Dataset Card for GEM/totto

Link to Main Data Card

You can find the main data card on the GEM Website.

Dataset Summary

ToTTo is a high-quality English table-to-text dataset with more than 100,000 examples in which a table from Wikipedia with highlighted cells is paired with a sentence that describes the highlighted cells. All examples in the dataset were post-edited in multiple steps to ensure that the targets are fully faithful to the input information.

You can load the dataset via:

import datasets
data = datasets.load_dataset('GEM/totto')

The data loader can be found here.

website

n/a

paper

ACL Anthology

authors

Ankur Parikh, Xuezhi Wang, Sebastian Gehrmann, Manaal Faruqui, Bhuwan Dhingra, Diyi Yang, Dipanjan Das

Dataset Overview

Where to find the Data and its Documentation

Download

ToTTo Main Repo + ToTTo Supplementary Repo

Paper

ACL Anthology

BibTex

@inproceedings{parikh-etal-2020-totto,
    title = "{ToTTo}: A Controlled Table-To-Text Generation Dataset",
    author = "Parikh, Ankur  and
      Wang, Xuezhi  and
      Gehrmann, Sebastian  and
      Faruqui, Manaal  and
      Dhingra, Bhuwan  and
      Yang, Diyi  and
      Das, Dipanjan",
    booktitle = "Proceedings of the 2020 Conference on Empirical Methods in Natural Language Processing (EMNLP)",
    month = nov,
    year = "2020",
    address = "Online",
    publisher = "Association for Computational Linguistics",
    url = "https://aclanthology.org/2020.emnlp-main.89",
    doi = "10.18653/v1/2020.emnlp-main.89",
    pages = "1173--1186",
    abstract = "We present ToTTo, an open-domain English table-to-text dataset with over 120,000 training examples that proposes a controlled generation task: given a Wikipedia table and a set of highlighted table cells, produce a one-sentence description. To obtain generated targets that are natural but also faithful to the source table, we introduce a dataset construction process where annotators directly revise existing candidate sentences from Wikipedia. We present systematic analyses of our dataset and annotation process as well as results achieved by several state-of-the-art baselines. While usually fluent, existing methods often hallucinate phrases that are not supported by the table, suggesting that this dataset can serve as a useful research benchmark for high-precision conditional text generation.",
}

Contact Name

Ankur Parikh

Contact Email

totto@google.com

Has a Leaderboard?

yes

Leaderboard Link

Github

Leaderboard Details

This dataset has an associated, active leaderboard maintained by the authors. The test set ground truth targets / references are private, i.e they are not publicly shared or downloadable - hence, leaderboard submission is necessary for test set evaluation. To evaluate your model on the dev or test set AND/OR submit to the leaderboard, you need to submit your model files through this form (The form provides an option to opt-out of going on the leaderboard).

The leaderboard reports three sets of BLEU, PARENT and BLEURT scores for each submission - on the overall test set, the Overlap subset of the test set and the non-Overlap subset of the test set.

Languages and Intended Use

Multilingual?

no

Covered Dialects

No specific dialects. The original language is from Wikipedia and it was post-edited by crowdraters

Covered Languages

English

Whose Language?

The language is post-edited English only (BCP-47: en) Wikipedia text. No demographic information about annotators is provided. Some amounts of what may be called non-English text, including characters such as French accents or Cyrillic characters, could sometimes occur, especially through fields with entity names as values in the input table cells.

License

cc-by-sa-3.0: Creative Commons Attribution Share Alike 3.0 Unported

Intended Use

ToTTo is a Table-to-Text NLG task, as the paper title says. The task is as follows: Given a Wikipedia table with row names, column names and table cells, with a subset of cells highlighted, generate a natural language description for the highlighted part of the table . The table need not be exactly rectangular in that - cells can sometimes be multi-row or multi-column.

An earlier example of a Table-to-Text NLG task is Wikibio - here the inputs were Wikipedia infoboxes (from the top right corner of entity-related Wiki pages). In contrast, ToTTo mostly has Wikipedia tables from the main article content itself. In general, Table-To-Text NLG tasks can be seen as a subclass of Data-To-Text NLG tasks - where the task is to generate natural language descriptions of inputs which are in the form of structured or semi-structured data. In general, all Data-To-Text NLG tasks need not have an explicit table or other structure - e.g the input in WebNLG is simply a list of triples.

