canada, away from the front lines. After his discharge from the army in 1915, the McLuhan family moved to Winnipeg, Manitoba, where Marshall grew up and went to school, attending Kelvin Technical School before enrolling in the University of Manitoba in 1928.",
"title": "Marshall McLuhan"
},
{
"docid": "37212069#1",
"text": "Sally Amanda Marshall was born to William Gray Marshall and Patricia Faye Marshall about 1970. Her parents separated when she was five years old when they were living in Puerto Rico. Growing up, Marshall lived in Washington, D.C., the Chicago area, and finally Mill Valley, California, where she graduated from Tamalpais High School in 1987.",
"title": "Amanda Marshall (attorney)"
}
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4186 | Is Bolivia a poor country? | [
{
"docid": "1126709#22",
"text": "Bolivia was hit with hyperinflation as well. During the 1980s, economist Jeffrey Sachs was sent as a consultant and new President Gonzalo Sànchez de Lozada reined in inflation in the 1990s by severely cutting government spending. While Bolivia remained a very poor country, the authors argue that it is better off now because its inflation was curtailed. They also argue that Bolivia's example vindicates the bad reputation free-market economics acquired in Chile as Bolivia's reforms came after a democratic election.",
"title": "The Commanding Heights"
},
{
"docid": "30615444#2",
"text": "President Evo Morales, of poor but natural gas-rich Bolivia, joined the TCP on 29 April 2006, only days before he announced his intention to nationalize Bolivia's hydrocarbon assets. Bolivia is a member of both UNASUR and ALBA, thus its attitude is crucial to relations between the two, says Marion Hörmann, since Bolivia is traditionally seen as a mediator between the Andean countries and the rest of South America. . \nVenezuela and Ecuador are also members of UNASUR.",
"title": "Member states of ALBA"
},
{
"docid": "48776723#4",
"text": "Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in South America, with 45% of its population living below the poverty line. Poverty is a major cause of child labor in Bolivia, and children from poor families work in order to support the well-being of their families and to supply their basic needs of survival. Low living standards combined with low educational attainment increases poverty rates and the prevalence of child labor. UNICEF reports that a family’s access to financial credit influences the likelihood of children working, as greater access to financial credit reduces the chances of children working, and of children working in more dangerous occupations.",
"title": "Child labor in Bolivia"
},
{
"docid": "31153018#0",
"text": "Though resource rich, Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. In the 1980s the tin market collapsed, the currency dived, and inflation soared. Austerity measures restored some confidence, but at the cost of widening inequality. This was exacerbated when, at the behest of the US, coca growing, a prime source of income for the poor, was shut down. There are also tensions over natural gas deposits, perhaps Bolivia's last remaining resource. And while GDP and GNI have both grown significantly since 2000, severe disparities exist both regionally and ethnically. UNICEF reports that women and children are the most vulnerable group. In 2002, the percentage of the population living below the poverty line was 82% in rural areas and 54% in urban areas.The departments with the most poverty are Potosi, Chuquisaca and Pando, while Santa Cruz and Tarija have the least.",
"title": "Inequality in Bolivia"
},
{
"docid": "51295787#2",
"text": "Ever since Bolivia was freed from Spanish rule in 1825, the country has experienced considerable instability. The government has been overthrown over 200 times and the constitution rewritten. Widespread poverty has been a major factor in the country's poor development and poor governance.",
"title": "Corruption in Bolivia"
},
{
"docid": "28245233#3",
"text": "Bolivia was chosen as a programme country for Denmark in 1994, because Bolivia were the poorest country in South America. Denmark started assisting Bolivia with diaries. Because of the political situation in Bolivia, Denmark suspended the assistance in 1980. In 1993 the cooperation resumed.\nDanish development assistance to Bolivia focuses on democracy, human rights, agriculture, education and environment.\nIn 2005, DANIDA cut the aid from 200 million to 150 million because of the social problems in Bolivia. In 2010, after 13 years of cooperation, the assistance for indigenous people ended.",
"title": "Bolivia–Denmark relations"
},
{
"docid": "16829056#0",
"text": "Poverty in South America is high in most countries. All of the countries in South America are greatly affected by poverty to some extent. From 1999 to 2010, poverty dropped from 43.8% to 31.8%. The countries that have the highest rates are Bolivia, Colombia and Venezuela. All of these countries are trying to reduce poverty, with varying degrees of effort and success.\nHowever, in recent years most South American countries have experienced great economic decline. Thanks to this improvement in the economy, action is being taken by most South American countries to reduce poverty and improve the life quality of the people. \nNew infrastructure is being built and more housing is being provided. Education is also a major concern, and the governments are spending millions of dollars in funding schools.",
"title": "Poverty in South America"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "343651#8",
"text": "Democracy is in danger in Bolivia as the result of legitimate pressures from the poor. We cannot generate economic growth and well-being for a few and then expect that the large majorities that are excluded will watch silently and patiently. We poor countries demand that our products be admitted into the markets of rich countries in adequate conditions.",
"title": "Carlos Mesa"
},
{
"docid": "69012#1",
"text": "Bolivia is inhabited mostly by Quechua (45.6%) and Aymara (42.4%), while minorities include 37 indigenous groups (0.3% average per group). The Spanish, Quechua, Aymara, Guarani languages, as well as 34 other native languages are the official language of Bolivia. Spanish is the most-spoken language (60.7%) within the population. The main religions of Bolivia are Catholicism (81.8%), Evangelicalism (11.5%), and Protestantism (2.6%). Education is of poor quality, and has a 91.2% literacy rate. An estimated 7.6% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) is spent on education. The average monthly household income was Bs.1,378 ($293) in 1994. In December 2013 the unemployment rate was 3.2% of the working population. Average urbanisation rate in Bolivia is 67%.",
"title": "Demographics of Bolivia"
},
{
"docid": "58462529#5",
"text": "Has collected international accessions for the exit to the sea of Bolivia: \"Suddenly the brothers from different countries manifest themselves: «Mar for Bolivia!». And where are the Bolivians, in the country that we visit so much the president [Evo Morales] there is a spontaneous reaction and they all say: \"Mar for Bolivia!\". The world is aware that Bolivia lives in an enclosure that harms it, we do not have access to the sea and that hurts our economy, harms the economy of the region. The countries realize perfectly and that is why we receive countless supports from different countries. Where the president arrives, where a Bolivian arrives, there will always be a support that says \"sea for Bolivia.\" So we do not reach all countries, we know that they are supporting us.\"",
"title": "Máxima Apaza"
},
{
"docid": "16278479#1",
"text": "Bolivia – landlocked sovereign country located in central South America. Bolivia is bordered on the north and the east by Brasil, on the southeast by Paraguay, on the south by Argentina, and on the west by Chile and Peru. Its geography varies from the peaks of the Andes mountains to the tropical forests of the Amazon Basin. It is a developing country, and its main economic activities include agriculture, mining, and manufacturing of products such as textiles.Geography of Bolivia",
"title": "Outline of Bolivia"
}
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4187 | When did Turkey become a republic? | [
{
"docid": "19412959#1",
"text": "The holiday commemorates the events of 29 October 1923, when Mustafa Kemal Atatürk declared that Turkey was henceforth a republic. Turkey had \"de facto\" been a republic since 23 April 1920, the date of the establishment of the Grand National Assembly of Turkey, but the official confirmation of this fact came only three-and-a-half years later. On 29 October 1923, the status of the nation as a republic was declared and its official name was proclaimed to be (\"the Republic of Turkey\"). After that, a vote was held in the Grand National Assembly, and Atatürk was elected as the first President of the Republic of Turkey.",
"title": "Republic Day (Turkey)"
},
{
"docid": "28451535#26",
"text": "The occupation of some parts of the country by the Allies in the aftermath of World War I prompted the establishment of the Turkish national movement. Under the leadership of Mustafa Kemal, a military commander who had distinguished himself during the Battle of Gallipoli, the Turkish War of Independence was waged with the aim of revoking the terms of the Treaty of Sèvres. By September 18, 1922, the occupying armies were expelled. On November 1, the newly founded parliament formally abolished the Sultanate, thus ending 623 years of Ottoman rule. The Treaty of Lausanne of July 24, 1923, led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the newly formed \"Republic of Turkey\" as the successor state of the Ottoman Empire, and the republic was officially proclaimed on October 29, 1923, in the new capital of Ankara. Mustafa Kemal became the republic's first President of Turkey and subsequently introduced many radical reforms with the aim of founding a new secular republic from the remnants of its Ottoman past. The Ottoman fez was abolished, full rights for women politically were established, and new writing system for Turkish based upon the Latin alphabet was created.\nAccording to the Law on Family Names, the Turkish parliament presented Mustafa Kemal with the honorific surname \"Atatürk\" (\"Father of the Turks\") in 1934.\nTurkey was neutral in World War II (1939–45) but signed a treaty with Britain in October 1939 that said Britain would defend Turkey if Germany attacked it. An invasion was threatened in 1941 but did not happen and Ankara refused German requests to allow troops to cross its borders into Syria or the USSR. Germany had been its largest trading partner before the war, and Turkey continued to do business with both sides. It purchased arms from both sides. The Allies tried to stop German purchases of chrome (used in making better steel). Starting in 1942 the Allies provided military aid. The Turkish leaders conferred with Roosevelt and Churchill at the Cairo Conference in November, 1943, and promised to enter the war. By August 1944, with Germany nearing defeat, Turkey broke off relations. In February 1945, it declared war on Germany and Japan, a symbolic move that allowed Turkey to join the nascent United Nations.",
"title": "History of Turkey"
},
{
"docid": "158560#0",
"text": "The President of the Republic of Turkey () is the head of state and head of government of the Republic of Turkey. Following the 2018 general election, the incumbent office-holder assumed the role of an Executive President and holds both ceremonial and executive status. In this capacity, the President represents the Republic of Turkey, and the unity of the Turkish nation, as well as ensuring the implementation of the Constitution of Turkey and the organized and harmonious functioning of the organs of state. The articles from 101 to 106 of the Constitution establish all the requirements, election, duties, and responsibilities for the office of the President. The office of the President of Turkey was established with the proclamation of the Republic of Turkey on 29 October 1923. The President of Turkey is often referred to as the Cumhurbaşkanı, meaning 'President of the People'.",
"title": "President of Turkey"
},
{
"docid": "634021#30",
"text": "On 29 October 1923, the Turkish constitution was amended and Turkey became a republic. This formally declared the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire. Republic Day (Turkish: \"Cumhuriyet Bayramı\") is celebrated throughout Turkey every year. Commemorative events usually begin in the afternoon on the previous day. In observance of the holiday, government offices and schools close for a day. Also, there are fireworks shows in all cities of Turkey.",
"title": "Republic Day"
},
{
"docid": "13305#0",
"text": "The Republic of Turkey was created after the overthrow of Sultan Mehmet VI Vahdettin by the new Republican Parliament in 1922. This new regime delivered the \"coup de grâce\" to the Ottoman state which had been practically wiped away from the world stage following the First World War.",
"title": "History of the Republic of Turkey"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "28385370#1",
"text": "The year is 1888. A 7-year-old child was first seen running on a vast field to scare the crows off of the meadows of Thessalonica, and then he falls from a tree while reaching out to a nightingale. Everything goes black. The child who falls from the tree is Mustafa, who would have grown to become the founder of Turkey and be given the surname Atatürk, that is, if he did not fall to his coma that day. The film fast-forwards to over a century later into the year 2007. Without Mustafa Kemal Atatürk in Turkey's history, no War of Independence has been fought, Ankara has not become the country's capital, and the country continues its existence as the Ottoman Republic, ruled by the Sultan Osman VII (Ata Demirer), who has become little more than a figurehead and a source of ridicule by foreign dignitaries, especially by the United States.",
"title": "The Ottoman Republic"
},
{
"docid": "28451535#28",
"text": "After participating with the United Nations forces in the Korean War, Turkey joined NATO in 1952, becoming a bulwark against Soviet expansion into the Mediterranean. Following a decade of intercommunal violence on the island of Cyprus and the Greek military coup of July 1974, overthrowing President Makarios and installing Nikos Sampson as a dictator, Turkey invaded the Republic of Cyprus in 1974. Nine years later the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) was established. Turkey is the only country that recognises the TRNC",
"title": "History of Turkey"
},
{
"docid": "1958873#43",
"text": "The United Nations Security Council has challenged the legality of Turkey's action, because Article Four of the Treaty of Guarantee gives the right to guarantors to take action with the sole aim of re-establishing the state of affairs. The aftermath of Turkey's invasion, however, did not safeguard the Republic's sovereignty and territorial integrity, but had the opposite effect: the \"de facto\" partition of the Republic and the creation of a separate political entity in the north. On 13 February 1975, Turkey declared the occupied areas of the Republic of Cyprus to be a \"Federated Turkish State\", to the universal condemnation of the international community (see United Nations Security Council Resolution 367). The United Nations recognizes the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus according to the terms of its independence in 1960. The conflict continues to affect Turkey's relations with Cyprus, Greece, and the European Union.",
"title": "Turkish invasion of Cyprus"
},
{
"docid": "1283036#41",
"text": "Cyprus was divided when, on 20 July 1974, Turkey invaded and occupied a third of the island in response to an Athens-engineered coup aimed at annexing Cyprus to Greece. Since then, Turkey has refused to acknowledge the Republic of Cyprus (an EU member since 2004) as the sole authority on the island, and recognizes the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus since its establishment in 1983. The Turkish invasion in 1974 and the resulting movement of refugees along both sides of the Green Line, and the establishment of the self-declared Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus in 1983, form the core issues which surround the ongoing Cyprus dispute.",
"title": "Accession of Turkey to the European Union"
},
{
"docid": "11125639#3",
"text": "Turkey is a charter member of the UN, an early member of NATO, the IMF and the World Bank, and a founding member of the OECD, OSCE, BSEC, OIC and G-20. After becoming one of the first members of the Council of Europe in 1949, Turkey became an associate member of the EEC in 1963, joined the EU Customs Union in 1995 and started accession negotiations with the European Union in 2005 which have been effectively stopped by the EU in 2017 due to \"Turkey's path toward autocratic rule\". Turkey's economy and diplomatic initiatives led to its recognition as a regional power while its location has given it geopolitical and strategic importance throughout history. Turkey is a secular, unitary, formerly parliamentary republic which adopted a presidential system with a referendum in 2017; the new system came into effect with the presidential election in 2018. Turkey's current administration headed by president Recep Tayyip Erdoğan of the AKP has enacted measures to increase the influence of Islam, reversed and undermined Kemalist policies, and has reversed earlier reforms such as freedom of the press.",
"title": "Turkey"
},
{
"docid": "54150931#0",
"text": "The World Bank Group (WBG) has been lending aid and providing means of promoting development to Turkey since July 1950, which began with the implementation of a series of port construction and development projects meant to ignite commercial economy and cultivate stability within the region. These established ports have been integral to the development and success of economic growth and stability throughout the republic as it is surrounded by water on three sides. Through the efforts and involvement by the WBG, Turkey has become one of the larger developing middle tier countries in regards to income associated with the group, as well as one of the most established economies around the globe today. From 1950 to 2017 the efforts championed by the World Bank in and around the extensive regions comprising the Republic of Turkey have been oriented towards environmental preservation, economic growth and stability, establishing infrastructure, promoting education and cultivating an interest in energy and sustainability.",
"title": "Turkey and the World Bank"
}
] | [
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4188 | What was the first album released by Tom Jenkinson? | [
{
"docid": "153065#169",
"text": "Jenkinson went on to record a few more releases under his own name, including the \"Crot E.P.\" and \"Bubble And Squeak E.P.\", as well as a split with Dunderhead, called \"Dragon Disc 2\". In 1995, Tom began releasing music under the name Squarepusher, first appearing with the \"\", then following with \"Alroy Road Tracks\" under the name Duke Of Harringay, both on Finn's Spymania label. By 1996, Squarepusher had line up material for release at Rephlex Records, which was operated by Grant Wilson-Claridge and Richard D. James, a.k.a. Aphex Twin. Squarepusher released the \"Squarepusher Plays...\" 12\" for Rephlex, followed by his debut album, \"Feed Me Weird Things\" (Jenkinson later released an album and E.P. under the name Chaos A.D. for Rephlex in 1998).",
"title": "Nothing Records"
},
{
"docid": "156731#14",
"text": "Jenkinson was offered a five album record contract with Warp Records in December 1995, which was duly signed, and this led him to defer his studies at Chelsea Art College.\nEarly in 1996 Richard D. James completed the compilation process for \"Feed Me Weird Things\" which was made from over 50 tracks that Tom had given him on DAT, which were recorded from late 1994 to 1995. Around the same time Richard and Tom recorded two tracks together, one of which was subsequently edited by Tom and released as \"Freeman Hardy & Willis Acid\" on the \"We Are Reasonable People\" compilation album in 1998. Tom's contribution to the other track was reinterpreted and released as \"Happy Little Wilberforce\" on the \"Alt. Frequencies\" compilation released on Worm Interface in 1996. 1996 saw Jenkinson starting to be offered gigs both in the UK and in continental Europe.",
"title": "Squarepusher"
},
{
"docid": "156731#13",
"text": "At this time, Tom was becoming obsessed with bringing a \"dark psychedelia\" to Drum and Bass (which would eventually reach its zenith with \"Go Plastic\" from 2001).\nDuring this period Tom also made a remix for Ninja Tune's DJ Food, which featured on the e.p. \"Refried Food\". The remix led Ninja Tune to offer Jenkinson a record contract, which along with an offer from Belgium's R&S records he declined in favour of a contract offered by Warp Records, which was partially instigated by Richard D. James.\nCorrespondence between Richard D. James and Tom Jenkinson sprung up after meeting at The George Robey. The resulting meeting led to Tom's first hearing of the \"Hangable Auto Bulb\" e.p. which Richard had brought with him. But the meeting also facilitated Richard's initial selection of Tom's tracks that went on to form the \"Feed Me Weird Things\" album released on Rephlex Records in 1996.",
"title": "Squarepusher"
},
{
"docid": "153065#170",
"text": "Shortly after the release of \"Feed Me Weird Things\", Squarepusher released his first music for Warp Records in the form of the \"Port Rhombus EP\" in 1996. Jenkinson signed a multi-album deal with Warp and the label would become his long-time and primary home. The \"Vic Acid\" EP was released in 1997, followed by his sophomore full-length, \"Hard Normal Daddy\". Later that year, Warp and Sypmania would co-release \"Burningn'n Tree\", which compiled the \"Conumber E:P\" and \"Alroy Road Tracks\", alongsing three previously unreleased tracks.",
"title": "Nothing Records"
},
{
"docid": "4054596#1",
"text": "The Huntingtons debut album \"Sweet Sixteen\" was released in 1996 by Flying Tart Records. A few months later, their first attempt at recording Ramones covers, entitled \"Rocket to Ramonia\" saw limited release via the Burnt Toast Vinyl label. At this point the band added a second guitarist, Tom Rehbein (later in Small Towns Burn a Little Slower). After working with producer Mass Giorgini for the band's next album, \"Fun and Games\", Tom was replaced by Brad Ber. After the album's release in mid-1997, the band started touring and gained a cult following. Their big break came in 1998, when they signed to Tooth & Nail Records and released \"High School Rock\".",
"title": "The Huntingtons"
},
{
"docid": "156731#17",
"text": "Using the same equipment from the sessions that produced the majority of \"Feed Me Weird Things\" Tom now set about working on the material for his first album for Warp. His broad conception for this record was \"to push away from the jazz influence that was being felt at the time to a more soundtrack-type of sound\". According to Tom he was listening to, amongst other things, early Lalo Schifrin and the \"Deathwish\" soundtrack by Herbie Hancock around this time. That said, the album also contains some abrupt diversions into quite different musical territory, evidenced in what Tom calls the \"Industrial Psychedelia\" of \"Chin Hippy\" and \"Rustic Raver\".",
"title": "Squarepusher"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "849398#0",
"text": "Hard Normal Daddy is a 1997 studio album by British electronic musician Tom Jenkinson under his alias of Squarepusher.\nThe album was Jenkinson's first studio album as Squarepusher for Warp Records. A single for the track \"Vic Acid\" was released in 1997 prior to the album's release.",
"title": "Hard Normal Daddy"
},
{
"docid": "13265496#0",
"text": "Conumber E:P is the first release by Tom Jenkinson under the alias Squarepusher. The album was pressed as a 12\" vinyl, the first release on the Spymania label.",
"title": "Conumber E:P"
},
{
"docid": "153065#168",
"text": "Jenkinson's first recordings came out under his own name, with the \"Stereotype E.P.\" on the Nothings Clear label in 1994, which was financed by Jenkinson himself, alongside his friend Hardy Finn, the latter of whom would go on to found the Spymania label. The EP did not receive the level of attention Jenkinson had hoped for, but it did catch the ear of Grant Wilson-Claridge of Rephlex Records, who contacted Tom to express his compliments.",
"title": "Nothing Records"
},
{
"docid": "177888#20",
"text": "Connors released music on no fewer than seven different labels. His earliest foray into recording was on the CKGB Timmins radio station label. These 45 RPM singles were pressed by Quality Records in Toronto, and distributed (and paid for) primarily by Tom. His first two albums (and two subsequent 45 RPM singles) were released on the Rebel Records bluegrass label, under the name \"Tom Connors\". These two albums were subsequently re-released on Dominion Records under the Stompin' Tom moniker and had to be totally re-recorded due to a dispute with Rebel Records owner John Irvine.",
"title": "Stompin' Tom Connors"
},
{
"docid": "14723684#0",
"text": "What a Way to Live is the fifth studio album released by American country music artist Mark Chesnutt. His first album for Decca Records, it earned RIAA gold certification in the United States for sales of 500,000 copies. The tracks \"She Dreams\", \"Goin' Through the Big D\", \"Gonna Get a Life\", and \"Down in Tennessee\" were all released as singles, peaking at #6, #2, #1, and #23, respectively, on the \"Billboard\" Hot Country Songs charts. \"She Dreams\" was co-written and originally recorded by Tim Mensy on his 1992 album \"This Ol' Heart\", from which it was released as a single, peaking at #74 on the country charts that year. Mark duets with Waylon Jennings on the track \"Rainy Day Woman\" which Jennings first recorded on his 1974 album \"The Ramblin' Man\".Background Vocals: Curtis \"Mr. Harmony\" Young, John Wesley Ryles, Bergen White, Jana King, Lisa Silver, Dennis Wilson, Cindy Walker, Tom Flora, Chris Harris, Matt Kaminski, Ann Wright, Kim Rogers.",
"title": "What a Way to Live"
}
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] |
4189 | How many Germans are in the world? | [
{
"docid": "152735#2",
"text": "Of approximately 100 million native speakers of German in the world, roughly 80 million consider themselves Germans. There are an additional 80 million people of German ancestry mainly in the United States, Brazil (mainly in the South Region of the country), Argentina, Canada, South Africa, the post-Soviet states (mainly in Russia and Kazakhstan), and France, each accounting for at least 1 million. Thus, the total number of Germans lies somewhere between 100 and more than 150 million, depending on the criteria applied (native speakers, single-ancestry ethnic Germans, partial German ancestry, etc.).",
"title": "Germans"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "3653402#35",
"text": "Significant communities of German citizens abroad are found in the following countries:\nMore statistics at German diaspora#Distribution. There were 786,000 Germans in interwar Romania in 1939.\nUSA: Large numbers of German citizens live permanently in the U.S., especially academics, artists, computer experts, engineers, and businesspeople. According to the German Missions in the US, “German citizens living abroad are not required to register with the German Embassy, so we are unable to say how many German citizens live in America.” \nSome of those Germans abroad hold passports from both Germany and the United States.",
"title": "German nationality law"
},
{
"docid": "5582528#7",
"text": "Toward the end that conflict, the German-speaking community in Hungary was seen as a scapegoat by Communists, and a process of ethnic cleansing begun. Citing \"security reasons\", the advancing Red Army deported about 600,000 civilians and prisoners of war from Hungary, of whom 40-65,000 were Germans. On top of this, a great number of Germans, mostly members of Nazi organisations, who felt threatened by the prospect of being deported to Siberia, fled from Hungary as well (approx. 60-70,000). Many Germans were sent to Germany, first to the American occupation zone, and later to the Soviet-occupied area. Overall, approximately 220,000 Germans were expelled from Hungary. For a number of reasons many remained behind.\nWith World War II still raging in 1945 various factions competing for current and postwar Hungarian political power sought to decide how to treat ethnic Germans. Opinions were divided, with the Hungarian Communist Party and its ally, the National Peasant Party, calling for the expulsion of all Germans, whereas the major democratic party, the Smallholder Party, favored only deporting former Volksbund and Waffen SS members. In May 1945, the Government announced that there was no Swabian question but only a question of German fascists. They then resolved to deport former Waffen SS soldiers and confiscate the lands of the members of the Volksbund. Shortly thereafter, however, they did ask authorization from Moscow to deport 200,000 to 250,000 ethnic Germans to the Soviet occupation zone of Germany. As this figure clearly was much greater than the number of Volksbund adherents, the issue really became one of eliminating an unwanted ethnic group rather than one of eliminating only German fascists. The German population in Hungary, however, was never subject to the same brutal persecution and excesses as in Poland, Czechoslovakia or Yugoslavia.",
"title": "Germans of Hungary"
},
{
"docid": "375698#1",
"text": "German education is very important to the German government. There are many reasons for this, but one main reason behind this is due to the fact that Germany has the world's second oldest population. Many Germans are at the retired age and are not about of the labor market. Even if by 2060, if the population decreases the way that the Federal Statistical Office of Germany believes, the best outcome would still still result in a \"decreased working-age population\". Because of this the German government has found great importance from the \"internationalization of education\". Internationalization can help promote immigration to Germany and it can help Germany's labor shortage. Like many other countries, Germany does struggle with low death rates but also low birth rate. Many individuals are living for quite a while and even though that is fortunate for them, it harms the economy. The German population is getting older and simply cannot be supported by its youth. Immigration is seen as a solution to solve this. Internalization not only helps the labor market but also creates schools with a great global connection.",
"title": "Education in Germany"
},
{
"docid": "883816#1",
"text": "Beginning in the 1840s, large numbers of German immigrants entering the United States provided a constant population influx for Little Germany. In the 1850s alone, 800,000 Germans passed through New York. By 1855 New York had the third largest German population of any city in the world, outranked only by Berlin and Vienna. The German immigrants differed from others in that they usually were educated and had marketable skills in crafts. More than half of the era's bakers and cabinet makers were Germans or of German origin, and many Germans also worked in the construction business. Educated Germans such as Joseph Wedemeyer, Oswald Ottendorfer and Friedrich Sorge were important players in the creation and growth of trade unions, and many Germans and their \"Vereine\" (German-American clubs) were also often politically active. Oswald Ottendorfer who was the owner-editor of the \"Staats-Zeitung,\" New York's largest German-language newspaper, was among the wealthiest and most socially prominent German-Americans in the city. He also became the undisputed leader of the newly important German Democracy, which would help Fernando Wood recapture the mayor's office in 1861 and elect Godfrey Gunther as mayor in 1863.",
"title": "Little Germany, Manhattan"
},
{
"docid": "11867#132",
"text": "Twenty-seven million Germans are members of a sports club and an additional twelve million pursue sports individually. Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6.3 million official members, the German Football Association (\"Deutscher Fußball-Bund\") is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide, and the German top league, the Bundesliga, attracts the second highest average attendance of all professional sports leagues in the world. The German men's national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990, and 2014, the UEFA European Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996, and the FIFA Confederations Cup in 2017. Germany hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Championship in 1988.",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"docid": "33817912#0",
"text": "Schulz & Schulz is a TV series consisting of five feature-length films starring Götz George in a dual role as twin brothers Wolfgang and Walter Schulz who were separated during World War II and then raised in different parts of Germany. The first film was broadcast while the German Democratic Republic still existed. In the aftermath following the fall of the Berlin wall many new topics arose. The instalments showed how difficult it was for a great many citizens of the German Democratic Republic to get accustomed to the new way of life and how German people tried to overcome all of that together.",
"title": "Schulz & Schulz"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "11929#1",
"text": "The United Nations Population Fund lists Germany as host to the second-highest number of international migrants worldwide, behind the United States. More than 16,000,000 people are descended from immigrants (first and second generation, including mixed heritage and ethnic German repatriates and their descendants). 96.1% of those reside in western Germany and Berlin. About 7,000,000 of them are foreign residents, defined as those without German citizenship. The largest ethnic group of non-German origin are the Turkish. Since the 1960s, West and later reunified Germany has been attracting immigrants primarily from Southern and Eastern Europe as well as Turkey, many of whom (or their children) have acquired German citizenship over time. While most of these immigrants initially arrived as guest workers, Germany has also been a prime destination for refugees who have applied for asylum in Germany, in part because the German constitution has long had a clause guaranteeing political asylum as a human right; but restrictions over the years have since limited the scope of this guarantee.",
"title": "Demographics of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "1195868#50",
"text": "Sport forms an integral part of German life. 27,000,000 Germans are members of a sports club and an additional 12,000,000 pursue such an activity individually. Association football is the most popular sport. With more than 6,300,000 official members, the German Football Association (\"Deutscher Fußball-Bund\") is the largest sports organisation of its kind worldwide. The Bundesliga attracts the second-highest average attendance of any professional sports league in the world. The German national football team won the FIFA World Cup in 1954, 1974, 1990 and 2014 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1972, 1980 and 1996. Germany has hosted the FIFA World Cup in 1974 and 2006 and the UEFA European Football Championship in 1988. Amongst the most successful and renowned footballers are: Franz Beckenbauer, Gerd Müller, Jürgen Klinsmann, Lothar Matthäus, and Oliver Kahn. Other popular spectator sports include handball, volleyball, basketball, ice hockey, and tennis.",
"title": "Culture of Germany"
}
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4190 | When was the American Heart Association formed? | [
{
"docid": "581673#3",
"text": "The American Heart Association grew out of a set of smaller precursor groups. The primary precursor was the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, formed in New York City in 1915, to study whether patients with heart disease could safely return to work. Several similar organizations formed or evolved in Boston, Philadelphia, and Chicago in the 1920s. Recognizing the need for a national organization to share research and promote findings, the American Heart Association was formed in 1924 by six cardiologists representing several of these precursor groups.",
"title": "American Heart Association"
},
{
"docid": "581673#0",
"text": "The American Heart Association (AHA) is a non-profit organization in the United States that funds cardiovascular medical research, educates consumers on healthy living and fosters appropriate cardiac care in an effort to reduce disability and deaths caused by cardiovascular disease and stroke. Originally formed in New York City in 1924 as the Association for the Prevention and Relief of Heart Disease, it is currently headquartered in Dallas, Texas. The American Heart Association is a national voluntary health agency.",
"title": "American Heart Association"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "581673#1",
"text": "They are known for publishing guidelines on cardiovascular disease and prevention, standards on basic life support and advanced cardiac life support (ACLS), and in 2014 issued its first guidelines for preventing strokes in women. They are known also for operating a number of highly visible public service campaigns starting in the 1970s, and also operate a number of fundraising events. In 1994, the \"Chronicle of Philanthropy\", an industry publication, released a study that showed the American Heart Association was ranked as the 5th \"most popular charity/non-profit in America.\" The Association was listed as the 22nd largest charity by Forbes in 2018.",
"title": "American Heart Association"
},
{
"docid": "3391978#1",
"text": "AGE was founded in 1970 by Denham Harman, MD, PhD, who is often known as the \"father\" of the \"free-radical theory of aging\". Dr. Harman's goal was to form a lay-scientific organization patterned after the American Heart Association to promote biomedical aging research. Dr. Harman served as the first president of AGE, and was executive director of AGE for 20 years (1973 to 1993).",
"title": "American Aging Association"
},
{
"docid": "7329971#1",
"text": "The ASDS remained the only national dental organization from 1840 to 1856, when controversy over the use of dental amalgam led to its demise. It was soon replaced by the American Dental Convention (ADC). Chapin A. Harris was also one of the foremost organizers, serving as its president in 1856-57. In 1859, a year before his death, another national dental organization, the American Dental Association, was established during a meeting in Niagara, New York. Before 1861 dentists were participant in both the ADC and the ADA, which promoted education and research in all aspects of dentistry, including dental materials and remained active throughout the American Civil War (1861—1865). However, during the war, Southern dentists withdrew from the ADC and the ADA and, in 1869, established the Southern Dental Association. The Southern Dental Association subsequently merged with the ADA in 1897 to form the National Dental Association (NDA). The NDA was renamed the American Dental Association (ADA) in 1922.",
"title": "American Society of Dental Surgeons"
},
{
"docid": "243062#1",
"text": "The American Association for the Advancement of Science was created on September 20, 1848 at the Academy of Natural Sciences in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. It was a reformation of the Association of American Geologists and Naturalists. The society chose William Charles Redfield as their first president because he had proposed the most comprehensive plans for the organization. According to the first constitution which was agreed to at the September 20 meeting, the goal of the society was to promote scientific dialogue in order to allow for greater scientific collaboration. By doing so the association aimed to use resources to conduct science with increased efficiency and allow for scientific progress at a greater rate. The association also sought to increase the resources available to the scientific community through active advocacy of science. There were only 78 members when the AAAS was formed. As a member of the new scientific body, Matthew Fontaine Maury, USN was one of those who attended the first 1848 meeting.",
"title": "American Association for the Advancement of Science"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "2947277#1",
"text": "Around 1900, William James called for an \"American Psychopathological Society\". His call was in response to the gap he felt had occurred between normal psychology and more morbid sciences dealing with full-blown insanity. He wrote a proposal for an American Psychopathological Association, and in 1910, the American Psychopathological Association was founded. On May 2, 1910, the American Psychopathological Association was organized at the Willard Hotel in Washington, D.C. Due to the fact that both the American Neurological Association and the American Medico-Psychological Association (now the American Psychiatric Association) were holding annual meetings at the Willard, it was easy for people interested to attend. \nAccording to the historical membership lists, there were 42 founding members of APPA. The earliest list is from 1911, which reflects the original members as well as five newly elected members. The proceedings of the meeting were published in the June–July 1910 issue of \"The Journal of Abnormal Psychology\", which was designated the official journal of the APPA.",
"title": "American Psychopathological Association"
},
{
"docid": "26165493#16",
"text": "• 1983 – First meetings, first intervention letter. CIFC is founded in Toronto.\n• 1985 – First newsletter is sent - by fax. It eventually becomes POV Magazine.\n• 1988 – Montreal chapter (later to be known as Quebec chapter) is formed.\n• 1991 – A National Executive is formed - John Walker, President.\n• 1991 – First edition of POV Magazine, edited by Wyndham Wise – Geoff Bowie, first Publisher.\n• 1994 – The first edition of Hot Docs is held- Paul Jay was Chair of CIFC and Founding Chair of Hot Docs!\n• 1995 – Atlantic chapter is formed.\n• 1996 – BC chapter is formed.\n• 1997 – Hot Docs incorporates as a separate charitable organization.\n• 1998 – First coast-to-coast National Executive elected - Gary Marcuse, Chair.\n• 2003 – The CIFC changes its name to DOC.\n• 2006 – Ottawa chapter is formed.\n• 2006 – Newfoundland chapter is formed.\n• 2007 – Winnipeg chapter is formed.\n• 2008 – Alberta chapter is formed.\n• 2009 – Newfoundland chapter folds.",
"title": "Documentary Organization of Canada"
}
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4191 | When was the character Kano introduced in the game Mortal Kombat? | [
{
"docid": "969571#0",
"text": "Kano is a fictional character from the \"Mortal Kombat\" fighting game franchise. He is one of the series' original characters, having made his debut in \"Mortal Kombat\" in 1992. A calculating mercenary, and member of the international crime cartel known as the Black Dragon, Kano is also the top fugitive and persistent nemesis of Sonya Blade and Jax Briggs of the Special Forces, which has been his primary storyline throughout the course of his \"Mortal Kombat\" series appearances, and in \"Mortal Kombat 3\", he also becomes the general of Outworld emperor Shao Kahn's armies. In the 2011 series reboot, he additionally poses as a crooked Special Forces informant and serves as Kahn's arms dealer. His most recognizable feature is his cybernetic metal faceplate that houses an infrared eye laser.",
"title": "Kano (Mortal Kombat)"
},
{
"docid": "5276357#1",
"text": "Divizio is perhaps best known for his portrayal of Kano in the original \"Mortal Kombat\" in 1992. He also appeared in \"Mortal Kombat II\" as Baraka, and reprised the role of Kano for both \"Mortal Kombat II\" in 1993 (as a chained up prisoner) and \"Mortal Kombat 3\" in 1995, making his playable return. In \"MK3\", he also played the masked hook swordsman Kabal and the shadowy fighter Noob Saibot. In 1997, he portrayed Quan Chi in both the game and full motion video sequences in the platform title \"\", and provided motion capture footage for the character as well in \"Mortal Kombat 4\". He returned to the series in 2002, contributing to \"\" as a motion capture actor.",
"title": "Richard Divizio"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "969571#1",
"text": "Out of the seven original series characters, Kano has featured the least in the \"Mortal Kombat\" games, though he was among the eleven characters who represented the franchise in the crossover game \"Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe\". He has appeared in alternate series media such as the first \"Mortal Kombat\" film, the animated series \"\" and the web series \"\", in addition to having a central role in the 1995 \"Mortal Kombat\" novel and featuring on official series merchandise. General and critical reception for the character has been mainly positive, but mixed in regards to his Fatality finishing moves.",
"title": "Kano (Mortal Kombat)"
},
{
"docid": "969571#8",
"text": "Kano was among the eleven \"Mortal Kombat\" characters representing the franchise in the 2008 crossover fighter \"Mortal Kombat vs. DC Universe\". His official rival is The Joker, but he is not playable in the story mode. He also appears in the iOS game \"\" as an Easter egg fighting Batman in one of the levels. In the indie game Punch Club, a fighter named Jax, who is designed after the Mortal Kombat 3 incarnation of Kano makes an appearance in one of the game's gang turf war segments.",
"title": "Kano (Mortal Kombat)"
},
{
"docid": "969571#13",
"text": "Kano was not playable in \"Mortal Kombat II\"; according to series co-creator John Tobias in a 1994 interview with \"GamePro,\" in the first game \"Kano and Sonya were probably picked the least. We [Midway] still wanted to include them in the storyline, so we had them captured.\" He then confirmed that Kano and Sonya would return in a future installment. Indeed, Kano and Sonya were playable in \"Mortal Kombat 3,\" where his moves from the first game were retained while he gained a new \"Choke\" maneuver where he lifted his opponents and then violently shook them. His Fatalities were far less graphic than in the first game, as he either exploded his opponent with a laser blast from his implant, or reached down their throat to pull out their entire skeleton and hold it aloft without any blood or gore present. The game featured the unplayable hidden character Noob Saibot, who was a silhouetted sprite of Kano before being switched to a traditional ninja palette swap in \"Ultimate Mortal Kombat 3\" and the 1996 compilation title \"Mortal Kombat Trilogy\", the latter which featured the original \"MK1\" Kano as a selectable along with the then-current version.",
"title": "Kano (Mortal Kombat)"
},
{
"docid": "925921#0",
"text": "Kabal is a fictional character in the \"Mortal Kombat\" fighting game franchise, created for Midway Games by Ed Boon and John Tobias. Kabal was introduced in \"Mortal Kombat 3\" as a former member of Kano's Black Dragon criminal organization who had reformed as a force for good and thus became one of the chosen defenders of Earthrealm, while notably suffering an attack by Outworld emperor Shao Kahn's extermination squads that left his face disfigured and thus concealed behind a mask. In the three-dimensional \"Mortal Kombat\" games, he returns to the side of evil by reforming the Black Dragon and feuding with Mavado, leader of their bitter rival, the Red Dragon. Kabal returns to the side of good in the 2011 \"Mortal Kombat\" reboot, again having quit the Black Dragon and fighting alongside Kurtis Stryker to defend Earthrealm against Kahn's forces.",
