0297a67d0d925d33ba4121f62dcecaa4de3c2d90b92984cf4cadcbde7e26dddd

ensimple/4315.html.txt

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+
+
+A moose (Alces alces; called elk in Europe) is a large deer. Some authorities put the American moose in a different species, Alces americanus.
+
+A male moose is called a bull, a female moose is called a cow, and a young moose is called a calf. A group of moose is called a herd. The plural form of moose is "moose”. Some people jokingly use the word “meese” based on “goose” and “geese”.[2]
+
+Moose live in northern Europe, Asia, and in North America. Moose usually live in areas with lakes, marshes and swamps. They also live in mountain ranges.
+
+Moose live in North America and also range from northern Europe to Siberia. In Europe they live in Finland, Sweden, Norway, Poland and the Baltic countries (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania). In North America they live in Canada, Alaska and northern parts of the United States. In 2008 they were re-introduced to Scottish Highlands from Scandinavia.
+
+There are about 115,000 moose in Finland, and about the same number in Norway. Alaska has about 200,000. Canada and Russia each have between 500,000 and one million. There are also some in the continental United States. The animal is widely distributed.
+
+Moose are active during the day. They live alone, but in winter they sometimes form small groups. Moose eat grass, leaves, twigs, willow, birch, maple shoots and water plants. After a pregnancy of 8 months, the female gives birth to one or two calves. Females can first become pregnant when they are between two and three years old. Young moose stay with their mother for a year; after one year they leave and live alone. Moose usually live to fifteen years old, but they can reach as old as twenty-seven years old. A mother moose will aggressively protect her young. Moose calves are hunted by bears and wolves.
+
+A full-grown moose has few natural enemies. Siberian tigers prey on adult moose.[3][4] Wolves also pose a threat, especially to females with calves.[5] Brown bears are known to prey on moose, although bears are more likely to take over a wolf kill or to take young moose than to hunt adult moose on their own.[6] American black bears and cougars can take moose calves and can sometimes kill adult cows.[7][8] Wolverine are most likely to eat moose as carrion but have killed moose, including adults, when the moose are weakened by harsh winter conditions.[9] Killer whales are the moose's only known marine predator. They have been known to prey on moose swimming between islands off North America's northwest coast.[10]
+
+Moose have been hunted by humans since the Stone Age.
+
+Because of their dark coloured fur, moose are hard to see when they are crossing roads at night. They are sometimes hit by cars. In some countries like Canada, Finland and Sweden there are moose warning signs on roads and motorways are fenced.
+
+Media related to Alces alces at Wikimedia Commons

ensimple/4316.html.txt

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+Orion is one of the largest constellations in the sky. It is supposed to look like the warrior Orion from Greek mythology. The constellation has other names in different cultures: it is mentioned under a Hebrew name in the Book of Job.
+
+The constellation has a clear hour-glass shape with "Orion's Belt" in the centre. That part is made up of three bright stars (Alnitak, Alnilam, Mintaka) in line. The Orion constellation has 81 visible stars, including some of the brightest and most important stars in the night sky. Rigel is the brightest star in it, and Betelgeuse is a huge, rather unstable red giant.
+
+The constellation includes a series of starburst nebulae where new stars are forming. The whole group of nebulae is known as the Orion complex. The complex is 1,500 to 1,600 light-years away, and hundreds of light-years across. It includes
+
+In Greek mythology, Orion was a great hunter who joined Artemis's Hunt. He was the first ever male to ever enter the Hunt. Inevitably, he slowly started getting closer to Artemis, and eventually fell in love with her, even though he knew she had sworn an oath of maidenhood. Artemis did not sense this at the time, so she let him stay in the Hunt. The problem was that Orion was too good a hunter, and got in over his head. He killed too many animals, which was against the Hunters' nature, which was not to harm nature if it was not of danger to them. Gaea, the Earth Spirit, sensed this, and sent a giant scorpion to kill him, to punish him for his sins against nature. Artemis mourned his death, and herself made a constellation dedicated him, namely, the Orion's Belt.
+
+The ancient Egyptians equated the constellation with Osiris, god of the afterlife.  The ancient Egyptian "First Time", "when Osiris walked on the Earth", has by some fringe archeologists been held to be around 10,500 BC; thanks to precession (which was known to the astronomers of the Early Dynasties), around that time at the Spring Equinox the constellation could be seen "walking" on the horizon just before dawn.
+
+Orion can be used to find the constellations Gemini, Auriga, and Canis Major. Find the belt, and you will find gemini to the northeast, auriga to the north, and ganis minor to the southwest. The Orion Belt is an asterism of 3 stars, all in a straight line. You could find it by finding a very bright red star (Betelgeuse).

ensimple/4317.html.txt

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+Orlando Jonathan Blanchard Bloom (born 13 January 1977, in Canterbury, Kent, England) is an English actor. He is most known for his first major movie role as the elf Legolas Greenleaf in The Lord of the Rings movie trilogy.
+
+In 1993, he moved to London to improve his career, doing bit parts in TV series like Casualty. Then he played some theatres like The Seagull, Twelfth Night, and Trojan Women. This is a role that he received some days before graduating the drama school in London.
+
+Here are some movies, in which he played an important character:

ensimple/4318.html.txt

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+
+
+The duck-billed platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus) is a small mammal. It is one of only two monotremes to survive today. It lives in  eastern Australia.[3] The plural of platypus is just 'platypus'.
+
+The platypus lives in rivers and river banks. It is one of only two families of mammals which lay eggs. The other is the Echidna, which has four species. The platypus was first described in detail in the early 19th century, but it took a while before biologists in England believed what they were reading.[4]
+
+These mammals are called monotremes because they have a common rear opening known as the cloaca. Through this opening faeces and urine are voided (put out), and sexual activity takes place.[5] This is a primitive ('basal') feature of tetrapods, which monotremes, birds and reptiles have today. The more 'advanced' ('derived') mammals have the system where the rear has two openings.
+
+The platypus looks similar to a beaver with a brown, furry body and wide, flat tail.  Unlike a beaver, it has no feet (no toes), which are good for swimming.  When the platypus moves on land, it walks on its knuckles so the webs on its feet will not get in the way.[6] Its nose is large and rubbery.  The platypus is sometimes called  "duck billed platypus" because of this nose. It is similar to a duck's bill (mouth). Platypus can be big or small. The larger platypus live in Tasmania while the smaller ones live in Queensland.[3] Adults can be less than 1 kg (2 lb) or up to 3 kg (7 lb).  Its body can be from 30 cm (12 in) to 40 cm (16 in) long.  Its tail can be from 10 cm (4 in) to 15 cm (6 in) long.[3] Males are about one-third (1/3) larger than females.
+
+The male platypus has a sharp spine on his two back ankles called spurs which contain a venom.[7]  It will not kill humans, but the poison has been known to kill small animals, such as dogs, and cause pain lasting as long as four months. The amount of poison increases during the breeding season.
+
+The platypus sleeps during the day, and moves mostly at night. It is a very good swimmer and spends much of its time in the water. The toes on its feet are joined. When it swims, it pushes itself along by moving the front two feet. The tail and back feet help it to turn left or right, but does not make it faster.
+
+The platypus eats other animals. It eats worms, insect larvae, shrimps and yabbies, which are a kind of freshwater crayfish. It digs these animals out of the bottom of the river with its beak, or catches them while swimming. Its nose can sense many things that other noses cannot. The platypus can sense electricity from other animals. It keeps its eyes shut when swimming, using only its other senses, such as hearing, touch and changes in the electrical field.  The platypus can also hunt without using its eyes. These are adaptations to life in rivers where the water is opaque with sediment.
+
+When on land, the platypus lives in burrows on the river banks. These holes are between 3 m (10 ft) and 8 m (26 ft) long. It makes these holes in the river bank a little above the water. It likes them hidden under roots. When a female platypus is pregnant, the female makes much larger holes, up to 20 m (66 ft) long. She blocks the tunnel with earth at several places. At the end of the tunnel, she builds a nest out of reeds for her eggs.[8]
+
+The platypus lays eggs in its nest. When the babies come out of the eggs after about ten days, they hold on to the mother. The mother makes milk for the new babies. The platypus does not have nipples, but milk comes through small openings in the skin. The young platypus drinks the milk from the mother's skin while she lies on her back. At six weeks the babies have fur and are able to leave the burrow for short trips. After four months they no longer need their mother's milk.[3]
+
+The long period as dependent young, the provision of milk, and the way the young learn through play, are all advanced features. The monotremes share them with all other mammals.[9] The monotremes are a mixture of primitive and advanced traits, a situation known as mosaic evolution.
+
+The platypus lives in small streams and rivers over a large area of eastern Australia. The map above shows this with dark purple. It has been seen in alpine lakes in Tasmania in the south, and north in Queensland as far as the Cape York Peninsula in tropical rain forest rivers.[3]
+
+In the past, platypus lived in South Australia but they no longer do so. There are platypus on Kangaroo Island, but these were brought there in an attempt to save animals people thought might become extinct.[10] There are very few if any platypus left in most the Murray-Darling Basin.[11]  The water there is no good because people used it to grow plants, and cleared the trees from the land. It is strange that the platypus does not live in some healthy rivers. It does live in some less healthy coastal rivers, for example the Maribyrnong River in Victoria.
+
+Platypus are difficult to see in the wild. They dislike areas with people, spend most of their time underground or under water, and sleep during the day. At Eungella National Park in Queensland, there are spots on the river with viewing areas where wild platypus can usually be seen each evening.[8]
+
+The first platypus specimen arrived in England in 1799 in the form of a skin of a dead platypus, so biologists could study it.  At first, the scientists thought the skin was a joke, because they thought no animal could look so strange.  They thought an Asian had made it from pieces of different animals.
+
+National Geographic magazine had a story on the platypus in 1939.  Many people had never heard of the platypus.  The story told how hard it was to raise the babies in zoos. Even today, humans have raised only few. David Fleay at the Healesville Sanctuary in Victoria had the first successful zoo-raised platypus in 1946. He nearly did it again in 1972 at the David Fleay Wildlife Park at Burleigh Heads, Queensland, but it died at 50 days.[12] Healesville raised another in 1998 and again in 2000. Taronga Zoo in Sydney bred twins in 2003, and had another birth in 2006.[13]
+
+The platypus will probably not die out completely in the near future. Ecologists say that it is “secure but faces future threat” (safe now but not in the future) or common but vulnerable (there are a lot now but they are not safe).  They say this because people can make the water unsafe for the platypus.

ensimple/4319.html.txt

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+
+
+Killer whales, or Orcas (Orcinus orca) are toothed whales in the oceanic dolphin family. They  are the largest dolphins. Orcas have mostly black skin with white patches. They are found in all the world's oceans, from the cold of the Arctic to the tropical seas. They are easy to identify because of their distinctive white and black colouring. They live in pods.
+
+Like all toothed whales, they are carnivores. Killer whales are apex predators and they hunt in family groups called 'pods'.[1] Members of the pod work together to surround their prey. Killer whales eat many different kinds of prey, such as small sharks, seals, sea lions, dolphins, whales, penguins, seagulls, squid, octopuses, stingrays, crabs and sea turtles. In 1997, the first known killer whale attack on great white sharks was documented off the coast of San Francisco. There are several different types of Orca, each of which has different living and prey habits. They do not interbreed and seems to be subspecies or even separate species.[2] Their behaviour and hunting techniques also differ.
+
+Killer whales are the largest living members of the dolphin family. Males typically range from 6 to 8 metres long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes.[3] Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m and weighing about 3 to 4 t.[3] The largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 metres, weighing over 10 tonnes, while the largest female was 8.5m, weighing 7.5 t.[4] Calves at birth weigh about 180 kilograms (400 lb) and are about 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) long.[5][6] The killer whale's large size and strength make it among the fastest marine mammals, able to reach speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).[7]
+
+Killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals.[8] They can be trained in captivity and are often described as intelligent,[9] although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose life is very different from ours.[9]
+
+Killer whales imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their young. This is most strikingly seen when killer whales deliberately beach themselves to catch seals. Off Península Valdés, adults sometimes pull seals off the shoreline and then release them again near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey. Off the Crozet Islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed.[3][10] Some orcas have discovered that flipping sharks upside down can paralyze them.
+
+People who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. For example, Alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to steal fish from longlines, but have overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys.[11] Once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to steal fish as it was being retrieved. A researcher described what happened next:
+
+In other anecdotes, researchers describe incidents in which wild killer whales playfully tease humans by repeatedly moving objects that the humans are trying to reach,[12] or suddenly start to toss around a chunk of ice after a human throws a snowball.[13]
+
+The killer whale's use of dialects and the passing of other learned behaviours from generation to generation have been described as a form of culture.[14]
+
+The dorsal fin of the orca can extend up to six feet above its body. That's taller than most grown men. And because a killer whale swims close to the surface, the dorsal fin can often be seen gliding through the surface of the water. This causes some people to mistake killer whale for sharks.  In captivity, dorsal fins often collapse for many reasons, but in the wild, dorsal fin collapse happens in less than one percent of wild orcas.[16]
+
+Female killer whales are often tamed and can be trained to do tricks for audiences in marine shows, like in Sea World. Sometimes, killer whales have even starred in movies, such as the movie titled Free Willy. Orcas can be dangerous, and have been known to kill their attendants on rare occasions. Some marine parks now require trainers to stay outside the pool when they work with orcas.[17] Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been    fatal.[18]

ensimple/432.html.txt

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+Athens is the capital city of Greece. It is one of the most famous cities in the world. Scholars disagree on whether the city is named for the goddess Athena, or the goddess for the city.  Athens has a population of about 4 million people and is growing. It is in the prefecture, or division of the country, of Attica.
+
+Athens was a powerful city in Classical times. It was known for the amount of learning that happened there. The city was home to Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. It also had its own Constitution. Athens also created the world's first known democracy.
+
+The city started to decline in 529, when the Emperor Justinian I closed its philosophical schools. The Parthenon was made a Christian church. That act saved it later from destruction of non Christian temples, in times of deep Theocracy.
+
+The Ottoman Turks took control of Athens in 1458.  The Turks made the Parthenon into a Muslim mosque.  The Parthenon was later damaged in 1687 when gunpowder exploded inside it.
+
+Athens was freed from the Turks during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1833). It was an unimportant little town then, but the Greeks made it their capital.
+
+Athens has these sister cities:
+
+Amsterdam, Netherlands ·
+Athens, Greece ·
+Berlin, Germany ·
+Bratislava, Slovakia ·
+Brussels, Belgium ·
+Bucharest, Romania ·
+Budapest, Hungary ·
+Copenhagen, Denmark ·
+Dublin, Republic of Ireland ·
+Helsinki, Finland ·
+Lisbon, Portugal ·
+Ljubljana, Slovenia ·
+Luxembourg City, Luxembourg ·
+Madrid, Spain ·
+Nicosia, Cyprus1 ·
+Paris, France ·
+Prague, Czech Republic ·
+Riga, Latvia ·
+Rome, Italy ·
+Sofia, Bulgaria ·
+Stockholm, Sweden ·
+Tallinn, Estonia ·
+Valletta, Malta ·
+Vienna, Austria ·
+Vilnius, Lithuania ·
+Warsaw, Poland ·
+Zagreb, Croatia
+
+Andorra la Vella, Andorra ·
+Ankara, Turkey1 ·
+Belgrade, Serbia ·
+Bern, Switzerland ·
+Chişinău, Moldova ·
+Kyiv, Ukraine ·
+London, United Kingdom ·
+Minsk, Belarus ·
+Monaco-Ville, Monaco ·
+Moscow, Russia1 ·
+Oslo, Norway ·
+Podgorica, Montenegro ·
+Reykjavík, Iceland ·
+San Marino, San Marino ·
+Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina ·
+Skopje, Republic of Macedonia ·
+Tbilisi, Georgia1 ·
+Tirana, Albania ·
+
+
+
+
+