Importantly, ToTTo differs from earlier examples of Table-To-Text NLG in that:

1. It does not suffer from the problem of divergent references - where ground truth descriptions themselves have additional information not found in the table. ToTTo overcomes this by having a multi-step annotation process to edit the initial, free-form table descriptions (which are from Wikipedia) to make them faithful, unambiguous and independent of article context.

2. Since it provides control in the form of highlighted table cells, it prevents the problem of there being a large number of valid descriptions focussing on different parts of the table.

Primary Task

Data-to-Text

Communicative Goal

The speaker is required to produce a single, coherent English sentence that describes the highlighted cells in the given table, also using metadata and any other information from the table as applicable.

Credit

Curation Organization Type(s)

industry

Curation Organization(s)

Google Research

Dataset Creators

Ankur Parikh, Xuezhi Wang, Sebastian Gehrmann, Manaal Faruqui, Bhuwan Dhingra, Diyi Yang, Dipanjan Das

Funding

Google Research

Who added the Dataset to GEM?

Varun Gangal created the initial data card and Yacine Jernite wrote the data loader. The data card was updated with new splits by Simon Mille. Sebastian Gehrmann ported the data card and loader from the v1 to the v2 version and extended it with the new fields.

Dataset Structure

Data Fields

• The table field is a List[List[Dict]] in row-major order, with outer lists representing rows and the inner lists columns.
• Each Dict has the fields column_span: int, is_header: bool, row_span: int, and value: str.
• Table metadata consists of table_page_title, table_section_title and table_section_texts
• The highlighted_cells are represented as List[[row_index,column_index]], with each [row_index,column_index] indicating that table[row_index][column_index] is highlighted.
• example_id is the unique id per example.
• sentence_annotations[final_sentence] which is the table description/generation target

Reason for Structure

The structure is aimed to encode highlighted tables in a way that allows rows and columns to span multiple fields in width. The other fields are meta-data about the source and the annotations

How were labels chosen?

The initial table-description pairs are tables from Wikipedia articles, extracted through heuristics such as Number Matching (tables and sentences that overlap with a non-date number of atleast 3 non-zero digits) (Refer to Section 4 of the paper for more)

1. Table Readability: Tables which are deemed non-readable (due to foreign language, poor formatting etc - a very small fraction of 0.5%) are removed from the dataset here.
2. Cell Highlighting: The annotator highlights the cells of the table which support the description.
3. Deletion: The annotator removes phrases in the description which are not supported by the highlighted cells
4. Decontextualization: Descriptions may contain pronouns or other forms of anaphora, or other phenomena which depend on the overall article topic - these are fixed by replacement (e.g replacing pronouns with the entity, provided it occurs in the table). The replacements allowed are limited to one, and annotators are also instructed to conserve fluency.
5. Secondary Annotation: A second set of annotators is shown the output of Stage 4, and asked to fix it if required to ensure it is grammatical.

Example Instance

The main repository's README.md already provides a thorough walkthrough of data instances and fields here

Below is the instance for a table from the wiki-page for the musical artist Weird Al' Yankovic , likely listing his on-television appearances.

    {
      "table_page_title": "'Weird Al' Yankovic",
      "table_webpage_url": "https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Weird_Al%22_Yankovic",
      "table_section_title": "Television",
      "table_section_text": "",
      "table": "[Described below]",
      "highlighted_cells": [[22, 2], [22, 3], [22, 0], [22, 1], [23, 3], [23, 1], [23, 0]],
      "example_id": 12345678912345678912,
      "sentence_annotations": [{"original_sentence": "In 2016, Al appeared in 2 episodes of BoJack Horseman as Mr. Peanutbutter's brother, Captain Peanutbutter, and was hired to voice the lead role in the 2016 Disney XD series Milo Murphy's Law.",
              "sentence_after_deletion": "In 2016, Al appeared in 2 episodes of BoJack Horseman as Captain Peanutbutter, and was hired to the lead role in the 2016 series Milo Murphy's Law.",
              "sentence_after_ambiguity": "In 2016, Al appeared in 2 episodes of BoJack Horseman as Captain Peanutbutter, and was hired for the lead role in the 2016 series Milo Murphy's 'Law.",
              "final_sentence": "In 2016, Al appeared in 2 episodes of BoJack Horseman as Captain Peanutbutter and was hired for the lead role in the 2016 series Milo Murphy's Law."}],
    }

The table field is expanded as below:

    [
     [
        {
            "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": true,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Year"},
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": true,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Title"},
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": true,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Role"},
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": true,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Notes"}
      ],
      [
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": false,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "1997"},
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": false,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Eek! The Cat"},
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": false,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Himself"},
        {    "column_span": 1,
             "is_header": false,
             "row_span": 1,
             "value": "Episode: 'The FugEektive'"}
      ], ...
    ]

The Supplementary Repo also provides browsable samples under its sample/ folder. It additionally provides HTML visualization scripts with their outputs located under the aforementioned folder. The instructions to access and visualize these samples can also be found here.