"title": "Kabal (Mortal Kombat)"
},
{
"docid": "1016379#4",
"text": "Noob Saibot was first introduced in 1993's \"Mortal Kombat II\" as a hidden nonplayable opponent whom players fought in a secret battle in the \"Goro's Lair\" stage from the first game after winning fifty consecutive matches. He was a solid black palette swap of Sub-Zero who fought with increased speed and Scorpion's spear. He returned as a secret character in \"Mortal Kombat 3\" with the same attributes, but was instead a silhouette of Kano, since there were no human ninjas in the game, and in the Sega Game Gear port, he additionally had Kano's special moves and his \"Eye Laser\" Fatality. Upon being made playable in the console versions of \"UMK3\" and the 1996 compilation title \"Mortal Kombat Trilogy\", Noob Saibot returned as a palette-swap ninja, and one of ten human ninja swaps in the game overall. Noob Saibot is playable in \"Mortal Kombat: Shaolin Monks\" in the \"Versus\" mode if both players select Sub-Zero; the last player to select him will play as a variation of Noob Saibot. He is colored black but he has Sub-Zero's frozen forearms and retains the latter's moves and Fatalities.",
"title": "Noob Saibot"
},
{
"docid": "969571#24",
"text": "Kano placed 24th in UGO.com's 2012 selection of the series' top fifty characters, and the site had additionally ranked him in 2011 as the seventh best cyborg character of all time, ahead of RoboCop and \"Star Trek\" character Seven of Nine. Den of Geek placed him seventeenth in their 2015 ranking of the series' characters, commenting that \"Kano is a special kind of scum, and the series is better for him existing ... [but] he probably wouldn’t rank quite as high if not for Trevor Goddard’s rocking performance in the first movie.\" Josh Wirtanen of Cheat Code Central listed Kano as the fifth best \"Mortal Kombat\" character while Game Revolution's Anthony Severino included in his 2011 \"Top 10 Old School Mortal Kombat Characters\" feature. Saldana praised the character as \"such a scene-stealer in the movie that the \"MK\" team retconned everything about Kano to fit that portrayal\", but Chris Buffa of Modojo.com included Kano in his \"worst list\" of characters from \"MK3\" without explanation, and IGN described him only by saying that he \"sucks.\" Fans ranked Kano as the 27th best \"MK\" character in a 2013 online poll hosted by Dorkly that rated the series' entire character roster.",
"title": "Kano (Mortal Kombat)"
},
{
"docid": "1788633#4",
"text": "Besides Jax, Kano, and Kano's Black Dragon subordinates Tremor and Jarek, the game features three characters exclusive to this entry in the series:This was the second \"Mortal Kombat\" game developed by Midway that was more of a platformer than a fighting game, after having tested the waters with \"Mortal Kombat Mythologies: Sub-Zero\" in 1997. Series co-creator John Tobias intended to work on a series of platform games to expand the \"Mortal Kombat\" universe, including titles centering on Baraka and Liu Kang; only the latter was actually released by Midway (2005's \"\") despite having sat on the drawing board for many years.",
"title": "Mortal Kombat: Special Forces"
},
{
"docid": "969571#14",
"text": "Kano was the only one of the original seven characters who was omitted from \"Mortal Kombat 4\" (1997), with new character Jarek debuting in his place. His role in the game was as the last surviving member of the Black Dragon following Kano's apparent death, and was being pursued by Sonya and Jax for \"crimes against humanity.\" Jarek copied Kano's special moves as well as his \"Heart Rip\" and \"Eye Laser\" Fatalities despite possessing no cybernetic enhancements. He was not as well-received as his predecessor, and has not featured as a playable in the series again with the exception of \"Armageddon\".",
"title": "Kano (Mortal Kombat)"
}
] | [
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4192 | Does slavery still exist? | [
{
"docid": "1559576#2",
"text": "Slavery is illegal in Brazil. Slavery and labor situations like depression era company towns still exist in remote areas in Brazil like the Amazon (a fictional portrayal of such a town occurs in \"The Rundown\"). \"Debt slavery\" (where workers are forced to work to pay an ever-increasing debt) still exists in some rural areas, though it is illegal and the government actively fights against it. The \"debt slavery\" is particularly worrying in large sugar cane farms, since sugar cane is a raw material for ethanol, a product that the Brazilian government is currently actively encouraging the production and research of.",
"title": "Human rights in Brazil"
},
{
"docid": "213897#30",
"text": "Slavery is currently illegal in every country around the world. However, up until the 19th century slavery and ownership of people had existed in one form or another in nearly every society on earth. Notwithstanding the illegality according to codes of law, slavery still exists in various forms today.",
"title": "Ownership"
},
{
"docid": "39104703#9",
"text": "Since coming into force, the Human Rights Committee has commented on conditions of slavery in numerous countries and has provided these countries with recommendations as to how they should proceed to abolish slavery. In Mali, the committee noted that the State party has not taken clear action in response the reports of slavery like practices and hereditary servitude in the country. In acknowledging this, the committee recommended that the state should conduct research to determine if these conditions of slavery still exist, and if they do to take action. The committee also noted concerns of child trafficking into Côte d'Ivoire, where children were then being subjected to forced labour and slavery. In response to this phenomenon, the committee recommended that the Malian government take measures to prosecute the perpetrators of this traffic, and research more precise details regarding this situation for the committee analysis.",
"title": "Slavery in international law"
},
{
"docid": "44493768#0",
"text": "Although slavery is recognized as being illegal around the world by international treaties and conventions, evidence has shown that there is still existing slavery in Yemen, and the number of slaves is in fact growing. Slavery affects and inhibits many basic human rights, and was specifically abolished by Yemen in 1962. The fact that slavery is alleged to still exist is a major human rights issue.",
"title": "Slavery in Yemen"
},
{
"docid": "531662#4",
"text": "See \"iAbolish\":\"\nAASG says that the first step in eradicating slavery is educating the public that it still exists. AASG builds awareness through publications, school curricula, conferences, and a Speakers’ Bureau — consisting mainly of survivors of slavery.\nASG advocates for the freedom of those degraded by slavery through government lobbying and online campaigns, which locate pressure points in corporations that benefit from slavery, governments that tolerate human bondage, and leaders who remain silent.\nOn their website, AASG state that they have a network of activists around the world who are passionate about freedom. Grassroots activism takes the form of rallies, candlelight vigils, freedom marches, petitions and letter-writing campaigns.\nAASG partners with organizations working on the ground to provide rehabilitation and support to victims of slavery. By providing food, shelter, education, and rehabilitation, AASG equips survivors with the tools they need to rebuild their lives.",
"title": "American Anti-Slavery Group"
},
{
"docid": "347018#5",
"text": "Although the abolition of slavery in much of the world has greatly reduced child slavery, the problem lives on, especially in developing countries. According to the Anti-Slavery Society, \"Although there is no longer any state which legally recognizes, or which will enforce, a claim by a person to a right of property over another, the abolition of slavery does not mean that it ceased to exist. There are millions of people throughout the world—mainly children—in conditions of virtual to slavery.\" It further notes that slavery, particularly child slavery, was on the rise in 2003. It points out that there are countless others in other forms of servitude (such as peonage, bonded labor and servile concubinage) which are not slavery in the narrow legal sense. Critics claim they are stretching the definition and practice of slavery beyond its original meaning, and are actually referring to forms of unfree labour other than slavery. In 1990, reports of slavery came out of Bahr al Ghazal, a Dinka region in southern Sudan. In 1995, Dinka mothers spoke about their abducted children. Roughly 20,000 slaves were reported in Sudan in 1999. \"The handmade woolen carpet industry is extremely labor intensive and one of the largest export earners for India, Pakistan, Nepal and Morocco.\" During the past 20 years, about 200,000 and 300,000 children are involved, most of them in the carpet belt of Uttar Pradesh in central India. Many children in Asia are kidnapped or trapped in servitude, where they work in factories and workshops for no pay and receive constant beatings. Slaves have reappeared following the old slave trade routes in West Africa. \"The children are kidnapped or purchased for $20–$70 each in poorer states, such as Benin and Togo, and sold into slavery in sex dens or as unpaid domestic servants for $350.00 each in wealthier oil-rich states, such as Nigeria and Gabon.\"",
"title": "Child slavery"
},
{
"docid": "28163284#10",
"text": "Though slavery still exists, and democracy never appeared, the dominant Catholic Church is less intolerant and harsh than it was at the time of the Armada. Protestantism, surviving only in Scandinavia, is regarded more with curiosity than hostility, and though the Inquisition still exists it has long since abandoned the use of torture in favour of hypnotism. Moreover, there is mention of a movement for women's equality, at least among upper-class women. (Swedish women are mentioned as more assertive than those of other countries – as they were famous for being, in our own world at the time of writing.)",
"title": "Times Without Number"
},
{
"docid": "44493768#1",
"text": "Yemen is in Southwest Asia, and is a mostly Arab country. Yemen is considered a developing country, and has been in a state of political crisis since 2011. An investigation conducted as a joint effort by local press in Yemen, human rights activists and the wider media uncovered an array of evidence strongly suggesting slavery is still alive in Yemen, with a former slave who had recently been freed admitting other members of his family were still being used as slaves. In this in depth investigation, that was done over a period of several months, slave owners admitted to selling slaves to countries such as Brazil and Saudi Arabia for significant amounts of money, suggesting that the problem of modern slavery goes far deeper than just Yemen. It was also discovered that not unlike previous times, slaves were inherited by their owners through family, as well as being bought and sold. The slaves are under complete control of their owners, an example of this being that although sometimes the slaves are allowed to marry one another, they are not allowed a ceremony, and are only allowed to see each other during an emergency or at night when their owner does not require them. In a sense, slavery has even been formally recognised in Yemen, through a judge in the Courts confirming the transfer of a slave from one owner to another. This caused an outcry by the community and the media, which was allegedly quickly hushed by the government.",
"title": "Slavery in Yemen"
},
{
"docid": "17168143#0",
"text": "Contemporary slavery, also known as modern slavery or neo-slavery, refers to institutional slavery that continues to exist in present day society. Estimates of the number of slaves today range from around 21 million. to 70 million, depending on method used to estimate and the definition of slavery being used.",
"title": "Slavery in the 21st century"
},
{
"docid": "17168143#2",
"text": "According to American professor Kevin Bales, co-founder and former president of Free the Slaves, modern slavery occurs \"when a person is under control of another person, who applies violence and force to maintain that control, and the goal of that control is exploitation\". According to this definition, research from the Walk Free Foundation based on its Global Slavery Index 2016 estimated that there were about 70 million slaves around the world in 2016, with 58% of them living in the top five countries—India, Pakistan, China, Bangladesh, and Uzbekistan. Of these 45.8 million, it is estimated that around 10 million of these contemporary slaves are children. Bales warned that, because slavery is officially abolished everywhere, the practice is illegal, and thus more hidden from the public and authorities. This makes it impossible to obtain exact figures from primary sources. The best that can be done is estimate based on secondary sources, such as UN investigations, newspaper articles, government reports, and figures from NGOs.",
"title": "Slavery in the 21st century"
},
{
"docid": "17168143#5",
"text": "Modern slavery can be quite profitable and corrupt governments tacitly allow it, despite it being outlawed by international treaties such as Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery and local laws. Total annual revenues of traffickers were estimated in 2004 to range from US $5 billion to US $9 billion, though profits are substantially lower. American slaves in 1809 were sold for around the equivalent of US$40,000 in today's money. Today, a slave can be bought for $90. The conscription of child soldiers by some governments is often viewed as a form of government-endorsed slavery.",
"title": "Slavery in the 21st century"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "24561309#3",
"text": "Hartman also theorizes the \"afterlife of slavery\" in \"Lose Your Mother: A Journey Along the Atlantic Slave Route\". The \"afterlife of slavery\" can be characterized by the enduring presence of slavery's racialized violence still present in contemporary society. Hartman outlines slavery's imprint on all sectors of society as evidenced in historical archives that may or may not exist. Hence, the archive lives on through the social structure of the society and its citizens. Hartman describes this process in detail in \"Lose Your Mother\": \"I wanted to engage the past, knowing that its perils and dangers still threatened and that even now lives hung in the balance. Slavery had established a measure of man and a ranking of life and worth that has yet to be undone. If slavery persists as an issue in the political life of black America, it is not because of an antiquarian obsession with bygone days or the burden of a toolong memory, but because black lives are still imperiled and devalued by a racial calculus and a political arithmetic that were entrenched centuries ago. This is the afterlife of slavery—skewed life chances, limited access to health and education, premature death, incarceration, and impoverishment. I, too, am the afterlife of slavery.\" Hartman went back to Africa to learn more about slavery, and came back having learned more about her-self.",
"title": "Saidiya Hartman"
},
{
"docid": "50568318#14",
"text": "Jefferson acknowledges that slavery is an evil, but argues that the government had already sworn not to consider abolishing it until 1808; this was a necessary compromise to get the southern states on board with the new American government. He further adds that even if slavery were abolished, anti-black racism would still exist, and there's no clear solution on what to do with the newly freed slaves. (\"So back to Africa? Or do they get a separate state?\") He finally says that he previously tried to ban slavery but couldn't drum up any political support, making Franklin's proposal politically impossible even if it were a good idea.",
"title": "Cabinet Battle"
}
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] |
4194 | When did Kim Hong-il die? | [
{
"docid": "57389641#0",
"text": "Kim Hong-il (23 September 1898 – 8 August 1980) was a Korean independence activist and a general of the Second Sino-Japanese War and the Korean War, who later became a diplomat and politician in South Korea. Born in North Pyongan, he did his early schooling in China and Korea, and had a brief career as a teacher before his connections with the nascent Korean independence movement led to his imprisonment. He fled into exile in China in 1918, and served in the Kuomintang's National Revolutionary Army from 1926 to 1948, following which he moved to the newly-independent South Korea to join the Republic of Korea Army. He commanded South Korea's I Corps during the first year of the Korean War, and was then sent to Taipei as South Korea's ambassador to the Republic of China, which by then had retreated to Taiwan. His assignment there ultimately lasted nine years. He returned to South Korea in 1960 following the April Revolution which ended the rule of Syngman Rhee, and served briefly as Minister of Foreign Affairs under the Park Chung-hee junta. He ran for the National Assembly, first unsuccessfully in 1960 and 1963, and was then elected in 1967 and became a major figure in the opposition New Democratic Party.",
"title": "Kim Hong-il (general)"
},
{
"docid": "154099#0",
"text": "Kim Jong-il (officially transcribed Kim Jong Il; ; ; 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was the second Supreme Leader of North Korea. He ruled from the death of his father Kim Il-sung, the first Supreme Leader of North Korea, in 1994 until his own death in 2011. He was an unelected dictator and was often accused of human rights violations.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "154099#31",
"text": "In an August 2008 issue of the Japanese newsweekly \"Shūkan Gendai\", Waseda University professor Toshimitsu Shigemura, an authority on the Korean Peninsula, claimed that Kim Jong-il died of diabetes in late 2003 and had been replaced in public appearances by one or more stand-ins previously employed to protect him from assassination attempts. In a subsequent best-selling book, \"The True Character of Kim Jong-il\", Shigemura cited apparently unnamed people close to Kim's family along with Japanese and South Korean intelligence sources, claiming they confirmed Kim's diabetes took a turn for the worse early in 2000 and from then until his supposed death three and a half years later he was using a wheelchair. Shigemura moreover claimed a voiceprint analysis of Kim speaking in 2004 did not match a known earlier recording. It was also noted that Kim Jong-il did not appear in public for the Olympic torch relay in Pyongyang on 28 April 2008. The question had reportedly \"baffled foreign intelligence agencies for years\".",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
},
{
"docid": "38949795#4",
"text": "On 7 March 1976, it was announced that he had died when his car was crushed by a truck. Many suspected that this was not an accident, and some blamed Kim Jong Il, who by that time was not powerful enough to simply order Nam be killed. Others said that it was done by Kim Il Sung. Nam Il’s son, who lived in the Soviet Union, visited North Korea and attempted to investigate, but Pang Hak Se told him to go home and stop interfering in affairs which did not concern him.",
"title": "Nam Il"
},
{
"docid": "17130873#11",
"text": "With the death of O Jin-u on 25 February 1995, Kim Jong-il became the sole remaining living member of the Presidium (the highest body of the WPK when the Politburo and the Central Committee are not in session). While no member list of the WPK Central Military Commission (CMC, the highest party organ on military affairs) was published from 1993 to 2010, there were clear signs of movement in the military hierarchy during 1995. For the WPK's 50th anniversary, Kim Jong-il initiated a reshuffling of the CMC (and the military leadership in general) to appease the old guard and younger officials. He did not reshuffle the WPK Central Committee or the government, however, and during the 1990s the changes to its membership were caused mostly by its members dying of natural causes. Beginning in 1995, Kim Jong-il favored the military over the WPK and the state. Problems began to mount as an economic crisis, coupled with a famine in which at least half a million people died, weakened his control of the country. Instead of recommending structural reforms Kim began to criticize the WPK's lack of control over the economy, lambasting its local and provincial branches for their inability to implement central-level instructions. At a speech celebrating the 50th anniversary of Kim Il-sung University, he said: \"The reason why people are loyal to the instructions of the Central Committee is not because of party organizations and workers, but because of my authority.\" Kim Jong-il said that his father had told him to avoid economics, claiming that it was better left to experts. After this speech, the WPK's responsibility to control the economy was given to the Administrative Council (the central government). By late 1996 Kim Jong-il concluded that neither the WPK nor the central government could run the country, and began shifting control to the military.\nOn 8 July 1997, the three-year mourning period for Kim Il-sung ended. Later that year, on 8 October, Kim Jong-il was appointed to the newly established office of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea. There was considerable discussion by foreign experts of why Kim Jong-il was appointed General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, instead of succeeding his father as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Workers' Party of Korea. In a clear breach of the WPK charter, Kim Jong-il was appointed WPK General Secretary in a joint announcement by the 6th Central Committee and the CMC rather than elected by a plenum of the Central Committee. Although it was believed that Kim Jong-il would call a congress shortly after his appointment (to elect a new WPK leadership), he did not. The WPK would not be revitalized organizationally until the 3rd Conference in 2010. Until then, Kim Jong-il ruled as an autocrat; only in WPK institutions considered important were new members and leaders appointed to take the place of dying officials. The 10th Supreme People's Assembly convened on 5 September 1998, amended the North Korean constitution. The amended constitution made the National Defense Commission (NDC), previously responsible for supervising the military, the highest state organ. Although the new constitution gave the cabinet and the NDC more independence from WPK officials, it did not weaken the party. Kim Jong-il remained WPK General Secretary, controlling the Organization and Guidance Department (OGD) and other institutions. While the central WPK leadership composition was not renewed at a single stroke until 2010, the WPK retained its important role as a mass organization.",
"title": "Workers' Party of Korea"
},
{
"docid": "34121385#2",
"text": "North Korean State media did not report Jong-il's death until 51 hours after it occurred, apparently due to the political jockeying and discussions that surrounded the official version of Jong-il's legacy, as well as agreeing upon the membership of the Funeral Committee of Kim Jong-il. On the morning of 19 December, all work units, schools, government agencies, and military personnel were informed of a major announcement to take place at noon. At noon, Ri Chun-hee, a Korean Central Television news anchor, clad in full black traditional Korean clothing, announced the death of Kim Jong-il. Ri had previously announced the death of Kim Il-sung in 1994. During the announcement, a portrait of a smiling, idealized image of Kim Jong-il was released, continuing the tradition of displaying official posthumous portraits of supreme leaders of North Korea after their death.",
"title": "Death and state funeral of Kim Jong-il"
},
{
"docid": "34119825#2",
"text": "Kim Man-il's death is shrouded in mystery. North Korean sources claim that in the summer of 1947 or 1948, Shura and his brother were playing in a pond in the city of Pyongyang, when Shura accidentally drowned. However, Russian sources indicate that he fell in a well in Vyatskoye and drowned, prior to the family moving back to Korea. Official records state that Kim Jong-il was devastated and could never get over the trauma of losing his younger brother. Kim Man-il's alleged grave is located in Vyatskoye. In 1949, his mother, Kim Jong-suk died while giving birth to a stillborn girl.",
"title": "Kim Man-il"
},
{
"docid": "21256#48",
"text": "Kim Il-sung died from a sudden heart attack on July 8, 1994, three weeks after the Carter visit. His son, Kim Jong-il, who had already assumed key positions in the government, succeeded as General Secretary of the Korean Workers' Party. At that time, North Korea had no secretary-general in the party nor a president. What minimal legal procedure had been established was summarily ignored. Although a new constitution appeared to end the wartime political system, it did not completely terminate the transitional military rule. Rather it legitimized and institutionalized military rule by making the National Defense Commission (NDC) the most important state organization and its chairman the highest authority. After three years of consolidating his power, Kim Jong-il became Chairman of the NDC on October 8, 1997, a position described by the NDC as the nation's \"highest administrative authority\", and thus North Korea's \"de facto\" head of state. His succession had been foreshadowed in 1980, when he was introduced to the public at the Sixth Party Congress. In 1982, Kim Jong-il had established himself as a leading theoretician with the publication of \"On the Juche Idea\". In 1984, he had been officially confirmed as his father's successor.",
"title": "History of North Korea"
},
{
"docid": "9745167#2",
"text": "The post was replaced at the October 1966 2nd Conference by the General Secretary of the Central Committee; through this office, Kim Il-sung became the formal head of the party's Secretariat. After Kim Il-sung's death in 1994, the post was vacant for three years. On 8 October 1997, Kim Jong-il was appointed to the new office of General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea in a joint announcement by the Central Committee (CC) and the Central Military Commission (CMC) of the Workers' Party of Korea: \"[The CC and the CMC] pronounce comrade Kim Jong-il as general secretary of the party, based upon the wishes of the entire People's Army, people, and the members of the party.\" At the 3rd Conference, the party charter was amended to require the general secretary to concurrently chair the Central Military Commission. When Kim Jong-il died the WPK left the post of General Secretary vacant at the 4th Conference, making him \"Eternal General Secretary\". Kim Jong-un was elected to the office of First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea, which was established to \"represent and lead the whole party as its head and materialize the ideas and lines of Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-il.\" At the 7th WPK Congress the office of First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea was abolished, and replaced by the office of Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea.",
"title": "Chairman of the Workers' Party of Korea"
},
{
"docid": "39623067#3",
"text": "After Kim Jong-il's death and acting head of State Security U Tong-chuk's purge, Kim Won-hong appeared as one of Kim Jong-un's most trusted and supporting generals. He was made a Politburo member as well as the first minister of State Security in 25 years in April 2012. He was also elected member of the National Defence Commission. The South Korean government reported in February 2017 that Kim Won-hong was fired in mid-January after he was demoted to a one-star general from a four-star one on charges of corruption and abuse of power. He then disappeared from public view, but resurfaced in April 2017 for Day of the Sun celebrations, bearing the four-star insignia on his uniform.",
"title": "Kim Won-hong"
},
{
"docid": "57389641#14",
"text": "Kim died at his home in Hyochang-dong, Yongsan-gu, Seoul on 8 August 1980. He was survived by his wife Min Gyeong-ran and three sons. Although a public funeral had been planned, in the end Kim's family decided to hold a private funeral at their home, followed by a procession to the Seoul National Cemetery where he was buried. Pastor Kyung-Chik Han of Young Nak Presbyterian Church, the church of which Kim had been a member, presided over the funeral. Roughly 1,500 people visited the family home to pay their respects, including Chun Doo-hwan, United States Forces Korea commander John A. Wickham Jr., and fellow independence activist .",
"title": "Kim Hong-il (general)"
}
] | [
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4198 | Who plays Tyrion Lannister in the Game of Thrones TV adaptation? | [
{
"docid": "28059680#19",
"text": "Tyrion Lannister (season 1–present) portrayed by Peter Dinklage. Nicknamed \"The Imp\" or \"Halfman\", Tyrion Lannister of House Lannister is the younger brother of Cersei and Jaime Lannister. He is a dwarf; and his mother died during his birth, for which his father, Tywin Lannister, blames him. While not physically powerful, Tyrion has a cunning mind and often uses to his advantage the fact that others constantly underestimate him.",
"title": "List of Game of Thrones characters"
},
{
"docid": "41004928#31",
"text": "Dinklage's performance was praised; \"The Boston Globe\" called his Tyrion one of the show's \"highlights\", adding that Dinklage \"gives a winning performance that is charming, morally ambiguous, and self-aware.\" Matt Roush of \"TV Guide\" told viewers to \"rejoice in the scene-stealing bravado of Peter Dinklage as the wry 'imp' Tyrion Lannister.\" The \"Los Angeles Times\" wrote \"In many ways, \"Game of Thrones\" belongs to Dinklage\" even before, in Season 2, the \"scene-stealing actor's\" character became the series' most central figure. \"The New York Times\" noted that as beloved as the character of Tyrion is to the novels' fans, \"Dinklage's sly performance has made Tyrion all the more popular.\" \"The Huffington Post\" called Tyrion the \"most quotable\" character on the HBO series, as well as one of the most beloved.",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "418467#12",
"text": "Since 2011, Dinklage has portrayed Tyrion Lannister in HBO's fantasy drama \"Game of Thrones\", an adaptation of author George R. R. Martin's \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" novels. \"Game of Thrones\" takes place on the fictional continents of Westeros and Essos and chronicles the power struggles among noble families as they fight for control of the Iron Throne of the Seven Kingdoms. Tyrion is a member of House Lannister, one of the wealthiest and most powerful families in Westeros, and uses his status as a Lannister to mitigate the impact of the marginalization and derision he has received all of his life. In May 2009, he was the first actor to be cast, as showrunners David Benioff and D. B. Weiss noted that Dinklage, whom he described as funny, smart and witty, was their first choice for the role, as the actor's \"core of humanity, covered by a shell of sardonic dry wit, is pretty well in keeping with the character.\" Unfamiliar with the source material, Dinklage was cautious in his first meeting with the producers; as a dwarf, \"he wouldn't play elves or leprechauns\" and was choosy about genre roles. Benioff and Weiss told Dinklage that the character was \"a different kind of fantasy little person,\" or in the actor's words, \"No beard, no pointy shoes, a romantic, real human being.\" Dinklage signed on to play Tyrion before the meeting was half over, in part because, he said, \"They told me how popular he was.\" Martin said of Dinklage's casting, \"If he hadn't accepted the part, oh, boy, I don't know what we would have done.\" The series proved to be a commercial success; it has been renewed for multiple seasons and will conclude with its eighth season in 2019.",
"title": "Peter Dinklage"
},
{
"docid": "41004928#3",
"text": "The character is portrayed by American actor Peter Dinklage in the HBO television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\". In 2011, Dinklage received the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series and later the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Series, Miniseries, or Television Film for his portrayal of Tyrion in the HBO series. He won the Emmy again in 2015 and 2018. Among other accolades, Dinklage has been nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award in 2012, 2013, 2014 and 2016.",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "418467#1",
"text": "Since shooting the pilot episode in 2009, Dinklage has portrayed Tyrion Lannister on the HBO television series \"Game of Thrones\", for which he won three Primetime Emmys from seven consecutive nominations. He also received a Golden Globe for the role in 2012.",
"title": "Peter Dinklage"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "41004928#0",
"text": "Tyrion Lannister, also referred to as \"the Imp\" or \"the Halfman\" and, while in exile, by the alias Hugor Hill, is a fictional character in the \"A Song of Ice and Fire\" series of epic fantasy novels by American author George R. R. Martin and its television adaptation \"Game of Thrones\". He is a prominent point of view character in the novels. Based on an idea that came to Martin while writing the 1981 novel \"Windhaven\", Tyrion has been called one of the author's finest creations and most popular characters by \"The New York Times\". Martin has named the character as his favorite in the series.",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "41004928#12",
"text": "In \"A Game of Thrones\" (1996), Tyrion visits the Stark stronghold of Winterfell with King Robert Baratheon's entourage. While there, Tyrion tries to befriend Ned Stark's bastard son Jon Snow, and provides Ned's recently crippled son Bran with a saddle design to help him ride a horse. On the road home, Tyrion is taken prisoner by Ned's wife Catelyn, who believes he ordered the attempted murder of Bran. Taken to Catelyn's sister Lysa Arryn at the Eyrie, Tyrion demands a trial by combat and is championed by the mercenary Bronn, who wins his freedom. Using his wit and the promise of a reward, Tyrion wins over the hill tribes of the Vale while on his way to the Lannister army camp. Finally impressed with Tyrion's political instincts, his father Tywin appoints Tyrion acting Hand of the King in an attempt to control Joffrey. While at the camp, Tyrion beds a prostitute named Shae and takes her with him to the capital.",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "41004928#1",
"text": "Introduced in \"A Game of Thrones\" (1996) and subsequently in \"A Clash of Kings\" (1998) and \"A Storm of Swords\" (2000), Tyrion was one of a few prominent characters that were not included in \"A Feast for Crows\" (2005) but returned in the next novel \"A Dance with Dragons\" (2011). The character will also appear in the forthcoming volume \"The Winds of Winter\". The popularity of the character led Martin and Bantam Books to publish \"The Wit & Wisdom of Tyrion Lannister\", an illustrated collection of Tyrion quotes from the novels, in 2013.",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "1411081#1",
"text": "Introduced in \"A Game of Thrones\" (1996) and subsequently appeared in \"A Clash of Kings\" (1998) and \"A Storm of Swords\" (2000), Tywin Lannister is the fearsome patriarch of the House Lannister of Casterly Rock, and father to Cersei, Jaime and Tyrion Lannister. He is the Warden of the West and the lord paramount of Westerlands, the wealthiest region of the Seven Kingdoms, and was twice the Hand of the King, making him one of the most powerful political figures in Westerosi history. Tywin is a prominent antagonist to Tyrion, whom he despises since the latter's childhood for being a dwarf and causing the death of his wife Joanna during labor, and is a primary influencing factor behind Tyrion's story arc.",
"title": "Tywin Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "41004928#8",
"text": "As \"A Game of Thrones\" begins, Tyrion is a witty, hedonistic curiosity, protected by his family status but still the object of subtle derision. He is perhaps the most intelligent member of his family but is consistently underestimated and marginalized. Tyrion embraces the advantages of being a Lannister but at the same time is all too aware of its negative aspects and his own place as the embarrassment of the family. Initially he is the one Lannister remotely sympathetic to the Starks but he is soon caught in the middle of the conflict between the two Houses. Taken prisoner and put on trial for his life, \"all of his skills at conniving must be brought to bear simply to stay alive\". With the Starks and Lannisters fully at war, Tywin tasks Tyrion to manage affairs at King's Landing, recognizing that his son is intelligent and has inherited his skills with statecraft. In \"A Clash of Kings\", Tyrion relishes his new power but finds that his sincere efforts to stabilize his nephew Joffrey's rule are being undermined and thwarted by the misguided and self-serving machinations of everyone around him. He plots to nullify the counterproductive whims of Joffrey and Cersei but the \"much-maligned dwarf\" finds himself \"teetering between order and disaster as he tries to keep the Lannisters from losing absolutely everything\". Thomas M. Wagner calls it a \"defining moment\" when Tyrion comments that he is all that keeps chaos from overwhelming the family and population who both despise him. Roberta Johnson of \"Booklist\" likens Tyrion to the calculating title character of Robert Graves' \"I, Claudius\".",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
},
{
"docid": "41004928#4",
"text": "In \"A Game of Thrones\" (1996), Tyrion is introduced as the third and youngest child of wealthy and powerful Tywin Lannister, the former Hand of the King, and Joanna Lannister, who dies giving birth to him. Tyrion's elder sister Cersei is the Queen of Westeros by virtue of her marriage to King Robert Baratheon, and Cersei's male twin Jaime is one of the Kingsguard, the royal bodyguard. Described as an ugly (\"for all the world like a gargoyle\"), malformed dwarf with different colored eyes, green and black, Tyrion possesses the golden blond hair of a Lannister but has a complicated relationship with the rest of them. While he is afforded the privilege and luxuries of his family, he is treated as a \"second class noble\" because of his stature. Tyrion's mother Joanna died giving birth to him and Tywin and Cersei loathe him because they blame him for her death. While Tywin bears no affection for Tyrion, he nevertheless feels a sense of duty to his son, raising him in the Lannister fold and extending Tyrion a share of the family wealth. In contrast to Tywin and Cersei, Jaime has great affection for Tyrion and treats him with kindness, respect, friendship and love. Lev Grossman of \"Time\" wrote in 2011:\nTyrion is intelligent, witty, well-read, and shares his father's skill for business and political maneuvering. Grossman describes the character as \"a bitter, cynical, high-born dwarf\", calling him \"Martin's Falstaff\". David Orr of \"The New York Times\" notes Tyrion to be \"a cynic, a drinker, an outcast and conspicuously the novels' most intelligent presence\". As an outcast, he displays sympathy for other outcasts and the otherwise mistreated; the TV series version of the character commiserates with the illegitimate son of Ned Stark by saying \"All dwarfs are bastards in their father's eyes.\" Still, he is usually seen for his deformities and vices, rather than his virtues and good deeds. Tom Shippey of the \"Wall Street Journal\" points out that other characters underestimate Tyrion: \"His dwarf-status acts as a kind of protection, because—though he is probably the most intelligent character in the whole cast list—no one takes him seriously.\" Acknowledging that Tyrion's wit, humor and cunning are his survival mechanism, actor Dinklage told \"The New York Times\" that \"He knows he has no skills with the sword and this is a world that is really deeply violent. Military rules. He would not be able to survive in that world, given his own strength. So he beats people to the punchline—he's entertaining.\"",
"title": "Tyrion Lannister"
}
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4200 | What kind of historical relics does the Topkapi Palace hold? | [
{
"docid": "28726336#13",
"text": "According to an identifying document at the Hagia Sophia in Istanbul, Moses's staff would supposedly be on display today at the Topkapı Palace, Istanbul, Turkey. The Topkapi Palace holds other reputedly holy relics, most notably those attributed to the Islamic prophet, Muhammad. (Such as his bow, his sword, his footprint, and even a tooth.) Topkapı Palace was officially designated a museum in 1924, and the holy relics were placed on public view on 31 August 1962. It is said that Sultan Selim I (1512–1520) brought the holy relics to Topkapi Palace after conquering Egypt in 1517.",
"title": "Staff of Moses"
},
{
"docid": "252534#3",
"text": "Following the end of the Ottoman Empire in 1923, Topkapı was transformed into a museum by a government decree dated April 3, 1924. The Topkapı Palace Museum is administered by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism. The palace complex has hundreds of rooms and chambers, but only the most important are accessible to the public today, including the Ottoman imperial harem and the treasury, called \"hazine\" where the Spoonmaker's Diamond and Topkapi Dagger are on display. The museum collection also includes Ottoman clothing, weapons, armor, miniatures, religious relics, and illuminated manuscripts like the Topkapi manuscript. The complex is guarded by officials of the ministry as well as armed guards of the Turkish military. Topkapı Palace is part the Historic Areas of Istanbul, a group of sites in Istanbul that were added to the UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1985.",
"title": "Topkapı Palace"
},
{
"docid": "47653864#4",
"text": "Muhammad was quite good with a bow, and appreciated the benefits of archery in sports and warfare. A recurved bow made of bamboo, and ascribed to Muhammad, is held in the Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace) in the Chamber of the Sacred Relics in the Topkapi Museum in Istanbul.",
"title": "Arab archery"
},
{
"docid": "47323795#7",
"text": "The Topkapi manuscript is an early manuscript of the Quran dated to the early 8th century. This manuscript is kept in the Topkapi Palace Museum, Istanbul, Turkey. It was wrongly attributed to Uthman Ibn Affan (d. 656), but judging from its illumination, the Topkapi manuscript does not date from the period (mid 7th century) when the copies of the Caliph Uthman were written.",
"title": "Early Quranic manuscripts"
},
{
"docid": "291593#42",
"text": "Many of the conflicting versions about the origin of the \"Spoonmaker's Diamond\", a major treasure of the Topkapi Palace in Istanbul, link it with Ali Pasha – though their historical authenticity is doubtful.",
"title": "Ali Pasha of Ioannina"
},
{
"docid": "16933901#0",
"text": "Traditionally, Islam has had a rich history of the veneration of relics, especially of those attributed to the Islamic prophet Muhammad. There exists historical evidence that some of the earliest Muslims practiced the veneration of relics, and the practice continued to remain popular in many parts of the Sunni Islamic world until the eighteenth-century, when the reform movements of Salafism and Wahhabism began to staunchly condemn such practices due to their linking it with the sin of \"shirk\" (idolatry). As a result of the influence of these perspectives, some contemporary Muslims influenced by these ideologies have rejected the traditional practice of relic-veneration altogether. The most genuine prophetic relics are believed to be those housed in Istanbul's Topkapı Palace, in a section known as \"Hirkai Serif Odasi\" (Chamber of the Holy Mantle).",
"title": "Relics of Muhammad"
},
{
"docid": "4392115#2",
"text": "The various relics of Muhammad, his followers, and other items purportedly associated with Muhammad were brought to Topkapı Palace in Istanbul, where they remain to this day.",
"title": "Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)"
},
{
"docid": "8677039#3",
"text": "The ceramic collection of the Topkapi Palace includes over ten thousand pieces of Chinese porcelain but almost no Iznik pottery. Most of the surviving Iznik vessels are in museums outside Turkey, but examples of the city's tile production exist in numerous cities throughout Turkey, such as İstanbul, Bursa, Edirne and Adana. In Istanbul examples of Iznik tiling can be seen in mosques, tombs, libraries, and palace buildings, such as the Rüstem Pasha Mosque, the Sokollu Mehmet Pasha Mosque, the tomb of Selim II in the Hagia Sophia complex, and certain buildings of the Topkapı Palace complex such as the Circumcision room and the Baghdad Kiosk.",
"title": "Iznik pottery"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "16933901#11",
"text": "The Sacred seal, or \"Mühr-ü Şerif\" in Turkish, was reported by Tavernier, who said it was kept in a small ebony box in a niche cut in the wall by the foot of a divan in the relic room at Topkapi.",
"title": "Relics of Muhammad"
},
{
"docid": "252534#59",
"text": "It houses what are considered to be \"the most sacred relics of the Muslim world\": the cloak of Muhammad, two swords, a bow, one tooth, a hair of his beard, his battle sabres, an autographed letter and other relics which are known as the Sacred Trusts. Several other sacred objects are on display, such as the swords of the first four Caliphs, The Staff of Moses, the turban of Joseph and a carpet of the daughter of Mohammed. Even the Sultan and his family were permitted entrance only once a year, on the 15th day of Ramadan, during the time when the palace was a residence. Now any visitor can see these items, although in very dim light to protect the relics, and many Muslims make a pilgrimage for this purpose.",
"title": "Topkapı Palace"
}
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4201 | When is the next leap year? | [
{
"docid": "311439#0",
"text": "A common year starting on Tuesday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Tuesday, 1 January, and ends on Tuesday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is F. The current year, 2019, is a common year starting on Tuesday in the Gregorian calendar. The last such year was 2013 and the next such year will be 2030, or, likewise, 2014 and 2025 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. Any common year that starts on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday has two Friday the 13ths. This common year contains two Friday the 13ths in September and December. Leap years starting on Monday share this characteristic. From July of the year that precedes this year until September in this type of year is the longest period (14 months) that occurs without a Friday the 13th. Leap years starting on Saturday share this characteristic, from August of the common year that precedes it to October in that type of year.",
"title": "Common year starting on Tuesday"
},
{
"docid": "17895#2",