ensimple/4320.html.txt

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+
+
+Killer whales, or Orcas (Orcinus orca) are toothed whales in the oceanic dolphin family. They  are the largest dolphins. Orcas have mostly black skin with white patches. They are found in all the world's oceans, from the cold of the Arctic to the tropical seas. They are easy to identify because of their distinctive white and black colouring. They live in pods.
+
+Like all toothed whales, they are carnivores. Killer whales are apex predators and they hunt in family groups called 'pods'.[1] Members of the pod work together to surround their prey. Killer whales eat many different kinds of prey, such as small sharks, seals, sea lions, dolphins, whales, penguins, seagulls, squid, octopuses, stingrays, crabs and sea turtles. In 1997, the first known killer whale attack on great white sharks was documented off the coast of San Francisco. There are several different types of Orca, each of which has different living and prey habits. They do not interbreed and seems to be subspecies or even separate species.[2] Their behaviour and hunting techniques also differ.
+
+Killer whales are the largest living members of the dolphin family. Males typically range from 6 to 8 metres long and weigh in excess of 6 tonnes.[3] Females are smaller, generally ranging from 5 to 7m and weighing about 3 to 4 t.[3] The largest male killer whale on record was 9.8 metres, weighing over 10 tonnes, while the largest female was 8.5m, weighing 7.5 t.[4] Calves at birth weigh about 180 kilograms (400 lb) and are about 2.4 metres (7.9 ft) long.[5][6] The killer whale's large size and strength make it among the fastest marine mammals, able to reach speeds in excess of 30 knots (56 km/h).[7]
+
+Killer whales have the second-heaviest brains among marine mammals.[8] They can be trained in captivity and are often described as intelligent,[9] although defining and measuring "intelligence" is difficult in a species whose life is very different from ours.[9]
+
+Killer whales imitate others, and seem to deliberately teach skills to their young. This is most strikingly seen when killer whales deliberately beach themselves to catch seals. Off Península Valdés, adults sometimes pull seals off the shoreline and then release them again near juvenile whales, allowing the younger whales to practice the difficult capture technique on the now-weakened prey. Off the Crozet Islands, mothers push their calves onto the beach, waiting to pull the youngster back if needed.[3][10] Some orcas have discovered that flipping sharks upside down can paralyze them.
+
+People who have interacted closely with killer whales offer numerous anecdotes demonstrating the whales' curiosity, playfulness, and ability to solve problems. For example, Alaskan killer whales have not only learned how to steal fish from longlines, but have overcome a variety of techniques designed to stop them, such as the use of unbaited lines as decoys.[11] Once, fishermen placed their boats several miles apart, taking turns retrieving small amounts of their catch, in the hope that the whales would not have enough time to move between boats to steal fish as it was being retrieved. A researcher described what happened next:
+
+In other anecdotes, researchers describe incidents in which wild killer whales playfully tease humans by repeatedly moving objects that the humans are trying to reach,[12] or suddenly start to toss around a chunk of ice after a human throws a snowball.[13]
+
+The killer whale's use of dialects and the passing of other learned behaviours from generation to generation have been described as a form of culture.[14]
+
+The dorsal fin of the orca can extend up to six feet above its body. That's taller than most grown men. And because a killer whale swims close to the surface, the dorsal fin can often be seen gliding through the surface of the water. This causes some people to mistake killer whale for sharks.  In captivity, dorsal fins often collapse for many reasons, but in the wild, dorsal fin collapse happens in less than one percent of wild orcas.[16]
+
+Female killer whales are often tamed and can be trained to do tricks for audiences in marine shows, like in Sea World. Sometimes, killer whales have even starred in movies, such as the movie titled Free Willy. Orcas can be dangerous, and have been known to kill their attendants on rare occasions. Some marine parks now require trainers to stay outside the pool when they work with orcas.[17] Unlike wild killer whales, captive killer whales are reported to have made nearly two dozen attacks on humans since the 1970s, some of which have been    fatal.[18]

ensimple/4321.html.txt

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+A triangle is a shape, or a  part of two dimensional space. It has three straight sides and three vertices. The three angles of a triangle always add up to 180° (180 degrees). It is the polygon with the least possible number of sides.
+
+Triangles can be grouped according to how long their sides are:
+
+Triangles can also be grouped by their angles:
+
+Equilateral triangle
+
+Isosceles triangle
+
+Scalene triangle
+
+Right triangle
+
+Obtuse triangle
+
+Acute triangle
+
+Triangles are extremely useful. Measuring objects using triangles is called trigonometry. Some people have spent their entire lives studying triangles for use in trigonometry.
+
+Modern computers usually use triangles to make more complex graphic images or shapes.
+

ensimple/4322.html.txt

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+Orthography is an official or correct way to write a particular language. It includes rules of spelling.[1] Orthography may also include rules about punctuation, capitalization, and diacritics (e.g. accents). In English, spelling is a problem for all learners, and is the main issue in orthography.
+
+Some languages have someone to decide the correct spelling, such as the Académie française. English does not. English orthography was the work of the early printers. They had to decide how particular words would be spelled in their books. Gradually the number of alternative spellings began to drop. The word which is "merry" today was spelled in about 30 ways in written sources from the 9th to the 16th century.[2]p970
+
+English orthography, or English spelling, is the way the 26 letters of the alphabet are used to write down the 36 (IPA) sounds of English.[3] The first manuscripts in Old English were written using the Latin alphabet. It had 24 letters.[4]p16
+
+No alphabet fits its language exactly. One reason for this is that there are always more sounds than letters. In English there are far more vowel sounds than vowels.[5] The ancient Greeks, who were the first to use letters for vowels, decided to use only a few letters for their vowel sounds. This choice influenced all later alphabets:
+
+English would need about 20 vowels to represent the vowel phonemes (~sounds) in common use,[4]p237 and some languages do have more letters for vowels. The Georgian language has a total of 41 letters.[7] A shorter alphabet works by using two or three letters for a single sound, or one letter for several sounds.[2]
+
+The English alphabet has only three consonants which have one sound, cannot be produced by other combinations and are never silent: n, r and v.[8] The English language uses 22 to 26 consonant phonemes.
+
+The other reason that alphabets never exactly fit languages is dialect. A spoken language varies from place to place and from time to time. This is very obvious with English, as the pronunciation is so different in different parts of the world. A written language will always be less flexible than its spoken parent. It has a different function, and is produced mechanically. It must serve everyone who speaks the language, and it does this by keeping the spelling similar from one time to another.
+
+Therefore, all alphabets have sounds which are difficult to represent with the letters in use. And English also has other problems: sounds that can be written in different ways, and spelling which can be pronounced in different ways. This all gives rise to problems of spelling.
+
+Differences between American English and British English spelling came about mainly as the result of one man. Noah Webster (1758–1843) wrote a Grammar, a Spelling book, and finally an American dictionary of the English language. In the course of this, he proposed a number of simplifications in spelling. In his dictionary, he chose s over c in words like defense, he changed the re to er in words like center, he dropped one of the Ls in traveler. At first he kept the u in words like colour or favour but dropped it in later editions. He also changed tongue to tung: that did not stick. His main reason was to help children learn to read and write. Webster's dictionary contained seventy thousand words, of which twelve thousand had never appeared in a published dictionary before.
+
+Webster did create a slightly different identity for American English. But, because his efforts did not address some of the most glaring problems, his variations make little difference to the way the language is used.  An example of the real problems in English orthography is the word ending -ough, which is pronounced several different ways: tough, bough, cough...  The root causes of spelling variation are historical.  Loan words come with their own (foreign) spelling.  Some French loan words are still spelled in the French way; others have been changed.
+
+English spelling reform has been proposed by many people since Webster, such as George Bernard Shaw, who proposed a new phonetic alphabet for English. In some cases Webster's changes have been widely adopted in Britain: the spelling programme came from the French; US program is clearly simpler, and more consistent with word endings in English. In our modern world, English orthography is still a problem. In some countries (notably, France) a national committee can give advice and direction as to spelling. English has long escaped from national custody.
+
+Modern British spelling and use was greatly influenced by the two great English dictionaries, Samuel Johnson's A dictionary of the English language (1755), and James Murray's Oxford English Dictionary.[9] Johnson's dictionary was hugely influential, abroad as well as at home. The dictionary was exported to America.
+
+For American lexicographers, the dictionary was impossible to ignore:
+
+Some people argue which language is the easiest to spell. People who learn a second language tend to think that their first (native) language is the easiest. However, for the learner, programmatic languages, with well-defined rules, are easier to start with than English. The spelling of the English language is by far the most irregular of all alphabetic spellings and thus the most difficult to learn. English is, in its origin, a Germanic language. From its early roots as Anglo-Saxon, it has borrowed words from many other languages: French (a Romance language) and Latin are the most frequent donors to English.
+
+Languages that use phonetic spelling are easier to learn to spell than others. With phonetic spelling the words are spelled as they are pronounced. The Italian word "orologio" for instance is pronounced oh-ro-LO-jo ("gi" always making a "j" sound.) In English, one comes across the word "knife". In "knife", the "k" is not spoken, even though in English it's more common to pronounce "K"s when they are in words.
+
+One of the problems we have is that similar sounding words may be spelt quite differently. Rough and ruff; meet and meat; great and grate. Words with complicated spelling may be pronounced simply: Leicester is pronounced 'Lester'. Even what rules we do have are frequently broken. "i before e except after c" has over 100 exceptions.[4]p272 Almost all these problems have come about for historical reasons. English has been changing for the last thousand years, and as the language changes, so parts of it get stuck with different spellings.
+
+Here are some of the causes of English orthography:[11]
+
+English has a huge number of words, but its spelling comes from many different sources. "The large and varied lexicon of English has been bought at the expense of an increasingly deversified graphology".[4]p275
+
+Some languages have a high correspondence between phonemes and letters. That means they get close to one letter for each sound. If there was a perfect correspondence, that language would have phonemic orthography. English is highly non-phonemic. It has almost every kind of deviation known:
+
+This field of study is called "orthographic depth". The orthographic depth of an alphabetic script is the degree to which a written language deviates from simple one-to-one letter–phoneme correspondence.[12] It shows how easy it is to predict the pronunciation of a word from its spelling. Shallow orthographies are easy to pronounce based on the written word, and deep orthographies are difficult to pronounce based on how they are written. In shallow orthographies, the spelling-sound correspondence is direct: given the rules of pronunciation, one is able to "say" the word correctly.[13]
+
+Most other international languages have similar problems: in French, Arabic or Hebrew, new readers have difficulty learning to decode words. As a result, children learn to read more slowly.[14] In both Spanish and Italian there is a more direct connection between spelling and pronunciation. Those are languages with low orthographic depth.

ensimple/4323.html.txt

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+The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are the best-known movie awards in the United States. The awards have been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929. The awards ceremony takes place each year in late February or early March in Los Angeles, California.
+
+At the end of 1920s, the American film industry was in a crisis. When radio was invented, the people didn't go to the cinema as often as they used to. The owners of the studios had problems. They had to pay the workers for a good salary, but that was impossible at that time. Many people fought for a good salary and a good working time.
+
+The director of the successful Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-Studios, Louis B. Mayer met two good friends because he wanted to speak about the problem.
+
+In the first years of the award, the trophy was called Academy Award of Merit. The godfather of the name Oscar is not clear. It is certain, that the name was used in 1931. There may be four people, who could be the godparents. The former board secretary of the academy Margaret Herrick said: "He looks like my uncle Oscar!". Bette Davis said that he looks like my first husband Harmon "Oscar" Nelson. The film columnist Sidney Skolsky said, that he is the name giver, and the fourth person was Walt Disney.
+
+It is said that Oscar is not the official name of the statue. But the nickname is trademark-protected.
+
+The statue is around 13 ½ inches tall and weighs about 8½ pounds.
+
+Current Awards
+
+Retired Awards
+
+Gone with the Wind from the year 1939 was the most successful film for a long time with ten Oscars. Then, in 1960, Ben-Hur won eleven Oscars. In 1998 Titanic also won eleven Oscars, so they were in a tie. Six years later, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won eleven Oscars.
+
+The five categories best picture, best director, best actor, best actress and best Original Screenplay are the most important categories and they are called the Big Five. There are only three films that won all these categories: It Happened One Night, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs.
+
+All About Eve and Titanic had 14 nominations. This is the nomination record.
+
+Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003) has the most awards as a performer with 4 Oscars in the category best actress. Meryl Streep has the most nominations as performers with 17 Oscar nominations. Jack Nicholson, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Walter Brennan (1894–1974) have three Academy Awards each, the most for men. Nicholson also has the nomination record for men with 12 nominations. The person who has the most Academy Awards is Walt Disney (1901–1966) with 26, including 4 Honorary Oscars and he has 37 nominations. Moreover, he won 4 awards in 1954, so he got the most awards in one year. The woman, who has the most Oscars is the costume designer Edith Head (1897–1981). She has 8 Oscars and 27 nominations. The living people with the most Oscars are the composer Alan Menken (8 Oscars) and special effects artist Dennis Muren (8 Oscars for best visual effects, plus one for technical achievement and 15 nominations). The cartoon characters Tom and Jerry are the cartoon movie stars with have the most awards with 7.
+

ensimple/4324.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are the best-known movie awards in the United States. The awards have been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929. The awards ceremony takes place each year in late February or early March in Los Angeles, California.
+
+At the end of 1920s, the American film industry was in a crisis. When radio was invented, the people didn't go to the cinema as often as they used to. The owners of the studios had problems. They had to pay the workers for a good salary, but that was impossible at that time. Many people fought for a good salary and a good working time.
+
+The director of the successful Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-Studios, Louis B. Mayer met two good friends because he wanted to speak about the problem.
+
+In the first years of the award, the trophy was called Academy Award of Merit. The godfather of the name Oscar is not clear. It is certain, that the name was used in 1931. There may be four people, who could be the godparents. The former board secretary of the academy Margaret Herrick said: "He looks like my uncle Oscar!". Bette Davis said that he looks like my first husband Harmon "Oscar" Nelson. The film columnist Sidney Skolsky said, that he is the name giver, and the fourth person was Walt Disney.
+
+It is said that Oscar is not the official name of the statue. But the nickname is trademark-protected.
+
+The statue is around 13 ½ inches tall and weighs about 8½ pounds.
+
+Current Awards
+
+Retired Awards
+
+Gone with the Wind from the year 1939 was the most successful film for a long time with ten Oscars. Then, in 1960, Ben-Hur won eleven Oscars. In 1998 Titanic also won eleven Oscars, so they were in a tie. Six years later, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won eleven Oscars.
+
+The five categories best picture, best director, best actor, best actress and best Original Screenplay are the most important categories and they are called the Big Five. There are only three films that won all these categories: It Happened One Night, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs.
+
+All About Eve and Titanic had 14 nominations. This is the nomination record.
+
+Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003) has the most awards as a performer with 4 Oscars in the category best actress. Meryl Streep has the most nominations as performers with 17 Oscar nominations. Jack Nicholson, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Walter Brennan (1894–1974) have three Academy Awards each, the most for men. Nicholson also has the nomination record for men with 12 nominations. The person who has the most Academy Awards is Walt Disney (1901–1966) with 26, including 4 Honorary Oscars and he has 37 nominations. Moreover, he won 4 awards in 1954, so he got the most awards in one year. The woman, who has the most Oscars is the costume designer Edith Head (1897–1981). She has 8 Oscars and 27 nominations. The living people with the most Oscars are the composer Alan Menken (8 Oscars) and special effects artist Dennis Muren (8 Oscars for best visual effects, plus one for technical achievement and 15 nominations). The cartoon characters Tom and Jerry are the cartoon movie stars with have the most awards with 7.
+

ensimple/4325.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,24 @@
+The Academy Awards, commonly known as the Oscars, are the best-known movie awards in the United States. The awards have been given by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences since 1929. The awards ceremony takes place each year in late February or early March in Los Angeles, California.
+
+At the end of 1920s, the American film industry was in a crisis. When radio was invented, the people didn't go to the cinema as often as they used to. The owners of the studios had problems. They had to pay the workers for a good salary, but that was impossible at that time. Many people fought for a good salary and a good working time.
+
+The director of the successful Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer-Studios, Louis B. Mayer met two good friends because he wanted to speak about the problem.
+
+In the first years of the award, the trophy was called Academy Award of Merit. The godfather of the name Oscar is not clear. It is certain, that the name was used in 1931. There may be four people, who could be the godparents. The former board secretary of the academy Margaret Herrick said: "He looks like my uncle Oscar!". Bette Davis said that he looks like my first husband Harmon "Oscar" Nelson. The film columnist Sidney Skolsky said, that he is the name giver, and the fourth person was Walt Disney.
+
+It is said that Oscar is not the official name of the statue. But the nickname is trademark-protected.
+
+The statue is around 13 ½ inches tall and weighs about 8½ pounds.
+
+Current Awards
+
+Retired Awards
+
+Gone with the Wind from the year 1939 was the most successful film for a long time with ten Oscars. Then, in 1960, Ben-Hur won eleven Oscars. In 1998 Titanic also won eleven Oscars, so they were in a tie. Six years later, The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King won eleven Oscars.
+
+The five categories best picture, best director, best actor, best actress and best Original Screenplay are the most important categories and they are called the Big Five. There are only three films that won all these categories: It Happened One Night, One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest and The Silence of the Lambs.
+
+All About Eve and Titanic had 14 nominations. This is the nomination record.
+
+Katharine Hepburn (1907–2003) has the most awards as a performer with 4 Oscars in the category best actress. Meryl Streep has the most nominations as performers with 17 Oscar nominations. Jack Nicholson, Daniel Day-Lewis, and Walter Brennan (1894–1974) have three Academy Awards each, the most for men. Nicholson also has the nomination record for men with 12 nominations. The person who has the most Academy Awards is Walt Disney (1901–1966) with 26, including 4 Honorary Oscars and he has 37 nominations. Moreover, he won 4 awards in 1954, so he got the most awards in one year. The woman, who has the most Oscars is the costume designer Edith Head (1897–1981). She has 8 Oscars and 27 nominations. The living people with the most Oscars are the composer Alan Menken (8 Oscars) and special effects artist Dennis Muren (8 Oscars for best visual effects, plus one for technical achievement and 15 nominations). The cartoon characters Tom and Jerry are the cartoon movie stars with have the most awards with 7.
+

ensimple/4326.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.[1]
+
+The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs on the ground and would not be able to move.
+
+Bones also protect.  The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and cheekbones support the facial muscles, which help us eat and smile.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
+
+Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.
+
+Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.
+
+Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians.[2] Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.[3]
+
+Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.[4]
+
+The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.[5][6]

ensimple/4327.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,23 @@
+An operating system (or OS) is a group of computer programs, including device drivers, kernels, and other software that lets people interact with a computer. It manages computer hardware and software resources. It provides common services for computer programs. An OS can be small (like MenuetOS), or large (like Microsoft Windows). Different operating systems can be used for different purposes. Some are used for everyday things like on a personal computer. Others are mobile operating systems or are used for specialized work.
+
+An operating system has many jobs. It makes sure that all the programs can use the CPU, system memory, displays, input devices, and other hardware. Some also give the user an interface to use a computer. An OS is also responsible for sending data to other computers or devices on a network.
+
+Some examples of commonly used operating systems are macOS, Linux, and Microsoft Windows.
+
+The first operating system was used with the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer).[1] It was very hard to make ENIAC do work. How the operating system worked was based on how the switches and cables were put together and depending on this factor punch cards would make a result. While this was an operating system of a kind, it is not what is thought of as one in modern times.
+
+The first operating system that looked and felt like operating systems in the modern age was UNIX, made in 1969 by Bell Labs. It had a small kernel and many tiny programs that could be put together to work with user input and data. Many of its features were taken from Multics, an older operating system made in 1964.[1]
+
+A single-tasking system can only run one program at a time.  A multitasking operating system can run more than one program at the same time.  Multi-tasking is done by dividing processor time.  The processor gives a little bit of its time to each program.
+
+Single-user operating systems cannot distinguish between users, but may allow multiple programs to run simultaneously. A multi-user operating system permits multiple users to interact with the system at the same time.
+
+A distributed operating system manages a group of distinct computers and makes them appear to be a single computer. Distributed computations are carried out on more than one machine.
+
+In an OS, distributed and cloud computing context, templating refers to creating a single virtual machine as a guest operating system, then saving it as a tool for multiple running virtual machines. The technique is common in large server warehouses.
+
+Embedded operating systems are designed to be used in embedded computer systems. They are designed to operate on small machines like PDAs with less autonomy and are able to operate with a limited number of resources. Windows CE and Minix 3 are some examples of embedded operating systems.
+
+A real-time operating system guarantees processing of events or data by a specific moment in time. A real-time operating system may be single- or multi-tasking, but when multitasking, it uses specialized scheduling algorithms so that a deterministic nature of behavior is achieved. An event-driven system switches between tasks based on their priorities or external events while time-sharing operating systems switch tasks based on clock interrupts.
+
+A library operating system is one in which the services that a typical operating system provides, such as networking, are provided in the form of libraries and composed with the application and configuration code to construct a unikernel: a specialized, single address space, machine image that can be deployed to cloud or embedded environments.