Data Splits

The dataset consists of 120,000 train examples and equi-sized dev and test sets with 7700 examples. Refer to Table 5 in the paper for a more extensive list of properties about table size, target vocabulary etc and their aggregates.

Splitting Criteria

The dev and test splits are further equally distributed between Overlap and non-Overlap . The examples in the Overlap set are harder on account of the domain shift resulting from them having none of their header (row and column) names in common with those seen during training.

Refer to Table 5 in the paper for a more extensive list of properties about table size, target vocabulary etc and their aggregates.

There are some very large tables in the dataset with thousands of rows. Table 7 shows some of the challenges of the dataset, showing that very few examples require access to the table description itself which makes those examples an outlier.

Dataset in GEM

Rationale for Inclusion in GEM

Why is the Dataset in GEM?

ToTTo is one of the two datasets representing Table-to-Text NLG in GEM, the other one being DART. Unlike DART, which combines datasets from multiple sources and furnishes them in a unified setting, ToTTo is from a homogeneous source. As explained in the Task Summary above, it also has an annotation process explicitly crafted to reduce divergent descriptions, which is not true of DART.

Furthermore, ToTTo is also an instance of a controlled generation task - where in addition to the input (in this case the table) an additional control (in this case the highlighted cells) is given as an additional goal for the generation. The DART task formulation does not include controls.

Similar Datasets

yes

Unique Language Coverage

no

Difference from other GEM datasets

The input is much more complex and the quality much better than that of comparable datasets. The highlighted table cells provide a unique challenge to models.

Ability that the Dataset measures

Reasoning, surface realization

GEM-Specific Curation

Modificatied for GEM?

yes

Additional Splits?

yes

Split Information

9 challenge sets for ToTTo were added to the GEM evaluation suite, 8 created specifically for the task and 1 coming from the original data.

1. We created subsets of the training and development sets of 500 randomly selected inputs each.
2. We applied input scrambling on a subset of 500 randomly selected test instances; the order of the highlighted cells was randomly reassigned.
3. For the input size, we created subpopulations based on the number of input highlighted cells in the whole table.

Input length	Frequency English
1	898
2	1850
3	2221
4	1369
5	483
6	379
7	124
8	128
9	61
10	40
11	20
12	26
13	10
14	14
15	14
16	7
17	6
18	5
19	5
20	5
21	4
22	1
23	2
24	4
25	1
26...496	1

4. We also divided the test set according to the size of the whole table, based on the idea that larger tables represent a bigger space to take into account when generating the highlighted cells; a larger table could be more challenging to generate accurate text than a smaller table. There are 693 different table sizes, ranging from 2 to 15834 cells.

Table size	Frequency English
2	71
3	52
4	36
5	41
6	144
7	47
8	59
9	105
10	162
11	36
12	158
13	35
14	79
15	136
16	111
17	48
18	123
19	29
20	112
21	91
22	17
23	7
24	169
25	56
26	12
27	40
28	77
29	7
30	122
31	4
32	49
33	21
34	7
35	103
36	131
37	10
38	6
39	26
40	110
41	1
42	54
43	6
44	47
45	79
46	4
47	2
48	114
49	18
50	55
51	11
52	43
54	80
55	73
56	64
57	12
58	1
60	114
61	4
63	39
64	36
65	62
66	48
67	1
68	36
69	6
70	81
72	76
73	1
74	1
75	44
76	33
77	30
78	66
79	1
80	83
81	12
82	1
84	80
85	25
86	1
87	3
88	35
90	78
91	18
92	22
93	5
94	2
95	31
96	50
98	11
99	14
100	48
102	24
104	29
105	36
106	2
108	51
110	31
...8000+	(up to 10)

5. We also created three splits based on the subset of test examples in pages about people. We then used the structured information in WikiData to identify the following information:

• gender (male, and female),
• nationality grouped by continent (Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, Oceania, and South America)
• ethnicity (African American and all USA)

The categories within gender, ethnicity, and nationality were chosen based on data availability; The ToTTo dataset includes mostly tables that do not focus on people. As a result, only seven people in the original test set are marked as having a non-binary gender. Similar sparsity informed the grouping of nationalities by continent – only 19 countries are represented by more than 10 people in the test set. In case a person has citizenships across multiple continents, we may include the person in any of the included continents.

