Erland/fake_news_detection_dataset_cross_lingual

claim_id int64 30 3.13k	claim stringlengths 29 305	evidence stringlengths 18 755	evidence_label stringclasses 3 values	label stringclasses 3 values	category stringlengths 2 47	claim_language stringclasses 1 value	evidence_language stringclasses 1 value
216	[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable	The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cryosphere	en	en
420	International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”	He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	International Energy Agency	en	en
1,691	Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.	This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sea level rise	en	en
930	“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.	However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica	en	en
322	The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.	It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level	en	en
2,243	The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.	Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Greenhouse gas	en	en
1,818	HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.	Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon offset	en	en
1,499	Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.	The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise	en	en
1,575	Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.	"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".	REFUTES	contradiction	Sea ice	en	en
1,022	If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years	Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Coral reef	en	en
2,160	Renewable energy investment kills jobs	It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	BP	en	en
1,464	The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.	Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Irma	en	en
284	The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.	Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change denial	en	en
1,304	in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.	During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	The New York Times	en	en
506	More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.	Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
473	La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific	latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Tropical cyclone	en	en
2,318	A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.	For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Urban heat island	en	en
1,310	It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”	April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2006 European heat wave	en	en
142	Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.	With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
811	But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.	Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of global warming	en	en
496	Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.	Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Natural disaster	en	en
1,784	Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.	While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere	en	en
1,677	A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.	In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change in the United States	en	en
72	[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]	Holstein, James A.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Narrative	en	en
598	If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.	In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
30	the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'	The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires	en	en
814	Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet	Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ice age	en	en
305	There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods	But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
1,433	Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.	Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
3,091	Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.	Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	20th century	en	en
2,994	Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.	Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Mauna Loa Observatory	en	en
2,580	Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.	The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.	REFUTES	contradiction	NW Rota-1	en	en
1,653	The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.	The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change	en	en
1,859	Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.	Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Net metering	en	en
401	On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.	Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Instrumental temperature record	en	en
428	Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.	Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctic ice sheet	en	en
2,735	It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).	In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone	en	en
1,326	But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”	High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Cardiovascular disease	en	en
2,300	"Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.	This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Vienna	en	en
1,627	In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.	Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate	en	en
74	The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].	Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
1,259	While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.	Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Western United States	en	en
2,898	The report suggests significantly smaller overall ice-mass losses than previous estimates.	As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass.	REFUTES	contradiction	Retreat of glaciers since 1850	en	en
2,590	This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.	This classic was originally published in French in 1958.	REFUTES	contradiction	Argument	en	en
3,084	"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)	The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	20th century	en	en
983	‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.	In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Kalahari Desert	en	en
2,060	Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.	Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Hurricane Sandy	en	en
1,477	Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.	Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change	en	en
332	Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.	Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Homelessness	en	en
296	The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.	The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Little Ice Age	en	en
127	Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.	Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Human impact on the environment	en	en
2,387	The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago	The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change in the Arctic	en	en
2,034	Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.	Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.	REFUTES	contradiction	IPCC Fifth Assessment Report	en	en
2,838	The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).	The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Precipitation	en	en
1,342	The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.	The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise	en	en
926	The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”	In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.	SUPPORTS	entailment	West Antarctic Ice Sheet	en	en
559	And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.	Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity	en	en
102	Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.	When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global cooling	en	en
1,685	Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.	Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Scientific consensus on climate change	en	en
418	describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040	Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Great Barrier Reef	en	en
3,125	About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...	In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
830	parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable	The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Solar System	en	en
2,365	Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.	The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".	SUPPORTS	entailment	Scientific consensus on climate change	en	en
1,814	The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.	Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.	REFUTES	contradiction	Geothermal energy	en	en
1,861	California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.	If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Institutional racism	en	en
2,260	The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.	This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Ocean acidification	en	en
3,123	Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."	The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Global warming	en	en
2,743	"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.	The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change feedback	en	en
625	I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.	The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise	en	en
169	They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.	The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Nuclear winter	en	en
847	“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).	If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
2,521	The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.	Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Sun	en	en
745	The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”	Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Biodiversity	en	en
281	In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995	Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."	SUPPORTS	entailment	Climatic Research Unit email controversy	en	en
488	Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”	An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Deforestation	en	en
1,251	“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.	(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Clathrate gun hypothesis	en	en
1,604	CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.	Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide	en	en
2,257	Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.	Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.	REFUTES	contradiction	Carbon dioxide	en	en
1,383	a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.	In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Richard Tol	en	en
772	Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.	CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide	en	en
2,912	temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C. Thus elevated winter air temperatures	They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Winter storm	en	en
1,890	Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.	In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from CO 2 (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used within conventional combustion technologies but have no net CO 2 emissions.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Carbon dioxide	en	en
677	“Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.	Carnivores require meat in their diet for survival, but carnists choose to eat meat based on their beliefs.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows	en	en
2,991	Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)	He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Bjørn Lomborg	en	en
1,040	While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.	There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy	en	en
1,672	Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.	Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming	en	en
1,458	Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.	The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.	SUPPORTS	entailment	Retreat of glaciers since 1850	en	en
1,802	The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.	An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	El Niño–Southern Oscillation	en	en
558	Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.	phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Species	en	en
2,763	The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.	Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Little Ice Age	en	en
240	In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.	Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Global warming controversy	en	en
2,877	Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.	Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Google Scholar	en	en
449	So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.	Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Effects of global warming	en	en
1,444	Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.	Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Climate change mitigation	en	en
2,618	It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.	This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Operant conditioning	en	en
2,989	While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.	Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Stern Review	en	en
1,169	“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.	A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Sea level rise	en	en
2,499	First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.	An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Ice age	en	en
2,042	Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.	Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Greenhouse gas	en	en
502	But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”	A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.	NOT_ENOUGH_INFO	neutral	Antarctica	en	en