"text": "The name \"leap year\" probably comes from the fact that while a fixed date in the Gregorian calendar normally advances one day of the week from one year to the next, the day of the week in the 12 months following the leap day (from March 1 through February 28 of the following year) will advance two days due to the extra day (thus \"leaping over\" one of the days in the week). For example, Christmas Day (December 25) fell on a Sunday in 2016, and Monday in 2017, then it fell on Tuesday in 2018, and will fall on Wednesday in 2019 but then \"leaps\" over Thursday to fall on a Friday in 2020.",
"title": "Leap year"
},
{
"docid": "314227#0",
"text": "A leap year starting on Monday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Tuesday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are GF, such as the years 1912, 1940, 1968, 1996, 2024, 2052, 2080, and 2120 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2008, 2036, and 2064 in the obsolete Julian calendar. \nAny leap year that starts on Monday, Wednesday or Thursday has two Friday the 13ths. This leap year contains two Friday the 13ths in September and December. Common years starting on Tuesday share this characteristic.",
"title": "Leap year starting on Monday"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "321344#0",
"text": "A common year starting on Thursday is any non-leap year (i.e. a year with 365 days) that begins on Thursday, 1 January, and ends on Thursday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is D. The most recent year of such kind was 2015 and the next one will be 2026 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2010 and 2021 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. This common year contains the most Friday the 13ths; specifically, the months of February, March, and November. Leap years starting on Sunday share this characteristic.\nFrom February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period (one month) that occurs within a Friday the 13th.",
"title": "Common year starting on Thursday"
},
{
"docid": "168880#0",
"text": "A common year starting on Monday is any non-leap year (i.e., a year with 365 days) that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is G. The most recent year of such kind was 2018 and the next one will be 2029 in the Gregorian calendar, or likewise, 2013 and 2019 (the current year) in the obsolete Julian calendar. The century year, 1900, was also a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. See below for more. Any common year that starts on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday has two Friday the 13ths. This common year of this type contains two Friday the 13ths in April and July. Leap years starting on Sunday share this characteristic, but also have another in January.",
"title": "Common year starting on Monday"
},
{
"docid": "321387#0",
"text": "A leap year starting on Wednesday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Wednesday, 1 January, and ends on Thursday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are ED, such as the years 1908, 1936, 1964, 1992, 2020, 2048, 2076, and 2116 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2004 and 2032 in the obsolete Julian calendar.\nAny leap year that starts on Monday, Wednesday or Thursday has two Friday the 13ths. This leap year contains two Friday the 13ths in March and November. Common years starting on Thursday share this characteristic, but also have another in February.",
"title": "Leap year starting on Wednesday"
},
{
"docid": "319727#0",
"text": "A leap year starting on Tuesday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Tuesday, 1 January, and ends on Wednesday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are FE, such as the years 1884, 1924, 1952, 1980, 2008, 2036, 2064, 2092, and 2104 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 1964, 1992, and 2020 in the obsolete Julian calendar. Any leap year that starts on Tuesday, Friday or Saturday has only one Friday the 13th; The only Friday the 13th in this leap year occurs in June. Common years starting on Wednesday share this characteristic.",
"title": "Leap year starting on Tuesday"
},
{
"docid": "321364#0",
"text": "A leap year starting on Saturday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Saturday, 1 January, and ends on Sunday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are BA, such as the years 1916, 1944, 1972, 2000, and 2028 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2012 and 2040 in the obsolete Julian calendar. In the Gregorian calendar all centennial leap years start on Saturday; the next such year will be 2400, see below for more.",
"title": "Leap year starting on Saturday"
},
{
"docid": "10936#8",
"text": "The set leap day was introduced in Rome as a part of the Julian reform in the 1st century BC. As before, the intercalation was made after February 23. The day following the Terminalia (February 23) was doubled, forming the \"\"bis sextum\"\"—literally 'twice sixth', since February 24 was 'the sixth day before the Kalends of March' using Roman inclusive counting (March 1 was the Kalends of March and was also the first day of the calendar year). Inclusive counting initially caused the Roman priests to add the extra day every three years instead of four; Augustus was compelled to omit leap years for a few decades to return the calendar to its proper position. Although there were exceptions, the first day of the \"bis sextum\" (February 24) was usually regarded as the intercalated or \"bissextile\" day since the 3rd century AD. February 29 came to be regarded as the leap day when the Roman system of numbering days was replaced by sequential numbering in the late Middle Ages, although this has only been formally enacted in Sweden and Finland. In Britain, the extra day added to leap years remains notionally the 24th, although the 29th remains more visible on the calendar.",
"title": "February 29"
},
{
"docid": "321374#0",
"text": "A leap year starting on Friday is any year with 366 days (i.e. it includes 29 February) that begins on Friday 1 January and ends on Saturday 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are CB, such as the years 1904, 1932, 1960, 1988, 2016, 2044, 2072, and 2112 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2000 and 2028 in the obsolete Julian calendar. Any leap year that starts on Tuesday, Friday or Saturday has only one Friday the 13th; The only Friday the 13th in this leap year occurs in May. Common years starting on Saturday share this characteristic.",
"title": "Leap year starting on Friday"
}
] | [
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4202 | How many professional basketball teams are there in Puerto Rico? | [
{
"docid": "315915#66",
"text": "Puerto Rico currently has a professional league called the Puerto Rico Soccer League which was founded in 2008 and is composed of 8 teams. It also had the Puerto Rico Islanders, which played in the North American Soccer League, the second tier of the American Soccer Pyramid. The team has been defunct since 2012; however, in June 2015 a new NASL team, Puerto Rico FC, was announced.\nIn 2017, Puerto Rico Sol became the first women’s pro soccer club in the Caribbean.",
"title": "Sports in Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "85336#1",
"text": "The Baloncesto Superior Nacional, which is played under FIBA rules, currently consists of 8 teams, of which the most successful have been Leones de Ponce, Atléticos de San Germán and Vaqueros de Bayamón with 14 titles each. The league has produced players that have distinguished themselves in the NBA, EuroLeague, Spain's ACB, and other tournaments throughout the world. Among them, NBA players Butch Lee, José Ortiz, Ramón Rivas, Daniel Santiago, Carlos Arroyo and José Juan Barea started their careers playing for BSN teams.",
"title": "Baloncesto Superior Nacional"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "23041#236",
"text": "The Puerto Rico national basketball team joined the International Basketball Federation in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three FIBA Americas Championships and the 1994 Goodwill Games August 8, 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the United States in an Olympic tournament since the integration of National Basketball Association players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92–73 as part of the 2004 Summer Olympics organized in Athens, Greece. Baloncesto Superior Nacional acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico, and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930.\nPuerto Rico is also a member of FIFA and CONCACAF. In 2008, the archipelago's first unified league, the Puerto Rico Soccer League, was established.",
"title": "Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "50503151#0",
"text": "Puerto Rico All Star Unicycling Basketball Team is an unicycling basketball team based in Puerto Rico. They have represented their country many times internationally. They are 10 times world champions and two times silver medallists.",
"title": "Puerto Rico All Star Unicycling Basketball Team"
},
{
"docid": "315915#37",
"text": "Basketball became a popular sport in Puerto Rico, due in part to the BSN, which has been around since the 1930s. During the early 1980s, with many games shown on television, the sport's popularity increased. There is also a women's professional league, which is affiliated to the BSN. Street basketball is also popular among Puerto Rico's youth.",
"title": "Sports in Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "913556#1",
"text": "Puerto Rico Olympic Committee sent the nation's largest delegation to the Games since 1992 due to the presence of the men's basketball team. A total of 43 athletes, 32 men and 11 women, had competed in 15 sports, roughly larger by two thirds of the nation's team size from the previous Games. Five Puerto Rican athletes had previously competed in Sydney, including four-time Olympian and Tornado sailor Enrique Figueroa and freestyle swimmer and two-time Olympic finalist Ricardo Busquets. Men's basketball was the only team-based sport in which Puerto Rico had its representation at these Games. Because of the nation's emerging presence to the team sport, team captain and NBA's Utah Jazz player Carlos Arroyo was appointed by the committee to carry the Puerto Rican flag in the opening ceremony. Puerto Rico also marked its Olympic debut in synchronized swimming and taekwondo.",
"title": "Puerto Rico at the 2004 Summer Olympics"
},
{
"docid": "805876#2",
"text": "The Puerto Rican Basketball Federation joined FIBA in 1957. Puerto Rico has participated in nine Olympics and 12 World Championships, although they have never won a medal at either competition.",
"title": "Puerto Rico national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "805876#19",
"text": "Since its basketball debut in the 1935 Games, Puerto Rico has only failed to medal in the 1938, 1946, 1950, and 1998 Games. The team has a total of 16 medals.",
"title": "Puerto Rico national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "23041#237",
"text": "Other sports include professional wrestling and road running. The World Wrestling Council and International Wrestling Association are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The World's Best 10K, held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. The \"Puerto Rico All Stars\" team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball.",
"title": "Puerto Rico"
},
{
"docid": "805876#6",
"text": "The 1970s brought some memorable moments for the team, particularly a dramatic one-point loss to the United States at the 1976 Olympics in Montreal, where a win by Puerto Rico would have been the first undisputed basketball loss for the United States team at an Olympic competition. Also, the 1974 World Championship and the 1979 Pan American Games were held in San Juan, promoting local enthusiasm for international basketball and Puerto Rico's presence in it. The 7th and 10th places at the 1974 and 1978 World Championships, where the team, led by Hector Blondet and Rubén Rodríguez respectively, saw 2–5 and 4–3 finishes, became turning points for the Puerto Rican team. The 4–3 showing in 1978 in the Philippines was the first time ever the team finished with a positive record at a World Championship. These achievements were accompanied by golds at the 1973 CentroBasket and the 1978 Central American and Caribbean Games. In all, Puerto Rico continued its regional success and was able to medal in all regional competitions.",
"title": "Puerto Rico national basketball team"
},
{
"docid": "315915#22",
"text": "American Football has been played in the island for many decades, dating all the way back to the installment of American military bases. Puerto Rico currently has 4 football leagues. PR Pee Wee league, for children 8-16, PRHSFL, for high school students, the newly created AFAF, for college students, and PRAFL, a semi-professional league. Although football has been in the island for so many years, it is not widely known. Many things attribute to this, for example lack of proper funding and advertising, lack of high school affiliated teams, both attributing to lack of good coaching. In July 2012, the Puerto Rico American Football Federation became a member of the International Federation of American Football.",
"title": "Sports in Puerto Rico"
}
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4205 | How long did The Maratha Conquests last? | [
{
"docid": "35537896#0",
"text": "The Maratha Conquest of North-west India, occurred between 1757 and 1758. Though it was short-lived, it had long-lasting effects upon the politics of the Indian subcontinent.",
"title": "Maratha conquest of North-west India"
},
{
"docid": "6625408#1",
"text": "After a lifetime of warfare with Adilshah of Bijapur and Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, Shivaji founded an independent Maratha kingdom in 1674 with Raigad as its capital. Shivaji died in 1680, leaving behind a large kingdom. After Shivaji, Sambhaji took up throne and expanded Hindavi Swaraj. He built strong army as well as strong navy. Mughal emperor Aurangzeb sacrificed his throne and came to Deccan to defeat Sambhaji. The Mughals invaded, fighting an unsuccessful War of 27 years from 1681 to 1707. Shahu, a grandson of Shivaji, ruled as emperor until 1749. During his reign, Shahu appointed the first Peshwa as head of the government, under certain conditions. After the death of Shahu, the Peshwas became the \"de facto\" leaders of the Empire from 1749 to 1761, while Shivaji's successors continued as nominal rulers from their base in Satara. Covering a large part of the subcontinent, the Maratha Empire kept the British forces at bay during the 18th century, until internal relations between the Peshwas and their sardars (army commanders) deteriorated, provoking its gradual downfall.",
"title": "Battles involving the Maratha Empire"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "6625408#0",
"text": "The Imperial Maratha Conquests were a series of conquests in the Indian subcontinent which led to the building of the Maratha Empire. These conquests were started by Shivaji in 1659 from the victory at the Battle of Pratapgad. The conquests conclusively defeated and overtook the Mughal Empire in the Indian subcontinent and its vassals. It ended with the eventual fall of the Maratha Empire after the second and the third Anglo-Maratha Wars.",
"title": "Battles involving the Maratha Empire"
},
{
"docid": "35537896#17",
"text": "Immediately following the loss at Panipat, the Marathas under the leadership of Madhavrao I began planning and organising for the re-establishment of Maratha supremacy. Ten years after Panipat, he sent a large Maratha army into northern India in an expedition that was meant to re-establish Maratha domination in that area and punish refractory powers that had either sided with the Afghans, such as the Rohillas, or had shaken off Maratha domination after Panipat, the result of which was the Maratha Resurrection resulting in the Capture of Delhi in 1771 and the capture of Nazibabad in 1772 and the installation of Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II to the nominal throne under Maratha suzerainty. The success of this campaign can be seen as the last chapter of the long story of Panipat.",
"title": "Maratha conquest of North-west India"
},
{
"docid": "2871422#48",
"text": "There is no doubt that the single most important power to emerge in the long twilight of the Mughal dynasty was the Maratha Confederacy (1674 CE - 1818 CE). The Marathas are responsible, to a large extent, for ending Mughal rule in India. The Maratha Empire ruled large parts of India following the decline of the Mughals. The long and futile war bankrupted one of the most powerful empires in the world. Mountstart Elphinstone termed this a demoralizing period for the Muslims as many of them lost the will to fight against the Maratha Empire. Maratha empire at its peak stretched from Tamil Nadu (Trichinopoly) \"present Tiruchirappalli\" in the south to the Afghan border in the north. In early 1771, Mahadji, a notable Maratha general, recaptured Delhi and installed Shah Alam II as the puppet ruler on the Mughal throne. In north India, the Marathas thus regained the territory and the prestige lost as result of the defeat at Panipath in 1761. However regions of Kashmir, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Western Punjab, were captured by Marathas between 1758 and 1759, remained in Afghan rule before ascension of Sikh power. Mahadji ruled the Punjab as it used to be a Mughal territory and Sikh sardars and other Rajas of the cis-Sutlej region paid tributes to him. A considerable portion of the Indian subcontinent came under the sway of the British Empire after the Third Anglo-Maratha War, which ended the Maratha Empire in 1818.",
"title": "Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent"
},
{
"docid": "6625408#2",
"text": "The Maratha Empire was at its height in the 18th century under Shahu and the Peshwa Baji Rao I. Losses at the Third Battle of Panipat in 1761 suspended further expansion of the empire in the North-west and reduced the power of the Peshwas. In 1761, after severe losses in the Panipat war, the Peshwas slowly started losing the control of the kingdom. Many military chiefs of the Maratha Empire like Shinde, Holkar, Gaikwad, PantPratinidhi, Bhosale of Nagpur, Dev (Gade) of Wardha, Pandit of Bhor, Patwardhan, and Newalkar started to work towards their ambition of becoming kings in their respective regions. However, under Madhavrao Peshwa, Maratha authority in North India was restored, 10 years after the battle of Panipat. After the death of Madhavrao, the empire gave way to a loose Confederacy, with political power resting in a 'pentarchy' of five mostly Maratha dynasties: the Peshwas of Pune; the Sindhias (originally \"Shindes\") of Malwa and Gwalior; the Holkars of Indore; the Bhonsles of Nagpur; and the Gaekwads of Baroda. A rivalry between the Sindhia and Holkar dominated the confederation's affairs into the early 19th century, as did the clashes with the British and the British East India Company in the three Anglo-Maratha Wars. In the Third Anglo-Maratha War, the last Peshwa, Baji Rao II, was defeated by the British in 1818. Most of the former Maratha Empire was absorbed by British India, although some of the Maratha states persisted as quasi-independent princely states until India became independent in 1947.",
"title": "Battles involving the Maratha Empire"
},
{
"docid": "13824224#39",
"text": "In a letter dated 15 February 1806 to Vyankoji Bhosale of Nagpur he states, \"The Maratha state had been grasped by foreigners. To resist their aggression, God knows, how during the last two and a half years I sacrificed everything, fighting night and day, without a moment’s rest. I paid a visit to Daulatrao Sindia and explained to him how necessary it was for all of us to join in averting foreign domination. But Daulatrao failed me. It was mutual cooperation and goodwill which enabled our ancestors to build up, the Maratha states. But now we have all become self-seekers. You wrote to me that you were coming for my support, but you did not make your promise good. If you had advanced into Bengal as was planned, we could have paralyzed the British Government. It is no use of now talking of past things. When I found myself abandoned on all sides, I accepted the offer which the British agents brought to me and concluded the war.\"",
"title": "Yashwantrao Holkar"
},
{
"docid": "349068#30",
"text": "The Second Anglo-Maratha War represents the military high-water mark of the Marathas who posed the last serious opposition to the formation of the British Raj. The real contest for India was never a single decisive battle for the subcontinent. Rather it turned on a complex social and political struggle for control of the South Asian military economy. The victory in 1803 hinged as much on finance, diplomacy, politics and intelligence as it did on battlefield maneuver and war itself.\nUltimately, the Third Anglo-Maratha War (1817–1818) resulted in the loss of Maratha independence. It left the British in control of most of India. The Peshwa was exiled to Bithoor (Marat, near Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh) as a pensioner of the British. The Maratha heartland of Desh, including Pune, came under direct British rule, with the exception of the states of Kolhapur and Satara, which retained local Maratha rulers (descendants of Shivaji and Sambhaji II ruled over Kolhapur). The Maratha-ruled states of Gwalior, Indore, and Nagpur all lost territory and came under subordinate alliance with the British Raj as princely states that retained internal sovereignty under British paramountcy. Other small princely states of Maratha knights were retained under the British Raj as well.",
"title": "Maratha Empire"
},
{
"docid": "35537896#1",
"text": "After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707, the 27 Years War ended in Maratha victory. This was followed by the phase of rapid expansion of the Maratha Empire for the next 50 years under patronage of Shahu and his appointed Peshwas Baji Rao I and Balaji Baji Rao. They conquered Gujarat, the whole of Central India and Orissa, subdued Rajputana and raided into Bengal and Tiruchirapalli in Tamil Nadu, and imposed chauth upon these areas. Their ambition pushed them further northwards than Delhi into Punjab, which collided with the ambitions of Ahmad Shah Abdali, the founder of Durrani Empire. In 1757, Ahmad Shah Abdali raided Delhi and captured Punjab and Kashmir with the help of Rohilla chief Najib Khan. He installed his son Timur Shah Durrani in Lahore and went back to Afghanistan.",
"title": "Maratha conquest of North-west India"
},
{
"docid": "35537896#4",
"text": "The fall of Sirhind alarmed Timur Shah Durrani and Jahan Khan at Lahore. The Afghan chiefs lost their heart and fled to Peshawar, leaving behind their troops in Lahore under Aziz Khan. On 20 April 1758, Malharrao Holkar and Raghunathrao attacked and conquered Lahore. Tukoji Holkar conquered Multan, Dera Ghazi Khan, Kashmir, Attock and Peshawar by 8 May 1758. Thus, by May 1758, Timur Shah Durrani, the son of Ahmad Shah Durrani was ousted and the Afghans were chased beyond the Khyber pass. Thereafter a strong body of Maratha troops, commanded by Dattaji Shinde was left on the bank of Indus to protect the Indian borders from Afghan intruders before Raghunathrao and Adina Beg Khan returned to Lahore with the bulk of their armies. Tukoji Holkar with 10,000 Maratha soldiers in Peshawar, Narsoji Pandit with 4000 Maratha troops at Attock, Babuji Trimbak with 6000 Maratha troops at Multan and Nekaji Bhosle with 3000 Maratha troops in Dera Ghazi Khan were posted to guard the strategically important forts.",
"title": "Maratha conquest of North-west India"
},
{
"docid": "35537896#3",
"text": "In Punjab, Adina Beg Khan, along with Sikhs was already in revolt with Ahmad Shah Abdali who had invaded Punjab multiple times. He decided to call Marathas for help. On 7 March, Raghunathrao had encamped at Rajpura where he received Adina Beg Khan’s envoys, and was informed that the latter, accompanied by 15,000 Sikh fighters, belonging to the bands (the jathas) of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baba Ala Singh of Patiala had closed upon Sirhind from the other side of Satluj. A concerted attack on the fort of Sirhind was made by the Marathas and their associates on 8 March 1758. Ahmad Samad Khan, with his 10,000 Afghan troops, held out for about two weeks before his capitulation on 21 March. After the victory, the town was thoroughly sacked by the victors. After defeating the Afghan-Rohilla forces, the Marathas pursued the Afghans into the Punjab.",
"title": "Maratha conquest of North-west India"
}
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] |
4206 | Who founded GMT Games? | [
{
"docid": "1082343#1",
"text": "GMT's name comes from the first name initials of founders Gene Billingsley, Mike Crane, and Terry Shrum. However, Crane and Shrum soon split acrimoniously with GMT, and founded their own company, the Fresno Gaming Association.",
"title": "GMT Games"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1082343#0",
"text": "GMT Games is a California-based wargaming publisher founded in 1990. The current management and creative team includes Tony Curtis, Rodger MacGowan, Mark Simonitch, and Andy Lewis. The company has become well known for graphically attractive games that range from \"monster games\", of many maps and counters, to quite simple games suitable for introducing new players to wargaming. They also produce card games and family games. \"The Washington Post\" called GMT \"the modern hobby's highest-profile wargame publisher\".",
"title": "GMT Games"
},
{
"docid": "1082343#2",
"text": "After the downsizing of the game distribution network in the mid-late 1990s, the company decided they needed a new way to fund the production of new games. This prompted them to introduce the \"Project 500\" system, which allows customers to vote via pre-order for the games they most want to see produced. Production of a new game does not start until there are a minimum number pre-orders for a particular game (originally about 500, but now more realistically about 750). Pre-orders are offered at a discount to encourage people to commit to a game with the understanding that sufficient numbers of orders are needed before the game is produced. This commitment does not involve a financial payment until the game has made the needed number of orders and is about to be produced. This system has since been adopted by other wargame publishers such as Multi-Man Publishing for some of their games.",
"title": "GMT Games"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19477084#6",
"text": "Recent exhibitions at Tensta konsthall include\n• “Abstract Possible: The Stockholm Synergies,” with Doug Ashford, Claire Barclay, Goldin+Senneby, Wade Guyton, Mai-Thu Perret, Walid Raad, and Haegue Yang, among others\n• “Kami, Khokha, Bert and Ernie: World Heritage” by Hinrich Sachs\n• “Doing what you want: Marie-Louise Ekman accompanied by Sister Corita Kent, Mladen Stilinović, and Martha Wilson” \n• “The Society without qualities” with Sören Andreasen, Ane Hjort Guttu, Sture Johannesson, Sharon Lockhardt, and Palle Nielsen (part of “The new model” and curated by Lars Bang Larsen)\n• “Working With…” by Zak Kyes\n• “We are continuing BBDG” with Bernd Krauss\n• “Two Archives” by Babak Afrassiabi and Nasrin Tabatabai",
"title": "Tensta Konsthall"
},
{
"docid": "38358079#15",
"text": "In September 2016, after acquiring TWC, Charter indicated it would price the 2017 season above $4.50. “[The previous] deal is no longer on the table—it didn’t work,” said Charter Chief Executive Thomas Rutledge to the \"Los Angeles Times\". “We would love to sell the channel to others, but no one has bought it—and we are not giving it away. So if consumers want the Dodger channel, they’ll need to subscribe to us to get it.”",
"title": "Spectrum SportsNet LA"
},
{
"docid": "10266241#7",
"text": "Players in bold denotes First XI status.~ – Players selected by coach",
"title": "2007 MLS All-Star Game"
},
{
"docid": "18691665#19",
"text": "Sanaʽa was chosen as the 2004 Arab Cultural Capital by the Arab League. In 2008, the Al Saleh Mosque was completed. It holds over 40,000 worshipers.",
"title": "Sanaʽa"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
}
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] |
4207 | How many people died in the French Revolution? | [
{
"docid": "25975#2",
"text": "Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794, there were 16,594 official death sentences in France, of which 2,639 were in Paris.",
"title": "Reign of Terror"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "11188#88",
"text": "The Committee of Public Safety came under the control of Maximilien Robespierre, a lawyer, and the Jacobins unleashed the Reign of Terror (1793–94). According to archival records, at least 16,594 people died under the guillotine or otherwise after accusations of counter-revolutionary activities. As many as 40,000 accused prisoners may have been summarily executed without trial or died awaiting trial.",
"title": "French Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "22067678#0",
"text": "Observers differ on how many people died during the Iranian Revolution. The number of casualties suffered by protesters and revolutionaries at the hands of the Shah's monarchy during the revolution is either close to 60,000, or around 2,000, depending on whether the estimates used are those of Islamic government or from historians in Western countries. The number of protesters and political prisoners killed by the new theocratic republic after the fall of the Shah is estimated by human rights groups to be several thousand.",
"title": "Casualties of the Iranian Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "46612132#7",
"text": "Once counter-revolutionaries such as the Vendéans were captured, they were given a swift trial and the majority were executed. Most people were executed by shooting ranges, including girls as young at 17. By 1794, about eighty people were killed per day. Many people were also drowned during the so-called drownings at Nantes. People were tied together, herded on boats, and then drowned in packs. No records were kept of this event. Alongside the commissions, the local militia supported the initiative. For example, the Marat Company was able to execute large groups of people with Jean-Baptiste Carrier’s support, who was in favor of quick execution in order to free more prison space for radicals and anyone else against the ideals of the French Revolution.",
"title": "Bignon Commission (French Revolution)"
},
{
"docid": "45311#111",
"text": "According to \"\", an estimated 100,000 people died in one of the worst factional struggles in Guangxi in January–April 1968, before Premier Zhou sent the PLA to intervene. Zheng Yi's \"\" alleged \"systematic killing and cannibalization of individuals in the name of political revolution and 'class struggle' among the Zhuang people in Wuxuan County, Guangxi, during that period. Zheng was criticized in China for reliance on unpublished interviews and for negative portrayal of a Chinese ethnic minority, although senior party historians corroborated allegations of cannibalism. Sinologist Gang Yue questioned how \"systematic\" the cannibalism could have been, given the inherent factionalism of the Cultural Revolution. In \"Mao's Last Revolution\" (2006), MacFarquhar and Schoenhals also dispute that it was communism that compelled the Zhuang in this area towards cannibalism, noting that similar incidents occurred under pressure from the Kuomintang secret police in the republican period.",
"title": "Cultural Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "45311#112",
"text": "Estimates of the death toll, including civilians and Red Guards, vary greatly. They range upwards to several millions, but an estimate of around 400,000 deaths is a widely accepted minimum figure, according to Maurice Meisner. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals assert that in rural China alone some 36 million people were persecuted, of whom between 750,000 and 1.5 million were killed, with roughly the same number permanently injured. In \"\", Jung Chang and Jon Halliday claim that as many as 3 million people died in the violence of the Cultural Revolution. The Holocaust memorial museum puts the death toll between 5 and 10 million. The true figure of those who were persecuted or died during the Cultural Revolution however may never be known, since many deaths went unreported or were actively covered up by the police or local authorities. The state of Chinese demographics records at the time was also very poor, and the PRC has been hesitant to allow formal research into the period.",
"title": "Cultural Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "66906#43",
"text": "Although there is no accurate account of how many Indonesians died, they died in far greater numbers than the Europeans. Estimates of Indonesian deaths in fighting range from 45,000 to 100,000 and civilian dead exceeded 25,000 and may have been as high as 100,000. A total of 1,200 British soldiers were killed or went missing in Java and Sumatra in 1945 and 1946, most of them Indian soldiers. More than 5,000 Dutch soldiers lost their lives in Indonesia between 1945 and 1949. Many Japanese died; in Bandung alone, 1,057 died, only half of whom died in actual combat, the rest killed in rampages by Indonesians. Seven million people were displaced on Java and Sumatra.",
"title": "Indonesian National Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "19527#90",
"text": "Estimates of the death toll during the Cultural Revolution, including civilians and Red Guards, vary greatly. An estimate of around 400,000 deaths is a widely accepted minimum figure, according to Maurice Meisner. MacFarquhar and Schoenhals assert that in rural China alone some 36 million people were persecuted, of whom between 750,000 and 1.5 million were killed, with roughly the same number permanently injured. In \"\", Jung Chang and Jon Halliday claim that as many as 3 million people died in the violence of the Cultural Revolution.",
"title": "Mao Zedong"
},
{
"docid": "999895#54",
"text": "In the early 21st century, historian Robert L. Scheina estimated that the slave rebellion resulted in the death of 350,000 Haitians and 50,000 European troops. According to the \"Encyclopedia of African American Politics\", \"Between 1791 and independence in 1804 nearly 200,000 blacks died, as did thousands of mulattoes and as many as 100,000 French and British soldiers.\" Yellow fever caused the most deaths. Geggus points out that at least 3 of every 5 British troops sent there in 1791–1797 died of disease. There has been considerable debate over whether the number of deaths caused by disease was exaggerated.",
"title": "Haitian Revolution"
},
{
"docid": "30625300#43",
"text": "Funerals for those killed during the \"Friday of Anger\" were held on 30 January. Hundreds of mourners gathered, calling for Mubarak's removal. By 1 February the protests left at least 125 people dead, although Human Rights Watch said that UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay claimed that as many as 300 might have died in the unrest. The unconfirmed tally included 80 Human-Rights-Watch-verified deaths at two Cairo hospitals, 36 in Alexandria and 13 in Suez; over 3,000 people were reported injured.",
"title": "Egyptian revolution of 2011"
},
{
"docid": "11188#141",
"text": "Hanson notes, \"The guillotine stands as the principal symbol of the Terror in the French Revolution.\" Invented by a physician during the Revolution as a quicker, more efficient and more distinctive form of execution, the guillotine became a part of popular culture and historic memory. It was celebrated on the left as the people's avenger and cursed as the symbol of the Reign of Terror by the right. Its operation became a popular entertainment that attracted great crowds of spectators. Vendors sold programmes listing the names of those scheduled to die. Many people came day after day and vied for the best locations from which to observe the proceedings; knitting women (tricoteuses) formed a cadre of hardcore regulars, inciting the crowd. Parents often brought their children. By the end of the Terror, the crowds had thinned drastically. Repetition had staled even this most grisly of entertainments, and audiences grew bored.",
"title": "French Revolution"
}
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4209 | Where is Cairns in Australia? | [
{
"docid": "296379#0",
"text": "Cairns Airport is an international airport in Cairns, Queensland, Australia. Formerly operated by the Cairns Port Authority, the airport was sold by the Queensland Government in December 2008 to a private consortium. It is the seventh busiest airport in Australia. The airport is located north northwest of Cairns or north of the Cairns central business district, in the suburb of Aeroglen. The airport lies between Mount Whitfield to the west and Trinity Bay to the east.",
"title": "Cairns Airport"
},
{
"docid": "305553#0",
"text": "Cairns (, ) is a city in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It is on the east coast of Far North Queensland. The city is the 5th-most-populous in Queensland and ranks 14th overall in Australia.",
"title": "Cairns"
},
{
"docid": "42502669#0",
"text": "Cairns City is the suburb at the centre of Cairns in the local government area of Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. It can also be referred to as the Cairns Central Business District (CBD). In the 2011 census, the population of Cairns City was 2,737 people.\nThe name \"Cairns\" honours William Cairns, the Governor of Queensland from 1875 1877.",
"title": "Cairns City, Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "12616492#0",
"text": "The Cairns Region is a local government area in Far North Queensland, Queensland, Australia, centred on the regional centre of Cairns. It was established in 2008 by the amalgamation of the City of Cairns and the Shire of Douglas. However, following public protest and a referendum in 2013, on 1 January 2014, the Shire of Douglas was separated from the Cairns Region and re-established as a local government authority.",
"title": "Cairns Region"
},
{
"docid": "49348508#0",
"text": "Cairns North is a coastal suburb of Cairns in the Cairns Region, Queensland, Australia. In the 2016 census, Cairns North had a population of 5,191 people.",
"title": "Cairns North, Queensland"
},
{
"docid": "4772196#0",
"text": "The Cairns Convention Centre, selected the World’s Best Congress Centre in 2014 and 2004, is a convention and entertainment centre in Cairns, Queensland, Australia.",
"title": "Cairns Convention Centre"
},
{
"docid": "48698524#0",
"text": "Cairns Hospital, known as the Cairns Base Hospital between 1932 and 2013, is the largest major hospital in Far North Queensland, Australia. It is located at 165 The Esplanade, Cairns North, Cairns. The hospital offers general service to Cairns' population of about 155,000 and other nearby communities. The building complex has a 667 space multi-storey car park with a pedestrian overpass linking it to the rest of the hospital.",
"title": "Cairns Hospital"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5682415#0",
"text": "Ornithoptera euphorion, the Cairns birdwing, is a species of birdwing butterfly endemic to north-eastern Australia, and is Australia's largest endemic butterfly species. Other common names include Cooktown birdwing and northern birdwing. The names Cairns and Cooktown in its common name reference the Australian cities in the region where this butterfly is found.",
"title": "Ornithoptera euphorion"
},
{
"docid": "305553#25",
"text": "Tourism plays a major part in the Cairns economy. According to Tourism Australia, the Cairns region is the fourth-most-popular destination for international tourists in Australia after Sydney, Melbourne and Brisbane. While the city does not rank amongst Australia's top 10 destinations for domestic tourism, it attracts a significant number of Australian holiday makers despite its distance from major capitals. There is also a growing interest in Cairns from the Chinese leisure market with regular scheduled direct flights from Chinese cities such as Shanghai and Guangzhou. During the 2013 Chinese Lunar New Year period alone, Cairns saw 20,000 Chinese holidaymakers flying in on chartered flights.",
"title": "Cairns"
},
{
"docid": "428336#3",
"text": "The Cairns Group was founded in August 1986, when the Australian government spearheaded the formation of a group and organized the inaugural meeting in the city of Cairns, Australia. There were 14 original member countries—Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Fiji, Hungary, Indonesia, Malaysia, New Zealand, the Philippines, Thailand, and Uruguay—a very diverse group politically and economically. The Australian government led the formation of the group, though some of the South East Asian countries had been working together on agricultural trade through ASEAN. \"One of the most striking aspects of the Cairns Group was the intellectual leadership provided by Australia and to a lesser extent Canada. Australia's commitment to trade liberalization was the outcome of a long domestic debate in which neoliberal ideas had supplanted protectionism and become the guiding rationale of foreign and domestic policy. The Cairns Group offered a mechanism to promote this agenda in a key multilateral forum.\"",
"title": "Cairns Group"
}
] | [
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4212 | Is Yellowstone a super volcano? | [
{
"docid": "25383635#7",
"text": "In 2005, a BBC/Discovery docudrama entitled Supervolcano was released on cable television. The drama imagines the reaction of the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory to a super eruption at the Yellowstone Caldera. Producer Ailsa Orr credits YVO scientists as inspiration for the film's three primary characters. The YVO Scientist-in-Charge reflected on the hype associated with volcanism at Yellowstone in a 2005 magazine article.",
"title": "Yellowstone Volcano Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "53174400#12",
"text": "Wyoming is home to one of the world’s super-volcanos, Yellowstone, which also happens to host the world’s most profound, and visually stunning example of an active continental hydrothermal system. Since moving to Wyoming, Sims has been coordinating the introduction of novel geochemical and geophysical techniques to study Yellowstone’s “geohydrobiology”, which is the study of how Earth, water and life connect.",
"title": "Kenneth Sims (geologist)"
},
{
"docid": "34340#2",
"text": "Yellowstone National Park spans an area of , comprising lakes, canyons, rivers and mountain ranges. Yellowstone Lake is one of the largest high-elevation lakes in North America and is centered over the Yellowstone Caldera, the largest supervolcano on the continent. The caldera is considered an active volcano. It has erupted with tremendous force several times in the last two million years. Half of the world's geysers and hydrothermal features are in Yellowstone, fueled by this ongoing volcanism. Lava flows and rocks from volcanic eruptions cover most of the land area of Yellowstone. The park is the centerpiece of the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, the largest remaining nearly-intact ecosystem in the Earth's northern temperate zone. In 1978, Yellowstone was named a UNESCO World Heritage Site.",
"title": "Yellowstone National Park"
},
{
"docid": "32571#16",
"text": "A supervolcano usually has a large caldera and can produce devastation on an enormous, sometimes continental, scale. Such volcanoes are able to severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of sulfur and ash released into the atmosphere. They are the most dangerous type of volcano. Examples include Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park and Valles Caldera in New Mexico (both western United States); Lake Taupo in New Zealand; Lake Toba in Sumatra, Indonesia; and Ngorongoro Crater in Tanzania. Because of the enormous area they may cover, supervolcanoes are hard to identify centuries after an eruption. Similarly, large igneous provinces are also considered supervolcanoes because of the vast amount of basalt lava erupted (even though the lava flow is non-explosive).",
"title": "Volcano"
},
{
"docid": "3483217#0",
"text": "Supervolcano is a 2005 British-Canadian disaster television film that originally aired on 13 March 2005 on BBC One, and released by the BBC on 10 April 2005 on the Discovery Channel. It is centered on the speculated and potential eruption of the volcanic caldera of Yellowstone National Park. Its tagline is \"Scientists know it as the deadliest volcano on Earth. You know it...as Yellowstone.\"",
"title": "Supervolcano (film)"
},
{
"docid": "1719876#10",
"text": "Both the Heise and Yellowstone volcanic fields produced a series of caldera-forming eruptions characterised by magmas with so-called \"normal\" oxygen isotope signatures (with heavy oxygen-18 isotopes) and a series of predominantly post-caldera magmas with so-called \"light\" oxygen isotope signatures (characterised as low in heavy oxygen-18 isotopes). The final stage of volcanism at Heise was marked by \"light\" magma eruptions. If Heise is any indication, this could mean that the Yellowstone Caldera has entered its final stage, but the volcano might still exit with a climactic fourth caldera event analogous to the fourth and final caldera-forming eruption of Heise (the Kilgore Tuff) – which was also made up of so-called \"light\" magmas. The appearance of \"light\" magmas would seem to indicate that the uppermost portion of the continental crust has largely been consumed by the earlier caldera- forming events, exhausting the melting potential of the crust above the mantle plume. In this case Yellowstone could be expiring. It could be another 1–2 million years (as the North American Plate moves across the Yellowstone hotspot) before a new supervolcano is born to the northeast, and the Yellowstone Plateau volcanic field joins the ranks of its deceased ancestors in the Snake River Plain. (References to be added: Kathryn Watts (Nov 2007) GeoTimes \"Yellowstone and Heise: Supervolcanoes that Lighten Up\": Kathryn E. Watts, Ilya N. Bindeman and Axel K. Schmitt (2011) Petrology, Vol. 52, No. 5, \"Large-volume Rhyolite Genesis in Caldera Complexes of the Snake River Plain: Insights from the Kilgore Tuff of the Heise Volcanic Field, Idaho, with Comparison to Yellowstone and Bruneau-Jarbidge Rhyolites\" pp. 857–890).",
"title": "Yellowstone hotspot"
},
{
"docid": "379647#0",
"text": "The Yellowstone Caldera is a volcanic caldera and supervolcano in Yellowstone National Park in the Western United States, sometimes referred to as the Yellowstone Supervolcano. The caldera and most of the park are located in the northwest corner of Wyoming. The major features of the caldera measure about 34 by 45 miles (55 by 72 km).",
"title": "Yellowstone Caldera"
},
{
"docid": "379647#5",
"text": "The loosely defined term \"supervolcano\" has been used to describe volcanic fields that produce exceptionally large volcanic eruptions. Thus defined, the Yellowstone Supervolcano is the volcanic field which produced the latest three supereruptions from the Yellowstone hotspot; it also produced one additional smaller eruption, thereby creating the West Thumb of Yellowstone Lake 174,000 years ago. The three supereruptions occurred 2.1 million, 1.3 million, and approximately 630,000 years ago, forming the Island Park Caldera, the Henry's Fork Caldera, and Yellowstone calderas, respectively. The Island Park Caldera supereruption (2.1 million years ago), which produced the Huckleberry Ridge Tuff, was the largest, and produced 2,500 times as much ash as the 1980 Mount St. Helens eruption. The next biggest supereruption formed the Yellowstone Caldera (~ 630,000 years ago) and produced the Lava Creek Tuff. The Henry's Fork Caldera (1.2 million years ago) produced the smaller Mesa Falls Tuff, but is the only caldera from the Snake River Plain-Yellowstone hotspot that is plainly visible today.",