Finally, ethnicity is very sparsely annotated in WikiData; only 150 test examples in ToTTo have this information and 128 of these are African Americans. We thus are unable to compare the performance on, e.g., Yoruba or Punjabi people, both of which have fewer than five instances. Another caveat here is that only 21 of the 128 people are female. We thus compare the African American population to results on a subset that includes all US citizens.

Split Motivation

generalization, fairness, robustness

Getting Started with the Task

Pointers to Resources

• The highest spot on the leaderboard is currently held by an anonymous method, with BLEU=49.2, PARENT=58.7 and BLEURT=0.249 on the Overall test set.

• The highest scoring non-anonymous method is the T5-based method of Kale, 2020. This method uses a simple row-major linearization scheme to convert the table (it chooses only the highlighted cells and ignores the other cells - table titles and section titles are prefixed at the start of the respective section table) to a flat string. The linearized input - output description pairs from training examples are then used to finetune T5, with BLEU being used as the dev metric to pick checkpoints, and beam search with beam size 10 being the decoding method.

  Though the best numbers from this method are naturally from the largest T5-pretrained architecture (T5-3B), the paper shows improvements over the next-highest BERT-to-BERT method even when using T5-Base or T5-Small, which have the same and lesser parameters than BERT-to-BERT respectively.

• The Supplementary Repo provides several useful modules to get started with for new approach implementation:

  1. Code for the particular preprocessing / linearization scheme used to linearize the tables into flat sequences for the baseline approaches described in the paper has been described and shared herein

  2. An evaluation script for locally scoring BLEU and PARENT system outputs on dev (or train) sets. Since BLEURT is a model-based metric, a slightly separate set of instructions is provided to evaluate on the same.

Previous Results

Previous Results

Measured Model Abilities

Reasoning, surface realization

Metrics

BLEU, BLEURT, Other: Other Metrics

Other Metrics

Parent: a metric that measures the F-1 score of overlap between input content words and those used in references and those in generated text while ignoring the general surface form. It can thus measure the faithfulness much better than metrics that measure overlap with a reference

Proposed Evaluation

The metrics are used as in the leaderboard. The original paper additionally conducted a human evaluation focusing on fluency, faithfulness, and coverage. Faithfulness was measured as whether facts in the text are not supported by the input, and coverage as the number of highlighted cells that were considered. They thus represent precision and recall of the content.

Previous results available?

yes

Relevant Previous Results

See leaderboard.

Dataset Curation

Original Curation

Original Curation Rationale

Tables occurring in Wikipedia articles were chosen as the data source with the following reasons in mind:

1. Wide coverage in terms of both vocabulary and concepts.
2. Wikipedia tables are not confined to a regular structure, with multi-row or multi-column cells occurring with a sufficient frequency.
3. Likely to contain reasonable-quality, natural text descriptions in the proximity of the table, which are also extractable by heuristics. (see the start of Section 4 for the heuristics used)

To prevent an overlap with the earlier Wikibio dataset which focussed on Infobox-first sentence pairs from Wikipedia biography articles, the authors avoid using Infoboxes as a data source.

The overall curation process of initially collecting free text and then annotator-revising it, was designed to combine the advantages of free-form text descriptions (which are fluent, high-quality and unhurriedly written, but also divergent and unfaithful) with annotator descriptions (which can be tailored to be faithful and to conform exactly to desired task requirements)

Communicative Goal

The speaker is required to produce a single, coherent English sentence that describes the highlighted cells in the given table, also using metadata and any other information from the table as applicable.

Sourced from Different Sources

yes

Source Details

wikipedia.org

Language Data

How was Language Data Obtained?

Crowdsourced

Where was it crowdsourced?