216

[The 1990 IPCC report said] that the Antarctic ice sheets were stable

The West Antarctic Ice Sheet is stable so long as the Ross Ice Shelf is constrained by drag along its lateral boundaries and pinned by local grounding.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cryosphere

en

420

International Energy Agency, a global analysis organization, “continue to see a role for coal for the foreseeable future.”

He further said that the IEA is overstating the role of shale in a global market, and how the core job of the IEA, is not to take things out of context.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

International Energy Agency

en

1,691

Sea level rise is now increasing faster than predicted due to unexpectedly rapid ice melting.

This acceleration is due mostly to human-caused global warming, which is driving thermal expansion of seawater and the melting of land-based ice sheets and glaciers.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sea level rise

en

930

“Right now, the shelf works like a giant bottle-stopper that slows down ice trying to flow from the land into the sea.

However, it is the outflow of the ice from the land to form the ice shelf which causes a rise in global sea level.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

en

322

The first adjustment changed how the temperature of the ocean surface is calculated, by replacing satellite data with drifting buoys and temperatures in ships’ water intake.

It varies globally in a range of ± 2 m. Historically, adjustments were made to sea-level measurements to take into account the effects of the 235 lunar month Metonic cycle and the 223-month eclipse cycle on the tides.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level

en

2,243

The CO2 amplifies the warming and mixes through the atmosphere, spreading warming throughout the planet.

Because water vapor is a greenhouse gas, this results in further warming and so is a "positive feedback" that amplifies the original warming.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Greenhouse gas

en

1,818

HFCs (hydrofluorocarbons) are tens of thousands of times more polluting than carbon dioxide.

Industrial pollutants such as hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs) have a GWP many thousands of times greater than carbon dioxide by volume.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon offset

en

1,499

Sea-level rise does not seem to depend on ocean temperature, and certainly not on CO2.

The heat needed to raise an average temperature increase of the entire world ocean by 0.01 °C would increase the atmospheric temperature by approximately 10 °C.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

en

1,575

Arctic sea ice loss is matched by Antarctic sea ice gain.

"Antarctic ice shelf disintegration triggered by sea ice loss and ocean swell".

REFUTES

contradiction

Sea ice

en

1,022

If water temperatures stay moderate, the damaged sections of the Great Barrier Reef may be covered with corals again in as few as 10 or 15 years

Sea level on the Great Barrier Reef has not changed significantly in the last 6,000 years.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Coral reef

en

2,160

Renewable energy investment kills jobs

It established an alternative and low carbon energy business in 2005, with plans to invest $8 billion over a 10-year period into renewable energy sources including solar, wind, and biofuels, and non-renewable sources including natural gas and hydrogen power.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

BP

en

1,464

The U.S. has also witnessed increasing numbers of intense rainfall events.