ensimple/4328.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,9 @@
+Osmium is a chemical element. It is element number 76 on the periodic table. Its symbol is Os.
+
+There is not much osmium on earth. There is actually such a small amount that osmium is very expensive.
+
+Osmium is a metal and it does not react very much, and such a metal is known as a "noble metal".
+
+Osmium is the densest (heaviest for the same amount) element on the periodic table.
+
+It was discovered in 1804 by Smithson Tennant in London, England. He found it together with Iridium in a bit of Platinum, which he had dissolved in Aqua regia.

ensimple/4329.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+Bones are parts of the skeleton of vertebrates. They also protect organs inside our body.[1]
+
+The bones are the framework of the body. Without them we would be a pile of organs on the ground and would not be able to move.
+
+Bones also protect.  The skull protects the brain and the ribs protect the heart and lungs.  The jaw and cheekbones support the facial muscles, which help us eat and smile.  The pelvis protects the reproductive organs, and vertebrae protect the spinal cord.
+
+Bone is living tissue, and must be maintained by taking regular exercise and by having calcium from foods like milk, and dark leafy greens such as spinach.  The bone marrow in the middle of the bigger bones makes our red blood cells.
+
+Long bones are hollow, with a central core which is not strong like the rest of the bone. It contains the bone marrow, one of the most important tissues in the vertebrate body. It produces blood cells for the blood system, and lymphocytes for the immune system.
+
+Osteons are the small units of which the hardest parts of human bones are made. They are roughly cylindrical, and about 0.2mm wide and a few millimeters long. They are found in the bone in most mammals, and many reptiles, birds and amphibians.[2] Inside the osteons are bone cells called osteocytes, each living in its own small space. Osteocytes make contact with each other by cytoplasmic processes through a network of tiny canals. This allows the exchange of nutrients and metabolic waste.  Collagen fibers in each ring of cells ('lamellae') give them structure.[3]
+
+Osteons have a hole down the middle, called the haversian canal. This canal contains the bone's blood supply. It also contains capillaries, and nerve fibres.[4]
+
+The details of osteon structure varies between bones and parts of bones, from species to species,  between sexes, and by age and environmental factors.[5][6]

ensimple/433.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,63 @@
+Athens is the capital city of Greece. It is one of the most famous cities in the world. Scholars disagree on whether the city is named for the goddess Athena, or the goddess for the city.  Athens has a population of about 4 million people and is growing. It is in the prefecture, or division of the country, of Attica.
+
+Athens was a powerful city in Classical times. It was known for the amount of learning that happened there. The city was home to Plato's Academy and Aristotle's Lyceum. It also had its own Constitution. Athens also created the world's first known democracy.
+
+The city started to decline in 529, when the Emperor Justinian I closed its philosophical schools. The Parthenon was made a Christian church. That act saved it later from destruction of non Christian temples, in times of deep Theocracy.
+
+The Ottoman Turks took control of Athens in 1458.  The Turks made the Parthenon into a Muslim mosque.  The Parthenon was later damaged in 1687 when gunpowder exploded inside it.
+
+Athens was freed from the Turks during the Greek War of Independence (1821-1833). It was an unimportant little town then, but the Greeks made it their capital.
+
+Athens has these sister cities:
+
+Amsterdam, Netherlands ·
+Athens, Greece ·
+Berlin, Germany ·
+Bratislava, Slovakia ·
+Brussels, Belgium ·
+Bucharest, Romania ·
+Budapest, Hungary ·
+Copenhagen, Denmark ·
+Dublin, Republic of Ireland ·
+Helsinki, Finland ·
+Lisbon, Portugal ·
+Ljubljana, Slovenia ·
+Luxembourg City, Luxembourg ·
+Madrid, Spain ·
+Nicosia, Cyprus1 ·
+Paris, France ·
+Prague, Czech Republic ·
+Riga, Latvia ·
+Rome, Italy ·
+Sofia, Bulgaria ·
+Stockholm, Sweden ·
+Tallinn, Estonia ·
+Valletta, Malta ·
+Vienna, Austria ·
+Vilnius, Lithuania ·
+Warsaw, Poland ·
+Zagreb, Croatia
+
+Andorra la Vella, Andorra ·
+Ankara, Turkey1 ·
+Belgrade, Serbia ·
+Bern, Switzerland ·
+Chişinău, Moldova ·
+Kyiv, Ukraine ·
+London, United Kingdom ·
+Minsk, Belarus ·
+Monaco-Ville, Monaco ·
+Moscow, Russia1 ·
+Oslo, Norway ·
+Podgorica, Montenegro ·
+Reykjavík, Iceland ·
+San Marino, San Marino ·
+Sarajevo, Bosnia Herzegovina ·
+Skopje, Republic of Macedonia ·
+Tbilisi, Georgia1 ·
+Tirana, Albania ·
+
+
+
+
+

ensimple/4330.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+– on the European continent  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  —  [Legend]
+
+Austria (German: Österreich; officially called Republic of Austria), is a country in Central Europe. Around Austria there are the countries of Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Hungary, Slovenia, Italy, Switzerland, and Liechtenstein. Currently, the chancellor is Sebastian Kurz. The previous chancellor was Brigitte Bierlein (2019). Austria has been a member-state of the United Nations since 1955 the European Union since 1995 and OPEC since 2019.
+
+The people in Austria speak German, a few also speak Hungarian, Slovenian and Croatian. The capital of Austria is Vienna (Wien).
+
+Austria is more than a thousand years old. Its history can be followed to the ninth century. At that time the first people moved to the land now known as Austria. The name "Ostarrichi" is first written in an official document from 996. Since then this word has developed into the Modern German word Österreich, which literally means "East Empire."
+
+Austria is a democratic republic. It is a neutral state, that means it does not take part in wars with other countries. It has been in the United Nations since 1955 and in the European Union since 1995.
+
+Austria is also a federal state and divided into nine states (German: Bundesländer):
+
+More information: States of Austria.
+
+There has been human settlement in the area that is now Austria for a long time. The first settlers go back to the Paleolithic age. That was the time of the Neanderthals. They left works of art such as the Venus of Willendorf. In the Neolithic age people were living there to dig for mineral resources, especially copper. Ötzi, a mummy found in a glacier between Austria and Italy, is from that time. In the Bronze Age people built bigger settlements and fortresses, especially where there were mineral resources. Salt mining began near Hallstatt. At that time, Celts began to form the first states.
+
+The Romans came 15 B.C. to Austria and made the Celtic Regnum Noricum to a province. Modern Austria was part of three provinces, Raetia, Noricum and Pannonia. The border in the north was the Danube.
+
+Austria was the Austrian Empire from about 800 to 1867 and was ruled by The House of Habsburg for most of that period. Between 1867 and 1918 it was a part of Austria-Hungary. Then it became a republic. The First Republic was from 1918 to 1938. From 1938 to 1945 Austria was part of Nazi Germany. The Second Republic was started in 1945.
+
+Austria is a largely mountainous country since it is partially in the Alps. The high mountainous Alps in the west of Austria flatten somewhat into low lands and plains in the east of the country where the Danube flows.
+
+Many famous composers were Austrians or born in Austria. There are Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Joseph Haydn, Franz Schubert, Anton Bruckner, Johann Strauss, Sr., Johann Strauss, Jr. and Gustav Mahler. In modern times there were Arnold Schoenberg, Anton Webern and Alban Berg, who belonged to the Second Viennese School.
+
+Austria has many artists, there are Gustav Klimt, Oskar Kokoschka, Egon Schiele or Friedensreich Hundertwasser, Inge Morath or Otto Wagner and scienc.
+
+Famous Austrian dishes are Wiener Schnitzel, Apfelstrudel, Schweinsbraten, Kaiserschmarren, Knödel, Sachertorte and Tafelspitz. But you can also find a lot of local dishes like Kärntner Reindling (a kind of cake), Kärntner Nudeln (also called "Kärntner Kasnudeln", you may write it "...nudln" too), Tiroler Knödl (may be written "...knödel"; ), Tiroler Schlipfkrapfen (another kind of "Kärntner Nudeln"), Salzburger Nockerl (also may be written ..."Nockerln"), Steirisches Wurzelfleisch (..."Wurzlfleisch") or Sterz ("Steirischer Sterz").
+
+Hallstatt
+
+Salzburg
+
+Schönbrunn palace
+
+Semmering railway
+
+Graz
+
+Schloss Eggenberg
+
+Wachau
+
+Vienna
+
+Neusiedler See
+
+
+
+Burgenland ·
+Carinthia ·
+Lower Austria ·
+Salzburg(erland) ·
+Styria ·
+Tyrol ·
+Upper Austria ·
+Vienna ·
+Vorarlberg

ensimple/4331.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), or North Atlantic Alliance, the Atlantic Alliance, the Western Alliance, is a military alliance. It was established by the North Atlantic Treaty in 1949 and it was signed in Washington, D.C., USA, on April 4, 1949. Its headquarters are in Brussels, Belgium. Its other official name means the same in French, Organisation du traité de l'Atlantique nord (OTAN).
+
+NATO has two official languages, English and French, as defined in Article 14 of the North Atlantic Treaty.
+
+Its members in 1949 were: The United States, Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, the United Kingdom, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Norway, Denmark and Iceland. Three years later, on 18 February 1952, Greece and Turkey also joined.
+
+When West Germany joined the organization on 9 May 1955 it was described as "a decisive turning point in the history of our continent" by Halvard Lange, Foreign Minister of Norway at the time.,[2] the result was the Warsaw Pact, signed on 14 May 1955 by the Soviet Union and its satellite states as response to NATO.
+
+After the Cold War in 1999 three former communist countries, Hungary, the Czech Republic, and Poland joined NATO. On 29 March 2004 seven more Northern European and Eastern European countries joined NATO: Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania and also Slovenia, Slovakia, Bulgaria, and Romania.
+
+Croatia and Albania received NATO membership invitation on 3 April 2008. Republic of Macedonia received only conditional invitation because it was vetoed by Greece due to Republic of Macedonia's name dispute with Greece.
+
+Montenegro joined on 5 June 2017.  [3]
+North Macedonia officially joined NATO on 27 March 2020 becoming its 30th member.[4]
+

ensimple/4332.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,18 @@
+Ottawa is the capital of Canada and is part of the province of Ontario. It is south of the Ottawa River. In 2004, there were about 808,391 people in the city. The region has about 1,146,790 people. The mayor of the city today (since December 2010) is Jim Watson. Ottawa is in the Ottawa Valley on the border with the province of Quebec.  Ottawa is the fourth largest city in Canada.
+
+When people talk about Ottawa, they are sometimes using the name as an eponym meaning the highest government in Canada, and not its local government or the city.
+
+The cities of Ottawa, Kanata, Nepean, Gloucester and Vanier and the villages of Manotick and Rockcliffe Park joined in the year 2000 to form the new city of Ottawa. Ottawa also includes Orléans, which joined at that same time.
+
+The city began with the name Bytown and became the city of Ottawa in 1855. The Rideau Canal ends in Ottawa.
+
+Ottawa has many museums, many buildings for the government of Canada and many parks. There is a market area downtown.
+
+There are many festivals during the year including Winterlude in February, The Tulip Festival in May, and BluesFest in the summer. There is also a large celebration on July 1st for Canada Day.
+
+The Ottawa Senators play ice hockey in an arena called The Canadian Tire Centre.
+
+The average  yearly precipitation in Ottawa is 943 millimetres.
+
+2017 was a record year in Ottawa because there was precipitation of 1,213 millimetres during the first ten months of the year. The old record was in 1972,  when the precipitation was 1,174 millimetres.
+[12]