Other crowdworker platform

Language Producers

The basic source language producers are Wikipedia authors and/or editors, since the annotation starts with the natural text description near the Wikipedia table. The auxiliary source language producers are the annotators (two per example) who iteratively revise these descriptions to make them unambiguous and faithful to a subset of highlighted cells in the table.

Data Validation

validated by crowdworker

Data Preprocessing

The initial table-description pairs are tables from Wikipedia articles, extracted through heuristics such as Number Matching (tables and sentences that overlap with a non-date number of atleast 3 non-zero digits) (Refer to Section 4 of the paper for more)

1. Table Readability: Tables which are deemed non-readable (due to foreign language, poor formatting etc - a very small fraction of 0.5%) are removed from the dataset here.
2. Cell Highlighting: The annotator highlights the cells of the table which support the description.
3. Deletion: The annotator removes phrases in the description which are not supported by the highlighted cells
4. Decontextualization: Descriptions may contain pronouns or other forms of anaphora, or other phenomena which depend on the overall article topic - these are fixed by replacement (e.g replacing pronouns with the entity, provided it occurs in the table). The replacements allowed are limited to one, and annotators are also instructed to conserve fluency.
5. Secondary Annotation: A second set of annotators is shown the output of Stage 4, and asked to fix it if required to ensure it is grammatical.

The paper does not specifically describe the annotation platform or location profiles of the annotators.

Was Data Filtered?

algorithmically

Filter Criteria

After construction of the splits, the data curators filtered training examples that had rare table header combinations (<=5 examples) and which had an overlap with the validation or test splits.

Structured Annotations

Additional Annotations?

none

Annotation Service?

no

Consent

Any Consent Policy?

yes

Consent Policy Details

Annotators were full time employees that were aware of the goal of the project and consented to having the data released as part of the dataset.

Private Identifying Information (PII)

Contains PII?

no PII

Justification for no PII

Since the source data is from wikipedia, only data in the public domain is included in the dataset.

Maintenance

Any Maintenance Plan?

yes

Maintenance Plan Details

For submissions, you can delete your data by emailing totto@google.com from the email account used to sign up for the submission. Deletion requests will be responded to within 60 days.

Maintainer Contact Information

Ankur Parikh (aparikh@google.com)

Any Contestation Mechanism?

form submission

Contestation Form Link

totto@google.com

Broader Social Context

Previous Work on the Social Impact of the Dataset

Usage of Models based on the Data

no

Impact on Under-Served Communities

Addresses needs of underserved Communities?

no

Discussion of Biases

Any Documented Social Biases?

yes

Links and Summaries of Analysis Work

The original work as well as our GEM paper analyzes some biases

Are the Language Producers Representative of the Language?

This dataset is created using tables and the table cell contents may hence naturally exhibit biases which have been found to exist in Wikipedia such as some forms of gender bias (e.g (Graells-Garido et al.,2015) notes that spouse information is more likely discussed for females than males)

The table descriptions (targets/references) are, as discussed earlier, collected through a two-step process.

1. The natural text description near the table is taken as a starting point. This is Wikipedia article text as created upto that point in time by a chain of collaborative edits from Wikipedia authors.
2. The initial description is revised by chain of two or more annotated revisions, to make it unambiguous and faithful to a set of highlighted table cells.

From their origin in 1), the descriptions may exhibit biases seen in Wikipedia text as mentioned above. From their revisions in 2), the descriptions may show biases originating from annotator-authored text, such as a preference for shorter descriptions since they're faster to write, or linguistic preferences influenced by the locations dominant in the annotator distribution. (However, note that these are likely to be much reduced since the annotators here are merely revising rather than completely authoring. Moreover, each sentence goes through atleast two annotators, which acts as a check against the personal biases of a single annotator.)

Naturally-occurring text is also known to suffer from other biases such as reporting bias (Gordon and Van Durme, 2013) - this also applies to this dataset via its origin from Wikipedia.

Considerations for Using the Data

PII Risks and Liability

Potential PII Risk

Since the source data is from wikipedia, only data in the public domain is included in the dataset.

Licenses

Copyright Restrictions on the Dataset

open license - commercial use allowed

Copyright Restrictions on the Language Data

open license - commercial use allowed

Known Technical Limitations

Technical Limitations

The dataset is limited to topics that are present in Wikipedia, more specifically those topics that are present in articles which contain atleast one table Sports and Countries form 53.4% of the dataset. The remaining fraction is made up of broader topics like Europe, North Americaand Politics