Lee County was lashed by strong winds and heavy rainfall, which caused prolonged flooding in some areas.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Irma

en

284

The figure traditionally cited that suggests 97 per cent of climate scientists agree that global warming is man-made was also found to be flawed.

Several researchers have concluded that around 97% of climate scientists agree with this consensus.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change denial

en

1,304

in a letter to The Times from Lord Krebs and company, essentially telling the newspaper to stop reporting less-than-negative climate stories.

During the Iranian nuclear crisis the newspaper minimized the "negative processes" of the United States while overemphasizing similar processes of Iran.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

The New York Times

en

506

More than 100 climate models over the past 30 years did not predict what actually happened because it was assumed carbon dioxide had the pivotal role in driving climate change and that the effects of clouds, back-radiation and the sun were trivial.

Computer models are run on supercomputers to reproduce and predict the circulation of the oceans, the annual cycle of the seasons, and the flows of carbon between the land surface and the atmosphere.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

473

La Niñas, on the other hand, feature cooler than average waters in the Pacific

latent heat) at the temperature of the warm ocean surface (during evaporation, the ocean cools and the air warms).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Tropical cyclone

en

2,318

A paper by Ross McKitrick, an economics professor at the University of Guelph, and Patrick Michaels, an environmental studies professor at the University of Virginia, concludes that half of the global warming trend from 1980 to 2002 is caused by Urban Heat Island.

For example, Ross McKitrick and Patrick J. Michaels conducted a statistical study of surface-temperature data regressed against socioeconomic indicators, and concluded that about half of the observed warming trend (for 1979–2002) could be accounted for by the residual UHI effects in the corrected temperature data set they studied—which had already been processed to remove the (modeled) UHI contribution.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Urban heat island

en

1,310

It has occurred during the warmest year on record, which occurred in 2015, and the two most unusually mild months on Earth, which took place in January and February, respectively.”

April 2007 was also the warmest month in history, the average temperature being 5 °C warmer than normal.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2006 European heat wave

en

142

Worst-case global heating scenarios may need to be revised upwards in light of a better understanding of the role of clouds, scientists have said.

With this information, scientists can produce scenarios of how greenhouse gas emissions may vary in the future.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

811

But [climate scientists] say that aspects of the case of Hurricane Harvey—and the recent history of tropical cyclones worldwide—suggest global warming is making a bad situation worse.

Global warming not only causes changes in tropical cyclones, it may also make some impacts from them worse via sea level rise.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of global warming

en

496

Nine years into that 11-year hurricane drought, a NASA scientist computed it as a 1-in-177-year event.

Drought is the unusual dryness of soil caused by levels of rainfall significantly below average over a prolonged period.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Natural disaster

en

1,784

Many lines of evidence, including simple accounting, demonstrate beyond a shadow of a doubt that the increase in atmospheric CO2 is due to human fossil fuel burning.

While CO 2 absorption and release is always happening as a result of natural processes, the recent rise in CO 2 levels in the atmosphere is known to be mainly due to human (anthropogenic) activity.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere

en

1,677

A cold day in Chicago in winter has nothing to do with the trend of global warming.

In it was the prediction that on our current course the planet will warm a disastrous seven degrees Fahrenheit (or about 3.9 degrees Celsius) by the end of this century.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change in the United States

en

72

[O]ne of the previously fastest shrinking glaciers in the world is growing again, calling into question the narrative that rapid climate change [...]

Holstein, James A.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Narrative

en

598

If ECS is as low as the Energy Balance literature suggests, it means that the climate models we have been using for decades run too hot and need to be revised.