ensimple/4333.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,40 @@
+Annelies Marie Frank (12 June 1929 in Frankfurt am Main – February 1945[1] in Bergen-Belsen) is one of the most famous Jewish people who died in the Holocaust.[2] Her diary is seen as a classic in war literature, and is one of the most widely read books today. Several plays and movies have been made about it.
+
+Anne was born in the city Frankfurt am Main in Weimar Germany. She lived most of her life in or around Amsterdam, in the Netherlands. She was officially seen as a German until 1941. This was when she lost her nationality because of the anti-Semitic rules of Nazi Germany. She became famous around the world after her death when her diary was printed. In it she described her experiences hiding during the Nazi German occupation of the Netherlands in World War II.
+
+The Frank family moved from Germany to Holland's capital, Amsterdam in 1933. This was the same year that the Nazis grew powerful in Germany. By the beginning of 1940, because of the Nazi occupation of the Netherlands, the Frank family was trapped in Amsterdam. Persecution of Jewish people increased in July 1942, and the family decided to hide. They hid in some secret rooms of her father Otto Frank's office building. After two years, they were betrayed and taken to concentration camps. Anne and her sister, Margot, were later taken to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp. There, they both died from typhus in February 1945.[1]
+
+Otto Frank was the only person in his family who survived. He went back to Amsterdam after the war and found  that Anne's diary had been saved. He helped print a version of it in 1947. It was translated from Dutch and first printed in English in 1952 as The Diary of a Young Girl. It has been translated into many languages. The diary had been given to Anne on her 13th birthday. In it she wrote of her life from 12 June 1942 until 1 August 1944. she was only 15 years old when she died.
+
+Anne Frank was born on 12 June 1929 in Frankfurt, Germany. She was the second daughter of Otto Frank (1889–1980), a German businessman,[2] and Edith Frank-Holländer (1900 – 45). Margot Frank (1926–45) was her older sister.[3] The Franks were Jews, and they lived with many Jewish and non-Jewish citizens. Anne and Margot grew up with Catholic, Protestant, and Jewish friends. The Frank family did not follow all the customs of Judaism.[4] Edith Frank was very religious, though her husband was more interested in studying. He had a large library, and both parents encouraged the children to read.[5]
+
+On 13 March 1933, elections were held in Frankfurt, and Adolf Hitler's Nazi Party won. Acts of Antisemitism began almost immediately. The Franks were afraid of what might happen to them if they stayed in Germany. Therefore, later that year, Edith and the children went to Aachen. They stayed there with Edith's mother, Rosa Holländer. Otto remained in Frankfurt, but after getting an offer to start a company in Amsterdam, he moved there to begin the business and to find a place to live with his family.[6] The Franks were included in the 300,000 Jews who ran away from Germany between 1933 and 1939.[7]
+
+Otto Frank began working at the Opekta Works. Opteka was a company that sold pectin. Otto Frank found an apartment on the Merwedeplein (Merwede Square) in Amsterdam. By February 1934, Edith and the children had arrived in Amsterdam, and Anne and Margot began going to school. Margot went to public school and Anne went to a Montessori school. Margot enjoyed math, while Anne preferred reading and writing. Her friend Hanneli Goslar later remembered that from when she was young, Anne often wrote, though she tried to hide what she wrote and did not like talking about it. Margot and Anne had very different personalities. Margot was polite, quiet, and thoughtful,[8] while Anne was brave, energetic, and friendly.[9]
+
+In 1938, Otto Frank started a second company, Pectacon. Pectacon sold herbs, salts and mixed spices that were used to make sausages.[10][11] Hermann van Pels worked at Pectacon as a helper about spices. He was a Jewish butcher.[11] In 1939, Edith's mother came to live with the Franks. She stayed with them until she died in January 1942.[12]
+
+In May 1940, Germany invaded the Netherlands. The government began to hurt Jews by making rules and laws about their freedom. The Frank sisters were both studying well and had many friends. But a new law that Jewish children could only go to a Jewish school made them move to a Jewish school.[12] The companies that Otto Frank worked at still gave him some money, but they became poorer. It was not enough to support their family.[13]
+
+For her 13th birthday on 12 June 1942, Anne Frank got a book she had shown her father a few days before. It was actually an autograph book with red-and-white cloth and a small lock on the front, but Anne decided to use it as a diary.[14] She began writing in it almost immediately. Most of her first writings are about normal parts of her life, but she also wrote about some other things.
+
+In July 1942, the Zentralstelle für jüdische Auswanderung (Central Office for Jewish Emigration) ordered Margot Frank to come to be taken to a work camp. Otto Frank told his family that they would hide in rooms above and behind the place where his company worked on the Prinsengracht. The Prinsengracht was a street next to one of Amsterdam's canals, where some of his most trusted employees would help them. The notice to Margot made them move a few weeks earlier than they had expected.[15]
+
+Anne's father, Otto Frank, was scared that the Nazis would find him and his family which he needed to protect, he then spoke to some of the people who worked in his business. One of them was a young woman of about 33 years old, and was named Miep Gies.  He told her he needed help - he was going to turn the top floor of his business into a secret hiding place for himself and his family called "The Secret Annex". Miep and the others would have to help them keep their secret, and bring them food. They hid in their secret hiding place for two whole years, without being discovered by the Nazis. Anne Frank left all her other belongings in Frankfurt.
+
+Miep agreed to help. In 1942, the Frank family, together with the Van Pels (And their son Peter) and a dentist named Fritz Pfeffer, moved into the Secret Annex that they had prepared. They planned to stay there until the end of the war. They hoped the war would end soon, but it did not. They spent around two and a half years in their hiding place, never able to go out into the sunshine. During the day, the family had to be very quiet, because the business continued downstairs, and not all the workers knew that the Frank family was in hiding in the upper part of the building.
+
+A few months before the Franks went into hiding, Anne was given a diary, for her birthday. She called her diary "Kitty" and wrote in it about all the things that were happening to her and to her family. Anne was only a young girl, but she knew how to write beautifully. She wrote about all the things that young girls think about - how she was getting along with her friends and parents, boys (pretty much Peter), her life and emotions. After a while, Anne had one strong ambition, she aspired to be a writer. She hoped to write a book that everyone would read.
+
+A total of 78 families lived hiding in the same building which was a total of 700 people.
+
+After 2 years a thief had come and took not much, but after about two and a half years in hiding, not long before the end of the war, the thief was caught and, in exchange of not going to jail or death, he told the Nazis that a Jewish family - the Franks - were in hiding. Nazi soldiers came into the Frank's secret hiding place. They sent the Franks and the others to a concentration camp. Miep Gies found Anne's diary and put it into a drawer. She wanted to keep it safe until after the war. She hoped that Anne would return, and she would be able give her her diary back to her.
+
+However, that was not to be. Anne's father, Otto Frank, lived through the war and came back to Amsterdam. He hoped that his family had survived too - but they had not. Of all the family, only he survived. His wife was killed at Auschwitz. Anne and her older sister, Margot, died at Bergen-Belsen concentration camp from typhus, a disease - only a month before the camp was freed by the Allied forces. When he got out, he found Anne's diary and published it.[1]
+
+When World War II ended, Miep Gies gave Otto Frank Anne's diary and a bundle of notes. Otto Frank then decided to publish her diary to commemorate her.
+
+Miep Gies was with Otto Frank when he got the letter telling him that his two daughters were dead. Now she knew that Anne would never return for her diary. She went to the drawer where the diary was kept, and she gave it to Otto Frank. People who were close to Anne read the diary. They told Otto Frank that he should publish it. Anne had wanted to be a famous writer. Now, people would be able to read her book, and they would also learn about the difficult time that the Jews had during the war, and about the wonderful people who helped them.
+
+Otto had Anne's diary printed. It became one of the world's most widely-read books. It has been printed in over 60 languages, and people across the world have read and enjoyed this true story. Today, for an admissions fee, you can visit the house in Amsterdam where Anne Frank and her family hid during the war. You can also see the diary that she wrote.
+

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+Ouagadougou[2] (/ˌwɑːɡəˈduːɡuː/, is the capital of Burkina Faso.[3] It is also the country's biggest city. In Ouagadougou, people mainly make clothing and food. Ouagadougou's mayor is chosen every five years. Ouagadougou is near the equator. It is always warm. In Ouagadougou, people speak French. Ouagadougou is one of the poorest cities in Africa. Almost 70% of its people can not read or write[4] but the city has ten universities.
+
+Informal trade is widespread in the streets[5].
+
+Ouagadougou is twinned with following cities:
+
+Abidjan, Ivory Coast ·
+Abuja, Nigeria ·
+Accra, Ghana ·
+Addis Ababa, Ethiopia ·
+Algiers, Algeria ·
+Antananarivo, Madagascar ·
+Asmara, Eritrea ·
+Bamako, Mali ·
+Bangui, Central African Republic ·
+Banjul, Gambia ·
+Bissau, Guinea-Bissau ·
+Bloemfontein (One of 3), South Africa ·
+Brazzaville, Congo Republic ·
+Bujumbura, Burundi ·
+Cairo, Egypt ·
+Cape Town (One of 3), South Africa ·
+Conakry, Guinea ·
+Dakar, Senegal ·
+Djibouti, Djibouti ·
+Dodoma, Tanzania ·
+Freetown, Sierra Leone ·
+Gaborone, Botswana ·
+Gitega, Burundi ·
+Harare, Zimbabwe ·
+Jamestown, Saint Helena ·
+Kampala, Uganda ·
+Khartoum, Sudan ·
+Kigali, Rwanda ·
+Kinshasa, Congo Democratic Republic ·
+Libreville, Gabon ·
+Lilongwe, Malawi ·
+Lobamba, Swaziland ·
+Lomé, Togo ·
+Luanda, Angola ·
+Lusaka, Zambia ·
+Moroni, Comoros ·
+Malabo, Equatorial Guinea ·
+Maseru, Lesotho ·
+Mamoudzou, Mayotte ·
+Maputo, Mozambique ·
+Mogadishu, Somalia ·
+Mbabane, Swaziland ·
+Monrovia, Liberia ·
+Nouakchott, Mauritania ·
+Niamey, Niger ·
+N'Djamena, Chad ·
+Nairobi, Kenya ·
+Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso ·
+Port Louis, Mauritius ·
+Porto-Novo, Benin ·
+Praia, Cape Verde ·
+Pretoria (One of 3), South Africa ·
+Rabat, Morocco ·
+Saint-Denis, Réunion ·
+São Tomé, São Tomé and Príncipe ·
+Tripoli, Libya ·
+Tunis, Tunisia ·
+Victoria, Seychelles ·
+Windhoek, Namibia ·
+Yaoundé, Cameroon ·
+Yamoussoukro, Ivory Coast

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+The Republic of Uganda is a landlocked country in east Africa. Its capital and biggest city is Kampala.
+
+The currency is the Ugandan Shilling. The official languages of Uganda are English and Swahili. The most common religion is Christianity. The President of Uganda is Yoweri Kaguta Museveni. The country is to the East of Africa. The population of Uganda is 32 million people. The area of Uganda is about 236,040 km2.
+
+Uganda produces coffee and copper.
+
+The literacy rate of Uganda is 68%, which mean people in Uganda who are at least 15 years old know how to read and write.[3]
+
+Uganda is among countries thought to be very corrupt by Transparency International. It is rated at 2.4 on a scale from 0 (the most corrupt) to 10 (the most clean).[4] Uganda is one of the poorest nations in the world. 37.7 percent of the people live on less than $1.25 a day.[5]
+
+Uganda became independent from the United Kingdom on 9 October 1962.[6]
+
+Uganda is almost completely in the Nile basin. At the centre of the country is Lake Kyoga. Although landlocked, Uganda has many large lakes. Besides Lake Victoria and Lake Kyoga, there are Lake Albert, Lake Edward and the smaller Lake George.  Most important cities are in the south, near Lake Victoria, including the capital Kampala and the nearby city of Entebbe.
+
+The climate is mostly equatorial.  But it is not the same everywhere because there are some changes in altitude.  The difference in altitude changes the climate. Southern Uganda is wetter with rain generally throughout the year. At Entebbe on the northern shore of Lake Victoria, most rain falls from March to June and in the November/December period. Further to the north a dry season slowly emerges. At Gulu about 120 km from the South Sudanese border, November to February is much drier than the rest of the year.
+
+The largest cities in Uganda are:
+
+Because there are so many communities, culture in Uganda is diverse. Many Asians (mostly from India) who had to leave during the regime of Amin have returned to Uganda.[7]
+
+Football is the national sport in Uganda. Games with the Ugandan national football team usually attract large crowds of Ugandans. The Ugandan Super League is the top division of Ugandan football. There are 16 clubs from across the country. It was made in 1968. Uganda's most famous footballers are David Obua of Scottish club Hearts and Ibrahim Sekagya, who is the captain of the national team. Uganda's notable past greats of the game include Denis Obua, Majid Musisi, Fimbo Mukasa and Paul Kasule.
+
+Cricket has become more popular.  Uganda won the World Cricket League (WCL) Division 3 in 2007.
+
+In 2007, the Uganda national rugby union team were victorious in the 2007 Africa Cup, beating Madagascar in the final.
+
+Hockey is the only Ugandan field sport to date to have qualified for and represented the country at the Olympics. This was at the 1972 Summer Olympics. Uganda won gold medals at the Olympics in athletics with legendary hurdler John Akii-Bua in 1972 and marathon winner at the London 2012 Olympics Stephen Kiprotich.
+
+In July 2011 Kampala, Uganda qualified for the 2011 Little League World Series. Due to visa trouble they were unable to attend the Series.[8]  In 2012, Uganda qualified again for the Little League World Series.  This time they were able to attend.

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+Hearing is one of the five senses. Ears detect vibrations in the air. These vibrations are sounds. Most animals can hear. Most land vertebrates hear through ears. Fish hear in several different ways. Many use their swim bladder to hear, and many use their lateral line.
+
+In mammals, sound travels through three main parts of the ear to be heard. These are the outer, middle and inner ear.[1]
+

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+Hearing is one of the five senses. Ears detect vibrations in the air. These vibrations are sounds. Most animals can hear. Most land vertebrates hear through ears. Fish hear in several different ways. Many use their swim bladder to hear, and many use their lateral line.
+
+In mammals, sound travels through three main parts of the ear to be heard. These are the outer, middle and inner ear.[1]
+

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+A tropical cyclone is a circular air movement that starts over the warm ocean waters in the warm part of Earth near the Equator. Most tropical cyclones create fast winds and great rains. While some tropical cyclones stay out in the sea, others pass over land. They can be dangerous because of flooding and because the winds pick up objects, including things as big as small boats. Tropical cyclones can throw these things at high speeds.
+
+Tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons form when convection causes warm, moist air above the ocean to rise.  They begin as a group of storms when the water gets as hot as 80 °F (27 °C) or hotter.  The Coriolis effect made by the Earth's rotation causes the winds to rotate.  Warm air rises quickly. Tropical cyclones usually move westward in the tropics, and can later move north or south into the temperate zone.  The "eye of the storm" is the center.  It has little rain or wind.  The eyewall has the heaviest rain and the fastest winds.  It is surrounded by rainbands which also have fast winds.
+
+Tropical cyclones are powered by warm, humid ocean air. When they go onto land, they weaken. They die when they spend a long time over land or cool ocean water.
+
+The term "tropical cyclone" is a summary term.  In various places tropical cyclones have other local names such as "hurricane" and "typhoon".[1]  A tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean is called a hurricane.[1]  The word hurricane is also used for those that form in the eastern, central and northern Pacific.[2] In the western Pacific a tropical cyclone is called a typhoon.[2]  In the Indian Ocean it is called a "cyclone".
+
+Tropical cyclones are usually given names because it helps in forecasting, locating, and reporting. They are named once they have steady winds of 62 km/h. Committees of the World Meteorological Organization pick names. Once named, a cyclone is usually not renamed.[3]
+
+For several hundred years hurricanes were named after saints.[4] In 1887, Australian meteorologist Clement Wragge began giving women's names to tropical cyclones.[5] He thought of history and mythology for names. When he used men's names, they were usually of politicians he hated.[5] By World War II cyclone names were based on the phonetic alphabet (Able, Baker, Charlie).[6] In 1953 the United States stopped using phonetic names and began using female names for these storms.[6] This ended in 1978 when both male and female names were used for Pacific storms. In 1979 this practice was added for hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic.[6]
+
+In the past these storms sank many ships. Better weather forecasting in the 20th century helped most ships avoid them. When tropical cyclones reach land, they may break things. Sometimes they kill people and destroy cities. In the last 200 years, about 1.5 million people have been killed by tropical cyclones.
+
+Wind can cause up to 83% of the total damages of a storm. Broken wreckage from destroyed objects can become deadly flying pieces.[7] Flooding can also occur when a lot of rain falls and/or when storm surges push water onto the land.[8]
+
+There is a possibility of "indirect" deaths after a tropical cyclone passes. For example, New Orleans, Louisiana suffered from poor health conditions after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005.[9]
+
+Tropical cyclones are classified into different categories by their strength and location. The National Hurricane Center, which observes hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean, classifies them using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
+
+Tropical cylones in other places such as the Western Pacific Ocean or the Southern Hemisphere are classified on scales that are quite a bit like the Saffir-Simpson Scale. For example; if a tropical storm in the western Pacific reaches hurricane-strength winds, it is then officially called a typhoon.
+
+A tropical depression is an organized group of clouds and thunderstorms with a clear circulation in air near the ocean and maximum continuing winds of less than 17 m/s (33 kt, 38 mph, or 62 km/h). It has no eye and does not usually have the spiral shape that more powerful storms have. Only the Philippines are known to name tropical depressions.
+
+A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a very clear surface circulation and continuing winds between 17 and 32 m/s (34–63 kt, 39–73 mph, or 62–117 km/h). At this point, the cyclonic shape starts to form, although an eye does not usually appear in tropical storms. Most tropical cyclone agencies start naming cyclonic storms at this level, except for the Philippines which have their own way of naming cyclones.
+
+A hurricane or typhoon or a cyclone is a large cyclonic weather system with continuing winds of at least 33 m/s (64 kt, 74 mph, or 118 km/h). A tropical cyclone with this wind speed usually develops an eye, which is an area of calm conditions at the center of its circulation. The eye is often seen from space as a small, round, cloud-free spot. Around the eye is the eyewall, an area where the strongest thunderstorms and winds spin around the storm's center. The fastest possible continuing wind speed found in tropical cyclones is thought to be around 85 m/s (165 kt, 190 mph, 305 km/h).