"title": "Yellowstone Caldera"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1404433#18",
"text": "The name of Yellowstone National Park's \"Mud Volcano\" feature and the surrounding area is misleading; it consists of hot springs, mud pots and fumaroles, rather than a true mud volcano. Depending upon the precise definition of the term \"mud volcano\", the Yellowstone formation could be considered a hydrothermal mud volcano cluster. The feature is much less active than in its first recorded description, although the area is quite dynamic. Yellowstone is an active geothermal area with a magma chamber near the surface, and active gases are chiefly steam, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen sulfide.",
"title": "Mud volcano"
},
{
"docid": "25383635#0",
"text": "The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO) is a volcano observatory that monitors the Yellowstone Caldera in Yellowstone National Park in the United States. The observatory's jurisdiction also includes unmonitored but recently active volcanic centers (mostly Holocene age) in the states of Colorado, Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico. As with other U.S. volcano observatories, it is funded through the United States Geological Survey Volcano Hazards Program.",
"title": "Yellowstone Volcano Observatory"
},
{
"docid": "379647#15",
"text": "The upward movement of the Yellowstone caldera floor between 2004 and 2008—almost each year—was more than three times greater than ever observed since such measurements began in 1923. From 2004 to 2008, the land surface within the caldera moved upward as much as at the White Lake GPS station. By the end of 2009, the uplift had slowed significantly and appeared to have stopped. In January 2010, the USGS stated that \"uplift of the Yellowstone Caldera has slowed significantly\" and that uplift continues but at a slower pace. The U.S. Geological Survey, University of Utah and National Park Service scientists with the Yellowstone Volcano Observatory maintain that they \"see no evidence that another such cataclysmic eruption will occur at Yellowstone in the foreseeable future. Recurrence intervals of these events are neither regular nor predictable.\" This conclusion was reiterated in December 2013 in the aftermath of the publication of a study by University of Utah scientists finding that the \"size of the magma body beneath Yellowstone is significantly larger than had been thought\". The Yellowstone Volcano Observatory issued a statement on its website stating,",
"title": "Yellowstone Caldera"
},
{
"docid": "1404433#19",
"text": "However, there are mud volcanoes and mud geysers elsewhere in Yellowstone. One, the \"Vertically Gifted Cyclic Mud Pot\" sometimes acts as a geyser, throwing mud up to 30 feet high.",
"title": "Mud volcano"
}
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4213 | What body parts are effected by Stigmata? | [
{
"docid": "1562434#1",
"text": "\"Stigmata\" received mixed reviews by critics, who compared it with the previous Arch Enemy album, \"Black Earth\". Jason Anderson of Allmusic noted that \"as often happens with highly anticipated follow-ups, \"Stigmata\" disappointed some fans with what some called a more restrained sound and lesser material\" and criticized the singer Johan Liiva and the addition of the session drummer Peter Wildoer. Nevertheless, Anderson praised Michael Amott stating that \"these problems are really minor when balanced against Amott's massive playing and songwriting, so while \"Stigmata\" is a fraction off from the band's debut form, Arch Enemy still delivers some nice melodic death metal on the sophomore effort.\" Paul Schwarz of \"Chronicles of Chaos\" first noted that \"Arch Enemy have made an interesting, and slightly unexpected, progression from their \"Black Earth\" debut of two years ago\". He commented that the band \"have not drawn their 'melody' from pop or even folk\" and what characterises the difference between both albums \"can be summed up in three words: classic heavy metal.\" Schwarz finished with a good review writing that \"overall \"Stigmata\" is a great album and one of the best directions Arch Enemy could have chosen to follow after their critical success with \"Black Earth\".\"",
"title": "Stigmata (Arch Enemy album)"
},
{
"docid": "39339#0",
"text": "Stigmata (singular \"stigma\") is a term used in Christian mysticism to describe the manifestations of bodily wounds, scars and pain in locations corresponding to the crucifixion wounds of Jesus Christ, such as the hands, wrists, and feet. An individual bearing the wounds of stigmata is referred to as a stigmatist or a stigmatic.",
"title": "Stigmata"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "31713846#3",
"text": "The work has a rectangular shape in the lower part, ending with a triangular cusp, and has a golden background above which is St. Francis receiving the stigmata during his prayer on Mount Alverno from a flying Christ who appears him as a seraphim. The latter's wounds emit light rays which strike Francis' body. The scene was innovative as it abandoned the Byzantine tradition of inexpressive, frontal figures; the background is a mix of newer and old elements, the latter including the very generic mountains and the lack of proportions in the landscape elements. The chapels in the mount show the attempt to draw them according to geometrical perspective. Francis' face is characterized by a strong use of chiaroscuro.",
"title": "Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)"
},
{
"docid": "879535#20",
"text": "In Philip K. Dick's novel \"The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch\" (1965), consumers immerse themselves into an artificial soap opera world, which appears virtually real, by taking a drug called Can-D. In \"Wild Palms\", the pseudo-realistic effect is enhanced by a drug called \"Mimezine\". In \"The Three Stigmata of Palmer Eldritch\", a new drug appears on the market which enables its supplier, Palmer Eldritch, to affect the consumer's perception and personally appear in his altered reality. In \"Wild Palms\", senator Kreutzer wants the \"Go chip\" implantated into his body, which as his sister Josie explains will turn him into a hologram and enable him to enter everyone's dreams.",
"title": "Wild Palms"
},
{
"docid": "39339#1",
"text": "The term originates from the line at the end of Saint Paul's Letter to the Galatians where he says, \"I bear on my body the marks of Jesus.\" \"Stigmata\" is the plural of the Greek word στίγμα \"stigma\", meaning a mark, tattoo, or brand such as might have been used for identification of an animal or slave.",
"title": "Stigmata"
},
{
"docid": "41225781#2",
"text": "Both: During the Golden Tyrant's betrayal, Milk was revealed to be a regen (clone body for Blanc's soul) as part of a process to resurrect Jesus Christ.After the Golden Tyrant's betrayal was revealed, he overhears Astarte's danger and charges to her rescue. Unable to find her, he attacks Ootomi's clone for his part of the betrayal but was burned to death by powers. His final request to Sasha was for Astarte's protection which Sasha accepted.",
"title": "List of The Qwaser of Stigmata characters"
},
{
"docid": "1167483#4",
"text": "Andrew interviews Frankie, believing her wounds may also be stigmata. When she tells him she is an atheist, Andrew tells her that stigmata is when the deeply devoted are struck with the five wounds that Jesus received during the crucifixion. Frankie begins to research on her own what the cause could be. Her head begins to bleed, the third stigmata wound caused by the Crown of Thorns. Frankie runs home, where Andrew is waiting, and then runs into an alley. As Andrew pursues her, Frankie smashes a glass bottle and uses the shards to carve symbols on the hood of a car: when Andrew approaches her, she yells at him in another language.",
"title": "Stigmata (film)"
},
{
"docid": "10381647#0",
"text": "\"Stigmata\" is a song by American industrial metal band Ministry. Written by Al Jourgensen, it is the opening track and the only single released from their third studio album, 1988’s \"The Land of Rape and Honey\". The song features distorted vocals, guitars and compressed drum machine loops. The song was an underground hit. The music video—which was said to get a regular airing on MTV—features gritty black and white machinery, gears, symbols, the band playing live, Paul Barker on a motorcycle, strobe-like montages of eyes (which are the only elements presented in color), and what appear to be neo-Nazi skinheads. The song was said to be Ministry's \"finest moment until 1992\".",
"title": "Stigmata (song)"
},
{
"docid": "33225355#7",
"text": "Alisa is entirely bionic and amplifies many of her attacks with collapsible jet pack like wings from her back and rockets from her feet she can also extend chainsaws from her lower arms. Her body parts are detachable, they instantly grow back in what appears to be nanoparticle-assisted regeneration. All of her body parts appear to be non-critical, some of her attacking moves involves removing her own head to use as a weapon or even a makeshift explosive device with no ill effects, and arms can be torn off by the opponent or even used as improvised missiles. Alisa uses attacks such as rockets, an explosive head and attacks from her chainsaw appendages. Her fighting style has been listed as simply \"Unique\".",
"title": "Alisa Bosconovitch"
},
{
"docid": "1562434#0",
"text": "Stigmata is the second studio album by Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy. The album was Arch Enemy's first to see worldwide release, in Europe and North America on Century Media Records, and in Japan again on Toy's Factory records. \"Stigmata\" features session drummer Peter Wildoer, who had also appeared in Christopher Amott's solo project Armageddon on the 1997 album \"Crossing the Rubicon\", shortly before the recording of the album. The album was reissued on 25 May 2009, featuring a new layout, packaging, and bonus tracks. Stigmata not only contains a title track, but a track named after their previous album as well. The Sri Lankan metal band Stigmata named themselves after this album.",
"title": "Stigmata (Arch Enemy album)"
}
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] |
4214 | Is metabolite a drug? | [
{
"docid": "14564960#1",
"text": "An active metabolite results when a drug is metabolized by the body into a modified form which continues to produce effects in the body. Usually these effects are similar to those of the parent drug but weaker, although they can still be significant (see e.g. 11-hydroxy-THC, morphine-6-glucuronide). Certain drugs such as codeine and tramadol have metabolites (morphine and \"O\"-desmethyltramadol respectively) that are stronger than the parent drug and in these cases the metabolite may be responsible for much of the therapeutic action of the parent drug. Sometimes, however, metabolites may produce toxic effects and patients must be monitored carefully to ensure they do not build up in the body. This is an issue with some well-known drugs such as pethidine (meperidine) and dextropropoxyphene.",
"title": "Active metabolite"
},
{
"docid": "14564960#0",
"text": "An active metabolite is an active form of a drug after it has been processed by the body.",
"title": "Active metabolite"
},
{
"docid": "14564960#2",
"text": "Sometimes drugs are formulated in an inactive form that is designed to break down inside the body to form the active drug. These are called prodrugs. The reasons for this type of formulation may be because the drug is more stable during manufacture and storage as the prodrug form, or because the prodrug is better absorbed by the body or has superior pharmacokinetics (e.g., lisdexamphetamine).",
"title": "Active metabolite"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "14563386#9",
"text": "Like other SCARs-inducing drugs, DRESS syndrome-inducing drugs or their metabolites stimulate CD8 T or CD4 T cells to initiate autoimmune responses. Studies indicate that the mechanism by which a drug or its metabolites accomplishes this stimulation involves subverting the antigen presentation pathways of the innate immune system. The drug or metabolite covalently binds with a host protein to form a non-self, drug-related epitope. An antigen presenting cell (APC) takes up these alter proteins; digests them into small peptides; places the peptides in a groove on the human leukocyte antigen (i.e. HLA) component of their major histocompatibility complex (i.e. MHC); and presents the MHC-associated peptides to the T-cell receptor on CD8 T or CD4 T cells. Those peptides expressing a drug-related, non-self epitope on their HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DM, HLA-DO, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, or HLA-DR proteins may bind to a T-cell receptor to stimulate the receptor-bearing parent T cell to initiate attacks on self tissues. Alternatively, a drug or metabolite may stimulate these T cells by inserting into the groove on a HLA protein to serve as a non-self epitope or bind outside of this groove to alter a HLA protein so that it forms a non-self epitope. Importantly, however, non-self epitopes must bind to specific HLA serotypes in order to stimulate T cells. Since the human population expresses some 13,000 different HLA serotypes while an individual expresses only a fraction of them and since a DRESSs-inducing drug or metabolite interacts with only one or a few HLA serotypes, a drug's ability to induce SCARs is limited to those individuals who express HLA serotypes targeted by the drug or its metabolite. Thus, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop SCARs in response to a particular drug on the bases of their expression of HLA serotypes. Studies have identified several HLA serotypes associated with development of the DRESS syndrome in response to certain drugs, have developed tests to identify individuals who express some of these serotypes, and thereby have identified individuals who should avoid certain DRESS syndrome-inducing drugs.",
"title": "Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms"
},
{
"docid": "16374808#17",
"text": "Flumequine is considered to be well absorbed and is excreted in the urine and feces as the glucuronide conjugates of the parent drug and 7-hydroxyflumequine. It is eliminated within 168 hours post-dosing. However, studies concerning the calf liver showed additional unidentified residues, of which a new metabolite, ml, represented the major single metabolite 24 hours after the last dose and at all subsequent time points. The metabolite ml, which exhibited no antimicrobial activity, was present in both free and protein-bound fractions. The major residue found in the edible tissues of sheep, pigs, and chickens was parent drug together with minor amounts of the 7-hydroxy-metabolite. The only detected residue in trout was the parent drug.",
"title": "Flumequine"
},
{
"docid": "826690#4",
"text": "Compounds begin to break down as soon as they enter the body. The majority of small-molecule drug metabolism is carried out in the liver by redox enzymes, termed cytochrome P450 enzymes. As metabolism occurs, the initial (parent) compound is converted to new compounds called metabolites. When metabolites are pharmacologically inert, metabolism deactivates the administered dose of parent drug and this usually reduces the effects on the body. Metabolites may also be pharmacologically active, sometimes more so than the parent drug (see prodrug).",
"title": "ADME"
},
{
"docid": "28649#15",
"text": "Like other SCARs-inducing drugs, SJS-inducing drugs or their metabolites stimulate CD8 T cells or CD4 T cells to initiate autoimmune responses. Studies indicate that the mechanism by which a drug or its metabolites accomplishes this involves subverting the antigen presentation pathways of the innate immune system. The drug or metabolite covalently binds with a host protein to form a non-self, drug-related epitope. An antigen presenting cell (APC) takes up these alter proteins; digests them into small peptides; places the peptides in a groove on the human leukocyte antigen (i.e. HLA) component of their major histocompatibility complex (i.e. MHC); and presents the MHC-associated peptides to T-cell receptors on CD8 T cells or CD4 T cells. Those peptides expressing a drug-related, non-self epitope on one of their various HLA protein forms (HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DM, HLA-DO, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, or HLA-DR) can bind to a T-cell receptor and thereby stimulate the receptor-bearing parent T cell to initiate attacks on self tissues. Alternatively, a drug or its metabolite may stimulate these T cells by inserting into the groove on a HLA protein to serve as a non-self epitope or bind outside of this groove to alter a HLA protein so that it forms a non-self epitope. In all these cases, however, a non-self epitope must bind to a specific HLA serotype (i.e. variation) in order to stimulate T cells. Since the human population expresses some 13,000 different HLA serotypes while an individual expresses only a fraction of them and since a SJS-inducing drug or metabolite interacts with only one or a few HLA serotypes, a drug's ability to induce SCARs is limited to those individuals who express HLA serotypes targeted by the drug or its metabolite. Accordingly, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop a SCARs in response to a particular drug on the bases of their expression of HLA serotypes: Studies have identified several HLA serotypes associated with development of SJS, SJS/TEN, or TEN in response to certain drugs. In general, these associations are restricted to the cited populations.",
"title": "Stevens–Johnson syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "16563762#9",
"text": "JWH-018 usage is readily detected in urine using \"spice\" screening immunoassays from several manufacturers focused on both the parent drug and its omega-hydroxy and carboxyl metabolites. JWH-018 will not be detected by older methods employed for detecting THC and other cannabis terpenoids. Determination of the parent drug in serum or its metabolites in urine has been accomplished by GC-MS or LC-MS. Serum JWH-018 concentrations are generally in the 1–10 μg/L range during the first few hours after recreational usage. The major urinary metabolite is a compound that is monohydroxylated on the omega minus one carbon atom of the alkyl side chain. A lesser metabolite monohydroxylated on the omega (terminal) position was present in the urine of 6 users of the drug at concentrations of 6–50 μg/L, primarily as a glucuronide conjugate.",
"title": "JWH-018"
},
{
"docid": "21354286#11",
"text": "AGEP also differs from the other SCARs disorders in respect to the level of evidence supporting the underlying mechanism by which a drug or its metabolite stimulates CD8 T or CD4 T cells. Studies indicate that the mechanism by which a drug or its metabolites accomplishes this stimulation involves subverting the antigen presentation pathways of the innate immune system. A drug or metabolite covalently binds with a host protein to form a non-self, drug-related epitope. An antigen presenting cell (APC) takes up these proteins; digests them into small peptides; places the peptides in a groove on the human leukocyte antigen (i.e. HLA) component of their major histocompatibility complex (i.e. MHC) (APC); and presents the MHC-associated peptides to the T-cell receptor on CD8 T or CD4 T cells. Those peptides expressing a drug-related, non-self epitope on their HLA-A, HLA-B, HLA-C, HLA-DM, HLA-DO, HLA-DP, HLA-DQ, or HLA-DR proteins may bind to a T-cell receptor to stimulate the receptor-bearing parent T cell to attack self tissues. Alternatively, a drug or metabolite may also stimulate T cells by inserting into the groove on a HLA protein to serve as a non-self epitope, bind outside of this groove to alter a HLA protein so that it forms a non-self epitope, or bypass the APC by binding directly to a T cell receptor. However, non-self epitopes must bind to specific HLA serotypes to stimulate T cells and the human population expresses some 13,000 different HLA serotypes while an individual expresses only a fraction of them. Since a SCARs-inducing drug or metabolite interacts with only one or a few HLA serotypes, their ability to induce SCARs is limited to those individuals who express HLA serotypes targeted by the drug or metabolite. Thus, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop SCARs in response to a particular drug on the bases of their expression of HLA serotypes. Studies have identified several HLA serotypes associated with development of DRESS syndrome, SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN in response to various drugs which elici these disorders, developed tests to identify individuals who express these serotypes, and thereby determined that these individuals should avoid the offending drug. HLA serotypes associated with AGEP and specific drugs have not been identified. A study conducted in 1995 identified of HLA-B51, HLA-DR11, and HLA-DQ3 of unknown serotypes to be associated with development of AGEP but the results have not been confirmed, expanded to identify the serotypes involved, nor therefore useful in identifying individuals predisposed to develop AGEP in response to any drug. Similarly, a specific T cell receptor variant has been associated with the development of DRESS syndrome, SJS, SJS/TEN, and TEN but not AGEP.",
"title": "Acute generalized exanthematous pustulosis"
},
{
"docid": "477493#2",
"text": "Metabolites from chemical compounds, whether inherent or pharmaceutical, are formed as part of the natural biochemical process of degrading and eliminating the compounds. The rate of degradation of a compound is an important determinant of the duration and intensity of its action. Profiling metabolites of pharmaceutical compounds, drug metabolism, is an important part of drug discovery, leading to an understanding of any undesirable side effects.",
"title": "Metabolite"
},
{
"docid": "14563386#10",
"text": "A drug or its metabolite may also stimulate CD8 T or CD4 T cells to initiate autoimmune responses by directly binding to the T cell receptors on these T cells. Again, this binding appears to develop only on certain T cell receptors. Since the genes for these receptors are highly edited, i.e. altered to encode proteins with different amino acid sequences, and since the human population may express more than 100 trillion different (i.e. different amino acid sequences) T cell receptors while an individual express only a fraction of these, a drug's or its metabolite's ability to induce the DRESS syndrome by interacting with a T cell receptor is limited to those individuals whose T cells express a T cell receptor(s) that can interact with drug or its metabolite. Thus, only rare individuals are predisposed to develop a SCARs disorder in response to a particular drug on the bases of their expression of specific cell receptor types. While the evidence supporting these ideas is limited, one study identified the preferential presence of the TCR-V-b and complementarity determining region 3 in T cell receptors found on the T cells in the blisters of patients with allopurinol-induced DRESS syndrome. This finding is compatible with the notion that specific types of T cell receptors are involved in the development of specific drug-induced SCARs.",
"title": "Drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms"
},
{
"docid": "1029211#10",
"text": "Metabolites are the intermediates and products of metabolism. Within the context of metabolomics, a metabolite is usually defined as any molecule less than 1 kDa in size. However, there are exceptions to this depending on the sample and detection method. For example, macromolecules such as lipoproteins and albumin are reliably detected in NMR-based metabolomics studies of blood plasma. In plant-based metabolomics, it is common to refer to \"primary\" and \"secondary\" metabolites. A primary metabolite is directly involved in the normal growth, development, and reproduction. A secondary metabolite is not directly involved in those processes, but usually has important ecological function. Examples include antibiotics and pigments. By contrast, in human-based metabolomics, it is more common to describe metabolites as being either endogenous (produced by the host organism) or exogenous. Metabolites of foreign substances such as drugs are termed xenometabolites.",
"title": "Metabolomics"
}
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] |
4215 | When was the Battle of Waterloo? | [
{
"docid": "58976778#0",
"text": "The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo is a monumental wall painting by Irish painter Daniel Maclise, completed in 1861. It depicts the moment towards the end of the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, when the commanders of the allied British and Prussian armies, the Duke of Wellington and Marshal Blücher, met near La Belle Alliance. Measuring , it is displayed in the Royal Gallery at the Palace of Westminster.",
"title": "The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo"
},
{
"docid": "229175#7",
"text": "The Waterloo Gallery is named after the Duke's famous victory over Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo. The Waterloo Banquet was held annually to commemorate the famous victory of 18 June 1815. The first banquets were held in the Dining Room but in 1828 when Wyatt completed the Waterloo Gallery the banquet was moved there and became a much larger event, seating 74 as opposed to 36 in the dining room. The Duke's equestrian statue can be seen across the busy road, cloaked and watchful, the plinth guarded at each corner by an infantryman. This statue was cast from guns captured at the battle.",
"title": "Apsley House"
},
{
"docid": "4356#0",
"text": "The Battle of Waterloo was fought on Sunday, 18 June 1815 near Waterloo in Belgium, part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. A French army under the command of Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated by two of the armies of the Seventh Coalition: a British-led allied army under the command of the Duke of Wellington, and a Prussian army under the command of Field Marshal Blücher. The battle marked the end of the Napoleonic Wars.",
"title": "Battle of Waterloo"
},
{
"docid": "46886140#0",
"text": "The Battle of Waterloo: The British Squares Receiving the Charge of the French Cuirassiers is an 1874 oil painting by French artist Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux. It depicts a scene from the Battle of Waterloo on 18 June 1815, with squares of red-coated infantry from Sir Thomas Picton's British 5th Division to the left being charged by cavalrymen of the French 5th and 10th Cuirassiers in blue uniforms to the right. The main British unit is one of Highland infantry, with the colour party and a mounted officer taking refuge in the centre of the square. Abandoned cannon lie in the foreground and middle distance. It measures .",
"title": "The Battle of Waterloo: The British Squares Receiving the Charge of the French Cuirassiers"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "43729146#0",
"text": "The Battle of Waterloo is a 1913 feature film created by British and Colonial Films to dramatize the eponymous battle ahead of its centenary. Hailed as the \"first British epic film\", \"The Battle of Waterloo\" was much longer and more costly than contemporary films but went on to great commercial and critical success. Though the film was shown in theaters around the world, all copies were thought lost until 2002, when about 22 minutes of the hour-and-a-half production were rediscovered at the British Film Institute archives. Since then, two reels and a fragment have been compiled, representing about half the completed film.",
"title": "The Battle of Waterloo (film)"
},
{
"docid": "58976778#3",
"text": "Maclise started work on a full-size preparatory cartoon, the \"Waterloo Cartoon\", in March 1858. The cartoon is divided into 10 panels and is over wide, with the figures depicted life size. It was enthusiastically received when it was displayed in 1859. Maclise died in 1870, and the cartoon was acquired by the Royal Academy the same year. It was displayed at Burlington House until the 1920s. After 40 years in store, the \"Waterloo Cartoon\" was conserved and put on display at Royal Armouries in Leeds and the Royal Academy for the 200th anniversary of the Battle of Waterloo in 2015.",
"title": "The Meeting of Wellington and Blücher after the Battle of Waterloo"
},
{
"docid": "1126912#3",
"text": "On the night of 17 June the Anglo-allied army turned and prepared for battle on a gentle escarpment, about south of the village of Waterloo. The next day the Battle of Waterloo proved to be the decisive battle of the campaign. The Anglo-allied army stood fast against repeated French attacks, until with the aid of several Prussian corps that arrived at the east side of the battlefield in the early evening they managed to rout the French Army. Grouchy with the right wing of the army engaged a Prussian rearguard at the simultaneous Battle of Wavre, and although he won a tactical victory his failure to prevent the Prussians marching to Waterloo meant that his actions contributed to the French defeat at Waterloo. The next day (19 June) he left Wavre and started a long retreat back to Paris.",
"title": "Waterloo Campaign"
},
{
"docid": "4356#42",
"text": "The historian Andrew Roberts notes that \"It is a curious fact about the Battle of Waterloo that no one is absolutely certain when it actually began\". Wellington recorded in his dispatches that at \"about ten o'clock [Napoleon] commenced a furious attack upon our post at Hougoumont\". Other sources state that the attack began around 11:30. The house and its immediate environs were defended by four light companies of Guards, and the wood and park by Hanoverian \"Jäger\" and the 1/2nd Nassau.",
"title": "Battle of Waterloo"
},
{
"docid": "4356#3",
"text": "Waterloo was the decisive engagement of the Waterloo Campaign and Napoleon's last. According to Wellington, the battle was \"the nearest-run thing you ever saw in your life\". Napoleon abdicated four days later, and coalition forces entered Paris on 7 July. The defeat at Waterloo ended Napoleon's rule as Emperor of the French and marked the end of his Hundred Days return from exile. This ended the First French Empire and set a chronological milestone between serial European wars and decades of relative peace.",
"title": "Battle of Waterloo"
},
{
"docid": "4356#36",
"text": "From 06:00 Wellington was in the field supervising the deployment of his forces. At Wavre, the Prussian IV Corps under Bülow was designated to lead the march to Waterloo as it was in the best shape, not having been involved in the Battle of Ligny. Although they had not taken casualties, IV Corps had been marching for two days, covering the retreat of the three other corps of the Prussian army from the battlefield of Ligny. They had been posted farthest away from the battlefield, and progress was very slow. The roads were in poor condition after the night's heavy rain, and Bülow's men had to pass through the congested streets of Wavre and move 88 artillery pieces. Matters were not helped when a fire broke out in Wavre, blocking several streets along Bülow's intended route. As a result, the last part of the corps left at 10:00, six hours after the leading elements had moved out towards Waterloo. Bülow's men were followed to Waterloo first by I Corps and then by II Corps.",
"title": "Battle of Waterloo"
}
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4216 | Can you have metal kitchen cabinets? | [
{
"docid": "2236730#11",
"text": "Cabinets may be finished with opaque paint, opaque lacquer and transparent finishes such as lacquer or varnish. Decorative finishes include distressing, glazing, and toning. The choice of finish can affect the cabinet's color, sheen (from flat to high gloss), and feel.Hardware is the term used for metal fittings incorporated into a cabinet extraneous of the wood or engineered wood substitute and the countertop. The most basic hardware consists of hinges and drawer/door pulls, although only hinges are an absolute necessity for a cabinet since pulls can be fashioned of wood or plastic, and drawer slides were traditionally fashioned of wood. In a modern kitchen it is highly unusual to use wood for a drawer slides owing to the much superior quality of metal drawer slides/sides.",
"title": "Kitchen cabinet"
},
{
"docid": "2236730#2",
"text": "Cabinet doors may feature a variety of materials such as wood, metal or glass. Wood may be solid wood (\"breadboard\" construction) or engineered wood or may be mixed (e.g. engineered wood panel in a solid wood frame)",
"title": "Kitchen cabinet"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "4386199#4",
"text": "To tie into the industrial theme, many homeowners resort to a kitchen island. These islands tend to be made of reclaimed wood or other earthy materials. A kitchen island can also contribute in separating a big room and providing a defined kitchen area. They can be paired with barstools that are made of wood or contain metal finishes. Open faced shelving and storage are big hits when it comes to an industrial kitchen. Free standing metal racks can also provide extra storage and can be beneficial in smaller rooms. If they have wheels, they can multitask. For example, low shelving on wheels can serve as a computer desk one day; the next day it can stand-in as a bar cart. Exposed overhead beams, brick and concrete are notable accents to the kitchen along with darker cabinets and shelving. Lighter colored floors or polished concrete are ways to incorporate this new style into any kitchen. To modernize this rather rustic look, decorative tiles look great in the kitchen. Tile as a backsplash can help create a modern twist and help liven up the space.",
"title": "Industrial style"
},
{
"docid": "49404#16",
"text": "Before and after the beginning of the 20th century, kitchens were frequently not equipped with built-in cabinetry, and the lack of storage space in the kitchen became a real problem. The Hoosier Manufacturing Co. of Indiana adapted an existing furniture piece, the baker's cabinet, which had a similar structure of a table top with some cabinets above it (and frequently flour bins beneath) to solve the storage problem. By rearranging the parts and taking advantage of (then) modern metal working, they were able to produce a well-organized, compact cabinet which answered the home cook's needs for storage and working space. A distinctive feature of the Hoosier cabinet is its accessories. As originally supplied, they were equipped with various racks and other hardware to hold and organize spices and various staples. One useful feature was the combination flour-bin/sifter, a tin hopper that could be used without having to remove it from the cabinet. A similar sugar bin was also common.",
"title": "Kitchen"
},
{
"docid": "12780833#6",
"text": "A Hoosier cabinet is a stand-alone kitchen cabinet on small casters. It is considered an improved version of a baker's cabinet. A baker's cabinet is a table with one or more bins underneath. It has a small work surface and a shallower upper section on top of the table that was used for storing bowls, pans, and kitchen utensils. The Hoosier cabinet expands on the baker's cabinet by offering a pull-out workspace/shelf and storage for everything a cook would need. The base section usually has one large compartment with the slide-out shelf covered in metal that offers more workspace, and several drawers to one side. The top portion is shallower and has several smaller compartments with doors.",
"title": "Hoosier cabinet"
},
{
"docid": "2236730#1",
"text": "As commonly used today, the term \"kitchen cabinet\" denotes a built-in kitchen installation of either a floor or a wall cabinet. Typically, multiple floor cabinets are covered by a single counter and floors and walls are not accessible behind and under the cabinets. Kitchen cabinets \"per se\" were invented in the 20th century. A precursor, not built-in, was the Hoosier cabinet of the 1910s, a single piece of furniture incorporating storage and work surfaces, of which over 2 million were sold by 1920.Considering that North Americans spend a large proportion of their lives indoors, it’s clear why this is a key issue in designing healthy spaces. Additionally, air quality is not a stand-alone problem; rather, every other component of the home can affect air quality. Air quality can be compromised by off-gassing from cabinetry, countertops, flooring, wall coverings or fabrics; by cooking by-products released into the air, and by mold caused by excess moisture or poor ventilation.Cabinets consist of six-sided wooden boxes or \"carcases\" closed on five sides with a door or drawers on the sixth.\nCabinets may be either face-frame or frameless in construction. Each option provides features and drawbacks.",
"title": "Kitchen cabinet"
},
{
"docid": "625059#11",
"text": "A mobile home should have a small metal tag on the outside of each section. If you cannot locate a tag, you should be able to find details about the home in the electrical panel box. This tag should also reveal a manufacturing date. Modular homes do not have metal tags on the outside but will have a dataplate installed inside the home, usually under the kitchen sink or in a closet. The dataplate will provide information such as the manufacturer, third party inspection agency, appliance information, and manufacture date.",
"title": "Modular building"
},
{
"docid": "18896959#13",
"text": "b1 takes a purist approach to the kitchen. The doors and pull-outs can all be opened without handles. The lower prices attract a younger target audience. In comparison to the b3 range, there is also a reduced number of options for surfaces, worktops and units. \nThe b2 range is a continuation of Otl Aicher’s “kitchen workshop”. It comprises two cabinets housing everything from dishes to a refrigerator, dishwasher and oven. Each item is immediately accessible as soon as the doors are opened. A workbench incorporates the water point and cooktop. And the interior of the cabinets and the workbench both have a modular design.",
"title": "Bulthaup"
},
{
"docid": "2236730#21",
"text": "Since kitchens are rooms for food preparation, cabinets which store food should be kept clean with cloth microfiber or feather dusters. Tough grease stains and coarse dirt can be removed with warm water and a grease solvent, then wiped clean with a plain cotton cloth. Window cleaners and clean cloths can be used with a microfiber cloth to clean up.",
"title": "Kitchen cabinet"
},
{
"docid": "25734183#1",
"text": "Often used for making kitchen cabinet doors, this reasonably priced and commonly available synthetic material is a thin, tight, heat-sealed plastic wrap used to mold over an MDF substrate. Thermofoil cabinet doors can be a solid color or imitation wood grain. The cabinet boxes that accompany these doors can be finished in various materials such matching thermofoil, coordinating paint, and laminates. Thermofoil is available in a range of textures and sheen levels, the most popular choice being solid white with a matte sheen. For a budget kitchen remodel, a thermofoil cabinet door is an easy and economical alternative to white paint.",
"title": "Thermofoil"
}
] | [
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4217 | When was the Qin dynasty founded? | [
{
"docid": "43461#0",
"text": "The Qin dynasty () was the first dynasty of Imperial China, lasting from 221 to 206 BC. Named for its heartland in Qin state (modern Gansu and Shaanxi), the dynasty was founded by Qin Shi Huang, the First Emperor of Qin. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the Legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the fourth century BC, during the Warring States period. In the mid and late third century BC, the Qin state carried out a series of swift conquests, first ending the powerless Zhou dynasty, and eventually conquering the other six of the Seven Warring States. Its 15 years was the shortest major dynasty in Chinese history, consisting of only two emperors, but inaugurated an imperial system that lasted, with interruption and adaptation, until 1912 CE.",
"title": "Qin dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "2511833#4",
"text": "In 221 BC, Qin conquered the other six Warring States and founded the Qin dynasty; the He Shi Bi was then taken from the last duke of Zhao by Qin Shi Huangdi, who ordered it made into his imperial seal. The words, \"Having received the Mandate from Heaven, may (the emperor) lead a long and prosperous life.\" (受命於天，既壽永昌) were written by Chancellor Li Si, and carved onto the seal by a man named Sun Shou. When Colonel Liu Bang attacked Xianyang, Ziying handed the jade over as a way of surrendering. The seal was to be passed on even as the dynasties rose and fell, but was lost between the Tang and Ming dynasties.",
"title": "He Shi Bi"
},
{
"docid": "83319#3",
"text": "Qin founded the Qin dynasty in 221 BC, the first unified state in the region. Qin was succeeded by the Han dynasty in 206 BC, which established the province (\"zhou\") of Jingzhou in what is now Hubei and Hunan. The Qin and Han played an active role in the agricultural colonization of Hubei, maintaining a system of river dikes to protect farmland from summer floods. Towards the end of the Han dynasty in the beginning of the 3rd century, Jingzhou was ruled by regional warlord Liu Biao. After his death, Liu Biao's realm was surrendered by his successors to Cao Cao, a powerful warlord who had conquered nearly all of north China; but in the Battle of Red Cliffs, warlords Liu Bei and Sun Quan drove Cao Cao out of Jingzhou. Liu Bei then took control of Jingzhou; he went on to conquer Yizhou (the Sichuan Basin), but lost Jingzhou to Sun Quan; for the next few decades Jingzhou was controlled by the Wu Kingdom, ruled by Sun Quan and his successors.\nThe incursion of northern nomadic peoples into the region at the beginning of the 4th century began nearly three centuries of division into a nomad-ruled (but increasingly Sinicized) north and a Han Chinese-ruled south. Hubei, to the South, remained under southern rule for this entire period, until the unification of China by the Sui dynasty in 589. In 617 the Tang dynasty replaced Sui, and later on the Tang dynasty placed what is now Hubei under several circuits: Jiangnanxi Circuit in the south; Shannandong Circuit in the west, and Huainan Circuit in the east. After the Tang dynasty disintegrated in the 10th century, Hubei came under the control of several regional regimes: Jingnan in the center, Wu (later Southern Tang) to the east, and the Five Dynasties to the north.",
"title": "Hubei"
},
{
"docid": "23565461#22",
"text": "In 221 BC, after the conquest of Qi, Ying Zheng proclaimed himself \"Qin Shi Huang\" (秦始皇; literally \"First Emperor of Qin\") and established the Qin dynasty. The Qin Empire was divided into 36 commanderies, with Xianyang as the imperial capital. Qin Shi Huang created a centralised state and empire that would become the bedrock of future Chinese dynasties. Although the Qin dynasty lasted 15 years only, its influence on Chinese history lasted for centuries to come.",
"title": "Qin's wars of unification"
},
{
"docid": "767723#1",
"text": "In 221 BC, the Qin state unified China by conquering the other six major states and established the Qin dynasty. However, the oppressive and extremely unpopular dynasty lasted only 14 years. In 209 BC, Chen Sheng and Wu Guang started the Dazexiang Uprising to overthrow the Qin dynasty.",
"title": "Chu–Han Contention"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "43461#3",
"text": "When the first emperor died in 210 BC, two of his advisers placed an heir on the throne in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the dynasty. These advisors squabbled among themselves, resulting in both of their deaths and that of the second Qin Emperor. Popular revolt broke out and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu general, Xiang Yu, who was proclaimed Hegemon-King of Western Chu, and Liu Bang, who later founded the Han dynasty. Despite its short reign, the dynasty greatly influenced the future of China, particularly the Han, and its name is thought to be the origin of the European name for China.",
"title": "Qin dynasty"
},
{
"docid": "413643#0",
"text": "The Former Qin (351-394) was a state of the Sixteen Kingdoms in eastern Asia, mainly China. Founded by an officer in Shi Le's dynasty, it completed the unification of North China in 376. Its capital was Xi'an up to the death of the ruler Fu Jiān in 385. Despite its name, the Former Qin was much later and less powerful than the Qin Dynasty which had ruled all of China during the 3rd century BC. The adjective \"former\" is used to distinguish it from the \"Later Qin\" state (384-417).",
"title": "Former Qin"
},
{
"docid": "12951844#3",
"text": "The second figure Ching describes is Qin Hui (1090–1155) a man almost universally hated as a traitor to the Chinese people. In 1127 the Northern Song dynasty collapsed when the Jurchens captured Kaifeng. Remnants of the Song court founded the Southern Song dynasty in the city of Hangzhou, under Emperor Gaozong. In the years following the formation of the Southern Song dynasty, the Song general Yue Fei led successful military campaigns against the Jurchens. However, Song government officials, including Qin Hui, believed an ultimate military victory was impossible and feared that Yue's successes made a peaceful coexistence with the Jurchens unlikely. Yue Fei was recalled to Hangzhou, imprisoned, and murdered on Qin Hui's orders. Frank Ching argues that Qin Hui was probably neither a relative of Qin Guan, nor an ancestor of the modern Qin clan. He also cautions against excessively demonizing Qin, noting that some objective historians have called Qin a \"scapegoat\" for Emperor Gaozong, whom many Chinese historians have been reluctant to criticize directly.",
"title": "Ancestors: 900 Years in the Life of a Chinese Family"
},
{
"docid": "47634469#69",
"text": "Despite its military strength, the Qin Dynasty did not last long. When the first emperor died in 210 BC, his son was placed on the throne by two of the previous emperor's advisers, in an attempt to influence and control the administration of the entire country through him. The advisors squabbled among themselves, however, which resulted in both their deaths and that of the second Qin emperor. Popular revolt broke out a few years later, and the weakened empire soon fell to a Chu lieutenant, who went on to found the Han Dynasty. Despite its rapid end, the Qin Dynasty influenced future Chinese regimes, particularly the Han, and the European name for China is derived from it.",
"title": "List of ancient great powers"
},
{
"docid": "43461#16",
"text": "However, while the empire at times was extended to the north, the Qin could rarely hold on to the land for long. The tribes of these locations, collectively called the Hu by the Qin, were free from Chinese rule during the majority of the dynasty. Prohibited from trading with Qin dynasty peasants, the Xiongnu tribe living in the Ordos region in northwest China often raided them instead, prompting the Qin to retaliate. After a military campaign led by General Meng Tian, the region was conquered in 215 BC and agriculture was established; the peasants, however, were discontented and later revolted. The succeeding Han dynasty also expanded into the Ordos due to overpopulation, but depleted their resources in the process. Indeed, this was true of the dynasty's borders in multiple directions; modern Xinjiang, Tibet, Manchuria, Inner Mongolia, and regions to the southeast were foreign to the Qin, and even areas over which they had military control were culturally distinct.",