In 1896, he published the first climate model of its kind, showing that halving of CO 2 could have produced the drop in temperature initiating the ice age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

30

the bushfires [in Australia] were caused by arsonists and a series of lightning strikes, not 'climate change'

The 2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires were a series of bushfires caused by lightning strikes on 6 December 2007 on Kangaroo Island, South Australia, resulting in the destruction of 95,000 hectares (230,000 acres) of national park and wilderness protection area.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

2007 Kangaroo Island bushfires

en

814

Global Ocean Circulation Appears To Be Collapsing Due To A Warming Planet

Additional fresh water flowing into the North Atlantic during a warming cycle may also reduce the global ocean water circulation.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ice age

en

305

There is no statistical evidence that global warming is intensifying[…] floods

But, more accurately, global warming is the mainly human-caused increase in global surface temperatures and its projected continuation, while climate change includes both global warming and its effects, such as changes in precipitation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

1,433

Eleven percent of the world’s population is currently vulnerable to climate change impacts such as droughts, floods, heat waves, extreme weather events and sea-level rise.

Impacts include the direct effects of extreme weather, leading to injury and loss of life; and indirect effects, such as undernutrition brought on by crop failures.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

3,091

Global Warming history completely coincides with the history of artificial satellites and the use of microwave frequencies from outer space.

Over time, a massive system of artificial satellites was placed into orbit around Earth.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

20th century

en

2,994

Mauna Loa has been producing a readout which supports Manning's predetermined goal by showing steady growth in atmospheric CO2 concentrations since 1959.

Since 1958, initially under the direction of Charles Keeling, followed by his son Ralph and later Elmer Robinson, Mauna Loa Observatory (MLO) has been monitoring and collecting data relating to atmospheric change, and is known especially for the continuous monitoring of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), which is sometimes referred to as the Keeling Curve.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Mauna Loa Observatory

en

2,580

Volcanoes emit around 0.3 billion tonnes of CO2 per year.

The volcano produces about 400,000 ± 100,000 tonnes per year (400,000 ± 100,000 t/a) of CO 2, which is about 0.2–0.6% of the worldwide CO 2 flux at subaerial volcanoes.

REFUTES

contradiction

NW Rota-1

en

1,653

The most recent ocean measurements show consistent warming.

The IPCC Fourth Assessment Report stated that: Warming of the climate system is unequivocal, as evidenced by increases in global average air and ocean temperatures, the widespread melting of snow and ice, and rising global average sea level.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

en

1,859

Big rooftop solar's plan forces Nevada families who don't have solar panels to pay higher power bills to subsidize rooftop solar.

Households with a smaller number of solar panels would likely see their rates go up under the proposal.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Net metering

en

401

On Feb. 7, several major newspapers carried stories of the declaration by NASA and NOAA that the past five years have been the warmest on record.

Consistent with Schmidt's comment, the NASA / NOAA announcement stated that "globally-averaged temperatures in 2016 were 1.78 degrees Fahrenheit (0.99 degrees Celsius) warmer than the mid-20th century mean" and that the impact of El Niño warming was estimated to have "increased the annual global temperature anomaly for 2016 by 0.2 degrees Fahrenheit (0.12 degrees Celsius)."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Instrumental temperature record

en

428

Brooks added that Antarctic ice is growing.

Satellite measurements by NASA indicate a still increasing sheet thickness above the continent, outweighing the losses at the edge.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctic ice sheet

en

2,735

It appears, for the entire tropics, the observed outgoing radiation fluxes increase with the increase in sea surface temperatures (SSTs).

In tropical and subtropical areas, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) rose 0.2 °C (0.36 °F) within a 50-year period, and in the North Atlantic and Northwestern Pacific tropical cyclone basins, the potential destructiveness and energy of storms nearly doubled within the same duration, evidencing a clear correlation between global warming and tropical cyclone intensities.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Mediterranean tropical-like cyclone

en

1,326

But more than 7% of deaths are related to cold—counting hypothermia, as well as increased blood pressure and risk of heart attack that results when the body restricts blood flow in response to frigid temperatures.”

High blood pressure is estimated to account for approximately 13% of CVD deaths, while tobacco accounts for 9%, diabetes 6%, lack of exercise 6% and obesity 5%.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Cardiovascular disease

en

2,300

"Austria is today seeing its earliest snowfall in history with 30 to 40 centimetres already predicted in the mountains.

This law of neutrality, passed in late October 1955 (and not the State Treaty itself), ensured that modern Austria would align with neither NATO nor the Soviet bloc, and is considered one of the reasons for Austria's delayed entry into the European Union in 1995.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Vienna

en

1,627

In the last 35 years of global warming, sun and climate have been going in opposite directions.