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+A tropical cyclone is a circular air movement that starts over the warm ocean waters in the warm part of Earth near the Equator. Most tropical cyclones create fast winds and great rains. While some tropical cyclones stay out in the sea, others pass over land. They can be dangerous because of flooding and because the winds pick up objects, including things as big as small boats. Tropical cyclones can throw these things at high speeds.
+
+Tropical cyclones, hurricanes or typhoons form when convection causes warm, moist air above the ocean to rise.  They begin as a group of storms when the water gets as hot as 80 °F (27 °C) or hotter.  The Coriolis effect made by the Earth's rotation causes the winds to rotate.  Warm air rises quickly. Tropical cyclones usually move westward in the tropics, and can later move north or south into the temperate zone.  The "eye of the storm" is the center.  It has little rain or wind.  The eyewall has the heaviest rain and the fastest winds.  It is surrounded by rainbands which also have fast winds.
+
+Tropical cyclones are powered by warm, humid ocean air. When they go onto land, they weaken. They die when they spend a long time over land or cool ocean water.
+
+The term "tropical cyclone" is a summary term.  In various places tropical cyclones have other local names such as "hurricane" and "typhoon".[1]  A tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic Ocean is called a hurricane.[1]  The word hurricane is also used for those that form in the eastern, central and northern Pacific.[2] In the western Pacific a tropical cyclone is called a typhoon.[2]  In the Indian Ocean it is called a "cyclone".
+
+Tropical cyclones are usually given names because it helps in forecasting, locating, and reporting. They are named once they have steady winds of 62 km/h. Committees of the World Meteorological Organization pick names. Once named, a cyclone is usually not renamed.[3]
+
+For several hundred years hurricanes were named after saints.[4] In 1887, Australian meteorologist Clement Wragge began giving women's names to tropical cyclones.[5] He thought of history and mythology for names. When he used men's names, they were usually of politicians he hated.[5] By World War II cyclone names were based on the phonetic alphabet (Able, Baker, Charlie).[6] In 1953 the United States stopped using phonetic names and began using female names for these storms.[6] This ended in 1978 when both male and female names were used for Pacific storms. In 1979 this practice was added for hurricanes in the Gulf of Mexico and the Atlantic.[6]
+
+In the past these storms sank many ships. Better weather forecasting in the 20th century helped most ships avoid them. When tropical cyclones reach land, they may break things. Sometimes they kill people and destroy cities. In the last 200 years, about 1.5 million people have been killed by tropical cyclones.
+
+Wind can cause up to 83% of the total damages of a storm. Broken wreckage from destroyed objects can become deadly flying pieces.[7] Flooding can also occur when a lot of rain falls and/or when storm surges push water onto the land.[8]
+
+There is a possibility of "indirect" deaths after a tropical cyclone passes. For example, New Orleans, Louisiana suffered from poor health conditions after Hurricane Katrina hit in 2005.[9]
+
+Tropical cyclones are classified into different categories by their strength and location. The National Hurricane Center, which observes hurricanes in the Atlantic Ocean and Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean, classifies them using the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale.
+
+Tropical cylones in other places such as the Western Pacific Ocean or the Southern Hemisphere are classified on scales that are quite a bit like the Saffir-Simpson Scale. For example; if a tropical storm in the western Pacific reaches hurricane-strength winds, it is then officially called a typhoon.
+
+A tropical depression is an organized group of clouds and thunderstorms with a clear circulation in air near the ocean and maximum continuing winds of less than 17 m/s (33 kt, 38 mph, or 62 km/h). It has no eye and does not usually have the spiral shape that more powerful storms have. Only the Philippines are known to name tropical depressions.
+
+A tropical storm is an organized system of strong thunderstorms with a very clear surface circulation and continuing winds between 17 and 32 m/s (34–63 kt, 39–73 mph, or 62–117 km/h). At this point, the cyclonic shape starts to form, although an eye does not usually appear in tropical storms. Most tropical cyclone agencies start naming cyclonic storms at this level, except for the Philippines which have their own way of naming cyclones.
+
+A hurricane or typhoon or a cyclone is a large cyclonic weather system with continuing winds of at least 33 m/s (64 kt, 74 mph, or 118 km/h). A tropical cyclone with this wind speed usually develops an eye, which is an area of calm conditions at the center of its circulation. The eye is often seen from space as a small, round, cloud-free spot. Around the eye is the eyewall, an area where the strongest thunderstorms and winds spin around the storm's center. The fastest possible continuing wind speed found in tropical cyclones is thought to be around 85 m/s (165 kt, 190 mph, 305 km/h).

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+Track and field is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and throwing. Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium.
+
+Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put.
+
+Long jump at Berlin, 2009.
+
+Discus throw at Barcelona.
+
+Pole vault event at Birmingham.
+
+200 meters race at Helsinki.
+
+There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing.  One of these is the decathlon, which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault.
+
+All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their end result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.
+
+Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.

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+The Ural Mountains (Russian: Ура́льские го́ры, romanized: Uralskiye gory), also known simply as the Urals, is a mountain range that runs roughly north and south through western Russia.
+
+The Urals stretch 2,500 km from the Kazakh steppes along the northern border of Kazakhstan to the coast of the Arctic Ocean. The island of Novaya Zemlya forms a further continuation of the chain. Geographically this range marks the northern part of the border between Asian and European sections of the Eurasian continent. Its highest peak is Mount Narodnaya (Poznurr, 1895 m).
+
+
+
+
+

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+
+
+†Ursus maritimus tyrannus(?)[4]
+
+Ursus eogroenlandicus
+Ursus groenlandicus
+Ursus jenaensis
+Ursus labradorensis
+Ursus marinus
+Ursus polaris
+Ursus spitzbergensis
+Ursus ungavensis
+Thalarctos maritimus
+
+The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear which lives in the Arctic.[5] It is also called white bear or northern bear. It has black skin under the white fur. They are strong and fast, and can run as fast as 25 miles (40 km) an hour for a short distance.[6][7]
+
+Polar bear fur is made up of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of "guard hairs", which appear white to tan but are actually translucent.  The fur keeps them very warm. The skin is not white; it is black. Therefore, they can absorb sunlight efficiently.[8] They are strong and can swim very well. Polar bears are similar in size to a normal bear but have a slimmer neck, longer legs and fur.
+
+They are mostly carnivorous. Polar bears are apex predators. They eat mostly seals and fish. They also eat sea lions, walruses, reindeer, arctic hares, penguins, seagulls, small whales, lemmings, crabs and carrion. When Polar bears hunt, they often wait at holes in the ice, where the seals come up to breathe. They can live off of one seal for many days, but it will make them hungry if they do.
+
+Polar bears live alone. Polar bears are black with clear fur, so in daylight, they appear white; at night, they are invisible.
+
+Young Polar bears stay with their mothers for 1–2 years, and they become mature when they are 5–6 years old. People think Polar bears can become 25–30 years old in nature, but in captivity (for example, in zoos), they can become up to 45 years old.
+
+Polar bears live in countries in the Arctic Circle, including these:
+
+The breeding time is 8 months. The babies are born six weeks after their mother mates. At birth, a baby cub weighs less than 2 pounds (0.9 kilograms).
+The mother feeds the babies milk, which makes them grow fast, and after 10 weeks, the cubs weigh about 20 to 25 pounds (9.1 to 11.4 kilograms).
+Young polar bears wrestle in the snow to build their strength and skills. They practice using their strong paws, and they show off their big, sharp teeth.
+
+Mother polar bears will do anything to protect their young. They can kill a predator with just one swat of their powerful front paws. Scientists have even seen a mother polar bear stand up and leap at a helicopter to keep it away from her cubs.
+
+During the first year, the cubs begin to eat solid food but still nurse from their mother. They begin to learn to hunt and swim. But they cannot live on their own.
+By the time they are two years old, the cubs have grown into large bears. They leave their mother and strike off into territory of their own. They hunt and live alone. But they play with other bears they meet.
+Polar bears are ready to mate when they are five or six years old. They are adults by this time and weigh 330 to 660 pounds (150 to 300 kilograms).
+
+Both male and female polar bears live to be as much as 30 years old (in a zoo). Polar bears have 42 teeth.[6]
+
+As adults, male bears fight with each other over a female each male fluffs out his coat of fur to make himself look bigger. Then, he swaggers along, growling, to scare off his rival. Polar bear scientists call this "the cowboy walk."
+The polar bear eats seals, fish and fruits (berries).
+They can be up to 250cm long and 160cm tall and  weigh up to 600kg. [9]
+
+When two polar bears meet, they have a special way of greeting each other. They circle around each other for a while, grunting. Then they come closer and touch noses.
+
+The polar bear was the most dangerous animal to hunt. It was also greatly respected for its strength and spirit. The bear's blubber, meat, and fur all help the Inuit survive. The Inuit gave thanks and respect in turn. After a hunt, they held a celebration that lasted for several days. Then, a polar bear dance was held. Finally, the bear's skull was set on an ice floe to release its spirit back into the Arctic.
+
+A polar bear's paws are perfect snowshoes for them. The bottoms are wide and covered with fur to help keep the bear from slipping. The sharp claws help grip the ice.
+
+A polar bear can crawl across ice too thin for a human to walk on. They spread out their legs and lay their bellies flat on the ice. Then they use their claws to slowly push themselves across the ice.[10]
+
+Polar bears mate in April or May. The cub is born in December, when the mother is hibernating. The cub stays in the den with the mother until March, then, they all come out. They eat immediately after hibernating. Sometimes, because of global warming, this is impossible and the cubs die before they have had a chance to live. The cub leaves its mother in 2-3 years.
+
+The polar bear's liver contains a lot of vitamin A.[11] Inuit people knew that eating the liver could cause sickness and death.[11]  Several groups of European polar explorers were seriously ill after eating livers.[11] The symptoms included drowsiness, wanting to sleep, being irritable, headaches, and vomiting. After 24 hours, people's skin began to peel off.[11]
+
+A Polar bear
+
+A Polar bear mother with her babies

ensimple/4342.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+
+
+†Ursus maritimus tyrannus(?)[4]
+
+Ursus eogroenlandicus
+Ursus groenlandicus
+Ursus jenaensis
+Ursus labradorensis
+Ursus marinus
+Ursus polaris
+Ursus spitzbergensis
+Ursus ungavensis
+Thalarctos maritimus
+
+The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear which lives in the Arctic.[5] It is also called white bear or northern bear. It has black skin under the white fur. They are strong and fast, and can run as fast as 25 miles (40 km) an hour for a short distance.[6][7]
+
+Polar bear fur is made up of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of "guard hairs", which appear white to tan but are actually translucent.  The fur keeps them very warm. The skin is not white; it is black. Therefore, they can absorb sunlight efficiently.[8] They are strong and can swim very well. Polar bears are similar in size to a normal bear but have a slimmer neck, longer legs and fur.
+
+They are mostly carnivorous. Polar bears are apex predators. They eat mostly seals and fish. They also eat sea lions, walruses, reindeer, arctic hares, penguins, seagulls, small whales, lemmings, crabs and carrion. When Polar bears hunt, they often wait at holes in the ice, where the seals come up to breathe. They can live off of one seal for many days, but it will make them hungry if they do.
+
+Polar bears live alone. Polar bears are black with clear fur, so in daylight, they appear white; at night, they are invisible.
+
+Young Polar bears stay with their mothers for 1–2 years, and they become mature when they are 5–6 years old. People think Polar bears can become 25–30 years old in nature, but in captivity (for example, in zoos), they can become up to 45 years old.
+
+Polar bears live in countries in the Arctic Circle, including these:
+
+The breeding time is 8 months. The babies are born six weeks after their mother mates. At birth, a baby cub weighs less than 2 pounds (0.9 kilograms).
+The mother feeds the babies milk, which makes them grow fast, and after 10 weeks, the cubs weigh about 20 to 25 pounds (9.1 to 11.4 kilograms).
+Young polar bears wrestle in the snow to build their strength and skills. They practice using their strong paws, and they show off their big, sharp teeth.
+
+Mother polar bears will do anything to protect their young. They can kill a predator with just one swat of their powerful front paws. Scientists have even seen a mother polar bear stand up and leap at a helicopter to keep it away from her cubs.
+
+During the first year, the cubs begin to eat solid food but still nurse from their mother. They begin to learn to hunt and swim. But they cannot live on their own.
+By the time they are two years old, the cubs have grown into large bears. They leave their mother and strike off into territory of their own. They hunt and live alone. But they play with other bears they meet.
+Polar bears are ready to mate when they are five or six years old. They are adults by this time and weigh 330 to 660 pounds (150 to 300 kilograms).
+
+Both male and female polar bears live to be as much as 30 years old (in a zoo). Polar bears have 42 teeth.[6]
+
+As adults, male bears fight with each other over a female each male fluffs out his coat of fur to make himself look bigger. Then, he swaggers along, growling, to scare off his rival. Polar bear scientists call this "the cowboy walk."
+The polar bear eats seals, fish and fruits (berries).
+They can be up to 250cm long and 160cm tall and  weigh up to 600kg. [9]
+
+When two polar bears meet, they have a special way of greeting each other. They circle around each other for a while, grunting. Then they come closer and touch noses.
+
+The polar bear was the most dangerous animal to hunt. It was also greatly respected for its strength and spirit. The bear's blubber, meat, and fur all help the Inuit survive. The Inuit gave thanks and respect in turn. After a hunt, they held a celebration that lasted for several days. Then, a polar bear dance was held. Finally, the bear's skull was set on an ice floe to release its spirit back into the Arctic.
+
+A polar bear's paws are perfect snowshoes for them. The bottoms are wide and covered with fur to help keep the bear from slipping. The sharp claws help grip the ice.
+
+A polar bear can crawl across ice too thin for a human to walk on. They spread out their legs and lay their bellies flat on the ice. Then they use their claws to slowly push themselves across the ice.[10]
+
+Polar bears mate in April or May. The cub is born in December, when the mother is hibernating. The cub stays in the den with the mother until March, then, they all come out. They eat immediately after hibernating. Sometimes, because of global warming, this is impossible and the cubs die before they have had a chance to live. The cub leaves its mother in 2-3 years.
+
+The polar bear's liver contains a lot of vitamin A.[11] Inuit people knew that eating the liver could cause sickness and death.[11]  Several groups of European polar explorers were seriously ill after eating livers.[11] The symptoms included drowsiness, wanting to sleep, being irritable, headaches, and vomiting. After 24 hours, people's skin began to peel off.[11]
+
+A Polar bear
+
+A Polar bear mother with her babies

ensimple/4343.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+
+
+The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large bear living in much of northern Eurasia and North America. It is smaller than the polar bear, but is the largest carnivore which lives entirely on the land.[2] 
+There are several recognized subspecies.
+
+The brown bear's range has shrunk, but it is still listed as a least concern species by the IUCN. Its total population is about 200,000. As of 2012, this and the American black bear are the only bear species not classified as threatened by the IUCN. However, many of the southern Asian subspecies are highly endangered. The smallest subspecies, the Himalayan brown bear, is critically endangered. It lives in just 2% of its former range, and poachers hunt it for its parts.[3] The Marsican brown bear in central Italy is believed to have a population of just 30 to 40 bears.
+
+The brown bear's main range includes parts of Russia, Central Asia, China, Canada, the United States (mostly Alaska), Scandinavia and the Carpathian region (especially Romania), Anatolia, and Caucasus.[1][4] The brown bear is a national and state animal in several European countries. It is the most widely distributed of all bears. Brown bears are omnivores. Brown bears are apex predators. They eat berries, apples, honey, fish, insects, worms, nuts, grasses, leaves, carrion, rodents and rabbits. Brown bears even eat hoofed animals such as deer, moose, reindeer, bison and sheeps.

ensimple/4344.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,3 @@
+Bears are a group of large mammals. They form the family Ursidae, in the order Carnivora.
+
+The word bear could also mean:

ensimple/4345.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+
+†Amphicynodontinae
+†Hemicyoninae
+†Ursavinae
+†Agriotheriinae
+Ailuropodinae
+Tremarctinae
+Ursinae
+
+Bears are a group of large mammals found in all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.
+
+Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.
+
+Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.[1] Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.
+
+They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, that means they sleep during the winter to save energy.
+
+Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.[2]
+
+Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.[3]
+
+Bears life all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.[4]
+
+Fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.
+

ensimple/4346.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,26 @@
+
+
+†Amphicynodontinae
+†Hemicyoninae
+†Ursavinae
+†Agriotheriinae
+Ailuropodinae
+Tremarctinae
+Ursinae
+
+Bears are a group of large mammals found in all over the world in many different habitats. They form the family Ursidae, in the suborder Caniformia of the order Carnivora. There are 8 living bear species.
+
+Bears usually have a big body with short and thick legs. They have a broad head and a very short tail. They have small eyes and round ears. They usually have longer, shaggy fur. On each foot they have five claws, which they cannot pull back. They use their claws for digging, climbing, and hunting. They can stand up on their back legs and their front paws are flexible. Usually bears can climb and swim very well. Males are usually bigger than females. Most bears except the giant panda are only one color. Most bears are russet, brown, or black.
+
+Bears do not have good hearing. They have powerful senses of smell and sight. They have good sight and can see colors, which is different from other carnivores. Bears mostly use their sense of smell to know what is around them. They can smell better than dogs.[1] Bears also have good memory, which lets them remember where they can find food.
+
+They are mostly active at night, except for the Polar Bear. Some bears hibernate, that means they sleep during the winter to save energy.
+
+Bears are usually omnivorous, which means that they eat plants and meat. They eat berries, grass, and fish. An exception is the polar bear, which eats mostly meat.[2]
+
+Bears usually live alone, except when they are mating season or if they have cubs. The father does not raise the cubs. The mother raises the cubs for months or a few years depending on how much food there is. The mother protects her young, even at the cost of her life.[3]
+
+Bears life all over the world, mostly in the Northern hemisphere. They are found in North America, South America, Europe, and Asia. There used to be bears in northern Africa but they are now extinct.[4]
+
+Fictional bears include, Yogi Bear, Berenstain Bears, and Winnie the Pooh.
+