"title": "Qin dynasty"
}
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4218 | When was the first Age of Empires video game released? | [
{
"docid": "1932784#0",
"text": "Age of Empires is a series of historical real-time strategy video games, originally developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Studios. The first title of the series was \"Age of Empires\", released in 1997. Seven titles and three spin-offs have been released.",
"title": "Age of Empires"
},
{
"docid": "1932784#4",
"text": "\"Age of Empires\", released on October 26, 1997, was the first game in the series, as well as the first major release from Ensemble Studios. It was one of the first history-based real-time strategy games made, utilizing the Genie game engine. GameSpot described it as a mix of \"Civilization\" and \"\". The game gives players a choice of 12 civilizations to develop from the Stone Age to the Iron Age. The expansion pack, \"The Rise of Rome\", published by Microsoft on October 31, 1998, introduced new features and four new civilizations, including the Romans. Although the two games had contained many software bugs, patches resolved many of the problems.",
"title": "Age of Empires"
},
{
"docid": "21395883#21",
"text": "\"Age of Empires\" was a hit in the German market, where it debuted at #1 on 's sales rankings for the latter half of October 1997. After holding this position in the first half of November, it remained in Media Control's top 5 through the end of 1997. The following year, \"Age of Empires\" placed consistently in the top 3 through March, when it rose again to #1 in the last two weeks of the month. By the end of May, it had spent 28 consecutive weeks in Media Control's top rankings, with placements of fifth and eighth that month. \"Age of Empires\" proceeded to become the fourth-best-selling computer game in the German market during 1998's first nine months. It received a \"Gold\" award from the (VUD) in August, for sales of at least 100,000 units across Germany, Austria and Switzerland. Sales in the German market totaled 115,000 units by the end of September, and the VUD raised \"Age of Empires\" to \"Platinum\" status, for 200,000 sales, by November. At the 1999 Milia festival in Cannes, \"Age of Empires\" took home a \"Gold\" prize for revenues above €15 million in the European Union during 1998. It remained at 14th on Media Control's charts for the German region by January 1999, continuing a 60-week streak on the charts.",
"title": "Age of Empires (video game)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "21395883#1",
"text": "Originally touted as \"Civilization\" meets \"Warcraft\", some reviewers felt that the game failed to live up to these expectations when it was released. Despite this, it received generally good reviews, and an expansion pack, titled \"\", was released in 1998. Both the original \"Age of Empires\" and the expansion pack were later released as \"The Gold Edition\". A sequel, \"Age of Empires II\", was released in 1999. \"Age of Empires: Definitive Edition\", a remastered version of the game, was released on February 20, 2018.",
"title": "Age of Empires (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "25913875#1",
"text": "The first game in the series is based on the video game \"Age of Empires III\", and was originally titled Age of Empires III: The Age of Discovery before being renamed to Glenn Drover's Empires: The Age of Discovery in 2011 following the loss of the naming rights to the \"Age of Empires\" series. It was originally published in 2007 by Tropical Games, and is currently distributed by Drover's own publishing company, Eagle Games. The game may be played by up to five players, though pieces for a sixth player were available in limited supply, and are included in the \"Builders Expansion\", released in 2011 along with the renaming of the series.",
"title": "Glenn Drover's Empires: The Age of Discovery"
},
{
"docid": "638452#0",
"text": "Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings is a real-time strategy video game developed by Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft. Released in 1999 for Microsoft Windows and Macintosh, it is the second game in the \"Age of Empires\" series. An expansion, \"\", was released in 2000.",
"title": "Age of Empires II"
},
{
"docid": "21395883#20",
"text": "\"Age of Empires\" was also successful worldwide, according to Microsoft. It was released in 55 countries during its first four months, and over 650,000 copies were shipped globally by December 12. Microsoft reported that it was consistently the top-selling computer strategy title in the United States, France, Germany and the United Kingdom through January 1998. Globally, the game sold-through 850,000 units by February.",
"title": "Age of Empires (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "1495607#0",
"text": "Age of Empires III is a real-time strategy video game developed by Microsoft Corporation's Ensemble Studios and published by Microsoft Game Studios. The Mac version was ported over and developed and published by Destineer's MacSoft. The PC version was released on October 18, 2005 in North America and November 4, 2005 in Europe, while the Mac version was released on November 21, 2006 in North America and September 29, 2006 in Europe. An N-Gage version of the game developed by Glu Mobile was released on April 28, 2009. It is the third game of the \"Age of Empires\" series and the sequel to \"\".",
"title": "Age of Empires III"
},
{
"docid": "21395883#27",
"text": "In June 2017, Adam Isgreen, creative director of Microsoft Studios announced \"Age of Empires: Definitive Edition\" at the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2017. It features overhauled graphics with support for 4K resolution, a remastered soundtrack, and other gameplay improvements, and was planned to be released on October 19, 2017, but was delayed until February 20, 2018. \"Age of Empires: Definitive Edition\" was released through the Windows store and was met with mixed or average reviews and weighted score of 70 out of 100 in Metacritic. PC Gamer gave the game 60/100, calling the game \"solid remake of a game past its time\". GameSpot gave the game 6/10, praising its 4K graphics and upgraded soundtrack but criticizing old problems still persisting.",
"title": "Age of Empires (video game)"
},
{
"docid": "4483900#0",
"text": "Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs is the first expansion pack for the real-time strategy game \"Age of Empires III\". It was released on October 17, 2006 in the United States. The expansion pack was bundled with the full game of \"Age of Empires III\", called \"Age of Empires III Gold Edition\" on October 23, 2007. The Mac version was ported over, developed and published by Destineer's MacSoft. The full game for Mac was released on June 12, 2007 in the United States. It was followed by a second expansion pack to the original game called \"\".",
"title": "Age of Empires III: The WarChiefs"
},
{
"docid": "1932784#32",
"text": "The \"Age of Empires\" series has been a commercial success. As of 2008, five of its games have each sold more than one million copies. According to Gamasutra, \"Age of Empires\" had sold more than three million copies, and \"The Rise of Rome\" sold one million copies as of 2000. Around the same time, Microsoft announced that they shipped over two million copies of \"The Age of Kings\". In 2003, Microsoft announced the sales of one million copies for \"Age of Mythology\". By 2004—prior to the release of \"Age of Empires III\"—the \"Age of Empires\" franchise had sold over 15 million copies. On May 18, 2007, Ensemble Studios announced that two million copies of \"Age of Empires III\" had been sold.\nGames in the series have consistently scored highly on video game review aggregator websites GameRankings and Metacritic, which collect data from numerous review websites. As noted in the adjacent table, the highest rating game is \"Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings\", receiving a 92% score from both sites.",
"title": "Age of Empires"
}
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] |
4219 | When were Arabic numerals introduced to Europe? | [
{
"docid": "1786#16",
"text": "The reason the digits are more commonly known as \"Arabic numerals\" in Europe and the Americas is that they were introduced to Europe in the 10th century by Arabic-speakers of North Africa, who were then using the digits from Libya to Morocco. Arabs, on the other hand, call the base-10 system (not just these digits) \"Hindu numerals\", referring to their origin in India. This is not to be confused with what the Arabs call the \"Hindi numerals\", namely the Eastern Arabic numerals ( - - - - - - - - - ) used in the Middle East, or any of the numerals currently used in Indian languages (e.g. Devanagari: ).",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "280582#33",
"text": "From India, the thriving trade between Islamic sultans and Africa carried the concept to Cairo. Arabic mathematicians extended the system to include decimal fractions, and Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḵwārizmī wrote an important work about it in the 9th century. The modern Arabic numerals were introduced to Europe with the translation of this work in the 12th century in Spain and Leonardo of Pisa's \"Liber Abaci\" of 1201. In Europe, the complete Indian system with the zero was derived from the Arabs in the 12th century.",
"title": "Numerical digit"
},
{
"docid": "16166835#14",
"text": "Stefan of Pise translated into Latin around 1127 an Arab manual of medical theory. The method of algorism for performing arithmetic with Indian-Arabic numerals was developed by the Persian al-Khwarizmi in the 9th century, and introduced in Europe by Leonardo Fibonacci (1170–1250). A translation by Robert of Chester of the \"Algebra\" by al-Kharizmi is known as early as 1145. Ibn al-Haytham (Alhazen, 980–1037) compiled treatises on optical sciences, which were used as references by Newton and Descartes. Medical sciences were also highly developed in Islam as testified by the Crusaders, who relied on Arab doctors on numerous occasions. Joinville reports he was saved in 1250 by a “Saracen” doctor.",
"title": "Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe"
},
{
"docid": "85563#0",
"text": "Adelard of Bath (; 1080 1152 AD) was a 12th-century English natural philosopher. He is known both for his original works and for translating many important Arabic and Greek scientific works of astrology, astronomy, philosophy and mathematics into Latin from Arabic versions, which were then introduced to Western Europe. He is known as one of the first to introduce the Arabic numeral system to Europe. He stands at the convergence of three intellectual schools: the traditional learning of French schools, the Greek culture of Southern Italy, and the Arabic science of the East.",
"title": "Adelard of Bath"
},
{
"docid": "1786#11",
"text": "The first mentions of the numerals in the West are found in the \"Codex Vigilanus\" of 976.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1786#20",
"text": "Arabic numerals were introduced to China during the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368) by the Muslim Hui people. In the early 17th century, European-style Arabic numerals were introduced by Spanish and Portuguese Jesuits.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
},
{
"docid": "31743909#7",
"text": "During the early medieval era, Roman numerals were used in Europe to represent numbers, but the Arabs represented numbers using the Hindu numeral system, a positional notation that used ten symbols. In about 1202, Fibonacci published his book \"Liber Abaci\" (Book of Calculation) which introduced the concept of positional notation into Europe. These symbols evolved into the numerals \"0\", \"1\", \"2\" etc. At that time there was dispute regarding the difference between rational numbers and irrational numbers and there was no consistency in the way in which decimal fractions were represented.",
"title": "History of the metric system"
},
{
"docid": "25657#19",
"text": "By the 11th century, Arabic numerals had been introduced into Europe from al-Andalus, by way of Arab traders and arithmetic treatises. Roman numerals, however, proved very persistent, remaining in common use in the West well into the 14th and 15th centuries, even in accounting and other business records (where the actual calculations would have been made using an abacus). Replacement by their more convenient \"Arabic\" equivalents was quite gradual, and Roman numerals are still used today in certain contexts. A few examples of their current use are:",
"title": "Roman numerals"
},
{
"docid": "14220#50",
"text": "Leonardo of Pisa, now known as Fibonacci, serendipitously learned about the Hindu–Arabic numerals on a trip to what is now Béjaïa, Algeria with his merchant father. (Europe was still using Roman numerals.) There, he observed a system of arithmetic (specifically algorism) which due to the positional notation of Hindu–Arabic numerals was much more efficient and greatly facilitated commerce. Leonardo wrote \"Liber Abaci\" in 1202 (updated in 1254) introducing the technique to Europe and beginning a long period of popularizing it. The book also brought to Europe what is now known as the Fibonacci sequence (known to Indian mathematicians for hundreds of years before that) which was used as an unremarkable example within the text.",
"title": "History of mathematics"
},
{
"docid": "3393371#18",
"text": "In Christian Europe, the first mention and representation of Hindu-Arabic numerals (from one to nine, without zero), is in the \", an illuminated compilation of various historical documents from the Visigothic period in Spain, written in the year 976 by three monks of the Riojan monastery of San Martín de Albelda.\nBetween 967 and 969, Gerbert of Aurillac discovered and studied Arab science in the Catalan abbeys. Later he obtained from these places the book \" (\"On multiplication and division\"). After becoming Pope Sylvester II in the year 999, he introduced a new model of abacus, the so-called Abacus of Gerbert, by adopting tokens representing Hindu-Arab numerals, from one to nine.",
"title": "Hindu–Arabic numeral system"
},
{
"docid": "1786#17",
"text": "The European acceptance of the numerals was accelerated by the invention of the printing press, and they became widely known during the 15th century. Early evidence of their use in Britain includes: an equal hour horary quadrant from 1396, in England, a 1445 inscription on the tower of Heathfield Church, Sussex; a 1448 inscription on a wooden lych-gate of Bray Church, Berkshire; and a 1487 inscription on the belfry door at Piddletrenthide church, Dorset; and in Scotland a 1470 inscription on the tomb of the first Earl of Huntly in Elgin Cathedral. (See G.F. Hill, \"The Development of Arabic Numerals in Europe\" for more examples.) In central Europe, the King of Hungary Ladislaus the Posthumous, started the use of Arabic numerals, which appear for the first time in a royal document of 1456. By the mid-16th century, they were in common use in most of Europe. Roman numerals remained in use mostly for the notation of anno Domini years, and for numbers on clockfaces.",
"title": "Arabic numerals"
}
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] |
4220 | How long does a school year last in Germany? | [
{
"docid": "545577#1",
"text": "In most countries, the academic year begins in late summer or early autumn and ends during the following spring or summer. In Northern Hemisphere countries, this means that the academic year lasts from August, September, or October to May, June, or July. In Southern Hemisphere countries, the academic year aligns with the calendar year, lasting from February or March to November or December. The summer may or may not be part of the term system.",
"title": "Academic term"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "2001088#13",
"text": "Secondary education usually lasts for 4 years. In \"gimnázium\"s it can also last for 5, 6 or 8 years depending on how many years the student spent in primary school. Since 1997 the numbering of years in secondary school are following that of primary school (i. e. after the 8th grade of primary school the student goes to 9th grade, which is actually the 1st year of secondary school.)",
"title": "Education in Hungary"
},
{
"docid": "11867#103",
"text": "Responsibility for educational supervision in Germany is primarily organised within the individual federal states. Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four to six years. Secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different academic levels: the \"Gymnasium\" enrols the most gifted children and prepares students for university studies; the \"Realschule\" for intermediate students lasts six years and the \"Hauptschule\" prepares pupils for vocational education. The \"Gesamtschule\" unifies all secondary education.",
"title": "Germany"
},
{
"docid": "205187#48",
"text": "The summer holiday lasts six weeks in elementary school, and starts and ends in different weeks for the northern, middle and southern provinces to prevent families from all going on vacation simultaneously. For the six-week summer holidays of all high schools, the same system applies. Universities have longer holidays (about 2 months, but this may include re-examinations) and usually start the year in late August or early September. The summer holiday is followed by a one-week autumn holiday in the second half of October at all levels except for most research universities. At elementary and high school levels, the week depends on the north/middle/south division also used around the summer holidays. There is a two-week Christmas holiday that includes New Year's in the second half of December, and a one-week spring holiday in the second half of February (around Carnival). The last school holiday of the year is a one- or two-week May holiday around 27 April (Kings Day); sometimes including Ascension Day. Easter does not have a week of holiday, schools are only closed on Good Friday and Easter Monday. The summer holiday dates are compulsory, the other dates are government recommendations and can be changed by each school, as long as the right number of weeks is observed.",
"title": "Education in the Netherlands"
},
{
"docid": "11929#55",
"text": "Optional kindergarten education is provided for all children between three and six years old, after which school attendance is compulsory for at least nine years. Primary education usually lasts for four years and public schools are not stratified at this stage. In contrast, secondary education includes three traditional types of schools focused on different levels of academic ability: the \"Gymnasium\" enrols the most academically promising children and prepares students for university studies; the \"Realschule\" for intermediate students lasts six years; the \"Hauptschule\" prepares pupils for vocational education.",
"title": "Demographics of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "28022#15",
"text": "In much of continental Europe, the term \"school\" usually applies to primary education, with primary schools that last between four and nine years, depending on the country. It also applies to secondary education, with secondary schools often divided between \"Gymnasiums\" and vocational schools, which again depending on country and type of school educate students for between three and six years. In Germany students graduating from Grundschule are not allowed to directly progress into a vocational school, but are supposed to proceed to one of Germany's general education schools such as Gesamtschule, Hauptschule, Realschule or Gymnasium. When they leave that school, which usually happens at age 15–19 they are allowed to proceed to a vocational school. The term school is rarely used for tertiary education, except for some \"upper\" or \"high\" schools (German: Hochschule), which describe colleges and universities.",
"title": "School"
},
{
"docid": "17673535#0",
"text": "\" after twelve years, or \" in eight years (often abbreviated as \"G8\" or \"Gy8\") describes the reduction from the duration in the from nine to eight school years in many of the States of Germany. In the States Berlin, Brandenburg and Mecklenburg-Vorpommern the reduction took place from seven to six years because, there, primary education goes until grade 6. The principal argument for the reduction are the comparatively long times for vocational education in Germany.",
"title": "Abitur after twelve years"
},
{
"docid": "1831309#22",
"text": "While compulsory schooling in Switzerland is between 9 and 11 years long, many of the specifics of the system vary by canton. In most cases, kindergarten lasts 1 to 2 years, primary level lasts 6 years, and the lower secondary level 3 years. In Ticino, there is a third, non-mandatory, kindergarten year, primary lasts 5 years, followed by 4 years of lower secondary. In some German speaking cantons kindergarten and the first one or two years may be combined into a \"Grundstufe\" or \"Basisstufe\" where they are all taught together in a single class. In the French speaking cantons (FR, GE, JU, NE, VD, VS) kindergarten is combined with primary to create 2 primary levels, each 4 years long. In 17 cantons, it is compulsory to attend pre-school. In almost all cantons, the municipalities are obliged to provide at least one year of pre-school classes.",
"title": "Education in Switzerland"
},
{
"docid": "1978155#22",
"text": "At the time of the Bologna process, schools in most German states started changing from 13 school years to 12 years. (An exception are the states of Saxony and Thuringia, where Gymnasium has always lasted only 12 years ever since the German Reunification.) Most of the students going for a \"Diplom\" therefore spent 13 years in school before starting their university studies, while the younger Bachelor students nowadays may start one year earlier. (However, in some states, such as Rhineland-Palatinate or Schleswig-Holstein, the first class which completes school after 12 years will graduate as late as 2016.) Regarding international comparison, one may argue that British, Irish and French high school students have school also in the afternoons which could compensate with the (former) additional year of school attendance in Germany.\nNote: For the Diplom (FH) a student has to spend one to two obligatory semesters during his studies in a company. These semesters are included in the table. The study time is therefore one to two semesters shorter. Bachelor studies have them included in the table too. For the Diplom (Universität) those semesters are sometimes not included in the table.",
"title": "Diplom"
},
{
"docid": "11929#56",
"text": "In addition Germany has a comprehensive school known as the \"Gesamtschule\". While some German schools such as the Gymnasium and the Realschule have rather strict entrance requirements, the Gesamtschule does not have such requirements. They offer college preparatory classes for the students who are doing well, general education classes for average students, and remedial courses for those who aren't doing that well. In most cases students attending a Gesamtschule may graduate with the Hauptschulabschluss, the Realschulabschluss or the Abitur depending on how well they did in school.\nThe percentage of students attending a Gesamtschule varies by Bundesland. In 2007 the State of Brandenburg more than 50% of all students attended a Gesamtschule, while in the State of Bavaria less than 1% did.",
"title": "Demographics of Germany"
},
{
"docid": "73511#42",
"text": "High school students in Germany are often called plus given name () by their teachers when they enter the —the last 2 or 3 years of high school—around the age of 16.",
"title": "T–V distinction"
}
] | [
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4221 | When did Guiding Light premier? | [
{
"docid": "3944256#0",
"text": "The Guiding Light (known since 1975 as Guiding Light) was a long-running American television soap opera.\nOn June 30, 1952, \"The Guiding Light\" began airing on CBS television. From June 30, 1952 to June 29, 1956, \"The Guiding Light\" ran on both CBS television and radio, with the actors performing, the same scenes but for different audiences, live twice each weekday. The live television performances were in the morning, and then in the afternoon the actors read for the live radio show. On July 2, 1956, \"The Guiding Light\" became a CBS television show, only, and the show no longer was heard on radio. Episodes continued at 15 minutes in length.",
"title": "Guiding Light (1950–59)"
},
{
"docid": "191599#5",
"text": "\"The Guiding Light\" was broadcast first by CBS Television on June 30, 1952, replacing the canceled soap opera \"The First Hundred Years\". These episodes were also 15 minutes long. During the period from 1952 to 1956, \"The Guiding Light\" existed as both a radio and television serial, with actors recording their performances twice for each day that the shows were broadcast. The radio broadcast of \"The Guiding Light\" ceased production during 1956, ending this overlap.",
"title": "Guiding Light"
},
{
"docid": "191599#0",
"text": "Guiding Light (known as The Guiding Light before 1975) is an American television soap opera. It is listed in \"Guinness World Records\" as the longest-running drama in television in American history, broadcast on CBS for 57 years from June 30, 1952, until September 18, 2009, overlapping a 19-year broadcast on radio from 1937 to 1956. With it 72 years of radio and television runs, \"Guiding Light\" is the longest running soap opera before \"General Hospital\" and the fifth-longest running program in all of broadcast history; only the American country music radio program \"Grand Ole Opry\" (first broadcast in 1925), the BBC religious program \"The Daily Service\" (1928), the CBS religious program \"Music and the Spoken Word\" (1929), and the Norwegian children's radio program \"Lørdagsbarnetimen\" (1924-2010) have been on the air longer.",
"title": "Guiding Light"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "191599#45",
"text": "With this in mind, ABC and CBS acted to give a contending chance to both \"General Hospital\" and \"Guiding Light\" by expanding them to an hour in length. CBS did so first by expanding \"Guiding Light\" on November 7, 1977. This gained particular importance when ABC finally added 15 minutes to both \"One Life to Live\" and \"General Hospital\" on January 16, 1978, so that \"Guiding Light\" straddled those two programs, as well as the first half of sister P&G show \"Another World\" on NBC. Despite that \"General Hospital\" surprising all observers by skyrocketing from near-cancellation to the top place in the ratings with the various storylines, \"Guiding Light\" held its own while in direct competition with \"General Hospital\", still hit an upswing as the decade ended.",
"title": "Guiding Light"
},
{
"docid": "3944256#2",
"text": "In 1956, Phillips created \"As the World Turns\", which first started airing on April 2, 1956 on CBS. When the workload of writing both that show and \"The Guiding Light\" became too much for her, Phillips handed the reins at \"The Guiding Light\" to her protégé Agnes Nixon. There is some indication that Procter & Gamble and CBS may have forced Phillips out of writing for \"The Guiding Light\" when on the March 31, 1958 episode, popular heroine Katherine \"Kathy\" Roberts Lang Grant Holden (played by the equally popular Susan Douglas Rubeš) was killed off in a Phillips-created story. Kathy, confined to a wheelchair, was killed after being struck by a car. CBS was deluged with protest letters.",
"title": "Guiding Light (1950–59)"
},
{
"docid": "191599#47",
"text": "Overall, the first half of the 1980s saw a revival in \"Guiding Light's\" popularity, with a top-five placing achieved in most years and even a brief dethroning of then-powerhouse \"General Hospital\" from the #1 ratings spot for three consecutive weeks. However, as the decade progressed, the ratings slipped a bit, although it was still performing solidly. In 1995, beginning with CBS flagship station WCBS-TV in New York, \"Guiding Light\" began airing at 10 a.m. Eastern time in several markets. Its once-solid performance began to crumble by the mid-1990s, when its ratings sunk as low as ninth place out of ten. However, during the controversial clone storyline in 1998, the ratings experienced a brief resurgence, moving up to fifth for many weeks that summer. Nielsen reported \"Guiding Light\" had 5 million viewers in 1999.",
"title": "Guiding Light"
},
{
"docid": "3944302#3",
"text": "In May 1980, \"Guiding Light\" won its first Daytime Emmy for Outstanding Achievement in a Daytime Drama, although many were surprised the departing Michael Zaslow did not win the award for Outstanding Achievement as a Lead Actor for playing Roger Thorpe. (The scene that won the Emmy was Zaslow's \"hall of mirrors\" sequence with Lenore Kasdorf.)",
"title": "Guiding Light (1980–89)"
},
{
"docid": "3944288#8",
"text": "On November 5, 1975, the name was changed in the show's opening and closing visuals from \"The Guiding Light\" to \"Guiding Light\" in an attempt to modernize the show's image, and, at the same time, the show adopted the harp-and-string-laced \"Ritournelle,\" by Charles Paul, as its theme song, accompanied by a somewhat abstracted visual of sunlight filtering through leaves on a tree. The serial was still called \"The Guiding Light\" by CBS (and the show's staff announcers, most notably Alan Berns who began his tenure with the program in 1969 and would last as show announcer until the spring of 1997) until fall 1981, when \"The\" was completely dropped from references and a more upbeat musical theme was adopted.",
"title": "Guiding Light (1970–79)"
},
{
"docid": "3944278#18",
"text": "In January 1967, Dr. Sara McIntyre arrived in \"Springfield\" and Cedars. Sara's specialty was psychology and she was known as a psychologist who would soon be called upon to help many of the residents in \"Springfield\" through some rather harsh emotional crisis. But Sara also did work in other areas of medicine, including in operations with Dr. Steve Jackson, Dr. Joe Werner and Dr. Ed Bauer. At this time, Joe considered Sara somewhat of usurper when it came to being involved in medicine. As it turned out Joe was actually quite chauvinistic when it came to Sara \"and\" woman in medicine, thinking that a woman's \"place\" was in the home not in an operating room or anywhere else in a hospital other than as a nurse. Sara though knew how to put Joe in his place and eventually started to win him over that she was just as capable as he was as a doctor. Sara also had a romantic past with Dr. Paul Fletcher. This romantic past between Sara and Paul, caused the already severely depressed Robin Fletcher to sink further into depression. This depression of Robin's would get so severe, that by October 1967, the writers of \"The Guiding Light\" recycled a story line and device used to kill off Robin's mother, Kathy, nearly a decade earlier, by having Robin Lang Holden Bowden Fletcher throw herself into oncoming traffic, which was just as unpopular with viewers as it was in 1958 when what happened to Kathy happened.",
"title": "Guiding Light (1960–69)"
},
{
"docid": "191599#20",
"text": "Bridget and Jerome Dobson assumed the head writing duties of \"As the World Turns\" in late 1979. Former actor Douglas Marland, assumed the head writing reins of \"Guiding Light\" in 1979. He introduced many new characters, including the Reardon family. During May 1980, \"Guiding Light\" won its first Outstanding Drama Series Daytime Emmy. One of Marland’s stories featured the character of Carrie Todd Marler, played by Jane Elliot. Carrie was diagnosed with multiple personalities. Marland had barely delved into her psychosis when Elliot's contract was abruptly terminated by Executive Producer Allen M. Potter in 1982. As a result, Marland resigned in protest.",
"title": "Guiding Light"
},
{
"docid": "3944288#10",
"text": "Although there had been one remote location shooting on \"The Guiding Light\" both in the summer of 1969 and the summer of 1970 in the English countryside of Great Britain, remote location shooting picked up speed in the last two years of the 1970s on \"Guiding Light\" starting with shooting of a pair of story lines, one that took place in Nassau, Bahamas in June 1978 and then Santo Domingo in July to September 1978. This was also another pressure that CBS and Procter & Gamble put the \"Guiding Light\" under in the last two years of the 1970s due to the other more popular soaps doing the same. (Prior to 1975, when the last two soaps, \"As the World Turns\" and \"The Edge of Night\" went from airing live to tape, remote location shooting was considered rare in soaps and also too expensive for their budgets.) In the fall of 1978, the show would have some of the cast shoot outside the studios in New York City and also shoot in upstate New York at the same time. (Ed Bauer's mansion house and the Spaulding mansion house, had some of the location shooting done in upstate New York at the time, and that would be seen, again, in the 1980s and 1990s.) In 1979, there would be further remote location shooting for the show done in Saint Lucia, Puerto Rico, Florida and other parts of the Caribbean.",
"title": "Guiding Light (1970–79)"
}
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4222 | What is the first part of an IP address? | [
{
"docid": "38404#4",
"text": "An IP address is interpreted as composed of two parts: a network-identifying prefix followed by a host identifier within that network. In the previous classful network architecture, IP address allocations were based on the bit boundaries of the four octets of an IP address. An address was considered to be the combination of an 8, 16, or 24-bit network prefix along with a 24, 16, or 8-bit host identifier respectively. Thus, the smallest allocation and routing block contained only 256 addresses—too small for most enterprises, and the next larger block contained addresses—too large to be used efficiently even by large organizations. This led to inefficiencies in address use as well as inefficiencies in routing, because it required a large number of allocated class-C networks with individual route announcements, being geographically dispersed with little opportunity for route aggregation.",
"title": "Classless Inter-Domain Routing"
},
{
"docid": "14921#4",
"text": "An IP address serves two principal functions. It identifies the host, or more specifically its network interface, and it provides the location of the host in the network, and thus the capability of establishing a path to that host. Its role has been characterized as follows: \"A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.\"\nThe header of each IP packet contains the IP address of the sending host, and that of the destination host.",
"title": "IP address"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "1323247#6",
"text": "The first specification of IP tunneling was in RFC 1075, which described DVMRP, the first IP multicast routing protocol. Because multicast used special IPv4 addresses, testing DVMRP required a way to get IP datagrams across portions of the Internet that did not yet recognize multicast addresses. This was solved by IP tunneling. The first approach to IP tunneling used an IP Loose Source Route and Record (LSRR) Option to hide the multicast address from the non-multicast aware routers. A multicast-aware destination router would remove the LSRR option from the packet and restore the multicast IP address to the packet's IP destination field. The other approach in the DVMRP specification was IP in IP, as described above. IP in IP soon became the preferred approach, and was later put to use in the Mbone.",
"title": "IP tunnel"
},
{
"docid": "57836368#5",
"text": "The first deployment scenario is where the network operator provides a hybrid CPE router to each subscriber but no specialised equipment in the operator's network. There are two possible configurations for IP addresses. A first deployment scenario is to allocate different IP addresses to the wired and wireless interfaces. In this case, the hybrid CPE router needs to load-balance intelligently the packets over the two networks. In particular, it must ensure that all packets belonging to a given TCP connection are sent over the same interface. A second deployment scenario is to allocate the same IP address to both the wired and the wireless networks and configure the routing in these networks to ensure that packets or correctly routed.",
"title": "Hybrid Access Networks"
},
{
"docid": "622150#3",
"text": "The hosts file contains lines of text consisting of an IP address in the first text field followed by one or more host names. Each field is separated by white space – tabs are often preferred for historical reasons, but spaces are also used. Comment lines may be included; they are indicated by an octothorpe (#) in the first position of such lines. Entirely blank lines in the file are ignored. For example, a typical hosts file may contain the following:\nThis example only contains entries for the loopback addresses of the system and their host names, a typical default content of the hosts file. The example illustrates that an IP address may have multiple host names (\"localhost\" and \"loopback\"), and that a host name may be mapped to both IPv4 and IPv6 IP addresses, as shown on the first and second lines respectively.",
"title": "Hosts (file)"
},
{
"docid": "14539#23",
"text": "The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP), which provides addressing systems, including IP addresses, for computers on the network. IP enables internetworking and, in essence, establishes the Internet itself. Internet Protocol Version 4 (IPv4) is the initial version used on the first generation of the Internet and is still in dominant use. It was designed to address up to ≈4.3 billion (10) hosts. However, the explosive growth of the Internet has led to IPv4 address exhaustion, which entered its final stage in 2011, when the global address allocation pool was exhausted. A new protocol version, IPv6, was developed in the mid-1990s, which provides vastly larger addressing capabilities and more efficient routing of Internet traffic. IPv6 is currently in growing deployment around the world, since Internet address registries (RIRs) began to urge all resource managers to plan rapid adoption and conversion.",
"title": "Internet"
},
{
"docid": "14921#9",
"text": "The term \"subnet mask\" is only used within IPv4. Both IP versions however use the CIDR concept and notation. In this, the IP address is followed by a slash and the number (in decimal) of bits used for the network part, also called the \"routing prefix\". For example, an IPv4 address and its subnet mask may be and , respectively. The CIDR notation for the same IP address and subnet is , because the first 24 bits of the IP address indicate the network and subnet.",
"title": "IP address"
},
{
"docid": "436706#7",
"text": "No formal specification of this textual IP address representation exists. The first mention of this format in RFC documents was in RFC 780 for the Mail Transfer Protocol published May 1981, in which the IP address was supposed to be enclosed in brackets or represented as a 32bit decimal integer prefixed by a pound sign. A table in RFC 790 (\"Assigned Numbers\") used the dotted decimal format, zero-padding each number to three digits. RFC 1123 (\"Requirements for Internet Hosts – Application and Support\") from October 1989 mentions a requirement on host software to accept “IP address in dotted-decimal (\"#.#.#.#\") form”, although it notes “[t]his last requirement is not intended to specify the complete syntactic form for entering a dotted-decimal host number”. A separate IETF draft to define textual representation of IP addresses expired.",
"title": "Dot-decimal notation"
},
{
"docid": "2527345#16",
"text": "IPv4 multicast packets are delivered using the Ethernet MAC address range 01:00:5e:00:00:00–01:00:5e:7f:ff:ff (with an OUI owned by the IANA). This range has 23 bits of available address space. The first octet (01) includes the broadcast/multicast bit. The lower 23 bits of the 28-bit multicast IP address are mapped into the 23 bits of available Ethernet address space. This means that there is ambiguity in delivering packets. If two hosts on the same subnet each subscribe to a different multicast group whose address differs only in the first 5 bits, Ethernet packets for both multicast groups will be delivered to both hosts, requiring the network software in the hosts to discard the unrequired packets.",
"title": "IP multicast"
},
{
"docid": "14921#13",
"text": "Classful network design allowed for a larger number of individual network assignments and fine-grained subnetwork design. The first three bits of the most significant octet of an IP address were defined as the \"class\" of the address. Three classes (\"A\", \"B\", and \"C\") were defined for universal unicast addressing. Depending on the class derived, the network identification was based on octet boundary segments of the entire address. Each class used successively additional octets in the network identifier, thus reducing the possible number of hosts in the higher order classes (\"B\" and \"C\"). The following table gives an overview of this now obsolete system.",
"title": "IP address"
},
{
"docid": "14921#8",
"text": "IP networks may be divided into subnetworks in both IPv4 and IPv6. For this purpose, an IP address is recognized as consisting of two parts: the \"network prefix\" in the high-order bits and the remaining bits called the \"rest field\", \"host identifier\", or \"interface identifier\" (IPv6), used for host numbering within a network. The subnet mask or CIDR notation determines how the IP address is divided into network and host parts.",
"title": "IP address"
}
] | [
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4223 | When did the TV series The Vampire Diaries first air? | [
{
"docid": "26999285#0",
"text": "\"The Vampire Diaries\" is an American fantasy-drama television series which was first broadcast on The CW from 2009 to 2017, airing 171 episodes over 8 seasons. Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec adapted the TV series from L.J. Smith's novel series of the same name. Some of the characters appeared in the spin-off series, \"The Originals\".",
"title": "List of The Vampire Diaries characters"
},
{
"docid": "3399015#7",
"text": "Three trilogies followed: \"The Secret Circle\" (1992), \"The Forbidden Game\" (1994) and \"Dark Visions\" (1995). The first installment of \"Night World\" series was published in 1996, followed by eight more over the next two years. \nIn 1998, Smith began a decade-long hiatus from writing, returning in 2008 with a new website and a series of new short stories. \"The Vampire Diaries\" series was reissued in 2007, followed by reprintings of \"The Secret Circle\" trilogy and \"Night World\" series in 2008–2009. \"The Night of the Solstice\" and \"Heart of Valor\" were also reissued in 2008. Three new \"Vampire Diaries\" installments were published in 2009 and 2010. The series was later adapted into a TV series (\"The Vampire Diaries\") in 2009, as well as \"The Secret Circle\", which became a TV series of the same name in 2011.",
"title": "L. J. Smith (author)"
},
{
"docid": "26832480#0",
"text": "\"Pilot\" is the pilot episode of The CW television series, \"The Vampire Diaries\", as well as the first episode of the series. It originally aired on Thursday, September 10, 2009. The teleplay was written by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec and it directed by Marcos Siega.",
"title": "Pilot (The Vampire Diaries)"
},
{
"docid": "22823014#14",
"text": "The series premiere of \"The Vampire Diaries\" on September 10, 2009, gave The CW its biggest series premiere, scoring 4.91 million viewers. Adding in DVR numbers, the ratings for the premiere swelled to an official 5.7 million viewers. In 2016, a \"New York Times\" study of the 50 TV shows with the most Facebook Likes found that \"as with several other shows that focus on the supernatural\", \"The Vampire Diaries\" was \"slightly more popular outside of cities. That said, the show's fandom has the smallest amount of spatial variation of all 50 shows\".",
"title": "The Vampire Diaries"
},
{
"docid": "22823014#0",
"text": "The Vampire Diaries is an American supernatural drama television series developed by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec, based on the popular book series of the same name written by L. J. Smith. The series premiered on The CW on September 10, 2009, and concluded on March 10, 2017, airing 171 episodes over eight seasons.",
"title": "The Vampire Diaries"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "38395797#5",
"text": "On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a back-door pilot of \"The Vampire Diaries\" entitled \"The Originals\" focusing on the Original family of vampires was in the works. The pilot aired in April 2013 as part of \"The Vampire Diaries\" fourth season. It was soon after picked up for series by The CW, which will air its first season in the 2013–14 season. Joseph Morgan reprises his role as Klaus. It also stars \"The Vampire Diaries\" actors Daniel Gillies, Claire Holt and Phoebe Tonkin as well as new cast members. This second spin-off attempt is carried out by Julie Plec, with no involvement by Kevin Williamson.",
"title": "Julie Plec"
},
{
"docid": "40462680#0",
"text": "\"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" is the premiere episode of the fifth season of the American series \"The Vampire Diaries\", and the series' 90th episode overall. \"I Know What You Did Last Summer\" was originally aired on October 3, 2013, on The CW. The episode was written by Caroline Dries and directed by Lance Anderson.",
"title": "I Know What You Did Last Summer (The Vampire Diaries)"
},
{
"docid": "38440928#2",
"text": "\"The Originals,\" a spin-off from \"The Vampire Diaries,\" centers around three of the Mikaelson siblings: Klaus (Joseph Morgan), Elijah (Daniel Gillies), and Rebekah (Claire Holt). The Mikaelson family is called \"the Originals\" as they are the first vampires to ever exist. Niklaus \"Klaus\" Mikaelson is a descendant of a witch and a werewolf, and his quest to unleash his hybrid nature was detailed in \"The Vampire Diaries\". The backdoor pilot, which aired on April 25, 2013, also revealed that the werewolf Hayley (Phoebe Tonkin) is pregnant with Klaus's child. The series begins with the Original siblings returning to the city of New Orleans for the first time since 1919, where a pregnant Hayley has also settled. Having originally built the city, they had been forced to abandon it when fleeing from their vengeful father. In their absence, Klaus's protégé, Marcel (Charles Michael Davis), took charge of the city. Klaus resolves that they must take down Marcel and get back the city that once belonged to them. While doing that they must also protect their city from a war brewing between vampires, werewolves, and witches. Over time, new and old friendships are formed, love is in the air, death surrounds them, and the Originals learn more about their own family past. The first season describes how Klaus's mystical child is going to be born and speaks of the threats that the Originals together must keep her safe from. The second season deals with the return of Klaus and his siblings' parents, and the arrival of an aunt who threatens the baby's life. The third season shows the Mikaelsons facing both a prophecy that speaks of their downfall, and the first-sired vampires who have wanted revenge for a millennium. The fourth season jumps ahead five years, with the Mikaelsons returning to New Orleans and having to face a reawakened ancient menace set on destroying anything in its path. The fifth and final season of the series takes place seven years after the fourth season, with Hope now being a teenager at a school for supernatural children, the Salvatore Boarding School for the Young and Gifted.On January 11, 2013, it was announced that a backdoor pilot focused on the Originals, starring Joseph Morgan as Klaus and titled \"The Originals\" would air sometime in April for a potential series pick-up for the 2013–2014 season. On April 26, 2013, \"The Originals\" was confirmed for a full series. This second spin-off attempt will be overseen by Julie Plec, with no involvement by Kevin Williamson. \"The Originals\" was officially picked up by The CW on April 26, 2013, for the 2013–14 season. Season one of \"The Originals\" was set to premiere on Tuesday, October 15. However, on July 29, 2013, The CW announced that the series premiere would instead air on October 3, 2013, following the fifth-season premiere of \"The Vampire Diaries\" in order to attract fans of the series. On October 10, 2013, the CW ordered three additional scripts for the series. On November 11, 2013, the CW decided to order a full season for \"The Originals\".",