Climate change may occur over long and short timescales from a variety of factors; recent warming is discussed in global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate

en

74

The models predicted about three times the amount of warming in the world we’ve seen since [1988].

Currently, surface temperatures are rising by about 0.2 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

1,259

While the north-east, midwest and upper great plains have experienced a 30% increase in heavy rainfall episodes – considered once-in-every-five year downpours – parts of the west, particularly California, have been parched by drought.

Drought is much more common in the West than the rest of the United States.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Western United States

en

2,898

The report suggests significantly smaller overall ice-mass losses than previous estimates.

As with glaciers worldwide, those of the greater Himalayan region are experiencing a decline in mass, and researchers claim that between the early 1970s and early 2000s, there had been a 9 percent reduction in ice mass.

REFUTES

contradiction

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

en

2,590

This argument originates from Angstrom's work in 1901.

This classic was originally published in French in 1958.

REFUTES

contradiction

Argument

en

3,084

"the temperature increase in the second half of the 20th century could have taken place in steps driven by major ENSO events" (Jens Raunsø Jensen)

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about 0.8° Celsius (1.4° Fahrenheit) since 1880; Two-thirds of the warming has occurred since 1975, at a rate of roughly 0.15-0.20 °C per decade.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

20th century

en

983

‘The dry periods are drier and the wet periods are wetter,’ said Jeffrey Mount, a water expert and senior fellow at the Public Policy Institute of California.

In certain areas where the climate is drier, it becomes a true semi-desert with ground not entirely covered by vegetation: "open" as opposed to "closed" vegetation.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Kalahari Desert

en

2,060

Global warming is causing more hurricanes and stronger hurricanes.

Their report also states that due to global warming the number of future hurricanes will "either decrease or remain essentially unchanged" overall, but the ones that do form will likely be stronger, with fiercer winds and heavier rains.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Hurricane Sandy

en

1,477

Human-produced carbon might be one of the factors of climate change, but there’s simply no evidence that it is a significant one.

Seventy-five of 77 believed that human activity is a significant factor in changing mean global temperatures.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

en

332

Shelters in poorer countries are not repainted as often, and darker stations absorb more of the sun’s energy.

Acute conditions such as sunburn, dehydration, heat stroke and allergic reactions are also common.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Homelessness

en

296

The Little Ice Age ended as recently as 1850.

The Little Ice Age ended in the latter half of the 19th century or early in the 20th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Little Ice Age

en

127

Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide has helped raise global food production and reduce poverty.

Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Human impact on the environment

en

2,387

The Greenland ice sheet is at least 400,000 years old and warming was not global when Europeans settled in Greeland 1,000 years ago

The effects of global warming in the Arctic, or climate change in the Arctic include rising air and water temperatures, loss of sea ice, and melting of the Greenland ice sheet with a related cold temperature anomaly, observed since the 1970s.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change in the Arctic

en

2,034

Latest IPCC Reports (AR5) have shown global mean temperature forecasts from the 2005 IPCC report exceeded actual readings.

Compared to the previous report, the lower bounds for the sensitivity of the climate system to emissions were slightly lowered, though the projections for global mean temperature rise (compared to pre-industrial levels) by 2100 exceeded 1.5 °C in all scenarios.

REFUTES

contradiction

IPCC Fifth Assessment Report

en

2,838

The data is being reported by the University of Illinois's Arctic Climate Research Center, and is derived from satellite observations of the Northern and Southern hemisphere polar regions (Daily Tech).

The IR estimates have rather low skill at short time and space scales, but are available very frequently (15 minutes or more often) from satellites in geosynchronous Earth orbit.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Precipitation

en

1,342

The worsening of tidal flooding in American coastal communities is largely a consequence of greenhouse gases from human activity, and the problem will grow far worse in coming decades, scientists reported Monday.

The main idea in the report according to one of his authors Michael Oppenheimer is that if humanity will drastically reduce Greenhouse gas emission in the next decades the problem will be tough but manageable.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

en

926

The sea level was 20 to 30 feet higher than it is today, implying that the ice sheets in both Greenland and Antarctica must have partly disintegrated, a warning of what could occur in the relatively near future if the heating of the planet continues unchecked.”