ensimple/4347.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+
+
+†Ursus maritimus tyrannus(?)[4]
+
+Ursus eogroenlandicus
+Ursus groenlandicus
+Ursus jenaensis
+Ursus labradorensis
+Ursus marinus
+Ursus polaris
+Ursus spitzbergensis
+Ursus ungavensis
+Thalarctos maritimus
+
+The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear which lives in the Arctic.[5] It is also called white bear or northern bear. It has black skin under the white fur. They are strong and fast, and can run as fast as 25 miles (40 km) an hour for a short distance.[6][7]
+
+Polar bear fur is made up of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of "guard hairs", which appear white to tan but are actually translucent.  The fur keeps them very warm. The skin is not white; it is black. Therefore, they can absorb sunlight efficiently.[8] They are strong and can swim very well. Polar bears are similar in size to a normal bear but have a slimmer neck, longer legs and fur.
+
+They are mostly carnivorous. Polar bears are apex predators. They eat mostly seals and fish. They also eat sea lions, walruses, reindeer, arctic hares, penguins, seagulls, small whales, lemmings, crabs and carrion. When Polar bears hunt, they often wait at holes in the ice, where the seals come up to breathe. They can live off of one seal for many days, but it will make them hungry if they do.
+
+Polar bears live alone. Polar bears are black with clear fur, so in daylight, they appear white; at night, they are invisible.
+
+Young Polar bears stay with their mothers for 1–2 years, and they become mature when they are 5–6 years old. People think Polar bears can become 25–30 years old in nature, but in captivity (for example, in zoos), they can become up to 45 years old.
+
+Polar bears live in countries in the Arctic Circle, including these:
+
+The breeding time is 8 months. The babies are born six weeks after their mother mates. At birth, a baby cub weighs less than 2 pounds (0.9 kilograms).
+The mother feeds the babies milk, which makes them grow fast, and after 10 weeks, the cubs weigh about 20 to 25 pounds (9.1 to 11.4 kilograms).
+Young polar bears wrestle in the snow to build their strength and skills. They practice using their strong paws, and they show off their big, sharp teeth.
+
+Mother polar bears will do anything to protect their young. They can kill a predator with just one swat of their powerful front paws. Scientists have even seen a mother polar bear stand up and leap at a helicopter to keep it away from her cubs.
+
+During the first year, the cubs begin to eat solid food but still nurse from their mother. They begin to learn to hunt and swim. But they cannot live on their own.
+By the time they are two years old, the cubs have grown into large bears. They leave their mother and strike off into territory of their own. They hunt and live alone. But they play with other bears they meet.
+Polar bears are ready to mate when they are five or six years old. They are adults by this time and weigh 330 to 660 pounds (150 to 300 kilograms).
+
+Both male and female polar bears live to be as much as 30 years old (in a zoo). Polar bears have 42 teeth.[6]
+
+As adults, male bears fight with each other over a female each male fluffs out his coat of fur to make himself look bigger. Then, he swaggers along, growling, to scare off his rival. Polar bear scientists call this "the cowboy walk."
+The polar bear eats seals, fish and fruits (berries).
+They can be up to 250cm long and 160cm tall and  weigh up to 600kg. [9]
+
+When two polar bears meet, they have a special way of greeting each other. They circle around each other for a while, grunting. Then they come closer and touch noses.
+
+The polar bear was the most dangerous animal to hunt. It was also greatly respected for its strength and spirit. The bear's blubber, meat, and fur all help the Inuit survive. The Inuit gave thanks and respect in turn. After a hunt, they held a celebration that lasted for several days. Then, a polar bear dance was held. Finally, the bear's skull was set on an ice floe to release its spirit back into the Arctic.
+
+A polar bear's paws are perfect snowshoes for them. The bottoms are wide and covered with fur to help keep the bear from slipping. The sharp claws help grip the ice.
+
+A polar bear can crawl across ice too thin for a human to walk on. They spread out their legs and lay their bellies flat on the ice. Then they use their claws to slowly push themselves across the ice.[10]
+
+Polar bears mate in April or May. The cub is born in December, when the mother is hibernating. The cub stays in the den with the mother until March, then, they all come out. They eat immediately after hibernating. Sometimes, because of global warming, this is impossible and the cubs die before they have had a chance to live. The cub leaves its mother in 2-3 years.
+
+The polar bear's liver contains a lot of vitamin A.[11] Inuit people knew that eating the liver could cause sickness and death.[11]  Several groups of European polar explorers were seriously ill after eating livers.[11] The symptoms included drowsiness, wanting to sleep, being irritable, headaches, and vomiting. After 24 hours, people's skin began to peel off.[11]
+
+A Polar bear
+
+A Polar bear mother with her babies

ensimple/4348.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,57 @@
+
+
+†Ursus maritimus tyrannus(?)[4]
+
+Ursus eogroenlandicus
+Ursus groenlandicus
+Ursus jenaensis
+Ursus labradorensis
+Ursus marinus
+Ursus polaris
+Ursus spitzbergensis
+Ursus ungavensis
+Thalarctos maritimus
+
+The polar bear (Ursus maritimus) is a large bear which lives in the Arctic.[5] It is also called white bear or northern bear. It has black skin under the white fur. They are strong and fast, and can run as fast as 25 miles (40 km) an hour for a short distance.[6][7]
+
+Polar bear fur is made up of a layer of dense underfur and an outer layer of "guard hairs", which appear white to tan but are actually translucent.  The fur keeps them very warm. The skin is not white; it is black. Therefore, they can absorb sunlight efficiently.[8] They are strong and can swim very well. Polar bears are similar in size to a normal bear but have a slimmer neck, longer legs and fur.
+
+They are mostly carnivorous. Polar bears are apex predators. They eat mostly seals and fish. They also eat sea lions, walruses, reindeer, arctic hares, penguins, seagulls, small whales, lemmings, crabs and carrion. When Polar bears hunt, they often wait at holes in the ice, where the seals come up to breathe. They can live off of one seal for many days, but it will make them hungry if they do.
+
+Polar bears live alone. Polar bears are black with clear fur, so in daylight, they appear white; at night, they are invisible.
+
+Young Polar bears stay with their mothers for 1–2 years, and they become mature when they are 5–6 years old. People think Polar bears can become 25–30 years old in nature, but in captivity (for example, in zoos), they can become up to 45 years old.
+
+Polar bears live in countries in the Arctic Circle, including these:
+
+The breeding time is 8 months. The babies are born six weeks after their mother mates. At birth, a baby cub weighs less than 2 pounds (0.9 kilograms).
+The mother feeds the babies milk, which makes them grow fast, and after 10 weeks, the cubs weigh about 20 to 25 pounds (9.1 to 11.4 kilograms).
+Young polar bears wrestle in the snow to build their strength and skills. They practice using their strong paws, and they show off their big, sharp teeth.
+
+Mother polar bears will do anything to protect their young. They can kill a predator with just one swat of their powerful front paws. Scientists have even seen a mother polar bear stand up and leap at a helicopter to keep it away from her cubs.
+
+During the first year, the cubs begin to eat solid food but still nurse from their mother. They begin to learn to hunt and swim. But they cannot live on their own.
+By the time they are two years old, the cubs have grown into large bears. They leave their mother and strike off into territory of their own. They hunt and live alone. But they play with other bears they meet.
+Polar bears are ready to mate when they are five or six years old. They are adults by this time and weigh 330 to 660 pounds (150 to 300 kilograms).
+
+Both male and female polar bears live to be as much as 30 years old (in a zoo). Polar bears have 42 teeth.[6]
+
+As adults, male bears fight with each other over a female each male fluffs out his coat of fur to make himself look bigger. Then, he swaggers along, growling, to scare off his rival. Polar bear scientists call this "the cowboy walk."
+The polar bear eats seals, fish and fruits (berries).
+They can be up to 250cm long and 160cm tall and  weigh up to 600kg. [9]
+
+When two polar bears meet, they have a special way of greeting each other. They circle around each other for a while, grunting. Then they come closer and touch noses.
+
+The polar bear was the most dangerous animal to hunt. It was also greatly respected for its strength and spirit. The bear's blubber, meat, and fur all help the Inuit survive. The Inuit gave thanks and respect in turn. After a hunt, they held a celebration that lasted for several days. Then, a polar bear dance was held. Finally, the bear's skull was set on an ice floe to release its spirit back into the Arctic.
+
+A polar bear's paws are perfect snowshoes for them. The bottoms are wide and covered with fur to help keep the bear from slipping. The sharp claws help grip the ice.
+
+A polar bear can crawl across ice too thin for a human to walk on. They spread out their legs and lay their bellies flat on the ice. Then they use their claws to slowly push themselves across the ice.[10]
+
+Polar bears mate in April or May. The cub is born in December, when the mother is hibernating. The cub stays in the den with the mother until March, then, they all come out. They eat immediately after hibernating. Sometimes, because of global warming, this is impossible and the cubs die before they have had a chance to live. The cub leaves its mother in 2-3 years.
+
+The polar bear's liver contains a lot of vitamin A.[11] Inuit people knew that eating the liver could cause sickness and death.[11]  Several groups of European polar explorers were seriously ill after eating livers.[11] The symptoms included drowsiness, wanting to sleep, being irritable, headaches, and vomiting. After 24 hours, people's skin began to peel off.[11]
+
+A Polar bear
+
+A Polar bear mother with her babies

ensimple/4349.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Tools are things used to make tasks easier. Tools have changed over time. The first tools were made in the Stone Age and Bronze Age. Throughout history, people have made many new and more complicated tools.
+
+Some examples of tools that are often used today are the hammer, the wrench (also called a spanner), saws, shovel, telephone, and the computer. Very basic things like knives, pens, and pencils are also tools. The bludgeon (a stick or rock used as a weapon to smash things) was one of the first tools made by humans. The knife is also one of the first tools humans made.
+

ensimple/435.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,17 @@
+Track and field is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and throwing. Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium.
+
+Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put.
+
+Long jump at Berlin, 2009.
+
+Discus throw at Barcelona.
+
+Pole vault event at Birmingham.
+
+200 meters race at Helsinki.
+
+There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing.  One of these is the decathlon, which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault.
+
+All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their end result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.
+
+Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.

ensimple/4350.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,5 @@
+Uzbekistan is a country in Central Asia. Its capital and largest city is Tashkent. There are about 32 million people living in Uzbekistan, now. The neighbouring countries are Afghanistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan. It is a doubly landlocked country, of which there are only two in the world. Most people in Uzbekistan speak a language called Uzbek, a Turkic language similar to Uyghur and Turkish. In the Uzbek language, Uzbekistan is called "O‘zbekiston" and it means "the land of the true nobles". Uzbekistan has a long history. Humans first lived in Uzbekistan from before the 2nd millennium BC.[5] The current president today is Shavkat Mirziyoyev. Human rights in Uzbekistan are 'atrocious' according to Human Rights Watch
+
+Islam is its largest religion.
+
+Uzbekistan is divided into twelve provinces, one autonomous republic, and one independent city. The provinces are divided into districts.

ensimple/4351.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by laying eggs. This is how most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and arachnids reproduce. All birds and monotremes also reproduce like this.
+
+The eggs that of most animals that live on land are protected by hard shells. They fertilize their eggs internally. Water-dwelling animals like fish and amphibians lay eggs that have not been fertilized yet. Then the males lay sperm on top of the eggs, which is called external fertilization.
+

ensimple/4352.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,4 @@
+Oviparous animals are animals that reproduce by laying eggs. This is how most fish, amphibians, reptiles, insects, and arachnids reproduce. All birds and monotremes also reproduce like this.
+
+The eggs that of most animals that live on land are protected by hard shells. They fertilize their eggs internally. Water-dwelling animals like fish and amphibians lay eggs that have not been fertilized yet. Then the males lay sperm on top of the eggs, which is called external fertilization.
+

ensimple/4353.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+
+
+Oviraptor is a genus of dinosaurs from what is today Mongolia. Oviraptor was a relatively large-brained dinosaur which cared for its eggs. In 1924, an Oviraptor fossil was found on top of some eggs, and some thought that it had been eating the eggs. Others thought that the fossilized Oviraptor was probably a parent of the eggs in the nest, and not an egg stealer.
+
+Oviraptor lived in the Upper Cretaceous period, about 75 million years ago. Only one definite specimen is known (with associated eggs), from Mongolia, though a possible second specimen (also with eggs) comes from the northeast region of Inner Mongolia, China.[1]
+
+Oviraptor is usually drawn with a distinctive crest, similar to that of the cassowary. However, re-examination of  several oviraptorids show that this well-known, tall-crested species may actually belong to a relative of Oviraptor, the genus Citipati.[2] It is likely that Oviraptor did have a crest, but its exact size and shape are unknown due to crushing in the skull of the only recognized specimen.
+
+Judging by its relatives, Oviraptor probably had feathers. It had a toothless beak, but its feeding habits are unknown. The only Oviraptor fossil preserved the remains of a lizard in the region of its stomach cavity,[3] implying that the species was at least partially carnivorous.[4]
+
+In 1976, Barsbold put six more brooding (nest sitting) specimens into the genus Oviraptor, but these were later reclassified in the new genus Conchoraptor. Another specimen, IGN 100/42, is perhaps the most famous, owing to its well-preserved complete skull and large size. This specimen was referred to the genus Oviraptor by Barsbold in 1981,[5] and was presented as Oviraptor in popular magazines and scientific studies.[6] However, this specimen, with its distinctive tall, cassowary-like crest, was re-examined by the scientists who described the nesting oviraptorids, and found to resemble them more closely than the original specimens of Oviraptor. For this reason, they removed IGN 100/42 from the genus Oviraptor, suggesting it was a species of Citipati.[2]

ensimple/4354.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,10 @@
+Oxford is a city in England. It is on the River Thames. It is a very old city. It is the 52nd largest city in the United Kingdom. Some of its buildings were built before the 12th century. It is famous for its university, Oxford University, which is the oldest university in the English-speaking world.
+
+About 150,200 live in Oxford. Two rivers run through the city, the Cherwell and the Thames. These two rivers meet south of the city centre.
+
+Besides its university, there are some buildings famous for their architecture (the style in which they were built), like the Radcliffe Camera. There are also lots of museums and other places for tourists to visit.
+
+The south and east of the city are less wealthy and have fewer students. Cowley used to be a separate town and has a large car factory, and Blackbird Leys is an area of mainly council housing.
+
+
+