"title": "The Originals (TV series)"
},
{
"docid": "41825250#0",
"text": "\"The Turning Point\" is the tenth episode of the first season of The CW television series, \"The Vampire Diaries\" and the tenth episode of the series overall. It originally aired on November 19, 2009. The episode's story was written by Barbie Kligman and the teleplay by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. It was directed by J. Miller Tobin.",
"title": "The Turning Point (The Vampire Diaries)"
},
{
"docid": "35300822#0",
"text": "\"Bloodlines\" is the eleventh episode of the first season of The CW television series \"The Vampire Diaries\", and the eleventh episode of the series overall. It originally aired on January 21, 2010. The episode's story was written by Sean Reycraft and the teleplay by Kevin Williamson and Julie Plec. It was directed by David Barrett.",
"title": "Bloodlines (The Vampire Diaries)"
}
] | [
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] |
4224 | What is Venus' atmosphere made of? | [
{
"docid": "4462942#14",
"text": "Tim Callahan, religion editor of \"Skeptic\", presses the case further in claiming that the composition of the atmosphere of Venus is a complete disproof of \"Worlds in Collision\". \"...Velikovsky's hypothesis stands or falls on Venus having a reducing atmosphere made up mainly of hydrocarbons. In fact, the atmosphere of Venus is made up mainly of carbon dioxide—carbon in its \"oxidized\" form—along with clouds of sulfuric acid. Therefore, it couldn't have carried such an atmosphere with it out of Jupiter and it couldn't be the source of hydrocarbons to react with oxygen in our atmosphere to produce carbohydrates. Velikovsky's hypothesis is falsified by the carbon dioxide atmosphere of Venus.\"",
"title": "Worlds in Collision"
},
{
"docid": "6410946#38",
"text": "In 1761, Russian polymath Mikhail Lomonosov observed an arc of light surrounding the part of Venus off the Sun's disc at the beginning of the egress phase of the transit and concluded that Venus has an atmosphere. In 1940, Rupert Wildt calculated that the amount of CO in the Venusian atmosphere would raise surface temperature above the boiling point for water. This was confirmed when Mariner 2 made radiometer measurements of the temperature in 1962. In 1967, Venera 4 confirmed that the atmosphere consisted primarily of carbon dioxide.",
"title": "Atmosphere of Venus"
},
{
"docid": "6410946#0",
"text": "The atmosphere of Venus is the layer of gases surrounding Venus. It is composed primarily of carbon dioxide and is much denser and hotter than that of Earth. The temperature at the surface is 740 K (467 °C, 872 °F), and the pressure is 93 bar (9.3 MPa), roughly the pressure found underwater on Earth. The Venusian atmosphere supports opaque clouds made of sulfuric acid, making optical Earth-based and orbital observation of the surface impossible. Information about the topography has been obtained exclusively by radar imaging. Aside from carbon dioxide, the other main component is nitrogen. Other chemical compounds are present only in trace amounts.",
"title": "Atmosphere of Venus"
},
{
"docid": "12829661#0",
"text": "The surface of Venus is dominated by volcanic features and has more volcanoes than any other planet in the Solar System. It has a surface that is 90% basalt, and about 65% of the planet consists of a mosaic of volcanic lava plains, indicating that volcanism played a major role in shaping its surface. There are more than 1,000 volcanic structures and possible periodic resurfacing of Venus by floods of lava. The planet may have had a major global resurfacing event about 500 million years ago, from what scientists can tell from the density of impact craters on the surface. Venus has an atmosphere rich in carbon dioxide, with a density that is 90 times greater than Earth's atmosphere.",
"title": "Volcanology of Venus"
},
{
"docid": "3528649#5",
"text": "Venus's atmosphere is made mostly out of carbon dioxide, which, after filtering from sulfuric acid, can be used to grow food. Because nitrogen and oxygen are lighter than the carbon-dioxide that makes the atmosphere, breathable-air-filled balloons will float at a height of about . At this height, the temperature is a manageable ; or if we could get higher (see ).",
"title": "Colonization of Venus"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "632331#13",
"text": "The existence of an atmosphere on Venus was concluded by Mikhail Lomonosov on the basis of his observation of the transit of Venus of 1761 from the Imperial Academy of Sciences of St. Petersburg. He used a two-lens achromat refractor and a weak solar filter (smoked glass) and reported seeing a bump or bulge of light (\"Lomonosov's arc\") off the solar disc as Venus began to exit the Sun. Lomonosov attributed that effect to refraction of solar rays through an atmosphere; he also reported the appearance of a sliver around the part of Venus that had just entered the Sun's disk during the initial phase of transit. In 2012, Pasachoff and Sheehan reported, based on knowing what Venus's atmosphere would look like because of Pasachoff and Schneider's observations of the 2004 transit of Venus, that what Lomonosov reported was not Venus's atmosphere. To make a decisive test, a group of researchers carried out experimental reconstruction of Lomonosov's discovery of Venusian atmosphere with antique refractors during the transit of Venus on 5–6 June 2012. They observed the \"Lomonosov's arc\" and other aureole effects due to Venus's atmosphere and concluded that Lomonosov's telescope was fully adequate to the task of detecting the arc of light around Venus off the Sun's disc during ingress or egress if proper experimental techniques as described by Lomonosov in his 1761 paper are employed.",
"title": "Transit of Venus"
},
{
"docid": "29824#3",
"text": "The renowned astronomer Carl Sagan proposed the planetary engineering of Venus in an article published in the journal \"Science\" in 1961. Sagan imagined seeding the atmosphere of Venus with algae, which would convert water, nitrogen and carbon dioxide into organic compounds. As this process removed carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, the greenhouse effect would be reduced until surface temperatures dropped to \"comfortable\" levels. The resulting carbon, Sagan supposed, would be incinerated by the high surface temperatures of Venus, and thus be sequestered in the form of \"graphite or some involatile form of carbon\" on the planet's surface. However, later discoveries about the conditions on Venus made this particular approach impossible. One problem is that the clouds of Venus are composed of a highly concentrated sulfuric acid solution. Even if atmospheric algae could thrive in the hostile environment of Venus's upper atmosphere, an even more insurmountable problem is that its atmosphere is simply far too thick—the high atmospheric pressure would result in an \"atmosphere of nearly pure molecular oxygen\" and cause the planet's surface to be thickly covered in fine graphite powder. This volatile combination could not be sustained through time. Any carbon that was fixed in organic form would be liberated as carbon dioxide again through combustion, \"short-circuiting\" the terraforming process.",
"title": "Terraforming"
},
{
"docid": "50431227#7",
"text": "The refined density of TRAPPIST-1b, along with the planet's transmission spectrum, indicate that its atmosphere is made mainly of vaporized water. The atmosphere has likely risen the planet's surface temperature to about 750-1500 K, which would require an atmospheric pressure between 10 (10) to 10 (10,000) bar, potentially thicker than Venus's atmosphere. TRAPPIST-1b's atmosphere is likely very similar to that of Venus.",
"title": "TRAPPIST-1b"
},
{
"docid": "41202851#5",
"text": "The atmosphere of Venus is known to have undergone substantial evolution over geologic time. Evidence for this includes the present remarkable contrast between Venus’ atmosphere and the Earth’s: Venus has very little water, a 95% CO atmosphere, a surface temperature of 750 K, and a surface pressure of 90 bar. The early Venusian atmosphere is thought to have undergone either a moist or runaway greenhouse heating episode to produce these conditions, and this would have included hydrodynamic escape of light gases from the upper atmosphere to deplete possibly as much as an ocean of water. Support for this scenario comes from the measured ratio of D/H in Venus' atmosphere of roughly 1.6% from the Pioneer Venus mass spectrometer, orbiting ion mass spectrometer (OIMS) data, and IR spectra of the night-side atmosphere. This large enhancement over cosmic abundances is consistent with the loss of an ocean's worth of HO over geologic time.",
"title": "Venus Spectral Rocket Experiment"
},
{
"docid": "4923982#28",
"text": "Venus could also be cooled by placing reflectors in the atmosphere. Reflective balloons floating in the upper atmosphere could create shade. The number and/or size of the balloons would necessarily be great. Geoffrey A. Landis has suggested that if enough floating cities were built, they could form a solar shield around the planet, and could simultaneously be used to process the atmosphere into a more desirable form, thus combining the solar shield theory and the atmospheric processing theory with a scalable technology that would immediately provide living space in the Venusian atmosphere. If made from carbon nanotubes or graphene (a sheet-like carbon allotrope), then the major structural materials can be produced using carbon dioxide gathered \"in situ\" from the atmosphere. The recently synthesised amorphous carbonia might prove a useful structural material if it can be quenched to Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) conditions, perhaps in a mixture with regular silica glass. According to Birch's analysis, such colonies and materials would provide an immediate economic return from colonizing Venus, funding further terraforming efforts.",
"title": "Terraforming of Venus"
}
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4228 | What is the oldest building in Oslo? | [
{
"docid": "218115#3",
"text": "To the southeast of the park is Oslo’s oldest building – Aker Kirke, built around 1100, but restored from ruins around 1860, and then again in the 1950s in a more authentic style. Next to the church is the cemetery Vår Frelsers gravlund, created in 1808 as a result of the great famine and cholera epidemic of the Napoleonic Wars. The nearby area around Damstredet and Telthusbakken is interesting since it retains the small town character of Oslo in the first part of the 19th century.",
"title": "St. Hanshaugen"
},
{
"docid": "7283579#0",
"text": "Old Aker Church () is a medieval era church located in Oslo, Norway. An active parish, the church is the oldest existing building in Oslo. The church is surrounded by Old Aker Cemetery.",
"title": "Old Aker Church"
},
{
"docid": "7283579#1",
"text": "Old Aker Church was built as a three-naved Romanesque style basilica and constructed from limestone. It is believed to have been erected by King Olav Kyrre in 1080 as a church for all of Vingulmark, the historic area surrounding Oslo. The grounds of Old Aker Church were originally likely the former site of the regional thing during the pre-Christian period.",
"title": "Old Aker Church"
},
{
"docid": "7283579#4",
"text": "The church was built over the former site of the Akerberg mines (\"Akersberg gruve\"), an ancient silver mine which was in use since the early Viking era. The mines are mentioned in the 1170 \"Historia Norvegiae\". The existence of these former mines must have been the inspiration for a number of local stories about the church having hidden silver treasures and even dungeons with dragons.\nOld Aker Cemetery () is the cemetery of Old Aker Church. Like the church, the cemetery dates back to the Middle Ages. The cemetery is located adjacent to the newer Cemetery of Our Saviour, which was established in 1808. Several notable people are interred in the cemetery.",
"title": "Old Aker Church"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "52793886#0",
"text": "Gamle rådhus (English: The Old Town Hall) is a building with a long history in Oslo, Norway. It is one of the oldest buildings in the Norwegian capital. It was built as the first town hall in Christiania (a former name of the City of Oslo, not to be confused with the Old Town, Oslo) in 1641. The construction of the town hall got financial support by King Christian IV. The building has historically been used for many purposes. A restaurant was appointed in a side wing in 1856 and moved to the main house in 1925. From 1980 to 2010 a theatre museum was located in the side wing of the first floor. The Old Town Hall is listed and protected by law by the Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.",
"title": "Gamle rådhus (Oslo)"
},
{
"docid": "36261639#0",
"text": "The Old Town of Oslo (, ) is a neighborhood in the inner city of Oslo, Norway, belonging to the borough of Gamle Oslo and is the oldest urban areas within the current capital. This part of the capital of Norway was simply called Oslo until 1925 while the city as a whole was called \"Kristiania\". Oslo's old town was established with the urban structure around year 1000 and was the capital of Norway's dominion in 1314. Old Town core area (i.e. the southern and the central part of Old Town) has several ruins of stone and brick lying above ground, and large amounts of protected culture underground. The core area also has a listed 1700s buildings. Towards Ekeberg slope and further up are some 17th and 18th-century wooden houses that are zoned for conservation under the Planning and Building Act, though there exist in the Old Town many four-storey brick houses, built at the end of the 1800s, and some heritage railway buildings from different eras.",
"title": "Old Town, Oslo"
},
{
"docid": "651964#1",
"text": "King Frederik VI of Denmark later acquired the estate and subsequently gifted the property to the University of Christiania in 1812. In 1814, work began on the University Botanical Garden. The University of Oslo's oldest building, Tøyen Manor (\"Tøyen hovedgaard\"), is located in the garden. . Today the historic Tøyen Manor houses temporary exhibitions and a café for staff and visitors.",
"title": "University Botanical Garden (Oslo)"
},
{
"docid": "26952895#1",
"text": "The oldest building on the lot is a house built in 1867 for Colonel F.P.L. Næser by architect Wilhelm von Hanno. From 1926, the house was the residence of German minister Edmund Rohmberg, and later by Curt Bräuer. The building closest to Drammensveien, was built by the Germans in 1926, and drawn by Oscar Hoff. After the conclusion of World War II, the building was seized by the Norwegian government and made available for the Soviet Union.",
"title": "Embassy of Russia in Oslo"
},
{
"docid": "36187016#5",
"text": "The church has seating for just 200 people. It is one of the oldest churches in Oslo that is still in use. The main building is from 1796. The Stone Building is from 1737. In 1880, seating was added and changes were made to the altar and pulpit. From 1934 to 1939, extensive restoration reestablished the look of 1796. The pulpit from 1880 hangs above the altar but is not in use.",
"title": "Gamlebyen Church"
},
{
"docid": "22342880#1",
"text": "Oslo Kunstforening is located at \"Rådhusgata 19\". The gallery, situated in one of the oldest houses in the Kvadraturen area, is the oldest art gallery in Norway. During the year, many varied shows are organized within the fields of drawing, painting, photography, lithography, textile, collage and sculpture. There is usually a new exhibition every month. The gallery features temporary exhibitions of Contemporary Art.",
"title": "Oslo Kunstforening"
},
{
"docid": "10967463#0",
"text": "The Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo (\"Oslo Bispeborg\") was the residence of the Roman Catholic bishops of Oslo. The estate is located in what is now called Gamlebyen (old town) in Oslo, Norway. Various remnants of the medieval bishop's original palace are still visible.\nThe construction was begun around 1210 by the then bishop, Nikolas Arnesson, continuing through to the early 14th century. The palace built in stone replaced a previous bishop's residence built in wood, established in the 12th century. The main buildings were surrounded by tall walls, and from a tower, a wooden bridge connected the palace to the neighboring Hallvards Cathedral. The palace was built like a fortified castle. \nTogether with the cathedral, the palace was not only a religious centre in Middle Age Oslo, it was also of significant political importance. The first agreement of union between Norway and Sweden was signed in the bishop's palace just after the death of Håkon V of Norway, in 1319.",
"title": "Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo"
},
{
"docid": "19279074#2",
"text": "He is most associated with his work on Tostrup Yard (\"Tostrupgården\"), a business premises on Karl Johans Gate in Oslo. The structure was designed by architects Christian Fürst, Torolf Prytz, and Waldemar Hansteen and built between 1896-1898. The five story building was one of the oldest in Norway with load-bearing structures in steel. It was also among the first to have an elevator and use electric lighting.",
"title": "Waldemar Hansteen"
},
{
"docid": "17167151#0",
"text": "The Broadcasting House (in Norwegian, \"Kringkastingshuset\"), also known as the Radio House (\"Radiohuset\") or the White House (\"Det hvite hus\"), is the oldest building of the NRK headquarters at Marienlyst, Oslo. The other main building is known as the Television House.",
"title": "Broadcasting House (Oslo)"
}
] | [
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4230 | What is Canada's number one industry? | [
{
"docid": "5195#1",
"text": "Canada is unusual among developed countries in the importance of the primary sector, with the logging and oil industries being two of Canada's most important. Canada also has a sizable manufacturing sector, based in Central Canada, with the automobile industry and aircraft industry being especially important. With the world's longest coastline, Canada has the 8th largest commercial fishing and seafood industry in the world. Canada is one of the global leaders of the entertainment software industry. It is a member of the APEC, NAFTA, G7, G20, OECD and WTO.",
"title": "Economy of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "5195#24",
"text": "The service sector in Canada is vast and multifaceted, employing about three quarters of Canadians and accounting for 70% of GDP. The largest employer is the retail sector, employing almost 12% of Canadians. The retail industry is concentrated mainly in a small number of chain stores clustered together in shopping malls. In recent years, there has been an increase in the number of big-box stores, such as Wal-Mart (of the United States), Real Canadian Superstore, and Best Buy (of the United States). This has led to fewer workers in this sector and a migration of retail jobs to the suburbs.\nThe second largest portion of the service sector is the business service and hire only a slightly smaller percentage of the population. This includes the financial services, real estate, and communications industries. This portion of the economy has been rapidly growing in recent years. It is largely concentrated in the major urban centres, especially Toronto, Montreal and Vancouver (see Banking in Canada).",
"title": "Economy of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "5195#0",
"text": "The economy of Canada is a highly developed mixed economy with 10th largest GDP by nominal and 16th largest GDP by PPP in the world. As with other developed nations, the country's economy is dominated by the service industry, which employs about three quarters of Canadians. Canada has the fourth highest total estimated value of natural resources, valued at US$33.2 trillion in 2016. It has the world's third largest proven petroleum reserves and is the fourth largest exporter of petroleum. It is also the fourth largest exporter of natural gas. Canada is considered an \"energy superpower\" due to its abundant natural resources and small population.",
"title": "Economy of Canada"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "5195#6",
"text": "About 4% of Canadians are directly employed in primary resource fields, and they account for 6.2% of GDP. They are still paramount in many parts of the country. Many, if not most, towns in northern Canada, where agriculture is difficult, exist because of a nearby mine or source of timber. Canada is a world leader in the production of many natural resources such as gold, nickel, uranium, diamonds, lead, and in recent years, crude petroleum, which, with the world's second-largest oil reserves, is taking an increasingly prominent position in natural resources extraction. Several of Canada's largest companies are based in natural resource industries, such as Encana, Cameco, Goldcorp, and Barrick Gold. The vast majority of these products are exported, mainly to the United States. There are also many secondary and service industries that are directly linked to primary ones. For instance one of Canada's largest manufacturing industries is the pulp and paper sector, which is directly linked to the logging business.",
"title": "Economy of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "7104843#11",
"text": "A great deal of emphasis is placed on the Canadian diamond industry as a welcome alternative to the blood or conflict diamonds mined in Africa. Canada was one of the main supporters of the Kimberly process, a certification initiative created in 2000 to help deter the trade of conflict diamonds. All diamonds mined and cut in the Northwest Territories of Canada are laser inscribed with a unique identification number so that retailers can assure they are conflict-free stones. \nTaking another oppositional cue from Africa and the disastrous impacts their mining programs had on the surrounding ecosystems, all Canadian diamond mines are overseen by the Canada Mining Regulations for the Northwest Territories. This program ensures the preservation of surrounding land and aquatic habitats.",
"title": "Canadian diamonds"
},
{
"docid": "43830954#2",
"text": "In Canada the home renovation industry is at least $70 billion in size (in USA over $300 billion). Exact numbers for Canada are not certain as some figures suggest that more than 50% of the business is cash based, and hence possibly unreported. As such the industry in Canada is almost as big as the finance and insurance one.",
"title": "Myreno411"
},
{
"docid": "5195#29",
"text": "Canada is one of the few developed nations that is a net exporter of energy—in 2009 net exports of energy products amounted to 2.9% of GDP. Most important are the large oil and gas resources centred in Alberta and the Northern Territories, but also present in neighbouring British Columbia and Saskatchewan. The vast Athabasca oil sands give Canada the world's third largest reserves of oil after Saudi Arabia and Venezuela according to USGS. In British Columbia and Quebec, as well as Ontario, Saskatchewan, Manitoba and the Labrador region, hydroelectric power is an inexpensive and relatively environmentally friendly source of abundant energy. In part because of this, Canada is also one of the world's highest per capita consumers of energy. Cheap energy has enabled the creation of several important industries, such as the large aluminum industries in British Columbia and Quebec.",
"title": "Economy of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "5192#35",
"text": "The fisheries industry has historically been one of Canada's strongest. Unmatched cod stocks on the Grand Banks off Newfoundland launched this industry in the 16th century. Today these stocks are nearly depleted, and their conservation has become a preoccupation of the Atlantic Provinces. On the West Coast, tuna stocks are now restricted. The less depleted (but still greatly diminished) salmon population continues to drive a strong fisheries industry. Canada claims of territorial sea, a contiguous zone of , an exclusive economic zone of and a continental shelf of or to the edge of the continental margin.",
"title": "Geography of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "53276123#0",
"text": "Insurance Bureau of Canada (IBC) is the national industry association representing Canada’s private home, auto and business insurers. It was established in 1964. Its member companies represent 90% of the Canadian property and casualty (P&C) insurance market. IBC works on a number of fronts to increase public understanding of home, auto and business insurance. Public understanding is also fostered through IBC’s five regional consumer centres, where trained personnel with years of industry and government relations experience answer tens of thousands of consumer inquiries each year.",
"title": "Insurance Bureau of Canada"
},
{
"docid": "372478#43",
"text": "Canada has the third largest video game industry in terms of employment numbers. The video game industry has also been booming in Montreal since 1997, coinciding with the opening of Ubisoft Montreal. Recently, the city has attracted world leading game developers and publishers studios such as Ubisoft, EA, Eidos Interactive, Artificial Mind and Movement, BioWare, Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and Strategy First, mainly because video games jobs have been heavily subsidized by the provincial government. Every year, this industry generates billions of dollars and thousands of jobs in the Montreal area. Vancouver has also developed a particularly large cluster of video game developers, the largest of which, Electronic Arts, employs over two thousand people. The \"Assassin's Creed\" series, along with the \"Tom Clancy\" series have all been produced in Canada and have achieved worldwide success. For consumers, the largest video games convention in Canada is the Enthusiast Gaming Live Expo (EGLX).",
"title": "Video game industry"
},
{
"docid": "31756912#0",
"text": "Canada has the third largest video game industry in terms of employment numbers following those in the US and in Japan, with 20,400 employees, 472 companies, and a direct annual economic impact of nearly $3 billion added to Canada's GDP in 2015. Video game development is beginning to rival the film and television production industry as a major contributor to the economy.",
"title": "Video gaming in Canada"
}
] | [
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] |
4231 | When was Kim Hong-il born? | [
{
"docid": "53214072#0",
"text": "Hong Il-chon (, born 1942) was the first wife of Kim Jong-il. She was the daughter of a soldier who died during the Korean War. In the early 1960s, Kim Il-sung, father of Kim Jong-il, introduced her to his son and handpicked her to marry him in 1966. Her only daughter is named Kim Hye-gyong, born in 1968, and is the first child of Kim Jong-il. They divorced in 1969.",
"title": "Hong Il-chon"
},
{
"docid": "49447276#3",
"text": "Kim Jong-il was born in February 1941 to Kim Il-sung and Kim Jong-suk in Siberia in the Russian Federal Republic, Soviet Union where his father had been in exile because of his guerilla activities. North Korean propaganda, however, dates Kim Jong-il's birth to 16 February 1942 and locates it at the Mount Paektu area in Korea, the mythical place of origin of the Korean people, where Kim Il-sung supposedly ran a guerilla camp. In reality, the guerillas were based in Manchuria at the time and Kim himself had been to the Soviet Far East before and after Kim Jong-il's birth.",
"title": "Day of the Shining Star"
},
{
"docid": "2782697#5",
"text": "Kim Jong-suk married Kim Il Sung in the Soviet Union, most likely in 1941. On February 16, 1941 (or 1942, sources vary), in the Soviet village of Vyatskoye, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to Kim Jong-il, who was given the Russian name \"Yuri Irsenovich Kim,\" and the nickname \"Yura.\" In 1944, Kim Jong-suk gave birth to a second son, Kim Man-il in Korean and \"Alexander\" or \"Shura\" in Russian. In 1946, she gave birth to daughter, Kim Kyŏng-hŭi. Augustina Vardugina, a woman from Vyatskoye, was in her teens when Kim Il-sung’s guerrilla group camped there. She remembers Kim Jong-suk, and how she would come to the village to barter military rations for chicken and eggs. Her son, Kim Jong-il, would be holding her hand.",
"title": "Kim Jong-suk"
},
{
"docid": "154099#0",
"text": "Kim Jong-il (officially transcribed Kim Jong Il; ; ; 16 February 1941 – 17 December 2011) was the second Supreme Leader of North Korea. He ruled from the death of his father Kim Il-sung, the first Supreme Leader of North Korea, in 1994 until his own death in 2011. He was an unelected dictator and was often accused of human rights violations.",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "41477321#8",
"text": "Kim Il-sung married twice and had six children. He met his first wife, Kim Jong-suk, in 1936, and she bore Kim Jong-il, Kim Man-il, and Kim Kyong-hui before dying while bearing a stillborn daughter. Kim Jong-suk was born 24 December 1917 in Hoeryong in (North) Hamgyo’ng Province. Her family and she fled Korea to Yanji, Jilin (Kirin) Province around 1922. In October 1947, Kim Jong-suk presided over the establishment of a school for war orphans in South P’yo’ngan Province, which became the Mangyo’ngdae Revolutionary School. When the school opened in west Pyongyang one year after its foundation, Kim Jong Suk also unveiled the country's first statue to Kim Il-sung. In 1949, Kim Jong-suk was once again pregnant. She continued public activities, but her health diminished. She died on 19 September 1949 due to complications from pregnancy. Kim Il-sung had three children with his second wife, Kim Song-ae: Kim Kyong-il (born 1951), Kim Pyong-il (born 1953), and Kim Yong-il (born 1955). He had two younger brothers, Kim Chol-ju and Kim Yong-ju and a sister.",
"title": "Kim dynasty (North Korea)"
},
{
"docid": "154099#4",
"text": "Soviet records show that Kim was born Yuri Irsenovich Kim () in 1941 in the village of Vyatskoye, near Khabarovsk, where his father, Kim Il-sung, commanded the 1st Battalion of the Soviet 88th Brigade, made up of Chinese and Korean exiles. Kim Jong-il's mother, Kim Jong-suk, was Kim Il-sung's first wife. Inside his family, he was nicknamed \"Yura\", while his younger brother Kim Man-il (born Alexander Irsenovich Kim) was nicknamed \"Shura\".",
"title": "Kim Jong-il"
},
{
"docid": "19718837#33",
"text": "Kim Il-sung married twice. His first wife, Kim Jong-suk (1919–1949), gave birth to two sons before her death in childbirth during the delivery of a stillborn girl. Kim Jong-il was his oldest son. The other son (Kim Man-il, or Shura Kim) of this marriage died in 1947 in a swimming accident. Kim married Kim Sung-ae in 1952, and it is believed he had three children with her: Kim Yŏng-il (not to be confused with the former Premier of North Korea of the same name), Kim Kyŏng-il and Kim Pyong-il. Kim Pyong-il was prominent in Korean politics until he became ambassador to Hungary. Since 2015 Kim Pyong-il has been ambassador to the Czech Republic. Kim was reported to have other children with women he was not married to. They included Kim Hyŏn-nam (born 1972, head of the Propaganda and Agitation Department of the Workers' Party since 2002).",
"title": "Kim Il-sung"
},
{
"docid": "57389641#2",
"text": "Kim was born on 23 September 1898 in Ryongchon County, North Pyongan Province. At age 15, shortly after the beginning of Japanese rule over Korea, he went to Fengtian (today Liaoning), China to attend a primary school there. He returned to Korea and at the age of 18 entered the in Chongju. He later became an instructor at the Gyeongsin School in Sinchon County, Hwanghae Province, but his involvement in agitation against Japanese rule as a member of the alumni association of the Osan School resulted in his imprisonment.",
"title": "Kim Hong-il (general)"
},
{
"docid": "30454388#1",
"text": "Kim Won-il was born on March 15, 1942 in Gimhae, Gyeongsangnam-do. Kim was only a child when his father, a communist activist, defected to the North during the Korean War. The father left his wife and four children behind, to a legacy of great poverty and a cloud of ideological suspicion. Kim attended Daegu Agriculture High School, and holds bachelor's degrees from Sorabol College of Arts and Yeungnam University and a master's degree in Korean Literature from Dankook University.",
"title": "Kim Won-il"
},
{
"docid": "41317278#1",
"text": "Kim Yo-jong was born the daughter of Kim Jong-il and his wife Ko Yong-hui on 26 September 1988. She and her brother, Kim Jong-un, are said to have a close relationship, due to shared isolated years while studying together in Switzerland from 1996 to 2000, and in North Korea, \"where social and emotional isolation appears to have been a defining force in their early lives\" possibly because their father Kim Jong-Il wanted to bring them up away from the influence of his father Kim Il-sung. She may have studied at the Kim Il-sung Military University after her return. She also studied computer science at Kim Il-sung University where she is said to have studied with Kim Eun-gyong, the daughter of Japanese abductee Megumi Yokota.",
"title": "Kim Yo-jong"
},
{
"docid": "41477321#6",
"text": "Kim Il-sung was born in Mangyongdae-guyok to Methodist parents. His father Kim Hyong-jik was 15 when he married Kang Pan-sok two years his elder. Kim Hyong-jik had attended a school founded by Protestant missionaries, which influenced his own family. Kim Hyong-jik became a father at the age of 17, and left school to work as a teacher in a nearby school he once attended. He later practiced Chinese herbal medicine as a doctor. Kim Hyong-jik protested against Japanese rule, and was arrested several times for his activism. He was a founding member of the Korean National Association in 1917, participated in the 1919 March 1st Movement, and fled Korea for Manchuria with his wife and young Kim Il-sung in 1920. There is a teacher's college named for him in Pyongyang.",
"title": "Kim dynasty (North Korea)"
}
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4232 | When was Colette Justine born? | [
{
"docid": "30027385#0",
"text": "Colette Justine better known as Colette and from 2001 Colette Lumiere (born 1952 in Tunis, Tunisia) is a French-born, American multimedia artist known for her pioneering work in performance art, street art and her use of photography constructed photograph. She is also known for her work exploring male and female gender roles, different guises and personas and for her soft fabric environments where she often appears as the central element.",
"title": "Colette Justine"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "30027385#13",
"text": "In 1978 Colette staged a mock death in an installation/performance at the Downtown Whitney titled \"The Last Stitch\" part of the \"Out of the House\" exhibition. She performed her resurrection at PS1 now part of MOMA a few days later as \"Justine and the Victorian Punks\" (the first in a series of living personas). Justine armed with Colette's vision posed as a recording star, fashion designer, inventor & conceptualizer of products - \"The Beautiful Dreamer\" (Colette) doll, perfume, beautiful dreamer bed, fashions, lps etc... And was the head of the Colette's estate.",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#6",
"text": "In 1975 Colette was asked to participate in \"Fashion as Fantasy\" at Rizzoli's bookstore. In this fashion/art event (co-curated by Frederico Suro), a larger-than-life perforated light box of Colette was featured, while throughout the store and its windows Colette performed as \"Ragdoll\" with veiled breasts, a Victorian corset, bloomers and boots. Images of her \"look\" and her habit of wearing and incorporating undergarments began to appear not only in art publications, but also in fashion and popular press: \"Art News\", \"Women's Wear Daily\", and \"Daily News\". References to Colette's look worn in art and life, are still made as having inspired a young Madonna and later Lady Gaga. During this time Colette begun to be referred to as a \"walking performance\".",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#25",
"text": "By 1992 Colette returned to New York and made it once again her primary residence, while continuing to travel and exhibit abroad, especially to Munich and Berlin. During that time her art was represented by the Dorsky Gallery where she exhibited new works from the Bavarian adventure and \"the figures come to life\". In 1990 the Rempire Gallery in SoHo presented \"Through the Looking glass\" and \"Love in ruins /the artist and her Muse\"_ The works from \"The secret lives of Count and Countess Reichenbach\" were featured among other works referring to other muses, friends, and well-known personages: a portrait of Frida Kahlo and a large light box \"the bath\" with a young Jeff Koons- (made from a still image of her video \"Justine & the Boys\"). The Persona Olympia\" emerged in 1990 in Munich when she was beginning the process of returning to New York permanently. In 1991, her work was exhibited with Joseph Beuys, John Armedledder in the group show \"The Invisible Body\" curated by Alan Jones at the Rempire Gallery in NYC.",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#24",
"text": "In 1990 in an exhibition in Munich at Carol Johnssen Gallery \"Visits to the Normal World\" Colette began to use the name Olympia. It was the first of seven solo shows at that gallery. In 1991 she presented her Colettesized commissioned portraits in \"The Aristocrats\"; among the portraits of local aristocrats were Leslie and Dedlef Von Waggonheim, Kiki and Eckbert Von Buehlen & Urbach; and an installation featuring \"The Unnunciation\". The subject Colette as \"the Countess Reichenbach\" (with her then boyfriend actor Misha Tregor (\"Count Reichenbach\") a regular at the Kammerspiele theater in Munich). In 1991",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#14",
"text": "In 1978 Fiorucci invited her to do an exhibition, which included a sleeping installation performance in the windows of the West 59th Street store in NYC. Soon after, Fiorucci began using live models in the store and Colette's \"Victorian Punk Look\" became part of the 1980s NYC \"Downtown New Wave\" world. In 1979 Emilio Fiorucci commissioned her to create a line of clothes for the store. Her \"Deadly Feminine Line\" was showcased in the windows of the boutique and Colette staged a fashion art performance at the Mudd Club in celebration.",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#34",
"text": "Other shows and highlights of that period concentrated on reaching larger audiences and Colette began using the label \"C.I.A. - Colette Institute of Art\" and its no 1. Moto - \"Fight Terror with Glamor, also \" beware of When In Pink \". She presented her C.I.A. (Colette institute of Art) with an installation performance on April 1st at the NYC club\" Crowbar\". In \"Domestic Bliss\" (1994), an arresting vision that featured a long pink table with Lumiere plates, could be seen from the streets of Rosenthal's Madison Avenue Rosenthal's Show Room. The Mannequin replacing Colette, was attached to a long table with a train containing at its end a large pile of record albums size artworks from \"The Story of my life\" series.(78-)",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#15",
"text": "During that year, Banco gallery in Brescia, Italy presented \"Les actions de Justine\"; a mostly blue satin installation with slide projections. She posed as \"the Pietà\" in it for its opening. In the second room of the gallery, her record album covers, collages embedded in satin, which recorded her life as \"Justine\" were exhibited.\nIn 1979 in a store window art exhibition curated by Peter Pakesh held in department stores over the city of Graz, Austria. In her window at K&O, Justine of the Colette is dead Co. posed as a recording star in a white satin environment in her \"Victorian Look\" promoting her conceptual \"beautiful Dreamer Lp\" (not yet released). Her music played outside on the streets. Concurrently she transformed one of the large mirror rooms of the Neue Gallery for the exhibition \"Masculin Feminin\" (curated by Klaus Honnef) as Justine's Disco Punk Church Club. This term has currently surfaced in the music industry to describe current music.\nIn an installation at Victoria Falls, a vintage boutique on Spring St. NYC, she presented her multimedia spectacle \"Ripping myself Off\". Clothes she designed, inspired by her image, which had filtered into the commercial world, were displayed inside the store. In its windows she posed as Joan of Arc, in a work entitled \"Paranoia is heightened awareness\". For its opening a fashion show was staged including the song \"Ripping Myself Off\" she co-wrote with Albert Crabtree.",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#20",
"text": "In 1985 during her stay in Berlin, Three monographs were published on her work: 1.\"From Silk To Marble\" - a series of photographs of Colette transforming herself with a white sheet into sculptures of different periods of history, thus documented the style and fashion of that period.were exhibited with an opening performance re-enacting the images live. Künstlerhaus Bethanien (with the Torkil Gudnason) helped her document the images right before her departure to Berlin. 2.\"Colette new works and paintings\" - 85 for her solo show at the Berlin Kunstverein (published by Kammerer & Unverzagt) and 3.\"Art on Stage\", distributed by the Stadtische Galerie Nordon (Germany). Colette presented a multimedia installation / performance with her works on the stage of its auditorium. Its co-publisher was Daniel Newburg Gallery (New York Gallery which represented her work during that period).",
"title": "Colette Justine"
},
{
"docid": "30027385#1",
"text": "Colette's first performance/photo work took place in 1970 when she had herself photographed as \"Liberty Leading the People\" after Delacroix. She presented this work to the public in 1972. In an installation, composed of white parachute silk, embedded lighting, [lightboxes, lavender-painted floors inscribed with her personal code and audios, she posed as Liberté. This tableau vivant could also be viewed from the windows of the gallery. Fred McDarrah photographed it for \"The Village Voice\" in January 1973.",
"title": "Colette Justine"
}
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4233 | How common is acetaminophen poisoning? | [
{
"docid": "9651517#0",
"text": "Hydrocodone/paracetamol, also known as hydrocodone/acetaminophen, is the combination of the pain medications hydrocodone and paracetamol (acetaminophen). It is used to treat moderate to severe pain. It is taken by mouth. Recreational use is common in the United States.\nCommon side effects include dizziness, sleepiness, constipation, and vomiting. Serious side effects include addiction, respiratory depression (a decreased effort to breathe), low blood pressure, serotonin syndrome, severe allergic reactions, and liver failure. Use during pregnancy may harm the baby. Use with alcohol is not recommended. Hydrocodone works by binding to the mu-opioid receptor. How acetaminophen works is unclear.\nHydrocodone/paracetamol was approved for medical use in the United States in 1982. In the United States it is a schedule II controlled substance. In 2016 it was the 13th most prescribed medication in the United States with more than 43 million prescriptions. It is not available in the United Kingdom. It is sold under the trade name Vicodin among others.",
"title": "Hydrocodone/paracetamol"
},
{
"docid": "19690848#0",
"text": "Paracetamol poisoning, also known as acetaminophen poisoning, is caused by excessive use of the medication paracetamol (acetaminophen). Most people have few or non-specific symptoms in the first 24 hours following overdose. This may include feeling tired, abdominal pain, or nausea. This is typically followed by a couple of days without any symptoms after which yellowish skin, blood clotting problems, and confusion occurs as a result of liver failure. Additional complications may include kidney failure, pancreatitis, low blood sugar, and lactic acidosis. If death does not occur, people tend to recover fully over a couple of weeks. Without treatment some cases will resolve while others will result in death.\nParacetamol poisoning can occur accidentally or as an attempt to end one's life. Risk factors for toxicity include alcoholism, malnutrition, and the taking of certain other medications. Liver damage results not from paracetamol itself, but from one of its metabolites, \"N\"-acetyl-\"p\"-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI). NAPQI decreases the liver's glutathione and directly damages cells in the liver. Diagnosis is based on the blood level of paracetamol at specific times after the medication was taken. These values are often plotted on the Rumack-Matthew nomogram to determine level of concern.\nTreatment may include activated charcoal if the person presents soon after the overdose. Attempting to force the person to vomit is not recommended. If there is a potential for toxicity, the antidote acetylcysteine is recommended. The medication is generally given for at least 24 hours. Psychiatric care may be required following recovery. A liver transplant may be required if damage to the liver becomes severe. The need for transplant is often based on low blood pH, high blood lactate, poor blood clotting, or significant hepatic encephalopathy. With early treatment liver failure is rare. Death occurs in about 0.1% of cases.\nParacetamol poisoning was first described in the 1960s. Rates of poisoning vary significantly between regions of the world. In the United States more than 100,000 cases occur a year. In the United Kingdom it is the medication responsible for the greatest number of overdoses. Young children are most commonly affected. In the United States and the United Kingdom paracetamol is the most common cause of acute liver failure.",
"title": "Paracetamol poisoning"
},
{
"docid": "2540987#49",
"text": "Some common household chemicals are particularly dangerous to dogs:Poisoning with pain medications is common. Aspirin, paracetamol (acetaminophen, Tylenol), ibuprofen (Advil), and naproxen (Aleve) can all cause severe clinical signs in dogs, including vomiting blood, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. Specifically, aspirin can cause metabolic acidosis and bleeding disorders, acetaminophen can cause liver disease, ibuprofen can cause kidney disease, and naproxen can cause ulcers in the stomach, which can perforate. Treatment depends on the clinical signs.",
"title": "Dog health"
},
{
"docid": "19690848#31",