In 2018, scientists concluded that high sea levels some 125,000 years ago, which were 6–9 m (20–30 ft) higher than today, were most likely due to the absence of the WAIS, and found evidence that the ice sheet collapsed under climate conditions similar to those of today.

SUPPORTS

entailment

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

en

559

And there is a lot of evidence that climate change is diminishing biodiversity, which can be seen in these alpine meadows as well.

Increased temperatures may allow herbivores to expand further into alpine regions, significant impacting the composition of alpine herbfields.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity

en

102

Forward projections of solar cyclicity imply the next few decades may be marked by global cooling rather than warming, despite continuing CO2 emissions.

When the model included estimated changes in solar intensity, it gave a reasonable match to temperatures over the previous thousand years and its prediction was that "CO 2 warming dominates the surface temperature patterns soon after 1980."

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global cooling

en

1,685

Weather and climate are different; climate predictions do not need weather detail.

Documented long-term climate changes include changes in Arctic temperatures and ice, widespread changes in precipitation amounts, ocean salinity, wind patterns and extreme weather including droughts, heavy precipitation, heat waves and the intensity of tropical cyclones.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Scientific consensus on climate change

en

418

describes a world of worsening food shortages and wildfires, and a mass die-off of coral reefs as soon as 2040

Battle for the Reef – Four Corners – ABC.au Great Barrier Reef scientists confirm largest die-off of corals recorded.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Great Barrier Reef

en

3,125

About 60% of the warming observed from 1970 to 2000 was very likely caused by this natural 60-year climatic cycle during its warming phase...

In the scientific literature, there is an overwhelming consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused mainly by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

830

parts of the Earth will likely become close to uninhabitable

The expanding Sun is expected to vaporize Mercury and render Earth uninhabitable.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Solar System

en

2,365

Comparisons to the most recent data consistently finds that climate change is occurring more rapidly and intensely than indicated by IPCC predictions.

The statement references the IPCC's Fourth Assessment of 2007, and asserts that "climate change is happening even faster than previously estimated; global CO 2 emissions since 2000 have been higher than even the highest predictions, Arctic sea ice has been melting at rates much faster than predicted, and the rise in the sea level has become more rapid".

SUPPORTS

entailment

Scientific consensus on climate change

en

1,814

The amount of heat energy coming out of the Earth is too small to even be worth considering.

Geothermal power is considered to be renewable because any projected heat extraction is small compared to the Earth's heat content.

REFUTES

contradiction

Geothermal energy

en

1,861

California legislators have made it illegal for anyone to deny climate change, under threat of jail time.

If the government was armed with appropriate legislation and the threat of long prison terms, private citizens would not feel the need to act.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Institutional racism

en

2,260

The current debate on the connection between CO2 emissions and climate change has largely overlooked an independent and equally serious problem, the increasing acidity of our oceans.

This will cause an elevation of ocean alkalinity, leading to the enhancement of the ocean as a reservoir for CO 2 with implications for climate change as more CO 2 leaves the atmosphere for the ocean.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Ocean acidification

en

3,123

Given that a doubling of carbon dioxide would change the surface heat flux by only two watts per square meter, it is evident that a small change in cloud cover can strongly affect the response to carbon dioxide."

The main reinforcing feedbacks are the water vapour feedback, the ice–albedo feedback, and probably the net effect of clouds.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Global warming

en

2,743

"a [cloudcover] change in the Tropics could lead to a negative feedback in the global climate, with a feedback factor of about –1.1, which if correct, would more than cancel all the positive feedbacks in the more sensitive current climate models" (Lindzen et al.

The impact of this negative feedback effect is included in global climate models summarized by the IPCC.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change feedback

en

625

I note particularly that sea-level rise is not affected by the warming; it continues at the same rate, 1.8 millimeters a year, according to a 1990 review by Andrew S. Trupin and John Wahr.

The sea-level rise due to Antarctica has been estimated to be 0.25 mm per year from 1993–2005, and 0.42 mm per year from 2005 to 2015.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

en

169

They can now model how likely a specific event would be to occur under historical conditions, compared to the record temperatures we’re experiencing.