ensimple/4355.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+
+
+Oxygen is a chemical element. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is the third most common element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. Oxygen makes up more than a fifth of the Earth's atmosphere by volume. In the air, two oxygen atoms usually bind to make dioxygen (O2), a colourless gas. This gas is often just called oxygen. It has no taste or smell. It is pale blue when it is liquid or solid.
+
+Oxygen is part of the chalcogen group on the periodic table. It is a very reactive nonmetal. It makes oxides and other compounds with many elements. The oxygen in these oxides and in other compounds (mostly silicate minerals, and calcium carbonate in limestone) makes up nearly half of the Earth's crust, by mass.
+
+Oxygen is the element which most[2] life uses in respiration. Many molecules in living things have oxygen in them, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats. Oxygen is a part of water, which all known life needs to live. Algae, cyanobacteria and plants make the Earth's oxygen gas by photosynthesis, using the Sun's light to get hydrogen from water, giving off oxygen.
+
+Oxygen gas (O2) was isolated by Michael Sendivogius before 1604. It is often thought that the gas was discovered in 1773 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Sweden, or in 1774 by Joseph Priestley, in England. Priestley is usually thought to be the main discoverer because his work was published first (although he called it "dephlogisticated air", and did not think it was a chemical element). Antoine Lavoisier gave the name oxygène to the gas in 1777. He was the first person to say it was a chemical element. He was also right about how it helps combustion work.
+
+At the top of the Earth's atmosphere is Ozone (O3), in the ozone layer. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which means less radiation reaches ground level.
+
+Oxygen gas is used for making steel, plastics and textiles. It also has medical uses and is used for breathing when there is no good air (by divers and firefighters, for example), and for welding. Liquid oxygen and oxygen-rich compounds can be used as a rocket propellant.
+
+One of the first known experiments on how combustion needs air was carried out by Greek Philo of Byzantium in the 2nd century BC. He wrote in his work Pneumatica that turning a vessel upside down over a burning candle and putting water around this vessel meant that some water went into the vessel.[3] Philo thought this was because the air was turned into the classical element fire. This is wrong. A long time after, Leonardo da Vinci worked out that some air was used up during combustion, and this forced water into the vessel.[4]
+
+In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle found that air is needed for combustion. English chemist John Mayow added to this by showing that fire only needed a part of air. We now call this oxygen (O2).[5] He found that a candle burning in a closed container made the water rise to replace a fourteenth of the air's volume before it went out.[6] The same thing happened when a live mouse was put into the box. From this, he worked out that oxygen is used for both respiration and combustion.
+
+Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov and Pierre Bayen all made oxygen in experiments in the 17th and 18th centuries. None of them thought it was a chemical element.[7] This was probably because of the idea of the phlogiston theory. This was what most people believed caused combustion and corrosion.[8]
+
+J. J. Becher came up with the theory in 1667, and Georg Ernst Stahl added to it in 1731.[9] The phlogiston theory stated that all combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston, was given off when the substance containing it was burned.[4]
+
+Materials that leave very little residue when they burn, like wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston. Things that corrode, like iron, were thought to contain very little. Air was not part of this theory.[4]
+
+Polish alchemist, philosopher and physician Michael Sendivogius wrote about something in air that he called the "food of life",[10] and this meant what we now call oxygen.[11] Sendivogius found, between 1598 and 1604, that the substance in air is the same as he got by heating potassium nitrate. Some people believe this was the discovery of oxygen while others disagree. Some say that oxygen was discovered by Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. He got oxygen in 1771 by heating mercuric oxide and some nitrates.[4][12][13] Scheele called the gas "fire air", because it was the only gas known to allow combustion (gases were called "airs" at this time). He published his discovery in 1777.[14]
+
+On 1 August 1774, British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide in a glass tube. From this experiment he got a gas that he called "dephlogisticated air".[13] He found that candles burned more brightly in the gas and a mouse lived longer while breathing it. After breathing the gas, Priestley said that it felt like normal air, but his lungs felt lighter and easy afterwards.[7] His findings were published in 1775.[4][15] It is because his findings were published first that he is often said to have discovered oxygen.
+
+French chemist Antoine Lavoisier later said he had discovered the substance as well. Priestley visited him in 1774 and told him about his experiment. Scheele also sent a letter to Lavoisier in that year that spoke of his discovery.[14]
+
+Lavoisier carried out the first main experiments on oxidation and gave the first right explanation on how combustion works.[13] He used these and other experiments to prove the phlogiston theory wrong. He also tried to prove that the substance discovered by Priestley and Scheele was a chemical element.
+
+In one experiment, Lavoisier found that there was no increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container. He also found that air rushed in when the container was opened. After this, he found that the weight of the tin had increased by the same amount as the weight of the air that rushed in. He published his findings in 1777.[13]  He wrote that air was made up of two gases. One he called "vital air" (oxygen), which is needed for combustion and respiration. The other (nitrogen) he called "azote", which means "lifeless" in Greek. (This is still the name of nitrogen in some languages, including French.)[13]
+
+Lavoisier renamed "vital air" to "oxygène", from Greek words meaning "sour making" or "producer of acid". He called it this because he thought oxygen was in all acids, which is wrong.[16] Later chemists realised that Lavoiser's name for the gas was wrong, but the name was too common by then to change.[17]
+
+"Oxygen" became the name in the English language, even though English scientists were against it.
+
+John Dalton's theory of atoms said that all elements had one atom and atoms in compounds were usually alone. For example, he wrongly thought that water (H2O) had the formula of just HO.[18] In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. By 1811, Amedeo Avogadro correctly worked out what water was made of based on Avogadro's law.[19]
+
+By the late 19th century, scientists found that air could be turned into a liquid and the compounds in it could be isolated by compressing and cooling it. Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pictet discovered liquid oxygen by evaporating sulfur dioxide to turn carbon dioxide into a liquid. This was then also evaporated to cool oxygen gas in order to turn it into a liquid. He sent a telegram to the French Academy of Sciences on 22 December 1877 telling them of his discovery.[20]
+
+At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen has no colour, odour or taste. It is a gas with the chemical formula O2 called dioxygen.[21]
+
+As dioxygen (or just oxygen gas), two oxygen atoms are chemically bound to each other. This bond can be called many things, but simply called a covalent double bond. Oxygen gas is very reactive and can react with many other elements. Oxides are made when metal elements react with oxygen, such as iron oxide, which is known as rust. There are a lot of oxide compounds on Earth.
+
+The common allotrope (type) of oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen (O2). This is the second biggest part of the Earth's atmosphere, after dinitrogen (N2). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ/mol[22] Because of its energy, O2 is used by complex life like animals.
+
+Ozone (O3) is very reactive and damages the lungs when breathed in.[23] Ozone is made in the upper atmosphere when O2 combines with pure oxygen made when O2 is split by ultraviolet radiation.[16] Ozone absorbs a lot of radiation in the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum and so the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere protects Earth from radiation.
+
+Above the ozone layer, (in low Earth orbits), atomic oxygen becomes the most common form.[24]
+
+Tetraoxygen (O4) was discovered in 2001.[25][26] It only exists in extreme conditions when a lot of pressure is put onto O2.
+
+Oxygen dissolves more easily from air into water than nitrogen does. When there is the same amount of air and water, there is one molecule of O2 for every 2 molecules of N2 (a ratio of 1:2). This is different to air, where there is a 1:4 ratio of oxygen to nitrogen. It is also easier for O2 to dissolve in freshwater than in seawater.[7][27] Oxygen condenses at 90.20 K (-182.95°C, -297.31 °F) and freezes at 54.36 K (-218.79 °C, -361.82 °F).[28] Both liquid and solid O2 are see-through with a light-blue colour.
+
+Oxygen is very reactive and must be kept away from anything that can burn.[29]
+
+There are three stable isotopes of oxygen in nature. They are 16O, 17O, and 18O. About 99.7% of oxygen is the 16O isotope.[30]
+
+Oxygen is the third most common element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.[32] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen.[13]
+
+Apart from iron, oxygen is the most common element on Earth (by mass). It makes up nearly half (46%[33] 
+to 49.2%[34] of the Earth's crust as part of oxide compounds like silicon dioxide and other compounds like carbonates. It is also the main part of the Earth's oceans, making up 88.8% by mass. Oxygen gas is the second most common part of the atmosphere, making up 20.95%[35] of its volume and 23.1% of its volume. Earth is strange compared to other planets, as a large amount of its atmosphere is oxygen gas. Mars has only 0.1% O2 by volume, with the other planets having less than that.
+
+The much higher amount of oxygen gas around Earth is because of the oxygen cycle. Photosynthesis takes hydrogen from water using energy from sunlight, which gives off oxygen gas. The hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates. Respiration then takes oxygen gas out of the atmosphere and turns it into carbon dioxide and water. This happens at the nearly same rate, so the amount of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide doesn't change much because of it.[36]
+
+O2 is a very important part of respiration. Because of this, it is used in medicine. It is used to increase the amount of oxygen in a persons blood so more respiration can take place. This can make them become healthy quicker if they are ill. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart problems, and any disease that makes it harder for a person to take in oxygen.[37]
+
+Low-pressure O2 is used in space suits, surrounding the body with the gas. Pure oxygen is used but at a much lower pressure. If the pressure were higher, it would be poisonous.[38][39]
+
+Smelting of iron ore into steel uses about 55% of oxygen made by humans.[40] To do this, O2 gas is injected into the ore through a lance at high pressure. This removes any sulfur or carbon from the ore that would not be wanted. They are given off as sulfur oxide and carbon dioxide. The temperature can go as high as 1,700 °C because it is an exothermic reaction.[40]
+
+Around 25% of oxygen made by humans is used by chemists.[40] Ethylene is reacted with O2 to make ethylene oxide. This is then changed to ethylene glycol, which is used to make many products such as antifreeze and polyester (these can then be turned into plastics and fabrics).[40]
+
+The other 20% of oxygen made by humans is used in medicine, metal cutting and welding, rocket fuel, and water treatment.[40]
+
+The oxidation state of oxygen is −2 in nearly every compound it is in. In a few compounds, the oxidation state is −1, such as peroxides.[41] Compounds of oxygen with other oxygen states are very uncommon.[42]
+
+Water (H2O) is an oxide of hydrogen. It is the most common oxide on Earth. All known life needs water to live. Water is made of two hydrogen atoms covalent bonded to an oxygen atom.[43] These hydrogen bonds bring the atoms around 15% closer to each other than most other simple liquids from only Van der Waals forces. Water is also a polar molecule because oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen.[44]
+
+Because of oxygen's high electronegativity, it makes chemical bonds with almost all other chemical elements. These bonds give oxides (for example iron reacts with oxygen to give iron oxide). Most metal's surfaces are turned into oxides when in air. Iron's surface will turn to rust (iron oxide) when in air for a long time. There are small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air, and it is turned into carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Living things give it off during respiration.[45]
+
+Many organic compounds have oxygen in them. Some of the classes of organic compounds that have oxygen are alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. Many organic solvents also have oxygen, such as acetone, methanol, and isopropanol. Oxygen is also found in nearly all biomolecules that are made by living things.
+
+Oxygen also reacts quickly with many organic compounds at, or below, room temperature when autoxidation happens.[46]
+
+Oxygen's NFPA 704 says that compressed oxygen gas is not dangerous to health and is not flammable.[47]
+
+At high pressures, oxygen gas (O2) can be dangerous to animals, including humans. It can cause convulsions and other health problems.[a][48] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen in the air at standard pressure (air on Earth has around 20% oxygen).[7]
+
+Premature babies used to be placed in boxes with air with a high amount of O2. This was stopped when some babies went blind from the oxygen.[7]
+
+Breathing pure O2 in space suits causes no damage because there is a lower pressure used.[49]
+
+Concentrated amounts of pure O2 can cause a quick fire. When concentrated oxygen and fuels are brought close together, a slight ignition can cause a huge fire.[50] The Apollo 1 crew were all killed by a fire because of concentrated oxygen that was used in the air of the capsule.[b][52]
+
+If liquid oxygen is spilled onto organic compounds, like wood, it can explode.[50]

ensimple/4356.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,98 @@
+
+
+Oxygen is a chemical element. It has the symbol O and atomic number 8. It is the third most common element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium. Oxygen makes up more than a fifth of the Earth's atmosphere by volume. In the air, two oxygen atoms usually bind to make dioxygen (O2), a colourless gas. This gas is often just called oxygen. It has no taste or smell. It is pale blue when it is liquid or solid.
+
+Oxygen is part of the chalcogen group on the periodic table. It is a very reactive nonmetal. It makes oxides and other compounds with many elements. The oxygen in these oxides and in other compounds (mostly silicate minerals, and calcium carbonate in limestone) makes up nearly half of the Earth's crust, by mass.
+
+Oxygen is the element which most[2] life uses in respiration. Many molecules in living things have oxygen in them, such as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and fats. Oxygen is a part of water, which all known life needs to live. Algae, cyanobacteria and plants make the Earth's oxygen gas by photosynthesis, using the Sun's light to get hydrogen from water, giving off oxygen.
+
+Oxygen gas (O2) was isolated by Michael Sendivogius before 1604. It is often thought that the gas was discovered in 1773 by Carl Wilhelm Scheele, in Sweden, or in 1774 by Joseph Priestley, in England. Priestley is usually thought to be the main discoverer because his work was published first (although he called it "dephlogisticated air", and did not think it was a chemical element). Antoine Lavoisier gave the name oxygène to the gas in 1777. He was the first person to say it was a chemical element. He was also right about how it helps combustion work.
+
+At the top of the Earth's atmosphere is Ozone (O3), in the ozone layer. It absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which means less radiation reaches ground level.
+
+Oxygen gas is used for making steel, plastics and textiles. It also has medical uses and is used for breathing when there is no good air (by divers and firefighters, for example), and for welding. Liquid oxygen and oxygen-rich compounds can be used as a rocket propellant.
+
+One of the first known experiments on how combustion needs air was carried out by Greek Philo of Byzantium in the 2nd century BC. He wrote in his work Pneumatica that turning a vessel upside down over a burning candle and putting water around this vessel meant that some water went into the vessel.[3] Philo thought this was because the air was turned into the classical element fire. This is wrong. A long time after, Leonardo da Vinci worked out that some air was used up during combustion, and this forced water into the vessel.[4]
+
+In the late 17th century, Robert Boyle found that air is needed for combustion. English chemist John Mayow added to this by showing that fire only needed a part of air. We now call this oxygen (O2).[5] He found that a candle burning in a closed container made the water rise to replace a fourteenth of the air's volume before it went out.[6] The same thing happened when a live mouse was put into the box. From this, he worked out that oxygen is used for both respiration and combustion.
+
+Robert Hooke, Ole Borch, Mikhail Lomonosov and Pierre Bayen all made oxygen in experiments in the 17th and 18th centuries. None of them thought it was a chemical element.[7] This was probably because of the idea of the phlogiston theory. This was what most people believed caused combustion and corrosion.[8]
+
+J. J. Becher came up with the theory in 1667, and Georg Ernst Stahl added to it in 1731.[9] The phlogiston theory stated that all combustible materials were made of two parts. One part, called phlogiston, was given off when the substance containing it was burned.[4]
+
+Materials that leave very little residue when they burn, like wood or coal, were thought to be made mostly of phlogiston. Things that corrode, like iron, were thought to contain very little. Air was not part of this theory.[4]
+
+Polish alchemist, philosopher and physician Michael Sendivogius wrote about something in air that he called the "food of life",[10] and this meant what we now call oxygen.[11] Sendivogius found, between 1598 and 1604, that the substance in air is the same as he got by heating potassium nitrate. Some people believe this was the discovery of oxygen while others disagree. Some say that oxygen was discovered by Swedish pharmacist Carl Wilhelm Scheele. He got oxygen in 1771 by heating mercuric oxide and some nitrates.[4][12][13] Scheele called the gas "fire air", because it was the only gas known to allow combustion (gases were called "airs" at this time). He published his discovery in 1777.[14]
+
+On 1 August 1774, British clergyman Joseph Priestley focused sunlight on mercuric oxide in a glass tube. From this experiment he got a gas that he called "dephlogisticated air".[13] He found that candles burned more brightly in the gas and a mouse lived longer while breathing it. After breathing the gas, Priestley said that it felt like normal air, but his lungs felt lighter and easy afterwards.[7] His findings were published in 1775.[4][15] It is because his findings were published first that he is often said to have discovered oxygen.
+
+French chemist Antoine Lavoisier later said he had discovered the substance as well. Priestley visited him in 1774 and told him about his experiment. Scheele also sent a letter to Lavoisier in that year that spoke of his discovery.[14]
+
+Lavoisier carried out the first main experiments on oxidation and gave the first right explanation on how combustion works.[13] He used these and other experiments to prove the phlogiston theory wrong. He also tried to prove that the substance discovered by Priestley and Scheele was a chemical element.
+
+In one experiment, Lavoisier found that there was no increase in weight when tin and air were heated in a closed container. He also found that air rushed in when the container was opened. After this, he found that the weight of the tin had increased by the same amount as the weight of the air that rushed in. He published his findings in 1777.[13]  He wrote that air was made up of two gases. One he called "vital air" (oxygen), which is needed for combustion and respiration. The other (nitrogen) he called "azote", which means "lifeless" in Greek. (This is still the name of nitrogen in some languages, including French.)[13]
+
+Lavoisier renamed "vital air" to "oxygène", from Greek words meaning "sour making" or "producer of acid". He called it this because he thought oxygen was in all acids, which is wrong.[16] Later chemists realised that Lavoiser's name for the gas was wrong, but the name was too common by then to change.[17]
+
+"Oxygen" became the name in the English language, even though English scientists were against it.
+
+John Dalton's theory of atoms said that all elements had one atom and atoms in compounds were usually alone. For example, he wrongly thought that water (H2O) had the formula of just HO.[18] In 1805, Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Alexander von Humboldt showed that water is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. By 1811, Amedeo Avogadro correctly worked out what water was made of based on Avogadro's law.[19]
+
+By the late 19th century, scientists found that air could be turned into a liquid and the compounds in it could be isolated by compressing and cooling it. Swiss chemist and physicist Raoul Pictet discovered liquid oxygen by evaporating sulfur dioxide to turn carbon dioxide into a liquid. This was then also evaporated to cool oxygen gas in order to turn it into a liquid. He sent a telegram to the French Academy of Sciences on 22 December 1877 telling them of his discovery.[20]
+
+At standard temperature and pressure, oxygen has no colour, odour or taste. It is a gas with the chemical formula O2 called dioxygen.[21]
+
+As dioxygen (or just oxygen gas), two oxygen atoms are chemically bound to each other. This bond can be called many things, but simply called a covalent double bond. Oxygen gas is very reactive and can react with many other elements. Oxides are made when metal elements react with oxygen, such as iron oxide, which is known as rust. There are a lot of oxide compounds on Earth.
+
+The common allotrope (type) of oxygen on Earth is called dioxygen (O2). This is the second biggest part of the Earth's atmosphere, after dinitrogen (N2). O2 has a bond length of 121 pm and a bond energy of 498 kJ/mol[22] Because of its energy, O2 is used by complex life like animals.
+
+Ozone (O3) is very reactive and damages the lungs when breathed in.[23] Ozone is made in the upper atmosphere when O2 combines with pure oxygen made when O2 is split by ultraviolet radiation.[16] Ozone absorbs a lot of radiation in the UV part of the electromagnetic spectrum and so the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere protects Earth from radiation.
+
+Above the ozone layer, (in low Earth orbits), atomic oxygen becomes the most common form.[24]
+
+Tetraoxygen (O4) was discovered in 2001.[25][26] It only exists in extreme conditions when a lot of pressure is put onto O2.
+
+Oxygen dissolves more easily from air into water than nitrogen does. When there is the same amount of air and water, there is one molecule of O2 for every 2 molecules of N2 (a ratio of 1:2). This is different to air, where there is a 1:4 ratio of oxygen to nitrogen. It is also easier for O2 to dissolve in freshwater than in seawater.[7][27] Oxygen condenses at 90.20 K (-182.95°C, -297.31 °F) and freezes at 54.36 K (-218.79 °C, -361.82 °F).[28] Both liquid and solid O2 are see-through with a light-blue colour.
+
+Oxygen is very reactive and must be kept away from anything that can burn.[29]
+
+There are three stable isotopes of oxygen in nature. They are 16O, 17O, and 18O. About 99.7% of oxygen is the 16O isotope.[30]
+
+Oxygen is the third most common element in the universe, after hydrogen and helium.[32] About 0.9% of the Sun's mass is oxygen.[13]
+
+Apart from iron, oxygen is the most common element on Earth (by mass). It makes up nearly half (46%[33] 
+to 49.2%[34] of the Earth's crust as part of oxide compounds like silicon dioxide and other compounds like carbonates. It is also the main part of the Earth's oceans, making up 88.8% by mass. Oxygen gas is the second most common part of the atmosphere, making up 20.95%[35] of its volume and 23.1% of its volume. Earth is strange compared to other planets, as a large amount of its atmosphere is oxygen gas. Mars has only 0.1% O2 by volume, with the other planets having less than that.
+
+The much higher amount of oxygen gas around Earth is because of the oxygen cycle. Photosynthesis takes hydrogen from water using energy from sunlight, which gives off oxygen gas. The hydrogen combines with carbon dioxide to make carbohydrates. Respiration then takes oxygen gas out of the atmosphere and turns it into carbon dioxide and water. This happens at the nearly same rate, so the amount of oxygen gas and carbon dioxide doesn't change much because of it.[36]
+
+O2 is a very important part of respiration. Because of this, it is used in medicine. It is used to increase the amount of oxygen in a persons blood so more respiration can take place. This can make them become healthy quicker if they are ill. Oxygen therapy is used to treat emphysema, pneumonia, some heart problems, and any disease that makes it harder for a person to take in oxygen.[37]
+
+Low-pressure O2 is used in space suits, surrounding the body with the gas. Pure oxygen is used but at a much lower pressure. If the pressure were higher, it would be poisonous.[38][39]
+
+Smelting of iron ore into steel uses about 55% of oxygen made by humans.[40] To do this, O2 gas is injected into the ore through a lance at high pressure. This removes any sulfur or carbon from the ore that would not be wanted. They are given off as sulfur oxide and carbon dioxide. The temperature can go as high as 1,700 °C because it is an exothermic reaction.[40]
+
+Around 25% of oxygen made by humans is used by chemists.[40] Ethylene is reacted with O2 to make ethylene oxide. This is then changed to ethylene glycol, which is used to make many products such as antifreeze and polyester (these can then be turned into plastics and fabrics).[40]
+
+The other 20% of oxygen made by humans is used in medicine, metal cutting and welding, rocket fuel, and water treatment.[40]
+
+The oxidation state of oxygen is −2 in nearly every compound it is in. In a few compounds, the oxidation state is −1, such as peroxides.[41] Compounds of oxygen with other oxygen states are very uncommon.[42]
+
+Water (H2O) is an oxide of hydrogen. It is the most common oxide on Earth. All known life needs water to live. Water is made of two hydrogen atoms covalent bonded to an oxygen atom.[43] These hydrogen bonds bring the atoms around 15% closer to each other than most other simple liquids from only Van der Waals forces. Water is also a polar molecule because oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen.[44]
+
+Because of oxygen's high electronegativity, it makes chemical bonds with almost all other chemical elements. These bonds give oxides (for example iron reacts with oxygen to give iron oxide). Most metal's surfaces are turned into oxides when in air. Iron's surface will turn to rust (iron oxide) when in air for a long time. There are small amounts of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the air, and it is turned into carbohydrates during photosynthesis. Living things give it off during respiration.[45]
+
+Many organic compounds have oxygen in them. Some of the classes of organic compounds that have oxygen are alcohols, ethers, ketones, aldehydes, carboxylic acids, esters, and amides. Many organic solvents also have oxygen, such as acetone, methanol, and isopropanol. Oxygen is also found in nearly all biomolecules that are made by living things.
+
+Oxygen also reacts quickly with many organic compounds at, or below, room temperature when autoxidation happens.[46]
+
+Oxygen's NFPA 704 says that compressed oxygen gas is not dangerous to health and is not flammable.[47]
+
+At high pressures, oxygen gas (O2) can be dangerous to animals, including humans. It can cause convulsions and other health problems.[a][48] Oxygen toxicity usually begins to occur at pressures more than 50 kilopascals (kPa), equal to about 50% oxygen in the air at standard pressure (air on Earth has around 20% oxygen).[7]
+
+Premature babies used to be placed in boxes with air with a high amount of O2. This was stopped when some babies went blind from the oxygen.[7]
+
+Breathing pure O2 in space suits causes no damage because there is a lower pressure used.[49]
+
+Concentrated amounts of pure O2 can cause a quick fire. When concentrated oxygen and fuels are brought close together, a slight ignition can cause a huge fire.[50] The Apollo 1 crew were all killed by a fire because of concentrated oxygen that was used in the air of the capsule.[b][52]
+
+If liquid oxygen is spilled onto organic compounds, like wood, it can explode.[50]