"text": "Many over-the-counter and prescription-only medications contain paracetamol. Because of its wide availability paired with comparably high toxicity, (compared to ibuprofen and aspirin) there is a much higher potential for overdose. Paracetamol toxicity is one of the most common causes of poisoning worldwide. In the United States, the United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand, paracetamol is the most common cause of drug overdoses. Additionally, in both the United States and the United Kingdom it is the most common cause of acute liver failure.",
"title": "Paracetamol poisoning"
},
{
"docid": "19690848#32",
"text": "In England and Wales an estimated 41,200 cases of paracetamol poisoning occurred in 1989 to 1990, with a mortality of 0.40%. It is estimated that 150 to 200 deaths and 15 to 20 liver transplants occur as a result of poisoning each year in England and Wales. Paracetamol overdose results in more calls to poison control centers in the US than overdose of any other pharmacological substance, accounting for more than 100,000 calls, as well as 56,000 emergency room visits, 2,600 hospitalizations, and 458 deaths due to acute liver failure per year. A study of cases of acute liver failure between November 2000 and October 2004 by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in the USA found that paracetamol was the cause of 41% of all cases in adults, and 25% of cases in children.",
"title": "Paracetamol poisoning"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "10933090#89",
"text": "On the same day, the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals announces that \"fears of widespread contamination of pet food with acetaminophen are unfounded,\" confirming the results of FDA investigators. The ASPCA collaborated with toxicologists with the California Animal Health and Food Safety System at the University of California, Davis. They found no acetaminophen contamination in three cans of the same food that tested positive for acetaminophen at a Texas laboratory. Additionally, since the cat that had eaten the food suffered kidney, but not liver, failure, acetaminophen poisoning seems unlikely.",
"title": "Timeline of the 2007 pet food recalls"
},
{
"docid": "19283730#8",
"text": "Acetaminophen (APAP) is a very common drug used to treat pain. High doses of acetaminophen has been shown to produce severe hepatotoxicity after being biotransformed to produce reactive intermediates. Acetaminophen is metabolized by CYP2E1 to produce NAPQI, which then causes significant oxidative stress due to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS can cause cellular damage in a multitude of ways, a few of which being DNA and mitochondrial damage and depletion of antioxidant enzymes such as glutathione. In terms of drug-drug interactions, acetaminophen activates CAR, a nuclear receptor involved in the production of metabolic enzymes, which increases the metabolism of other drugs. This could either cause reactive intermediates/drug activity to persist for longer than necessary, or the drug will be cleared quicker than normal and prevent any therapeutic actions from occurring. Ethanol induces CYP2E1 enzymes in the liver, which can lead to increased NAPQI formation in addition to that formed by acetaminophen.",
"title": "Pharmacotoxicology"
},
{
"docid": "2919530#13",
"text": "Many herbal and antioxidant remedies have been advocated for chronic liver disease but the evidence is not conclusive. Some support may be found in the orthodox medical use of two of these: N-acetyl cysteine (NAC), is the treatment of choice for acetaminophen overdose; both NAC and milk-thistle (Silybum marianum) or its derivative silibinin are used in liver poisoning from certain mushrooms, notably Amanita phalloides, although the use of milk-thistle is controversial. Some common herbs are known or suspected to be harmful to the liver, including black cohosh, ma huang, chaparral, comfrey, germander, greater celandine, kava, mistletoe, pennyroyal, skull cap and valerian.",
"title": "Chronic liver disease"
},
{
"docid": "322197#12",
"text": "Over-the-counter drugs, like acetaminophen, aspirin, or NSAIDs(ibuprofen, Naproxen, Ketoprofen), can be effective but tend to only be helpful as a treatment for a few times in a week at most. For those with gastrointestinal problems (ulcers and bleeding) acetaminophen is the better choice over aspirin, however both provide roughly equivalent pain relief. It is important to note that large daily doses of acetaminophen should be avoided as it may cause liver damage especially in those that consume 3 or more drinks/day and those with pre-existing liver disease. Ibuprofen, one of the NSAIDs listed above, is a common choice for pain relief but may also lead to gastrointestinal discomfort.",
"title": "Tension headache"
},
{
"docid": "19690848#16",
"text": "One strategy for reducing harm done by acetaminophen overdoses is selling paracetamol pre-combined in tablets either with an emetic or an antidote. Paradote was a tablet sold in the UK which combined 500 mg paracetamol with 100 mg methionine, an amino acid formerly used in the treatment of paracetamol overdose.",
"title": "Paracetamol poisoning"
},
{
"docid": "102502#19",
"text": "There is no known antidote for pennyroyal toxicity. Case studies involving pennyroyal poisonings have reported the use of gastric lavages and administration of emetics, or vomiting inducing agents, like activated charcoal. As glutathione depletion has been shown to regulate liver toxification, administration of N-acetylcysteine in similar doses as given for acetaminophen toxicity have been given to patients.",
"title": "Mentha pulegium"
},
{
"docid": "1226250#13",
"text": "Zone 1 (periportal) occurs in phosphorus poisoning or eclampsia.\nZone 2 (mid-zonal), although rare, is seen in yellow fever.\nZone 3 (centrilobular) occurs with ischemic injury, toxic effects, carbon tetrachloride exposure, or chloroform ingestion. In acute acetaminophen overdose, toxification occurs, mostly in Zone III which has the highest level of P450 micro-enzymes. That fact along with Zone III's decreased oxygen level helps to explain why it is preferentially one of the initial sites of damage.",
"title": "Acute liver failure"
},
{
"docid": "19690848#2",
"text": "The second phase occurs between 24 h and 72 h following overdose and consists of signs of increasing liver damage. In general, damage occurs in liver cells as they metabolize the paracetamol. The individual may experience right upper quadrant abdominal pain. The increasing liver damage also changes biochemical markers of liver function; International normalized ratio (INR) and the liver transaminases ALT and AST rise to abnormal levels. Acute kidney failure may also occur during this phase, typically caused by either hepatorenal syndrome or multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. In some cases, acute kidney failure may be the primary clinical manifestation of toxicity. In these cases, it has been suggested that the toxic metabolite is produced more in the kidneys than in the liver.",
"title": "Paracetamol poisoning"
}
] | [
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4234 | What states are at the Four Corners? | [
{
"docid": "432420#0",
"text": "The Four Corners is a region of the United States consisting of the southwestern corner of Colorado, southeastern corner of Utah, northeastern corner of Arizona, and northwestern corner of New Mexico. The Four Corners area is named after the quadripoint at the intersection of approximately 37° north latitude with 109° 03' west longitude, where the boundaries of the four states meet, and are marked by the Four Corners Monument. It is the only location in the United States where four states meet. Most of the Four Corners region belongs to semi-autonomous Native American nations, the largest of which is the Navajo Nation, followed by Hopi, Ute, and Zuni tribal reserves and nations. The Four Corners region is part of a larger region known as the Colorado Plateau and is mostly rural, rugged, and arid. In addition to the monument, commonly visited areas within Four Corners include Monument Valley, Mesa Verde National Park, Chaco Canyon, Canyons of the Ancients National Monument and Canyon de Chelly National Monument. The most populous city in the Four Corners region is Farmington, New Mexico, followed by Durango, Colorado.",
"title": "Four Corners"
},
{
"docid": "47270#0",
"text": "The Four Corners Monument marks the quadripoint in the Southwestern United States where the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah meet. It is the only point in the United States shared by four states, leading to the area being named the Four Corners region. The monument also marks the boundary between two semi-autonomous Native American governments, the Navajo Nation, which maintains the monument as a tourist attraction, and the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe Reservation.",
"title": "Four Corners Monument"
},
{
"docid": "5634554#38",
"text": "The Four Corners Monument is the only point in the United States where four states meet: Colorado, Utah, New Mexico, and Arizona meet at right angles. The United States first acquired the area now called Four Corners from Mexico after the Mexican–American War in 1848. In 1863 Congress created Arizona Territory from the western part of New Mexico Territory. The boundary was defined as a line running due south from the southwest corner of Colorado Territory, which had been created in 1861. By defining one boundary as starting at the corner of another Congress ensured the eventual creation of four states meeting at a point, regardless of the inevitable errors of boundary surveying. The monument is centered at .",
"title": "Quadripoint"
},
{
"docid": "432420#5",
"text": "Six governments have jurisdictional boundaries at the Four Corners Monument: the states of Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah, as well as the tribal governments of the Navajo Nation and Ute Mountain Ute Tribe. The Four Corners Monument itself is administered by the Navajo Nation Department of Parks and Recreation. Other tribal nations within the Four Corners region include the Hopi and other Ute. The Four Corners is home to the capital of the Navajo tribal government at Window Rock, Arizona. The Ute Mountain Ute Tribal headquarters are located at Towaoc, Colorado.",
"title": "Four Corners"
},
{
"docid": "371797#0",
"text": "Four Corners is a region in the southwestern United States where the corners of Colorado, Utah, New Mexico and Arizona meet.",
"title": "Four Corners (disambiguation)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "47270#2",
"text": "The monument where \"visitors can simultaneously straddle the territory of four states\" is maintained as a tourist attraction by the Navajo Nation Parks and Recreation Department. Unlike many other attractions based on what are (or were) primarily political boundaries, such as the Berlin Wall, Four Corners Monument is an example of a political boundary that is a tourist destination in its own right. The monument consists of a granite disk embedded with a smaller bronze disk around the point, surrounded by smaller, appropriately located state seals and flags representing both the states and tribal nations of the area. Circling the point, starting from north, the disk reads with two words in each state \"Here meet in freedom under God four states\". Around the monument, local Navajo and Ute artisans sell souvenirs and food. An admission fee is required to view and photograph the monument. The monument is a popular tourist attraction despite its remote and isolated location. As early as 1908, people traveled long distances to take pictures of family and friends at the monument in Twister-like poses, sitting on the disk, in a circle of friends or family around the disk, or for couples to kiss directly over the disk.",
"title": "Four Corners Monument"
},
{
"docid": "432420#1",
"text": "The United States acquired the four corners region from Mexico after the end of the Mexican–American War in 1848. In 1863 Congress created Arizona Territory from the western part of New Mexico Territory. The boundary was defined as a line running due south from the southwest corner of Colorado Territory, which had been created in 1861. This was an unusual act of Congress, which almost always defined the boundaries of new territories as lines of latitude or longitude, or following rivers. By defining one boundary as starting at the corner of another Congress ensured the eventual creation of four states meeting at a point, regardless of the inevitable errors of boundary surveying. The area was first surveyed by the U.S. Government in 1868 as part of an effort to make Colorado Territory into a state, the first of the Four Corners states formed. The first marker was placed at the spot in 1912. The first Navajo tribal government was established in 1923 to regulate an increasing number of oil exploration activities on Navajo land.",
"title": "Four Corners"
},
{
"docid": "31460288#0",
"text": "Four Corners is an unincorporated community residential community in San Diego County, California, United States. Four Corners borders San Diego Country Estates communities to the south in the North County Inland region of the San Diego metropolitan area. Part of Four Corners is also located within the San Diego Country Estates limits or census-designated place.",
"title": "Four Corners, San Diego County, California"
},
{
"docid": "30896759#0",
"text": "Four Corners is an unincorporated community located in the town of Evergreen, Langlade County, Wisconsin, United States. Four Corners is located on Wisconsin Highway 64 west of White Lake.",
"title": "Four Corners, Langlade County, Wisconsin"
},
{
"docid": "47270#12",
"text": "Even after the mistakes in the reports were discovered, a spokesperson for the U.S. National Geodetic Survey admitted the monument is placed east of where modern surveyors would mark the point. However, he defended the accuracy of the original survey, stating surveyors \"nailed it\" considering the primitive tools of the day. Pointing out the achievement given the conditions, he further stated, \"Their ability to replicate that exact point — what they did was phenomenal, what they did was spot on.\" He concluded by stating that any claims of errors in the location of the monument are irrelevant. Once a survey commissioned to establish a boundary has been accepted by the involved parties, the survey markers are legally binding, regardless of any error that is later discovered. Similar statements were issued by the Navajo Nation, defending their work in maintaining and promoting the monument. In addition, general U.S. land principles, law, and the Supreme Court have established that the location of the monument is the legal corner of the four states.",
"title": "Four Corners Monument"
}
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] |
4235 | What is the home stadium of Arsenal Football Club? | [
{
"docid": "1708857#2",
"text": "The museum is currently housed in the Northern Triangle Building, to the immediate north of Emirates Stadium, the club's home ground. It had been previously housed inside the North Bank Stand of Arsenal's Highbury stadium from the stand's opening in 1993 to 2006, when Highbury was closed and redeveloped. It currently attracts over 120,000 visitors a year.",
"title": "Arsenal Football Club Museum"
},
{
"docid": "2340984#9",
"text": "This section applies to attendances at Highbury, where Arsenal played their home matches from 1913 to 2006, the Emirates Stadium, the club's present home, and Wembley Stadium, which acted as Arsenal's home in the UEFA Champions League during the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons. Arsenal's attendance figures since the move to the Emirates Stadium have been measured by tickets sold.",
"title": "List of Arsenal F.C. records and statistics"
},
{
"docid": "725839#0",
"text": "The Emirates Stadium (known as Ashburton Grove prior to sponsorship, and as Arsenal Stadium for UEFA competitions) is a football stadium in Holloway, London, England, and the home of Arsenal F.C.. With a capacity of 60,260 it is the third-largest football stadium in England after Wembley Stadium and Old Trafford.",
"title": "Emirates Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "22676889#0",
"text": "The 2005–06 season was the 108th season of competitive football played by Arsenal. It was the final season in which home matches were played at the club's Highbury stadium after 93 years; Arsenal intended to move to its new 60,000 capacity Emirates Stadium in time for the following season. The club ended their Premier League campaign in fourth, having pipped local rivals Tottenham Hotspur to the position on the final day. Arsenal became the first London club to reach a UEFA Champions League final, though lost 2–1 to Barcelona in Paris. In the League Cup the club was eliminated in the semi-finals on aggregate score by Wigan Athletic and knocked out of the FA Cup, against Bolton Wanderers in the fourth round.",
"title": "2005–06 Arsenal F.C. season"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "296270#0",
"text": "Arsenal Stadium was a football stadium in Highbury, North London, which was the home ground of Arsenal Football Club between 6 September 1913 and 7 May 2006. It was popularly known as \"Highbury\" due to its location and was given the affectionate nickname of the \"Home of Football\" by the club.",
"title": "Arsenal Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "2105965#1",
"text": "The film is a murder mystery set, as the title suggests, at the Arsenal Stadium, Highbury, London, then the home of Arsenal Football Club, who were at the time (and remain) one of the dominant teams in English football. The backdrop is a friendly match between Arsenal and The Trojans, a fictitious amateur side. One of the Trojans' players drops dead during the match and when it is revealed he has been poisoned, suspicion falls on his teammates as well as his former mistress. Detective Inspector Slade (Leslie Banks) is called in to solve the crime.",
"title": "The Arsenal Stadium Mystery"
},
{
"docid": "725839#6",
"text": "Arsenal's initial proposal to rebuild Highbury was met with disapproval from local residents, as it required the demolition of 25 neighbouring houses. It later became problematic once the East Stand of the stadium was granted Grade II listing in July 1997. After much consultation, the club abandoned its plan, deciding a capacity of 48,000 was not large enough. Arsenal then investigated the possibility of relocating to Wembley Stadium and in March 1998 made an official bid to purchase the ground. The Football Association (FA) and the English National Stadium Trust opposed Arsenal's offer, claiming it harmed England's bid for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, which FIFA itself denied. In April 1998, Arsenal withdrew its bid and Wembley was purchased by the English National Stadium Trust. The club however was given permission to host its UEFA Champions League home ties at Wembley for the 1998–99 and 1999–2000 seasons. Although Arsenal's time in the competition was brief, twice exiting the group stages, the club set its record home attendance (73,707 against Lens) and earned record gate income in the 1998–99 season, highlighting potential profitability.",
"title": "Emirates Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "296270#20",
"text": "As well as being home to Arsenal, it also hosted games as home stadium for England matches; 12 internationals were played at Highbury from 1920 to 1961, most of them being friendlies. These included both England's first full home international against opposition outside of Great Britain and Ireland (Belgium in 1923), and the \"Battle of Highbury\", England's 3–2 win over World Champions Italy in 1934, where a record seven Arsenal players started the match, the most players from a single club to play in an England fixture. Highbury was also used as a football venue for two matches in the 1948 London Olympics – a first-round match and a quarter-final. It was also provisionally named as one of London's two host stadiums for the 1966 FIFA World Cup (along with Wembley), but was eventually dropped with White City Stadium taking the role instead. By the time of Euro 96, the pitch had been ruled too small for international football and the stadium would have been ineligible.",
"title": "Arsenal Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "296270#14",
"text": "The post-Taylor capacity of Highbury was limited to 38,419, while Arsenal's success during the 1990s and 2000s meant that virtually every home match was filled to near capacity. Restrictions, such as the East Stand's status as a listed building and the fact the stadium was surrounded on all sides by a residential area, made any future expansion of Highbury difficult and expensive, although the club's directors would have liked to have kept Arsenal at a modernized and expanded Highbury. In October 1998, just after Arsenal started playing Champions League games at Wembley, the club made an unsuccessful bid to buy the stadium and make it their permanent home to share with the England national football team, although at the time Wembley was two years away from closure for a redevelopment which was not completed until more than six years later.",
"title": "Arsenal Stadium"
},
{
"docid": "28293043#20",
"text": "Winning the Premier League the previous season ensured Arsenal's qualification into the UEFA Champions League. They last participated in Europe's premier competition seven years ago, losing to Portuguese club Benfica, in the second round; the competition since was rebranded. In order to boost attendance figures, Arsenal was granted permission by UEFA and the Football Association to host their home Champions League matches at Wembley Stadium. A Wembley spokesman added \"We would be delighted for Arsenal to use the stadium. It makes financial sense.\"",
"title": "1998–99 Arsenal F.C. season"
}
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4236 | What is a race condition? | [
{
"docid": "475952#12",
"text": "Race conditions arise in software when an application depends on the sequence or timing of processes or threads for it to operate properly. As with electronics, there are critical race conditions that result in invalid execution and bugs. Critical race conditions often happen when the processes or threads depend on some shared state. Operations upon shared states are critical sections that must be mutually exclusive. Failure to obey this rule opens up the possibility of corrupting the shared state.",
"title": "Race condition"
},
{
"docid": "475952#0",
"text": "A race condition or race hazard is the behavior of an electronics, software, or other system where the system's substantive behavior is dependent on the sequence or timing of other uncontrollable events. It becomes a bug when one or more of the possible behaviors is undesirable.",
"title": "Race condition"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "475952#24",
"text": "In this case of a race condition, the concept of the \"shared resource\" covers the state of the network (what channels exist, as well as what users started them and therefore have what privileges), which each server can freely change as long as it signals the other servers on the network about the changes so that they can update their conception of the state of the network. However, the latency across the network makes possible the kind of race condition described. In this case, heading off race conditions by imposing a form of control over access to the shared resource—say, appointing one server to control who holds what privileges—would mean turning the distributed network into a centralized one (at least for that one part of the network operation).",
"title": "Race condition"
},
{
"docid": "475952#18",
"text": "Many software race conditions have associated computer security implications. A race condition allows an attacker with access to a shared resource to cause other actors that utilize that resource to malfunction, resulting in effects including denial of service and privilege escalation.",
"title": "Race condition"
},
{
"docid": "475952#14",
"text": "Race conditions have a reputation of being difficult to reproduce and debug, since the end result is nondeterministic and depends on the relative timing between interfering threads. Problems occurring in production systems can therefore disappear when running in debug mode, when additional logging is added, or when attaching a debugger, often referred to as a \"Heisenbug\". It is therefore better to avoid race conditions by careful software design rather than attempting to fix them afterwards.",
"title": "Race condition"
},
{
"docid": "475952#20",
"text": "Race conditions are also intentionally used to create hardware random number generators and physically unclonable functions. PUFs can be created by designing circuit topologies with identical paths to a node and relying on manufacturing variations to randomly determine which paths will complete first. By measuring each manufactured circuit's specific set of race condition outcomes, a profile can be collected for each circuit and kept secret in order to later verify a circuit's identity.",
"title": "Race condition"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49690912#0",
"text": "ㅜ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅜ is U+315C.",
"title": "ㅜ"
},
{
"docid": "49691484#0",
"text": "ㅝ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅝ is U+315D.",
"title": "ㅝ"
}
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4237 | What was the first country to adopt socialist principles? | [
{
"docid": "38443580#38",
"text": "The objectives of the Party of European Socialists, the European Parliament's socialist and social democratic bloc, are now \"to pursue international aims in respect of the principles on which the European Union is based, namely principles of freedom, equality, solidarity, democracy, respect of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, and respect for the Rule of Law\". As a result, today the rallying cry of the French Revolution—\"Liberté, égalité, fraternité\"—is promoted as essential socialist values. To the left of the PES at the European level is the Party of the European Left (PEL), also commonly abbreviated \"European Left\"), which is a political party at the European level and an association of democratic socialist, socialist and communist political parties in the European Union and other European countries. It was formed in January 2004 for the purposes of running in the 2004 European Parliament elections. PEL was founded on 8–9 May 2004 in Rome.",
"title": "Democratic socialism"
},
{
"docid": "47246185#69",
"text": "After three years, the First World War, at first greeted with enthusiastic patriotism, produced an upsurge of radicalism in most of Europe and also as far afield as the United States (\"see Socialism in the United States\") and Australia. In the Russian revolution of February 1917, workers' councils (in Russian, \"soviets\") had been formed, and Lenin and the Bolsheviks called for \"All power to the Soviets\". After the October 1917 Russian revolution, led by Lenin and Trotsky, consolidated power in the Soviets, Lenin declared \"Long live the world socialist revolution!\". Briefly in Soviet Russia socialism was not just a vision of a future society, but a description of an existing one. The Soviet regime began to bring all the means of production (except agricultural production) under state control, and implemented a system of government through the workers' councils or soviets.",
"title": "History of socialism"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "43069513#68",
"text": "The main tasks of the CMEA were plan coordination, production specialization and regional trade. In 1961 Nikita Khrushchev, the Soviet leader, put forward proposals for establishing an integrated, centrally planned socialist commonwealth in which each geographic region would specialize production in line with its set of natural and human resources. The resulting document, the \"Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labour\" was adopted at the end of 1961, despite objections from Romania on certain aspects. The \"Basic Principles\" were never implemented fully and were replaced in 1971 by the adoption of the \"Comprehensive Programme for Further Extension and Improvement of Cooperation and Development of Socialist Economic Integration\". As a result, many specialization agreements were made between CMEA member states for investment programmes and projects. The importing country pledged to rely on the exporting country for its consumption of the product in question. Production specialization occurred in engineering, automotive, chemicals, computers and automation, telecommunications and biotechnology. Scientific and technical cooperation between CMEA member states was facilitated by the establishment in 1969 of the International Centre for Scientific and Technical Information in Moscow.",
"title": "Socialist economics"
},
{
"docid": "426740#7",
"text": "Parallel to these developments, the Soviet Union led efforts to coordinate the investment strategies of the members in the interest of a more rational pattern of regional specialization, increased productivity, and a more rapid overtaking of the capitalist economies. These efforts culminated in 1962 with the adoption at the 15th Council Session of the Basic Principles of the International Socialist Division of Labor. Although the principles of specialization were generally favored by the more industrial, northern-tier states, the less developed East European countries were concerned that such specialization would lead to a concentration of industry in the already established centers and would thus thwart their own ambitious industrialization plans. Moreover, the increased economic interdependence that the Basic Principles called for had inevitable political connotations. The latter were reinforced in 1962 by articles and speeches by Soviet party leader Nikita Khrushchev proposing a central Comecon planning organ to implement the Basic Principles and foreseeing the evolution of a \"socialist commonwealth\" based on a unified regional economy.",
"title": "History of the Comecon"
},
{
"docid": "18247265#45",
"text": "In 1989, the Socialist International adopted its present Declaration of Principles. The Declaration of Principles addressed issues concerning the \"internationalization of the economy\". The Declaration of Principles defined its interpretation of the nature of socialism. It stated that socialist values and vision include \"a peaceful and democratic world society combining freedom, justice and solidarity\". It defined the rights and freedoms it supported, stating: \"Socialists protect the inalienable right to life and to physical safety, to freedom of belief and free expression of opinion, to freedom of association and to protection from torture and degradation. Socialists are committed to achieve freedom from hunger and want, genuine social security, and the right to work\". However, it also clarified that it did not promote any fixed and permanent definition for socialism, stating: \"Socialists do not claim to possess the blueprint for some final and fixed society which cannot be changed, reformed or further developed. In a movement committed to democratic self-determination there will always be room for creativity since each people and every generation must set its own goals\".",
"title": "Social democracy"
},
{
"docid": "10803055#1",
"text": "Throughout this period, the country had a reputation for its Stalinist style of state administration influenced by Enver Hoxha and the Party of Labour of Albania and for policies stressing national unity and self-reliance. Travel and visa restrictions made Albania one of the most difficult countries to visit or from which to travel. In 1967, it declared itself the world's first atheist state. But after the end of its communist regime in 1991, the practice of religion slowly increased. It was the only Warsaw Pact member to formally withdraw from the alliance before 1990, an action occasioned by the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968. The first multi-party elections in Socialist Albania took place on 31 March 1991 – the Communists gained a majority in an interim government and the first parliamentary elections were held on 22 March 1992. The People's Socialist Republic was officially dissolved on 28 November 1998 upon the adoption of the new Constitution of Albania.",
"title": "People's Socialist Republic of Albania"
},
{
"docid": "404765#3",
"text": "In 2001, the DSP, along with several other socialist parties including the International Socialist Organisation, formed the Socialist Alliance, initially an electoral vehicle. In 2002 the DSP championed the idea of turning Socialist Alliance into more of a party formation, although at first it had to withdraw this proposal as the ISO's opposition threatened to destroy the alliance. In 2003 the DSP became the first (and so far only) Socialist Alliance affiliate to become an internal tendency within the Alliance, changing its name to the Democratic Socialist Perspective, in line with its view that SA should become a \"Multi-Tendency Socialist Party\", a view that the May 2003 National Conference of the Socialist Alliance subsequently adopted.",
"title": "Democratic Socialist Perspective"
},
{
"docid": "43069513#66",
"text": "This view is challenged by Stalinists and their followers, who claim that socialism was established in the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin came to power and instituted the system of five year plans. The 1936 Constitution of the USSR, known as the Fundamental Law of Victorious Socialism, embodied the claim that the foundations for socialism had been laid. Joseph Stalin introduced the theory of Socialism in one country, which argued that socialism can be built in a single country, despite existing in a global capitalist economic system. Nevertheless, it was recognized that the stage during which developed socialism would be built would be a lengthy one and would not be achieved by the USSR on its own. According to the official textbooks, the first stage of the transition period from capitalism to socialism had been completed by the 1970s in the European socialist countries (except Poland and Yugoslavia), and in Mongolia and Cuba. The next stage of developed socialism would not be reached until \"the economic integration of the socialist states becomes a major factor of their economic progress\" and social relations had been reconstructed on \"collectivist principles\". Communist writers accepted that during these earlier stages in constructing socialism, the exchange of commodities on the basis of the average socially necessary labour embodied within them occurred and involved the mediation of money. Socialist planned economies were systems of commodity production but this was directed in a conscious way towards meeting the needs of the people and not left to the \"anarchy of the market\". At the stage of developed socialism, \"the state of dictatorship of the proletariat changes into a state of all people reflecting the increasing homogeneity of society\" and the \"evening out of economic development levels\" within and between socialist countries. It would provide the foundations for a further stage of perfected socialist society, where an abundance of goods permitted their distribution according to need. Only then could the world socialist system progress towards the higher phase of communism.",
"title": "Socialist economics"
},
{
"docid": "40601968#2",
"text": "The first meeting of the \"General Council\" of the socialist parties and trade unions was held in 1920, between January 31 and February 2, and reunited 47 delegates, including 8 from Transylvania, and 2 from Bukovina. Besides tactics and means of unification, one of the major subjects of the discussion was the international affiliation of the unified party: either with a resurrected Second International or with the more radical Third International (Comintern). The Bucharest socialist section, increasingly communist in outlook, had already requested affiliation to the later in June 1919, however the other sections had yet to come to a decision. During the following months the communist ideas gained traction, and, after the Bucharest section adopted a motion that supported affiliation to the Third, many local section followed suit, mostly in Old Romania, but also in Transylvania and Banat (e.g. the Reșița-Petroșeni section). Ultimately, a new meeting of the \"General Council\", held in April 1920, decided to officially announce it no longer considered the socialist movement in Romania to be bound to the Second International. As a sign of unity, in the context of the May general elections, the Council also resolved for some Transylvanian candidates to run in constituencies inside Old Romania, with some representatives from the latter running instead in Transylvania. Consequently, 21 socialists were elected in the Chamber of Deputies and 3 in the Senate.\nThe Congress tasked with the unification of the movement, initially set for April, was postponed twice, as the dispute regarding international dragged on. In the meantime, a regional Congress of the Socialist Party of Transylvania and Banat was held in Cluj during August 15-17, reaffirmed its support for an unified party and relinquished its independence, declaring it would abide by the programme and statute to be decided by the country-wide socialist Congress. A similar resolution was adopted by the Congress of the socialist movement of Banat, held in Timișoara during September 19-20.",
"title": "Socialist Party of Transylvania"
},
{
"docid": "828007#6",
"text": "\"We repudiate the essential features of the Declaration of Principles adopted at the Socialist National Convention insofar as they depart from the traditional socialist position and commit the Socialist Party to the use of violence and extralegal means.\n\"As between the program of orderly, peaceable, constructive, and intelligent political action and the insurrectionary, destructive, and violent methods proposed by the left wing, Socialists will have no difficulty in making their choice.\"\nThe Old Guard opponents of the Detroit decisions formally organized themselves as a faction immediately after the close of the Detroit conclave, establishing the Committee for the Preservation of the Socialist Party. Pamphlets were published and distributed alleging the Declaration of Principles was a \"culminating point of a deep seated antagonism\" within the Socialist Party — the proverbial \"straw that breaks or threatens to break the camel's back.\" A stern warning was issued that it was \"not enough\" to merely defeat the Detroit Declaration of Principles in the party referendum held for their ratification, but that \"the Socialist Party must be made safe for Socialism, for social democracy.\" Names of sympathizers were gathered, funds collected, and an office established in New York City. A \"Provisional Executive Committee\" of the faction was named, including such long-time members of the SPA as James Maurer of Pennsylvania, Algernon Lee and Louis Waldman of New York, George Roewer of Massachusetts (Chairman of the Provisional Executive Committee), George Goebel of New Jersey, and Mayor Jasper McLevy of Bridgeport, Connecticut. Louis Hendin was engaged as Executive Secretary of the faction, which had already in 1934 taken the form of a \"party within the party.\"",
"title": "Social Democratic Federation (United States)"
},
{
"docid": "974627#7",
"text": "In response to the fall of Eastern European governments, the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, and the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, two distinct positions began to emerge within the FRSO on how to assess the socialist countries. One position saw the events of 1989-1991 as indicative of a deep crisis in socialism that required what they called \"left refoundation\". The other position continued to assess the experience of socialist countries as essentially positive, and saw their defeats as the result of revisionism, not as a crisis of Marxism itself. This side continued to identify itself as Marxist-Leninist. At the organization's 1991 Congress, the group's highest decision-making body, a document explaining the official position of the organization was adopted entitled \"On the Crisis of Socialism.\" This document was reaffirmed at the 1997 Congress. This internal division solidified throughout the 1990s until the organization split in 1999.",
"title": "Freedom Road Socialist Organization"
}
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4238 | What was Pope John Paul II's first encyclical? | [
{
"docid": "21140024#6",
"text": "The title of a Papal Encyclical is usually taken from its first few words. Pope John Paul II issued his first encyclical, \"Redemptor hominis\", on 4 March 1979. \"Ecclesia de Eucharistia\", his last encyclical, was issued on 17 April 2003.Notable Apostolic Exhortations of Pope John Paul II include:\nThe following is a list of works about the life and theology of Pope John Paul II.",
"title": "Pope John Paul II bibliography"
},
{
"docid": "3861880#0",
"text": "Redemptor hominis (Latin: \"The Redeemer of Man\") is the name of the first encyclical written by Pope John Paul II. It lays a blueprint for his pontificate in its exploration of contemporary human problems and especially their proposed solutions found in a deeper understanding of the human person. The encyclical was promulgated on 4 March 1979, less than five months after his installation as pope.",
"title": "Redemptor hominis"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "26053145#76",
"text": "Fides et ratio is a Papal Encyclical that Pope John Paul II Promulgated on the 14th of September 1998, \"On the Relationship between Faith and Reason\". In the encyclical, Pope John Paul II addressed the relationship between faith and reason, the first to do so since Pope Leo XIII in 1879, with his encyclical Aeterni Patris. Pope John Paul II described the relationship between faith and reason as 'two wings on which the human spirit rises to the contemplation of truth'.",
"title": "Catholic Church and science"
},
{
"docid": "3058892#0",
"text": "Ut unum sint (Latin: 'That they may be one') is an encyclical by Pope John Paul II of 25 May 1995. It was one of 14 encyclicals issued by John Paul II. Cardinal Georges Cottier, Theologian emeritus of the Pontifical Household, was influential in drafting the encyclical.",
"title": "Ut unum sint"
},
{
"docid": "23805#34",
"text": "As pope, John Paul II wrote 14 papal encyclicals and taught about sexuality in what is referred as the \"Theology of the Body\". Some key elements of his strategy to \"reposition the Catholic Church\" were encyclicals such as \"Ecclesia de Eucharistia\", \"Reconciliatio et paenitentia\" and \"Redemptoris Mater\". In his \"At the beginning of the new millennium\" (\"Novo Millennio Ineunte\"), he emphasised the importance of \"starting afresh from Christ\": \"No, we shall not be saved by a formula but by a Person.\" In \"The Splendour of the Truth\" (\"Veritatis Splendor\"), he emphasised the dependence of man on God and His Law (\"Without the Creator, the creature disappears\") and the \"dependence of freedom on the truth\". He warned that man \"giving himself over to relativism and scepticism, goes off in search of an illusory freedom apart from truth itself\". In \"Fides et Ratio\" (\"On the Relationship between Faith and Reason\") John Paul promoted a renewed interest in philosophy and an autonomous pursuit of truth in theological matters. Drawing on many different sources (such as Thomism), he described the mutually supporting relationship between faith and reason, and emphasised that theologians should focus on that relationship. John Paul II wrote extensively about workers and the social doctrine of the Church, which he discussed in three encyclicals: \"Laborem exercens\", \"Sollicitudo rei socialis\", and \"Centesimus annus\". Through his encyclicals and many Apostolic Letters and Exhortations, John Paul II talked about the dignity of women and the importance of the family for the future of humanity. Other encyclicals include \"The Gospel of Life\" (\"Evangelium Vitae\") and \"Ut Unum Sint\" (\"That They May Be One\"). Though critics accused him of inflexibility in explicitly re-asserting Catholic moral teachings against abortion and euthanasia that have been in place for well over a thousand years, he urged a more nuanced view of capital punishment. In his second encyclical \"Dives in misericordia\" he stressed that divine mercy is the greatest feature of God, needed especially in modern times.",
"title": "Pope John Paul II"
},
{
"docid": "21140024#4",
"text": "Pope John Paul II issued 14 Papal encyclicals during his reign as Pope of the Roman Catholic Church for over 26 years, from his election on 16 October 1978 until his death on 2 April 2005. Encyclicals (from Latin \"encyclia\", from the Greek \"en kyklo, \", meaning \"general\" or \"encircling\") were originally circular letters sent to all the churches of a particular area in the early Christian church.",
"title": "Pope John Paul II bibliography"
},
{
"docid": "3861880#1",
"text": "This first encyclical of Pope John Paul II examines major problems confronting the world at the time. John Paul II began his papacy during a crisis of self-doubt and internal criticism in the Catholic Church. He alludes to this in the encyclical's introduction, stating his confidence that the new movement of life in the Church \"is much stronger than the symptoms of doubt, collapse, and crisis.\" He says that Jesus is real and living.",
"title": "Redemptor hominis"
},
{
"docid": "1897067#6",
"text": "However, that claim was disputed by among others Rowan Williams, the Archbishop of Canterbury, and Mary McAleese, the President of Ireland, in their accounts of meetings with him in 2003. After John Paul II's death, Williams told \"The Sunday Times\" of a meeting with the Pope, during which he had paid tribute to one of John Paul's encyclicals. According to Williams, John Paul II showed no recognition . An aide whispered in the pope's ear, but was overheard reminding John Paul about the encyclical. However the Pope still showed no recognition. Papal critic John Cornwell claimed that, after Williams and his entourage left, the Pope turned to an aide and asked \"tell me, who were those people?\"",
"title": "Health of Pope John Paul II"
},
{
"docid": "3349430#52",
"text": "His encyclicals changed Church positions on relations with temporal authorities, and, in the 1891 encyclical \"Rerum novarum\" addressed for the first time social inequality and social justice issues with Papal authority. He was greatly influenced by Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, a German bishop who openly propagated siding with the suffering working classes Since Leo XIII, Papal teachings expand on the right and obligation of workers and the limitations of private property: Pope Pius XI \"Quadragesimo anno\", the Social teachings of Pope Pius XII on a huge range of social issues, John XXIII \"Mater et magistra\" in 1961, Pope Paul VI, the encyclical Populorum progressio on World development issues, and Pope John Paul II, \"Centesimus annus, commemorating the 100th anniversary of \"Rerum novarum\" of Pope Leo XIII.",
"title": "History of the papacy"
},
{
"docid": "50614#54",