The authors used computational models developed by NCAR to simulate the climatic effects of a soot cloud that they suggest would be a result, of a regional nuclear war in which 100 "small" (15 Kt) weapons are detonated over cities.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Nuclear winter

en

847

“The IPCC reports also don’t fully account for the albedo effect (less ice means less reflected and more absorbed sunlight, hence more warming); more cloud cover (which traps heat); or the dieback of forests and other flora (which extract carbon from the atmosphere).

If cloud cover increases, more sunlight will be reflected back into space, cooling the planet.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

2,521

The atmosphere of the Earth is less able to absorb shortwave radiation from the Sun than thermal radiation coming from the surface.

Sunlight on the surface of Earth is attenuated by Earth's atmosphere, so that less power arrives at the surface (closer to 1,000 W/m2) in clear conditions when the Sun is near the zenith.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Sun

en

745

The past shows that climate change is normal, that warmer times and more atmospheric carbon dioxide have driven biodiversity and that cold times kill.”

Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges, phenology, and weather, but, mercifully, the major impacts that have been predicted are still potential futures.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Biodiversity

en

281

In an interview with the BBC after the scandal broke, Dr Jones admitted there had been no statistically significant global warming since 1995

Here is the quote: "The fact is that we can't account for the lack of warming at the moment and it is a travesty that we can't."

SUPPORTS

entailment

Climatic Research Unit email controversy

en

488

Losing tropical forests is not somehow cheaper than putting up wind farms in the US or Sahara.”

An ambitious proposal for China is the Aerially Delivered Re-forestation and Erosion Control System and the proposed Sahara Forest Project coupled with the Seawater Greenhouse.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Deforestation

en

1,251

“Underneath the permafrost there are sediments full of methane hydrates.

(2008) estimate that not less than 1,400 gigatonnes of carbon is presently locked up as methane and methane hydrates under the Arctic submarine permafrost, and 5–10% of that area is subject to puncturing by open taliks.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Clathrate gun hypothesis

en

1,604

CO2 increase is natural, not human-caused.

Human activities have caused CO 2 to increase above levels not seen in hundreds of thousands of years.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

en

2,257

Our harmless emissions of trifling quantities of carbon dioxide cannot possibly acidify the oceans.

Carbon dioxide also causes ocean acidification because it dissolves in water to form carbonic acid.

REFUTES

contradiction

Carbon dioxide

en

1,383

a new study by a leading climate economist, Richard Tol of the University of Sussex, concludes that warming may well bring gains, because carbon dioxide causes crops and wild ecosystems to grow greener and more drought-resistant.

In 2009, Tol published an influential paper that combined data from several earlier studies, concluding that at least some amount of global warming could lead to economic gains.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Richard Tol

en

772

Geologists say that humans are now pumping the gas into the air much faster than nature has ever done.

CO 2 is produced by all aerobic organisms when they metabolize carbohydrates and lipids to produce energy by respiration.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

en

2,912

temperature under the ice is fixed at -2C. Thus elevated winter air temperatures

They typically occur when a layer of warm air hovers over a region, but the ambient temperature a few meters above the ground is near or below 0 °C (32 °F), and the ground temperature is sub-freezing.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Winter storm

en

1,890

Germany managed to increase its use of renewables and its output of carbon dioxide at the same time -- because it resorted to cheap coal to keep the lights on at a price its people could afford.

In particular, the use of renewable energy for production of fuels from CO 2 (such as methanol) is attractive as this could result in fuels that could be easily transported and used within conventional combustion technologies but have no net CO 2 emissions.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Carbon dioxide

en

677

“Which is to say that these beans will be eaten by cows, and the cows will convert the beans to meat, and the humans will eat the meat.

Carnivores require meat in their diet for survival, but carnists choose to eat meat based on their beliefs.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Why We Love Dogs, Eat Pigs, and Wear Cows

en

2,991

Yet the cost of doing something will likely be higher than 6 per cent of GDP" (Bjorn Lomborg)

He argues that "... the cost and benefits of the proposed measures against global warming.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Bjørn Lomborg

en

1,040

While evidence that the earth’s orbital variations impact radiation levels and thus global temperatures does not of course mean that man is not in some way impacting the climate, studies like these highlight that the role man plays on the planet is dwarfed by natural phenomena utterly out of our control.