ensimple/4357.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,6 @@
+The ozone layer is a layer of ozone high up in the Earth's atmosphere stratosphere, between approximately 10 kilometres and 50 kilometres above Earth’s surface.  The exact amount of ozone varies, depending on the seasons and the location.
+[1] This layer absorbs between 93 and 99 per cent of the ultraviolet radiation from the sun.[2]  This radiation is dangerous to living organisms on Earth.
+
+Over the last hundred years, the ozone layer has been damaged by man-made chemicals, especially CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), which were used mainly in aerosol sprays and refrigerants. CFCs are broken down in the upper atmosphere when they react with the ozone, causing ozone depletion. International leaders recognized this and united in banning the use of CFCs.  As a result, the hole in the ozone layer has been shrinking and the ozone layer has been recovering. [3]
+
+The ozone layer was discovered in 1913 by French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson. Its properties were explored in detail by the British meteorologist G. M. B. Dobson, who developed a simple spectrophotometer, the Dobsonmeter. This tool  could be used to measure the ozone levels found in the stratosphere from the ground. Between 1928 and 1958 Dobson established a worldwide network of ozone monitoring stations. Most of these stations are still in use today. The "Dobson unit", a convenient measure of the total amount of ozone in a column overhead, is named in his honor.

ensimple/4358.html.txt

@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+
+Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25 1881 – April 8 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor.[2] He created over 20,000 images.[3]
+
+He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.[4][5][6] He is best known as the co-founder of cubism.[4] A work of art is cubist when the artist opts to break up objects and reassemble them in abstract and geometric form.[7][8] Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young. His first word was lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil".[9][10]
+
+Perhaps his most famous painting is Guernica, which shows the horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica.[11] He spent most of his life in France when he was an adult.
+
+He was 90 years old when a number of his works were shown in an exhibition at the Louvre in Paris. He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.[12]
+
+Picasso had four children with three women. He died of heart failure in Mougins, France, on April 8 1973.
+
+Pablo Picasso was born on October 25 1881 in Málaga, Spain.[13] His father was the painter and teacher José Ruiz Blasco and his mother was María Picasso López. His original name was Esteban Julio Ricardo Montoya de la Rosa Ramírez but was later changed for convenience. Until 1898, he signed his pictures with the names of his father and of his mother. After around 1901, he only used his mother's name.[3] At the age of eight, Picasso created his first oil painting called "The Picador". In 1891, Pablo moved with his family to Northern Spain, where his father taught at the Instituto da Guarda. One year later, Pablo studied at this institute.[14] Pablo's father was his teacher at this time.[4] In 1896, he started to attend the art school in Barcelona after passing the entrance examination.[15] One year later in 1897, Picasso started to study at the Academia San Fernando in Madrid.[16] In 1898, he left the academy and went to a rest to Horta de Ebro. In 1900, he published his first illustrations in a newspaper in Barcelona.[12] This exhibition had over 60 portraits.[4]
+
+Picasso made his first trip to Paris[13] in 1900, where he lived with Max Jacob, a poet and journalist. When Max was working during the day, Pablo slept and when Max slept at night, Pablo worked. Picasso had to burn his paintings to keep himself warm.[6] Lovers in the Street and Moulin de la Galette are examples of his Paris work from this time. Both pictures were painted in 1900.[4]
+
+He went back to Madrid in 1901 where he worked for a newspaper called Arte Joven.[4][6] He was responsible for illustrations. At this time, he shortened his signature from "Pablo Ruiz y Picasso"[6][12] to "Picasso". This is the time his so-called Blue Period started. The two 1903 paintings, The Soup and Crouching Woman, are examples. His Blue Period ended in 1904 when he settled in Paris.
+
+In 1905, Picasso made a trip to Holland.[14] In the same year, Pablo's "Rosa Period" started. During this period, Picasso mostly painted circus motives.[13] Girl Balancing on a Ball and The Actor are two early paintings from this time. This period lasted until 1907.[13]
+
+Picasso's Cubism period started in 1909 and ended around 1912. This period was inspired by the French painter Paul Cézanne. This period is called Cubism because of the use of cubes and other shapes. During this time, Picasso painted musical instruments, still life objects, and also his friends.[3]
+
+Picasso had his first exhibition in the United States in 1911. One year later in 1912, he had his first exhibition in Great Britain.[12] Pablo's father died in May 1913.[14]
+
+From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's so called Synthetic Cubism Period. During this time, he started to use collages in his paintings.[6] His works from this time are called papiers collés.[13] He has spent his time during the First World War in Rome.[12] In 1914, Picasso spent the whole summer in Avignon.[17] In 1915, he started to paint realistic again.[13][17] At the end of the same year, his wife Eva died.[18] During the World War, he also worked as a designer for Sergey Diaghilev.[3]
+
+In 1917, Picasso met Olga Koklova, a Russian dancer. In the same year, he painted several realistic portraits of her and their friends. One year later, he married her.[3] The last summer of the wartime, Picasso and his wife spent in Barcelona and Biarritz.[12]
+
+In 1921, Picasso's son Paul was born. Due to this occasion, he painted several paintings with his wife and his son on it.[12] Paul was Picasso's only legitimate son.[19] In 1925, he took part in the first Surrealist exhibition in Paris.[12] Between 1924 and 1926, Picasso preferred to paint abstract still lives. In 1927, he got known to Marie-Thérèse Walter. She became his model and mistress.[13] In 1928, he started a new period where he began to make sculptural works.[12] In 1931, he left his wife and moved with his mistress to Boisgeloup. There they lived in a country home. There, Picasso had a room for his sculptures only.[20] Since 1932, he used Marie-Thérèse as a model.[12] During a travel in Spain, he started to use the bullfight as a new topic of his paintings.[13] In 1935, Picasso's daughter, Maïa, was born.[3] At this time, he got divorced from his wife because of the birth of Maïa.[12] In 1936, Picasso got a job as director of the Prado-Museum in Madrid.[13] During this time, the Spanish Civil War started. German bombs fell on Guernica in Spain on 26 April 1937. Picasso used this impact to paint one of his most famous paintings, Guernica.[21] This painting was completed in about 2 months. It was first shown in the Spanish Pavilion in Paris in 1937.[3]
+
+In 1938, Picasso's mother died. After the Second World War started on 1 September 1939, Picasso returned to Paris.[12] Around 1943, he got known to the painter Françoise Gilot. She bore to him one son and one daughter.[3] In 1941, he wrote his first play "Le désir attrapé par la queue" (English: Desire Caught by the Tail). It was first shown in 1944.[13][22] Also in 1944, Picasso joined the communist Party.[12] Picasso spent almost the full war time in Paris.[23][24]

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@@ -0,0 +1,31 @@
+
+
+Pablo Ruiz Picasso (October 25 1881 – April 8 1973) was a Spanish painter and sculptor.[2] He created over 20,000 images.[3]
+
+He is considered one of the greatest artists of the 20th century.[4][5][6] He is best known as the co-founder of cubism.[4] A work of art is cubist when the artist opts to break up objects and reassemble them in abstract and geometric form.[7][8] Picasso could draw and paint when he was very young. His first word was lápiz, the Spanish word for "pencil".[9][10]
+
+Perhaps his most famous painting is Guernica, which shows the horrors of war after the bombing of the town of Guernica.[11] He spent most of his life in France when he was an adult.
+
+He was 90 years old when a number of his works were shown in an exhibition at the Louvre in Paris. He was the first living artist to have an exhibition at the Louvre.[12]
+
+Picasso had four children with three women. He died of heart failure in Mougins, France, on April 8 1973.
+
+Pablo Picasso was born on October 25 1881 in Málaga, Spain.[13] His father was the painter and teacher José Ruiz Blasco and his mother was María Picasso López. His original name was Esteban Julio Ricardo Montoya de la Rosa Ramírez but was later changed for convenience. Until 1898, he signed his pictures with the names of his father and of his mother. After around 1901, he only used his mother's name.[3] At the age of eight, Picasso created his first oil painting called "The Picador". In 1891, Pablo moved with his family to Northern Spain, where his father taught at the Instituto da Guarda. One year later, Pablo studied at this institute.[14] Pablo's father was his teacher at this time.[4] In 1896, he started to attend the art school in Barcelona after passing the entrance examination.[15] One year later in 1897, Picasso started to study at the Academia San Fernando in Madrid.[16] In 1898, he left the academy and went to a rest to Horta de Ebro. In 1900, he published his first illustrations in a newspaper in Barcelona.[12] This exhibition had over 60 portraits.[4]
+
+Picasso made his first trip to Paris[13] in 1900, where he lived with Max Jacob, a poet and journalist. When Max was working during the day, Pablo slept and when Max slept at night, Pablo worked. Picasso had to burn his paintings to keep himself warm.[6] Lovers in the Street and Moulin de la Galette are examples of his Paris work from this time. Both pictures were painted in 1900.[4]
+
+He went back to Madrid in 1901 where he worked for a newspaper called Arte Joven.[4][6] He was responsible for illustrations. At this time, he shortened his signature from "Pablo Ruiz y Picasso"[6][12] to "Picasso". This is the time his so-called Blue Period started. The two 1903 paintings, The Soup and Crouching Woman, are examples. His Blue Period ended in 1904 when he settled in Paris.
+
+In 1905, Picasso made a trip to Holland.[14] In the same year, Pablo's "Rosa Period" started. During this period, Picasso mostly painted circus motives.[13] Girl Balancing on a Ball and The Actor are two early paintings from this time. This period lasted until 1907.[13]
+
+Picasso's Cubism period started in 1909 and ended around 1912. This period was inspired by the French painter Paul Cézanne. This period is called Cubism because of the use of cubes and other shapes. During this time, Picasso painted musical instruments, still life objects, and also his friends.[3]
+
+Picasso had his first exhibition in the United States in 1911. One year later in 1912, he had his first exhibition in Great Britain.[12] Pablo's father died in May 1913.[14]
+
+From 1912 to 1919 was Picasso's so called Synthetic Cubism Period. During this time, he started to use collages in his paintings.[6] His works from this time are called papiers collés.[13] He has spent his time during the First World War in Rome.[12] In 1914, Picasso spent the whole summer in Avignon.[17] In 1915, he started to paint realistic again.[13][17] At the end of the same year, his wife Eva died.[18] During the World War, he also worked as a designer for Sergey Diaghilev.[3]
+
+In 1917, Picasso met Olga Koklova, a Russian dancer. In the same year, he painted several realistic portraits of her and their friends. One year later, he married her.[3] The last summer of the wartime, Picasso and his wife spent in Barcelona and Biarritz.[12]
+
+In 1921, Picasso's son Paul was born. Due to this occasion, he painted several paintings with his wife and his son on it.[12] Paul was Picasso's only legitimate son.[19] In 1925, he took part in the first Surrealist exhibition in Paris.[12] Between 1924 and 1926, Picasso preferred to paint abstract still lives. In 1927, he got known to Marie-Thérèse Walter. She became his model and mistress.[13] In 1928, he started a new period where he began to make sculptural works.[12] In 1931, he left his wife and moved with his mistress to Boisgeloup. There they lived in a country home. There, Picasso had a room for his sculptures only.[20] Since 1932, he used Marie-Thérèse as a model.[12] During a travel in Spain, he started to use the bullfight as a new topic of his paintings.[13] In 1935, Picasso's daughter, Maïa, was born.[3] At this time, he got divorced from his wife because of the birth of Maïa.[12] In 1936, Picasso got a job as director of the Prado-Museum in Madrid.[13] During this time, the Spanish Civil War started. German bombs fell on Guernica in Spain on 26 April 1937. Picasso used this impact to paint one of his most famous paintings, Guernica.[21] This painting was completed in about 2 months. It was first shown in the Spanish Pavilion in Paris in 1937.[3]
+
+In 1938, Picasso's mother died. After the Second World War started on 1 September 1939, Picasso returned to Paris.[12] Around 1943, he got known to the painter Françoise Gilot. She bore to him one son and one daughter.[3] In 1941, he wrote his first play "Le désir attrapé par la queue" (English: Desire Caught by the Tail). It was first shown in 1944.[13][22] Also in 1944, Picasso joined the communist Party.[12] Picasso spent almost the full war time in Paris.[23][24]

ensimple/436.html.txt

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+Track and field is part of the sport of athletics. Athletics is a collection of sport events that includes running, jumping and throwing. Track and field events take place in a sports stadium, either on the running track, or on the field inside the running track. Other athletics events that are not track and field, include cross country running, road running, marathon running, and race-walking - these events take place outside a sports stadium.
+
+Athletics is a very common sporting event over the world. Athletics is a combination of different sports, generally running, jumping and throwing events. Running events include marathons, hurdle races, long distance and short distance events. Some jumping events are high jump, long jump, triple jump and pole vault. Throwing events involve javelin throw, discus throw, hammer throw and shot put.
+
+Long jump at Berlin, 2009.
+
+Discus throw at Barcelona.
+
+Pole vault event at Birmingham.
+
+200 meters race at Helsinki.
+
+There are also events that combine parts of running, jumping, and throwing.  One of these is the decathlon, which includes two short-distance races, a mile run, a hurdles race, javelin, discus, shot-put, high jump and pole vault.
+
+All participants are timed or have a distance measured and this is their end result. Participants train hard for an event and always aim to better their results.
+
+Athletics is a sport that people take part in all over the world. It is a sport that is most common between young children up to younger adults. Athletics can be played for enjoyment, but it can also be a competitive sport. Athletics is also an event in the Olympic games.