"text": "His encyclicals changed the Church's relations with temporal authorities, and, in the 1891 encyclical \"Rerum novarum,\" for the first time addressed social inequality and social justice issues with Papal authority, focusing on the rights and duties of capital and labour. He was greatly influenced by Wilhelm Emmanuel von Ketteler, a German bishop who openly propagated siding with the suffering working classes in his book \"Die Arbeiterfrage und das Christentum\". Since Leo XIII, Papal teachings have expanded on the rights and obligations of workers and the limitations of private property: Pope Pius XI Quadragesimo anno, the Social teachings of Pope Pius XII on a huge range of social issues, John XXIII Mater et magistra in 1961, Pope Paul VI, the encyclical \"Populorum progressio\" on world development issues, and Pope John Paul II, \"Centesimus annus\", commemorating the 100th anniversary of \"Rerum novarum\". Leo XIII had argued that both capitalism and communism are flawed. \"Rerum novarum\" introduced the idea of subsidiarity, the principle that political and social decisions should be taken at a local level, if possible, rather than by a central authority, into Catholic social thought. A list of all of Leo's encyclicals can be found in the List of Encyclicals of Pope Leo XIII.",
"title": "Pope Leo XIII"
}
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4239 | Is there a way to test for the cancer syndrome? | [
{
"docid": "1223539#11",
"text": "Genetic testing for mutations in DNA mismatch repair genes is expensive and time-consuming, so researchers have proposed techniques for identifying cancer patients who are most likely to be HNPCC carriers as ideal candidates for genetic testing. The Amsterdam Criteria (see below) are useful, but do not identify up to 30% of potential Lynch syndrome carriers. In colon cancer patients, pathologists can measure microsatellite instability in colon tumor specimens, which is a surrogate marker for DNA mismatch repair gene dysfunction. If there is microsatellite instability identified, there is a higher likelihood for a Lynch syndrome diagnosis. Recently, researchers combined microsatellite instability (MSI) profiling and immunohistochemistry testing for DNA mismatch repair gene expression and identified an extra 32% of Lynch syndrome carriers who would have been missed on MSI profiling alone. Currently, this combined immunohistochemistry and MSI profiling strategy is the most advanced way of identifying candidates for genetic testing for Lynch syndrome.",
"title": "Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer"
},
{
"docid": "38885064#19",
"text": "Many cancer syndromes are due to an inherited impairment in DNA repair capability. When an inherited mutation is present in a DNA repair gene, the repair gene will either not be expressed or expressed in an altered form. Then the repair function will likely be deficient, and, as a consequence, DNA damages will tend to accumulate. Such DNA damages can cause errors during DNA synthesis leading to mutations, some of which may give rise to cancer. Germ-line DNA repair mutations that increase the risk of cancer are listed in the Table.Genetic testing can be used to identify mutated genes or chromosomes that are passed through generations. People who test positive for having a genetic mutation are not necessarily condemned to develop the cancer linked with the mutation, however they possess an increased risk of developing cancer in comparison to the general population. It is advised that people get a genetic test if their family medical history includes: Multiple family members with cancer, someone in their family that got cancer at a particularly young age or by being part of a certain ethnic group.",
"title": "Cancer syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "38885064#22",
"text": "Genetic testing is important as if a test comes out positive they are more aware of their own personal health and the health of immediate family members. With the help and advice from a medical professional they can take steps to reduce their elevated risk of cancer development through:\nThere are other forms of preventative actions, an example for Hereditary Breast and Ovarian Cancer would be to go through surgery: A hysterectomy is the removal of all or some of the uterus, whereas a mastectomy is removing a breast (double mastectomy meaning that both breasts are removed), this can often add years onto their life expectancy. Another preventative measure is regular cancer screening and check-ups. If a person has Lynch’s syndrome then they should have a regular colonoscopy to examine if there is any change in the cells lining the intestinal wall, regular check-ups have been proven to add an average of 7 years onto the life expectancy of a person suffering from Lynch’s syndrome as early detection means the correct preventative actions and surgery can be taken quicker. Regular breast screening is also recommended for women diagnosed with BRCA mutations, as well as that, recent studies show that men with increased risks of developing prostate cancer due to BRCA mutations can decrease their risk by taking aspirin. Aspirin is hugely beneficial in lowering cancer prevalence; however, it must be taken regularly over at least a five-year period to have any effect.",
"title": "Cancer syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "206979#27",
"text": "In cases where a metastasis from colorectal cancer is suspected, immunohistochemistry is used to ascertain correct diagnosis. Some proteins are more specifically expressed in colorectal cancer and can be used as diagnostic markers such as CK20 and MUC2. Immunohistochemistry can also be used to screen for Lynch syndrome, a genetic disorder with increased risk of colorectal and other cancers. The diagnosis of Lynch syndrome is made by looking for specific genetic mutations in genes MLH1, MSH2, MSH6, and PMS2. Immunohistochemical testing can also be used to guide treatment and assist in determining the prognosis. Certain markers isolated from the tumor can indicate specific cancer types or susceptibility to different treatments.",
"title": "Colorectal cancer"
},
{
"docid": "38885064#20",
"text": "The process of genetic screening is a simple, non-invasive procedure. However, before genes are tested for mutations the patient usually must go to a health care provider and go through a one-on-one consultation, where they discuss both the personal and family history of cancer. The medical professional can then assess the likelihood of the patient having the mutation and can guide them through the process that is genetic screening. It is important that this consultation takes place because it ensures that the person gives informed consent to engage in genetic testing, is aware and understands the steps, benefits and limitations of the procedure and is more knowledgeable of the consequences of hearing test results. The test can be done by using body fluids or cells of the patient, this includes; blood (which is the most common), saliva, amniotic fluid and even cells from the interior of the mouth gotten from a buccal swab. This material is then sent to a specialized genetics lab where technicians will examine it, the test results are sent back to the health provider who requested the analysis and results are discussed with the patient.",
"title": "Cancer syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "38885064#1",
"text": "Hereditary cancer syndromes underlie 5 to 10% of all cancers and there are over 50 identifiable hereditary forms of cancer. Scientific understanding of cancer susceptibility syndromes is actively expanding: additional syndromes are being found, the underlying biology is becoming clearer, and commercialization of diagnostic genetics methodology is improving clinical access. Given the prevalence of breast and colon cancer, the most widely recognized syndromes include hereditary breast-ovarian cancer syndrome (HBOC) and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer (HNPCC, Lynch syndrome).",
"title": "Cancer syndrome"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "251487#19",
"text": "Cancer genetic counselors see individuals with a personal diagnosis and/or family history of cancer or symptoms of an inherited cancer syndrome. Genetic counselors take a family history and assess for hereditary risk, or risk that can be passed down from generation to generation. If indicated, they can coordinate genetic testing, typically via blood or saliva sample, to evaluate for hereditary cancer risk. Personalized medical management and cancer screening recommendations can be provided based on results of genetic testing and/or the family history of cancer. While most cancers are sporadic (not inherited), some are more likely to have a hereditary factor, particularly when occurring at young ages or when clustering in families. These include common cancers such as breast, ovarian, colon and uterine cancers, as well as rare tumor types. General referral indications can include, but are not limited to:Genetic counselors specializing in neurogenetics are involved in the care of individuals who have or are at risk to develop conditions affecting the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord) or peripheral nervous system (the nerves that leave the spinal cord and go to other places in the body, such as the feet and hands, skeletal muscles, and internal organs). Effects of these conditions can lead to various impairments some examples of which include cognitive decline, intellectual disability, seizures, uncontrolled movements (e.g. ataxia, chorea), muscle weakness, paralysis, or atrophy. Examples of neurogenetic disorders include:Pediatric genetic counseling can be indicated for newborns, infants, children and their families. General referral indications can include:",
"title": "Genetic counseling"
},
{
"docid": "35408932#9",
"text": "The diagnosis is made either by testing of the fumarate hydratase activity in cultured skin fibroblasts or lymphoblastoid cells and demonstrating reduced activity (≤60%) or by molecular genetic testing. Special histologic features of fibroids may allow an early diagnosis in absence of other symptoms.",
"title": "Hereditary leiomyomatosis and renal cell cancer syndrome"
},
{
"docid": "927942#54",
"text": "In the cases where nonfunctional testes are present, or with partial androgen insensitivity syndrome, there is a risk that these develop cancer. They are removed by orchidectomy or monitored carefully. In a major Parliamentary report in Australia, published in October 2013, the Senate Community Affairs References committee was \"disturbed\" by the possible implications of current practices in the treatment of cancer risk. The committee stated: \"clinical intervention pathways stated to be based on probabilities of cancer risk may be encapsulating treatment decisions based on other factors, such as the desire to conduct normalising surgery… Treating cancer may be regarded as unambiguously therapeutic treatment, while normalising surgery may not. Thus basing a decision on cancer risk might avoid the need for court oversight in a way that a decision based on other factors might not. The committee is disturbed by the possible implications of this...\"",
"title": "Intersex medical interventions"
},
{
"docid": "10044714#3",
"text": "Today screening for Down syndrome is offered as a routine part of parental care. The American Congress of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends offering various screening tests for Down syndrome to all pregnant women, regardless of age. Genetic testing however, is not completely accurate but it can help to determine if further tested should be administered or if there should be concern. Testing for Down Syndrome can be conducted at different times of the pregnancy. Most women chose the first trimester choice which is done in two parts at the 11th and 13th week of pregnancy. These tests include an ultrasound to measure a certain area on the back of the baby's neck. If there is a problem with the baby than there will be an excess of fluid in this area. The second part of the test is a blood test which looks for abnormal levels of PAPP-A and HCG which may indicate a problem with the baby. Of all women who test for Down Syndrome only 5 percent are identified as being at risk. Of those 5 percent far fewer are actually carrying children with Down Syndrome. Screening tests are actually better for testing what women are at risk compared to how many women are actually carrying children with Down Syndrome.",
"title": "Genetics and abortion"
},
{
"docid": "21984198#3",
"text": "Initially, patients with neonatal or early-childhood onset diabetes are possible candidates for having Wolcott–Rallison syndrome. The other symptoms include the multiple epiphyseal dysplasia, osteopenia, intellectual disability, and hepatic and renal dysfunction. Patients with the symptoms that line up with Wolcott–Rallison syndrome can be suggested for genetics testing. The key way to test for this disease specifically is through genetic testing for the EIKF2AK3 mutation. Molecular genetic analysis can be done for the patient and the parents to test for de novo mutations or inherited. It can also show whether the patient's parents are heterozygotes or homozygotes for the normal phenotype. X-Rays can show bone age in relation to actual age. Typically the bond age is a few years less than the actual in the patients with WRS. Hypothyroidism is rare is WRS patients but can occur.",
"title": "Wolcott–Rallison syndrome"
}
] | [
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] |
4240 | Who is the head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes football team? | [
{
"docid": "28014219#0",
"text": "[[File:Ryan Day in 2017.jpg|right|200px|thumb|[[Ryan Day]], head coach of the Ohio State Buckeyes from since 2019\nThe [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State Buckeyes]] [[college football]] team represents the [[Ohio State University]] in the East Division of the [[Big Ten Conference]]. The Buckeyes compete as part of the [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision]]. The program has had 24 coaches since it began play during the [[1890 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|1890 season]]. The Buckeyes have played over 1,200 games over 125 seasons. In those seasons, eight [[Head Coach|head coaches]] have led the Buckeyes to postseason bowl games: [[John Wilce]], [[Wes Fesler]], [[Woody Hayes]], [[Earle Bruce]], [[John Cooper (American football)|John Cooper]], [[Jim Tressel]], [[Luke Fickell]], and [[Urban Meyer]]. Twelve coaches have won [[Athletic conference|conference]] championships with the Buckeyes: [[Albert E. Herrnstein|Albert Herrnstein]], [[John R. Richards|John Richards]], Wilce, [[Francis Schmidt]], [[Paul Brown]], [[Carroll Widdoes]], Fesler, Hayes, Bruce, Cooper, Tressel, and Meyer. Four coaches led Buckeyes to NCAA championship victory Brown, Hayes, Tressel, and Meyer.[[College football national championships in NCAA Division I FBS|national championships]]\nHayes is the all-time leader in games coached and years coached with the Buckeyes, while also leading all coaches in victories (205). Meyer currently holds the highest [[winning percentage]] of all Buckeye coaches (.901), with a current record of 73–8 in six seasons. [[David Edwards (coach)|David Edwards]] holds the lowest winning percentage of any Buckeye head coach (.167), going 1–7–1 in the only season that he coached. Of the 24 Buckeye head coaches, [[Howard Jones (American football coach)|Howard Jones]], Wilce, Schmidt, Fesler, Hayes, Bruce, Cooper, and Tressel have been inducted into the [[College Football Hall of Fame]]. The most recent head coach of the Buckeyes is [[Urban Meyer]] who was hired in November 2011 and then announced December 4, 2018, he would retire following the Rose Bowl. [[Ryan Day (American football)|Ryan Day]] was slated to become the new coach of the Buckeyes.",
"title": "List of Ohio State Buckeyes head football coaches"
},
{
"docid": "59559834#0",
"text": "The 2019 Ohio State Buckeyes football team will represent the Ohio State University during the 2019 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Buckeyes will play their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio. This will be the Buckeyes' 130th overall season and 107th as a member of the Big Ten Conference. They will be led by head coach Ryan Day in his first season at Ohio State.",
"title": "2019 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "15403047#0",
"text": "The 2004 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University during the 2004 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Jim Tressel. The Buckeyes played their home games at Ohio Stadium. The team finished the season with a record of 8–4 and a Big Ten Conference record of 4–4.Q",
"title": "2004 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "10637383#0",
"text": "The 2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented The Ohio State University in the 2005 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was Jim Tressel. The Buckeyes played their home games in Ohio Stadium. The team finished the season with a win-loss record of 10–2, and a Big Ten Conference record of 7–1. They tied for the Big Ten championship with Penn State.",
"title": "2005 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "38260546#6",
"text": "Ohio State head coach Urban Meyer was in his second year as the Buckeye's head coach during the 2013 season. In his first season with Ohio State, he led the Buckeyes to an undefeated season with twelve wins (12–0), though the team was unable to participate in the Big Ten Championship Game or a bowl game due to sanctions. On February 8, 2013, it was announced the cornerbacks coach Kerry Coombs was promoted to special teams coach for the upcoming season, while also retaining his role as cornerbacks coach.",
"title": "2013 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "12754127#0",
"text": "The 2003 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented Ohio State University in the 2003 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head coach was Jim Tressel. The Buckeyes played their home games in Ohio Stadium. Ohio State finished the season with an overall record of 11–2 and placed second in the Big Ten Conference with mark of 6–2. The Buckeyes concluded their season with a victory over Kansas State in the Fiesta Bowl.",
"title": "2003 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "18965552#1",
"text": "The 2001 Ohio State Buckeyes football season marked a transition from former head coach John Cooper to new head coach Jim Tressel. Tressel was beginning his first season as head coach at the Division 1-A level as the 22nd head coach of the Buckeyes. He came from Youngstown State University where he led the Penguins to four national championships at the Division 1-AA level. The Buckeyes finished the 2000 season with an 8–4 record and Coach Cooper was later fired on January 2, 2001.",
"title": "2001 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "6332534#0",
"text": "The 2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The team's head coach was Jim Tressel. The Buckeyes played their home games in Ohio Stadium. The team finished the season with a win-loss record of 12 and 1, having been defeated by Florida in its final game, the BCS Championship game, and ended the year ranked second.",
"title": "2006 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "30321432#0",
"text": "The 2011 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented The Ohio State University in the 2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season. The Buckeyes were coached by Luke Fickell on an interim basis following the resignation of Jim Tressel as head coach. The Buckeyes played their home games at Ohio Stadium in Columbus, Ohio and are members of the Big Ten Conference in the Leaders Division. \nAmid significant adversity due to Tressel's abrupt departure and an NCAA investigation, the Buckeyes finished with their first non-winning season since 1999, at 6–7. They also finished 3–5 in the Big Ten, placing them fourth in the Leaders Division—only their sixth losing record in conference play since the end of World War II. They lost the 2012 Gator Bowl to Florida, 24–17.",
"title": "2011 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
},
{
"docid": "17817536#0",
"text": "The 1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team represented the Ohio State University in the 1998 NCAA Division I-A football season. The team's head football coach was John Cooper. The Buckeyes played their home games in Ohio Stadium. The team finished the season with a win-loss record of 11–1, and a Big Ten Conference record of 7–1. They were co-champions of the Big Ten Conference with the Wisconsin Badgers and the Michigan Wolverines and played in one of the premiere Bowl Championship Series bowl games, the 1999 Sugar Bowl.",
"title": "1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team"
}
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] |
4243 | How do you get rid of a tapeworm? | [
{
"docid": "20648143#31",
"text": "There are several classes of anthelminthic drugs, some effective against many kinds of parasite, others more specific; these can be used both preventatively and to treat infections. For example, Praziquantel is an effective treatment for tapeworm infection, and is preferred over the older niclosamide. Cestodes can also be treated with certain kinds of antibiotics. While accidental tapeworm infections in developed countries are quite rare, such infections are more likely to occur in countries with poor sanitation facilities or where food hygiene standards are low.",
"title": "Cestoda"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "913844#10",
"text": "It is also used as an anthelmintic (to expel parasitic worms). Reportedly, the ancient Greeks used the powdered seeds to get rid of tapeworms and to treat recurring fevers (possibly malaria).",
"title": "Peganum harmala"
},
{
"docid": "4072561#1",
"text": "The main goal of MasterBlaster is to be the last survivor (or your team) in a maze.\nTo get rid of your opponents you can try to blast them by placing bombs or crush them by pushing walls. These walls can also be destroyed and do sometimes reveal powerups or coins so you can equip yourself in a shop.",
"title": "Masterblaster"
},
{
"docid": "28147113#6",
"text": "Tapeworms are endoparasites with numerous adaptations to enhance parasitic nutrition. Tapeworms live in the small intestine of humans, providing an ideal location to access a readily available, rich source of pre-digested nutrients. Since nutrients in the small intestine are plentiful and pre-digested by the host, tapeworms do not require a gut and instead have adaptations to maximise nutrient absorption. Tapeworms have a tegument that they use to absorb nutrients directly from the host small intestine by diffusion. They also have anatomical adaptations in the form of a scolex with hookers and suckers that they use to attach to the host small intestine wall, preventing the tapeworm from being egested following peristalsis. Tapeworms have a flattened body with microtriches to maximise the surface area available for nutrient absorption and they additionally have various transporter molecules. Tapeworms have to compete with the host epithelium for nutrients, so it is essential that they compete more efficiently for nutrients. They also secrete enzymes to enhance host digestive enzymes e.g. pancreatic α-amylase.",
"title": "Parasitic nutrition"
},
{
"docid": "33425458#8",
"text": "Adma, in order to get rid of Eriberto poisons a drink and you can drink it, you realize the tricks and exchange cups, killing her. Then the foreman also takes the drink, beside the dying woman who has always loved.",
"title": "Porto dos Milagres"
},
{
"docid": "2005100#2",
"text": "In order to get to some of the items and progress through the game, Bart must use equipment such as rockets and cherry bombs, which are bought with coins that can be collected by getting rid of aliens. Bart is controlled on foot and on a skateboard. To get rid of aliens, which are disguised as real humans, he needs to jump on their heads, although some are just regular humans. The game increases in difficulty with each level, and Bart meets up with a boss at the end of the first four. The levels uses elements of \"The Simpsons\" and some of the television humor appears in the game: for example, in the first level Bart can make a prank call to the bartender Moe in order for him to run outside so that the player can spray paint his purple apron (an example of an item that the aliens need) into a red color that the aliens do not want. The game includes some minigames.",
"title": "The Simpsons: Bart vs. the Space Mutants"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "19359141#8",
"text": "Producer David Amann explained that the inspiration for the story was the question, \"What if you have a doctor who is prosperous but has a dark page from his past that comes back to haunt him?\" Spotnitz later elaborated that the story initially was \"going to be how do you get rid of something you can't get rid of\". However, the writers soon found this storyline difficult to develop, and, by Spotnitz's own admission, the story \"started to evolve into a \"Cape Fear\" type of situation\". The episode's script was finalized by the writers in December 1999 and Kim Manners was selected as the episode's director.",
"title": "Theef"
},
{
"docid": "319788#36",
"text": "Getting rid of Sandworms is possible, but tricky. First, they can only be fought from rocks. The Sandworm lures the attacking units into a great desert, and then turns against them, so chasing them down is futile. Apart from that, Sandworms are extremely resilient for most types of weapons, and immune to Deviator and spice mounds. It requires a combined fire of several heavy vehicles to make a Sandworm go away. Units and base defensive turrets will automatically fire at the Sandworm when it moves within range (except the Atreides in the early version of \"Dune II\"). Eventually, after the Sandworm has eaten enough vehicles, or its energy is drained to yellow, it will disappear and never emerge again. The radar marks them as a pulsating white dot.",
"title": "Sandworm (Dune)"
},
{
"docid": "26597226#35",
"text": "The figure of 1.2 million dead is challenged by Chinese demographer Yan Hao who says that the methodoloy used by the TGIE is defective. “How can they come to these exact death figures by analysing documents,” he questions, “if they have problems in working out an exact figure of Tibet’s total population alive at present?” “How can they break down the figures by regions” “when they have a problem in clearly defining the boundary of the greater Tibet as well as its provinces?” Yan Hao stresses that “knowledge of statistics tells us that random sampling is necessary for acquiring reliable data in any surveys” and “those conducted entirely among political refugees could produce anything but objective and unbiased results.”",
"title": "Human rights in Tibet"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
}
] | [
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4244 | When did Jacob Aaron Westervelt die? | [
{
"docid": "195799#0",
"text": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt (January 20, 1800 – February 21, 1879) was a renowned and prolific shipbuilder who constructed 247 vessels of all descriptions during his career of over 50 years. From 1853 until 1855 he was Mayor of New York City.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "22424081#5",
"text": "Jacob Westervelt (1794–1881) is often confused with his brother-in-law John Jacob V.B. Westervelt (1805–1866), who was a Deputy Sheriff under him, and subsequently High Sheriff of New York City himself too (1846–1849), as well as Assistant Alderman from the 16th Ward (1844–1846). Another namesake is Jacob Aaron Westervelt (1800–1879), the shipbuilder, Alderman from the 13th Ward and later Mayor of New York City (1853–1855).",
"title": "Jacob Westervelt (sheriff)"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "195799#2",
"text": "Westervelt was the eldest son of Ari and Vrowti Westervelt. Ari Westervelt was a builder by occupation. He built several houses in Franklin Street, New York, and constructed the South Church in Schraalenburgh in today's Bergenfield borough. Westervelt was born in Tenafly, New Jersey, on January 20, 1800 and was baptized at Schraalenburgh on February 16, being the first child to receive that sacrament after the completion of the new church. The Westervelts then resided at the old family homestead on Tenafly Road midway between Englewood and Tenafly. When Ari Westervelt was working on improving the riverfront, he moved, together with his infant son, to New York in 1804, to be nearer his work. It was to his father that Jacob Aaron owed his good education. His father died when Westervelt was only 14.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#36",
"text": "In the middle of the 17th century a few Westervelts lived in Meppel, situated a few miles from the eastern shore of the Zuiderzee, in the province of Drenthe and three miles east of Zwolle. Amongst them were two brothers, Willem and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, both farmers and cattle raisers, who with their wives and children decided to move to the New World. They left Amsterdam on board (\"Hope\") on April 8, 1662. On their arrival on May 24, 1662, New Amsterdam (which later became New York City) was suffering from a prolonged drought as no rain had fallen for eighty consecutive days. Lubbert settled near Hackensack, New Jersey and was one of the promoters of the Dutch Church organized there in 1686. Willem was a member of the Reformed Protestant Dutch Church in New Amsterdam (1667), whilst his son lived at New Utrecht on Long Island. This son sold his lands in 1706 and is supposed to have moved to New Jersey, where the family has been numerous and prominent for the past 300 years. William Lubbertsen van Westervelt with his wife and six children, and Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt, with his wife and four children, became the progenitors of the \"van Westervelt/Westervelt\" family in America, and were at one time the second largest family in Bergen County, New Jersey. Jacob Aaron Westervelt was a seventh-generation descendant of Lubbert Lubbertsen van Westervelt.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#1",
"text": "Together with his partners (Westervelt & MacKay and Westervelt & Sons) he designed some of the fastest and most successful sailing packets, clippers and steamships ever built, among these the screw sloop and the clipper , as well as many vessels for foreign governments and Royal Houses. Westervelt was awarded the Order of Isabella the Catholic by the Queen of Spain for the preparation of models and plans for three Spanish frigates. For many years he was the President of the Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen, a member of the Chamber of Commerce, the Marine Society, the Port Society and the St. Nicholas Society. He was also President of the Board of Dock Commissioners for several years. After Westervelt's death, the flags at City Hall were lowered to half-mast.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#18",
"text": "The most successful year for Westervelts's yard was 1858 when 12 ships were built (aggregating 14,081 tons). At the outbreak of the Civil War, Westervelt was one of the richest shipowners in the country. He was a supporter of the Union cause. President Abraham Lincoln esteemed his judgment highly, and entrusted him with the purchase of many of the river craft which were altered to suit the demands of blockading and transport service. Westervelt accepted nothing for such service, but contented himself with the profits accruing from his shipyard. It was during this period that his fortune shrank very much faster than it had been accumulated. Steamer after steamer was wrecked, burned or captured by Confederate cruisers, until at the close of the war he was almost bankrupt. During one year alone his losses from marine casualties amounted to $500,000.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#20",
"text": "When the Dock Department was created in 1870, Wilson G. Hunt prevailed upon Westervelt to accept the duties of Superintendent of the Department. His management was characterized by prudence, sagacity and honesty. When William Frederick Havemeyer became Mayor in 1873, Westervelt was appointed a Commissioner of Docks and at the same time elected President of the Board of Dock Commissioners (which position he also held at the time of his death), and as such made tremendous improvements in piers and docks. His chief engineer, whom he selected in July 1870, was General George B. McClellan, and his secretary General was Louis Fitzgerald. In 1875 George S. Greene Jr. became the new chief engineer.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#34",
"text": "The feelings of the members of this movement against the participation of foreign-born citizens in municipal affairs had grown very bitter, and Westervelt set himself so sternly against them that his house was mobbed again. Probably due to the paucity of support for his reformist efforts during his term, but also because he applied himself more and more to the business of shipbuilding again, Westervelt declined a renomination, which for him was equivalent to an election, and was succeeded as Mayor by Fernando Wood. In 1857 Westervelt became a member of the New York State Assembly for Rockland County.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#37",
"text": "Westervelt married Eliza M. Thompson in New York City on April 25, 1825. They had eight children:",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
},
{
"docid": "195799#19",
"text": "After the end of the Civil War in 1865, the U.S. government auctioned off the hundreds of ships it had requisitioned during the war at firesale prices, depressing the market and leaving American shipyards with no work. The result was that most American shipyards, along with marine engine specialists, failed. Not only the Westervelt shipyard, but the whole shipbuilding industry in New York was badly affected by the slump, being practically wiped out in the ensuing years. As the demise of shipbuilding after the war afforded him little opportunity to recover from his losses, the firm was dissolved in 1868, with no large surplus of assets. By this time Westervelt had constructed 247 ships with his partners, more than any other American shipbuilder in his day.",
"title": "Jacob Aaron Westervelt"
}
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] |
4245 | How much of Romania is forest? | [
{
"docid": "25445#42",
"text": "Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27% of the territory. Some 3,700 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have been declared natural monuments, 74 missing, 39 endangered, 171 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.",
"title": "Romania"
},
{
"docid": "28847066#1",
"text": "Romsilva owns and manages of forests or around 65% of Romania's overall forests. The forests consist mainly of common beech 31.5%, coniferous trees 29.9%, pedunculate oak 18%, different species of hardwood trees 15.7% and various types of softwood trees 4.9%. Other important assets include 214 lodges, of which 187 are introduced in the online accommodation system, and 69 are placed for national and international tourist circuits. The company produced around of timber and timber products in 2009 of which 90% was exported to Egypt and 10% to the People's Republic of China.",
"title": "Romsilva"
},
{
"docid": "25637#8",
"text": "Romania's Carpathians are differentiated into three ranges: the Eastern Carpathians, the Southern Carpathians or Transylvanian Alps, and the Western Romanian Carpathians. Each of these ranges has important distinguishing features. The Eastern Carpathians are composed of three parallel ridges that run from northwest to southeast. The westernmost ridge is an extinct volcanic range with many preserved cones and craters. The range has many large depressions, in the largest of which the city of Brașov is situated. Important mining and industrial centers as well as agricultural areas are found within these depressions. The Eastern Carpathians are covered with forests—some 32 percent of the country's woodlands are there. They also contain important ore deposits, including gold and silver, and their mineral water springs feed numerous health resorts.",
"title": "Geography of Romania"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "17725725#1",
"text": "The Balkan mixed forests cover much of the valleys, plains and mountain slopes of the eastern Balkans on different altitudes (except higher parts of the Rhodope and Balkan Mountains, where they are substituted by the Rodope montane mixed forests), extend from approximately the Drina valley to the coasts of the Black, Marmara and Aegean Seas and occupy 224,400 km² (86,600 sq. mi) in Bulgaria, the Republic of Macedonia, Serbia, Romania, Greece, Kosovo and Turkey. The ecoregion is surrounded by the Euxine-Colchic deciduous forests (in Turkey, Georgia and Bulgaria), Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests (in Greece), Pindus Mountains mixed forests (in Greece, the Republic of Macedonia and Albania), Dinaric Mountains mixed forests (in Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina), Pannonian mixed forests (in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia and Romania), Carpathian montane conifer forests, Central European mixed forests (both in Romania), as well as the East European forest steppe and Pontic steppe (both situated in Romania and Bulgaria).",
"title": "Balkan mixed forests"
},
{
"docid": "11621940#1",
"text": "The three major vegetation zones in Romania are the alpine, steppe, and forest zones. The latter can be subdivided (depending on soil, climate, and altitude) into regions dominated by the Norway Spruce, European Beech, and various species of Oak, together with less widespread vegetation types such as the Dinaric calcareous block fir forest.",
"title": "Flora of Romania"
},
{
"docid": "11247268#8",
"text": "\"We designed the building from the inside out, not the outside in,” said Loretta H. Cockrum, Foram’s founder, chairman and CEO. “We wanted the most efficient office building ever designed, with no wasted space or wasted energy. This is a building of the future more than a building of the present. A lot of love has gone into that building, and a lot of pride.\"",
"title": "Brickell World Plaza"
},
{
"docid": "14046416#2",
"text": "This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, specifically those acting on paired donors, with O2 as oxidant and incorporation or reduction of oxygen. The oxygen incorporated need not be derived from O2 with 2-oxoglutarate as one donor, and incorporation of one atom o oxygen into each donor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is N6,N6,N6-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase (3-hydroxylating). Other names in common use include trimethyllysine alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML-alpha-ketoglutarate dioxygenase, TML hydroxylase, 6-N,6-N,6-N-trimethyl-L-lysine,2-oxoglutarate:oxygen oxidoreductase, and (3-hydroxylating). This enzyme participates in lysine degradation and L-carnitine biosynthesis and requires the presence of iron and ascorbate.",
"title": "Trimethyllysine dioxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "55853074#1",
"text": "s͎ is represented in Unicode by an s and U+034E (Combining Upwards Arrow Below).",
"title": "S͎"
},
{
"docid": "49691504#0",
"text": "ㅟ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅟ is U+315F.",
"title": "ㅟ"
},
{
"docid": "34255387#2",
"text": "The enzyme belongs to the group of oxidoreductases according to the EC classification and is dependent on FAD as cofactor, thus it was classified as an external flavoprotein monooxygenase (designated as type E). It forms a two-component system with a reductase (StyB, StyA2B). The reductase utilizes solely NADH to reduce the FAD, which is then transferred to the styrene monooxygenase (StyA, StyA1). Two types of that enzyme are described so far: StyA/StyB (designated E1), first described from \"Pseudomonas\" species, and StyA1/StyA2B (designated E2), first described from Actinobacteria. The E1-type is more abundant in nature and comprises a single monooxygenase (StyA) supported by a single reductase (StyB), whereas the E2-type has a major monooxygenase (StyA1) which is supported by fusion protein of a monooxygenase and reductase (StyA2B). The latter one is the source of reduced FAD for the monooxygenase subunits and has some side activity as a monooxygenase. So far all styrene monooxygenases perform enantioselective epoxidations of styrene and chemically analogous compounds, which makes them interesting for biotechnological applications.",
"title": "Styrene monooxygenase"
},
{
"docid": "49691494#0",
"text": "ㅞ is one of the Korean hangul. The Unicode for ㅞ is U+315E.",
"title": "ㅞ"
}
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] |
4247 | Who won the 2007 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl? | [
{
"docid": "14153478#0",
"text": "The 2007 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 27, 2007 in San Diego. It was part of the 2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2007–2008 bowl season. It featured the Texas Longhorns against the Arizona State Sun Devils. Texas won 52–34 and set Holiday Bowl records for the earliest score and for most points scored in the first quarter. Texas also set a school record for most points scored in a bowl game. A bizarre play involving Chris Jessee, a member of the Longhorn football operations staff and the stepson of the Texas head coach, has been cited as one of the strangest plays of the season.",
"title": "2007 Holiday Bowl"
}
] | [
{
"docid": "14153478#1",
"text": "The Holiday Bowl is a post-season NCAA-sanctioned Division I FBS college football bowl game that has been played annually at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, since 1978. The game is currently sponsored by Pacific Life Insurance, so it is known as the \"Pacific Life Holiday Bowl\"; previous title sponsors have been SeaWorld, Thrifty Car Rental, Plymouth, and Culligan. Bowl games typically have contracts with specific colleges to provide eligible teams. The conferences affiliated with the Holiday Bowl has changed over the history of the bowl. As of 2007, the game features the 2nd place Pac-10 team and the 3rd place Big 12 team.",
"title": "2007 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "15720226#0",
"text": "The 2006 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played December 28, 2006 in San Diego, California. It was part of the 2006 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of 32 games in the 2006-2007 bowl season. It featured the Texas A&M Aggies representing the Big 12 against the California Golden Bears from the Pac-10. In the Golden Bears' second trip to the Holiday Bowl in three years, they routed the Aggies, 45-10. Each conference received $2.2 million for the teams playing.",
"title": "2006 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "17018450#0",
"text": "The 2008 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was a college football bowl game played on December 30, 2008, at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California between the Oklahoma State Cowboys and the Oregon Ducks, and was part of the 2008 NCAA Division I FBS football season and one of the games in the 2008-2009 bowl season to be nationally televised by ESPN. The Ducks won the contest, 42-31.",
"title": "2008 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "335750#9",
"text": "One year later, BYU, led by their legendary coach, LaVell Edwards, won the national championship in the Holiday Bowl by defeating the University of Michigan Wolverines, coached by Bo Schembechler, 24–17. Because of the WAC's contract with the Holiday Bowl, BYU, #1 ranked and the only undefeated team in Division I-A going into that season's bowls, was obligated to play in the mid-tier Holiday Bowl against a mediocre (6–5) Michigan squad. Again, the Holiday Bowl came down to the final few plays. BYU drove the length of the field and scored on a pass from injured All-American quarterback Robbie Bosco to Kelly Smith with 1:23 remaining. Marv Allen, who also played in the very first Holiday Bowl as a redshirt freshman in 1978, sealed the victory with an interception. It was the first — and only — time that the title was won at the Holiday Bowl.",
"title": "Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "14153478#11",
"text": "ASU completed a 10–2 regular season and won a share of the Pac-10 Conference Championship. Their won–loss record tied that of the USC Trojans, but the Trojans won the tie-breaker by virtue of winning their game against ASU. The Trojans went to the 2008 Rose Bowl as conference champion and the Holiday Bowl selected ASU. The Sun Devils finished the regular season ranked number 11 in the final BCS rankings, number 11 in Coaches poll and number 12 in the AP rankings while Texas was number 19 in the BCS and number 17 in both the coaches and AP rankings.",
"title": "2007 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "5754477#28",
"text": "The Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was the first of the six prestigious non-BCS games and the third game to be played on December 28. It was played at Qualcomm Stadium in San Diego, California, which also hosts the Poinsettia Bowl. In this contest, the Texas A&M University Aggies, representing the Big 12, were routed by the University of California, Berkeley Golden Bears from the Pac-10, with the Bears coming out on top, 45–10. Each conference received $2.2 million for their team's participation.",
"title": "2006–07 NCAA football bowl games"
},
{
"docid": "9031323#17",
"text": "The 2006 Pacific Life Holiday Bowl was the Aggies' first bowl game since the 2004 SBC Cotton Bowl. This was Dennis Franchione's second bowl appearance in his four years of coaching at Texas A&M. The game in sunny San Diego, California began with Stephen McGee hooking up with Chad Schoeder for a 14-yard TD, but it was all California from then on out. Marshawn Lynch, DeSean Jackson, and Nate Longshore ripped the Aggie defense for 31 points in the second half.",
"title": "2006 Texas A&M Aggies football team"
},
{
"docid": "14153478#5",
"text": "With Texas' loss to Texas A&M the Longhorns fell out of contention for a BCS bowl; their bowl situation would be decided largely by the play of other Big 12 teams. Number four Missouri beat number two Kansas to win the Big 12 North Division. Missouri rose to the top spot in the BCS rankings prior to facing Oklahoma in the Big 12 Championship game. Oklahoma won the game to become the Big 12 Conference champion and secure their berth in the 2008 Fiesta Bowl. Even though Missouri defeated Kansas, won their division, and outranked Kansas in the BCS standings (number 6 compared to number 8 the Orange Bowl selected Kansas instead of Missouri to play in the 2008 Orange Bowl. BCS rules do not provide for all the highest ranked teams to be automatically included in BCS games; considerable discretion is given to the individual bowls in choosing among eligible teams. The Tigers were invited to play in the 2008 Cotton Bowl Classic; the Cotton Bowl Classic having first pick of Big 12 teams after the BCS bowls have made their selections. The Holiday Bowl had the next selection and they chose Texas.",
"title": "2007 Holiday Bowl"
},
{
"docid": "14153478#2",
"text": "In 2004, one-loss California was blown out in an upset by the Big 12's Texas Tech, 45–31. Sonny Cumbie, Tech's quarterback, had one of the most memorable performances in Holiday Bowl history. In 2005, an Oregon team playing without its star quarterback (10–1) lost to a battered Oklahoma team, 17–14, solidifying many people's opinions that Oregon was unworthy of a BCS bid. Oklahoma's victory in 2005 was vacated as penalty for having two ineligible players on the team. As a result, there is officially no winner to that game. In the 2006 Holiday Bowl, the California Golden Bears defeated the Texas A&M Aggies 45–10.",
"title": "2007 Holiday Bowl"
}
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