There are many interesting palaeoclimate studies that suggest that solar variability had an influence on pre-industrial climate.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

en

1,672

Global temperature is still rising and 2010 was the hottest recorded.

Between 1993 and 2017, the global mean sea level rose on average by 3.1 ± 0.3 mm per year, with an acceleration detected as well.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming

en

1,458

Glaciers are retreating almost everywhere around the world — including in the Alps, Himalayas, Andes, Rockies, Alaska and Africa.

The retreat of mountain glaciers, notably in western North America, Asia, the Alps and tropical and subtropical regions of South America, Africa and Indonesia, provide evidence for the rise in global temperatures since the late 19th century.

SUPPORTS

entailment

Retreat of glaciers since 1850

en

1,802

The temporary drop in sea level in 2010 was due to intense land flooding caused by a strong La Nina.

An especially strong Walker circulation causes a La Niña, resulting in cooler ocean temperatures due to increased upwelling.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

El Niño–Southern Oscillation

en

558

Species that have a lot of plasticity tend to be generalists.

phenotypic plasticity, multiple life-cycle stages).

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Species

en

2,763

The long term trend from albedo is of cooling.

Orbital forcing from cycles in the earth's orbit around the sun has, for the past 2,000 years, caused a long-term northern hemisphere cooling trend that continued through the Middle Ages and the Little Ice Age.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Little Ice Age

en

240

In 1990 the United Nation’s Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that temperatures would rise by 0.54F (0.3C) per decade.

Models referenced by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predict that global temperatures are likely to increase by 1.1 to 6.4 °C (2.0 to 11.5 °F) between 1990 and 2100.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Global warming controversy

en

2,877

Benny Peiser conducted a search of peer-reviewed literature on the ISI Web of Science database between 1993 and 2003.

Released in beta in November 2004, the Google Scholar index includes most peer-reviewed online academic journals and books, conference papers, theses and dissertations, preprints, abstracts, technical reports, and other scholarly literature, including court opinions and patents.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Google Scholar

en

449

So it’s clear now we’re not seeing dangerous global warming, and the climate models are wrong.

Tipping points are "perhaps the most ‘dangerous’ aspect of future climate changes", leading to irreversible impacts on society.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Effects of global warming

en

1,444

Natural climate solutions like ending deforestation and restoring degraded forests could, at the global level, create 80 million jobs, bring 1 billion people out of poverty and add US$ 2.3 trillion in productive growth.

Globally, there are an estimated 3 million direct jobs in renewable energy industries, with about half of them in the biofuels industry.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Climate change mitigation

en

2,618

It fails to explain how we can have short-term positive feedback and long-term negative feedback.

This provided immediate feedback and acted as positive reinforcement for a soldier's behavior.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Operant conditioning

en

2,989

While preventing global warming is relatively cheap, economists can't even accurately estimate the accelerating costs of climate damages if we continue with business-as-usual.

Economists have different views over the cost estimates of climate change mitigation given in the Review.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Stern Review

en

1,169

“Sea level rise, which was occurring long before humans could be blamed, has not accelerated and still amounts to only 1 inch every ten years.

A 2018 systematic review study estimated that ice loss across the entire continent was 43 gigatons (Gt) per year on average during the period from 1992 to 2002, but has accelerated to an average of 220 Gt per year during the five years from 2012 to 2017.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Sea level rise

en

2,499

First, they concur with the believers that the Earth has been warming since the end of a Little Ice Age around 1850.

An ice age is a long period of reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere, resulting in the presence or expansion of continental and polar ice sheets and alpine glaciers.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Ice age

en

2,042

Recent research also indicates that the quantity of fossil fuels staying in the atmosphere is much less than previously thought.

Projections suggest that more than 80% of the world's energy will come from fossil fuels.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Greenhouse gas

en

502

But abnormal temperature spikes in February and earlier this month have left it vulnerable to winds, which have pushed the ice further away from the coast than at any time since satellite records began in the 1970s.”

A lower air temperature of −94.7 °C (−138.5 °F) was recorded in 2010 by satellite—however, it may be influenced by ground temperatures and was not recorded at a height of 7 feet (2 m) above the surface as required for the official air temperature records.

NOT_ENOUGH_INFO

neutral

Antarctica

en